126 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/13127e0895567905ab6708a3d94637ad.mp4 6b897cb41381ff378d3dc6343a038280 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f2fa2d37a1b5629c39d0aa4249533324.pdf e2dbb087838a2307c120e25583964683 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Don Chaffee Cold War/Vietnam Era INTERVIEW LENGTH: 1 hour 31 minutes 50 seconds (00:00:15) Early Life -Born in Detroit, Michigan in 1939 -Grew up in Birmingham, Michigan -Attended high school in Birmingham -Father was a roofing contractor (00:00:54) College and Rear Officers’ Training Corps -Attended college at Middlebury College -At Middlebury there was a two year Reserve Officer Training Corps requirement -Went on marches wearing old WWII uniforms -There was some classroom work -He stayed in the ROTC past the two year requirement so as to avoid the draft -If he hadn’t gotten his officers’ commission he still could have been drafted -Graduated from college in 1960 -In the summer between junior and senior year attended a six week summer camp in 1959 -Took place at Fort Devens, Massachusetts -Trained with other ROTC cadets from all over the East Coast -There was a separate ceremony for receiving his commission -Granted the rank of 2nd Lieutenant in the Army (00:05:45) Supply Officer Training -His date to report for active duty was in January 1961 -While waiting to report he worked with his parents in Florida building pools -In January 1961 he reported for duty at Fort Lee, Virginia -His assignment was to go into the quartermaster corps -He knew that with his poor eyesight he wouldn’t go into the infantry -Being in the quartermaster corps also made sense because he was an economics major -The quartermaster corps handled all of the supplies except for weapons and ammunition -He trained how to be a supply officer -How to fill out paperwork, the language of the corps, and the organization system -Still received some rudimentary combat leadership training -He was still a 2nd Lieutenant and eligible to lead troops into battle -The training lasted eight weeks (00:09:49) Deployment to South Korea -His original permanent duty station was going to be at Fort Bragg, North Carolina -He was appalled by the racism in the state -Requested a transfer to a different duty station and was given South Korea -He received no preparatory training before going to Korea -He reported to the Oakland Army Terminal, California -He was able to fly over to Tokyo, Japan on a Pan-Am Flight -Flew from Tachikawa Airfield, Japan to South Korea �-In Korea he was given a basic orientation about Korea -It basically consisted of how not to contract a sexually transmitted disease -Sent to the quartermaster corps headquarters in Uijeongbu, South Korea -While there he was placed in charge of Armed Forces Day -While he was in Korea there was a coup de tat which led to him being transferred -Sent to the 1st Cavalry Division stationed on the demilitarized zone -His job with them was to be a food supply officer (00:14:53) Conditions in South Korea and on Base -Not much had been done to help South Korea’s economy recover after the war -Even in major cities poverty was rampant -The Koreans were diligent and hardworking, but desperate -Theft from U.S. supply depots was a problem at the time of his deployment (00:16:58) Duties and Relationship with other Officers -Oversaw organization and distribution of food and mail -Another duty was to oversee that uniforms were washed -Another duty of the quartermaster corps was grave registration -Ate in a separate mess hall specifically for officers and pilots -Most of the officers that he met were career soldiers -He was the youngest supply officer -Some men did want to get in and out of the Army, but they weren’t the majority -Served with two men that had trained at West Point and Annapolis -They requested the quartermaster corps specifically to stay out of the infantry (00:22:29) Being Stationed on the Demilitarized Zone -He and the rest of the 1st Cavalry Division was stationed on the western end of the DMZ -It was the most vulnerable point of the DMZ -Close to Seoul, South Korea -Stationed on a path that would most likely be used by North Korean tanks in an invasion -The objective was to keep the supply lines short in the event of an invasion -His quartermaster company there had a fallback position in the event of an invasion -They were within the artillery range of North Korea (00:24:22) Duties as a Food Supply Officer -The Army had a preplanned food schedule for the whole year -His job was to insure that the food was distributed on the scheduled days -He also had to insure that rations were even distributed to soldiers -During the day he was a food supply officer and at night he was a guard -Some days he received “officer of the day duty” -This meant driving around base in a jeep making sure soldiers were doing their jobs (00:27:10) Conditions of Korea and Working with Koreans -U.S. and Korean soldiers would steal supplies -South Korea was poorer than most African countries are today -People had to haul materials on their backs, or with pack animals if they were available -American soldiers were perceived as being wealthy -They had Korean soldiers working on their bases -Lived with the U.S. troops in the barracks -Hated the American food -If a Korean soldier was caught stealing a Korean officer would beat him �-After that he’d be sent back to the Korean Army to be beaten some more -Aside from the theft of goods keeping an accurate inventory was generally difficult -Especially when he had to count acres of various petroleum products -Take note of how much gas, oil, diesel, jet fuel, etc. was available for us (00:32:23) End of Tour in South Korea -His tour wound up being sixteen months -Originally a thirteen month tour but there was a three month extension -This was due to the Berlin Wall going up -Left South Korea in August 1962 -He was not disappointed about leaving (00:33:41) Contact with Family -While in Korea he received a lot of letters from home -He had a tape recorder and could send back voice messages to his family -There was the ability to call home, but telephone use was reserved for emergency situations (00:34:39) Traveling Around South Korea -He would go flying with the Army pilots -Gave him a chance to see the Korean landscape -He drove around South Korea to other Army bases -There was one instance where he was attached to a USO tour -Gave him a chance to drive all around South Korea -Got as far south as Pusan -His job was to act as a liaison for the USO -Basically insuring that the Army had places for the performers to sleep -One journey was because of a Korean soldier getting run over and killed by a U.S. truck -There was a custom where the family would be paid $200 for the death -He drove all over South Korea and eventually found the family in Pusan -Part of the trip involved getting to fly in a helicopter (00:38:48) Changing Conditions of South Korea -Everyone was poor in South Korea -Even the capitol was impoverished -When he visited South Korea in 1966 Seoul had improved -When he visited again in 1982 the entire country had improved -Small, poor towns in the 1960s have turned into thriving cities (00:40:38) Relationship with Korean Civilians -There were Korean civilians working in labor and administrative positions -As an officer, he was encouraged not to go off base and fraternize with civilians -Enlisted men were allowed to go off base though and do that, within reason (00:41:36) Working with Veteran Soldiers -Some of the men were so worn out they couldn’t even wear combat boots -He served with WWII veterans that struggled with PTSD and alcoholism -Most of the sergeants were old enough to be his father -There was a lot of mutual respect between him and the sergeants subordinate to him -He learned a lot from the sergeants that he served with (00:45:03) Threat of Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Other Incidents -No one really knew if North Korea was going to invade, or not -The potential was always there �-The situation was unpredictable -The leader of North Korea, Kim Il Sung was unpredictable and aggressive -North Korea was heavily militarized -He would see North Korean soldiers guarding the demilitarized zone -They were absolutely expressionless -There was no event that scared him, but he knew the threat of invasion was always there -During the Cuban Missile Crisis he was back in Fort Devens, Massachusetts -That incident gave him nightmares -There were some minor incidents on the DMZ while he was in Korea -Knew of some infantrymen that were wounded by North Korean infiltrators -He remembers the coup that happened in South Korea -For him it was largely uneventful besides being transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division (00:51:22) Assignment to Fort Devens -He came back to the United States in late summer 1962 -He requested his stateside assignment to be at Fort Devens -Served there from late summer 1962-January 1963 -He worked for the post quartermaster primarily in the commissary -His job was to help reorganize Fort Devens after a catastrophic fire -He lived at Fort Devens -Took college courses in Boston (00:53:23) End of Army Service -He wasn’t pressured to reenlist when the time came for him to get out of the Army -He was interested in the military advisory group -Fascinated by foreign cultures and wanted the chance to work with them -Told that if he went into that area he would be in the Army indefinitely -Decided not to go into it -He moved to San Francisco and went to active reserve status and worked at a bank -He reported for his active reserve duty at Fort Scott, California -Went to Camp Roberts for exercises -Also went to Fort Ord for two weeks -In 1965 his status changed to inactive reserve -In 1967 he was notified that he was honorably discharged from the Army (00:56:52) Awareness of and Volunteerism in Vietnam -While he was in the reserves he knew there was a chance he could be sent to Vietnam -He did not want to go to Vietnam -He went to Vietnam as a civilian and became cynical about the war -He was attending graduate school at UC Davis in the mid-1960s -There was a State Department project offered to graduate students in the social sciences -Began in summer 1965 by sending volunteers to Vietnam -The idea was that these students would be able to bolster public support -In the summer of 1966 he volunteered and was approved to be sent to Vietnam -Knew there was a chance that he could have gotten killed -Before leaving there was a preparatory process -Interviews with officials at UC Davis and in Washington D.C. -Attending a week of lectures on Vietnam in Washington D.C. (01:02:14) Volunteer Work in Vietnam �-He was sent over to Vietnam and landed in Saigon, South Vietnam -Received some training in Saigon -Sent to the provincial capital of Song Be Province to work with a representative of the project -One of the major projects was working with Catholic refugees from North Vietnam -Helping them build up a small community in the area -On his first in the province flew up to the northern part of the province in a transport plane -On the way back got to ride in a Huey helicopter with high ranking American officers -During the ride flew over an area where a firefight was taking place -He worked with two other Americans -A former Catholic school teacher and an ex-Green Beret -Got along with both, but felt the Green Beret was a little too gung ho -Learned that there were CIA agents operating within their ranks -Learned later on that the ex-Green Beret was a CIA operative -He was later killed in action (01:08:28) Opinion of the Vietnam War -After his volunteer work he came back more cynical about the war -He actively protested the war back in the U.S. -He had talked to high ranking American officials in Vietnam about the war -Heard what they had to say about the conflict -Saw firsthand the discrepancies between what was said and what the reality was -Saw in Vietnam that there was widespread corruption and cronyism -After talking to U.S. soldiers learned that the majority of what Americans had been told was lies -Found that it was impossible to know who the enemy really was -There was no great love for Americans, and even aid workers were targets -Saw that even the U.S. soldiers were disillusioned and frustrated -Realized that high ranking officials were spreading lies -There lies were resulting in people getting killed -Remembers sitting on a porch on the Saigon River listening to American artillery being fired -The volleys would be fired at random coordinates to disrupt the Vietnamese -It epitomized the randomness, chaos, and lack of direction of the Vietnam War (01:14:11) Relationship with the Vietnamese and Aid Work in Vietnam -He would go swimming with the ex-Green Beret in the Saigon River -Told that there was a chance that the Viet Cong would shoot at him -Went into villages with the military to round up villagers -The surface intention was peaceful (medical attention and food distribution) -The real intent was to look for anyone sympathetic to communist forces -He had a good relationship with the North Vietnamese Catholic priest -Worked with him to build homes for the Catholic refugees -Don’s job was to insure that the proper supplies got to the refugees -He simply just felt comfortable being with them, because he knew they were friendly -Went to visit a school for special needs children -Had to travel through a dangerous area and was issued an M1 Carbine -Only time he carried a weapon in Vietnam -Drove an International Harvester Scout -Safer because the Viet Cong would attack military vehicles, not civilian vehicles -Also opted out of being in an Army convoy �-Knew that those attracted far more attention and he was more likely to get killed (01:20:18) Downtime and Conditions in Vietnam -He visited the city of Saigon multiple times -Gave him a chance to eat better food -Ate authentic Chinese food in the Cholon District -Ate at some of the remaining French restaurants in Saigon -Allowed to eat at the American military facilities -Chance to indulge in American food -At the time Saigon was more sophisticated than Seoul had been in the early 1960s -Evident that it had once been a colonial city -Saigon was a dangerous city compared to Seoul -Acts of terrorism were carried out fairly regularly by the Viet Cong -There was more freedom of movement as an American, which exposed you to dangers -Seoul was safer because the Koreans were far more welcoming of Americans (01:24:08) Leaving Vietnam and Traveling in Asia -He stayed in Vietnam for two and a half months -He was able to split up his international plane ticket into multiple stops -Stopped in Cambodia on the way home -Prior to the rise of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge -Cambodia was what Vietnam could have been -Flew into the county when Charles de Gaulle was visiting -Saw Angkor Wat -Deeply saddened when Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge -From Cambodia flew back to South Korea -Visited Seoul and where he had served while in the Army (01:26:30) Volunteerism in Uganda -Went to Uganda after graduate school for work during the Idi Amin regime -He was told before going that Amin had made Uganda a freer and more relaxed country -He arrived in July 1972 and in August 1972 Amin began to expel persons deemed unfit -Specifically targeted the 80,000 Asians living in Uganda at the time -Stayed in Uganda from 1972-1974 (01:28:40) Reflections on Service -Early on he didn’t feel that his time in the Army had had any major effect on his life -For a long time being a veteran was something that was best kept quiet -Without the GI Bill he wouldn’t have been able to go through graduate school -It is only in recent years that he has begun to think about and review his time in the Army -He is more willing now to talk about his service -Especially on holidays like Memorial Day or Veterans’ Day -All in all he is glad that he served 01:31:50 INTERVIEW ENDS � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_ChaffeeDJr1703V Title A name given to the resource Chaffee Jr., Donald (Interview outline and video), 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-11-07 Description An account of the resource Don Chaffee was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1939 and grew up in Birmingham, Michigan. He attended Middlebury College and completed the Army ROTC program there, graduating in 1960 and taking his commission. He trained as a supply officer at Fort Lee, Virginia, and went to South Korea in 1961. He served first in a headquarters unit as a quartermaster, and then went to the 1st Cavalry Division along the DMZ. He served the rest of his enlistment at Ft. Devens, Massachusetts. He left the service in 1965 rather than re-enlist in part because he did not want to go to Vietnam, but while in graduate school in 1966, he volunteered for a State Department program that sent volunteers to Vietnam as aid workers, and spent several months in Song Be Province. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chaffee Jr., Donald Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4af8dedbb584401527c93bfabdaa18e2.mp4 bf60c741261e086176d20f8214991acd https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d646b04f63b2c59219dbc52be48a169d.pdf 7206e76d8725a995f6c655bb4a045f8e PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project James Chamberlain (00:52:27) (00:30) Background Information • • • • James was born in Highland Park, MI, on August 16, 1926 His father worked with a realty corporation and his mother was a housewife James went to school in Detroit and remembers wanting to enlist shortly after Pearl Harbor was attacked James listened to FDR declare war against Japan on the radio (8:45) Enlistment in the Navy 1943 • • • • James went through training at Great Lakes Naval Academy in Chicago He studied and taught about enemy ships at Fort Pierce in Florida for six months Men needed to be able to identify enemy ships so as not to sink their own ships James then went to San Diego where his duty was to take small boats to shore, transferring men on leave (19:15) From California to Florida • James took an aircraft carrier back to Florida • The carrier was used to refuel planes (22:40) The Philippines • James helped to set up bases along the coasts of the northern and central islands • He was working there for 8 months and the war was already over (26:05) A 90 Day Trip • James traveled to Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Gibraltar, Naples, and Casablanca • They were picking up service men that had enough points to go home • They went back to the US through the Panama Canal • James was done with his service in 1946 • He had been keeping in contact with his family the entire time he spent in the service � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chamberlain, James (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chamberlain, James Description An account of the resource James Chamberlain enlisted in the Navy in 1943 and trained at Great Lakes Naval Academy in Chicago. James spent almost a year in the Philippines helping to build naval bases along the coasts of different islands. On his trip home in 1946, he traveled to Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Gibraltar, Naples, and Casablanca. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-16-07 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChamberlainJ Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4c6b425e31c6079df1d0920693ebdaf7.mp4 7e4debfc3f15cba1268ec50a0bf10856 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/88a4c02cce5d8cf4af8d7f9d375d84a6.pdf 0b00a0a63a35f07b94d948c8018a76dd PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Fred Chambers Length: 47:34 (00:35) Background Information        Fred was born in Orlando, Florida in 1940 His mother did housework and his father was in general labor; he had 2 brothers and 3 sisters Fred went to Jones High School and graduated in June of 1959 It was an all black school and not very many people graduated; his family was not very supportive of him finishing high school Fred played football, basketball, baseball, and ran track He had been offered a football scholarship, but enlisted in the Army instead because he did not think the scholarship was enough for him to further his education Fred volunteered for the draft so that he would be in the service for 2 years rather than 3 (4:10) Training  Fred was sent to Fort Jackson for 8 weeks of basic training and then received 2 weeks leave  Training was very rough and he had never been far away from home before  The drill sergeants were very mean, but never physically harmed anyone  Fred had nightmares while going through basic training and even sleep walked around the base  The base was integrated with men from all over the country  After basic training he went through advanced infantry training where they worked on combat training  They trained with weapons, hiking, grenades, and often worked with Korean War veterans  He went through advanced training for 8 weeks and then volunteered to go through airborne training (7:50) Jump School  Fred was sent to Fort Bragg for jump school with about 1200 other students; only 600 of them graduated  Jump school was rough with much physical training  Fred trained for 6 weeks before he had his first jump and it had been his first time on a plane � It seemed very easy to him the first time, but he later learned the wind conditions were very favorable that day and it is normally more physically demanding  The men all had to jump 5 time before they graduated and received their wings (10:30) Re-enlistment  Fred was assigned to the 187th Infantry Unit after graduating from jump school  They continued training, jumping in drop zones and working in war games  The infantry unit was part of the 82nd Airborne Division of Fort Bragg  Fred’s 2 years of service had come up and he was told that if he did not want to continue with the infantry that he should sign up for a different school for re-enlistment  Fred re-enlisted and was sent to Maryland for training in office administrative work  Once he was finished training he was sent to Fort Bragg again, but began working in administration rather than the infantry  He was later transferred to Fort Aberdeen in Maryland, but then again sent back to Fort Bragg to work with a supply company (14:50) Okinawa  Fred was sent to Okinawa in 1964 to serve as a replacement with the 137th Airborne Brigade  Fred had 2 different tours in Okinawa  They were allowed to leave the base and associate with the civilians  Fred enjoyed working with the civilians and learning about their culture  For his first tour he spent 13 months in Okinawa and left in May of 1965 to go to Vietnam  Fred was part of the first combat unit to go to Vietnam (19:15) Vietnam  Fred was sent to Bien Hoa Air Force Base where they set up tents along the runway  He was told not to shoot anyone or at anything unless he was shot at first � They were guarding the Air Force Base against attack while combat units went out on patrols  Fred also helped transport ammunitions from Saigon to Bien Hoa  It was hard working with the Vietnamese civilians because they could turn on you or work against you during the night  Fred spent 1 year in Vietnam and was then sent to Alabama to work as an ammunitions instructor  Every day in Vietnam seemed the same and Fred was very happy to leave because he had not seen his family in 18 months (24:10) Second Tour of Okinawa  Fred worked in Alabama for 18 months and was then sent back to Okinawa in 1967  He was working more with the civilian population the second time around because he was in a different unit  Fred was working as a staff sergeant, or E7, and had his own private barracks  After spending so much time overseas he assumed that he would not be going back to Vietnam (26:10) Second Tour of Vietnam  After another 18 months in Okinawa Fred was sent to Fort Riley in Kansas where he worked as the first sergeant of an ammunition company  18 months later he received orders that he would be going back to Vietnam  Fred was sent to Seattle, Washington and then took a commercial airline to Vietnam  Fred was assigned as an munitions inspector and had to go around to many different Army units  He was transferred to work in Saigon as an advisor for a Vietnamese unit  They Vietnamese were more laid back then the Americans, but he never really worked with them while in action  His second tour was not very different from his first and he felt that the war was continually being fought the wrong way � The Vietnamese were easily influenced and some of them thought they were still fighting the French  He once flew to Cambodia and many of the people there had never even seen a black man (32:30) Recruiting  In 1972 Fred was sent to Grand Rapids, Michigan to work as an Army recruiter  Many were still enlisting even through the unpopular was almost over  Fred worked as a recruiter in Grand Rapids for 13 years while most recruiters did not last that long or would have been transferred  The quotas were hard to meet after 1975 especially with the positions that required higher levels of education  Many other recruiters were not as successful as Fred because they would get burned out or they were not honest and respectful to their recruits (41:10) Retirement  After recruiting for 13 years Fred retired and set up an interview for a job with All State Insurance  He passed the aptitude tests and then had to take classes with the state to get a license to sell insurance  Fred enjoyed working with all the different people and getting to know them  He did not join any veterans organizations for a while because many of them did not want to associate with Vietnam Veterans  Most of the VFW stations were full of veterans from the Korean War and WWII  The men received very negative responses from civilians when they returned; they were spit on and called “baby killers”  Fred is happy now with the way the troops are being treated from Iraq and Afghanistan � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chambers, Fred (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chambers, Fred Description An account of the resource Fred Chambers was born in Orlando, Florida in 1940 and graduated from Jones High School in 1959. After graduating from high school Fred volunteered for the draft in the Army so that he would serve a term of 2 years instead of 3. He went through basic training for 8 weeks at Fort Jackson and then volunteered for Jump School at Fort Bragg. After his 2 years Fred re-enlisted in the Army and was assigned to the 187th Infantry Brigade, where he served for 2 tours in Okinawa and 2 tours in Vietnam. After serving overseas Fred working as a recruiter for the Army in Grand Rapids, Michigan for 13 years before he retired. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-11-06 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChambersF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9b71cf91241e84155cfdfb782e8378ea.mp4 30b65ba472277cdfd11e732112d0df8b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/98c6a143999398ed300841dec5a84600.pdf e8afd9ebade4a04866cb7d8ec5973224 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Dean Chapman World War II Total Time: 1:02:01 Childhood and Pre-Enlistment (0:00:21) • • • • • Born in Lansing, MI 1922. Father was a credit manager Graduated from Michigan State University in 1943. Participated in ROTC while he was in college. Specifically, they trained in Field Artillery during his time in the ROTC, and they also practiced with a pistol. Upon graduation, was taken to Detroit, MI and sworn in as an officer in the Army. Training (0:23:33) • • • • • • Shipped to WI for advanced infantry training. Was then shipped to Fort Sill, OK and trained in the Field Artillery School. Graduated December 10th, 1943. Upon graduation, was given time for leave and was then shipped to Fort Bragg, NC where he waited until he was assigned orders. At this point, he decided to join the 10th Armored Division and reported to Camp Gordon, GA to receive training. Learned the ins and outs of tanks during his tme there. Was trained as a forward observer in the Baker Battalion, 123rd Armored Artillery Battalion of the 10th Armored Division. Was then shipped out for Europe. Active Duty (0:27:45) • • • • • • • Was taken to Camp Shanks, NY and then to Pier 20 in the harbor. He was transported on a captured German ship. This boat, however, ran aground and so they had to disembark the ship. They then got on to another ship and had to catch up with their convoy. (0:31:54) They thought they saw a submarine on their way across, but it was only a piece of driftwood. Their journey on the boat took them four days. They disembarked in Cherbourg, France and were taken on shore on barges pulled by tugboats. Moved into Paris from Cherbourg, and did some work with the French underground. (0:40:27) They captured Metz after heavy fighting �• • • • • (0:41:40) He was in one of the first divisions to see combat in the Battle of the Bulge. Their division was there hours before the 101st Airborne Division showed up at Bastogne. (0:50:08) His division then pushed across Germany to the Rhine River and then ended up in Austria. At the end of the war, he was in Bavaria. (0:52:45) At the end of the war, he stayed in Europe with General Morris. He mostly reported to the General about the activities of the various lower ranking officers. (0:57:15) He returned to the United States in late 1945 and worked for the Pentagon for two weeks to earn his one point so that he could go home. Post-War (0:59:45) • • He went back to college upon exiting the Army, and worked for a Farmers Co-op, where he broke his leg. He wrote a book about his experiences in the war. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chapman, Dean (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chapman, Dean Description An account of the resource Dean Chapman was born in Lansing, Michigan in 1922, and served in the Army in World War II. He was in the ROTC in college at Michigan State, and joined the Army shortly after graduating. He worked as a forward observer for the 123rd Battalion of the 10th Armored Division. He was involved in several different campaigns in Europe, serving in the Battle of the Bulge, and in Germany and Austria. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McCauslin, Kelly (Interviewer) Spring Lake District Library (Spring Lake, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-26 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChapmanD Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7b631b6e08ba9208215af8d1ea82f47e.mp4 dd548a8444302c0b71a88b16b4ee85a8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d4769364600e9bb4527715b57b921b64.pdf 4e6a113b5342f9332bbcf4122c0be7ba PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Rod Chapman Korean War Total Time: 39:18 Childhood and Pre-Enlistment (00:00) • • • • Born in Connecticut in 1930 Father worked a number of different jobs before they moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan for a job. Had a number of family members in the service during World War II. Did not finish high school and worked a number of jobs before he was drafted in 1951. Training (03:30) • • • Took a train to Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and then to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri where he took basic training and engineer training. Placed a lot of emphasis on Army discipline. (08:14) Learned a number of different tasks in Engineering Training, one of which was building bridges and roads. Active Duty (08:35) • • • • • • • • • • Was shipped to Chicago, then to Fort Lawton where he boarded a ship to Yokohama, Japan. They were shipped over on a marine phoenix ship. The ship was very crowded. (10:25) He attended cook school in Japan for 8 weeks. He learned to cook and use the stoves. (11:05) After this training, he was shipped to Pusan, Korea and then to the Kapyan, where he was attached to the 32nd Infantry Regiment of the 7th Division. He ended up as a rifleman however, and not as a cook. His unit was on Heartbreak Ridge when he joined them. He also remembers his unit not having any real problems with race during his time with them, although there were black soldiers in the unit. (14:10) The line was quiet when he got to the hill. They were eventually pulled off the line and taken for more training. They were subsequently assigned to Henry Hill, which he remembers quite vividly. They were on that specific hill for 6 weeks. For the most part, they were sitting around and watching the Chinese across the ridge. (16:50) They would sometimes participate in a patrol which would try to detect any Chinese movement or penetration. There were around 160 men in his company. �• • • • • • • • (20:07) They were then pulled off the line into a blocking position. After some time in the blocking position, they were moved to the front again as a replacement for another unit. In September, many of the men were up for rotation. (22:02) His company was on Pikes Peak during Triangle. There were many caves that the enemy occupied, making it difficult to make movements. He was hit by artillery, and went to an aid station for this injury. The objective was to take the hill, which took 14 days. They attacked during all hours of the day. The Americans would attack and the Chinese would counterattack, which is why taking the hill took so long. (26:40) They had to carry many of the wounded off the hill by litter, which could be very difficult at times. (29:44) After Triangle Hill, their company had only 66 men left, and they were brought off the line. After this point, he left to go home via Inchon and Tokyo by boat. He landed in Seattle after 15 days crossing the ocean. He was then put on a bus to the airstrip where they were put on a substandard plane for Battle Creek, Michigan. (32:50) They were on leave at Fort Custer, Michigan for 30 days. (33:30) He was Supply Sergeant at Fort Custer for 2 weeks. He was then sent to Colorado Springs, CO for 4 months where he worked as a Supply Sergeant before he was discharged. Post-Service (35:10) • • Worked for RC Allen when he returned home. Also worked for General Motors. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chapman, Rod (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chapman, Rod Description An account of the resource Rod Chapman was drafted into the US Army in 1951. After training as an engineer at bases in the US and as a cook in Japan, he was assigned to the 7th Division as a rifleman, where he was stationed first in the Heartbreak Ridge sector and then in the Triangle Hill sector. In the fighting at Triangle Hill, his unit suffered heavy casualties and was eventually rotated out of the line, and he was sent home shortly afterward in 1953. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06-11 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChapmanR Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1d8f75cf8ab733d785912759c523f5d4.mp4 625f788b78a20096e9a1dcf7b5cd407d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/91ea873b36dc9bf7ae580621a28d6de3.pdf d2d2d0a439fadc6d1c5c34d7341c58e0 PDF Text Text Chardoul, Paul Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Vietnam War Interviewee’s Name: Paul Chardoul Length of Interview: (2:33:24) Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Maluhia Buhlman Interviewer: “We’re talking today with Paul Chardoul of Grand Rapids, Michigan and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State Veterans History Project. Okay Paul begin with some background on yourself and to begin with, where and when were you born?” I was born in Waterloo, Iowa on August 17th, 1939. Interviewer: “Alright, did you grow up in Iowa or did you move around?” (00:53) Lived there until I was 11 years old and then moved to Flint. Interviewer: “Okay, and what was your family doing for a living when you were a kid?” My dad was a realtor in Iowa and when we moved to Flint he set up another realty firm in Flint. Interviewer: “Okay, and– So you finished high school in Flint?” Flint Central, right. Interviewer: “Okay and what year did you graduate?” 1957. �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Okay, and then what did you do after you got out of high school?” Went to college, University of Michigan, got a bachelor’s in history and then worked– I wanted to work under a particular person at Michigan State so I got my masters in 19th century American military history, graduating from that in ‘64 the same year that I left for active duty. Interviewer: “Alright, so how did you wind up in the Navy?” When I was writing my master's thesis I had to cut down the number of hours as you can well imagine and 60’s was a prime time to be drafted, so I joined the naval reserves as a seaman recruit, and this was in Lansing, and I was there for six months. Took the officer battery test, scored well on it, and went off to officer candidate school. Interviewer: “Alright, so basically you were in a situation where you figured you were eligible to get drafted and the draft was ramping up, because it got steadily increased in the early 60s it wasn’t as bad as it was going to get during Vietnam because Vietnam hadn’t officially heated up yet but it was starting. Okay, so you just got a step ahead of things and then why did you decide to become an officer?” (3:06) I didn’t like the thought of being enlisted for two years and even though there was a three year commitment for officers I said “I think that’s a better choice.” With my background I thought I could do something for the Navy as well. Interviewer: “Okay so you hope that they might be able to use your particular skill set, military history and so forth.” Exactly. Interviewer: “Okay, alright so now while you were still in that first six months while you’re enlisted what did your Navy duties consist of or what kind of training did you get?” �Chardoul, Paul You mean as a seaman recruit? Interviewer: “Yeah.” It was just once a week training at the naval reserve center which was marginally good, didn’t learn very much, learned how to wear a uniform and that was really about it. Interviewer: “Alright, and so from there it’s on to the officer candidate school?” (4:13) Correct. Interviewer: “Alright and so when were you there?” I was there from early February 1964 until June of ‘64, this is in Newport, Rhode Island. Interviewer: “Alright, so what did that training course consist of?” 18 weeks of combination of academic and military training, the academic included such things as operations, engineering, basic thermodynamics, some nuclear information, navigation, and you know just learning how to be an officer. Interviewer: “Okay and what kind of mix of people were in your class?” There were 12 companies, each one with about 30 males, because I got there the first day I was in Alpha Company, the first one, and the barracks were temporary barracks from World War II, horrible conditions. As a matter of fact in March the back end of the barracks fell off, and that’s where all the showers and that was so we had to go to the next building over to take a shower and drive in a snowstorm, not fun but the training was fantastic. It really was and I was able to learn an awful lot about the Navy that I didn’t realize that was part of it. The very first night I got there I was in a coat and tie and they had us scrubbing the deck, I took my jacket off, wrapped my tie around my neck so it wouldn’t get in the way. I’m on the deck scrubbing and then they �Chardoul, Paul ran us off to dinner, I thought we’d get candlelight dinners, nuh-uh we had 15 minutes to run to the mess hall, eat, and get back and some of the guys were getting a little sick on the way back. It was kind of a greasy meal, but it was kind of an introduction to things might not be as sophisticated as you think they are. Interviewer: “I guess you might have seen in movies or something, officer and officer’s mess and all wearing their white uniforms and the stewards coming and serving them, yeah.” That’s right. Interviewer: “Well not quite, maybe at the Naval Academy you get that but anyway, not officer candidate school. Okay, and then while you’re there at officer candidate school or when you’re signing up for that, did you get to request any kind of more specialized training or types of duty?” (7:10) Yeah, you fill out what they call a dream sheet, and of course everyone wanted destroyers, I said “I wanna be a communications officer.” And so after I got my commission I spent another two months in Newport at the officers communications school and that was– It was very rewarding because it taught us an awful lot, and one of the things they taught us was if you screw up you’re going to Fort Leavenworth and so, you know keep your nose to the grindstone and because I’m a person who believes in detail it made it a little easier. Interviewer: “Alright, now explain for people who don’t know, what does it mean if they’re threatening you with Fort Leavenworth?” Oh, it’s a federal prison. Interviewer: “Right, it’s military prison, yeah and so that would be– What kind of mistake would get you sent to prison?” �Chardoul, Paul Dealing with classified material and losing stuff because I also got my first ship, which was an ammunition ship, and because we carried special weapons almost everything we did was classified, at least secret, and some of the stuff was higher than that. So I took over as top secret control officer, and classified material control officer, and crypto security officer besides being communications officer and assistant operations officer. So it was a full time job and then some. Interviewer: “Alright, so what was that first assignment, what ship did you go to?” That was on the U.S.S Diamond Head. Interviewer: “Can you explain what kind of ship that was?” Yeah, it was an ammunition ship, all ammunition ships are named after volcanoes for obvious reasons, and we learned very early on that if that ship blew up it would basically create a big hole in the Atlantic ocean. We carried more firepower than what was expended in World War II on one ship. Interviewer: “Alright, and where were you based?” (9:36) In Norfolk, Virginia, but we were seldom there we were out at sea, of the 18 months I was on board probably out at sea 15 of the 18 months. Interviewer: “Okay, and about how big was the ship?” It was about 30,000 tons. Interviewer: “Okay so in terms of its length and–” About 470 feet long. Interviewer: “So essentially a large freighter?” �Chardoul, Paul Essentially yeah it was– Actually I was doing a zone inspection and I found a little panel down in one of the recesses that had been built in 1937, and they claim it had been built in 1941 but it was older than they thought, I think it was reconditioned. Interviewer: “Alright, and so what kind of reception do you get when you first arrive at the ship, what are your first few days like?” Well the first thing you do is you sign in when you board the ship and of course you learn to salute the ensign at the back of the ship, and discern the ship, and request permission coming aboard, and you have your orders with you, and I was taken to the officer of the deck who gave me the address of the commanding officer and said “Please contact the commanding officer.” This is at his home, so I actually waited until the next day because it was on a Sunday I knew he’d be in the next day. He came in and I came in and talked to him, he was a full captain and was an individual who was really quite an innovator and we didn’t– He’d been a former communicator too so he was kind of watching me pretty carefully and he said “We’re gonna make this ship the best ship on the Atlantic fleet.” And I said “Okay sounds good to me.” You know, so we had a very interesting conversation for about 15 minutes and then he pushed me out and I went right to work. (12:07) I had an on site relief from the preceding command– Or communications officer, and that lasted about two days. Interviewer: “So that means basically he’s showing you what to do in those two days?” Yeah, and of course without getting into some of the classified material, there was an awful lot of inventory we had to do and that was primarily what we did, and then do a nice burn and make out the burn report and all that. It’s really very cut and dry but very complex. Interviewer: “Okay when you say– When you refer to a burn what do you mean by that?” You have to physically burn documents and anything– Let’s leave that one off. �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Okay, alright but the kind of thing that could happen if there was some risk of the ship being lost–” Like the Pueblo. Interviewer: “Yeah, that sort of thing.” I’ve talked to a couple officers in the Pueblo and– Interviewer: “Yeah, okay. Alright but that’s the nature of what you’ve got and the secret nature of the material, okay. How long was it before you went out to sea?” (13:27) About a week and a half, I did a NATO cruise into the north Atlantic. I experienced my first hurricane, yeah it did a lot of damage to the ship. We were working with an aircraft carrier and– You know what a sponson is on a carrier? Interviewer: “You should describe that for the audience.” It’s this thing that hangs off the side of the carrier, it was about 55 feet above the water, it was twisted 90 degrees by a wave, so you can imagine the kinds of waves we were experiencing. We were up north of the arctic circle, north of Iceland, and I was surprised to find even though– Not only was exercise, as in NATO exercise, classified secret but even the title of the exercise was classified secret, and so we got to a point where we were rearming the U.S.S Independence and the U.S.S Enterprise, the nuclear carrier, and it was in a place called Point Snow which was just a little dot in the middle of the ocean, way up in this Norwegian sea and there’s a Russian trawler waiting for us and at one point on the primary tactical circuit I’m up on the bridge because I was also the officer of the desk for all rearmings, “Ensign Chardoul, do you realize your parents were killed in an auto accident last week?” Now I’ve been out at sea for about two weeks, I’m shaking, and I look at the commanding officer and he just shook his head and said “I don’t know.” And what they were doing is they were picking up garbage out of the water and they found some material and you know some documents whatever and were able to piece together a �Chardoul, Paul lot of what we were doing and after the exercise was over, it lasted about two and a half weeks– Oh, while we were up there our radar mast got blown off, it landed on the main deck and one of my other collateral duties was electronics material officer. So I had to climb up the radar mast to see how much damage had been done to the coupler and all that, and I’d left permanent fingerprints in that steel. I mean I’m not a good climber cause water, ship, water, ship, water– I mean we were really rocking quite a bit. So we went down to the bay at Biscayne where it was fairly quiet and we were able to from there go into a small port and they were able to put a derrick up and put the mast– Or the radar back on, but after the exercise was over we went to Portsmouth, England and all the communicators were called into a room and we were read the riot act for, you know, for all kinds of computer violations, getting information that shouldn’t be eliminated because the intelligence people were able to basically rewrite the entire operation order based on what they’re listening to. So it’s, you know, that’s when you really become very conscious of how important security is. Interviewer: “Did you call home?” (17:40) No. Interviewer: “Okay so you didn’t think your parents were killed in an auto accident?” Oh I checked by other means but, we had no way of calling. Interviewer: “Alright so the Russians were just messing with you.” Yeah. Interviewer: “They found your name someplace and decided to use it, okay. Alright, so about how many cruises did you do with that ship or when you’re out at sea how long would you be out?” �Chardoul, Paul We did– Most of our cruises were, you know, just rearming out for a week and back in for a day, out for a week, back in for a day. A couple down into the Caribbean for a month, and then we did seven months in the Mediterranean. Interviewer: “Okay, so talk a little bit about the Med cruise then, what was that like?” Well, because we did carry special weapons and there were two ammunition ships in the Med at all times I was designated as the nuclear release officer for about 45 ships and we got these high priority messages that had to be responded to in a certain format and had– You know we timed it from the time that the message was sent to the time we responded. I was doing it for the 40-some ships of the service force, there were– There’s one on the carrier, one on the cruiser, destroyers, and one in the Naples and we basically had it and– So the four of us did communicate to make sure that, you know, we always sent the messages correct, and it was somewhat traumatic. (19:53) I wanted to see the world, that’s part of the reason I joined the Navy. I never got off the ship because I had to be on board because sometimes we’d get three test messages a day, sometimes you go a week without one and if you– It comes in as a flash message which means you transmit it as fast as humanly possible and so I couldn’t leave the ship. I had an assistant com officer but he wasn’t very good, I couldn’t trust him. Interviewer: “Okay, about how many officers were on a ship like that?” We had about 25-24-25 officers. Interviewer: “Okay, but you still had a lot of hats to wear and you had a bunch of different duties?” Oh yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, and what places did you go to?” In the Med? �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Yeah.” Our first stop was in Rota, Spain and then from there went to Marseille, Naples, made one stop in North Africa to pick up some World War II unexploded bombs, for a little– You know sitting out in the desert for 20 some years they were a little dangerous, they were handled very gingerly, and let’s see, we did Naples a few times. Where else? Genoa, Barcelona. Interviewer: “Okay, so you’re mostly in kind of the western half of the Mediterranean rather than out towards Greece or some place like that.” Yeah we were supposed to go to Greece but there was a riot so they canceled that, and I’m Greek so yeah I was kind of looking forward to it. I had contacted relatives and I couldn’t give them specific dates because our movement was classified but I said “I’m gonna be there sometime in the next month.” And that got canceled so we stayed out at sea for 25 days and that was not fun. (22:15) There’s not much to do on an ammunition ship, unlike a carrier where they’ve got gyms, and you know weight rooms, and everything else and you can run on the flight deck. Interviewer: “Did you have movies or things like that, did they do that?” Our movie officer was totally incompetent and he would mess it up and he would always get the wrong movies, and his boss the chief engineer, all he wanted to see was Randolph Scott movies. Have you ever seen a Randolph Scott movie? Interviewer: “I’ve seen Randolph Scott in various things.” Oh they’re terrible. He gave away some fantastic movies to get Randolph Scott movies and often he’d be the only one in the wardroom watching because the commanding officer would send his steward down and basically clear everybody else out. “I want this report on my desk by tomorrow morning.” You know, whatever and the junior officer always had to make popcorn and luckily I was not junior officer for very long but– And I’m not in the wardroom anyways so– �Chardoul, Paul That was– There wasn’t an awful lot to do for entertainment, you know you’re always thinking of things you can do to improve what you’re doing, plus going through enlisted service records, counseling the people under you because a lot of them are 18-19 years old and never been away from home and you become their father, and you better know something about them. Interviewer: “Okay, about how many enlisted men were working for you?” About 22. Interviewer: “Okay, and so most of them were the younger ones?” Yeah, non-rated I had one– Two chiefs, two E6s, three E5s, and the rest were E4 or non-rated. Interviewer: “Alright now are there– Think about the time you spent on the ammunition ship. Are there other particular memories or things that stand out for you?” (24:50) While I was on it? Interviewer: “Yeah.” Well when we were coming back from the Med we extended for a month because our replacement A.D was having problems in Mayport, Florida. So we extended a month and that kind of messed things up, but as a communications officer I saw a message saying that our ship was going to go in the shipyard right after we got back for an electronics overhaul and as electronics material officer I’d be the one who’d be stuck in the shipyard dealing with yard birds and everybody else would be on liberty and I had gone seven months without liberty and I said “I don’t think I want to do that.” And about two days later another message came through saying they’re looking for young officers to man reconditioned LSTs to go to Vietnam, and I said “Okay, I’ll do that.” I wasn’t married so I thought that’d be a nice change. �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Okay, so if you had wanted to, would you just have stayed with the ammunition ship your whole time?” I could’ve, yes. Interviewer: “So they weren’t making people– They weren’t necessarily moving officers around, at least routinely.” Well normally for junior officers the normal tour is 18 months to two years and I’m just coming up on 18 months and I figured, you know it’s time to move on. There’s something– You know, you burn out and it’s called homesteading too, you get too involved in the same thing and you become single faceted and you’re not really developing as an officer. Interviewer: “Okay, alright now during this time while you were on the Diamond Head, that’s when things really started to heat up in Vietnam because you had the Tonkin gulf incident late in ‘64 and then in ‘65 were sending ground troops in and now we’re kind of getting into ‘66 and so a lot of stuff is happening. Now were you able to follow that news or did you pay much attention to it while you were on the Diamond Head?” (27:18) Just peripherally, I knew it was going on and I had seen the movie Green Berets and I was like “Oh yeah that sounds like fun.” You know, and my brother is an MD and he was ordered to volunteer for the draft in ‘62 and so he was in Texas and he landed up in Korea as the regimental surgeon for the 1st Cavalry Division or one of the regiments for the 1st Cav and he’s right up on the DMZ and he kept saying “Oh I wish I could go to Vietnam.” And I was like “Well okay I’ll be your alter ego, I’ll go.” So I went. Interviewer: “Alright, so you– What ship then do you transfer to?” Well we got back, as I said, in late December– Interviewer: “1965?” �Chardoul, Paul ‘65 yeah, and I got orders to the U.S.S Chesterfield County, which is an LST. LSTs are the ones with the bow doors that open up and the bow ramp comes down and it goes right up on the beach, and they’re small, they’re 3200 tons, totally flat bottomed without even a hint of a keel which means they’re going to roll a lot, and this ship was part of a reserves LST squadron that had just been taken off reserve status and made regular status. They had spent a few days down in Santo Domingo, at that time there was four officers and 25 enlisted and when I came on board I was the fifth officer and then we augmented to 11 officers and 104 enlisted. So a lot of us training the new people. Interviewer: “Okay, well– And so where were you based?” Little Creek, Virginia which is right near Norfolk. Interviewer: “And that’s an area where, going back to World War II, they practiced amphibious landings and they did training and all of that so that’s the place for the LSTs. Okay, how long did you spend there?” (30:15) In Little Creek? About a month, and it basically was learning how to drive a different kind of a ship because the ammunition ship was a single screw ship, that didn’t maneuver real well and was big, the LST was two screws, fairly large screws, sitting behind two blade rudders but the engines were 800 horsepower diesel engines, two of them. So our maximum speed was about eight and a half knots but no smoke. Interviewer: “Okay, so now you talk about getting up to a crew of over a 100, would those– Did you keep that larger complement when you finally went out to sea?” Yeah. Interviewer: “So what did you need that many men for?” �Chardoul, Paul Basically moving supplies, because I was the fifth officer XO called me into his office and he said “I’ve got this stack of records for enlisted people, can you help me distribute them?” I said “Sure, why not.” So we went through the records and this guy goes to engineering, this guy goes to supply, you know and so forth, and he says “Oh I got somebody for ship’s office!” That he was responsible for, and I said “Can I see it?” And he showed it to me and he had a master’s degree from Caltech, and he had a ham license, and I said “I think I’d like him as one of my communications people.” and he said “No, I need him in ship’s office.” and I said “He can’t type.” And so I said “Here’s a guy who has a bachelor’s degree from University of Miami in Florida, you can have him.” And he said “Okay.” Now both the XO and I were lieutenant junior grades and he was– You know I was second from the bottom in terms of seniority– Eventually but, you know we were friends and so I took this guy on, and he was a seaman, he just graduated from basic training and we had just installed a transceiver, a small totally solid state receiver transmitter as an experiment from Collins Radio and we were going to test this thing out and he took one look at it and saw what it could do– He also had a speed key he could send many words a minute, and he said– He went up and checked he antennas and he said “Nuh-uh, all wrong.” I said “Well we’ve got a 26 foot whip end antenna for this.” He says “No, no we need a long wire.” “So how are we gonna do it?” And he said “Let’s go to the store.” (33:40) So we went to– It was either radio shack or something like that– Bought a long wire, I paid for it, and he designed the coupler, hooked it up to the transceiver, we could communicate with the world because this thing— You know that long wire we just turned it sideways and it gave us this horrendous capacity to send message traffic. When we were off in Vietnam we were sending, not to Guam, not to Saigon, but to Rota, Spain and Greece and before you communicate in the Navy with morse code you said what’s called a nondescript thing it’s N followed by one letter and he’s send N T and they’d say “Go ahead John, send your message.” They knew who he was just from that and he was i mean really– He really– And because he had the ham license I converted it to a mobile marine license so that guys could call home. Interviewer: “Alright, so you’re getting the ship ready to go, you’re signing the crew and all this kind of thing, so now going to just move us forwards here. Once you’ve got your ship’s complement, what do you do next? Where do you go, what happens?” �Chardoul, Paul Took it out and just did some maneuvering in the Virginia Capes operating area, just a little bit, went up to Newport to load a new radar on. They took the radar I had on the bridge off, it had been put up there illegally, and put a new one on that died about three weeks later so it became a seat for the junior officer of the deck, a $25,000 seat. It never really worked well after that even though my electronics technicians tried to keep it up they couldn’t do it, it just didn’t work well. It was a short yard period, they installed a huge bladder at the back end of the tank deck, LSTs have what’s called a tank deck where literally tanks can sit down there and because they filled this thing with water. First heavy ship– Or sea we got the thing twisted and it dropped down, broke, that was it no more water, luckily nobody got hurt. We had a chance to– The officers– To train in a basin with radio controlled model ships, they’re about this long and I got a chance to be able to twist that LST around. It was really quite interesting because the thing– When you go on the beach you turn sideways. Here’s the beach, and you come at it but before you start to move it forwards you drop your anchor, your stern anchor, right up on the beach. Sometimes at full speed, eight and a half knots, grind up on the beach, open the bow doors, drop the bow ramp and then stuff can theoretically go off dry. (37:36) Doesn’t always work that way but that’s the idea, and then when you’re retracting you just bring that stern anchor in and you pull yourself off onto your own anchor. It doesn’t always work because sometimes when you’re on the beach if you’re off loading cargo you’re getting lighter, which means you’re either gonna float off– You keep your engines running and you keep working your way forward, and when you’re doing that sometimes you’re creating vacuums underneath the ship and it creates a suction that even with the stern anchor and those two 800 horse diesels you can’t get off, and they have to use small tugs to pull you off and all that, and we did that once under fire which wasn’t fun. Interviewer: “Alright, but you were getting to practice this with models first?” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, alright and so when do– So eventually you’re going to go to Vietnam, but there are sort of stages in the process along the way. So kind of take us through that.” �Chardoul, Paul Yeah we left on the 11th of February. There were four of us that were gonna go off together and February is– Well remember the fog we had yesterday morning? Multiply that by ten, you couldn’t see 20 feet and somebody– The pilot came on board and went to light off the engines, I mean unlike the ammunition ships that had boilers you had to set up hours in advance, these you pushed a button that started the engine. Well the port engine worked but the starboard engine wouldn’t, they tried they couldn’t get the thing going. So the pilot said “I’m going down to the end of the pier I’m gonna drink coffee.” So he went down to the end of the pier and we’re sitting there and the engine people are trying to get that thing going, and I was on the quarter deck. A car pulled up, a big black car with a flag on the fender with three stars on it. “Hmmm, I wonder what that is.” The driver got out he was a 1st Class yeoman and he started walking up the quarter deck, and I said “Salute the ensign.” So he saluted the ensign, I said “Alright now you may approach.” And he said “Give this note to your commanding officer.” I said “Okay.” And he turned and walked off and so I looked at the car and I could see someone with epaulets on and whoa the admiral’s there. (40:25) So of course I read it on the way up to the commanding officer’s cabin, who by the way was only a lieutenant, and it said “Get your ship out of my harbor, Vice Admiral Duncan.” So I said “Here Skipper.” “Oh!” He went crazy. “Get the pilot!” So I ran down the pier and brought the pilot back and still hadn’t gotten the engine going. So we got underway on one engine. Interviewer: “So how long did it take to actually fix the engine?” A few days. So we’re going along past the coast of North Carolina– Now we’re down to about five knots– Coast of North Carolina, I was doing coastal piloting at night– At the mid watch, we’re going backwards. So I turned the ship 0-9-0 and headed out to sea, called up the skipper on the phone and I said “Skipper I’ve changed course to 0-9-0 going due east because we’re stuck in the gulf stream.” He said “Well what are you gonna do?” I said “When we’re past the gulf stream I’m gonna turn south again.” He said “How can you tell?” I said “I’m taking soundings.” “What do you mean?” I said “I’m measuring the water temperature when the water temperature gets cold, in February, I’m gonna turn south.” And I thought “This guy’s an academy grad, he couldn’t figure that out?” You know? So anyway, we did it and so the other three ships took off. Our first stop was in North Carolina where they loaded a landing craft utility, which is about a 40 �Chardoul, Paul ton boat, on the fore deck. Built this cradle, wooden cradle to set it in, and then we went onto Guantanamo Bay and there we ran into the three other LSTs and we did some training and had some other mechanical issues and finally got underway, and went from there to the Panama Canal and these ships are small enough that you could put two of them side by side, and back to back. Going through the Panama Canal which is an all day venture for us– By the way, going through the Panama Canal and crossing the sill of a dry dock are the only two times where the commanding officer of a Navy ship relinquished command of the ship, and there’s a special entry that you put into the deck log, you know captain, pilot, so on so forth has taken command of the ship from, you know. So luckily I was on the bridge both of those occasions, it’s an interesting observation, but again it was an all day venture through the locks, the two sets of locks, Gatun Lake and so forth to get to the Pacific. Of course then we broke down again so we stuck in Panama City for another three days and eventually we got underway. Steaming across the Pacific to Hawaii, and again slow ships and be steaming along we decided to do some, what you call tic-tacs, maneuvers, you know side by side, four and a half, you know those other things and one ship would be sending a message “I am losing power.” And they just stopped and we’d just circle around figure out what the problem was and– “Okay we got this extra part, you can have this.” (44:40) Because before you get underway they have what’s called an allowance parts list and you know spare parts for things that normally break down over a period of time, and our APL was never up to date, nor were any others, because most of our priorities were 13, 15, or 17. Whereas submarines, carriers, priority one, so we were at the hind end of that long supply train. Think of all those ships off the west coast today, yeah that’s– In any event, so then the four of us would along then somebody else would break down and you know do the same thing. So it took us 24 days to get to Hawaii. Interviewer: “What was the weather like on that trip?” It wasn’t bad, it really wasn’t bad and got to Hawaii and spent some time there. I had some classified material– I tried to, we didn’t have an incinerator on board ship like we did on the ammunition ship so I found a 55 gallon drum and I had it cut in half and put it on the fan tail. It didn’t burn very well, very slow and I wasn’t happy with the results so I put everything in burn bags and we got to Hawaii and one of the first things I did was burn. One of my collateral duties �Chardoul, Paul on that ship was postal officer and they said “Set up a post office.” Where? Well the wing walls of the tank deck is below the main deck and each side is wing walls which are about, oh maybe, 12 feet wide each side. By the way if you wanna see and LST there’s one in Muskegon. Interviewer: “Yeah Muskegon right?” You’ve seen it? Okay. So ours was just a little bit newer than that but not much, but essentially the same, and so they allocated a space for a post office and I had some like chicken wire put up. I had one of the ship fitters weld into a cage, and we used that. I had a postal clerk who was a friend of the yeoman, they both had degrees from the University of Miami– Or Miami University in Florida, not the one in Ohio, and he was my postal clerk and– But I needed a safe, so I took him to salvage in Pearl Harbor and we found a really nice safe. It was about this big, perfect safe except for in the back there’s a hole, this big perfect hole. So I found a towel, draped it over it, had him load it on a truck, brought it to the ship, had the shipfitter weld it up against the– The only people who knew there was a hole there were the shipfitter, my postal clerk, and me. If somebody could go to the other side they would just– Basically punch their fist through and get into the safe, but it worked. Everything was jury rigged on that ship. (48:32) Haircuts, we had a person who came on board ship as a barber, as we’re going through his records looked at it I said, “I don’t– XO I don’t think this guy would be a good barber.” He says “Why not?” “Well he cut somebody with a razor.” So he became the ship’s laundry man and another guy volunteered to be the barber who had never done it before, but we figured we’re out at sea nobody’s– You know good experimentation time, like going to barber college and the space– A stool about this high, you sat at the stool and the “barber” was on his hands and knees with his little razor cutting and of course the ships rolling you– Get a bald spot but you know nobody cared, and so that was our barber shop. I mean, it wasn’t very sophisticated, let's put it that way. We got to Hawaii and did some exercises there, one of the things we did was called causeway marriages. On the side of the LST there’s a panel about this wide, it sticks out and like a little lip and it runs almost the full length of both sides and you put causeways on there. If you can’t get your ship all the way you can drop those causeways and then marry them when you drop your bow ramp to a bullnose on the top of the bow ramp and you can basically build a bridge, and so we were doing that in what’s called West Loch. Pearl Harbor has several like bays and West Loch is the furthest one to �Chardoul, Paul the west, and then there’s Mid Loch where most the activity occurs and then East Loch where the shipyards are and– So this is in West Loch and four of the officers were experimenting, making landings on this causeway, and it was my turn and I did– I got right on there and hit the bull nose right perfect, put it on, tried to back off, both engines died couldn’t get them started. We’re sitting there trying to figure out how to get this thing going, finally they brought a tug and they hauled us across Pearl Harbor backwards to the shipyard and I’m on the bridge and Skipper’s there and I say “Hey Skipper, look over there.” And you can see the balcony of Pacific Fleet Headquarters, saw all this brass up there, and he ducked down below the combing because he didn’t want to be seen and when I was– After my tour and I was at CINCPAC Fleet, at Pacific Fleet Headquarters, I was talking with the vice admiral and– Because we got to know each other fairly well and I said “Do you remember that?” And he said “Were you on that ship?” We saw that and we said “Oh my God!” Because these 11 LSTs of this former reserve squadron when they became part of the Pacific fleet they more than doubled the casualty reports for the entire Pacific fleet, they were in that bad shape. Interviewer: “Okay casualty reports as in ship damage as opposed to people.” (52:20) Anything, anything that goes wrong. You can try to fix it yourself but if you submit a casualty report it usually increases your priority of getting a spare part if you can do it yourself, or it might require some yard maintenance to have somebody else, some professionals, come in and do the work and our commanding officer did not want casualty reports because he said “That puts me on report.” Well if the alternative is not being able to function you do it, yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, okay so you’ve made it now as far as Pearl Harbor, so now when do you leave Pearl Harbor?” We were there for about two weeks and then our next stop was the Philippines, Subic Bay and so that was a long slow haul. Another 26 days to get to the Philippines and we spent about four days in the Philippines. �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Okay, we’ve got a chronology here that says 26th of March leave Pearl Harbor, 25th of April arrive Subic Bay and then 8th of May depart Subic?” Was that long? Okay, yeah I guess we were there longer than I thought– Oh that’s right we were doing some training there and trying to figure out just what our job was. Very very quickly these 11 LSTs were brought over to augment the run up from about 175,000 troops to about 350,000 and eventually it would be 500 plus thousand, and as you well know the supply train is very good. The American soldier is the best equipped, best fed soldier in the world and he requires a lot of equipment. It’s not just food, it’s computers, and toiletries, and ammunition and all that and it’s really quite extensive and that was going to be our job. So we basically became a supply ship. Interviewer: “Alright, now you’re at these places, you’re at Pearl Harbor, you’re at Subic Bay and so forth do the crew get to go– Do they get to go ashore?” (55:05) Yeah Subic Bay is the armpit of the world. I went ashore once– You cross a canal on a bridge, you look down the canal and you see all the detritus of the world in there. Dead animals and, you know just garbage and excrement, I mean it just stunk and we got to the other side– I didn’t enjoy it at all. So back in the ship every time someone said “Man this is great!” “Well how about let’s trade for Japan.” He said “What?” I said “You can have my day of liberty here in Subic and I’ll take two days of your liberty in Japan.” He says “Oh great!” I knew what I was going to expect in Japan, I was very much looking forward to that. So I did go ashore one other time with the commanding officer to get my computer stuff that I needed and we tied in with what’s called CMSTSE commander military sea transportation service southeast Asia and that’s– Their headquarters were in Subic. Interviewer: “I think my understanding is that Subic Bay was largely drinking and women.” Yeah �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Yeah very much and if you were not pursuing a lot of that then there wasn’t much else to do. Okay, so you kind of go through that process, now when you leave Subic Bay are you now carrying a load of cargo with you?” Yeah we had– They also took off that LCU off the foredeck and somewhere, whether it was in Guantanamo Bay or Panama or Hawaii, the wooden cradle got infected with termites. So when they took off the cradle or the LCU, they had a big 50 ton crane lift it off, they had to break the cradle and these termites were everywhere– Flying everywhere and I mean you couldn’t avoid them. I mean they’re just everywhere and you basically shovel them you couldn’t believe how many there were and of course we had our problems with cockroaches too as all ships. You’re standing a watch, let’s say the mid watch, and messenger wakes you up about 11:30, you get dressed, and you go into the wardroom, into the galley to get a cup of coffee they’ve been cooking since seven o’clock the night before, which I won’t drink coffee that’s more than 20 minutes old anymore, and you flip the lights on the walls would turn from brown to white. The cockroaches running, and you pour the coffee and “Oh gosh.” and then you go up to the bridge and you know stand your watch, but yeah that was not good and because it was flat bottomed the ship did roll. (58:55) When you sat in the wardroom the table had a lip about this high and the steward would put a tablecloth down and then take water and pour it on the table so the dishes wouldn’t slide, and then you sit down and they’d strap you in and depending which way– If the ship was moving this way or this way, you know you’re gonna lose your meal because your chair would slide out from underneath you and you’d get everybody’s food in your lap, you know. It was different it was– Food wasn’t bad except we ate out of the general mess, they didn’t have an officer’s mess like we did on the ammunition ship, and for about– Oh it must’ve been two months we started getting for dessert, dinner, fruit cocktails and wait a minute I was down in enlisted quarters they had cake. “Oh, crew ate it all.” That was the word from the stewards. So I walk back into the galley and here are the three stewards eating 11 pieces of cake, and I called the supply officer who’s junior to me, more junior officer, and I said “You got to stop that, it’s not fair.” You know he had just come out of supply school, he had knew nothing about how to maneuver and get things. So we kind of avoided him and he avoided us, but anyway the night before we were going to make our first trip to Vietnam I had a little ham radio or a little– �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Transistor radio?” A transistor but it was short wave and I picked up harbor entrance control in Chu Lai where we were going and an LST was in there getting pounded with artillery and they had to retract early. So the commanding officer was walking by “Come and listen to this!” And he got all bent out of shape, so we had that to worry about going in. Chu Lai is an interesting port because you go in and there’s a river called the Cu Đê River that flows south and you’re coming in and you have to avoid that current and then make a turn and then run in on the beach, and as we were making our approach you’re going by these several islands and you could hear the artillery going, and so we’re all in combat gear, brain bucket, shirt buttoned up, cuffs into your socks and sleeves rolled down and flak jackets, and because I was the officer of the deck going in, I was in the bridge, and as we were coming in an F-4 from the Air Force Base– It’s not too far away, “Welcome to Sin” And he came in and when he came over the top of us went into afterburner and went straight up and the commanding officer was standing in front of the pilot house and he has binoculars on looking at what’s going on. He didn’t see it, it was coming from behind and he got so excited he dropped down, got his binoculars caught on the windshield wipers and he’s hanging upside down. XO and I are laughing we had to literally cut him down to get him off because he was going to choke, and then this boat came out to guide us in and the guys bring– On the boat, had a pair of cut off pants and a cowboy hat and flip flops and he said “You guys are dressed too much, there’s a bullet with your name on it.” You know, loosen up, and so it was a little better once we got there but it was– We got to Chu Lai probably four different times in the next five months and I couldn’t believe how that place had developed from tents to Quonset huts to regular buildings. They were laying a log runway as opposed to one with the metal– Interviewer: “Yeah the PSP or the metal matting stuff, yeah.” (1:04:25) Yeah, and you know a lot of out buildings and– I mean really amazing how much they had developed that in that period of time because they were getting a lot of supplies there. There were, at the time, two deep water piers in Vietnam, one in Saigon, one in Da Nang and so these large merchant ships– Because that’s really the best way to bring supplies not with LSTs across the Pacific from primarily Oakland. You couldn’t– They couldn’t park every place they wanted �Chardoul, Paul to and they’d be sitting out, like they are in California right now, and so they would break bulk in the Philippines, in Okinawa, and then LSTs would pick up supplies and take it in and that’s basically what our purpose was. Interviewer: “Alright and that’s sort of what you needed a substantial crew for, was just handling all of that cargo going on and being loaded there rather than at your final destination. Okay so Chu Lai is the first place you stop, now where else do you wind up going? I guess after Chu Lai where did you– It lists you going to Taiwan and Japan–” Yeah, we went– Because we needed some repairs, ship repairs, and so we went from there to our temporary home port of Sasebo in Japan but because the Japanese were not happy with the United States involvement in Vietnam, we had to do what’s called breaking voyage where you had to make an intermediate stop and so Taiwan is on the way. So we stopped usually either in Kaohsiung or Keelung on the way up to Japan and with some excuse. Dropping off some retrograde cargo or picking something up and taking it from Taiwan to Japan, same thing going back the other way and sometimes we picked up some major things like we picked up a huge load of bags of cement and these big barrels of bituminous material. Which is not good when those bags break and that stuff leaks, they’re really a mess and if we were not carrying wheeled vehicles or tracked vehicles we had what was called rough terrain forklifts. Which are fairly small but very noisy forklifts, unlike the ones you see with little round wheels these have big wheels, lugged wheels and they were articulated, each wheel had its own motor. So they could almost anywhere and we had three of them and they would take cargo out and move it around onto the sand or whatever. Interviewer: “So we’ve basically gotten you to sort of what you had been to Chu Lai then you went up to Japan. So we we’re kind of talking about– Then we were talking about some of the equipment you had and your forklifts and so forth. On the first visit to Chu Lai did you get shot at or was it quiet?” (1:08:20) We heard but not– No, we did see a helicopter landing probably, oh maybe like, maybe 500 meters away and picking up somebody and we saw that helicopter sitting at the small field �Chardoul, Paul hospital and that’s when I found out the person who had been wounded was in surgery 20 minutes after he was wounded. What a change, you know my master’s thesis was on the civil war, sometimes people would lay out there for two days before they’d find them, if they were still alive. Interviewer: “Well that could happen in combat even in Vietnam depending on where you were but yeah the speed of recovery, the helicopter in particular helped quite a bit. Alright so let’s continue, so what different place in Vietnam did you visit?” Oh boy, often you’re just dropping off some stuff, places like Phan Rang, Nha Trang– Oh boy. Interviewer: “You go to Cam Ranh Bay, right?” Cam Ranh Bay of course, yeah– I’m trying to think of where else. Interviewer: “Well you list Nha Trang, Vũng Tàu, and Saigon and Can Tho which is farther south.” Oh that’s later on. In Nha Trang it’s the home of the Vietnamese naval academy and so we got some cadets on board and at that time they were shorter than I am. To look over the combing on the bridge, they couldn’t see over it so they had to build a little platform so they could stand on there and, you know, at least they got a little experience on and LST. Vietnamese Navy was sort of the bad sister as opposed to the Air Force or the Army and they were not treated well. Their supplies were minimal, their training was terrible so that, you know, gave them some experience doing that which I thought was kind of good. Also went swimming in Nha Trang, they had it cordoned off and they had boats out there patrolling, not so much for the north Vietnamese but for the sea snakes that are kind of nasty. Interviewer: “That kind of thing, alright. Basically just talk about visiting some of these different places here and what you remember about them.” �Chardoul, Paul Okay, Phan Rang, Cam Ranh it was just a quick stop, matter of hours and at least at Cam Ranh Bay when we went in if I remember correctly there was a concrete ramp that we came up on rather than going up on the beach. One of the things about an LST is because you’re on the beach you better know two things: One, the gradient of the beach, and two, the quality of whatever surface you’re landing on. If it’s rocks you better know that and if it’s sand you want to know if it’s round sand or granular because if it’s granular then it compacts a lot more than if it’s round, but round you have a lot more moisture in it. (1:13:00) So you know you have to know all these things and sometimes we’d send somebody out with a pipe and take a sample– Go down about a foot and see what the composition of the ground was which is kind of interesting to do. Interviewer: “Okay, but at Cam Ranh at least you had something– Well Cam Ranh was a big place.” More concrete. Interviewer: “They had a big base so they had probably a little bit better developed as far as that kind of thing goes. Now in your notes you refer to this trip as the “Saigon milk run” Okay, that was after we came back from Japan, our first trip to Sasebo. We went to Saigon and we loaded cargo and of course we had no idea where we were going. Again on the ammunition ship all our operations were classified secret or higher, this was often a telephone call or an unclassified message saying “Go to such and such place and drop off–” You know, X amount of material and sometimes they’d change our orders after we got underway “Oh don’t take it here, take it there.” And– Which meant that because one of my collateral duties as postal officer I had to try to get the mail. Well if they change your next port, your mail’s here and you’re here and we’d go sometimes quite a long time between mail deliveries because of that and, you know mail is a real morale booster. When they pass mail call you can see, you know the guys get their mail and some of them would share their letters with other people, other people you’d see them take their one letter and they go off in the corner and read it, and read it, and read it over and over and over again, and some didn’t get any mail and those are the ones you really had to feel sorry for. �Chardoul, Paul When we augmented from 25 to 110 as we’re going through the records I’d say the majority of the new people were volunteers. The choice was the brig, bad conduct discharge or civilian jail, so he says “Oh I’ll go to Vietnam!” Interviewer: “So these are people who were in the Navy an in trouble so those are their options?” (1:15:52) So they’re sort of the dregs but, you know they pulled together beautifully on board ship. I was very pleased with how cohesive that ship was, it was a team, it was a real team. Interviewer: “Okay, but now were your college graduates part of that group or did you have those earlier because you mentioned–” They were some of the first ones on board, no they were not trouble makers. Interviewer: “They were regular recruits.” Yeah, as far as I know there’s just the three and they’re all my people so it was kind of neat. Interviewer: “Well they would’ve been closer to your age and had a little more experience.” Yeah, but you know because of the standing thing about no fraternization, you couldn’t go on liberty with them, and my radio man with the master’s degree from Caltech, he kind of lost it and he had some pretty nasty liberty because of it and he got broken twice. Interviewer: “Reduced in rank?” Mm-hmm but and then he went into the merchant marine, we communicate still and last time I talked to him was about two years ago and he’s retired now living in California. We’ve had six reunions, most of the officers and some of the enlisted and one of the– My corpsman because I �Chardoul, Paul also had the corpsman. He was an E6 corpsman, came on three of my trips, I take people on trips to different parts of the world now and he came on three of them with his wife, so that’s kind of neat. Interviewer: “Alright, kind wind out way back around, so you–” Back to the milk run. Interviewer: “The milk run. So is the idea that you load up supplies at Saigon and then distribute them other places?” (1:18:00) Yeah, when– To go up to Saigon you need a pilot, and you pick up the pilot at Vũng Tàu. It’s a fairly protected area and there’s always a few ships there and you go up one of two rivers to get to Saigon and you pass what’s called the RSSZ, the Rung Sat Special Zone, which is a free fire zone. If anything’s moving there it’s a target and so we had two old 50 caliber machine guns that we installed on the bridge wings, and got a chance to fire those, they didn’t work very well. They’d jam up all the time but you could take down a four inch tree at a couple hundred yards, I mean, mean weapons, really mean weapons and we had two small 30 caliber machine guns that were down below but we had that 40 millimeter cannon, open mount, one forward, one aft. When were were experimenting with the forward one we were at sea coming across, you know you drop a target, you drop a barrel in the water and then you shoot at it. They couldn’t hit it worth a darn, the gunfire director didn’t work so they’re basically trying to aim it and they never could, and then they found out that the cutout cams didn’t work. So if you’re tracking something and you’re firing it could take out the bridge, so the commanding officer said “Don’t give them any ammunition.” So we’re going up the rivers, you have this steel plate in front about that thick, not very thick, and the guys sitting there the loader, you know, the range guy and all that, five guys on the team. They’re open from the side, so if you don’t have any ammunition in there, why have those guys out there with the possibility of getting hit? But he said “Well because they don’t know that.” Oh yes they did, oh yes they did, they knew everything that we were doing. You know again going back to the ammunition ship, movements classified, go ashore and get some clothing made or something like that. “Oh yeah your next port is such and such.” They �Chardoul, Paul knew, and of course you go to, even– Because I spent time in the embassy and in Saigon you see a lot of the staff people were Vietnamese. I don’t know how well they were vetted and who they talked to, and what their communication– What their connections were and all that, there was a lot of that going on. Interviewer: “Alright, so when you’re out on these trips and you’re going up the river and so forth, would you take incoming fire periodically?” (1:21:35) Yeah, from Saigon you go back to– Interviewer: “Vũng Tàu?” Vũng Tàu, drop that pilot, pick up that pilot for the Mekong and then go up one of three– Because the Mekong is a delta, and you go up one of the three entrances that were navigable and the pilot would take you up there, because I was the only person that spoke French on board ship, and the pilot spoke either Vietnamese or French, but not English. We would sit on the deck of the pilot house– I remember there are two levels, there’s where the guy steered from and then one level above is the pilot house, and the pilot house had a canted glass like this all the way around and you got to it by going up a ladder on the outside of the ship and we took the glass out in case because bullets would come through, you could hear them going through and so we’d sit on the deck and he had these old French Army maps from ‘54 and he’d– “Okay,” In French “When you get to this snag come left to–” Such and such, you know because they knew where the sandbars were and where all the stuff floating down the river was and all that and so we’d, you know, do that if we’re taking any incoming fire. One time we were going up and all of a sudden the firing stopped and I thought, I said “Hey Paul, come here.” So I crawled to the back– The doorway was in the back of the pilot house, and we looked out and there’s this freighter going by us with a big French flag on it, and I said “Why aren’t they shooting?” “Oh, because they paid their taxes.” And I said “Aren’t we here because of them?” That’s when I started saying “Hmmm, maybe there’s something wrong with this war.” You know, but luckily no one ever got hit. We had bullet holes on the ship and on one of our stops because sometimes we had difficulty moving stuff around on board ship, I was– We were on the beach, I don’t remember �Chardoul, Paul where it was, where one of the officers called up, I was on the bridge because you have to have somebody on the bridge when you’re on the beach and he said– This is about, oh maybe 11 o’clock at night and of course remember sunset, dark, sunrise, light. There’s no long dusk or dawn, it's one or the other and because we’re, you know, not that far away from the equator it’s pretty much even day and night. I got this call on my phone and he said “I’ve got a crawler crane, we’re bringing it on board.” I said “What do you mean?” “Well it’s coming aboard now.” And clank clank clank clank, and brought in on board and it– Army crane just sitting there they found it out– It in fact did, you know they could start it, bring it on, lowered the boom on it and put it on the main deck. Painted it haze gray, put some fake numbers on it, and then on the cab put a great big target, and that target was full of holes. So they were shooting at that thing but again nobody got hurt, we did lose one man, fell over the side and that was kind of tragic. He was a non-rated seaman on the deck force and the pilot was getting ready to leave the ship we had just come back from Saigon, and he was gonna get on the pilot boat and I said “Captain pilot I have your accommodation ladder on the starboard side.” He said “Oh no, I always go off on the port side.” And I said “It’ll take me three hours to get that re-rigged on the port side.” Well he said “Pilot’s boat’s coming, just put a Jacob’s ladder over the side.” You know Jacob's ladder. Interviewer: “Explain that for the–” (1:26:58) Okay, Jacob’s ladder is metal rungs on, like a chain link sides and it rolls up and you just drop it. So there’s some stanchions they hooked it to and dropped it over, and the seaman dropped it over and when they went down it twisted. So he reached over to undo it and the railing broke, he fell in. I’m watching him go in “Left full rudder all stop! Put a boat in the water sound seven short blasts in the ships whistle, hoist oscar flag.” You know that all, and then the commanding officer said “Uhhh, I’ve got it.” So I turned to the quartermaster who has his quartermaster logs and “Write down everything he said.” “Right full rudder, no wait– Left, no wait– All engines– I had– Where are your engines?” He’s writing it all down. We never did get him, we were in Can Tho, which is on the Bassac river, got a message “Somebody washed ashore, do you wanna identify the body?” So I had to get some classified material in Saigon, so I told Skippers I’d go and I said I need to take my corpsman with me to identify the body and I need to take my postal clerk with me to find where our mail is. So we got a flight from Can Tho to Saigon, Tan Son Nhut Air Base �Chardoul, Paul and it’s pouring rain. I mean you’ve never been in a tropical rain, it’s degrading it just melts you, and we got off and there’s all this metal sheeting on the runway or the, you know the tarmac as we call it, and I looked around and I saw all these orange bags of mail just sitting out there in the rain. I looked at my postal clerk and said “Think one of those is ours?” He said “I don’t know.” “Go look.” So he went to look and then “I’ve gotta go to Saigon.” Or get into Saigon and it’s, you know it’s a few miles in. So we got a ride into Saigon and I went to three morgues, couldn’t find it, finally tried to call a few other morgues and, you know nothing happened. Finally someone said, “There’s a body at Tan Son Nhut, but you can’t go because it’s dark.” You have to– You can’t– You know nothing is flying. So I went around, looked around for a hotel, here we are in downtown Saigon, “Metropole Hotel.” I said “I’ve heard of that.” That’s where all the news correspondents were. So we walked in and I said “I’d like a room for three guys.” And they said “That’ll be $75” Or– I can’t remember, I think that was about the amount, in military pay certificates MPCs. I reached for my wallet, I had a $5 MPC, I dug down deeper in my wallet, I found a $20 greenback, I said “This is all I got.” I got change back, you know where that money went, black market just like that. So we had this big beautiful corner room and it was on the seventh floor and it was– Then we went up to the restaurant, it was on the eighth or ninth floor, whatever it was, and we watched the mortar fire in the distance and had a couple drinks. You know I could afford to be– My two guys had no money at all, and to fly from Can Tho to Saigon you’re supposed to have survival knife, and brain bucket, and you know all these other things, didn’t have any of that stuff, had our uniform on. So went out to Tan Son Nhut the next day and found a body– Found the morgue and the guy said “You don’t want to see it.” And I said “That’s what I’m here for.” So he opened up the cabinet and our sailor that fell in was an Italian kid who had a full beard and a lot of hair, full body hair. (1:32:05) He was all bloated, skin had turned green with blood oozing out, crabs had gotten to his face, couldn’t recognize him. I had the corpsman come in to check his, you know maybe to see his teeth or something, and he threw up. Wrap them up and send them home, that’s all we could do. We found some mail, I did my run to the, you know I got my computer stuff– Or crypto stuff, and then we went back, tried to get a flight back and there was an Army major who’s also trying to get a flight to Can Tho. So he said “Follow me and we’re gonna get one together.” I said “Okay.” So I found out there was a helicopter going to fly someplace and he said “I’ll take that helicopter.” And then this guy said “No sir, this helicopter– White Knight.” And he said “Good, I’m a White Knight, I’m taking the �Chardoul, Paul helicopter.” And so he said “Well okay.” “And this lieutenant here– Called Lieutenant JG, is the commanding officer of a ship he’s gotta get underway.” I wasn’t but what did the E2 know. So we got on– Or we’re getting on and he says “Oh by the way, I’m bringing my counterpart with me.” He says “No, no Vietnamese.” He says “Where I go, he goes, oh and he’s got two chickens.” Two live chickens in a bag. So we got on this helicopter, it was a huey, they’re so noisy, they gave me earplugs but we made one firing run. I got to see what an M-60 can do, this is a nasty weapon and very noisy, we made a circle and he did his run and then we went back to Can Tho and then I got a ride from there back to the ship. Interviewer: “Alright, I’m kind of looking at your entry now does that– Do you go back, from that mission, now do you go back to Taiwan or Japan?” Went back to Japan, yeah, again stopping in Taiwan. One time we were there overnight and got a chance to go to the American embassy in Taipei which is kind of neat because– First of all the road– I have to get back there that’s a beautiful country, just beautiful, but it was a mountainous road getting up to Taipei and, you know took a cab up. It was some kind of special celebration so they had two for one drinks, they were a nickel instead of a dime, 20 cents I was out of the world but again one time we made– Our stop was so quick we never even came to a complete stop, they just loaded one bag of something on board and we kept on going, broken voyage. I feel that diplomatic history, I know that very well. Interviewer: “Alright, you got here an entry in your itinerary that refers to “milk run turns sour” and that’s sort of you following the trip where you had to find the missing sailor for the next thing and then before the final milk run. So it’s like late July, is Bến Tre is that part of that–” What? Interviewer: “Got your list of things there, our cheat sheet.” �Chardoul, Paul It was just– We just– It was, well one thing– The same thing over and over again and– This came undone here, and our food supply was bad, we ate canned hamburger for two months and there’s only so many things you can do with canned hamburger. Powdered milk, they never really quite got it all so you drink it and get a lump. No vegetables, the only thing we did have we had a good bake shop and we could trade for other things, once in a while for vegetables or water because we were on water hours (1:37:33) You can make water out in the ocean with your condensers– Evaporators excuse me, but you can’t make it on river water and so if you were on water hours sometimes they’d have– They’d turn on the water for two hours every other day. Well if you just happened to have watch you missed it and you know when the bulkhead on board ship are so hot you can’t touch them, no air conditioning, a little smelly and remember I told you earlier that our alleged barber became the ship’s laundryman? Two days after we got underway the laundry mysteriously broke and we couldn’t get any spare parts. So we all had to do our own laundry and so you’d wash your clothes with you in the shower, when we had showers and so when we come out of the Mekong first thing I do is I aim for the nearest cloud, get out to sea of course they’re getting ready to start the evaporators and pass the word “Showers are now being held on the main deck, bring your towel and your soap.” You know, and of course then it was all guys you could do it, not a problem. Morale was pretty bad, we had the chance to do what are called in reps, I was used to underway reps, you know called un reps. In rep is where you come alongside– There’s small supply ships, in places like Cam Ranh, Vũng Tàu, where you could sidle up to another ship and you could pass stuff over. Our supply officer didn’t want to do it because he didn’t know how, and we had a storekeeper who kept pulling his hair out and he’d say “Sir please we can do it, we can do it!” “No, no, no, no, we can’t do it.” And he’s come up with some fake regulation. I’d check it out and it didn’t exist, we’d called him the ghost he disappeared, you know. “John!” He’s gone, but John and I decided we were gonna grow beards and we got permission for the enlisted people to grow beards and the supply officers and I said “Let’s grow beards.” So we did this going up to Japan the first time so we both grew pretty good sized beards and because I had the mobile marine phone connection I was fairly well liked on board ship, and the barber would do my– Underneath here, you know for– So it looked decent, nice and trimmed, and the day before we got to Japan the commanding officer realized the morale was in pretty bad shape and so he wanted to take a picture of all the guys with beards. So John and I shaved and we went from a pretty dark thing to just white and because he had no hair �Chardoul, Paul on his head he’d always say “Doesn’t that beard itch?” And you know the first couple weeks it does itch but you’d “No, no it’s fine.” Anyway that was the one morale thing we had on board ship. Interviewer: “Alright, now you’ve got some notes here relating to a final milk run, sort of the last thing you do. Okay, can you talk about that?” You mean going back up the river? Yeah we went to a little town just north of Can Tho called Binh Thuy, and there was a small U.S Air Force detachment teaching Vietnamese Air Force how to fly the A-1. Well the A-1 is not an Air Force plane so there’s some Navy people, teaching the Air Force, so they can teach the– You figure that one out, and the supplies that we dropped off there were also for a Vietnamese Special Forces camp and the person accepting the goods was a dai uy, a captain, a Vietnamese captain and you know I was talking to them once and I said “You know, so tell me about you. How long you been here?” (1:43:00) He says “Oh a few months.” “Where were you before?” Silence. “Dai uy where were you?” “I was in jail.” “Why?” “Extortion.” So now we have millions of dollars of equipment and supplies going to some guy who’d just gotten out of jail from extortion. He had his family with him and we built– You know you have all kinds of extra lumber, we built him a nice little home there and shed where he can put stuff in. Even built a cooler for him so he could cool beer because 110 degree bombing bomb beer is horrible. It’s bad at 50 degrees but it’s horrible at 110 and so one time we pulled– I had to have a beer so I said “Dai uy pour me one please!” So poured it in a glass, put some ice in there, I’m drinking it, my corpsman came up and he said “Where’d that ice come from?” I looked in the river, I said “Oh shit.” And I did for the next ten years, I got some kind of disease. Yeah, when I was teaching at community college they scheduled my classes right across from the bathroom, I’d be teaching. “Excuse me!” Run across, yeah and that lasted ten years and it finally cleared out but, you know it was– It was not fun. Interviewer: “Alright, there’s a mention here of a Green Beret coming aboard?” Oh yeah, we were– Because when you’re on the river, it’s flowing okay. So we always had a guard up in front with big flashlights, anything that moved you shot at– In the water. We also �Chardoul, Paul had the ability to throw stun grenades out and, you know if somebody’s there and then periodically you turn the screws in case somebody’s trying to get on board, shift the stern. We installed lights right at water level, shining down they wouldn’t shine up you would see them, and all around the ship and we had small boats patrolling in the water and I had the watch once and I looked over the side and this rubber raft– Or rubber boat came alongside and guys came on board and “Wait a minute.” Well they wouldn’t sign the deck log, they said “We’re not here. We need some warm food.” So I hustled up a meal for them and got their clothes off and got them some clean clothes, but their stuff was pretty ratty, and they spent about four hours onboard ship, got back in their little boat and took off. We also had some SEALs come onboard, we had them stay overnight and again because they’re out here patrolling for us too. A matter of fact one time they came onboard, nobody knew they’d come on board, so that got a report going. We had a roving patrol, armed roving patrol, walking around the ship at odd times, you know just for that purpose. One time– Because it was a two day trip to get up to– What we do is we go up through Mekong to near the Cambodian border, and then cross over on a small, narrow canal, a little wider than this room, you know with branches overhanging, to the Bassac river and then down the Bassac to Can Tho or Binh Thuy and– So the first night– Because remember our speed is sometimes less than the flow of water, and we would drop anchor, and of course you drop anchor and you let it pay out, and we do it just before sunset. Sunset would come, get underway again, pick up the anchor, go a couple of clicks down, drop it again and then watch the firing behind us. They had zeroed in where they thought we were, we learned that one from another LST which had gotten his, and I mean some of those LSTs really got– They really got hit. (1:49:02) The reason I know this is because I decided to write a history of LSTs in Vietnam and I found 84 of them were involved, total of 84, and going all the way back to 1954 and the last LST actively involved was when the Americans mined Haiphong Harbor, you know to get the North Vietnamese back to the bargaining table and they would not do it until we de-mined the harbor. So they sent out a whole bunch of mine sweepers, they cleared a path and they said “We don’t trust you.” They took a newer LST, took everything off that had any weight on it, loaded the tank deck and the wing walls with fiberglass and then a small crew of like 10 or 12 people, and they ran it up and down a few times. So, you know– So from ‘64 to ‘75– Oh ‘54 to ‘75 they were there. �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Yeah I think the Haiphong Harbor mining was late ‘72 because the peace agreement was early ‘73. So that would’ve been around the time of all that.” Yeah it was– The mining took like about 20 minutes, real quick, but it basically shut the harbor down. When I was stationed in Hawaii I suggested that they mine it and one of the intelligence officers would show me the T-pier in Haiphong. There’s a Canadian ship, a British ship, a French ship “Aren’t they allies?” Interviewer: “Yeah, I mean that was discussed really throughout the entire war time period and there are a lot of political and diplomatic reasons why you couldn’t do it, which was true of Vietnam generally for a lot of things. Okay, and we’re kind of getting toward the latter part here with your tour with the LST. So after that last milk run then how do things wind down with you and the ship and go on from there?” Okay then we went back to Japan and when we crossed the bar of the Mekong that last time– Normally we’d try to cross at high tide and I’d clear the fan tail because it’d be mud going all over, we hit bottom but we really hit bad and going up river you can feel the– Something was wrong, and what happened was both screws the blades were bent like that. So they’re going to be vibrating and it actually displaced where the shaft comes out to get to the screws, it had bent that which meant that water was getting in. Something called the Kingsbury thrust bearing and that supposedly is a totally watertight seal, it wasn’t. Water’s pouring into the ship and we’re, you know trying to de-water it all the time, plus some guys were down in the bilges chipping paint pshhh! They went through the bottom of the ship, you go through that many landings you’re just running off the bottom of the ship and so we decided we really needed some major, major repairs. So up to Japan and into the shipyard and we were there over a month replacing the shafts, and the screws, and putting new plates on the bottom of the ship and then they put teflon on them because it was anti-fouling and it was there that I left the ship. Interviewer: “Alright, now was this a scheduled relief or had you applied for other duty?” (1:54:05) �Chardoul, Paul Yeah, while we were in Vietnam I knew I was going to be short toured and I found out that my replacement was going through officer candidates, it was going to be a green ensign and I said “Make sure he goes to com school.” So that’s another two months, and the XO kept saying “Well, you know if he doesn’t come you’re staying on board.” “I don’t think so I think I gotta get off this ship.” And he suggested because I knew so much about what was going on that I would easily become the operations officer on another LST if I didn’t stay on that one and I said “I really want to get off– I need to get off active duty.” Or off sea duty. So I– Here you are trying to work with the detailer using mail and all the vagaries of late delivery and all that, but I contacted the detailer in Washington and I asked for duty at the com school in Newport. I got it, I said “Great! That’ll be kind of fun.” You know shore duty, I love Newport, that’s a great city and so then they said “Oh, but you have to extend 30 months.” Whoops. Okay now what, so I said “Well, okay I’m gonna go for the moon, I’d like to be the assistant fleet historian of the United States Pacific fleet.” And they created the billet and gave it to me, I had a master’s degree in history, I had a bachelor’s degree in history. I mean it was a perfect match and it just so happened that the historian on the Pacific fleet staff who was a commander was not getting along well with the admirals and when we got there we saw why. His history was terrible, it was just chronology it was like that sheet I gave you and it had– You know there’s no analysis, nothing in there. So he was responsible for writing the command history, now the command history because there are some 200 under commands, ship and shore commands that report to Pacific fleet headquarters, you take that input and you write your history from them and you just take that and add it, take that and add it, and nobody wrote decent command histories then they just– It was just a summary of what they had done. He also was responsible for a monthly summary report which was a, you know what works, what doesn’t work and when we got there in late September of 1966, both the new commander and me, we saw what he had done and I mean it had no validity at all, and so the commander who had written a couple best sellers, one of them is still in publication The Big E on the old enterprise, naval institute has been republishing it over and over again and he also won $64,000 on a $64,000 question because he had been teaching English at the University of Miami and so they recalled him to active duty, promised him that he’d get his fourth stripe and that he’d be back in flying status. Neither of which they lived up to and we decided we’d, you know redo everything. So we went back and rewrote the ‘63, the ‘64, and ‘65 histories and then did the ‘66 new one and got up to June of ‘67 when I left, and then I took over �Chardoul, Paul the monthly summary report. That was about seven months in arrears, well it had no validity you’re talking about something that happened that far back and it took me a couple months to get it up to speed but we went from a 12 page basically xerox thing with really poor pictures to a 48 page four color with a lot of analysis, and the first time I had it done the day after the end of the month, chopped through all the various offices because I did it as they needed to be done, and sent it off and copy number one went to Bobby Kennedy. Of course I kept asking “Does he have the clearance?” “Shh, don’t talk about it.” And there’re only like 22 copies made it was classified, as the history was, secret with top secret addenda. But we started bringing other people in to help. I knew nothing about bomb damage assessment, so I was at the BOQ bar and I saw this guy with wings on and I said “What are you doing?” “I’m waiting for my ship.” “When’s it coming in?” “I don’t know about four months.” “Got a job for you.” (2:00:40) So he did BDA for me, another guy who did gunfire support for me, another guy did supply. I basically coordinated and then did the analysis part and worked with the intelligence people and I was able to put together a good thing. We even took over the computer people on board the staff and the graphics people, had our own driver, had our own admin person who did, you know setting up all the whatever admin stuff we had. We went from a staff of two plus one typist, and by the way it’s Commander Stafford his handwriting was worse than mine, it was a round scrawl. His wife could read it, I could read it, and our yeoman could read it, that was about it, I should’ve brought in a couple of books that he wrote for me. So we went from the three of us to staff of over 100, people were already there, they’re not doing anything, got them busy and we got this thing done and it was– I felt good about that, we really accomplished a lot, and then when I left active duty I had to write a job description code. I was replaced by three civilians, each of whom had a GS rating higher than I was as Lieutenant GG, but we put in long hours I was used to that and that’s not untypical of uniformed services. Doing active duty for training in the Pentagon and you see all the civilians go at 4:30 and when do you leave? When the work’s done, eight, nine, ten o’clock you know. Interviewer: “Now you had mentioned before when we were not on camera earlier talking about an incident that I guess made it sound like you would attend regular briefings or other sessions that the admirals had or that kind of– That’s part of your job as well was to report that kind of thing?” �Chardoul, Paul Uh-huh because that’s how I got a lot of the information. Interviewer: “And you mention at one point getting yourself in trouble?” Okay, I was– I had read about several flyers who, by the way they’re naval aviators they’re not pilots, who had come near the island of Hainan, they were still in international air space but they were chased by some Chinese communists, mig-17s and they took off and went definitely into international waters. So when that carrier came back I got one of the pilots into my office and I interviewed him and he told me– Described the whole situation and I was writing about it later and I realized that I didn’t know what the tail marking was on a mig-17, so I called up the air intelligence officer in the intel center and I asked him and he said “Just a minute.” Click. And then the phone rang and it was the admiral– A guy who had just made rear admiral he’s “Come to my office!” And so I went up there and he wanted to know why I was dealing with classified material on an unclassified phone call and I asked him who we were keeping it from and he pulled three of my clearances right then but within two days one of the admirals– There were two admirals, one was commander in chief Pacific fleet the other was commander in chief Pacific area and then the vice admiral– Ramage, red ramage and Admiral Johnson the CINCPAC fleet wanted to know where I was and said “I pulled his clearances.” “Get him back.” So I got back in. (2:05:22) There is a very close staff and, you know even to the point where– I’d sometimes be walking in the corridor where the admirals were and Admiral Ramsey said “Hey Paul come on in!” And he said “Did I ever tell you about my ship?” And I said– You know he was a submarine commander in World War II who got the congressional medal of honor and he’d lay out his charts and show me how his boat had come up in the middle of a Japanese convoy and he and the quartermaster, just the two of them above shooting at these merchant ships and he was an interesting person. I used to swim for lunch at the pool instead of eating and he’s show up “Oh you can have my spot admiral I’m done.” And he would swim an hour and just go back and forth that was amazing. Well when the person I work for Commander Stafford retired shortly after I did he became the writer for the secretary of the Navy, Warner, and when secretary of the Navy became the bicentennial commision he followed him there. So he retired �Chardoul, Paul from that finally, fourth retirement and I visit him periodically, his name was Edward Peary Stafford his grandfather was Admiral Peary and he had all the memorabilia from the North Pole. Interviewer: “I’m not sure he ever made admiral but it’s a common–” P-E-A-R-Y Interviewer: “Yeah Robert Peary he’s famous, I mean he’s commodore.” Commodore. Interviewer: “Probably, or commander.” He never made admiral and you know he– So I got a lot of good information from him. Interviewer: “Alright, so when do you then go off of active duty?” I got off in late June of 1967. Interviewer: “Okay, and then what do you do once you’re out?” Well while I was there I took the graduate record exam finally, even though I had a master’s before I didn’t take the GRE before and I intended to go back to college and work on a doctorate in history and they tried to keep me there. They tried to keep me on staff and have me augment from Naval Reserve to regular Navy, and of course once you go regular Navy they’ve got you and I wanted to stay in the reserves. So they offered me the possibility of becoming the military representative for the Mariana’s Trust territory but I wasn’t married, and they said “If you’re not married, you’re not going because all you’re going to do is drink.” And, you know we don’t want that. (2:09:00) I had met a young lady the weekend before we had left for Vietnam, I’d come home to Flint, my parents said “Oh good, you can go to–” this person’s wedding and I said “Uh, uniform.” “Wear your uniform.” This is in late January and so I was in blue and so I went to the �Chardoul, Paul wedding, the ceremony– Or the reception afterwards I saw this one woman and I said “I like her.” So I asked her to dance and we had the last dance and I– Wow, that’s all I could think of when I was in Vietnam, I got to get back to her. So I did, when I got back, I found an excuse to go to Milwaukee where she lived and met her again and took my parents with me. So it’d look– Cause my dad had a roommate in college from outside of Milwaukee so we visited with him and then, you know and then saw her and I said “Can we write when I’m in Hawaii?” and she said yeah. So about once a week letters go back and forth and my yeoman committed– Because she didn’t put perfume on but he recognized the return address and he let me know “She’s written to you again.” It’s funny because I had one top secret safe and I set the combination and nobody else had that combination, one day I walked in and here’s Yeoman Corley opening up my safe and I said “Uhhh.” He said “24-19-63” 24-19 63rd street, he said “I figured that one out and better change it.” So I did and so I found out when her birthday was and I sent her a flower lei, that did it. I got home and went to her house, she was living with her parents, and spent two days there over the 4th of July weekend. She came to Flint, stayed with our parents, separate bedroom and Monday morning we take her to the airport. Eating breakfast and I announced to my parents that we’re getting married, and they said “When?” I said “December.” My dad said “No.” He was a graduate engineer, he had two degrees in engineering and he said “You’re a typical, practical person.” He said “No, that’s all you’re gonna think of when you’re back in grad school you’re gonna be spending every weekend in Milwaukee, do it now.” So before she got off the plane in Milwaukee, there was a direct flight from Flint to Milwaukee then, her brother had arranged for church and place for reception– I love that guy, and we got married 2nd of September, and you know so we did it and been happy ever since. Interviewer: “Alright, now did you go and complete the doctorate or what happened after you get married, because you went to Michigan State again?” Yeah, I enrolled there and did all my course work, language exams, prelims, wrote the dissertation four times– Typewriter, make a change, change everything. They kept changing the committee on me, finally in fall of ‘69 I got called from a friend to teach at Grand Rapids Junior College, I said “One semester.” And of course 30 years later I retired and so I never finished the dissertation. �Chardoul, Paul Interviewer: “Alright, so you did– That became your job but you stayed in the naval reserves though.” Mhmm. Interviewer: “Okay and talk a little bit about what you did with them.” (2:14:00) Okay, well again it started in Lansing again and when we moved to Grand Rapids fall of ‘69 I joined in Grand Rapids and at that time there still was one night a week, or one– Yeah one night, you know, yeah one night a week and so I used to get a haircut every Tuesday night for the Wednesday meeting and then shortly thereafter we went to weekend drills, which are much more productive and I had an early command as head of the Naval Reserves Officer School where I taught courses like oceanography and one course in international relations, and then most of the other units I was involved in were shipboard units and then I made lieutenant and then lieutenant commander and when I made commander the number of pay billets just disappears. It’s a pyramid like that and so I went I think seven years without a pay billet. Interviewer: “What does that mean, a pay billet?” It means you get paid for your duty on the weekend that you’re there, one weekend a month, it amounted to probably $200 a month maybe $250 and for two years there were three of us who drilled with two units, two different units or we’d be thrown out, you know it was one of those things and then you sort of picked up whatever you could wherever. I became commanding officer of a shipboard repair facility in Muskegon and I stole some of Grand Rapids people, took them with me and that was interesting. I had a billet where I was going around the state recruiting for basically submarine officers, going to colleges. I had one– Another non-pay job where I was the coordinator of retention for the state of Michigan. I’d go to reserve centers and just watch, ask questions, and then go meet with the captain at Great Lakes and say “Fire that guy, move this guy over here.” So I showed up and he’d “Oh my god Commander Chardoul’s here!” And it was that time I saw a unit outside Detroit, there’s a small unit and I said “They had �Chardoul, Paul some high power people in there but they weren’t doing anything.” So I went back to the captain and I said “I’d like to be in that unit.” He said “I can put you in there as admin officer.” I said “Okay.” So we reorganized the unit and it became a headquarters unit for naval forces, Europe which is their four star command in London and we controlled 18 reserve units all around the United States and we ran an exercise in London the last week of October, first week of November, that I wrote the exercise report and did that for four years. Which is a nice bill I also had one other command bill and I was commanding officer of a brand new unit put together of a Spruance-class destroyer. So I had to go to destroyer school, you know learn how they operate and that was an interesting thing. The ship was based in Charleston, got a chance to get to Charleston a few times and ride that ship. Interviewer: “And so what you’re doing with a lot of these units is you’re there to augment, or replace or whatever, if something is called into duty then the reserves are called into help, so the extra manpower there. Alright so that’s the U.S.S Nicholson the destroyer?” (2:19:15) That’s the Nicholson. Interviewer: “Okay so that’s on the list here. Alright, and then I guess you– And then when do you actually retire out of the Navy?” When I was attached to this unit in Detroit, we moved from Southfield to east Detroit and it was just taking too much of my time. I was averaging 60 hours a month because I was doing three active duties for training a year, and one of them was three weeks long, the one in London which wasn’t all bad but I did– I ran an exercise in New Orleans one time, I went to a school in San Diego several different time and, you know as admin officer of this unit and then eventually XO, you know you’d drill one weekend a month but then I’d have a second drill halfway through in Lansing and I’d have all the officers come in from various places. I had one officer who flew in from Hawaii, he was a United pilot he deadhead in, you know but he wanted the billet so badly and it was the intel billet and so that worked out well for him but he couldn’t come in to that second meeting. So when we wrote the exercise– Or I wrote the exercise one of the things I did �Chardoul, Paul was, rather than keep doing the same thing every day over and over again like a lot of war game things are, at two o’clock in the afternoon London time I’d have a message go out that changed the situation a little bit and we’re running this thing, I told the intel officer “Okay, send it.” He sent it about ten minutes later the phone rang “It’s for you.” “Hello? Yes sir!” It was the force sergeant he said “Do you know where I am?” “Yes sir you’re in Naples.” “No I’m flying, I’m going to Brussels.” I called a meeting of the military ministers. “Stop the problem.” “Yes sir.” So we stopped the problem. I had found a situation where shifting from Navy control to NATO control, there was a gap where something could go wrong and there wouldn’t be anybody there to take care of it and that’s what that message was for and the admiral said “You either get a letter of accommodation or you’re fired.” I got the letter of accommodation. Interviewer: “Good. Alright, now you’ve also got something in your notes here about teaching at the naval war college.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Did you do that while you were still in the reserves or was that afterwards?” (2:22:35) Yeah, I did that three summers back in the mid ‘70s and I found out that there was this possibility of doing that and of course naval war college is right on the bay– Head of the bay in Newport “Yes!” So it was a course– Or actually a whole curriculum and strategy and policy, and so there are about six courses. There was five of us who designed it and then we also taught some residents there for part of a short course and then I taught distance learning component of that strategy and policy to naval officers basically all over the country. When you sign up for naval war college they send you a couple books and so we, you know to do this we followed what the resident policy– Or resident curriculum was except made some modifications and then you know starting with Thucydides, the Peloponnesian War and work our way through– Up and through the second world war and then one guy and I decided we were gonna do something a little different. So we created a whole curriculum using non-western sources, which is a lot of fun doing. I think that got put on a shelf and never got used but anyway I did that for three �Chardoul, Paul summers– Or parts of three summers but while I was there for one of them I even got in a movie. Yeah and– Oh what movie was it, oh my god I shouldn’t have said this. The Great Gatsby, the first time it was done and so I was an extra and they were doing the casting at Salve Regina College. I used to date a girl there so I knew the layout fairly well, and the main entrance was closed so I went around back. Got in and walked up to the desk where they were there and said “I’m here for the Naval War College.” “Oh! Oh, here!” They had no idea what was going on but they said “Okay, you’re gonna be one of the fun seekers.” So they gave me a tuxedo to wear and I had to take off my watch because they didn’t wear watches in the 20s and I always had a short haircut so that worked okay they put some grease on it, and it was a foggy night. We started about three o’clock in the afternoon, it was really foggy, and we’re in this extras bus just sitting there waiting to be called. “Okay we need two waitresses.” So these women in waitress costumes went off. I was standing outside of the door of the bus because it was warm on the bus and I said “You know–” To the guy that was there “If your hair was shorter you’d look like Mia Farrow.” And he said “I’m her brother John.” I said “Oh.” He said “I’m here to keep the local Newport people out because they treated our family terribly.” So we started talking, he found out that my field of interest was the 1920s he said “Perfect match, I’m gonna get you in.” I said “Okay.” (2:26:55) So he got me in one scene that we redid probably 15 times, and the scene itself lasted about a minute but the prep time for each time, you know. So it was almost all night and they teamed me up with this woman who was living and Newport and, you know. You ever– There are a couple versions of Great Gatsby but this one was done in the 19th century. Interviewer: “Oh the Robert Redford one right, yeah.” We walked across this beautiful parquet floor and then another couple came up and then waiters came up with a tray of canopies. “Do not eat them!” Because they’re all sprayed, you know and we’re drinking grape juice but my friend had a hip flask and so she was dousing ours up pretty good and then Redford would walk in and, you know “Oh!” You know and it was– Again I don’t know how many times they did this, finally– You know they never did shoot that one, but they had me do another thing where they had me with an English teacher and they had a mic over us, and they had us walk through a crowded room, this big ball room, just talking. Everybody else is saying “Mumble, mumble, mumble, mumble.” That’s what they’re saying “Mumble, mumble.” �Chardoul, Paul Yeah, and you can talk– I said “Can we talk about expatriates?” “Don’t mention Fitzgerald.” “Okay. What are we gonna talk about?” Well we talked about Gertrude Stein and we talked about Hemmingway, you know it was kind of interesting and this mic followed us along, and in one of the scenes you can actually hear us for about that long. The scene that we spent most of the night on disappeared entirely, they shot that again in England, but I got $20 and a sandwich and I met Robert Redford and I’m taller than he is. I was then, I’ve got some back problems and I’ve lost about two and half inches. Interviewer: “Alright, I think we’ve kind of gotten through your career pretty well here, you’ve done a variety of other things in the community and so forth but this is primarily sort of your military story here. So I guess to wind up if you wanted to sort of sum things up here a little bit, how do you think your time in the service affected you or what have you taken out of it?” Probably my ability to deal with people, I think would be very important. My understanding of technology, I had almost no knowledge at all, I was the– Besides teaching a full load at community college I also was the liaison with the technology staff and our faculty for technology. I got a grant from National Science Foundation, a million and a half dollar grant for technology at the college that I distributed to various departments and I had the first computer on the desk of faculty. (2:30:58) Unfortunately I didn’t know how to say no so I was in a lot of teams and committees where I was often the only faculty member and a lot of it dealt with technology. After I retired from teaching in ‘99 I became the coordinator of distance learning at the college so when the college went to, you know off campus like everybody else did there are some faculty that are trained– Appropriately trained, most of the ones that I had trained have retired but there’s still some left over and a lot of the groundwork that I had done with the team that I had created was still functioning. So that made it a lot easier and then I’m the commanding– CEO of breakfast club of Grand Rapids and they’re in the 19th century, one of my former students became a member and I made him my COO and we computerized that so that when we went to Zoom we were ready. Everybody had, you know I mean we were ready and it– Yeah it just, you know so technology is a really important part of it and not just having it but �Chardoul, Paul understanding that it can go down and know what you can do to fix it and how you can make things better and not just technology for the sake of technology. Interviewer: “Alright, I guess the other thing here to note is that you’ve done a lot of volunteer work with the Grand Rapids Art Museum.” Oh I also set up a distance learning program for them too. Interviewer: “Alright, the whole thing makes for a pretty remarkable story so I’d just like to thank you for taking the time to share it with us today.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChardoulP2379V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chardoul, Paul N. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-10 Title A name given to the resource Chardoul, Paul (Interview transcript and video), 2021 Description An account of the resource Paul Chardoul was born in Waterloo, Iowa on August 17th, 1939. He graduated high school in 1957. He earned his bachelor's degree in history from the University of Michigan and his master's degree from Michigan State University in 1964. While writing his master’s thesis, he joined the Naval Reserves as a seaman recruit and attended training in Lansing. He spent six months in the Reserves during which he took the officer battery test, scored well, and went to officer candidate school in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1964. For his first assignment, he was based in Norfolk, Virginia on the ammunition ship U.S.S. Diamond Head. He did several cruises into the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea. He returned to the U.S. in December 1965, and was transferred to the U.S.S. Chesterfield County, an LST (tank landing ship) based in Little Creek, Virginia. He departed for Chu Lai, Vietnam on February 11th, 1966. On the way he stopped in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and Subic Bay, Philippines. In Vietnam, his job was to load cargo on trips called “milk runs” and drop it off at various places, such as Phan Rang, Nha Trang, and Cam Ranh Bay. He also traveled to Sasebo, Japan several times for ship repairs, stopping in Taiwan on the way. After the final milk run, he went back to Japan and spent over a month repairing the ship because it had gotten severely damaged. Chardoul then left sea duty and became the assistant fleet historian of the United States Pacific fleet in September 1966. He got off active duty in June 1967. He returned to Michigan State to begin working on a doctorate in history, but in 1969 his friend asked him to teach at Grand Rapids Junior College, so he began working there and never finished the dissertation. While working as a professor, he stayed in the Naval Reserves, where he taught courses at the Naval Reserves Officer School and the Naval War College, served as the commanding officer of a shipboard repair facility in Muskegon, went to colleges across the state to recruit for the Navy, worked as the coordinator of retention for the state of Michigan, and reorganized a small unit outside Detroit to become a headquarters unit for Naval Forces Europe. Chardoul also served as the commanding officer for a unit based in Charleston, South Carolina on the Spruance-class destroyer U.S.S. Nicholson. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Iraq War, 2003-2011—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c2a015e7ddba94f76f8aab65b13cf37c.mp4 011bc0ded309c689214cdf3dfd3752ea https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/77dc04097aff44400021dfba57fb5da5.pdf 648b7c3f00ceb9834cb682b70ed8e187 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 1] FRANK BORING: Judge, why don't we just begin by your giving us some idea, what was background that let you to eventually become a pilot? JUDGE OLDER: Well, I was attending UCLA. I think the first airplane ride I had was while I was attending UCLA. I went out to Mines Field, which is now L.A. International and paid $5 for a ride in an old midway N skull? The pilot took me up for a half hour and we played around in the clouds and I was sold after that. And the next thing that happened was that shortly before I graduated some Navy JG came around who was trying to get college students interested in the cadet program and he gave us some very interesting stories about Navy flying, snap rolls, wing overs and all of the other formation flying. By the time he got thru I was pretty well sold on the idea of going to flying before I went to I was going to continue and go on to law school, but the cadet program provided a way that you could get into the service and stay for 3 years get your flight training, become an officer and join one of the active squadrons and then after 3 years you could get out and continue your education and that's what I intended to do. FRANK BORING: So where did you actually begin your training as a pilot? JUDGE OLDER: Well, I went in as a naval cadet, but I became a marine cadet down at Long Beach. Long Beach is what they called the elimination �base. You went down there and got ten hours of instruction and soloed and if you passed the course down there then you went to Pensacola for the full flight course. FRANK BORING: Once you arrived at Pensacola, did you find the same kind of excitement in the learning how to fly as you had anticipated when you first went down? JUDGE OLDER: Oh, absolutely. Pensacola was a great place. FRANK BORING: What can you tell us about it? JUDGE OLDER: Well, I don't remember how many hundred cadets were there. We lived in barracks and very nice barracks. Pensacola is a very pretty place and for flying it is ideal. It's on the water and of course they had seaplanes and big boat flying which I didn't go into. Because they changed the course, I think our class was the first course that didn't get seaplane training and we went on into fighters. They had 4 or 5 airfields that you worked out of in the area. The course took something like I think it was 9 months. At the end of that time if you got thru all the checks, the various checks, you had checks, Squadron II, you had checks in squadron, I mean flight checks the instructors taking you up and checking you out. The big check was the check in Squadron III if you got by 8 hour check in Squadron III that's when the cadets would usually go out and bought themselves cars. Because that meant that unless something really happened that was if they really fouled up they were going to completed the course and get there wings and have steady source of income so they went, I bought myself a brand new 1940 Mercury convertible, black with a tan top and red leather upholstery. It was really a machine. FRANK BORING: The next question is a continuation of this, but I let you know what I'm trying to lead to. There was a reason why you eventually decided to take the opportunity of going to China, but before �getting into that –well, I'm not going to stay in the States I'm going to go to China. Do you see what I'm trying to… JUDGE OLDER: Well, it didn't happen that way. FRANK BORING: Ok. JUDGE OLDER: But I got the picture. FRANK BORING: Ok, what were your options once you did graduate from cadet school? JUDGE OLDER: Well, you really didn't have any options. They assigned you to a squadron and fortunately I was assigned to a fighter squadron in the Marine Corp, being a Marine cadet which I wanted. I could have of course gone into other Marine squadrons, but fortunately I did go into VMF 1, Fighting Squadron 1 at Quantico, Virginia. Along with Tom Haywood and Ken Jernstedt you also became AVG pilots with me at the same time. FRANK BORING: When did you first hear about the opportunity in China? JUDGE OLDER: I had just gotten back from leave out in Los Angeles after we had returned from 7 months down in the West Indies, primarily at Guantanamo, Cuba and Puerto Rico and after I got back from Los Angeles there was talk going around the squadron about some Navy commander who had been there talking about getting some of the reserve fighter pilots and all of the AVG pilots had to come out of the reserves. They wouldn't release any of the regulars. He was talking signing up and going to China to fight with Chinese against the Japanese to protect the Burma Road. So that sounded very interesting to me and Tom and Kenny and I were probably only 3 out of 5 pilots in the squadron who were reserve pilots who would qualify for that. So after much soul searching we decided we wanted to do that. and we went up to Rockefeller Center which was the headquarters of a company called CAMCO Central �Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was a front for the AVG and talked to the people up there and gave us all the information and so forth. FRANK BORING: Let me ask you first of all what did you know about China? About the Chinese at this point? JUDGE OLDER: Very little. Of course I'd never been there. Only what I'd read. I knew there was a war going on there between the Chinese and the Japanese. It started in 1937. I knew the Chinese were being bombed indiscriminately by the Japanese. That's about all I knew. FRANK BORING: Why would you want to go to China? JUDGE OLDER: Primarily the adventure. And to support a good cause. We had gotten very good training in the Marine Corp, gunnery, dive bombing, formation, carrier landings. And we just felt like let's go use this training we've got. See the world. FRANK BORING: Once you made the decision to go the three of you went to CAMCO and met with them what was the actual procedure of getting out of the military. Any difficulty there may not have had to actually join up with the AVG? JUDGE OLDER: Well, we did have difficulty getting out the Marine Corp for the AVG. The first step was to sign a contract with CAMCO then the second step was to put in an application or resignation thru the squadron. And that was turned down. And then it was sent up to the Group Headquarters and that was turned down. Their feeling in both the squadron and the group was just spent a lot of money training you guys to be fighter pilots and now we got you up to a state of readiness and we are not about to turn you lose. From there it went to Washington where it was approved by virtue of an executive order of President Roosevelt that he had signed permitting reserve qualified fighter pilots to resign to join the American Volunteer Group. We were not at war at that time we are �talking now 1941, spring of 1941. We were not at war there was a national emergency which had been imposed in September of 1940 and you couldn't get out of the service without a release or without being allowed to get out. It wasn't a question of just resigning, you had to get the permission from Washington. FRANK BORING: How did you feel about fighting under the flag of a foreign government? JUDGE OLDER: Well, we weren't fighting under the flag of a foreign government. We were an independent group, civilian group, operating independently, but under the Chinese were supplying our housing and our supplies that, but the operational control was totally independent and in the hands of General Chennault who was our commander. FRANK BORING: Once it was approved from Washington what was the reaction of let's say the immediate circle of people that now knew you were leaving and what not and also to your commandant, did you have to check out with him? JUDGE OLDER: Well, I think all of our squadron mates were happy that we were able to do it. I think a lot of them would have liked to have gone with us, but couldn't because they were regular officers. I remember particularly the group operations officer was a Major Sandy Sanderson, old time pilot, great guy, and we had to go in and see him and this is when we were trying to get the permission and he listened to us without a chance of expression for a long time and while we explained to him why we wanted to go and what we were going to be doing and so on and just gave us a steely stare and when it was all over he stood up, put out his hand and said, boys I wish I was going with you. FRANK BORING: You mention in that that you were telling him why what you were going to be doing when you get there. What was actually told to you? What were you going to be doing when you arrived? �JUDGE OLDER: Well, we knew were going to be fighting the Japanese and that time the principal problem was keeping the Burma Road open because the Chinese had closed all the China ports. So that the only way that China could get supplies in was over the Burma Road, which started in Rangoon, Burma. FRANK BORING: I'm sorry I don't think you meant to say the Chinese, the Japanese were cutting off the Burma Road, the Japanese had cut off the Chinese ports. JUDGE OLDER: Oh, all right. FRANK BORING: All right. We'll just start from the very beginning. I'll just ask you the question again. What were you told that what you were going to be doing when you arrived in China? JUDGE OLDER: We were told that we would be flying P40 aircraft against the Japanese principally protecting the Burma Road from Japanese bombers and fighters. And the reason for that was because the Japanese had closed Chinese ports so the only supplies getting into China at that time were coming up from Rangoon, Burma over the Burma Road into western China. Of course the hump was not established at that time. The hump routes. FRANK BORING: Once you were checked out, if you will, finished with the military where was your first place that you went? Where was the first place you went to after you left the military? JUDGE OLDER: After I left. The first place that I went to after I left Quantico was Los Angeles, my home and that happened also to be the place where we were going to pick up the ship to take us over to China. We were around Los Angeles for about a month and then finally went down to Wilmington and got on the Zaandam, which was a Dutch cargo liner, passenger, cargo ship. �FRANK BORING: Let's stay in Los Angeles for a second. Did you have family there? JUDGE OLDER: Yes, my family lived there. FRANK BORING: Ok. Could you tell us what had you told your family about what you were going to be doing? JUDGE OLDER: Well, I told my family with the exception of my brother, my younger brother, I told my family that we were going to China to be flight instructors. I didn't want to tell them I was going to be in combat because it would simply cause a lot of unnecessary worry. I did tell my brother that I was going to be a fighter pilot, fighting the Japanese, and I said if I'm lucky enough to get any of them, I'll write home and call them pigeons. That I shot a pigeon. That was our little code. Well, actually Pearl Harbor came along before we got into combat there was no more necessity for the pigeon code word. FRANK BORING: Once you left Los Angeles did you stop over in San Francisco? JUDGE OLDER: No, from Los Angeles. We left Los Angeles and went directly to Honolulu. From Honolulu to the Philippines, from Philippines to Borneo, then Java. We changed ships in Batavia, which is now Jakarta, and went up to Singapore and then we took a train from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur and bus out to a little port called Port Swettenham and we got on a small British freighter and took a nine day sail up to Rangoon. FRANK BORING: Let's talk a bit about the trip itself. At this point you had met some of the people that you were going to become very close friends with later on in your life. What was your first impression on meeting this gang of guys from all over the country? You were all going there to for basically the same kind of reasons. What was your reaction? �JUDGE OLDER: Well, they were a great bunch of guys. I liked them. You know you feel that comradery of a group all going the same direction for the same purpose and that's what we were doing. We were all volunteers, in other words, nobody was making us go there. We all went there because we wanted to go there. And that makes for a very close knit organization. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 1 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older discusses his background that led him to becoming a pilot, his cadet training in Pensacola, and later joining the American Volunteer Group. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/406bad4cf4ff604cdc460e9375b89137.mp4 983fb6b349ec2cfe1241fcb331da0dec https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ccfa4b3fac39eb59bc3026ae54d90403.pdf 99f667f57b5e24faab5ad57071771aca PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 2] FRANK BORING: What was your reaction to meeting this bunch of guys from all over the country? How did you react to that? JUDGE OLDER: Well, it was in Los Angeles when I first met the group that was going on our ship to Burma. They were a great bunch of guys. They were from all three of the services, Marine Corp, Navy, at that time the Army Air Corp. We were all volunteers, we all knew why we were there. We all wanted to be there. We were all going in the same direction for the same purpose it was a very close knit organization. FRANK BORING: There was, at the time, implied to you that this trip was supposed to be kept secret, somewhat. Your passports shows you to be some rather creative occupations. Wonder if you could comment on that? JUDGE OLDER: Yes, we all had to have passports. My passport said I was a writer. The other passports all indicated strange occupations that had nothing to do with being a fighter pilots or members of ground crews and it was secret mission at time. And this was before Pearl Harbor. We left the States, I left, I think it was August 26, 1941 from Wilmington. There was some problem in Honolulu about some of the people talking in a bar. I don't know what it was they were alleged to have said. As we pulled out of Honolulu late one afternoon, headed for the Philippines a couple of the ground crew, �I think jumped off the back of the boat and the Coast Guard had to come out and pick them out and deliver them back to the boat. I don't know what they thought they'd left in Honolulu, but that was a strange incident that I never did learn the reason for. FRANK BORING: What was the trip over like? I mean in terms of the routine, in terms of fellow passengers, in terms of friendship you may have made at that time. JUDGE OLDER: Well, I was rooming, the cabin that I was in I was with Frank Swartz. FRANK BORING: We have to wait for Jake. JUDGE OLDER: Was he getting in the picture? FRANK BORING: No, No scratching. I think we hurt his feeling. JUDGE OLDER: No, no he's all right. FRANK BORING: Give us an idea of what it was like to be on the boat? Any of the friendship you may have formed. The fellow passengers other than AVG and incidences that might have happened. JUDGE OLDER: There were six on the boat, six AVG pilots: Tom Haywood, Kenny Jernstedt, myself, Frank Swartz, Bill Bartling and Johnny Farrell. I knew all of them except Bartling and Farrell before. Even though Bartling went to Pensacola, I don't think I had ever met him before. Farrell was from the Army Air Corp. The rest were ground crew, there were also some passengers. There was a group of missionaries going back to the Far East including two young missionary daughters, they were French, French missionaries. We got to know these people fairly well. Oh, probably no more than 3 or 4 other passengers that I can remember outside of the missionary group. And we had a lot of fun. We spent most of the day out in the deck chairs reading books, I remember I was reading �Inside Asia by John Gunther to try to get a little background on Southeast Asia. Other than that it was just lazy days in the sun crossing the ocean. The nights were interesting because we were running blacked out and occasionally they would sight another ship off somewhere and had no way of knowing whether it was even though we were not yet at war, the news reports that we were getting indicated that the Japanese were sending about 20,000 troops a week into Indo-China. We knew they weren't going down there to for a picnic and it was just a question of time before that erupted in that area. So everybody was of course Japan was a member of the axis powers, along with Germany and Italy and even though Japan was not at war at that moment except with China, everybody was concern with what could happen. So the ship ran blacked out and it was zig zag occasionally when it spotted another ship, but other than that there were no incidents. FRANK BORING: How about the stopovers in various places? Did you get a chance to go ashore? JUDGE OLDER: Oh, yes, we had a great day in Honolulu. Kenny Jernstedt, Tom Haywood and I rented a car some nice lady was the driver and drove us around Oahu. We had a couple of days or more in Manilla. Interesting town, city, big city. FRANK BORING: I guess what I am looking for is that you are an American, grew up in America, gone to the Far East for adventures and everything, what was the first impression with coming into an Asian country? What was is there a culture shock involved? Was there something very exciting about it? If you could just describe what it was like to first arrive on Asian shores. JUDGE OLDER: Well, I'd say it was very exciting, colorful. I was impressed with the tremendous number of people in many of these places and the strange customs they had the strange way doing things. Very exciting. �FRANK BORING: What would you say amongst this trip before you arrived at your destination, which one was the one that stuck out the most. JUDGE OLDER: I think the most exciting place on the trip over was Singapore. Because it was one of the great British colony cities, one of crossroads of the world. Of course the famous Raffles Hotel was in full sway at that time. It was a very interesting place. FRANK BORING: Can you tell us more about the Raffles Hotel. JUDGE OLDER: Well, the Raffles, they had a big bar which was as you walked into the place they had the cocktail bar type of thing that we think of in the States, but it was a large room that did have a bar, but many tables and very tropical looking type of atmosphere. The Hotel itself was very nice. It was just about everything you would expect to see having read about it, you know, was glamorous place. A lot of interesting, glamorous people staying there. FRANK BORING: I guess what we are looking for one person with a dream or idea is one thing but when you get two close buddies to talk about it just seems to grow. The excitement grows and it makes it even more real. Three guys, but when we interviewed Ken it really came out that there was this really close friendship being bonded at the time which lead to talk about it, what was the sense of excitement, somehow communicate that sense of excitement. JUDGE OLDER: Excuse me, but are we talking about on the trip over or— FRANK BORING: Yeah, that's when you guys had a lot to time to talk, right? and to I'm not talking about once you arrived there, I guess I'm looking for that beginning stages of friendship developing and the types of things you talked about because that will lead us into what you actually found when you got there. JUDGE OLDER: Well, my closest friends on the trip going over of course were Tom Haywood and Kenny Jernstedt because we all served together in �the Marine Fighter Squadron since leaving Pensacola. I guess we probably spent the most time together on the ship because of that. We talked frequently on the ship about where we were going and what it was going to look like and what we were going to be doing, and what kinds of aircraft the Japs were flying, what kind of facilities the AVG would have, where we would be based, terrain. I remember talking about what I had read in Gunther's book that about the snakes in Southeast Asia, the cobras, and the crates, and the Russells vipers. You know all this was very exciting and glamorous. I think I read that there were over 20,000 people a year killed by snake bites in South East Asia which seemed incredible to me. But I think that number was not far off when you take in all of the countries in South East Asia. And we also when we got to Burma, Toungoo had a show put on for us by some snake charmers, King Cobras, which was extremely interesting. FRANK BORING: So you had a chance to talk the three of you about what you expected. Could you now describe for us what you actually found when you arrived in Burma. JUDGE OLDER: We arrived in Rangoon I think it was October 8th or 10th and it was a bustling port. Rangoon doesn't sit right on the Bay of Bengal you have to go up I think the Rangoon River for about 40 miles which is a very wide river like an estuary. Then you finally come to the big city of Rangoon, and it is a large city, very exotic. The thing you see about Rangoon from about 40 miles away is great Shwedagon Pagoda. Which is the largest pagoda in the world I believe. It's gold covered and supposedly encrusted with jewels at the top and that stands out like a beacon as you're coming up the river into Rangoon. Then we started having the ship unloaded and I can remember I had a trunk, a small trunk, but very heavy. I had everything in it including some guns and ammunition, clothes and everything. I could hardly lift one end of it. These three fellows came aboard and two of the large fellows picked this truck up and they set it on the back of this kind of old wizened man, Burmese man, and he grabbed it over his shoulder , the handles and �staggered off the boat with this trunk of mine. I remember really feeling sorry for this fellow. Well, then we checked into the Strand Hotel , that was a very nice hotel, right on very close to the water. And spent a few days there some of the people came down from Toungoo. One of my classmates at Pensacola, Noel Bacon came down and I asked him what we could expect up there and he told us a few of the things. One of things that always stuck out in my mind he described of course Chennault and Harvey Greenlaw, who was the executive officer and he described Olga Greenlaw who was Harvey's wife I think she was part Russian. He described her as being very glamorous so forth and at one point I asked him I said, Noel, what kind of a gal is this Olga and he thought for a minute and then he said well, she's the kind of a woman who would make a dog break its chain. I didn't know what he had in mind it was a very picturesque description. And she was an unusual woman. FRANK BORING: Where was your next stop then? JUDGE OLDER: After a few days in Rangoon we got on a train and headed for Toungoo which is about 120 miles northeast of Rangoon. Rained the entire trip. All I saw was flooded rice paddies and rain out the train window. I was beginning to think I should have gone into seaplanes instead of fighters. We finally got into Toungoo in the early evening and they had gathered together a little native band about a 6 piece band that was standing on station as we got off the train and they were playing, "There will be a hot time in the old town tonight". Of course all the people on the base were down there to welcome us. It was a very joyful welcome. Then we proceed over to our base at, this little RAF airfield, which is called Kyedaw. Checked into our barracks and there we were. FRANK BORING: Let's take a look at the barracks at the first time you saw it. You talked about what to except when you got there and perhaps had some advance notice. What did you feel like the first time you walked into those barracks? �JUDGE OLDER: I felt like I was in the tropics. The barracks were... the first time I got into the barracks I felt like I was in the tropics, for sure. Because of the way they were constructed for one thing. They were kind of bamboo and thatch and heavy thatch roof and bamboo rafters and studs and so forth and wood floor. Beds were lined up on both sides with an aisle down the middle. Everybody had a big mosquito net which was folded up on top in the day time and dropped down at night because no one would think about sleeping without a mosquito net at night. Now just to keep the mosquito out, but to keep out some of the other things that were crawling around. As a matter of fact at night you could take a flashlight when the lights were out and flash it up into the pointed roof and see the light reflecting off eyes of all the things that were up there. When you went out to the latrine or outside for anything you'd take a ball, bat or a stick with you. One of the other squadrons I think they killed a cobra in the shower and I ran over a crate one night on my bicycle coming back from the movie theatre to the barracks. It was not a place to wander around by yourself at night without a light and something to strike back with. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 2 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older describes his experience meeting the other members of the AVG, their journey overseas to Rangoon, and the train ride to their barracks in Toungoo. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f17957150064f7a35ccfb4bb947d356.mp4 76d0ca9a0f077bf2a10b137b0e06fd6e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c0b3c5afa85a468b82c04e278a35824c.pdf 695a615e19ed4a6c3e039d60bca4423e PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 3] FRANK BORING: Would you tell us about the person you was eventually known as Fearless Freddie? JUDGE OLDER: One of my barracks mates in the 3rd Squadron was Fred Hodges who early acquired the name of Fearless Freddie because of his great fear of insects or anything that crawled. And Burma was the wrong place to be for Fearless Freddie I can tell you that. One night when we were coming back from the mess hall, a couple of us decided that we would exploit the insect life of Burma at Freddie's expense by taking a one of their June bugs which is about the size of a golf ball and tying a string around its leg and hanging it down from the wire that holds the mosquito netting up on his bed. Of course we went back first and he was still there, at the mess hall, so we got in a turned the lights out and waited to see what would happen. Freddie came in and started to get undressed in the dark and this June bug kept hitting him in the face and he didn't know what it was and he just kind of brushed it out of the way. Finally he got a flashlight and he flashed the light on this thing, well, he went crazy. He ran over and got a ball bat in the corner started yelling, well, he almost tore the barracks down trying to kill that June bug. (laughter) �FRANK BORING: If we could now go into, after the first night give us an idea of what your first duties were. First routine that started to settle in, idea of what the camp was like, the base was like, and who you met at that time. JUDGE OLDER: The Toungoo base consisted of a number of separate buildings, the barracks, each squadron had a different barracks. There was separate mess hall, there was a separate dispensary or minor hospital. Of course there were the hangers down on the flight line or one hanger actually. This was a little RAF base that they had turned over to us for our use. Our first routine, course outside of sleeping and eating, was to go to ground school. There we got the operational manuals for the P40 and some data on the specs of the P40 before we checked out because none of the Marines of course had flown P40. They didn't have P40 in the Marine Corps and I don't think most of the other AVG pilots had ever flown a P40 some of them may have a few of them. So that was the first order of business was get checked out in the airplane. And the second order of business was the morning ground school that Chennault gave every morning after breakfast starting at about something like 7 in the morning. Where he would give us all of his knowledge that he had acquired about the Japanese Air Force during the last five years that he had been in China. And he, from time to time, would bring in Chinese Air Force pilots that had fought against the Japanese and we would get their first hand impressions of the Japanese aircraft and tactics, the good points the bad points. Chennault had obtained from somewhere captured Japanese aircraft I guess the operational manuals for many of their aircraft and even some of their strategic plans in general. So we spent our time learning as much of this as we could and of course he would lecture to us on his theories of air combat, fighter tactics and so on. FRANK BORING: Let's go back to the first time you actually encountered Chennault. The first time you saw him. Would you give us your first impressions of what he looked like to you? �JUDGE OLDER: Well, the first time I saw Chennault I don't recall now exactly where in Toungoo it was, it could have been in the mess hall early one morning, or maybe it was the ground school. But I was immediately impressed with his physical appearance. Because he had one of the most rugged lookin' faces you'll ever see on an individual. In fact I think it was Winston Churchill saw Chennault somewhere at one their meetings and his remark was "I'm glad he's on our side." And that just exactly the impression that you got when you saw him, he was just a rugged lookin' guy and his face was weather-beaten. It looked like it had been hanging out of a cockpit in the slipstream for the last 20 years. It was like a piece of leather. He had dark piercing eyes, very friendly, but extremely determined appearance. Absolutely dedicated to defeating the Japanese. That came thru after you'd talked to him for a few minutes. There was no doubt about where he was and where he was going. FRANK BORING: You had already been thru a great deal of pilot training, you'd gone thru all the different steps where you could have faltered at any time, but you graduated. You made it all the way out there. I'd like your evaluation from the student's point of view if you will or the experience pilot point of view of Chennault as teacher he was telling you different tactics about the Japanese and different tactics that perhaps you had heard before. What was your evaluation, did you have any confidence in this man that he was going to be able to teach you something that you were going to need to know. JUDGE OLDER: Yes, I had a great deal of confidence in General Chennault's ability to teach us fighter tactics and to teach us about the Japanese. Two things you needed to know in addition to being able to handle your own airplane. The first thing he did, or one of the first things he did was to get us away from the old three plane formation that we had been flying in the States and get us into 2 plane elements and 6 plane flights. The reason for this was to increase the flexibility, instead of flying tight formation you had elements of two planes where they were, the wing man was out a bit so he had some �flexibility of movement and the elements were staggered back, one on each side of the lead element and with the idea that the rear element would probably be the what we called the tail end Charlie and weave back and forth. Of course everybody had to keep their eyes open for the enemy that was number one. But usually you'd like to have a weaver element back there to do a little more looking. So that was a novel introduction to combat formation that we hadn't had before and I think everybody agreed that that was a big improvement over what we had been doing in the States. FRANK BORING: Could you also elaborate to us about another technique he talked about rather than dogfighting with the Japanese airplane there was a technique of going up to I believe it is 20,000 feet and coming down. How did you react to that? Could you explain that to us? JUDGE OLDER: I don't know what you're talking about. FRANK BORING: OK the traditional method of fighting as I understood it at that point was just to dogfight ‘em. JUDGE OLDER: Of course Chennault taught us the respective characteristics of our aircraft and the Japanese aircraft. And of course we found out first hand after flying our P40 what the characteristics were of them. One of the things that he stressed was don't try to get into a turning combat with the Japs fighters because they could turn way inside of you and they are more maneuverable Our number one advantage was first speed, the ability to get up high and to make the Japs fight our way. Use the strong points of the P40 to select the methods of combat rather than letting the Japanese decide how the combat was going to be fought. So these were all things we worked on and all made sense and worked out as it turned out when we did get into combat. FRANK BORING: Let's go into the actual training period now where the different pilots were checking out on the P40. Could you give any comments from your own perspective of your own ability to deal �with the P40 and perhaps your observation of what was going on with the other pilots. JUDGE OLDER: When we checked out on the P40 at Toungoo I found that it was a good airplane, I liked the P40, it was a good airplane. Of course everything has to placed into the context of its times. It wasn't as good as the P51, but there weren't any P-51's then. They didn't come out until a couple of years later. It had you can always use more power, but it had adequate power. It had good speed, we could get it up to about 27,000 which was adequate. It was reasonably maneuverable, it was very rugged, could have used more fight power. The early P-40B's only had two 50 calibers and four 30 calibers in the wings. Two 50's in the nose and four in the wings, 30 calibers in the wings and the 30's were virtually useless. The 50 calibers would be the guns that did damage. Later on of course the P51 had six 50 calibers machine guns, three in each wing and a P47 had eight, four in each wing. FRANK BORING: Stop here. Do you need some water? JUDGE OLDER: Yeah, that wouldn't be a bad idea. FRANK BORING: You've gone into the characteristics of the P40 what I'm looking for now is your first experience with flying it and then your observation of how the other pilots were dealing with the P40. Do you see what I'm trying to get at? It's more in terms of the airplane you [?] flying it and then watching how the other guys were doing? Because some of them didn't handle it very well, there was some crashes and at one time as I understand it Chennault even got very upset grounded everybody. Because he said he thought you should go back to school and learn how to use these things. JUDGE OLDER: I can remember my first flight in the P40 very well because you always remember the first flight in any airplane--it's strange, it's different, you're not sure what the feels going to be and it takes a while to get used to it. I liked the P40 very much. It handled very �well. The most difficult part was on the landing, roll, where you had to be on your toes every minute to keep it under control down the runway and not end up in a ground loop. Unfortunately, a number of the pilots who had not been familiar with fighters and some it turned out had never flown fighters before had trouble with the P40. Mostly because of a tendency to ground loop and let it get away from them on the landings. So you had to be very careful on that. I didn't see any bad characteristics at all. FRANK BORING: Let's look at the daily life, if you will, during this period of time. Part of the time you're flying as you said there is eating there is sleeping of course. I guess we are looking for some of other aspects. How did you get around? Did you have jeeps? Did you have trucks? How was the daily life? JUDGE OLDER: Our mode of transportation at Toungoo for the individual, was bicycles. There were a few automobiles, staff cars, maybe a jeep or two, but mostly it was just bicycles. We bought the bicycles in town, in Toungoo, and another standard item for everybody at Toungoo were boots. Leather boots. We'd go into town and they had a very simple method of fitting you. You put your foot down on a piece of paper and draw around it with a pencil and got a perfect fit for your custom made boot. Bicycles were used for everything. FRANK BORING: What was the food like, conditions, what did you do for entertainment? What did you do to relax? These sorts of things. JUDGE OLDER: Our entertainment at Toungoo consisted mostly of athletics in the afternoon when it was too hot to fly. We did most of our flying in the morning because by 11 o'clock in the morning the wing of that airplane was hot enough to fry an egg on. It just got too hot after that. And in the afternoon we played baseball, later in the afternoon it cooled down a little bit, baseball, badminton, playing cards, cribbage, poker, red dog anything that happened to come up. That was about it. There really wasn't, we'd take little side trips �out. I remember one trip we took out to I guess it is the Sittang River which is east of Toungoo out into the jungle. And it was very interesting. I saw some elephants out there carrying logs, teak logs. And we took little side trips into Toungoo and bicycle up and down the road this way and that way. FRANK BORING: Where there any people there that stuck out particularly? You mentioned earlier that you had heard about Olga Greenlaw, there was also the doctor, nurses there? JUDGE OLDER: Yes, we had two doctors and a dentist and two nurses. They were all great people and of course we got to know them very well because we were all living in close proximity there in Toungoo. FRANK BORING: Was there anybody that stuck out the people that you like, dislike or example Harvey Greenlaw was some people had very strong opinions about. I'm just wondering if you could comment on some of the people. JUDGE OLDER: Harvey Greenlaw was the executive officer and he had I believe he was a West Point officer if I remember correctly. He had gotten out of the service one way or another I forgot now what his career had been in between. But he ended up as the executive officer of the AVG. He was a very likeable guy. He had he was controversially in some respects I think some of the people didn't care for him too much, but I always liked him. And I mentioned his wife, Olga, before. She was a very interesting gal nice looking gal. I think she was either Russian or part Russian. They were a strange couple, they were very unlike each other. I remember one story they tell about Olga and Harvey they were in India someplace I think, I think it was in Delhi one time having one of their usual martial disputes and they came to the top of this marble staircase and Olga just nudged Harvey with her foot down this marble stair case. But most of time they seemed to get along. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 3 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older discusses his first duties at their base in Toungoo, in addition to his first impressions of General Chennault and his training methods. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bdf513e82be4d121a96714a1fff724c9.mp4 d5eb17dccd57734967143167a8ec3f09 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f923239a210bd1c8641e7636af5e1492.pdf 6830159a76308083191c4205e9cba822 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 4] FRANK BORING: At this point if we could talk about the training from a different perspective. See the crashes and perhaps the injuries and fatalities what kind of effect that had on you? JUDGE OLDER: By the time I arrived in Rangoon two of the pilots had already been killed in an accident. I think it was in one accident, I'm not sure. I think it was a mid-air collision. And one was killed while I was at Toungoo - that was Pete Atkinson. He was up on an early morning test flight went into a dive and from about 10,000 feet the Curtis Electric propeller ran away and it just I never heard such a horrible sound come out of an engine airplane as that one was. And it finally just blew engine up and he went straight in. I did know Pete, but not well he was in one of the other squadrons. I just knew him as an acquaintance. Well, it has a very strong effect on you and it certainly made me realize that I didn't want to put a P40 in that situation where that could happen. FRANK BORING: Once the training was over with what's the next stage, what was the next step that you took? Where did you go? JUDGE OLDER: The next thing that happened at Toungoo as our training there was pretty much completed and we were about to be sent up to China. I went up one day on a test flight and when I came back down I saw a group of people huddled together talking over by the hanger. I �got out of the airplane wandered over there and I began to pick up fragments of conversation about Pearl Harbor, Japanese, and I couldn't understand what they were talking about. I finally got one of them aside I said what's going on, he said the Japs have attack Pearl Harbor. FRANK BORING: We're going to have to start -- I liked that whole approach that you had the beginning was very good. Test plane, then landing and seeing the huddle that's very good. Begin from the beginning. JUDGE OLDER: After we had trained in Toungoo for a couple of months now we're talking about early December, first week in December. I was up on a test flight and when I came back down and landed taxied up and parked it I noticed a group of people standing over by the hanger talking. Looked kind of unusual, I never saw any groups like that before standing and talking like that before. So I went over there and I started picking up fragments of conversation Pearl Harbor, Japanese and other things. So I got one of the people aside and said what's going on? What are you talking about? They said the Japs have just attacked Pearl Harbor. Well, of course, that changed everything. We suppose to, our squadron, the 3rd squadron, was supposed to go on up to Kunming, China with the other two squadrons. After December 7th, which was December 8th in Burma, they decided to send the 3rd squadron to Rangoon and send the other two squadrons up to Kunming. So in due course we went down to Rangoon. I think we probably got down there somewhere around the 20th of December? FRANK BORING: What did you find when you arrived there? Not just the atmosphere the other, pilots, crew, what was the mood like? JUDGE OLDER: The mood was one of great anticipation. We anticipated that we were going to be getting into combat very shortly we were considered about the lack warning, we were concerned about the size of the enemy force what it might be and the composition of it. We were working with the British there, the British RAF had a �squadron of Brewster Buffalos and they had a squadron of Hurricanes. We didn't know exactly how we would be working with them in air combat if at all whether they would be operating separately or what the situation would be so it was a period of great anticipation. FRANK BORING: Now thru that entire time period, December, the anticipation was building but nothing actually broke until I believe around the 23rd. Could you tell us about the day when things really started to happen? JUDGE OLDER: Well, the first alert we got at Rangoon occurred about the 21st or 22nd I believe. It turned out that it was a false alert, but everybody would scramble off and it was a melee in the air, because it was the first time thing were pretty well disorganized and we ended up scaring each other I think more than the enemy would have scared us, by near misses, mid-air collisions and everything else. It was just, you know, the first time and we didn't know what to expect, we didn't where they were coming from, we didn't know how many there would be, if they did come and so on. We had a good session afterwards, debriefing on the ground about how now to kill each other. So when the first real alert came, which was on December 23rd, we were much more prepared for it. It so happened I had the day off on that day with Ed Overend and we had planned bicycle into Rangoon and look around and do some shopping and as we were bicycling off the base we heard the engines starting up and first we heard the RAF go off and then we heard the P-40's go off. I turned to Ed and I said Ed, there's something going on. Let's get back there. So we went back to the field and there were just 2 P-40's sitting on the field and nobody around that I could see. We bicycled over there and found a crew man and said what's wrong with these airplanes, he said, nothing. I said, Ed let's go flying. So we jumped in the P-40's and headed east and got out to about 8,000 feet we finally joined up with a flight turned out it was a flight that McMillan, George McMillan was leading and there were only 4 in that flight so we joined up with �that flight. We got up to about 8,000 feet and still going east toward the Gulf of Martaban. I looked up ahead and at about 11,000 I could see this huge formation. It looked to me like a huge formation of twin engines bombers and up behind that maybe another 1,000 feet or so looked like about 20 or 30 fighters maneuvering around. It was hard to believe at first, here they are, this is the enemy. You don't have to wait any longer, they're here. So, we started making attacks we had an altitude disadvantage of about 3,000 feet so we had to climb up and they were heading into toward Mingaladon, this particular group. Turns out there was another group down sough going into Rangoon. I decided the best way to attack before they got to the airfield probably the only way to attack before they got to the airfield because of our altitude disadvantage was to climb up directly underneath the formation and try to stay out of the range of their bottom guns by coming in sharply, steeply, underneath and making the attacks that way and then going diving out to the side and coming back and doing the same thing again. So that's what I did. I got the leader of the formation of this particular 27 plane formation. I saw the bomb bay doors open as I was underneath. So I knew they were getting close they were on their initial point for their bomb run. And on this particular pass that I made it just blew the whole bottom out of the airplane, debris was showering down and I got out of the way and as he rolled over as the leader rolled over and went out the wing man on the right side just slide over and took the lead. It was just like mechanical precision. There was no delay, no confusion on the Japs parts they just continued on toward Mingaladon Airdrome. And then on another pass I got another one and by that time I was running low on ammunition and we got separated in the fight as usual and I came back and circled around awhile to see what was going on and finally came in and landed. They'd bombed the airfield the runway was full of holes. But there were places to land. FRANK BORING: That was excellent, that whole [?] talking with, heard this about the Japanese pilots before and this is what I found afterwards. �JUDGE OLDER: Yeah, Ok. JUDGE OLDER: I had heard in our training that the Japanese pilots were pretty mechanical in the sense that they always reacted pretty much the same way to a situation whether it called for it or not. I didn't really find that to be true, I think they were very well disciplined, particularly the bomber formations, but the fighters that I engaged later on other missions I found them to be very resourceful. They were good pilots and they made the most of what they had. FRANK BORING: How about before you were even trained? When you were in the States, when you were in the military for example, what was your impression about the Japanese Air Force at that time? JUDGE OLDER: When I was in the States before I went with the AVG I really didn't have any impression as to what kind pilots the Japanese were or what kind of aircraft they were flying except in a vague way. FRANK BORING: After that initial encounter in which you had shot down 2 bombers and the rest of the group came back what was the mood of the group, and ground crews as well as the pilots themselves. Specifically, you, as to that encounter? JUDGE OLDER: When I finally got back on the ground after the first fight, of course, I was looking around to see who else was there and who was missing, what damage had been done to the airfield. We still had a number of pilots that hadn't landed yet and I, of course, had no way of knowing what had happened to them, or whether they would return. Most of them did. Although the 3rd Squadron lost 2 pilots on that first mission, Neal Martin and Hank Gilbert. I was not in the flight they were in so I had no idea at that time what happened to them. I believe there were some other pilots missing that turned up later. I know Ed Overend was missing on either that or the next mission, Paul Green got shot down on that mission and bailed out. I understand from him that strafed him on the way down or tried to. So it was a scene of great tension and excitement, �wonder, and doubt as to outcome of a lot of these things when I finally got back on the ground. The British had suffered some severe losses, both in their aircraft and on the ground. They had been bombed pretty heavily, some people killed on the ground. So it was very tension-full day shall we say. FRANK BORING: How much did you rely on the training that Chennault had given you on that actually first combat? Did it come back to you or did. The actual training that you had how much did you rely on? JUDGE OLDER: We relied on Chennault's training in our combats I found that when you get into combat the best laid plans of mice and men don't always work out the way you start out. For one thing you usually get the formations broken up pretty quickly and you may still have your wing man with you but you may have lost the rest of the flight. Sometimes the wing man gets separated and you're on your own. And that happened in both the engagements at Rangoon. We started out in the six plane flights, two plane elements, but they were soon broken up because of the way combat developed. And I think that was true everywhere. So can't fly around in combat in formation. It's just not possible. But at least you can start out that way and get an advantage because of the way you've operated and were you are and your altitude, speed and so on. FRANK BORING: What were the next few days like towards the end of December into January? Were there any more encounters or…? JUDGE OLDER: Yes, the Japanese, I guess it was Tokyo Rose on the night of December 23rd after the first combat when we had shot down. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 4 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older describes the effect the injuries and fatalities during AVG flight training and the news of Pearl Harbor had on him while preparing for combat. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f9a24cf8de1615a945ffdefa07c66dba.mp4 f7e3b029f34382e56e4a376cc2a24f64 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/42dce1bb37b774688e2e8081f5db3d8f.pdf f70d86e5fcef004e253976679cf524f6 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 5] FRANK BORING: What happened? JUDGE OLDER: Oh, I don't know the only time I ever flew with Greg was one time we were going from Kunming to Loiwing, but the two of us. I don't remember the occasion when he left I just knew that he had left. FRANK BORING: How did you rate him as a pilot? JUDGE OLDER: Good pilot, yeah. I was always got along fine with Greg. But he was a mean mother when he got drunk. And I had learned early to stay away from him when he was like that. He was like a bull. That's when he got into all his troubles, you know, get half bombed and take on anybody. FRANK BORING: OK. Let's start off with the Christmas time right after this happened. Tokyo Rose something about Tokyo Rose. JUDGE OLDER: At Rangoon on evening of the 23rd, December 23rd, after our first combat the Tokyo radio came on, Tokyo Rose and said that, I forget how she described us, outlaw Americans, or some term like that, had been engaged by the Imperial Japanese Air Force over Rangoon that day and that she just wanted to inform the Americans that the Japanese would be back to drop them some Christmas �presents two days later on Christmas Day. True to her word they were. That was our second alert and we had 13 airplanes in the air that day. One flight of seven and one flight of six. That's my recollection. Could have been a couple more plus the RAF had their aircraft I don't remember exactly how many. The Japs came over with bigger bomber formations this time they did make a switch. Instead of coming in from the East they went around, at least the formation that attack Mingaladon, went around to the south and came in from the west. So they didn't like what they found when they were bombing the first time. When they ran into AVG. So this way at least they'd be headed home after the dropped their bombs. Tom Haywood was flying on my wing that day. We met them at particularly the same level, but several miles apart. They were coming in from the west and he were heading east, south of them. We turned into them and couldn't make any head on passes the situation didn't allow that. We had to dive down and come up underneath again. Tom and I stayed together pretty closely for the first few passes. Each of us got a couple of bombers. They were dropping like flies. They were rolling out of the formation, wings coming off, blowing up. It was a scene of like something out of hell. We'd follow them down some of them and then come back up and attack again. Eventually we got separated and I decided I would head out east toward the Gulf of Martaban to see if I could pick up anybody going home. Because I still had gas, and I still had ammunition. Up ahead I spotted a Jap fighter and I was sure that he would see me so I came up from underneath him expecting any minute that he was going to do a snap turn and be after me, but he didn't. I let him have one long burst he started down, started smoking, went down the long wide spiral. We were up about 15,000, 10,000. Finally saw one wing come off and then he went into the Gulf of Martaban. Then on the way back to the base I saw another fighter up ahead of me and I thought it looked like it was a Hurricane- RAF. But I made the same kind of approach on him just to make sure for identification. I came underneath right like this and then slid out to one side and I was flying on formation before he saw me. And he turned around and �the first time he saw me and did a double take that almost took his head off because I was flying right on his wing. I think I taught him a lesson. Anyway, it was a big day we got 25 Japs fighters and bombers that day. The RAF got some. We didn't lose anybody that day. Although we did lose an airplane or two but the pilots were saved. JUDGE OLDER: You asked me how I felt after I shot down an enemy aircraft. Well, at the time you are so busy you don't have much time to be thinking about that. You're thinking about keeping from getting shot down yourself. FRANK BORING: Referring to my question then we can't use them. Just say the first time the way I felt the first time I ever shot down an airplane something on that instead of asking the question. JUDGE OLDER: I wondered how I would feel the first time I shot down an enemy aircraft. As it turns out you're so busy in combat trying to keep from getting shot down yourself that you don't really have time to think about it until later. I mean just briefly in passing when that big bomber rolled out that I shot down on the first day and headed down, the one that blew the bomb bay out, I wondered first how many Japanese were aboard, I wondered what their rank were because I thought this being the leader of the formation and the first time they had ever hit Rangoon they may well have had a high ranking officer up there, just either piloting the aircraft or along for the ride to see what happened. And those are the kind of things you wonder about. When I shot down the fighter the first time, the one I came up underneath and got without any response from him. I just wondered, you know, who he was, where he came from, what he would have done if the situation had been reversed. I think I knew that answer. I also wondered if he was Japanese or Korean because we had heard that a lot of the pilots in the Japanese Air Force were Korean's. Those are all things you wonder about. I felt sorry for him in a way, but on the other hand I knew that if the �situation was reversed he'd be shooting me down. It was one of those him or me situations. FRANK BORING: Stop for a second. JUDGE OLDER: So when Ford says in his book that later designate Jap retractable landing gear fighters. FRANK BORING: Without referring to Ford. JUDGE OLDER: Why not? FRANK BORING: Well because that would be outside the realm of record what you actually thought and why. We can't reference The Maverick War Shultz, Ford or whatever what we are trying to get. It doesn't matter what he wrote. We don't want to give any credit to Ford or anybody else. FRANK BORING: All set? If you could explain to us the kind of planes that you fought and the names of what those planes were. JUDGE OLDER: The bombers that we fought were primarily Sally’s, what they called Sally’s. It was a twin engine bomber. I don't really know, I've forgotten the specs now of it. But it was a pretty good bomber. Had a top gun, bottom gun, nose gun. Reasonably fast. I don't know what the bomb load was but it was a pretty good bomber. As to the fighters. At the start of the war it seemed that the term zero was a generic term used at least among our people, I don't know where it came from, to describe any Japanese retractable landing gear fighter. But a little later on we hardly I don't think we ever referred to them as zeros. We called them, each airplane had a specific name, like there were Oscars - that was a Jap fighter, a good one. Hamps, was a squared tipped wing, squared wind tip fighter. They had a very fast reconnaissance, I shot one of those down. We called it an I45. That was as fast as a P40. Twin engine and had good altitude. �FRANK BORING: Let's move on from the first few raids. At this point had you could tell us what happened after you left Rangoon and why you? Rangoon. JUDGE OLDER: Well, Chennault rotated the squadrons from Kunming to Rangoon and our third squadron was sent up to Kunming and one of the other squadrons came down to relieve us from Rangoon. Kunming was an entirely different place than Rangoon. It is not tropical it is on the high Yunnan Plateau. At an altitude of about 6400 feet. And in the winter it is cold. Big base there, and training school and we were on alert all the time because of the threat of Japanese bombers attacking Kunming as they had before. In January the Japs sent a flight of 3 Sally’s up from Indo-China probably Hanoi and one of our flights scrambled to get them. I was in that flight and we went down South to a place called Mengzi. In the vicinity of Mengzi where we encountered them coming north and we attack them and I got the leader of that flight and we shared the victory credits on the other two. FRANK BORING: What was the routine if you will like after that. Was that the only encounter you had over the next month or so? JUDGE OLDER: Yes, then in February the 3rd squadron was sent down to Loiwing which is in Burma, but it is on the China-Burma border. It's about 60 miles north of Lashio, Burma. It sits in a valley surrounded by some pretty good mountains, had just a dirt airstrip, but it was adequate, in fact two of them. It was kind of an X shaped field, but we only used one of them for landing and take-offs. We had a lot of good action at Loiwing. FRANK BORING: Let's hold in for a second. Is that making too much noise. It is now. FRANK BORING: If you could tell us about some of the incidents that happened around the Loiwing area. �JUDGE OLDER: Loiwing was the site of a little aircraft factory that Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company had. They weren't doing anything at that time, but they had previously just assembled aircraft for the Chinese. And there was clubhouse up on the hill which had a dining hall in it. We lived in, I don't really recall very much about the places we lived. They were adequate. The airfield was good. One of the problems with Loiwing is, as time went on, the Chinese warning net disintegrated as the Japs moved north in Burma and southern China. So the warning got less and less until it dissolved completely. And that was the only place we were ever surprised by the Japs either in the air or the ground, was at Loiwing. One morning I was riding down the runway in a jeep with Tex Hill right at dawn just at that moment 20 Jap fighter came in over the mountains to the east, we had all of our aircraft lined up we didn't disperse them for two reasons, one there wasn't much of a place to disperse them , we could spread them out a little more, but the main reason we didn't disperse them was because of the lack of warning and we wanted to be able to get those things in the air as fast as possible for what little warning there was. Well, on this day there wasn't any. They came in and strafe up and down and shot up a good number of the aircraft. I think they only destroyed one or two, but they damaged a lot of them. That, as I say, is the only time that we ever surprised either on the ground or in the air. We always saw them first in the air and that makes a big difference, believe me. We could hear them talking on the radio in the air occasionally. We maintained air silence. But we could tune a frequency and hear the Japanese aircraft talking to each other and get a pretty good idea from the volume about how far away they were. Whether, couldn't pin it down to last 100 yards, but you could get a good idea of whether they were in the immediate vicinity or some distance away. I think the Japanese probably felt so good over that one dawn raid where they caught us on the ground that they came in a few days later with 20 more fighters, but his was during daytime only this time we had some warning and were sitting up waiting for them and I believe we shot down about 11 out of the 20 most of them within sight of the airfield. �And that was the last time they tried that. That was the day, I believe when it stared out badly for me. I ran out and jumped in my airplane, took off and just as the wheel were coming up I remembered that I hadn't turned the oxygen on. The oxygen bottle was in the baggage compartment in the fuselage, inaccessible from the cockpit. Because the bottles had a tendency to leak and we didn't have much in the way of supplies we turned the valve off on the ground and we left the baggage door propped open to remind us when we ran out on a scramble, if the door was open that would remind us to turn the valve on. Well, on this particular day that door was down and in the excitement I forgot all about the oxygen bottle until just as I was off the ground. Then I had to make a fast decision because I had no way of knowing whether the Japs were just about to come over the hill with 20 fighters again or whether I had 5 minutes or half hour. So I had to decide whether I had to go without oxygen or go around, circle around, land, get out or have the crew man run out and turn the oxygen on. So I finally decided I wouldn't be much good at altitudes without oxygen I'd have to take the chance. And I'm telling you that was a ride I don't want to do again that long circle, getting back in, getting stopped and looking over your shoulder and trying to fly the airplane at the same time wondering if you were going to get shot down in the landing pattern or on the ground. But fortunately I got off. And because of that I got separated and I never did join up with the main flight and later on Duke Headman joined up on my wing. And I decided that I was I was going to head out toward Thailand to see if we could pick up anybody. So we went out about, I don't know about 60 miles didn't see a thing. We were flying at 10,000 under a broken cloud layer and so I decided I'd turn around and come back and as we were coming back I look out in the distance ahead of us and I can see this plane coming. It looks to me like a radial engine. Which meant Japanese, because all of our fighters were in line engines. We were on the same level and probably… � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 5 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older describes how it felt to shoot down enemy aircraft and his focus on survival, in addition to the types of planes that he fought. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/35702f7983002d508cc7a230b70e8d11.mp4 cda7b78ca91f3fdc43325046ccc64f11 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/066af3df489bbb75f3bde9ba317e3c8b.pdf a8bcadcb995126a856276c128a8e7a07 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 6] JUDGE OLDER: After one of the missions at Loiwing, Duke Hedman joined up on my wing and I decided that we might be able to pick up something if we headed out toward Thailand, so we went out about 60 miles and didn't see a thing. We were flying at about 10,000 ft. under a broken cloud layer, and so I turned around and headed back to Loiwing, and as we were going back, I saw coming toward us up in front, what appeared to be a Jap fighter, but I wasn't absolutely sure, but it did appear to have radial engine which would mean Japanese, because all of our fighters had M-line engines, and we passed each other on the same level, and I'd say probably 500 yards apart and I just pulled up into a steep chandelle to get a look at his markings and I was certain it was Japanese, but I wanted to see him anyway, and start back down on his tail, and he didn't hurry, he just stayed right headed toward Thailand. I felt sure he was going to do a flick turn and come back on us at any second, so I probably started firing a little bit out of range, thinking that was the only shot I was going to get. I know I hit him because the plane gave a lurch just like that, and in the next instance he just pulled the thing up to a flat loop and came right back over our heads. I could look up into the cockpit and tell you what he was wearing. He was wearing a dark blue flight suit and the fight was on and Duke and I tangled with this guy from 10,000 all the way down to I don't know where and finally he went into a hillside and that was confirmed later by a missionary on the ground who had seen this. �That was an interesting incident. Another incident there was - I was scrambled off one day with P.J. Green to go after a Jap reconnaissance aircraft and we had no idea of where he was coming come from or what altitude, but they just scrambled us off and said, go get him. So I decided I'd go up to as high as we could get reasonably, which is 27,000. At that time of the year there's a very thick haze in northern Burma, I mean really thick. You can't see horizontally, you can only see straight down. So I was looking out the side of the airplane at 27,000, looking straight down, and this Jap reconnaissance plane, the I-45, twin engine, very fast, came right out from under the trailing edge of my wing. He was about 3,000 ft. below us. I knew if I took my eyes off of him, I'd never see him again, so Green was on my right side, I just pulled over and we started down, and he never saw us. I started firing because we were coming so fast - I started firing, again probably a little bit out of range, because we were closing so fast. And I saw him - the pilot go out the left side of the airplane and pull the 'chute, but I never saw the 'chute open. As it turned out, it didn't open because they found him later. In the mean time - and then broke off - then Paul got separated from me. I got back on the ground and had to talk him back in by asking him where he was when we got separated and from that I knew where we were, I could talk him back in and he finally got in. FRANK BORING: After this, Chennault asked you to go and pick up some new airplanes, was this right around the same period of time? JUDGE OLDER: Yes, that was when - I believe that was before we got to Loiwing, before I got to Loiwing. FRANK BORING: If you could give us perhaps a highlight or a particular part of that trip that made it memorable for you. JUDGE OLDER: Yes, it was in late February and March that Chennault ordered six of us to go to the Gold Coast of West Africa and pick up six new P-40E's. The reason we were going to - the place was called �Takoradi, right near Accra on the Gold Coast - was because they were being assembled there. They had an assembly area on this field, and being test flown there, and someone had to fly them back to China. So P.J. Green, R.T. Smith, Older, Haywood, Benny Foshee and I think Link Laughlin were the six. So we flew CNAC over the Hump to Calcutta, then we got on a BOAC flying boat on the Hooghly River at Calcutta and flew across India and landed at Karachi in the bay, then went on to Sahara?, now in the Emirates, southern Arabian Peninsula and spent one overnight, then went to Batzra, spent a night or two in Batzra, then went over and landed on the Sea of Galilee in what was then Palestine and finally, on the Nile, Cairo. After a couple of days in Cairo, we got on a DC3 army DC3 - went south to Khartoum and then jumped away across Africa, Elobey, El Facha, El Geneina, and finally down to Takoradi. An interesting incident happened in El Facha which is just a mud hut village. We were there for about 45 minutes to refuel and I decided I'd walk around this little village, and I was by myself at the moment. As I turned the corner of this street, I came face to face with a full grown lioness walking down the middle of this street. I was paralyzed! I didn't know what to do so I didn't do anything, I just - I was afraid to run because - I just was afraid. So I stood there and this lioness without paying the slightest bit of attention to me, just walked right down the middle of the street, right be me. I turns out later she was the village mascot and quite tame. I don't know if she knew she was take, they thought she was tame. So that was one of the incidents that happened on the trip. We stayed in Takoradi a few days and test flew the airplanes, and the Tom Haywood and I took off with two of them. Our first return gas stop was a little place called Osogbo in the middle of Nigeria. We got there and one of us had a big bubble on one tire that had to be changed and the other airplane was having mag trouble, so we spent a couple of nights there and they finally decided in Takoradi that rather than fly in spare parts and mechanics and so forth that we should come back and pick up two new airplanes and they'd get those later, so we took the train back to Lagos and went right through the middle of the Nigerian jungle all night. No windows in �the cars incidentally, and the wildest screeches and howls you ever heard coming from the jungle and got back to Takoradi and picked up two more airplanes. This time, Benny Foshee was my wingman instead of Tom Haywood and Benny and I made the trip all the way back to China. FRANK BORING: When you returned, I understand you heard about the death of a very good friend, I wonder if you could tell us about that. JUDGE OLDER: Yes, while I was gone, the 3rd squadron and I think one or two of the - maybe all of the squadrons were at a place called Magwe, Burma, and the Japs bombed Magwe. There were two of our people killed there, one was my good friend Frank Swartz who was in my class at Pensacola and the other was an airman named Fauth. I can't think of his first name but he was a 3rd squadron airman and they were both hit by bomb fragments on the ground and I think Fauth was killed instantly and Swartz was severely injured and taken to India where he subsequently died in the hospital there. That was a great loss. Frank - Swartzy as we called him was a great guy. FRANK BORING: I wonder if you could give us your impressions of the Chinese people. You were in Kunming for a while, you got a chance to meet some of these people. What were your impressions of the Chinese? JUDGE OLDER: I liked the Chinese, I liked the Burmese too. Kunming is a large city - it doesn't like a large city but it has a large population. It had then - I would guess somewhere between 300,000 and a half a million. But by looking at the city from the air, it was just all one story buildings for the most part. It didn't look like much. But the Chinese are very cheerful for one thing, they are extremely hardworking, dedicated, loyal. Couldn't do enough for us. �FRANK BORING: Did you ever get a chance to meet either Generalissimo, Chiang Kai-shek or Madam Chiang Kai-shek, could you give us your impressions of them? JUDGE OLDER: I didn't meet either of them personally until after the war when we had a reunion in Taipei at the Grand Hotel and both Generalissimo and Madam Chiang Kai-shek were there. But my impression of Chiang from what I'd seen and heard long before I ever had a chance to meet him was that he was in many respects like Chennault, just a very single purposed, dedicated man who had spent his life trying to bring China out of the old regime and into something new and had been highly successful at it. FRANK BORING: Towards the end of your contract with AVG - I realize that this was a very difficult period of time for all of you - but as July 4th started to become closer and closer, could you give us an idea of what you were thinking about. It was being asked for you to stay on and rejoin the army air corps. There was somewhat of dissension of people who were not agreeing with the missions that were being asked to fly - these dangerous morale missions. Could you give us an idea of what your impressions were of these final month or days or… JUDGE OLDER: I think some of the problems started when we were at Loiwing in late April, maybe early May. We didn't know it at the time, but somewhere in that period, Chennault had been commissioned to Brigadier General in the US army air forces, because everyone knew that our group was slated to disband on July 4th of 1942, and as I say, we didn't know that. Some of the army air force's people started coming into China, not many but a few, and of course, we were getting feedback from India where there were quite a few of them over there. We started getting orders to fly some, what I thought were just kooky missions, like, one was to fly down and circle around in Burma the front lines. The Japs were moving up in Burma and the Chinese where Stillwell and his forces were down there. It was kind of a rapidly changing situation, but they wanted �us to go down there and fly around at low altitudes, just sort of motor around casually to let the Chinese see the insignia on our airplanes to boost their morale. My thinking was that their morale wouldn't be boosted very much by seeing us get shot down doing that kind of silly nonsense and so, why do it? So we started making some complaints about missions like that, and then they had a mission to escort Blenheim's, I think, to Chiang Mai Anyway, there were a number of things and I began to get the feelings and others too - probably most of the others - that Chennault was no longer calling the shots, that we were being used by somebody to do this kind of nonsense, and we weren't there for the purpose we came over there for, which was to fight the Japanese. So people started to get unhappy about this and we did have a meeting at one time with Chennault and everybody expressed their opinions and it got rather heated. I don't know whether anybody flat out refused to do anything; we certainly let it be known what our feelings were. It all cooled down afterwards and I remember Chennault one day was sitting outside the alert shack at Kunming, - Loiwing - and I sat down next to him, just the two of us happened to be there at the moment, and he turned to me and said, "Charlie, I don't quite understand the feelings of some of the pilots about some of these missions that we've been talking about and the resentment that they seem to have for some of them." And I said, "Well General, we don't mind risking our lives but we just don't want to throw them away, that's the feeling." He didn't say anything. Anyway, it all passed, missions went on again, but I think had we known at that time that he was a Brigadier General in the army air forces and that he obviously was being told by somebody to do these things that he never would have done on his, because it just wasn't Chennault, it was completely out of character as far as I could see, that we probably would have been more understanding, and he would have been more understanding and the whole thing would have passed by without any problem. It was just a particular time that did pass and I don't think he ever lost any respect for us and we certainly never lost any respect for him. As I say, I never saw or heard �anybody refuse to fly any mission, but we certainly did discuss them. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v06 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 6 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older discusses the loss of Frank Swartz, his impressions of the Chinese people while in Kunming, and his thoughts as their contracts with the AVG were nearing the end. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/92d2658e9ebd7e7edfcacb697f46eccb.mp4 aca7a48ac70bbc3cf742630299cf38e9 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aaf0d71b82435b386a20948390995b58.pdf 4c9a9900320f5d6dd13bc30323bef98a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Charles “Judge” Older Date of interview: April 26, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 7] JUDGE OLDER: Starting in late April and early May of 1942 when we were at Loiwing, the army air force started sending in a few people preparatory to bringing many more later on and they had set up some headquarters somewhere and were starting to designate some missions for the AVG to fly, and I can remember one particular mission they had us scheduled to fly was one down into Burma in the area of a little town called Kong Hi Ping, south east of Lashio, about 60 miles where they wanted us to go down there on a fighter sweep and strafe targets of opportunity is what it amounted to. I was pretty well convinced - I was the operations officer for the 3rd squadron - I was intimately familiar with what was going on and where it was going on and I was convinced it was still held by the Chinese, even though it was Burma, but the Japs were moving up fairly fast in Burma, and I kept checking back with this army air force Intelligence Officer, telling him that I didn't think that's what he wanted to do, that Kong Hi Ping was still Chinese and, no, he said he'd check and call back and he'd check and call back and I'd talk it over with the others and still believed it wasn't right. This went on three or four five telephone calls. Anyway, we ran the mission and I happened to be leading the flight, and we went down to Kong Hi Ping and finally found a long line of trucks on a road that appeared to be coming in from the east, which could have been Thailand, but I wasn't sold yet, but that was my mission, so we strafed the trucks and set a good number of them on fire and �finally left. I was convinced - or I was not convinced that we were not strafing Chinese trucks. Fortunately we had given them enough warning by circling in the area so that I believe all of the personnel got out of the trucks and were dispersed into the jungle so we weren't killing people, we were just shooting up trucks. JUDGE OLDER: Near the end of the AVG, this is now Kunming, we were told to be in the theater at one of the hostels, I think it was hostel number one, but I'm not sure, at 8 o'clock that night for some kind of a meeting. When we got there, it turns out that the meeting was for the purpose of allowing, I think he was a Colonel then, he later became a General, in fact, he later became court-marshalled in Germany after the war - his name was Clayton Bissell. Colonel Bissell was there, and I might say, the army couldn't have sent anyone less qualified as a public relations man than this guy. He was there to tell us what we were going to do after the AVG disbanded. That got us off to a wrong start right there because we were civilians, we weren't in the army. So we thought maybe we'd like to have something to say about what we were going to do after the AVG was disbanded. Anyway, things went from bad to worse and I don't if it all ended up with catcalls and boos but it was almost that bad. It was just a very poor approach by the army to try to get us to stay in over there and not to go home after our contracts were finished. FRANK BORING: There's a couple of points I'd like you to clarify involving that. 1) why did the army want you to stay on, and 2) what were your decisions already? What decisions had you made? Were you still wondering what you were going to stay there or go home? What were your personal feelings about this? JUDGE OLDER: I didn't have any intention of staying on after the year was up when I went over there and during the time I was there. In the first place I had gotten engaged just before I left and I told my wife I'd meet her in Honolulu and we'd have a honeymoon there. That, of course, didn't work out because of the war, but I was still intending to go �home and get married. After that, I wasn't quite sure. Maybe go back in the service or what. And there were many others who felt the same way, but some did want to stay over and some did. I later came back to China in 1944 and 1945 in the 23rd Fighter Group, but I wanted go get home first before I fought any more war. FRANK BORING: Why did the army want you to stay? JUDGE OLDER: Because we were experienced fighter pilots and - the army wanted us to stay because we were an experienced fighter group and the people they were bringing in had no combat experience. Our feeling was you can get it in a hurry when you get serious, so it really wasn't all that important. FRANK BORING: There's two final questions and take your time about answering them if you want. (Inaudible) at that period in your life during that period of time which was one year of your life. JUDGE OLDER: I don't know how to lead into it. I feel that my experience in the AVG was very rewarding in several respects. In the first place I was doing something that I knew how to do, was trained for. I was fighting the fight against the enemy. I had no idea that we'd be in a world war while I was over there, it's the way it turned out. I was also seeing a good part of the world as it turned out too before I got home and that was one of the things I wanted to do when I was over there. But mostly it was a feeling of being in the right place at the right time, and that's really the story of the AVG. What we accomplished in numbers of aircraft shot down, although we shot down a lot, probably didn't change the course of the war, it helped of course. But if you recall back, in early 1942, those were the dark days of the war, the allies were losing the war on every front except one and that was where the AVG was. We were the only ones accomplishing any significant victories at that particular time. The Germans were kicking the hell out of the British in the desert, they'd already kicked them out of France. The Japanese were roaming all over the Pacific, but in one tiny place in Burma, the �AVG was winning every fight. And the significance of that is not how many airplanes we shot down, but that that was a morale booster for everybody on the allies' side, because the media played that up, as they should because this was news. You could pick up the paper at home and read about all the bad stuff on one side, but on the other side, there'd be an article about the AVG knocking the hell out of the Japanese. FRANK BORING: One final question. What do you feel about being called a Flying Tiger? JUDGE OLDER: Time out! FRANK BORING: …from you, is your own personal - not just the AVG or all that, you've mentioned AVG already which is the Flying Tigers, but just the term Flying Tigers. JUDGE OLDER: In my own eyes, it has a great deal of prestige for the reasons that I've already mentioned, but I think the main idea - I think I'm most proud of the fact that I had, for one reason for another I made the decision to resign from the Marine Corps before the war at a time when this country needed somebody in China and China certainly needed us, and to go over with these other volunteers, and in effect, walk into the unknown, because we really didn't know what we were walking into. I think that's the thing I like about it best. FRANK BORING: Where do you think the AVG fits in terms of the history of China? JUDGE OLDER: That's a big subject! I don't know! I think the AVG's part in the defense of China was significant for much the same reasons morale reasons. The Chinese had been engaged with the Japanese on the losing side for five years in 1941-42. That was between Japan and China having started in 1937, and the Japanese had bombed Chinese cities without any real opposition, and the Chinese had just been subjected to war in all of its forms for five years, and on the losing side. So they were really hanging on the �ropes in 1941 and 1942. In fact, they were hanging on the ropes in 1940 when, without warning, the British closed the Burma Road. They subsequently re-opened it but that was a real body blow when in 1940, the British closed the Burma Road, because that was the only lifeline going into China. But then they re-opened it again. Mainly it was the idea that the Chinese were now on the winning side, that the Americans there to help them were shooting down Japanese and they had visible evidence of this, and this was a tremendous morale boost, something they needed more than anything else at the time outside of some real tangible help. FRANK BORING: One last question, just about what the AVG did in solving [?] in terms of the keeping China in the war? JUDGE OLDER: I wasn't a part of that. I was in the hospital at the time - and how much good? That's a matter for dispute, I guess. FRANK BORING: This will be the last one… JUDGE OLDER: From time to time I hear people apply the term "mercenary" to the AVG, and I would like to respond to that because I think it's utter nonsense. My definition of a mercenary as that term has been used historically applying to the military, has been someone who's willing to fight for either side, for compensation. There was no one in the AVG that was willing to fight for either side. We knew why we were there. We knew which side we were fighting for, who we were fighting against, and there was never any question about that. So that mercenary term is just a term of denigration that has no application whatever to our group. FRANK BORING: Did Olga live up to the original advertising that she was…? JUDGE OLDER: She was a very striking woman, she was very pretty and good figure, and she stood out like a lighthouse in Burma because there was no-one else around anything like her. I think in some way, she kind of gave a boost to the young bucks in the AVG, just being �there, just by being able to see a good-looking woman reminded you of some the things you left behind. FRANK BORING: This is the end of the interview. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Older_Judge_1991-04-26_v07 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Older Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-04-26 Title A name given to the resource Charles Older interview (video and transcript, 7 of 7), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Charles Older by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Charles Older trained as a pilot in Long Beach and Pensacola, earning his Navy wings in 1940. He then served in the Marine Fighting Squadron One and was qualified in gunnery, dive bombing, and carrier landings. Older joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) in August 1941 and sailed to Burma. He served as a Flight Leader for the 3rd Squadron "Hell's Angels," and participated in the squadron's first combat over Rangoon where he downed two enemy aircraft. By the time the AVG disbanded in 1942, he had 10 total victories. After leaving the AVG, Older joined the US Army Air Forces and returned to China in 1944 with the 23rd Fighter Group. After the war, Older left the Air Force as a Lt. Col. and earned a law degree from the University of Southern California. He practiced law until becoming a superior court judge for Los Angeles. In the 1970s, he gained notoriety for presiding over the Charles Manson murder trials. In this tape, Older describes the meeting with General Bissell near the end of the AVG and his plans as his contract ended. He also expresses what his experience in the AVG meant to him and how it felt to be known as a Flying Tiger. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/13f41f56a05e70a8e52dc900beb24318.pdf 3e333cef0bf1c5dd7ea438c11d0f9f85 PDF Text Text BASIC A C JI TY OJF 0 AK. ROYAIL PLAN USE LAND 9 MIICJH!JIGAN / PLAN C I TY CHARLES SHEET 0 100' 300' 600' 900' TECHNICIAN J . P. M c E W A N , P L A N N I N G CONSULTANT PLANNING W. BA R R, 1955 COMMISSION SHEETS 4 0 F 1200' 9 PLATE , • N - ONE FAMILY ~§®I [ZIT] TWO FAMILY ~ ~ MULTIPLE ■ ■ ---.J FAMILY SHOPPING D D HEAVY COMMERCIAL LIGHT INDUSTRIAL HEAVY ROAD---- INDUSTRIAL H U R ON • ■ • • • ■ • • • ■ ■ •■• • COMMERCIAL MILE NEIGHBORHOOD • LIGHT ■ •• ■ • ••••• AVE. ADMINISTRATIVE •••••••••••••• PROFESSIONAL DONALD AVE. AVE. BAUM"-N _J NORMANDY MILLARD AVE :11111'½44< - AVE. : 0 a: ROAD 0 AVE. 0 0:: ......... . ...... . ........ ........ . . .. . . . . LEXINGTON ---~---~= :l-~-- t,J =~ '"~44-1 o:i,;,,;.¼4 I- ..J ..J ll) t,J r,;r,;7,7,=77?]'7,'771"7,17,7;,;:,:;;:7Y7'.P7,".Tv'.V:,'7Z'17777:'77:771., 0.. <l u 1•-~THIRTEEN "/ / / "/// V/// C//// "; /; /; t,J > FAIRVIEW " t,J t,J > > " " '/ "/. "/ / / /, "/; / "/ "/ t,J > " '" t,J . > > //_ // // "/. / " /. / AVE ~~ POPLAR I- 0: u z z z '"0 0 " X A V E. ::, '" 0 DEVIL LEN t- " '" I- --' --' " " 0: . "--' ., '" z 0 t- <I) u --' t,J ;o z z 0 (.) AVE. LINDEN AVE. AVE. ELL EN GIRARD nn; WEB RD. \ AVE. 5 T E R RD. II I AVE. II inn r �LAND A OF <CH'IPY I w. CHARLES BARR, I9 5 5 C O M M I S S I O .N PLAN CITY USE PLANNING CONSULTANT SHEET 0 100' goo' so o' 300' TECHNICIAN J. P. M c E W A N , P L A N N I N G 1200' 3 0 F SHEETS 4 PLATE 9 - ---- - - ~ - - I - - - --~ __JI \ ' '--------__JI L _ -- -::: --- ~- r - - - - - - - - -- -- -- ~ - AV E - ' c~ - - - \ - ~ ~ .I - - - - -- --- ~ - -_ '- ' :tH1 r.l• - C DR. ' -, ' \ \\ \, ' ' ), \\ 1~v~ \, \, ' l ! \ II' ................... .. ........ .............. ..... . . ...... . .. . .. .. .. ........ .. ................ ..·:...... ·:.":. ........ . .. ..... ......... ..... .... . ...... ....... . . . . . . . ::. . . ·:. . . ·:. .. ·····::. ·:: ............ . ...... ::.... :: .... ' "' c:.wcw:o'.::::::::;:; ;::::;\:'.:'. , ..... .. .·..... : ·. . . . ..... • ONE FAMILY TWO FAMILY MULTIPLE SHOPPING ADMINISTRATIVE HEAVY LIGHT D HEAVY . FAMILY NEIGHBORHOOD LIGHT ==--FOURTH , PROFESSIONAL -~ - COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL T E II \ �A PLAN USE LAND BASIC • OF C1ITY OAK • MIJICHIG AN ROY AIL • PLAN C I TY CHARLES W. , 8 ARR I9 5 5 COMMISSION CONSULTANT PLANNING J. P. 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IED A V £ c;nr>O::-!MnATW ,,..._,..,.,._, 11 AV E ~ c.. =~==~ ~ 0 0 ~ t:==l ~ -~ ~~ ~ EDISON 4 \ = ~:""'""'"'"'". ~~ -~~ ]· I ~~ ~~ '-'-"-' rn ~ " ... ~- N z r ~~'' X AND E R l \ ' , j ~ e )> 7) ~~ ~ "-'<'."1..'\t,'1',t,'t~b'IL~l?X''l· AV £ ~- r 0 AVE ' CD ::0 ::0 N 0 -< -0 )> A '{~ ~ ' " 0 0 ~ ~ ~ , ., , . ,,.. I . :- .:41<· . : ·&.-:i]:;: : ~= ' r 0 0 0 ['i . 0 (Jl (Jl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Royal-Oak_Basic-Land-Use-Plan_1955 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles W. Barr, Planning Consultant Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource A Basic Land Use Plan Description An account of the resource A Basic Land Use Plan for the City of Royal Oak was prepared by Charles W. Barr with assistance from J.P. McEwan in 1955. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.P. McEwan, Planning Technician (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Land use--planning Royal Oak (Mich.) Oakland County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/efbe935243dba1254ba1345bd7ce65d6.mp4 5240af0b4ddb3ebd780302b60cc7368c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dd2dcb317b9cef8d274fc1a633974ad8.pdf 1c49ea0d967847e571539adaabbd80f9 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Wayne Charles Total Time – (01:27:59) Background           He was born in Muskegon, Michigan on September 5, 1925 (00:25) o He grew up in Muskegon There were four kids in the family (00:49) o He had two brothers and a sister His father owned a gasoline station (00:56) o His sister was his mother's pride and joy o His father was able to keep his business through the 1930‟s (01:10) o The business went from being part of a major oil company to being independent (01:20)  He called the gas station his gold mine He went to high school at Muskegon High School (01:39) He remembers hearing about Pearl Harbor when he was down at the Michigan Theater (01:48) o When he came out of the movie theater everyone had the local newspaper saying that Pearl Harbor had been bombed Before that, he did not pay much attention to the war that was going on (02:09) o At that point of his life, life was very good and there were not many things that were bothering him (02:26) o He was just sixteen years old when Pearl Harbor was bombed He was not sure if the war would last long enough for him to be a part of it (02:39) o They took the news as it came His father was serious about the war when it was declared (02:47) o He became a block warden (02:52)  The block warden would have drills that he would run He remembers things such as paper and scrap drives going on (03:37) o Gasoline was rationed at gas stations He received his draft notice right when he graduated from high school in June of 1943 (04:03) Enlistment/Training – (04:07) �               When he graduated the boys were asked if they wanted to apply for OTC (Officers Candidate Training) o He decided that he mind as well – it could not do any harm to join (04:23) He was sent to Camp Croft, South Carolina (04:41) o Camp Croft is near Spartanburg, South Carolina (04:50) En route to Camp Croft, he was taken to Chicago, Illinois o From Chicago he was put on a train o The trip took 2-3 days (05:42) o There were a lot of recruits on board o They took a route through the back woods (06:04) When he arrived the soldiers were told where to line up (06:09) o The 1st Sergeant came out and read to them o One of the Sergeants gave him a special reception when he said, “You‟re in the infantry now. You can take that and shove it where the sun don‟t shine!” (06:38) He learned wire communications in Basic Training (07:00) There was a lot of emphasis on order and discipline (07:15) There was a lot of physical training He remembers having to train in different kinds of uniforms o It felt like they put the winter uniform on in the summer because he remembers it being warm outside and the sweat starting to come down his face (07:46) He learned discipline in the military but his dad had already instilled a great deal of it in him (08:18) He did not do wire communications training for the first few months of Basic Training (09:16) o There was Basic Training but then he continued at Camp Croft with specialized training (09:25) As time went on he was able to leave the base o A lot of men wanted to get weekend passes to get out of camp (09:43) o He never saw anything in Spartanburg that he wanted  It was just a bunch of bars and brothels (09:55)  They asked him to go on guard at the theater – he chose not to go At this point he was not assigned to any specific unit but was just part of the regular training group (10:41) o They did not get assigned to a group until later He spent a total of roughly four months in South Carolina (11:09) After he was done with training he was allowed to pack up and go home for leave (11:33) Once he was done with leave, he was shipped to Maryland where they received a weekend pass to New York City, New York (11:41) o The day after he came back they loaded up and shipped out o It was June of 1944 (11:59) �Active Duty – Part I – England/France/Maginot Line – (12:03)            He loaded on the USS Hermitage (12:06) o It was a converted Italian luxury liner o There were roughly 3-4,000 men on it (12:33) o They were very tightly packed on it o Many of the men got seasick (12:40) o The smell of food made him have to go and heave over the side of the boat The weather on the ocean was stormy (13:19) o They seldom had a nice day o The ship zigzagged back and forth to stay away from submarines (13:25) o They were sailing in a convoy He does not recall any U-boat scares when crossing the Atlantic Ocean (13:53) The trip took quite a while – approximately two weeks When they arrived they landed in Liverpool, England (14:35) o They were put on a train and shipped to a small town back in England someplace There was a camp set up with a tents in the countryside (14:53) o He was there for roughly one month (15:29) o They would be forced to march around – they did not want the soldiers to go stir crazy (15:41) o They did enough to keep themselves moving o They were not allowed to leave camp (15:59) Some of the soldiers would go over the hill where the guard could not see and jump over the road and walk into town (16:11) o He went one night and had a chance to taste an English bitter (pale ale) (16:26) o The bathroom was a room that had everything dumping into one hole  He learned to use the facilities at an angle so that you “don‟t splatter back on you.” (16:56) They were getting news of what was happening in Normandy, France The soldiers then have their name called and are loaded up to be sent to a coastal area where they load on an LST (Landing Ship, Tank) (17:34) o They went across the channel and get on a smaller boat o The smaller boat then takes them to the shore (18:01) At this point he does not know what unit he was joining (18:33) When he landed he remember it looking like a beach with a bunch of cross blockers (tetrahedra) (18:58) o The beach was cleaned up pretty well – there were no dead laying around o He could see where there had been some bombing and artillery explosions (19:13) o Some of the embattlements had cans sticking out where artillery was shot from (19:22) o A lot of people did not realize that the destroyers came close to knocking them out on D-Day �           When they landed on the beach they got into trucks and went through Chartres, France (20:26) o The only thing left in Chartres was the cathedral (20:35) He went through Saint-Lo, France as well (21:37) o It was leveled (21:42) En route to Paris, France, he ran into some sniper fire He was on his way help close the Falaise Pocket (22:40) o They never had to actually participate in the fight o If the fight had lasted another day or two they would have been in it (23:01) o His unit then dropped south and went towards the Maginot Line (23:12) He was part of the 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division o They were sitting outside of Paris waiting for the French Charles de Gaulle to come in and make his grand entry (23:29) o It bothered the soldiers because one regiment got all of the recognition  It always seemed like they got the short end of the stick (24:04) They would have to cross different rivers throughout France and would sometimes face some firefights there (24:12) o The Germans had no coordinated defense (24:18) His first combat experience was when they were going through a French town in the morning o There was a mist coming up and they could not see very well (24:57) o They were supposed to maintain contact with F Company and go through to see if there were any German stragglers o When they went over to see if the men they saw was F Company, they realized that they were Germans (25:20)  That is when “all hell broke loose” o There was fire going in all directions when they were fighting (25:37) o He was not sure what to do because it was his first combat  He started to just spray his bullets (25:54) o He learned how to survive for himself o When he first started shooting he had already hit the ground (26:31)  The fighting is pandemonium o He would not have known how to prepare for that kind of fighting (26:52) Most of the men in his company were originally from Normandy (27:02) o There were not very many losses on Utah Beach (27:12) o The company was in good strength In the first combat that he faced, the soldiers were on top of a bald hill (27:45) o The Germans had the only cover that was there o The rest of his Company was running while he was shooting (28:20) When he finally got off the hill, he could see the company a half-mile down a country road away – he said that some of the men had “a real head start.” As he was advancing through France and Belgium in August and September of 1944, he saw very little of the civilian populations (29:21) o They were kept away from cities with higher populations o They would go through many little towns (29:31) �Active Duty – Part II – Siegfried Line/Hurtgen Forest – (30:49)          After his first firefight they did not face much opposition as they moved forward – not until they got to the Siegfried Line (30:53) o The first time they went through the Siegfried Line it was like a walk in the park  There were a few sniper fires but that was about all (31:08) o When they got to the other side, the hill was extremely peaceful – it is hard to imagine something so peaceful in a time of war (31:20)  It was almost like something that a painter would paint  The soldiers stood there for about four hours (31:50) o The soldiers are then told to pull back  They were frustrated that they were going to give it back up  They could not be supported with artillery, armor, food, water, etc. (32:21) Once they got the supply situation straightened out they were sent back to the Siegfried Line and fight there way back through (32:31) o He thinks that it is where he got his hearing loss – he lost his hearing for three or four days (32:43) o The second trip through was no walk in the park o They were trying to attack the pillboxes and bunkers (33:00) o The big pillboxes were made of concrete and had big guns sticking out of them  The Germans knew exactly how far it was from the pillbox to anything else (33:18) His unit avoided the mine fields because they still had signs up (33:52) The fields all had dragon‟s teeth to keep the tankers out (34:17) o They would walk through the fields with those When they got into the wooded forest area they had to do the fighting (34:28) o Seldom did they do any fighting in the Siegfried Line where there were buildings around His unit was able to move forward but faced some trouble (34:54) o When soldiers crossed the Siegfried Line, they crossed into Germany (35:04) o The Germans defend their homeland just like anyone else would The Americans were fortunate to have the Russians putting pressure on the Germans on the other front (35:26) o The Germans were not able to have all of their forces defend the west (35:32) o Hitler‟s idea was even to keep everyone off of the beaches o The Americans were not even supposed to get to the Siegfried Line (35:57) The Americans eventually took the Siegfried Line He does not know much about the path they took to get to the Siegfried Line – “As an infantry man, they don‟t tell you anything.” (36:20) �          o The soldiers are also on the ground a lot of the time – they are not up looking around His unit pushed forward and moved into the Hurtgen Forest in Germany (37:07) As they were pushing through the Siegfried Line, the fighting became increasingly worse o There was some open ground between the Siegfried Line and the Hurtgen Forest (37:59)  They were going to have to fight the battle regardless of the terrain Quite a bit of the Hurtgen Forest had been manmade (38:38) o The trees had been harvested, planted, and re-harvested o It was a renewable resource for many of the people (38:55) o When they were fighting they would find some of the poor people gathering twigs and whatever they could for fire to keep warm (39:03) o The trees were laid out in lines o The lower braches die and break off (39:37) o There would be soldiers that would walk beside one another breaking off branches  The soldiers could hear when something was coming but they could not tell who it was, where it was coming from, or exactly how far away it was (39:48)  Only when they were very close, approximately ten feet, they could tell who it was The Germans would usually sit back and wait for the Americans to attack (41:30) o When the Americans took any ground, the Germans would counterattack it right away (41:42) o They fought in a way that made them ready to defend their ground The 1st Lieutenant that arrived was seeing his first combat When they took ground it was very bloody (42:47) o Ground is not given up very easily At one point his lieutenant told them to retreat (43:37) o He later talked to his company commander‟s wife and she told him that the lieutenant was probably the man that had told her husband that he could not do this any more (44:17) o The lieutenant disappeared a day or two after his retreat order A new lieutenant was then sent back out (44:41) The company commander was typically better than the lieutenants (44:55) o He did his job very well o The commissioned officers sometimes “go back to the battalion and they shave and pussy up to the battalion commander” (45:13)  They sometimes get a position while they are there  It was also a way for them to get some rest (45:32)  None of the non-commissioned officers received any of that treatment He had battle fatigue while he was in the Hurtgen Forest (46:03) �      o He had tried to go back for a night so that he could get rest when his commander asked him, “God damn it Charles, Somebody‟s gotta fight this „F-F‟ war!” (46:45) o That was the end of their conversation o He was the only seasoned soldier in their platoon at the time (47:09)  They had been replaced two and a half times while they were in the Hurtgen Forest When he was in the forest, casualties happened in many different ways (47:36) o Artillery was probably the main cause of injuries  The artillery knocks the foliage out of the air (48:15)  The Germans would then go and hide in the foliage and fire at them (48:24) o The rifle fire was probably the next most dangerous form of killing (48:39)  The Germans always had more automatic weapons than the Americans (48:52)  They would always have two machine guns with intersecting lines of fire They had two 60mm mortars and two light machine guns in their company (49:57) o The Germans would have 4-6 automatic weapons per squad (50:06) o The Americans never had nearly the same amount of firepower as the Germans o The Americans also never had smokeless powder (50:28)  They could not tell where the Germans were located  The smoke would give away their positions (50:43) He spent a little over a month in the Hurtgen Forest (51:15) o There was no light at the end of the tunnel o He would go through the same things day after day thinking that he could get wounded or killed in the next second (51:38) o The soldier never knows when or how fast it is going to happen o Soldiers are constantly on the edge (51:49) There was one instance, after an attack on a couple of light tanks, a German machine gunner tore loose a rain coat that he had hanging over his ammo belt o One of the soldiers said, “Charles, you‟re going to kill us all!” (52:35) o As far as he was concerned, they were already dead (52:43)  He had not come to that conclusion yet  There is nothing to be concerned about if you know that you are already dead (52:51) There was no rotation for the men (53:12) o They would send replacements for the men that were killed (53:20) As a platoon leader, it is initial job to get the replacements up to the frontline o They lost a lot of men just getting them to the front (53:35)  There were close to fifty replacements that went in one night  Twenty five of them were hit with artillery and never even made it to their outfit (53:55) �      o They could never count on their replacements being there (54:03) o They would tell the replacements to get on the ground and hug it as tight as you can (54:10) o “Don‟t try to be a hero.” One time a Lieutenant asked if anyone had anything to say and he told them that they should pray a lot and he meant it (54:45) o No one said a word It got extremely cold there – his feet got frostbite on them (55:05) o He still has a hard time keeping his balance (55:14) o He did not have frozen feet – he had frostbitten feet  It took him ten years to get his claim through the VA  He took two trips to Detroit, Michigan to get his claim through When he went to Detroit for his claim, it was a lot like a court room (56:18) o When he walked in, they told him to tell them his claim o He first asked the man, “Have you ever been in combat before?” He said “No.” He replied, “In combat there are some things that happen that you don‟t understand what goes on unless you‟ve been in combat. And that is you have a camaraderie and fellowship with your men. And you don‟t leave them no matter what.” (57:01) o He told him that he was not going to run off from his men for something like frostbitten feet or a temporary loss of hearing o He stayed with his men because they needed him (58:18)  He was the only seasoned man in the outfit at the time o He told him that he had to understand that o His claim eventually went through (59:15) His hearing problems are not simply a problem of volume but of bone conduction (01:00:08) o He does not differentiate between different consonants When he was in the Hurtgen Forest they gained some ground (01:01:08) o They were extremely hard fought battles that were bought with blood o Nothing was free in Hurtgen Forest (01:01:20) There was only one point where they had tanks – the fighting was almost exclusively infantry fighting Active Duty – Part III – Battle of the Bulge/Last Experiences – (01:01:45)   After they were done fighting in the Hurtgen Forest they were moved to Luxembourg (01:02:06) o They were only there for a couple of days before the Battle of the Bulge began (01:02:18) His company and regiment were pretty much a “ragtag outfit” (01:02:43) o They had no cohesion to fight like a 1st class outfit o They put up a hell of a fight (01:02:58) o They did not have seasoned men �            They were supposed to go on R&R when they went to Luxembourg but it did not turn out that way (01:03:16) They were in a position when the Battle of the Bulge started to anchor the bulge (01:03:33) o They kept it from spreading wider o Some replacements were sent to their unit (01:03:46) o They never got to full strength o His unit held its ground during the fighting (01:04:04) The Germans did not put a lot of pressure on his outfit o There were some other outfits that were heavily shelled (01:04:24) When in the front lines, the soldiers are given three K-rations every morning o They are sent up to the front lines by Supply Sergeants (01:04:57) There was one day in Hurtgen Forest when they sent a certain amount of men to bring back rations and water – the figures were not right o They did not have a man to carry the water up – he had to carry the water in each of his hands (01:05:35) o The lieutenant asked him how he got all of the rations up there – he told him that Charles carried two jerrycans (01:06:02)  Each jerrycan held five gallons The lieutenant that he liked was wounded once and gone for a while (01:07:28) o They were there at pretty much the same time o The lieutenant gave him a pass to go to Lyons, France (01:07:48) When he got back from Lyons, the rumor in his platoon was that he was going to be given battlefield commission o It turned out that it was a bureaucratic situation (01:08:31) Once the Battle of the Bulge was over, his unit started moving and attacking towards Germany (01:08:47) There was a picture of his platoon and squad crossing a river on the cover of LIFE magazine (01:09:42) o He was sent a copy of the magazine and he did not remember any of the men He does remember being at a city that was on a river where there was part of a battle line to keep the people from crossing the bridge (01:11:07) o They were there for a few days and then moved on (01:11:31) He does not remember crossing the Rhine River (01:11:47) One day they were unloading trucks and they were facing the woods. They were told that on the other side of the woods is some open ground, more woods, and then a German hospital (01:12:36) o They were told that the military wanted to know if there were armed Germans there or not o They went through the woods first until they got to the open space. They could see the tops of the buildings over the tops of the trees  To him it looked like something a person could want to get sucked into (01:13:35) o He did not want to take his men across and get them killed when the war was so close to being over (01:13:53) �          o He asked the lieutenant to go up to the front so that he could talk with him  He said that if the lieutenant came up and gave him a direct order, he would do it (01:14:32)  They waited and no one came o They eventually pulled out and went further down the road (01:14:57) When he crossed the autobahn, there was a steady line of German prisoners o The prisoners looked like normal men (01:15:39) o Some were younger and some were older o He realized that Hitler‟s army was so big because he had soldiers from all kinds of nations fighting for him (01:16:17) A lot of Hitler‟s army and war effort was run on synthetic petroleum (01:16:52) o They used a lot of slave labor (01:17:09)  The slave labor moved a lot of the male German population out of the industries and into the military They got close to the Austrian border at one time (01:17:47) When the war ended they ran a camp where they held German officials of the war (01:18:15) o There were some ambassadors and generals He remembers going to a museum in Augsburg, Germany and staying there After the war ended, he did not stay in Germany for too long (01:19:42) When they were in the camp where German officials were being held, they were told that they were going to go to Japan (01:20:00) o They were all being shaken down and had all of their things taken from there o There was no hurry to it (01:20:19) o The men were then told that they were going to be leaving for Le Havre, France (01:20:26) They quickly shipped to Le Havre o Many of the men got shipped to the United States for leave before they were supposed to be going to Japan (01:20:42) The war was very different in Japan – they had to have more training in the United States on how to operate in Japan (01:20:51) He was not happy that they were going to be sent to Japan After Europe/After the Service – (01:21:08)      While he was home the Japanese surrendered and they never had to go (01:21:12) When he returned to the United States, he did not travel in a convoy and landed in New York Harbor (01:21:25) He was discharged from Camp Butner, North Carolina o He was discharged in December of 1945 He did not have enough points to go home when he first arrived so he had to stay around Camp Butner for some time (01:21:56) o His last months there were spent being a Supply Sergeant He sent a German flag and helmet home from Camp Butner �    o He had given away German binoculars when he was in the Hurtgen Forest (01:24:22)  He did not want to get caught by the Germans with German goods on him (01:24:39) After he was discharged he went back to his dad and asked if he needed any help with work o They made an agreement to rent out the place next door for help at the gas station He made a career of working gas stations (01:25:55) o He eventually bought the gas station When he looks back at his time of service, he got to know what discipline was o He never really cared for the discipline of the service (01:26:27)  He did not like it because it was like a caste system (01:26:39) He does not think there should be women in the front lines in any kind of confrontation � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles, Wayne (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles, Wayne Description An account of the resource Wayne Charles was born in Muskegon, Michigan, in 1925, and was drafted in 1943. He trained at Camp Croft, South Carolina, in wire communications, but was eventually sent to Europe as an infantry replacement. He shipped out in June, spent about a month in England, and was assigned to the 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division, before the liberation of Paris in August. His unit advanced across France and Belgium, and fought through the Siegfried Line and into the Hurtgen Forest, where they saw their heaviest fighting. They were then sent to Luxembourg to refit, and wound up on the south shoulder of the Bulge in December. He then participated in the invasion of Germany and spent some time guarding German prisoners before being sent home and discharged. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-01-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CharlesW1475V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/217a89dce23702efac7b73fa7eb3ec1e.pdf e9cf60aa9f1f778fcc5bde1cd382a448 PDF Text Text •· I L. L L L. L L L L L Lr L L ste an �I CHARTER TOWNSHIP OF FORT GRATIOT MASTER PLAN I I • JUNE, 1990 Charter Township of Fort Gratiot Planning Commission �TABLE OF CONTENTS Page REGIONAL ANALYSIS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1 REGIONAL INFLUENCES 2 Relationship to Port Huron Urban Area Southeast Michigan Council of Governments St. Clair County Planning Commission Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study Committee Other Regional Influences LOCAL PLANNING INFLUENCES 2 7 8 9 10 10 PHYSICAL FEATURES 12 INTRODUCTION 12 EXISTING LAND USE 12 Residential Commercial Office Industrial Public and Semi-Public Open Space Utilities Roads Vacant 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 LAND DEVELOPMENT CONCERNS 17 Road Frontage Development Commercial Strips Mixed Land Use 17 18 18 WETLANDS 19 WOODLANDS 20 SOILS 21 Lando-Avoca Association Wainola-Deford Association Eastport-Wainola-Tobico Association Bach Association Alluvial Land-Rough Broken Land Association PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND 21 22 22 22 22 23 �,. Table of Contents - Continued POPULATION ANALYSIS i ' 24 INTRODUCTION 24 POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS 24 AGE CHARACTERISTICS 29 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 33 POPULATION PROJECTIONS 35 I·• I I • ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 38 INTRODUCTION 38 COMMERCIAL AREA CONCEPTS 38 Shopping Centers Commercial Strips 38 40 MARKET ANALYSIS 40 TRADE AREA 41 Primary Trade Area Secondary Trade Area 41 42 INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS 44 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS 45 RESIDENT LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS 45 FUTURE EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS 49 INDUSTRIAL PLANNING CONCEPTS 50 CONCLUSIONS 52 �/ Table of Contents - Continued GOALS AND OBJECTIVES I I 53 INTRODUCTION 53 POLICY BASIS 54 POLICY PURPOSE 54 THE MASTER LAND USE PLAN AS POLICY 54 DETERMINING POLICY 55 I_. ; . I ' ' i ' General Residential (Low Density) Residential (Medium Density) Commercial Industrial Recreation/Open Space Community Facilities Transportation 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 60 LAND USE PLAN ! ' - ' . 62 INTRODUCTION 62 RESIDENTIAL AREAS 62 COMMERCIAL 66 INDUSTRIAL 68 LANDFILL 68 LOW DENSITY BUFFER AREA 69 PUBLIC 69 OPEN SPACE/RECREATION 69 ROADS 69 ~ - ---- ~ - -- �Table of Contents - Continued COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN , .. 'f t 'I •. I., ' I • I , ' , ' .. . INTRODUCTION 71 PROTECTIVE SERVICES 71 Fire Fighting Facilities Police Protection 73 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS 73 CIVIC CENTER 73 UTILITIES 74 Sanitary Sewer Facilities Public Water Distribution System Storm Drainage 74 75 75 SCHOOLS 75 RECREATION PLAN 76 EXISTING RECREATION FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS 76 RECREATION NEEDS Neighborhood Unit Concept Recreational Standards Neighborhood Facilities Community Parks Other Recreation Needs _; 71 73 LIBRARY Township Facilities and Programs School Sites I• 71 76 77 77 77 81 81 84 85 �Table of Contents (Continued) THOROUGHFARE PLAN 86 INTRODUCTION 86 THOROUGHFARE CLASSIFICATION 86 EXISTING THOROUGHFARE SYSTEM 90 , I. ' , ( -:'"''"" ,' . ' ; ' i. l '. l .J State Routes County Roads Right-of-Way Standards Traffic Volumes THOROUGHFARE PLAN North Street Bypass Black River Bridge Keewahdin Road Major Thoroughfares Secondary Thoroughfares Collector Roads Local Roads CONCLUSION .- j I . 90 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 94 �LIST OF TABLES Table 1 2 Port Huron Urban Area Population Growth Trends, 1960-1986 4 Port Huron Urban Area Household Growth Trends, 1970-1986 5 Fort Gratiot Township Existing Land Use - 1988 13 4 Comparative Population Growth Trends 26 5 Share of County Population 28 6 Current Population Estimates 28 7 Median Age Trends 29 8 Age Composition and Population Change 30 9 Age Distribution by Life Cycle Category 32 10 Household Growth Trends 34 11 Household Size 35 12 Population Projection Summary 36 13 Shopping Centers Classified by Type 39 14 Industry of Employment Fort Gratiot Township & St. Clair County - 1980 46 Occupational Characteristics Fort Gratiot Township & St. Clair County - 1980 47 16 1980 Employment by Place of Work 48 17 Projected Year 2000 Employment by Place of Work 49 18 Land Use Plan Acreage Allocations 70 19 Location Standards for Fire Stations 72 20 Capacity Population Estimates 79 21 Neighborhood Recreation Needs 82 22 Summary of Street Classification System 88 3 15 �LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 2 Port Huron Urban Area Population Growth Trends 4 Port Huron Urban Area Household Growth Trends 6 3 Comparative Growth Trends 27 4 Age Composition and Popula~ion Change 31 5 Age Distribu~ion by Life Cycle Ca~egory 32 6 Growth Trends and Projections Fort Gratio~ Township 36 i. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 1 Fort Gratiot Township Regional Location 2 Existing Land Use Map 14 3 Secondary Trade Area 43 4 Cluster Housing Solutions 65 5 The Neighborhood Unit Development Concept 78 6 Neighborhood Planning Areas 80 7 Lake Huron Park Conceptual Plan 83 8 Cross Section Standards 89 9 Master Plan 95 3 �REGIONAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The growth and development of a community is strongly influenced by its position within the larger region within which it is located. This position is a factor that, realistically, cannot be changed, but which must be recognized and accommodated. Local policies and decisions impacting land use, therefore, shou l d take these regional influences into account to be relevant and effective. Many factors influence the growth and development of a given community. Some relate to local decisions and can be controlled by the local community; others result from actions or developments outside the community and are, therefore, subject to somewhat less local control. ( , i . I • r , I The purpose of this opening chapter of the Fort Gratiot Township Master Plan is to identify a framework of those factors that influence growth in St. Clair County and Southeast Michigan as a whole. This framework will help determine the growth potential of the Township based on its position within the County and the region. It will further provide a basis for future planning . decisions and serve as a background for understanding the dynamics of community growth. This chapter will also consider the plans and policies of other governmental agencies that potentially may impact future land development patterns in the Township. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The historical development of the Port Huron urban area, including Fort Gratiot Township, helps establish a basis for understanding growth patterns and trends as they have impacted the Township over time. i" The original settlement of the Port Huron area occurred in the latter portion of the 17th Century. This settlement was related to the location of the area along the St. Clair River at the southern end of Lake Huron. The location had an obvious strategic value for military, as well as commercial, purposes. Direct access to the river and lake was a major asset to the area's first major commercial activities: fur trading and lumbering. The emergence of the railroad as an important form of transportation in the mid-18O0's also served as a catalyst to growth in the area as Port Huron was located on a major rail corridor linking St. Clair County with other developing population centers, including Chicago. -1- �Fort Gratiot Township became a recognized governmental unit in 1866. For most of the Township's history, it has played an ancillary role to Port Huron as the County's dominant city. Development in the Township for many years was limited to the establishment of homes along the Lake Huron shoreline and farming in the interior portions of the community. A limited amount of non-farm residential growth also occurred along the section line roads that served the Township. During the second half of this century, the pace of growth accelerated in the Township. As was the case earlier, much of this development was concentrated along two of the Townshp's most scenic areas: the Lake Huron and Black River shorelines. The lake also attracted tourists to the area, many of whom eventually developed summer cottages in the Township. REGIONAL INFLUENCES Relationship to Port Huron Urban Area I.! Fort Gratiot Township is part of a larger urban area which, for the purposes of this analysis, includes · the City of Port Huron, Port Huron Township, the City of Marysville, Kimball Township, and Clyde Township (see Illustration 1). The population and household growth characteristics of the Township, therefore, need to be considered in relationship to trends that are occurring within this larger g~ographic setting. During the 26-year period of time between 1960 and 1986, the Port Huron urban area increased hy a total of 7,734 persons, for a growth rate of 12.6 percent. Over this same period of time, Fort Gratiot Township experienced a population increase of approximately 2,700 persons, or nearly 50 percent. Only Marysville and Clyde Township added more people during this same period. I \ . : Current population estimates indicate that 12 percent of the urban area's poopulation resides in Fort Gratiot Township. This figure is second only to Port Huron's total of 49 percent and slightly higher than Port Huron Township, Marysville, or Kimball Township's share of the total urban area population base (see Table 1 and Figure 1). Although population increases have traditionally been used as the popular method of assessing community growth trends, this particular measure of growth has become less important in recent years. Decline in population levels do not necessarily imply a loss of growth altogether. The decline in household size is the principal factor accounting for declining population levels. Because of this trend, the rate of new household formation is gaining acceptance over absolute population increases as a more accurate measure of community growth. For marketing purposes, the individual household is considered the basic spending unit that is critical to any assessment of a community's economic growth potential. It is, therefore, important to consider this demographic variable as it relates to Fort Gratiot Township and the Port Huron urban area as a whole. -2- �r.., SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN REGIONAL LOCATION r' f ' L WASHTENAW ! • ' , ' J BURTCHNO VILLE SCAL( I , i I , I I I CLYDE PORT HURON I URBAN AREA I I ,I PORT HURON -3- 1 �TABLE 1 PORT HURON URBAN AREA POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS 1960-1986 Change 1960-1986 Change 8,290 2,702 48.4 33,981 33,770 -2,314 - 6.4 7,635 7,886 7,580 461 6.5 4,065 5,610 7,345 7,590 3,525 86.7 Kimball Twp. 6,266 6,152 7,180 6,870 604 9.6 Clyde Twp. 1,886 2,980 4,632 4,870 2,984 158.2 61,236 65,246 69,520 68,970 7,734 12.6 1960 1970 1980 5,588 7,075 8,496 Port Huron City 36,084 35,794 Port Huron Twp. 7,047 Marysville Fort Gratiot Twp. 1986(1) l .; Percent r-: i '. ! ' J Urban Area Total (1) Estimate Source: u.s. Bureau of the Census FIGURE 1 PORT HURON URBAN AREA POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS CLYDE TWP (3 .1 ,:;) FT GRATIOT (9 .2,:;) L. " MARYSVILLE (6 .7,:;) . HURON TWP (11 .6%) PORT HURON (59 .2,:;) -4- �Between 1970 and 1985, the Port Huron urban area experienced an increase of 13,081 new households, for a growth rate exceeding 35 percent, The greatest number of new households during this period was formed in the City of Port Huron, followed by Marysville and Fort Gratiot Township. More than 900 new households were created in the Township over this 15-year period, representing an increase of slightly less than 50 percent. This exceeds the household growth rate for the urban area as a whole. Only Marysville and Clyde Township experienced more rapid household growth rates during this period. Overall, Fort Gratiot ranks second in the total number of urban area households at 11.8 percent (see Table 2 and Figure 2). TABLE 2 PORT HURON URBAN AREA HOUSEHOLD GROWTH TRENDS 1970-1986 Change 1970-1986 Percent Change 1970(1) 1980( 1) 1985(2) 2,060 2,820 2,991 931 45.2 Port Huron City 11,632 12,782 13,024 1,392 12.0 Port Huron Twp. 2,151 2,591 2,666 515 23.9 Marysville 1,677 2,580 2,899 1,222 72.9 Kimball Twp. 1,671 2,209 2,256 585 35.0 777 1,376 1,451 674 86.7 19,968 24,358 25,287 5,319 26.6 Fort Gratiot Twp. Clyde Twp. Urban Area Total Sources: (1) U.S. Bureau of the Census; (2) Southeast Michigan Council of Governments; -5- �FIGURE 2 HOUSEHOLD GROWTH TRENDS 14 ,-----------------------------7 13 12 I ' 11 . 10 9 V) ....... 0 Ill 8 ..J 'O 0 C :I: 0 7 4J Ill Vl ::, ::> 0 6 0~ :I: .._, . 5 :: 4 2 P. HURON TWP PO.RT HURON ~ 1970 MARYSVILLE ~ 1980 ~ 1985 Based on the preceding analysis of these trends, two conclusions appear to be evident: 1) While the City of Port Huron retains a dominant position relative to overall population and household total, growth to an increasing degree is migrating out into the surrounding suburban communities that comprise this dynamic urban area; and 2) Fort Gratiot Township is fully participating in this growth. One important consideration of this planning process involves determining the role that the Township will continue to play in the future growth of this larger urban area. A necessary step towards addressing this concern involves considering other regional planning influences that may also impact the Township in the future. -6- ., ' - - - - -- �Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Over the past decade, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) has emerged as the primary regional planning organization for the seven-county Southeast Hichigan region. SEMCOG's influence originally stemmed from its role as the Federally mandated regional review agency for this region. This role provided SEMCOG with an opportunity to review and comment on all State and Federal grants offered to local communities. This review was intended to provide an opportunity to input a regional perspective to grant programs, thereby ensuring a coordination among programs and avoiding a duplication of effort. While this program was discontinued at the Federal level, the process has been continued through the authority of the Governor's office. SEMCOG's role in the regional planning process has expanded over the years beyond their original function of monitoring local participation in Federal grant programs. Today, SEMCOG is involved in other important regional planning activities including: transportation planning, demographic and employment forecasting, water quality planning, and economic development, among others. To the extent that they are applicable, these activities should be considered relative to their potential impact on the development of the Master Plan for Fort Gratiot Township. Two aspects of SEMCOG's role that will he considered here involve the 1990 Land Use Policy Plan and the Small Area Forecast process. SEMCOG's 1990 Plan divides Southeast Michigan into numerous different land use categories. That portion of the Plan covering Fort Gratiot Township divides the Township into several designated areas. The northwestern portion of the community is shown as suitable for agricultural production. The area located along the Lake Huron shoreline and much of the southeast corner of the Township is classified as either existing or proposed urbanized areas. Several fragile resource areas are also noted in the Township, one of which is located along the Black River. No major activity centers are identified by the Plan in Fort Gratiot Township. This policy plan has been subsequently modified through the adoption of a regional sewer service area map. SEMCOG's growth management philosophy generally favors the utilization of existing sewer lines and unused treatment capacity, and discourages the extension of utilities into unserved areas. The Small Area Forecast process involves the development of a series of population, household and employment projections for the more than 200 individual communties located in the region. These forecasts are particularly useful for a wide range of planning applications and will be referenced in subsequent sections of the Master Plan. -7- �St. Clair County Planning Commission The St. Clair County Planning Commission plays a central, coordinating planning role on a county-wide basis. The County also provides planning assistance to local units of government. Two county-wide planning activities that will be considered here include the County's Comprehensive Development Plan and the Solid Waste Management Plan. I • \" .: I~ I L . r ·, ' I I ' I St. Clair County Comprehensive Development Plan - This plan, which was prepared in the mid-1970's, is somewhat dated and, as such, may not accurately reflect current development policies or trends. Nevertheless, the plan should be considered for the purpose of determining how the Township related to the rest of the County in terms of anticipated development trends. The plan anticipated low density residential development occurring in the eastern one-third of the Township extending from the Lake Huron shoreline west into the interior portions of the Township. Medium density residential development is noted in the southeast corner of the community near the Port Huron City limits. Commercial development is shown at several major intersections located along 24th Avenue, including the following: Krafft, Keewahdin and Carrigan. Future commercial uses were also noted near the intersection of Keewahdin and Pine Grove and Krafft and State Roads. Several recreation and public/semi-public locations are identified in the plan. That portion of the Township lying along the Black River is designated for recreation uses. The Township Hall and cemetery site are shown as public land areas. 1 ·· l' I, .... An extensive area in the northern portion of the Township is designated for transportation/communication/utility purposes. This area encompasses the Detroit Water Board property Some future industrial development was also anticipated for this area. Another interesting feature of this plan was the planned extension of a State arterial highway north through the Township. Such an extension would obviously have important land use impact for the land located in the path of this corridor and for the Township as a whole. Solid Waste Management Plan - The intent of this plan is to consider how to meet the County's future solid waste disposal needs. The plan also identifies existing and planned disposal sites which potentially could have a significant impact on future land use planning activities in the area. -8- �Several existing and closed landfill sites are identified by the Plan in Fort Gratiot Township. These include one active Type II landfill, one active Type III landfill, one inactive combination Type II and III site, and an old Township dump site. All of these sites are located in the east-central portion of the Township. ,--, I • I Only one of these locations is carried forward and contained in the final solid waste plan. This Type II disposal site is known as the Eastern Michigan Development Company landfill and has a maximum site size of 107 acres. This plan is currently in the process of being updated by the County. This update process should be monitored to determine any potential impact that the plan may have on land use planning activities in the Township. Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study Committee The Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study Committee (PHUATS) was established in 1982 to assist in the coordination of transportation planning and improvement efforts within the 11-community urban area. r- i r .. l I ' .. ! "The urban transportation planning process includes the development of a planning work program, transportation plan, and improvement program, as well as providing a forum for cooperative decisionmaking. The basic purpose of this transportation planning process is to develop, monitor and refine long and short-range transportation and improvement plans with due consideration to their probable social, economic and environmental impacts, as well as the safety and mobility needs of the urbanized area population." PHUATS' major areas of concern are described more fully below. PHUATS is responsible for the development, maintenance and updating of a long-range transportation plan for the urban area. The current transportation plan, which anticipated transportation needs and improvements to 1995, was adopted in 1976 and is currently being updated to the year 2005. The PHUATS plan provides the basis for the programming of transportation improvements. Each year a three-year Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is develoed, which includes highway construction projects for all urban area communities. More than $250,000 is available on an annual basis for road improvements within the urban area. PHUATS is also responsible for reviewing all other Federally-funded transportation projects in the study area to determine conformance with the adopted Plan. PHUATS also provides assistance to local units of government on various transportation-related improvements. These include obtaining project funding, expediting projects through the implementation process, and providing transportation data and analysis, among others. -9- �Fort Gratiot Township is included within the PHUATS urban area and has a representative on the committee. The current adopted PHUATS transportation plan and the eventual updated plan will have an impact on land use planning activities within the Township and, therefore, needs to be considered as part of this planning process. Other Regional Influences Fort Gratiot Township has an extensive shoreline along Lake Huron. The Township's authority to regulate the use of land does not extend beyond the edge of this shoreline, however. Construction activities within the water are shared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The latter agency also has the authority to regulate development activity in designated wetland areas. LOCAL PLANNING INFLUENCES In addition to the other regional planning influences identified earlier, Fort Gratiot Township is also influenced, to a limited extent, by planning and development activities occurring in neighboring communities. While it may not always be in the best interest to mirror the examples established by surrounding communities, cooperative planning activities should be encouraged whenever practical and feasible • . r, l . I ,.__ I • Four communities share a common boundary with Fort Gratiot Township. These include Burtchville Township to the north, Clyde Township to the west, and Port Huron City and Township to the south. Both Burtchville and Clyde Townships are largely agricultural and rural residential communities. The impact of planning, zoning and development activities in these two communities appears to be limited to well-defined areas. In Burtchville Township, this area is located along Lake Shore Drive and the shoreline of Lake Huron where much of the Township's development appears to be concentrated. The Clyde Township Master Plan anticipates the most intense development pattern along the Fort Gratiot Township boundary occurring in the area proximate to the Black River. The remainder of this common boundary is designated for agricultural purposes by the plan. The influence of development activities in Port Huron Township to the south is limited by the Black River which forms the common boundary between these two neighboring communities. The Port Huron Township Master Plan indicates that the area along the river's banks is best suited for public or semi-public uses. Much of the rest of the land in this general area is designated for residential development of varying densities. -10- �_, ! . Perhaps the strongest influence from surrounding communities will come from the City of Port Huron to the south. These two communities share an uneven boundary along Gratiot Avenue, Krafft Road, the Black River Canal, and portions of Pine Grove Avenue. Much of this common boundary has been zoned for residential purposes. The major exceptions to this pattern occur near the intersections of Pine Grove and Krafft and Pine Grove and Holland. Both of these areas are zoned for commercial purposes. l '. I·~ I I • ., f ! , 1..; -11- �PHYSICAL FEATURES INTRODUCTION The manner in which the land in a community is being used is one of the basic determinants of the general character of the community and its development potential. Land use patterns on the periphery of a community also influence planning acti v ities because of their potential impact on the community. The use or misuse of a community's unique physical features can also have significant and long-term consequences for the development of an area. It is, therefore, important to consider these physical characteristics as part of any comprehensive planning process and the extent to which these features offer either opportunities or constraints for future land development activities. i \ . I . ! . ' ' J The following narrative provides a detailed explanation of Ft. Gratiot Township's physical land use features. The main component of this study is an examination of existing land use characteristics on a category-by-category basis, and the extent to which these features have changed over time. This study will also examine other aspects of the physical environment that may influence future development patterns. These include an identification of State-designated wetlands, significant woodland areas, soil types, prime agricultural lands and parcels enrolled in the State farmland and open space preservation program. EXISTING LAND USE ' l , Existing land use data for Fort Gratiot Township was derived from 1985 aerial photography available through the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. The accuracy of this data was verified through on-site field inspection on a Township-wide basis. Information from both sources was subsequently transferred to a Township base map using the different land use categories reflected in Table 3. These categories were selected to portray the existing land use pattern at a significant level of detail and to facilitate comparison with previous land use surveys conducted for the Township. Fort Gratiot Township has a total land area of 10,240 acres (16.0 square miles). Approximately one-third of this total land area is currently developed. The results of this survey for each individual categort are summarized in Table 3, described in the following narrative, and portrayed graphically in Illustration 2. -12- �TABLE 3 FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP EXISTING LAND USE - 1988 Land Use Category r • I', ' . Residential Single Family Multiple Family Mobile Home Area (Acres) 1,620.6 1,561.0 49.8 9.8 Office : ·-· .. , 'j ,... ~: l Commercial Convenience General Comparison '- ~. 15.8 15.2 0.5 0.1 0.5 99.9 16.9 53.7 29.3 Percent of Total Area 49.0 47.2 1.5 0.3 17.7 0.2 3.0 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.6 0.9 Industrial 102.7 3.1 1.0 Public 140.7 4.3 1.7 28.4 0.9 0.3 Open Space 338.6 10.2 3.3 Utilities 445.3 13.4 4.3 Roads 447.5 13.5 4.4 Water 63.4 1.9 0.6 Semi-public I Percent of Developed Area ' ~ ' . Vacant 67.7 6,935.3 . ·- Total Area Source: 10,240.0 99.9 99.9 1985 SEMCOG aerial photography and 1988 field checks. -13- �1llllf J 0 SINGLE FAMILY MULTIPLE FAMILY W MOBILE G) OFFICE @D CONVENIENCE COMMERCIAL - COMPARISON COMMERCIAL - GENERAL 8 INDUSTRIAL - UTILITIES HOME PARK COMMERCIAL ~ PUBLIC ® SEMI - PUBLIC @ RECREATION / OPEN 1988 EXISTING en , -2 ., _,... __JLr-,==',\=..f''\" . P•,1 H•r1111 SPACE LAND FORT GRATIOT ST. CLAIR COUNTY , MICHIGAN USE TOWNSHIP FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION F"ttl Seol• ,ooo 2000 Co111111uNiTy 8o'M - • lOOO 4000 PlANNiNG °' J.ROG ERs.u11u & MANAGEMENT , P. C. uTicA., Micki~AN -14- 2 _ii �i Residential Residential land uses, including single-family homes, multiplefamily dwellings, and mobile home parks, collectively occupy slightly more than 1,600 acres of land. This represents approximately one-half of the Township's developed land area and 15.8 percent of its total land area. Single-family homes comprise the single largest residential sub-category, accounting for 96 percent of all residential development in Fort Gratiot Township. \. - IC \ ! i \,. While residential development can be found in nearly all portions of the Township, this land use feature is clearly concentrated in the southern and eastern portions of the community, particularly along the Lake Huron shoreline and along both sides of North River Road. Single-family residential development is found in platted subdivisions and along the forntages of the major arterial road system. Most of the former is located south of Krafft Road and east of 24th Avenue. Frontage residential development is located throughout the Township. Multiple-family units occupy nearly 50 acres of land, or 1.5 percent of the Township's developed land area. These units are located in several small complexes which are largely concentrated in an area between Keewahdin Road and Krafft Road, immediately west of Lake Huron. The community's newest multiple-family complex is located near the intersection of 24th Avenue and Keewahdin Roads. Another larger complex is located between North River Road and the Black River. f • I • Mobile home parks represent a relatively small portion of the Township's developed or total land area (less than one percent of either). One mobile home park is located on the south side of Keewahdin Road, west of Fairway Drive. The second is located approximately one mile due south, with access from Krafft Road. This particular development appears to be a platted subdivision with mobile homes located on individual lots of record. Commercial Fort Gratiot Township has a commercial base of nearly 100 acres, which accounts for three (3) percent of the Township's developed land area and one (1) percent of the total land area. Slightly more than one-half of this land area, or some 53.7 acres, is classified as general commercial development. Convenience and comparison commercial uses occupy 16.9 and 29.3 acres of land respectively. With some minor exceptions, the Township's commercial development is concentrated along the 24th Avenue corridor leading north from the City of Port Huron. This corridor extends from the Township's southern boundary near the Black River Canal to Carrigan Road on the north. The most intensely developed portion of this corridor occurs from Krafft Road south. Outside of this corridor some commercial development can be found at isolated areas elsewhere in the community. In many instances, these commercial uses intrude into established residential neighborhoods. -15- �I Office ., r • Office development accounts for a very small percentage of either the Township's developed or total land area. Approximately 18 acres of land are being used for this purpose in Fort Gratiot Township. Most of this office development is concentrated along the previously identified commercial corridor. A consolidated, planned office park is currently under development along 24th Avenue, south of Keewahdin Road. Industrial .. ' ...., l l. 1.: Industrial uses occupy slightly more than 100 acres of land, which account for three (3) percent of the Township's developed land area, or one (1) percent of the total land area. Nearly all of this acreage is concentrated in seciton 16 in the east central portion of the Township. An active landfill accounts for most of this acreage. Some more traditional industrial establishments can be found along 24th Avenue .east of the landfill and at several other locations throughout the Township. Excluding the landfill, which was classified as industrial because of the intensity of the land being used, Fort Gratiot Township lacks an identifiable industrial base. Public and Semi-Public Collectively, public and semi-public uses comprise approximately five (5) percent of the Township's developed land area, with the . former occcupying the greater amount of land area. These public uses consist of four school sites and the Township cemetery, all of which occupy larger parcels of land. Semi-public uses consist primarily of churches. Open Space ,·, I . l .. Land being used for open space and recreation purposes accounts for 338.6 acres of land, or ten (10) percent of the Township's developed land area. This category is dominated by several golf courses, two Township parks, and one horse-riding facility. Most of these uses are concentrated in the southern one-third of the community. Utilities Land being used for utility purposes occupies 445 acre of land in Fort Gratiot Township. The single largest of these uses consists of the Detroit Metropolitan Water and Sewage facility, which alone covers 436 acre of land in Section 5 along the Township's northern boundary. The Township's remaining utility land uses consist of several smaller facilities which include a water tower, electrical sub-station, and a sewage treatment lagoon. These uses are located primarily in the central portions of the Township. -16- �, Roads A direct relationship exists between the amount of land used for road purposes and a communityrs degree of urbanization. For example, more populated or densely settled communities typically have a greater proportion of their total land area reserved for road right-of-way purposes than sparsely populated communities. Within Fort Gratiot Township, roads account for 13.4 percent of the community's developed land area (447.3 acres). These roads include the major or section line road system and local subdivision streets. Vacant Vacant, undeveloped land represents the single largest individual land use category. Nearly 7,000 acres of land remains undeveloped within the Township. This represents approximately two-thirds of the Township's total land area. Aside from both the Township's shoreline areas which are nearly solidly developed, vacant, undeveloped land is evident throughout the community. LAND DEVELOPMENT CONCERNS I-, I- '. I t . i . , - \ A principal function of the existing land use survey is to offer some insight regarding the extent to which land development patterns and practices influence, either positively or negatively, future pevelopment potential. An identification of these problems will help provide a basis for the Township to consider solutions to these issues at subsequent phases of the planning process. Specific problem areas are described below. Road Frontage Development One of the major land use concerns noted in the 1965 Plan was the tendency for residential development to occur along the frontages of the Township's major or section line road system. This practice remains a problem today and creates numerous planning problems. One such problem is the multiple points of vehicular access that this land use pattern creates. The proliferation of individual driveways along highly travelled roads creates a potential for traffic-related problems, especially as vehicles enter and leave individual sites. Related to this issue is the development of single-family homes on long, narrow lots. One consequence of land subdivision practices in Michigan has been the creation of long, narrow lots which may meet the frontage requirements of the Zoning Ordinance, ( --17- �i r~ I,, l . ! ' I. - but which have excessive depths that result in substantial quantities of vacant, unusable land. Typical development activities on these lots normally occupy the front 200 feet in depth, with the remaining depth left undeveloped. Acceptable land subdivision practices normally allow for a maximum depth-to-width ratio of l-to-4. In many instances throughout the community, there exist situations where existing singlefamily lots exceed this standard by excessive margins. Another consequence of this development practice is that they frequently result in the isolation of a significant amount of interior acreage. The assembly and eventual development of this remaining acreage is often difficult to accomplish. This problem is evident in southern or more developed portions of the Township, particularly south of Krafft Road. Commercial Strips f '. A universal problem faced by many urban communities is the placement of commercial activities in a linear and unplanned fashion along major highway corridors. One such corridor is emerging in Fort Gratiot Township along 24th Avenue. The most extensive developed portion of this corridor is located in the extreme southeast corner of the Township where Pine Grove Avenue leaves Port Huron and enters Fort Gratiot. This area shares most of the features that typically characterize this form of development, including multiple driveways, excessive signage, and a lack of landscaping, among others. As the Township continues to grow, careful attention should be directed towards controlling the form of future commercial development to effectively avoid the extension of this linear commercial district and its attendant problems. Mixed Land Use Another land use concern observed during the field survey of the Township is the use of land for commercial or industrial uses in what are otherwise residential areas. In numerous instances along the section line road system, single-family uses share land with a commercial or industrial use. This pattern, while not widespread, does offer a potential for creating land use conflicts with adjoining, less intense residential neighbors. A related compatibility problem involves the use of residential parcels for a variety of outdoor storage purposes. This type of storage frequently detracts from the overall character and quality of a residential neighborhood. As part of subsequent planning activities, increased attention needs to be directed to the transition of different land uses, with particular emphasis on the treatment of the edges or boundaries of different uses. Correspondingly, another area of concern involves providing for more effective buffers between potentially incompatible land use activities. -18- �I WETLANDS Wetlands serve a number of important environmental functions that need to be considered during a community-wide planning process. Among other functions, wetlands affect water quality by trapping and storing the nutrients from upland runoff in plant tissue and serving as a settling basin for slit generated from upland erosion. This natural filtering function, however, can be seriously damaged by poor land use practices. Since every wetland has a unique tolerance for filtering runoff from the uplands surrounding it, development in these adjacent areas can create more nutrient and sediment inflow than the wetland is able to absorb. Moreover, development in and around the fringe of the wetland itself can destroy its ecological health and, thus, its filtering ability. Sediments and nutrients from upland development can overload and damage the natural system, turning the wetland into a settling basin of polluted and unpleasant smelling water. ! , f l ' . r , i j I ' l l While wetlands operate as natural nutrient filters, they can easily be overloaded and, thus, destroyed. Through increased storm water runoff and nutrients from fertilizers and urban development, this entire process is accelerated as much as one hundred times as fast as the natural process. Consequently, a wetland that may have served as an important nutrient filtering area for 1,000 years may only function that way for ten years once it has been overloaded. Even more serious is the removal of wetlands. The removal of these natural features by dredging or filling will have an immediate impact on the water quality of streams and lakes below them in the watershed system. Preserved wetlands improve water quality, moderate floods, and stabilize water supplies, thereby providing for overall environmental health and stability. Development in and around wetlands are regulated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources pursuant to the provisions of the Goemaere-Anderson Wetlands Protection Act. This legislation generally regulates the development of wetlands over five (5) acres in size, or which are contiguous to the Great Lakes or to a river, stream, pond or inland lake. Permits are required by this legislation for the following activities: 1) Depositing or placing fill material in a wetland; 2) dredging or removing soil from a wetland; 3) constructing, operating, or maintaining any use or development in a wetland; and 4) draining surface water from a wetland. State law does provide procedures whereby these activities may be permitted in a wetland, depending on whether or not certain criteria are met. -19- �Some designated wetlands appear to be located in Fort Gratiot Township. The identification of these wetlands is based on aerial photography interpretation. Actual on-site inspection of these areas by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources is necessary to precisely determine the characteristics and extent of these wetlands. WOODLANDS l_., Large wooded areas also serve significant environmental functions that need to be recognized and acknowledged. A wooded area can be of great value to a watershed area. The canopy of trees aid in breaking the force of precipitation, thereby decreasing erosion. Erosion is further inhibited by the fibrous root system of the understory plants, as well as the layer of leaf or needle litter. Woodlands can also reduce the volume of stormwater runoff. Clearcut lands can produce excessive runoff unless trees are replaced by other vegetation with comparable water retaining capacity. With no soil and vegetation to moderate runoff from precipitation, flooding may result, in addition to a loss of precipitation ordinarily retained and recharged into groundwater reserves by the woodland. Woodlands improve air quality and afford protection from wind and erosion. Leaves and branches moderate the strength of winds and, when moisted with dew or rainwater, reduce suspended particles in the air, which are later washed off with rainwater. Plants also serve to moderate the effect of chemical pollutants in the air by absorbing some ozone, carbon dioxide, and sulfar dioxide. r' \. J [ . ' I • I l ' ·• A dense stand of trees can significantly cut noise from adjacent factories or highways by six to eight decibels per 100 feet of forest. Moreover, the moderating effects of forests on temperature and wind can significantly cut the sound-carrying capacity of the atmosphere. The resilience of woodlands creates a microclimate around the tree stand itself. Woodland qualities which moderate and buffer temperature, precipiation, runoff, wind and noise are features of this microclimate effect. The benefits of this microclimate effect to surrounding urban and suburban areas can be significant. An urban area devoid of vegetation is the exact opposite of the forest microclimate. It increases the range of temperature fluctuations much like the climatic extremes of a desert. -20- �The sun's energy striking streets and buildings is changed into heat, further increasing the temperature on a hot day; at night, the buildings lose heat and offer no protective cover from night chill or winter winds. Thus, if woodlands are interspersed among built-up areas, the effects of their microclimates can be felt in adjacent urban areas, moderating fluctuations in temperatures by keeping the surrounding air cooler in the summer and daytime and warmer in the winter and evening. The significance of woodlands is given added weight by the less quantifiable benefits that they provide to the public. Not only are woodlands important buffers, they also add aesthetic values and provide attractive sites for recreational activities such as hiking, camping, and other passive recreational pursuits. r • ! I . Continued stability of good real estate values is a secondary benefit offered by woodlands. Since people choose to live in and around woodlands, providing for woodland protection in the planning of development projects will maintain favorable real estate values. Fort Gratiot Township is fortunate inasmuch as extensive portions _of the community are occupied by large, woodland areas. These are located throughout the community. The most extensive wooded areas are located in the southern and eastern portions of the Township. While the variety and quality of existing trees · obviously vary from location to location, the extensiveness of this woodland coverage offers ample opportunities to incorporate existing vegetation into future development activities. ,__ SOILS Soil characteristics are an important determinant of land use potential. Not only do soils influence the suitability of land for agricultural purposes, they also help determine whether or not a parcel is suitable for more intense forms of urban development including housing, roads, and utilities. The suitability of different soil classifications for the installation of on-site sewage dispoal systems is particularly important for areas that are not served by municipal disposal systems. Fort Gratiot is composed of five main generalized soil associations which are described below. Lando-Avoca Association The most prominent soils in this association are somewhat poorly drained and have high water tables which require drainage prior to development. These soils occur in areas that are largely cleared and cultivated. They are further characterized by low natural fertility and may be droughty in mid-summer. These soils are mainly concentrated in the northwest portion of the Township. -21- �I Wainola-Deford Association The soils that constitute the major portions of this association are somewhat poorly drained. Some minor soil categories in this larger group, however, have better drainage characteristics. Some areas within this association have been cleared and cultivated, while others are either urbanized or are idle. The major soils in this group have low fertility and low available water capacity. Further, they have a high seasonal water table and require drainage. These soils are confined to the southwestern portion of the Township, south of Keewahdin and west of Pine Grove Roads. Eastport-Wainola-Tobico Association , ' . This association occurs on glacial-like beaches along the shoreline of Lake Huron in a landscape characterized by a pattern of ridges and troughs. The prominent soils in this association range from well-drained to poorly-drained soils. Also included in this association are Alluvial land and the sandy lake beaches of Lake Huron. These areas are generally poorly drained and occur on the floodplains. Most of the area occupied by these soils were either cleared or cut over. In many cases, the soils have been developed for summer cottages or more fully urbanized. These soils occur in Fort Gratiot Township along the Lake Huron shoreline, extending west to a depth of approximately one mile. Bach Association r , Soils in this association occur in glacial drainageways and on lake plains. The landscape is nearly level, but has broad, slightly depressed areas. For the most part, these soils have poor drainage chracteristics. They are also characterized by a high water table and are subject to periodic flooding. A relatively small portion of the Township is covered by soils in this associ~tion. This area is located parallel to the Lake Huron shoreline, adjacent to the previously described association. Alluvial Land-Rough Broken Land Association This association occurs on the floodplains and steep bluffs of the major rivers and streams throughout St. Clair County. More particularly in Fort Gratiot Township, these soils occur along the Black River, the Township's southern boundary. The general landscape is broad to narrow, generally deeply incised valleys. The Alluvial land component of this association is the active floodplains of the rivers and streams that is either level to gently sloping. Rough broken land is strongly sloping to very steep and consists of bluffs or excarpments that border the outer edges of the floodplains and the higher uplands. Most areas of this association are pastured, forested, or idle and covered with brush. Alluvial land has a seasonal high water table and is subject to the following. Rough broken land is subject to severe erosion and is too steep and rough for most uses. -22- �I PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND Soil data is the principal source of information used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to determine those areas of the Country that have the greatest potential for long-term agricultural production. St. Clair County includes a considerable amount of land that has been designated by the SCS to be either prime or unique farmland. Much of this land is confined to the western portions of t he County. A relatively small proportion of the County's prime agricultural land is located in Fort Gratiot Township. These areas are confined primarily to the northwest and central portions of the Township. The long-term use of this land for agricultural purposes will be influenced by factors other than just soil characteristics. These factors include land speculation activity, increasing land values, taxation and assessment practices, and general economic trends. The desirability of preserving land for long-term agricultural purposes and to accommodate the demand for a range of urbanized uses are situations that will be addressed during the planning process. ; ·. .. -23- �I POPULATION ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The population of a community, its composition and characteristics, is a basic ingredient in planning for the future. Historical and current population trends can be used in various ways. They illustrate problem areas of development and provide an indication of probable future needs. Proper planning of future land use, roads, and community facilities must take the existing distribution of population and future projections into consideration. The population study is linked to the general health, safety, and welfare of the area residents through the following four objectives: 1. To guide the distribution of populations and prevent overconcentration. 2. To ensure orderly development by closing in unplanned gaps left between residential areas. 3. To provide the necessary air, light and open space. 4. To dimension the need for community facilities, utilities, and other development features required to serve the growing community. This analysis will consider the characteristics of the Township's population, how the population has changed over time, and the extent to which these characteristics may influence future planning related decisions. Included in this analysis is a discussion of population growth trends, age and household characteristics, and anticipated future population levels. POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS I . Fort Gratiot Township has experienced significant population growth over the course of the past 50 years. In 1930, for example, the Township had a population of approximately 1,000 persons. By 1980, this population grew to a level approaching 8,500 persons, for an increase of 743.7 percent. During this 50-year period, the Township has experienced consistently strong population growth, averaging nearly 1,500 new people each decade. The Township's greatest period of population growth occurred between 1950 and 1960, when the Township's population increased by 2,091 persons. -24- �Fort Gratiot is one of the leading growth communities in the Port Huron metropolitan area and for the County as a whole. Between 1930 and 1980, the Township outpaced the City of Port Huron, Port Huron Township, and Kimball Township relative to total population gain and percent of population increase. The Township's growth rate for this period of time was also higher than that reported for St. Clair County as a whole (see Table 4 and Figure 3). Fort Gratiot Township's share of St. Clair County's population has risen consistently since 1930 when 1.5 percent of the County's population resided in the Township. By 1980, this share had risen to 6.1 percent, placing it second to the City of Port Huron among other nearby communities (see Table 5). . .' I ) • . While a complete census of population is not scheduled to occur again until 1990, it is possible to gain some insight into population changes that have occurred for the Township and surrounding communities since the 1980 census was conducted. Population forecasts for 1985 were prepared for all Southeast Michigan communities by SEMCOG. Population estimates are also prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. These forecast and estimate results are summarized in Table 6. The SEMCOG forecast totals suggest that Fort Gratiot Township increased by approximately 500 people between 1980 and 1985. This increase is second only to Port Huron, which showed an increase of 2,734 persons. This anticipated gain for the City is interesting to note in light of the population declines experienced by the City since 1960. The Census estimates suggest a five (5) percent growth rate for the County, with modest increase shown for Fort Gratiot Township and the City of Port Huron. Slight declines are noted for both Kimball and Port Huron Townships. Neither estimate included in Table 6 can be considered conclusive. The SEMCOG figure suggests that population growth is continuing to occur in the Township abeit at a lesser rate than occurred during the previous decade. The census estimate, on the other hand, suggests a stable population base. The 1990 Census will provide a more conclusive answer to the question of population growth trends over the past decade. Port Huron has traditionally been, and to a large extent remains, the dominant community in St. Clair County. As is the case with other urban centers, however, there has been a trend away from the central City into the adjoining suburban communities. The population growth trends evident in the preceding tables indicate that the communities surrounding the City of Port Huron are fully participating in the overall growth of the larger urban area, while the City's population remains static. Fort Gratiot Township has emerged as, perhaps, the leading growth community in this urban area. -25- �TABLE 4 COMPARATIVE POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS . ·' ' Ft. Gratiot Twp. City of Port Huron Port Huron Twp. Kimball Twp. St. Clair County 1930 Population 1,007 31,361 2,709 1,723 67,563 1940 Population '30-'40 Change Percent Change 1,620 613 60.4 32,759 1,398 4.0 3,440 731 27.0 3,107 1,384 80.0 76,222 8,659 12.8 1950 Population '40-'50 Change Percent Change 3,497 1,877 116.0 35,72B 2,~66 9.1 5,875 2,435 70.0 4,950 1,843 59.0 91,599 15,377 20.0 5,588 2,091 60.0 36,084 359 ''-· 1960 Population '50-'60 Change Percent Change LO 7,047 1,172 20.0 6,266 1,316 26.0 107,201 15,602 17.0 . 1970 Population '60-'70 Change Percent Change 7,075 1,487 26.6 35,794 290 0.8 - 7,635 588 8.3 - 6,152 114 1.8 120,175 12,974 12.1 1980 Population '70-'80 Change Percent Change 8,496 1,421 20.1 33,981 -1,813 - 5.1 7,886 251 3.3 7,180 1,028 16.7 138,802 18,627 15.5 1930-1980 Change Percent Change 7,489 743.7 2,620 8.4 5,177 191.1 5,457 316.7 71,239 105.4 ... ~.2 ; -, i L. .! l. w iI j- ... ' '' , . '-- - i ' Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census -26- �The Township's extensive Lake Huron shoreline and the location of the Township along one of the urban area's major transportation corridors help account for this growth. The extent to which the Township will remain a leading growth corridor will be considered as part of the discussion on population projections. FIGURE 3 COMPARATIVE GROWTH TRENDS I ! .,, 40 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , ,1 l . 35 I L • 30 I . l· z,....., 25 Q~ I- C j ~ ::, ::J 20 - CL O 0 J; CL t:, 15 10 5 PORT HURON m 1930 ~ 1940 ~ 1950 P.HURON TWP ~ -27- 19so ISS:l 1970 KIMBALL TWP rz211980 �~ .! TABLE 5 ; SHARE OF COUNTY POPULATION ., t ! t t ' .:' "9 f; i-i r, I \ ' ., Year Fort Gratiot Twp. City of Port Huron Port Huron Twp. Kimball Twp. 1930 1.5 46.4 4.0 2.6 1940 2.1 43.0 4.5 4.1 1950 3.8 39.0 6.4 5.4 1960 5.2 33.7 6.6 5.9 1970 5.9 29.8 6.4 5.1 1980 6.1 24.5 5.7 5.2 I I I • .:.: .. ;! TABLE 6 . ., .. CURRENT POPULATION ESTIMATES Ft. Gratiot Twp. City of Port Huron Port Huron Twp. Kimball Twp. St. Clair Countr 1980 Population 8,496 33,981 7,886 7,180 138,802 1985 Population(l) '80-'85 Change Percent Change 9,015 519 6.1 36,715 2,734 8.1 7,935 49 0.6 7,105 75 1.0 - 145,932 7,130 5.1 1988 Population(2) '80-'86 Change Percent Change 8,520 34,590 609 1.8 7,800 86 1.1 7,040 - 140 - 1.9 145,800 6,998 5.4 ,., I ,! . ..., l 24 0.2 - (l) Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Small Area Forecasts, 6/84. (2) u.s. Bureau of the Census Estimate -28- �I • 1 AGE CHARACTERISTICS An important demographic factor influencing planning is the age composition of a community and the extent to which this composition has changed over time. This is particularly useful for anticipating future Township service demands and land use requirements. I • \ I I,. The 1980 Census revealed some significant changes that occurred in the age of the nation's population. These changes have similarly had an impact on the population of both St. Clair County and Fort Gratiot Township. Among the most significan t changes revealed by the Census was the continued aging of the nation's population. This trend is reflected in median age figures in Table 7. Median age for the nation as a whole rose to a level of 30 years in 1980. Consistent with the larger trend, median age levels for Fort Gratiot Township, St. Clair County and the State of Michigan also rose during this period. For the Township, median age rose from 25.8 in 1970 to 29.2 years in 1980. This figure is similar to the county-wide number, both of which are higher than similar figures for Michigan, but less than the United States as a whole. Projected median age statistics available from the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments suggest that the Township's median age rose slightly to 29.6 years by 1985. TABLE 7 r' ! I MEDIAN AGE TRENDS ,_i ' 1970 (1) 1980 ( 1) 1985 (2) Fort Gratiot Township 25.8 29.2 29.6 St. Clair County 26.8 29.0 30.6 Michigan 26.3 28.8 United States 28.3 30.0 ·-1- · I l.,_ r, i !' ' : i ~ ~ (1) u.s. Bureau of the Census; ( 2 ) Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. , · ' -29- �I Between 1970 and 1980, Fort Gratiot Township experienced a population increase of 1,421 persons. By reviewing the various age categories that comprise the Township's total population, it is possible to determine how individual age groups changed during this ten-year period and which groups made the largest contribution to the Township's overall population increase. Ten of the twelve age categories shown in Table 8 and Figure 4 reported an increase between 1970 and 1980. The single largest population gain occurred in the 25-34 age category, which expanded by 456 persons between 1970 and 1980. Large increases are also noted for the 35-44 age group (+259) and the 15-19 group (+303). Only two groups lost population between 1970 and 1980. Children under the age of ten declined by 269 persons during this period. ' ,, . 'l L .! ' i_ While nearly every age group contributed to the Township's overall population increase during the 1970's, the overall increase was clearly the result of individuals between the ages of 25 and 54. This age group increased by 879 persons between 1970 and 1980, for an increase of 62 percent. TABLE 8 AGE COHPOSITION AND POPULATION CHANGE 1980 1970 [" . '~ r ~ Number Under 5 years 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60-64 65-74 75+ 663 901 829 638 433 956 874 801 310 233 318 119 9.4 12.7 11.7 9.0 6.1 13.5 12.4 11.3 4.4 3.3 4.5 1.7 589 706 851 941 597 1,412 1,133 943 383 316 401 224 6.9 8.3 10.0 11.1 7.0 16.6 13.3 11.1 4.5 3.7 4.7 2.6 - 74 -195 22 303 164 456 259 142 73 83 83 105 7,075 100.0 8,496 99.8 1,421 Total Source: % U.S. Census Bureau -30- Number % Age Groue Change �' . 1 ·· ' I ~ FIGURE 4 AGE COMPOSITION AND POPULATION CHANGE 1.5 r-----------------------------, 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 \ \.. . 0 .9 0 .8 ( . 0 .7 L 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 0 .1 Under 5 10-14 5-9 20-24 1 5-19 ~ 1970 I I L. 35-44 25-34 55-59 45-54 60-64 65-74 Over 75 ~ 1980 It is possible to obtain another perspective on the changes that are occurring to the age structure of the Township's population by combining individual age groups into larger categories that more closely resemble identifiable stages of a normal life cycle: pre-school, school, adolescent/family formation, middle-age and senior citizens. Table 9 and Figure 5 display the share of Fort Gratiot's and St. Clair County's population that is included in each category. This table and figure further show how the share of each of these categories have changed since 1970. The pre-school category is a good short-range indicator of future school enrollment trends and the impact that these trends may have on the use of existing or planned school facilities. Between 1970 and 1980, Fort Gratiot Township experienced a decline in this age group's share of the Township's total population from 9.4 percent to 6.9 percent. Projected age data to 1985 suggests a slight increase for this category to 7.2 percent. The data for St. Clair County shows a continued decline for this age group between 1970 and 1980. -31- �TABLE 9 AGE DISTRIBUTION BY LIFE CYCLE CATEGORY 1970 Age Category : -; l i .. lI - . I Pre-School (0-4) Fort Gratiot Twp. 1980 St. Clair County Fort Gratiot Twp. 1985 St. Clair County Fort Gratiot Twp. St. Clair County 7.5 9.4 9.3 6.9 7.7 7.2 School (5-19) 33.5 31.8 29.4 27.9 27.6 26.0 Family Formation (20-44) 32.0 28.6 37.0 34.8 37.5 36.6 Middle Age (45-64) 19.0 20.4 19.3 19.0 19.9 19.8 6.2 9.9 10.7 7.8 o.o Senior Citizens (65+) 7.4 ' \ FIGURE 5 AGE DISTRIBUTION BY LIFE-CYCLE CATEGORY 40 ! - 35 z 30 0 g :::, a. 0 a. 25 I.. 0 , - 20 I- zw u ex: w a. 15 10 5 0 Middle Age School ~ 1970 ~ 1980 ~ 1985 -32-- - - - - - �The school-age category also provides some evidence of the demand for school and recreation facilities. This category's share of the Township's total population is declining. In 1970, for example, approximately one-third of all Township residents were between the ages of 5 and 19. By 1980, this group declined to a 29.4 share. Projections for 1985 indicate a continued decline to 27.6 percent. A similar trend is evident for St. Clair County as a whole. .-·, ,,..... l. I L.. ' . \' . f ' ' The family formation and middle-age categories comprise more than one-half of the Township's total population and are increasing their share of the Township's overall population. Collectively, these two categories represent the foundation of the community. These categories represent the community's largest share of property owners and taxpayers. They are also consumers of goods and services, thereby serving as a catalyst for economic growth. Between 1970 and 1985, these categories' share of the Township's population increased from 51 percent to 57.4 percent. Similar increases are also noted for St. Clair County. Nationwide, senior citizens are becoming a more important segment of the overall population base. As the number of seniors continues to grow, greater demands will be generated for passive recreation opportunities, convenient transportation, as well as specialized housing and health care services. The national trend noted above is similarly reflected in Fort Gratiot Township's population, although to a somewhat lesser extent. In 1970, senior citizens comprised 6.2 percent of the Township's population. By 1985, this figure rose to 7.R percent. A greater share of the County's population is 65 years old or older, than is the case for the Township. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS Household characteristics in general, and the rate of new household formations in particular, have become increasingly important as indicators of demographic change and economic growth. The growth of new households, in fact, may be a better determinant of economic growth within a community than absolute increases in the population itself. Among the more significant trends revealed by the 1980 census was the rate of new household formations. Michigan offers a good example of this trend. In spite of a low population growth rate of 4.3 percent between 1970 and 1980, Michigan experienced the formation of 500,000 new households during this period, for an increase of 20 percent. Accompanying this change in household formations was an equally noticeable decline in ~he size of the average household. At the national level, household size declined to a record low of 2.75 persons per household. -33- �I ' ,_ l _, 'I i. r • l Three factors are largely held responsible for these trends: 1) increased numbers of people living alone, either before marriage or after divorce; 2) smaller families, with women having fewer children; and 3) more elderly women outliving their husbands.Cl) The aging of the "baby boom" generation has also had an impact on the rate of new household formations. Many members of the baby boom generation reached the age when they began forming their own households during the 1970s, contributing significantly to the number of new households. Both Fort Gratiot Township and St. Clair County shared in the rapid rate of household formation that characterized the ten-year period between 1970 and 1980. During this period, approximately 760 new housholds were formed in the Township, for an increase of 36.9 percent. This is slightly higher than the rate of household formation of 29.9 percent which occurred on a County-wide basis. Approximately seven (7) percent of all new households formed in the County between 1970 and 1980 were established in Fort Gratiot Township. Projections by the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments indicate that the household growth trends have continued between 1980 and 1985, abeit at a lower rate than occurred during the preceding decade. For example, the SEMCOG projections suggest a household growth rate of 6.1 percent for the Township between 1980 and 1985, and a slightly lower County growth rate of 4.6 percent for this same five-year period (see Table 10). TABLE 10 HOUSEHOLD GROWTH TRENDS Fort Gratiot Township St. Clair County 1970 Households 1980 Households '70-'80 Change Percent Change 2,060 2,820 760 36.9 36,416 47,308 10,892 29.9 1985 Households '80-'85 Change Percent Change 2,991 171 6.1 49,497 2,189 4.6 (1) Russell, Cherly. "Inside the Shrinking Household," American Demographics. Volume 3, No. 9; Ithaca, New York; American Demographics, October, 1981; pp. 28-33. -34- �i l -- Consistent with National and State trends, the size of the average household in Fort Gratiot Township declined over the 15-year period between 1970 and 1985. For example, in 1970, the Township reported an average household size of 3.43 persons. By 1980, this figure had declined to 3.01. Projections for 1985 suggest that household size has remained at a constant level of 3.01. In spite of these declines, the average household size for Fort Gratiot remains slightly higher than similar figures for either the County or the State (see Table 11). TABLE 11 HOUSEHOLD SIZE . : i . I ,, Fort Gratiot Township St. Clair County Michigan 1970 1980 1985 3.43 3.27 3.27 3.01 2.93 2.84 3.01 2.95 POPULATION PROJECTIONS Projections of future population growth provide the bridge between the present and the future in the comprehensive planning process. These projections help dimension future land use requirements as well as the demand for various municipal services. Projections of future population growth need to consider the growth of the larger geographic region within which the community is located. For the Township, this involves considering future population growth within the community as it relates to growth for St. Clair County and Southeast Michigan as a whole. The growth of these larger geographic areas will influence population growth in Fort Gratiot Township. Fort Gratiot Township experienced consistently steady growth over the past five and one-half decades. Growth patterns and trends for the County as a whole indicate that Fort Gratiot is located along one of the County's primary growth corridors and will likely continue to expand in the future. The principal challenge for planning purposes is to determine the extent to which the Township's population will likely increase in the succeeding years. Three common methods of projecting future population levels were considered: the Constant Proportion Method, the Growth Rate Method, and the Arithmetic Method. Each method uses past population growth trends as a way to guage future growth. A summary of the results of these methods is shown in Table 12 and Figure 6. Projections from SEMCOG are also included for comparison purposes. -35- �1 - ( TABLE 12 POPULATION PROJECTION SUMMARY Constant Proportion Growth Rate Arithmetic SEMCOG 8,496 8,496 8,496 8,496 1990 Projection 1980-1990 Change Percent Change 9,067 571 6.7 10,195 1,699 20.0 9,917 1,421 16.7 9,457 961 11.3 2000 Projection 1990-2000 Change Percent Change 9,515 448 4.9 13,084 2,889 28.3 11,404 1,487 15.0 10,324 867 9.2 2010 Projection 2000-2010 Change Percent Change 10,315 800 8.4 20,645 7,561 57.8 13,495 2,091 18.3 1980 Actual I ' L. I I. FIGURE 6 FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP r-------------------------_, GROWTH TRENDS ANO PROJECTIONS 1s 15 15000 14 i II 1J (. 12 11 ...... II 10 8 .c 7 ► 0 :J t \ ' \. . 9500 g ~ a: C < ..0 w 8496 7075 6 5588 5 4 3497 J 2 1 0 -~~~~~..QCQl~....DQQQQl:ISI...JlgQQf;;llQll,_J:11:i:11:~-t.Qii~LJjj~~~~__J 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 POPULATION -36- �1 Considering the range of possibilities offered above, the Township will likely have a population of 9,500 persons in 1990; 12,000 by the turn-of-the century; and 15,000 by the year 2010. These projections assume a gradual but continued increase in Fort Gratiot's share of the County's population from 6.1 percent in 1980 to 6.4 percent in 1990; 7.7 percent in 2000; and 8.9 percent in 2010. It is further assumed that the size of the average Township household will continue to decline to 2.78 persons per household in 1990 and to 2.50 for the years 2000 and 2010. Applying these figures to the anticipated population levels noted above yields a total of 3,400 households in 1990, 4,800 in 2000, and 6,000 in 2010. If the Township aggressively pursues commercial and industrial development, it is possible that Fort Gratiot's share of the County's projected population could increase from 6.4 percent in 1990 to 10 percent in the year 2000, and 15 percent by the year 2010. This would result in a Township population of 16,000 persons in the year 2000, and 25,000 persons by the year 2010. Related to housing development, this would result in 250 to 300 new dwelling units being constructed each year over the next two decades, or 5,900 households by the year 2000, and 9,600 households by the year 2010. These population projections assume that the Township will continue to play an important role in the future growth of the Port Huron urban area. The extent to which these projections may be realized, however, depends on a number of factors which include the following: • The amount of high quality residential land that remains available for residential development. Continued development of shoreline areas, including both lake and riverfront properties, may influence the influx of household into the Township. • The image of Fort Gratiot Township as a place to live. • The expansion of employment opportunities in the Port Huron urban area. • The types and varieties of housing permitted or encouraged within the Township. . i '. Barring some unforeseen circumstances, continued growth is anticipated for the Township. The challenge for the Master Plan is, therefore, to establish policies which provide a foundation that allows the Township to fashion this future growth into a balanced and functional pattern that effectively addresses the needs of Township residents into the next century. -37- �ECONOMIC ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Commercial and industrial needs vary substantially between communities. The growth and development of a community's economic base is influenced by a number of factors, including its regional location. Other factors influencing commercial and industrial development patterns include transportation systems, the availability of land, and the characteristics of a community's population. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic characteristics of Fort Gratiot Township and to identify its economic base. This study seeks to dimension the Township's commercial and industrial needs for the future, with benchmarks at the years 1990 and 2000. COMMERCIAL AREA CONCEPTS There are many forms of commercial development which serve different retail needs and which have varying land use requirements. These include traditional central business districts, planned shopping centers, and linear or frontage commercial development. Considering the varying land use requirements that characterize these different types of commercial uses, it is worth making a distinction between the two most predominant forms of commercial development in Fort Gratiot Township: the planned shopping center and linear or frontage commercial development. Shopping Centers ' . ' A planned shopping center is defined as a group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site which is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size and type of shops to the trade area that the unit services. 1 Such centers have many advantages over strip commercial districts which include the following: - Functional and attractive grouping of buildings including unified architecture and strategic groupings of tenants to maximize merchandising and marketing. Controlled access and exit points, frequently from several major traffic routes. 1 McKeever, J. Ross; Griffin, Nathaniel, M.; and Spink, Frank H., Jr.; Shopping Center Development Handbook, Community Builders _ Handbook Series, (Washington D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 1977) p.1. -38- �- Controlled interior circulation. - Convenient and ample parking. Economical and effective service areas including a separation of service entrances and functions from customer areas. Overflow areas for future expansion. Opportunities to provide adequate buffering from contiguous residential areas. There are basically two types of commercial centers according to functional classsification: convenience and comparison. Convenience centers usually deal with goods and services that represent daily consumer needs such as food, drugs, barber/beauty shops, dry cleaners, etc •• Comparison centers, on the other hand, generally provide a wider range of merchandise that people generally "shop around" for before making a purchase. Examples of "comparison shopping" establishments include apparel, furniture or applia~ce stores, among others. Comparison centers vary in size depending on the principal tenant and the particular trade area to be served. The characteristics of some common convenience and comparison commercial centers, including the trade area, supporting population, site size, gross floor area and principal tenant, are shown in Table 13. The information presented in this table is a synthesis of material from several sources of shopping center data. TABLE 1.3 SHOPPING CENTERS CLASSIFIED BY TYPE Trade Area ( 1) Supporting Population (2) Site Size (Acres) Gross Floor Area (sq.ft.) O:>nvenlence 2~.3 Neighborhoods 5,000 - 10,000 .3 - 12 20,000 - 100,000 Minor Chmparlson Sma I I Commun Ity 20,000 - 60,000 12 20 100,000 - 200,000 Jr.Dept. Store Intermediate 0:>mparlson Large Community 60,000 -100,000 20 - 40 200,000 - 400,000 I ntermed I ate Dept.Store M!IJor Region 250,000 - up 50 - up 400,000 and up 1 Major Dept. Store or 2 or 3 Intermed Iate Dept. Stores Type of Center I .. I : ... _., ~ 0:>mpar I son Prlnclpal Tenant Supermarket ~ (1) Trade Area - The area served by a shopping center Is largely dependent upon the drawing power of the various stores Included In the center. Furthermore, this drawing power can be roughly translated lnTo maximum travel time and distance that customers wlll drive to a specific center. This permits the approximate physical delineation of the trade area for each type of center. (2) Supporting Population - The minimum population of a trade area from which the center can be expected to draw customers. -39-- ---- - .,. --- -- -- ~ �Commercial Strips r~-· Unplanned shopping areas, such as commercial activity along major thorough-fares, are positioned as a result of a multitude of complex and frequently diametrically opposed historical forces. Future parking, building area, and other needs are frequently neglected because unplanned areas evolve to service the day-to-day needs of consumers. Several features are characteristic of the typical strip commercial district, including the following: - Dangerous disruption of traffic flow as a result of uncontrolled turning and parking movements. Frequently inadequate parking facilities. No coordination of complementary commercial functions and activities. Haphazard arrangement of buildings. Potential blighting influences, particularly on adjacent residential neighborhoods. Inability to make several purchases at one central location. Poor coordination of service-related functions. MARKET ANALYSIS The market analysis for Fort Gratiot Township mathematically defines the commercial needs for the Township. It derives a statistically reliable commercial planning base from an examination of trade area statistics. Such an analysis, _however, is not capable of forecasting actual retail sales. Rather, the market analysis can only predict future market performance on an "all things being equal" basis. . ·, .' - The market analysis is capable of describing the potential spending available to a given shopping location on the basis of trade area demand. The willingness of consumers to actually purchase goods or services at a given location becomes a question of consumer motivation. Often, consumers are motivated to travel greater distances to a newer, planned shopping center than to an older, deteriorating commercial area or dispersed commercial establishments located closer to home. Equally important to consumer motivation are matters of access, traffic, parking availability and aesthetics. The statistical market analysis provides only a numerical answer to the question on what the Township's potential is in terms of future retail sales. The actual sales that the community can expect to realize are highly contingent upon the willingness of consumers to patronize commercial establishments in the Township in light of alternative shopping centers available to them in nearby and surrounding communities. In the final analysis, the Township's ability to fully capture its economic potential becomes a question of whether ancillary programs involving items such as access, parking, circulation and beautification will be encouraged by the coffifilunity in conjunction with commercial development proposals. -40- �TRADE AREA Marketing literature is replete with "principles" of commercial trade area delineation. These techniques range from Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation to surveys of consumer shopping habits. Practically speaking, the term "trade area" should be considered in the context of its inherently vague nature. A trade area is delineated for a given commercial area with the implication being that the commercial area can be expected to attract, at a minimum, a large share of its prospective customers from the outermost geographical limits of the trade area. Other commercial areas can also be expected to draw portions of their business from the same trade area, with the amount left to the subject commercial areas being termed that area's market penetration of the trade area. Of necessity, the trade area concept must be visualized as a dynamic phenomenon due to changing population distributions, additional competition, changing shopping habits, highway improvements and other factors. Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation is usually applied to communities, shopping centers, or even large metropolitan areas where there is some distance between the competing facilities. Simply stated, Reilly's Law suggests that the drawing power of a commercial center competing with Fort Gratiot Township for the consumers' dollar will be stronger if the competing center's support population is larger than Fort Gratiot Township, and will increase as the distance in miles between the Township and the competing center decreases. I I ; {.; i ' Two separate trade areas have been defined for the purpose of determining the anticipated retail trade potential for Fort Gratiot Township: a primary trade area, and a secondary trade area. The primary trade area encompasses only that area within the existing Township limits and assumes that the market for retail goods and services offered by existing or new businesses is confined largely to existing Township residents. The secondary trade area encompasses a wider geographic area and assumes that Fort Gratiot Township's businesses have the potential to attract customers from outside of the existing Township limits. For both trade areas, estimates of future commercial needs are based on the projected number of households residing in the trade area communities, their disposal income levels and assumptions regarding how their income is spent on different categories of goods and services. Primary Trade Area l'. Based on the assumptions and methodology described above, the estimated retail needs for the Township are noted below : Year Projected Commercial Acreage Needs 63.5 acres 89.6 acres 112.0 acres 1990 2000 2010 -41- �The land use survey of the Township revealed that approximately 100 acres of land were being used for commercial purposed in 1987. This exceeds the projected commercial demand anticipated by the year 2000. The difference between the current quantity of _ commercially used land and the projected demand, based on the requirements of future Township households, suggests that those commercial establishments located along 24th Avenue are serving a trade area that goes well beyond the boundaries of the Township to include other portions of St. Clair County. Secondary Trade Area i .! The extent of the secondary trade area was defined in the market analysis conducted by General Growth Development Companies in conjunction with the development of their regional mall at the intersection of 24th Avenue and Keewahdin Road. This trade area includes portions of St. Clair, Lapeer, Sanilac and Huron Counties. l L In determining the size of this trade area, consideration was given to the proximity of major shopping centers in the Detroit urbanized area, shopping alternatives in adjacent counties, and the draw of Sarnia retail alternatives. In addition, consideration was given to existing market capture and draw by Port Huron retail merchants, as well as the availability and mix of existing stores in the market. The trade area defined by this study extends south to the City of St. Clair, west into Lapeer County, and north into the thumb of Michigan. Counties which are included are St. Clair (80% of the County, excluding the southern-most portion), Sanilac (100%), Lapeer (15% on the eastern edge), and Huron (25% on the east side). See Illustration 3. ; f Other relevant observations made by this market study include the following: I - Growth in GAF sales, $64.1 million in 1977 to $103.1 million in 1982, and general merchandise sales were even slower compared to State -- indication of lack of retail variety in Port Huron. i • In 1982, Port Huron merchants captured only 67% of potential GAF expenditures by trade area residents -- this was a drop in capture of 11% since 1972. - GAF sales potential for the trade area is expected to grow to more than $213 million by 1990 -- greater capture of these sales is expected with the addition of new retail facilities. .....' Port Huron has no regional shopping center, one of the few markets its size in the U.S. without such -- Sarnia has two centers: 255,600-square foot Sarnia Eaton Center, and 347,000-square foot Lambton Mall. -42- �SECONDARY TRADE AREA I i. /; i t I. 1l ·: I I I ~ I i • ( . --,~AW I I ! I CANA.DA ( ' i * Regional Commercial Center -43- 3 �- Despite steady population and income growth, retail sales in the trade area have not increased as rapidly as elsewhere in the State -- a reflection of "outshopping" by trade area residents. Sales potentials are expected to increase through growth and development -- projected growth indicates by 1989, the trade area would have GAF sales potential of $213.1 million. - t I. I • I It is anticipated a new regional center will increase sales capture in Port Huron by 13% over 1982 -- it is also expected 11% of potential GAF sales in Sarnia will come to the new mall. Applying the same projection methodology to secondary trade areas that was applied to the primary trade area, yields an anticipated commercial need of approximately 1,000 acres. The former projection assumes that commercial development potential in the Township is limited exclusively to the demand generated by Township residents. The latter is based on the assumption that the households in the secondary trade area will do all of their shopping in Fort Gratiot Township. Obviously, both assumptions reflect extremes that are neither practical nor realistic. The quantity of commercial needed to support both the primary and secondary trade areas will likely fall somewhere in between. Realistically, Fort Gratiot Township businesses are forced to compete with establishments in other communities. The Township's ability to capture a portion of the disposable income from the secondary trade area is · obviously improved by its position with the M-25 growth corridor and by the development of a regional mall in the Township. \ . '., It . The scale of commercial development in the Township should be commensurate with the community's position in the region and market demands for retail goods and services. The development of the mall at 24th Avenue and Keewahdin Road will nearly double the amount of commercial acreage recorded during the 1987 land use survey. Some ancillary or support commercial development may be expected in the vicinity of the mall site. The quantity of future commercial development will depend upon how much of the secondary trade area that this commercial center and surrounding sites will be able to capture. INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS The second factor that needs to be considered when evaluating the Township's economic base involves industrial development and employment characteristics. This analysis includes a consideration of existing industrial establishments located in the Township, the employment and occupational characteristics of the Township labor force, and a consideration of future employment projections. This analysis concludes with an examination of land use development issues frequently associated with industrial land uses. -44- �INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS As noted in the preceding analysis of existing land use patterns, Fort Gratiot Township has a small industrial base. Only 100 acres of industrially used land was identified by the survey. A large percentage of this land is occupied by an existing landfill. While this landfill may be considered to be an industrial use in terms of land use intensity, it does not share the employment characteristics normally associated with industrial uses. Aside from this previously identified use, the remaining industrial development consists of small facilities located througho u t the Township. No consolidated industrial development is evident anywhere in Fort Gratiot Township. RESIDENT LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS The 1980 Census of Population reported that Fort Gratiot Township had a resident civilian labor force of 4,139 persons. Of this total, 93.7 percent, or some 3,869 residents, reported that they were employed. Data from the Michigan Employment Security Commission (July, 1988) indicates that the Township's resident labor force has increased to 4,525 workers and that the unemployment rate has declined to 4.5 percent from the 6.5 percent reported by the Census Bureau in 1980. This compares favorably to the 9.5 percent unemployment rate for St. Clair County as a whole. The characteristics of the Township's resident labor force are more clearly revealed through an examination of occupation and industry of employment statistics. Fort Gratiot Township and St. Clair County share similar characteristics relative to the percent of the respective labor forces that are employed in various industry categories, with two exceptions. A noticeably smaller percentage of the Township's resident labor force is employed in manufacturing (23 percent) than is noted for St. Clair County as a whole (32 percent). The second exception involves the professional services industry. Approximately one-quarter of the Township's labor force is employed in this category, compared to 18 percent for the County. See Table 14. l ' The Township and County also share similar occupational characteristics, with two deviations noted. The first deviation involves the percent of workers employed in managerial or professional occupations. More than one-quarter of the Township's resident labor force is employed in these occupations, compared to 17.8 percent for St. Clair County. The County, on the other hand, has a greater share of its labor force employed as operators, fabricators, precision production or related occupations (40.9 percent) than is true for the Township (32.6 percent). See Table 15. -45- �TABLE 14 l~USTRY OF EMPLOYMENT FCRT !JtATIOT TOWNSHIP AND ST. CLAIR CX>UNTY 1980 Fort Gratiot Township Number Agriculture, Forest:Y• Fishing and Mining ' - Percent St. Clalr County Number Percent 38 1.0 1,103 2. 1 Construction 201 5.2 2,887 5.6 Manufacturing tt>ndurable goods Durable goods 885 Transportation 192 5.0 7,446 2.4 Communications/Public Utl I ltles 258 6.7 4,607 8.9 Wholesale Trade 133 3.4 1,421 2.1 Reta l I Trade 693 17.9 8,500 16.4 Finance Insurance and Real Estate 157 4. 1 2,210 4.3 Business and Repair Services 94 2.4 1,554 3.0 Personal, Entertainment, and Recreation Services 133 3.4 1. 728 3.3 22.9 269 616 16,345 1.0 31.6 4,594 11,751 15.9 8.9 22. 7 Professional and Related Services Health services Educational services Other professional services 935 Public Administration 150 3.9 1,881 3.6 3,869 100.0 51,779 100.0 Totals Source: 24.1 276 460 199 U.S. Bureau of the Census -46- 9,543 7. 1 11. 9 5. 1 18.4 3,492 44,338 1. 713 6.7 8.4 3.3 �TABLE 15 CX:ClPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS FCRT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP AND ST. CLAIR COUNTY 1980 r Fort Gratiot Townshle Number Percent Managerial and Professional 1,018 Executive, administrative, managerial Professional specialty {. .. ~· Technical, Sales, Admln. Support Technicians Sales Admln. Support Inc. clerical Service Protective Service occupations Other service occupations r 13,286 25.7 7,127 11.3 7.5 10.0 1,162 4,578 7,546 1.9 11.9 15.6 2.3 8.8 14.6 13.8 940 702 6,196 0.4 1.4 9.5 15 53 368 17.8 4,052 5,185 15.8 29.4 436 Fanning, Forestry, Fishing 10.5 74 461 603 Private household occupations 9,237 26.3 405 613 1,138 St. Clair Count:z: Percent Number 1.8 1.4 12.0 13 0.3 940 1.8 Precision Production, Craft, Repair 539 13.9 8,718 16.3 Operators, Fabricators, Laborers Machine operators, assemblers, etc. Transportation/material rrovlng Handlers, cleaners, etc. 725 .1 Totals Source: 3,869 U.S. 8.lreau of the Census -47- 12,471 18. 7 343 206 176 99.9 24.1 7,125 3,154 2,192 8.9 5.3 4.5 51,779 13.8 6. 1 4.2 100. �This data suggests that Fort Gratiot may be among the County's more affluent communities. This conclusion also appears to be supported by estimated per capita income statistics for the County. Fort Gratiot reports the fourth highest per capita income level in the County behind the City of St. Clair, St. Clair Township and the City of Marysville. It is interesting to note that the County's highest income levels are largely concentrated in waterfront communities. This obviously reflects the desirability of shoreline living and the higher property values associated with shoreline residential development. Data available through the Bureau of the Census indicates that a total of 818 persons were employed at locations in Fort Gratiot Township in 1980. The distribution of these workers into various employment categories is included in Table 16. Similar figures for the larger Port Huron urban area are also included for comparison purposes. L - TABLE 16 1980 EMPLOYMENT BY PLACE OF WORK Fort Gratiot Townshi,E % Number Urban Area % Port Huron Urban Area 1 Number % Manufacturing Wholesale Retail Other 2 43 15 407 353 5.3 1.8 49.7 43.2 0.2 0.1 1.6 1.4 8,251 526 4,404 12,184 32.9 2.1 17.5 48.5 Total 818 100.0 3.3 25,115 100.0 1 The Port Huron Urban Area, as defined by the Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study Committee, consists of the following communities: Fort Gratiot Township, Burt Township, China Township, Clyde Township, East China Township, Kimball Township, Marysville, Port Huron, Port Huron Township, St. Clair and St. Clair Township. 2 This category includes the following employment categories: agriculture, forestry, finance, real estate, mining, construction, transportation, communication, utilities, sanitary services, education, government and public administration, among others. -48- �This table reveals some important observations on the characteristics of the Township's employment base. The first item worth noting is the absence of a manufacturing employment base. Employment in Southesast Michigan is dominated by manufacturing industries. This dominance is reflected in the Port Huron urban area's employment pattern which indicates that approximately one-third of all workers employed in the area work in manufacturing-related establishments. In Fort Gratiot Township, only five (5) percent of the community's employment base are employed in the manufacturing sector. Fort Gratiot, on the other hand has a much greater percentage of retail employment than is true for the urban area as a whole (49.7 percent to 17.5 percent). Overall, only three (3) percent of the urban area's labor force are employed at locations in Fort Gratiot Township. '' l ., FUTURE EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS I ., Projections of future employment levels for Fort Gratiot Township and other nearby communities are available from the Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study Committee. These projections were developed to assist in determining future regional transporation planning needs. These projections are reflected in Table 17. TABLE 17 PROJECTED YEAR 2005 EMPLOYMENT BY PLACE OF WORK .., I M!llnufacturln9 Number ~ Reta I I Number _L Wholesale Number _L other Number _L Total Number ...L • Fort Gratiot Township Burt Townsh Ip 66 0 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 11.8 9.5 63.5 5.3 2.2 575 15 6 8 41 181 658 3,877 68 8.9 0.2 o. 1 o. 1 0.6 2.8 10.2 60. 1 10.3 1.2 ~ ...hl. 32 3. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 4.7 123 12.0 418 40.8 262 25.6 93 9.1 47 4.6 6,456 100. 1 1,025 100.1 China Township 80 Clyde Township East China Township Kimbal I Township ~rysvll le Fbrt Huron Fbrt Huron Township St. Clair Township St. Clair 30 _.lli,~ Total 12, 129 100.0 27 1,435 1,154 7,698 638 261 663 -49- 619 93 675 17 819 1, 185 1,772 8,966 1,193 360 3.7 0.6 4.1 o. 1 5.0 1.2 10.8 1,292 108 108 88 3.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.4 8. 1 3.6 59.2 7.8 2.2 ~ 856 2,849 3,038 20,954 2,756 783 1,893 ~ 16,431 100.2 35,.368 100.0 .....ill. 54.6 1.3 2.2 �While these projections anticipate an increase of employment opportunities in the Township from 818 in 1980 to 1,292 in the year 2005, they do not suggest any change in the Township's role as a regional employment center. According to these projections, Fort Gratiot Township will provide only 3.7 percent of the urban area's employment opportunities, which is nearly identical to its 1980 percentage. '• i ' INDUSTRIAL PLANNING CONCEPTS i • ( l • ' . L • I . Promoting industrial development to supplement residential and commercial land uses is a normal concern of those communities interested in achieving a balanced tax base. The physical relationship of these uses is critical, however, as the intermingling of industrial development with less intensive uses can result in land use conflicts. Such conflicts should be avoided whenever possible. Non-nuisance industries can be located adjacent to residential areas provided that measures are taken to mitigate any negative secondary effects that may be associated with the uses. An attractive physical setting, including landscaping and buffering where necessary and a separation of industrial and residential traffic, are measures that can be used to avoid potential compatibility problems. Nuisance types of industries (those producing noise, smoke and dust) should have greater insulation from residential neighborhoods. This can often be accomplished by a transitional band of non-nuisance industries. Industrial areas should also be protected from encroachment of other non-industrial types of land uses, such as residences and commercial establishments. Encroachments of these uses into industrial districts seriously jeopardize the overall viability of the industrial area. Industrial areas should be afforded the same type of exclusive zoning that is normally available in residential and commercial districts. In addition to the important goal of achieving exclusive industrial districts, specific design concepts have been established for the physical development of planned industrial areas. Several important industrial planning concepts are outlined as follows: • Buffering or insulation between industrial and non-industrial uses. This can be achieved by a number of different techniques, including the following: - Greenbelts and/or obscuring walls developed on required yards. - Major thoroughfares or railroad rights-of-way, possibly with non-residential uses backing up to them. - Transitional zones of less intensive uses (parks, offices, and off-street parking areas). • To keep congestion to a minimum, industrial districts should be adjacent to major surface arteries or to special routes providing convenient access to the area-wide highway network. -50- �• In addition to industrial buildings, industrial districts should also provide adequate space for employee parking, truck loading storage, warehousing, · future expansion needs and landscaping. • Individual site features in an industrial district should be arranged in the most efficient manner possible. In a large industrial district, a sound design approach is to have alternative streets for trucks and cars. The former would be fronted by parking facilities and the latter by loading docks. I '. > i i.__; ,..., . I • I I l - i [. .. I A variety of site characteristics affect the suitability of a particular parcel for industrial development. Most manufacturers will look at the following site characteristics in determiing whether or not a specific parcel is suitable for industrial purposes: Size and Shape. The usual preference is for a site of regular shape and otherwise suitable from such standpoints as building layout, access to transportation, parking, and future expansion. Topography. Most industries require a level site with just enough slope to provide good drainage. In some cases, a sloping site may be preferred for specialized plants, such as those with shipping and receiving on two levels. Utilities. The utilities with which manufacturers are chiefly concerned include electric power, water, natural gas and sewerage. The principal difference in utility cost between sites is found in the cost of extending the lines to the plant site. . 'I ' ' . I I Flooding. The possibility of flooding is always a major site consideration. Some firms are willing to incur the risk of occasional flooding in order to gain other site advantages. The customary policy, however, is to insist on a flood-free site. Drainage and Soil Conditions. It is important to avoid a site that is a natural low spot. Test borings by soil engineers should be made, as adequate drainage will have a significant bearing on foundation conditions and site development costs. Location Within the Community. One major factor of location is accessibility for employees, customers and movement of goods and raw materials. The immediate surroundings in relation to other land uses are also important if the industry is to avoid possible community relation problems. Transportation Facilities. These are highly dependent on how the individual firm plans to ship its goods. Adequate sites must be available that provide good access to main highways and/or retail transportation facilities with the ability to extend rail sidings where needed. -51- �r·- ' ' j • I ' i L. I ., II ',. { i ' ' I l .. I'., I ., l r . Taxes and Insurance. Long-range stability of property tax rates is usually as important as the current level. Fire insurance rates are considered in surveying both the community and the site. Zoning and Other Legal Aspects. Zoning is a site factor that has often been overlooked in the past. Profiting from the experiences of others, most firms now regard proper zoning as highly essential. A careful check of zoning regulations is desirable for two principal reasons: to avoid litigation and to protect the new plant against incompatible industrial neighbors or other land uses. In addition to zoning, other local regulations such as building codes, laws relating to waste disposal, smoke and fumes, and restrictions on highway use are desirable. CONCLUSIONS Traditionally, Fort Gratiot Township has served as a bedroom community for the Port Huron area, with commercial and industrial employment concentrated elsewhere in the urban area. While this role is, to a large extent, still applicable today, there are trends evident that suggest that Fort Gratiot's relationship to the remainder of the urban area and the County as a whole is changing. This change is most apparent relative to commercial growth occurring within the 24th Avenue corridor. The planned development of a regional shopping mall in the Township will have a dramatic impact on both employment and land use patterns. The Township, therefore, has a unique opportunity to fashion future commercial development into a pattern that is both functional, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing. I l .. , i. -52- �GOALS AND OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION In the broadest sense, the Master Land Use Plan is policy, a set of goals and objectives designed to serve as a guide to consistent and rational public and private decisions in the use and development of land. Goals and objectives formulated by the community are viewed as the cornerstone of the planning process. They form the framework for public and private decision-making. l , L.Z I • \ - I ! iI In the broadest terms, sample choices of direction for Fort Gratiot Township include: 1. "Laissez-faire" approach or to permit development to take its own course with no guiding direction. 2. The linear city or corridor development orients all uses along major transportation routes. 3. The nuclear arrangement where the entire community evolves around a multi-purpose center or number of centers. 4. The multi-nuclei arrangement where intensive uses may be placed at various community locations to foster that type of use concentration. 5. The neighborhood concept which orients residential units around a school. 6. A combination of the above concepts which meets the community's needs. ' • It is often the defining of objectives that makes goals choice more clear. The articulation of objectives is the more perceivable level of detail description of the substantive goal statement. Objectives are clarifications of the goal, a second level of detail description. A third level of policy planning detail which might be called "lines of action", necessary to carry out the plan, is not within the scope of this program. I -.·• While policy formulation in practice is not as tidy and logical as it is in theory, it is important to note that policy decisions tend to move in sequence from the general to the specific. -53- �; ; POLICY BASIS ,M-• Only through careful analysis of existing conditions and the forces which have brought them about, can we understand their interrelationship, identify their underlying purpose, anticipate future problems and devise solutions. I·., Accordingly, Fort Gratiot Township identifies its objectives by relating them to current problems and issues and to tangible alternative solutions; at the same time, Fort Gratiot must attempt to anticipate future problems and recommend the objectives needed to prevent their development or reduce their severity. No statement of policy, however carefully and analytically developed, will be equally relevant at all times. Movements of people, industry and commercial activity relieve one set of problems and leave others in their wake. When the automobile replaced the horse, the streets became cleaner but the air dirtier. Increases in population and income affect recreation demand and create weekend traffic congestion in and through all nearby areas. Changes in household composition require different needs to be addressed by the Township. POLICY PURPOSE , l ' Administrative and legislative action by the Township Board, quasi-judicial by the Zoning Board of Appeals, and administrative action by the Planning Commission are sometimes criticized as being capricious and arbitrary. The very nature of planning decisions makes them particularly prone to such indictments. Clear-cut statements of policy can go far to minimize arbitrariness in planning actions: 1) They can guide and substantiate honest, intelligent decisions; 2) They can serve the elected officials and commissioners as an anchor of objectivity; 3) They can be a useful tool to the citizen who finds it necessary to remind an errant agency that it is veering from the stated course; and 4) They can inform the public about the thinking of the Township with regard to land development. THE MASTER LAND USE PLAN AS POLICY As an expression of desirable physical development, the Master Land Use Plan is an affirmation of goals. The purposes of the Master Land Use Plan are: ! . 1. To improve the physical environment of the community as a setting for human activities -- to make it more functional, beautiful, decent, healthful, interesting, and efficient. 2. To promote the public interest, the interest of Fort Gratiot at large, rather than the interests of individuals or special groups within the community. -54- �' I . ' . !' . i 3. To facilitate the democratic determination and implementation of community policies and physical development. The Plan is primarily a policy instrument. The plan constitutes a declaration of long-range policy and provides the basis for a program to accomplish its goals. By placing the responsibility for determining policies with the Planning Commission and providing an opportunity for citizen participation, the Plan facilitates the democratic process. 4. To affect political and technical coordination in community development. 5. To inject long-range considerations into the determination of short-range actions. 6. To bring professional and technical knowledge to bear on the making of administrative and legislative decisions concerning the physical development of the community. I. DETERMINING POLICY I . i ' The Master Plan is more than just a series of maps. It is foremost a series of policy statements. Policy statements, of course, do have limitations. They cannot cover every situation. Certain areas are so complex that it will be impossible to know what sort of policy decision can be made until all the facts are assembled. Also, there should be a relatively high degree of agreement and consensus before a policy statement can be adopted. Obviously, this concurrence will not always exist. None of this negates, however, the desirability of formulating and adopting policy statements in as many areas of planning concern as possible. I • t ' . General 1. Enhance and strengthen important gateway entry points into the Township's core development area with landscaping and signage that helps establish an identity and sense of place. 2. Have gateway areas function as development "bookends" for the Township's core develoment area. 3. Encourage only development which can be well assimilated by the community while preserving the Township's character, natural features, and overall quality of life. 4. Encourage commercial and industrial development to obtain a greater tax base and employment center. 5. Keep basically incompatible land uses separate. 6. Work to keep the natural and man-made environment in balance. -55- �r 7. Provide, as most appropriate, the transition of uses from the most intensive to the least intensive. 8. Require developers to preserve natural features including trees as an integral part of development. 9. Strengthen zoning regulations to better achieve the Township's goals. 10. Enhance the overall environment and appearance of the Township by always giving consideration to quality of life standards in the development process. 11. Employ new and innovative planning tools to enhance aesthetics in the land development process. 12. Promote a land use pattern that considers and takes advantage of natural features. J I ! _· Residential (Low Density) 1. Preserve and enhance the Township's predominantly low density single-family residential development pattern. 2. Maintain the low density character of the Township as it currently exists. 3. Provide housing opportunities at both ends of the housing affordability range without compromising the existing residential character of the Township. 4. Encourage the provision of quality and affordable housing. 5. Discourage strip frontage residential development along major roads that result in the isolation of interior acreage. 6. Preserve transitional residential districts from untimely intrusions and blighting influences. 7. Prohibit intensive residential development in areas with poor soil absorption capabilities. 8. Require suitable and adequate buffers be established between residential, commercial, and industrial areas to maintain property values and physical attractiveness. 9. Protect single-family residential areas from through-traffic and non-related uses. II , I. !t. 1 ,.. \ . t l' .,: I " I • -56- �' . I : Residential (Medium Density) 1. Provide multiple-family housing opportunities to meet anticipated future housing demands. 2. Recognize the relationship of demographic characteristics to various housing types and ownership methods. 3. Increase opportunities for medium-high density housing in the Township. 4. Locate future medium-high density housing development in those areas where it will not detract from existing residential development patterns and where adequate infrastructure exists to support these uses. 5. Discourage the development of high density residential development. 6. Encourage the development of medium-high density residential development that offers opportunities for home ownership. 7. Remain open to housing opportunities at higher densities and price ranges which do not detract from the existing low density character of the Township. 8. Strengthen medium density development design standards as ·they relate to site layout and building design. 9. Provide a wider range of multiple family zoning districts. '. ' ' ! : I f"' L.1 ,I ·Il .-, Commercial 1. Encourage the development of a regional commercial center in the Township at the intersection of 24th Avenue and Keewahdin Road, and provide opportunities for second wave growth that may accompany the location of a regional mall in the Township. 2. Encourage the development of complimentary regional-oriented uses proximate to the proposed mall site. 3. Establish well-defined limits to the spread of convenience and general commercial uses along 24th Avenue. 4. Consolidate future commercial development. 5. Provide opportunities for convenience commercial uses that are related to existing and planned residential neighborhoods. 6. Develop more stringent site design and architectural regulations for new commercial development. I \. -57- �Commercial (Continued) ' i 7. Control the access of commercial uses along major transportation routes to provide for safe and efficient traffic flow. 8. Relate commercial facilities to transportation, parking, and public services. 9. Prohibit spot commercial development, except where part of an overall development plan. 10. Encourage commercial facilities only where there is sufficient support population, or where there is adequate draw from the region. 11. Encourage the use of landscaping, setbacks, and related controls to provide . aesthetically pleasing and safe shopping facilities. L, I • Industrial 1. Maximize the Township's industrial development potential and concentrate industrial uses in those areas of the Township where these uses would not create a compatibility problem for less intense land uses. 2. Strive to provide some balance to the Township's tax base by encouraging the development of a limited industrial base without compromising the quality or desirability of the community's residential living environment. 3. Locate industry in areas that have the necessary infrastructure that is necessary to support these uses (water, sewer, highway access, etc.). 4. Encourage the development of light industrial and office/ research uses that are compatible with the Township's existing land use pattern. 5. Discourage the development of heavy industrial uses and favor uses that do not result in nuisances or negative environmental impacts. 6. Assure that all industries shall not intrude on other uses either physically, visually, or through other negative external effects. 7. Buffer industrial uses from less intensive land uses through the use of appropriate setback standards, landscaping, and by locating industrial uses adjacent to other intensive land uses. -58- �. \ Industrial (Continued) 8. Promote the location of industrial uses in approved industrial parks. 9. Provide for the development of appropriate industrial zoning categories and controls. Recreation/Open Space r·· 1. Provide public open space that offers direct access to Lake Huron. 2. Cooperate with adjoining communities on the delivery of public open space opportunities. 3. Avoid duplicating the development of public and commercial recreation opportunities that are available in nearby communities. 4. Recognize and incorporate the Township's existing natural features into the development of future recreation sites. 5. Encourage the development of a linear, passive recreation facility along the Black River. 6. Enhance existing public recreation sites by expanding the range of passive and active recreational opportunities that are available at each site. 7. Incorporate neighborhood level parks as desirable facilities into future residential development. 8. Encourage the development of non-motorized, pedestrian linkages between existing and planned open space sites. 9. Relate recreation programs and facilities to changing demographic characteristics of the Township. 1 ( - ; f'. I \~- - I I 10. Utilize appropriate planning and zoning tools that encourage developers to incorporate more open space in new residential developments to be owned and maintained by private homeowner associations. 11. Set aside sufficient land area to meet the leisure time recreation needs of existing and potential users. 12. Encourage the joint development and use of park/school facilities by the Township and school district. - -59- �Recreation/Open Space (Continued) 13. Improve access to Lake Huron through an improved Black River canal. 14. Encourage the development of a marina facility along the Black River near the canal. Community Facilities 1. Encourage the development of a new Township Civic Center consolidating and centralizing basic community services at a convenient location. 2. Design the Civic Center site so that it becomes a community focal point contributing to the overall identity of the Township. 3. Encourage the development of a branch library site in the Township • 4. Plan development in a manner that best utilizes the Township's utility system. 5. Encourage large lots and on-site disposal systems where sewer extensions are not foreseeable within the planning period. 6. Recognize that drainage can be a problem and that a variety of solutions are available for correcting drainage problems (retention, pumping, gravity design, and drain deepening). 7. Stage any sewer or water installations to provide efficient growth and revenues to pay for the system. 8. Extend future sewer and water service in an orderly manner, leaving no gaps or spaces in coverage. 9. Install sewer and water facilities only where planning and zoning will not be compromised by their use. :" .. ~. I ( . I • Transportation 1. Encourage the development of an alternative to Lakeshore Road/M-25 as a major north-south through-traffic corridor serving the Lake Huron shoreline communities north of Fort Gratiot Township. 2. Encourage the upgrading of 24th Avenue to a boulevard crosssection with a landscaped median and controlled access, and the upgrading of Keewahdin as a State trunkline. -60- �Transportation (Continued) r ' f. r 3. Plan for a network of roads by type and function that will provide a complete road system including major, secondary, collector and local roads. 4. Obtain necessary right-of-way dedications and reservations. 5. Cooperate with the Michigan Department of Transportation and the Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study to ensure that a proper relationship exists between planned road improvements and the Township's desired future land use pattern. 6. Increase pedestrian safety by providing opportunities for pedestrian circulation along exsting and planned road systems. 7. Limit points of ingress/egress on major roads. 8. Provide a transportation system that furnishes the maximum in convenient, safe, and economic movement of people and goods. 9. Provide a transportation system that recognizes the need for both auto and truck traffic and eliminates as many points of conflict between the two as possible. ~ 10. Improve the road system to better serve residences and businesses. 11. Recognize the relationship between land use patterns and the availability and adequacy of the transportation system. 12. Encourage the continued use of Fairway Drive as a local collector road serving residential development between Krafft Road and Keewahdin Road. -61- �LAND USE PLAN INTRODUCTION The use of land is both a resource and a commercial commodity which derives its function from economic and social forces operating nationally, regionally and within the Township. Individual land uses and the arrangement of these uses influence the way we live and the degree of satisfaction with our physical surroundings. Community planning offers the opportunity to provide some rational sense of order to our man-made environment and, therefore, enhancing the overall quality of the human experience. The Land Use Plan for Fort Gratiot Township describes, in a generalized manner, the most appropriate areas for various categories of land uses including residential, commercial, industrial and public, among others. The physical arrangement of these uses reflects the physical, social, economic, regional . characteristics and projections presented previously. This data is correlated with the Township's stated goals and objectives for the future to derive the distribution and relationship among various uses reflected in the Master Plan Illustration. Fort Gratiot is located along one of St. Clair County's leading growth corridors. This setting is currently having a major impact on development activities within the Township and will likely continue to influence development for years to come. It is in recognition of this potential that the Plan was prepared. The urbanization of a community carries with it certain requirements that need to be addressed as part of the long-range planning process. Implicit in this recognition is the fact that urban uses are neither self-sufficient nor self-sustaining. They depend on the provision of facilities and services by the State, County and Township. Urban development is conditioned by the interdependency of urban residents and their activities. The Master Plan attempts to deal with this interdependency in a logical and rational manner and in a way that is consistent with accepted planning practices and principles. RESIDENTIAL AREAS Among Fort Gratiot's most attractive development features is the availability of several high quality residential neighborhoods. The Township's extensive Lake Huron and Black River shorelines have contributed to the development of attractive homesites. Few remaining sites with access to either amenity exist today. In order for the Township to continue to be attractive for future homeowners, new residential neighborhoods are needed. -62- �Maintaining and enhancing the Township's predominantly low density single-family character is a central policy of the Master Plan. To accomplish this, several existing land use practices need to be overcome. These include strip frontage development and the subsequent isolation of interior acreage which is frequently difficult to develop. 1···, I I. ;:... L•..• I • i'. . I ,_ Over 6,000 acres of land, or nearly 60 percent of the Township, are reserved for future residential purposes. Within the area designated for residential development, specific residential density categories are identified. The purpose of planning areas with varying residential densities is two-fold: first, such delineation of future desired density gives the Township a locational guideline to avoid haphazard development; and second, future density patterns within defined neighborhoods provide the basis for determining the various community facility needs of the area's residents. The characteristics of each of the Township's designated residential areas are described below. Agricultural/Rural Residential - The agricultural/rural residential category is confined to the sparsely developed northwest section of the Township. Approximately 2,635 acres are specified for this purpose on the Master Plan Illustration. This category anticipates the development of single-family homes on lots exceeding one (1) acre in total area. · The location of this portion of the Township, outside of existing or proposed utility service areas, suggests that a greater density would not be appropriate, nor would it be consisent with the policy of concentrating development in those areas where there is a reasonable expectation that needed services will be available to serve these uses. This portion of the Township provides opportunities for those residents who desire a semi-rural lifestyle. Larger lot sizes of one acre or more provide residents with a more spacious home site, plus the opportunity to pursue other rural pastimes on a scale that would be appropriate in more urbanized settings. This may include small-scale hobby farms and similar activities. Single-Family - Infill - The single-family infill category encompasses the predominantly developed shoreline portions of the Township. The residential development pattern in these areas is largely established. Remaining vacant land consists largely of infill sites. The development of these sites should observe the established density of nearby parcels. Much of the remaining vacant land within this area may be characterized by physical constraints (i.e., odd shapes, lack of frontage, etc.) that may limit their development potential. -63- �\ : In those instances, some flexibility may be needed to accommodate future development proposals. Cluster development, planned open space subdivisions and site condominiums served by private roads may be appropriate in this area. Examples of these techniques are showin in Illustration 4. Each of these examples may represent appropriate responses to leftover parcels that may not lend themselves to conventional platting. 1 ' f - Single-Family - Conventional - This residential planning designation encompasses interior portions of the Township where the future development pattern remains in more formative stage. These areas lend themselves to more conventional single-family subdivision development. It is expected that densities within this residential category will vary from somewhere between two (2) and four (4) units per gross acre. Lot sizes will be highly dependent on the availability of public utilities, specifically water and sewer lines. Public roads are needed within this area to ensure continuity of access and public safety. Planned Unit or Cluster Housing Development - The Black River and Lake Huron shoreline areas of Fort Gratiot Township have traditionally been among the Township's most important assets in attracting high quality residential development to the community. For the most part, these areas are nearly completely developed, with only small infill parcels remaining for future development purposes. The Township's ability to remain attraciive for continued upscale residential home sites, similar to that which has occurred along the shoreline areas, will depend to a large extent on providing similar opportunities in the interior portions of the Township. l .. The presence of interesting and unique natural features, including bodies of water, wetlands, woodlands and topographic changes, are frequently used alone or in some combination as amenities around which attractive residential neighborhoods are developed. The inventory portion of the Master Plan process revealed that extensive portions of the Township are occupied by both wetlands and woodlands. The full potential of these areas should be maximized for future residential development. This potential may be most fully realized through the encouragement of planned units in these unique and sensitive areas. These planned cluster housing or zero lot line development concepts encourage flexibility in overall neighborhood design and provide for a mixture of density and residential development types based on an overall comprehensive plan for the designated area. While these concepts may prove to be applicable to numerous sites within the residentially planned areas, it appears to be uniquely suited to that portion of Section 9 bounded by Lakeshore Road on the east, Parker Road on the west, Brace Road on the north, and Carrigan Road on the south. Much of the 530 acres of land encompassed by this area is covered by trees. Designated wetland areas also appear to impact portions of this acreage. Both factors suggest that a more flexible and innovative ·development concept may be appropriate. -64- �! I I '~---·-· I 1 r-·- · I r-·I I I I __ _J 1 r-·- · (__ j '~- --,~-\ /J--- -1 - · ISOLATED NO IIOAD STUBS · I' . 'I· •I I I -----.\ . II . L.....--··7: \ L I ·- 1'-~ .\ .' I . -t-·-r-··. ,- · · ·~-I. • : I. I i I ' I _1._L_1_j_ r-1 r-·- · \..... ADJACENT 8UBDIVIIION PIIOVIDII IIOAD 8TUB I . I . l .: PROBLEM PARCELS with CLUSTER HOUSING SOLUTIONS -65- .... ,-.50• 4 �.- ; I ' \ Mobile Home Parks - Approximately 40 acres of land have been included in this category, which suggests a density of approximately seven (7) units per acre or less. The area designated for this category is consistent with the location of the existing mobile home park west of 24th Avenue and south of Keewahdin. Multiple-Family - This remaining residential category is intended to signify areas suitable for multiple-family housing types. This category has an average anticipated density of ten (10) units per acre. A variety of different low-rise, multiple --family dwelling types can be accommodated within this category, such as multiplexes, townhouses and apartments. I '-· , -i i . i • \. r. rI \.. ..... ..... I \ Approximately 200 acres of land within the Township have been reserved for multiple-family purposes. This represents a three-fold increase over the current quantity of multiple-family development and reflects a previously stated policy of increasing opportunities for this form of development. Consistent with previous policy statements, suitable locations for this form of development were identified which shared one or more of the following characteristics: convenient access to major roads, availability of utilities, and proximity to uses of similar intensity. In large part, medium high density areas are shown flanking either side of the 24th Avenue commercial corridor. The placement of multiple-family units adjacent to commercial uses provides the ability to effectively transition to adjoining single-family neighborhoods. COMMERCIAL Three distinct categories of commercial uses are specified on the Master Plan Illustration. These include: convenience, regional and highway. Each category is intended to serve the different market needs of both local and regional consumers. Collectively, these three categories encompass nearly 500 acres of land. The Master Plan indicates an increase in the quantity of commercial land needed by the year 2000 over levels revealed by the 1987 current land use survey results. This increase is consistent with the Township's emerging role as a regional commercial center for St. Clair County and communities to the north. A description of each of the three categories of commercial reflected on the Master Plan Illustration are described as follows. -66- �Convenience - This category includes retail and service uses that are intended to primarily meet the daily needs of adjacent residential neighborhoods. Approximately 70 acres of land have reserved for convenience commercial purposes on the Master Plan Illustration. For the most part, these convenience commercial areas are clustered along the periphery of the regional commercial corridor proximate to existing or planned residential neighborhoods. One of the designated convenience commercial deserves careful attention to its relationship to surrounding residential development. This area is located on the east side of 24th Avenue from Keewahdin Road north to Carrigan Road. This area is characterized by a mixed land use pattern that includes miscellaneous commercial uses of a general commercial nature, single-family homes and vacant lots. The parcelization pattern in this area is highly fragmented, with the 24th Avenue frontage divided into lots that rarely have more than 120 feet of frontage. Many lots share a common depth of 280 feet, the rear lot lines of which abut a neighborhood of single-family homes. / . I• I . I I. . ,· ! i ·-' - A range of different land uses may be appropriate for this area. These include convenience commercial, office, multiple-family or institutional. In considering the suitability of specific uses for this area, attention should be directed toward the impact of a given use on the adjoining residential neighborhood. Whenever possible, the consolidation of parcels should be encouraged to achieve more flexibility in the design of individual sites. Decisions on appropriate land uses for this area should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Regional - Comparison commercial establishments generally provide for a more diverse range of merchandise than may be available at convenience locations. For the most part, these uses will likely occur in the form of planned centers that are developed as a cluster of common wall establishments served by consolidated driveways and parking, as well as unified architecture and landscaping features. Over 300 acres of land have been identified as being suitable for comparison commercial purposes. This acreage is anchored by the Birchwood Mall site and the K-Mart shopping center, which are located at opposite ends of a one-mile long intense commercial corridor along 24th Avenue between Krafft and Keewahdin Roads. Careful attention should be directed towards achieving an appropriate transition between the regional commercial acreage and abutting low intensity residential uses. Transitional uses such as offices, multiple family and some forms of convenience commercial uses may be appropriate for areas with transitional characteristics. This quantity of regional commercial acreage should be sufficient to provide for both the first and second wave demand for ancillary or spin-off regional commercial demand that may be generated by _the mall. If it is determined that the demand for commercial uses exceeds the amount of land reserved for this purpose, the Township should then consider the appropriateness of designating additional acreage for this purpose. -67- �I.· ! .... i . l.. I • 1 i Highway - The highway category consists primarily of freestanding, independent businesses that are dependent on convenient highway access. Many of the uses that are included in this category are oriented towards meeting the needs of automobiles and include uses such as dealerships, service stations and related activities. Approximately 65 acres of land at two locations along the 24th Avenue corridor have been allocated for linear commercial purposes. The first area is located at the south end of the corridor, proximate to the Port Huron City limits. This is the oldest portion of the Township's commercial district and is characterized by many of the problems commonly associated with strip commercial development. Over time, as redevelopment activities occur in this area, improvements should be encouraged that result in a more functional and visually cohesive land use pattern. Careful attention should be directed towards updating existing development standards relating to setbacks, signs, landscaping, building appearance and vehicular circulation. Consolidating driveways, reducing the height and number of signs, and providing greenbelts between the road pavement and parking lots represent examples of specific improvements that could go a long way in improving the appearance and function of this area. The Township's second planned commercial site is located on the west side of 24th Avenue, north of Keewahdin. The highway commercial designation in this location reflects the somewhat more intense future development pattern on adjoining land. The planned development of the adjacent site for light industrial purposes, the highway exposure offered by proximity to 24th Avenue, and the lack of single-family residential development on nearby sites reinforce the appropriateness of this designation. INDUSTRIAL ,! r-l The allocation of 260 acres of land for industrial purposes reflects the policy of encouraging the development of a balanced economic base for the Township. The location of this site, proximate to both 24th Avenue and Keewahdin Road, and the availability of utlities may make this site suitable for industrial purposes. An appropriate development pattern for this area would emphasize the development of a planned industrial park which includes uses that are highly compatible with one another and whose external effects are limited. Typically, these sites would be planned, developed and managed as an integrated facility, with emphasis given to circulation, parking, utilities, aesthetics and performance standards. LANDFILL The 90-acre landfill area shown on the Master Plan largely corresponds to the existing landfill. No expansion of this site is encouraged by the Plan. Improvements should be encouraged to improve the compatibility of this site to adjoining residential property and to the Keewahdin Road frontage. -68- �. ,, LOW DENSITY BUFFER AREA To effectively mitigate any deleterious impacts associated with either the existing landfill or the planned industrial area, a low density buffer area has been established around the periphery of this area. The density of any future residential development in this area should be limited to large parcels to minimize the number of homes located proximate to either use. I . PUBLIC ,,,. . ...,: f .,.. f '' L Approximately 580 acres of .land have been reserved for public uses on the Master Plan. The largest of these areas reserved for public uses corresponds to the Detroit Water and Sewage Department site, located in the northern portion of the Township along Brace Road. This site alone occupies 436 acres of land, or three-quarters (3/4) the Plan's future allocation of public uses. The remaining public uses identified on the Master Plan Illustration consist of public school sites and Township-owned property. OPEN SPACE/RECREATION r . Several existing and proposed recreation sites are identified on the Master Plan. These include two golf courses and several park sites. The desirability of somehow using the Black River floodplain for open space purposes is also reflected on the Master Plan Illustration. Specific ideas for the potential development of the Township's open space resources are discussed in more detail in the Community Facilities portion of the Plan. In total, approximately 460 acres of land have been identified for open space and recreation purposes. ROADS The Township is currently served by a network of major roads that largely follow section lines and existing physical features, such as the Lake Huron shoreline and the Black River. Numerous local subdivision streets are also evident that provide access to designated neighborhood areas. As the Township continues to grow, additional roads will likely be developed. For the most part, these new roads will consist largely of collector and local roads designed to penetrate large tracts of vacant land, thereby facilitating the development of this acreage. Approximately 1,580 acres of land have been allocated for this purpose. Realistically, the quantity of land needed for this purpose will vary from one development to another. -69- �TABLE 18 LAND USE PLAN ACREAGE ALLOCATIONS Percentage Acres RESIDENTIAL ! -. i .: I 65.0 6,660 Agricultural/Rural Residential Single-Family - Infill Single-Family - Conventional Planned Unit Development Mobile Home Parks Multiple-Family 25.4 16.1 16.1 4.9 0.4 2.1 2,600 1,650 1,650 500 40 220 • COMMERCIAL Convenience Regional Highway 480 4.7 70 330 80 TRANSITIONAL 0.7 3.2 0.8 30 0.3 210 2.1 90 0.9 LOW-DENSITY BUFFER AREA 200 2.0 PUBLIC 580 5.7 OPEN SPACE/RECREATION 460 4.5 1,580 14.9 INDUSTRIAL LANDFILL ROADS -70- �r COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN INTRODUCTION Within the total development of a community, one of the most important services is the provision of adequate community facilities. Often the impression created by a particular community is directly related to its parks, libraries, schools and public buildings. r: r ; ' Community facilities are normally divided into three major categories: neighborhood, community and regional. Neighborhood facilities include elementary schools, play areas, neighborhood parks and playgrounds. The extent to which these facilities are developed is dependent upon the needs of the particular neighborhood; however, it is desirable to plan for all of these facilities so that the neighborhood is not left deficient in facilities at the time of its total development. Community-wide facilities are normally municipal offices, senior high schools, junior high schools, libraries, fire stations, playfields and community parks. By the very nature of their individual functions, they serve not only the neighborhoods, but the entire community. Regional facilities are developed to serve large areas. These areas include two or more communities. PROTECTIVE SERVICES Fire Fighting Facilities Among the most important services provided by local government is fire protection. Fire fighting facilities are important because they protect residents, businesses, and industries from financial loss and personal injury, and because they can also substantially reduce the cost of fire insurance. The standards contained in the Plan should be considered as the minimum necessary to provide an adequate level of fire protection for the Township. t-, Fort Gratiot Township operates a volunteer fire department that consists of 22 part-time fire fighters and one full-time member. The fire station is part of the Township Hall site and was recently expanded to accommodate a newly purchased fire truck. The Fire Department has six (6) vehicles available which consist of one mini-pumper, one rescue vehicle, three standard pumpers and one aerial ladder truck. The amount of equipment available to the Fire Department appears to be sufficient to meet future demands. The Township does, however, have a need for a full-time fire chief and for additional space to house their operation. In the event that the Township builds a new administrative complex on another site, the existing Township Hall building would appear to be suitable for eventual conversion to the permanent Township Fire Station headquarters. -71- �The National Board of Fire Underwriters has stt wi~i@um standards for fire protection that enable communities to get the best possible rating. Since this can be an ultimate savings to the community, it is only logical to adopt these standards: 1. The water system should be able to provide a "fire flow" during a five (5) day maximum consumption period of ten (10) hours. 2. The existing system of water mains should be a minimum of eight (8) inches in diameter to serve residential development. 3. Fire hydrants should be within three or four hundred (300 or 400) feet of every structure and never more than six to eight hundred (600 to 800) feet apart. 4. A fire station should be located so that it is close to, or leading into, a major or secondary thoroughfare. 5. Within the primary service area of each fire station, there should be no barriers, natural or man-made, that would delay the effectiveness of the fire fighting equipment. 6. The fire stations should be built and manned in such a way as to be the most efficient for the area to be served. In most larger communities, they are manned by salaried employees; however, in many areas of the country they are manned by volunteers on an extremely well-organized basis. TABLE 19 LOCATION STANDARDS FOR FIRE STATIONS Fire Station Pumper and Hose Company Radius Served Standard High Value District Residential Number of Men 0n Dutz Minimum Land Area Re9.uired 3/4 mi. 1 1/2 mi. 4-5 1/2 acre Ladder Company 1 mi. 2 mi. 5-6 1/2-3/4 acre Pumper-Ladder Company 1 mi. 8-10 1 acre These standards possess a certain amount of flexibility which is based upon the individual community's needs. -72- �Police Protection Police protection for the Township is provided by the St. Clair County Sheriff on a contractural basis. One officer is available to the Township for daytime patrol Monday through Friday. Evening and weekend police protection is provided by the county Sheriff and the Michigan State Police as part of their regular patrols and service. LIBRARY Books are but one of many services of information that a wellorganized library can provide. Generally, the library should be located within the community in such a way that it can serve as many of the people as conveniently as possible. Fort Gratiot does not operate a Township library. Library services are available to Township residents through St. Clair County which has a library in downtown Port Huron. f .. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS I • The Township Public Works Department is responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of the water and sewer system and the Township cemetery. Seven (7) people are employed by this Department, which is located on the south side of Keewahdin Road, west of the Township · Hall. 'I I • CIVIC CENTER I I ; • The concept of a civic center as a community focal point is not new. For many years, the aesthetic and economic advantages of this locational feature has been known. The location of a civic center near the area of greatest use serves to strengthen the economy of the area and brings a public awareness and economic vitality to that area of the Township. The benefit of a civic center can be both functional and aesthetic. By creating a grouping of essential buildings, such as administrative offices, police, fire, and parking, people will be drawn to the uses surrounding the civic center. If properly designed, nearby commercial enterprises will attract people from the civic center. This will add to the economic vitality of the community because people are placed within easy access of many of their daily and weekly activities. It also decreases the time and distance residents must travel to complete their trips. The Fort Gratiot Township Hall and administrative complex is located at the intersection of Keewahdin Road and Pine Grove Road. The existing Township offices appear to be undersized to meet the current staffing needs of the Township. Continued growth of the Township will place further strains on this facility. -73- �The Township has formed a committee to explore the possibility of developing a new Township Hall building. One area that deserves considertion is the Township-owned site near the cemetery. This site is centrally located along one of the Township's major roads and would serve as an important community focal point. The location of a civic center in this general vicinity is reflected on the Master Plan Illustration. UTILITIES l. . I C Achievement of the full growth potential of a community is directly related to the availability of capacities of public utility systems. As a community grows, increased demands are placed on these systems to provide the necessary infrastructure required for commercial, industrial and residential development. Sanitary Sewer Facilities ' l: Fort Gratiot Township is one of several communities in the Port Huron urban area that is participating in the regional sewer system. As part of this system, the Township has a contract with the City of Port Huron wastewater treatment facility. In exchange for participating in the operation and maintenance of this facility, the Township effectively reserves for itself a portion of the capacity of this plant to serve existing and anticipated development. Sanitary sewers are currently available to the more developed portions of the Township. More specifically, the existing sewer service boundaries are confined primarily to Lakeshore Road and North River Road corridors. The Township's proposed future sewer service area map envisions the eventual extension of sanitary sewers to the central portions of the community. It appears that the Township has sufficient purchased capacity to allow these extensions to occur if there is enough development to justify the extensions. The development of an industrial base in the Township could alter this situation if any fu~ure industries are significant water users that consequently discharge large volumes of water back into the treatment system. In the absence of this type of user, however, the availability of future sewer capacity should not be considered to be a factor limiting the Township's growth potential. I., One factor that may impact the extension of sanitary sewers into previously unserved areas involves regional utility extension policies reflected in SEMCOG's sewer service area map. This map does not anticipate the widespread future sanitary sewer extensions as shown on the Township's sewer service area maps. In an effort to reconcile this obvious difference and to promote an orderly growth pattern, the Township should consider the development of a community-wide sewer extension policy. Such a policy would provide the community with a better understanding of the costs of extending utilities into unserviced areas and the longterm financial obligations associated these extensions. -74- �: . Public Water Distribution System r. Public water, like sanitary sewer services, are also purchased by Fort Gratiot Township from the City of Port Huron under the terms of a rate ordinance between the two communities. The Township subsequently resells the water to those residents and businesses that are tapped into the system. Public water lines are more widely available to Township residents than are sanitary sewers. In addition to serving the more heavily developed Black River and Lake Huron shoreline areas, the public water distribution system extends into the interior portions of the Township along Keewahdin Road, Krafft Road, Parker Road and State Road, among others. ! . i : .·• Ii. ' i . i - ( An ample supply of water is available to accommodate future development. Further, existing water lines were designed large enough to allow for subsequent growth and new taps. Storm Drainage With the exception of specific drains that are the responsibility of the St. Clair County Drain Commission, all remaining storm drainage in the Township is essentially a private matter. Numerous private drains are located in the Township that remain in private hands which may receive little or no maintenance. The Township does not have any comprehensive policy for addressing long-term drainage concerns. As the Township continues to urbanize, this will continue to be a problem. In response to this concern, the Township may wish to consider developing a community-wide storm dr~inage master plan which describes the limitations of the existing system and outlines a program to address these problems including a capital improvement program to fund necessary improvements. . i : ,_ r' i L...: II SCHOOLS The entire Township is served by the Port Huron School District. Five existing school sites are located within Fort Gratiot Township. These include two elementary schools (T~omas Edison Elementary and Keewahdin Elementary), one junior high school (Fort Gratiot Intermediate) and one high school (Port Huron Northern). On a system-wide basis, elementary school enrollment has been maximized for the current school year and all elementary school sites are full. All four school sites located in Fort Gratiot Township are currently full. In order to assess future district space needs, the Port Huron School District has established a Planning Committee that will be addressing district-wide needs. It is anticipated that the committee will reach some conclusions regarding future school facilities during 1990. Until such time as this committee makes its recommendations, no future school sites are shown on the Master Plan Illustration. -75- �,' ' RECREATION PLAN A community's overall quality of life is influenced by many factors, not the least of which is the availability of recreation facilities for area residents. Parks not only provide areas for active and passive recreation activities, they also introduce welcome open space and natural areas into an urban environment that is frequently lacking those amenities which are essential components of a balanced and healthy land use pattern. All too often, however, one frequent consequence of urban development is the loss of recreation areas to a variety of urban uses. As land becomes more valuable for these urbanized uses, it becomes more expensive to purchase for recreation activities. It is, therefore, appropriate to plan for the development of future recreational facilities in proportion to the expansion of Fort Gratiot's other uses, particularly residential neighborhoods. The development of future recreation facilities needs to be related to existing and anticipated residential neighborhoods within which these sites will be located and whose residents they are intended to serve. Consideration should also be given to the availability and location of existing recreation sites and the extent to which these sites are capable of meeting both current and future needs. EXISTING RECREATION FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS Fort Gratiot Township and the Port Huron School District are the two principal providers of recreation facilities and programs to Township residents. The range of both recreation facilities and programs available within the Township are described in the following narrative. Township Facilities and Programs I - Fort Gratiot Township operates two existing park sites. The first of these two sites is the seven-acre park located on the south side of North River Road, west of Pine Grove Road. This site includes a basketball court, baseball diamond, picnic tables, playground equipment, open play area and frontage along the Black River shoreline. The second park site is located on property leased by the school district. This site abuts the Fort Gratiot Intermediate School property to the north. This 18-acre park features four baseball diamonds that are used for little league competition. Other facilities and equipment available at this site include a slide, swings, bleachers, concession stand and portable restrooms. In addition to the two previously described park sites, the Township also operates a part-time recreation program for Township residents. During summer months, activities for children are offered at both elementary school sites in the Township. -76- �Structured recreation programs are offered at each site which include arts and crafts, sporting events and field trips. Other activities sponsored by the Recreation Department include a winter carnival held at Willow Ridge Golf Club, the Senior Olympics, Santa Days and the sale of amusement park tickets. Many of these programs are offered in conjunction with the Community Education Department of the Port Huron Public School System. I-· These programs and activities are organized and coordinated by one part-time Township employee. An elected Recreation Board oversees those programs which are funded by the Township Board. School ·Sites f •, The Port Huron School District operates four school sites in Fort Gratiot Township. Collectively, these sites occupy nearly 100 acres of land. Numerous recreation facilities are available at these sites. Both elementary schools include a full range of new playground equipment, small baseball diamonds and large open play areas. The intermediate school site includes an exercise station, basketball court, baseball diamond, practice football field and open play area. Facilities available at the high school include a baseball diamond, practice football fields and a track. I .' . RECREATION NEEDS Determining future recreation needs should consider well-defined geographic areas that each park site is intended to serve. Generally, a determination of recreation deficiencies considers both neighborhood-level recreation needs as well as larger community-wide needs. Both levels of need and the identification of specific neighborhood areas are considered in the following narrative. r Neighborhood Unit Concept The individual neighborhood unit is considered to be the basic residential planning unit. The intent of this concept is to create self-contained residential areas, each served by an elementary school, playground and park area. These residential areas are typically bounded by man-made or physical boundaries, such as roads or rivers, and are sized to accommodate the development of an elementary school and a park to be located at the center of the neighborhood. As they were originally conceived, these neighborhoods were intended to serve a population of between 3,000 and 5,000 persons. [ - Another feature of this approach was the establishment of commercial uses on the periphery of the neighborhood. Major roads designed to accommodate through-traffic framed the boundaries of each neighborhood with the intent of minimizing conflicts between through-traffic and local traffic. This concept is displayed graphically in Illustration 5. -77- �I ' c···· l : l .' I • '! L.: ' I ' \ ca SchoolPark u _,0 >ca i::, Local C: 0 .,u - (/) 0 ! I Secondary Thoroughfare NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT -78- 5 �This planning concept has numerous advantages which include the following: 1) neighborhood safety is advanced by providing children with an opportunity to walk to neighborhood facilities without encountering major traffic conflicts; 2) it provides economies of scale for public and private expenditures; and 3) it encourages stable property values. t., I -· I l , Within those areas planned for future residential development in the Township, six larger neighborhood planning areas have been identified. These geographic areas largely correspond to the Port Huron Urban Area Traffic Analysis Zones. Utilizing similar planning area boundaries offers an opportunity to coordinate Township land use planning activities with those occurring on a broader regional basis. Within these planning areas, smaller neighborhood-sized units have also been identified which more closely approximate the concept described above. These areas are reflected in Illustration 6. Each of these residential neighborhoods generate a need for recreation facilities which ideally should be provided within the boundaries of the neighborhood, or in close proximity to it. Collectively, these neighborhoods will provide a basis for determining the need for community-wide recreation facilities. The purpose of the Recreation Plan is to identify future recreation needs based on anticipated residential development trends and the availability of existing park and schoo~ sites. Within each of these individual neighborhood planning areas, assumptions have been made regarding the anticipated number of dwelling units that are likely to develop, average family size, and the anticipated number of school-age children. Such capacity population estimates are subsequently correlated to the previously defined recreation planning standards to arrive at a preliminary determination of neighborhood level recreation needs for each individual planning area. As a result of this analysis, the following capacity population estimates have been arrived at for each neighborhood area. ( I TABLE 20 CAPACITY POPULATION ESTIMATE Neighborhood North Central Lakeshore 1980 Population Capacity Population Estimate Pine Grove Old Farms 1,604 440 1,168 1,011 2,936 1 325 14,900 9,300 1,900 2,500 14,500 12 200 TOTAL 8,484 55,300 Fairway -79- �.: .:. J ,...., NORTH .c; _, 6 ' ....... .:.: . ... .: : : : I:• i. • 9 7 ---··--· . "----·--···-··.. -·········-······ CENTRAL I . -······················ l~e:; . .;-::;;· 1 ~ ~ I : ~ . 19 16 11-1,.....---\7 1G ·:;. ·-···-----···.: : .:: :. 20 I PINE I 1r=---~lr'--...:,-'lr-=-~~....-1-,.~~~~~ ~I ' ·- ~·1 ' , . I NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING AREAS FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP ST. C&.AIII COUNTY , MICHIGAN FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP PLANNIHG COMMISSION raaa'!. A C-■■■iTT ll'lu•i-. 6 . .~••t ■t , I'! C. - .. . - . . . nic& , •idti~• - -80- 6 �Recreational Standards Several techniques are commonly used for the purpose of determining the nature and extent of future recreation needs in a community. Perhaps the most traditional method of determining recreation deficiencies and/or needs is to compare existing park acreage and the distribution of this acreage with accepted recreation planning standards. These standards normally suggest optimum or ideal conditions that communities should strive to meet in the development of park facilities and provide a benchmark against which progress can be measured. The risk in using these standards, however, is that they may not be uniformly applicable to every community; and as such, need to be evaluated in light of the unique physical, social, and economic conditions that may characterize a specific community. ( . Recreation planning standards should include acreage requirements based on anticipated population levels, the size of such facilities, and their proposed locations. Examples of specific optimal recreation standards for some typical recreation facilities are summarized below. These standards are provided by the National Recreation and Park Association and are based on a 1983 study entitled Recreation Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines. Neighborhood Facilities '. These sites are intended to be areas for intense recreational activities such as field games, court games, crafts, playground apparatus areas, skating and picnicking, among others. This type of park is optimally suited to serving a neighborhood consisting of up to 5,000 people and having a service radius of 1/4 to¼ mile. The desirable size of such a facility is approximately 15 acres. Between one and two acres of neighborhood park land should be provided for each 1,000 persons anticipated to reside within a given neighborhood area. Such facilities should be easily accessible to the neighborhood they are intended to serve with consideration given to pedestrian and bicycle safety. This type of park may be appropriately developed in conjunction with an elementary school. Using a planning standard of 1.5 acres of land per 1,000 persons, the need for future neighborhood-level recreation sites is estimated in Table 21. Specific needs for each designated neighborhood planning area are discussed in more detail following the table. -81-- -- - �TABLE 21 NEIGHBORHOOD RECREATION NEEDS Neighborhood l I • 14,900 9,300 1,900 2,500 14,500 12,200 Projected Needs (Acres) 22.4 14.0 2.9 3.8 21.8 18.3 Existing Acreage (Acres) 40 11 48.7 Deficiency/ Surplus + 17.6 14.0 + 8.1 3.8 + 26.9 - 18.3 - North - This is the largest and among the most sparsely settled portions of the Township. The only noticeable area of concentrated residential is located north of Brace Road between the Detroit Water Board property and the Lake Huron shoreline. No existing public recreation sites are currently available to serve this neighborhood. The preceding analysis revealed a potential need for slightly more than 20 acres of neighborhood park land to serve this neighborhood at capacity development. '. I • !. ' . North Central Lakeshore Fairway Pine Grove Old Farms Estimated Capacity Pop. ; ' : One potentially suitable park site in this area is located at the extreme northeast corner of the Township south of Metcalf Road between M-25 and the Lake Huron shoreline. This 40~ acre site has approximately 500 feet of beachfront shoreline along Lake Huron and is one of the few remaining sites along the Township's Lake Huron shoreline that could reasonably be used for public access and enjoyment of the lake. A conceptual plan for the development of this site is shown in Illustration 7. The development of a 40-acre park at this location would not only meet the recreation needs of nearby neighborhood residents, it could also double as a community-wide type of recreation facility. The location of this site at the corner of the Township realistically precludes this park site from functioning as a neighborhood recreation facility for the remainder of this neighborhood planning area. Consideration should also be given to the development of a second site in Section 9. It is unlikely that any additional park sites will be necessary to serve the remainder of this neighborhood. The low density development pattern envisioned for Sections 6, 7 and 8 would not likely create a need for a future park site. Further, the larger lot sizes that typically characterize this area provide sufficient opportunities for spontaneous recreation activities, especially for younger children, thereby fulfilling the need for recreation space. -82- �~ a: I.. C a. ...-> z z C ::, :E ..J :E I- 0 A. A. w u u z z 0 0 a: u ::, ---- .. ~ ---- --- -·-- --- --- -- '· I , I :c -83- 7 �Central - No existing recreation sites are available to serve this neighborhood area. Considering the low density development pattern planned for this area and its proximity to the existing school and park site located at the northwest corner of Keewahdin and State Roads, the development of neighborhood park to serve this area is neither practical nor necessary. Lakeshore - This neighborhood is nearly completely developed with few remaining opportunities for new residential growth. The recreation needs of this neighborhood are being adequately addressed by the Keewahdin Elementary School site. This site is centrally located to serve the neighborhood and includes a well-developed playground area. j • L_ r ' f T ' Fairway - Like its counterpart to the north, this neighorhood is also approaching capacity development. The existing development pattern in this neighborhood may limit opportunities for the development of a centrally located public park site. A more appropriate approach for this neighborhood may be to encourage the provision of open space as part of any future single-family or multiple-family development proposals. All three of the single-family condominium projects located to the north of Port Huron County Club included areas reserved for open space. Additional recreation areas could be incorporated into any future residential areas located to the east of the golf course. Pine Grove - Four existing recreation sites are currently located within this neighborhood planning area. These sites should be sufficient to meet the neighborhood recreation needs of this neighborhood area at capacity development. Some enhancement and upgrading of existing equipment and facilities located at these sites should be considered. Old Farms - The southern portion of this neighborhood, namely Section 30, is nearly fully developed. No existing recreation sites are located within this area. As development continues and moves in a northerly direction across Krafft Road, land should be reserved for a future park site. Community Parks These parks are frequently areas of diverse environmental quality and may include areas suited for intense recreational facilities such as athletic complexes and large swimming pools. They may also feature an area of natural quality for outdoor recreation activities such as walking, viewing, sitting and picnicking. Community parks are intended to serve several neighborhoods located within a one to two mile radius and should be easily accessible to these neighborhoods. An ideal site would occupy an area of 25 acres or more. Plans for community parks should consider allocating between five and eight acres of land per 1,000 persons. -84- �I : Based on a planning standard of five acres of park land per 1,000 persons and an estimated capacity population of approximately 50,000, there is a theoretical need for some 250 acres of land for community-wide recreation purposes. Realistically, however, the need for this quantity of land for community parks will, in all probability, not be realized in the foreseeable future. The Master Plan envisions the development of three communitysized parks to serve the Township at capacity development. Each site would contain some common basic park features such as playground equipment, picnic facilities, fitness trails, etc. Other more unique improvements would also be planned for each site depending on the specific physical and 1ocation features of the site. For example, the proposed community park described earlier along the Lake Huron shoreline in the northeast corner of the Township would emphasize water-related recreation activities. A second community park is proposed in conjunction with the development of a new civic center site in Section 20. The inclusion of recreation improvements in conjunction with the development of this site will further reinforce this area as an important community anchor or focal point. i ' A third and final community-wide recreation proposal reflected on the Master Plan is the identification of the Black River shoreline as a future passive recreation corridor. More specifically, this concept envisions the development of a pathway along this unique open space resource · that could be used for walking, jogging and bicycling. A more detailed analysis of this area would need to be undertaken to more appropriately determine the feasibility of developing such an open space corridor. I ' I Other Recreation Needs • In addition to the specific facility needs described previously, there may be a corresponding need to increase the range of recreation programs being offered to Township residents. Of specific concern is the need to address the recreation needs of senior citizens and children. The Recreation Department also needs a physical location from which recreation programs can be offered. As part of the development of a new Township Hall site, consideration should be given to providing space for the Recreation Department. -85- �THOROUGHFARE PLAN INTRODUCTION A community's growth is influenced by the region in which it is located. Road systems are developed to provide fast and efficient movements of goods and people, both within and through a community. The unpaved or graveled roads of early settlements and road alignments that were adequate for low traffic volumes become hazardous with increased volumes of traffic. A coordinated and improved road system must be provided to allow a smooth and safe flow of traffic. l ~ II • ' I I_, An important consideration in planning land development is proper accessibility. The automobile has reoriented land use patterns, making the free movement of people and goods essential to the economic and social welfare of the community. The Thoroughfare Plan must consider the relationship between type and intensity of land uses and resulting generation of traffic movements to ensure orderly development and a desirable environment. Often, the Thoroughfare Plan will shape the urban development pattern, improve the environment and economic efficiency of the land uses, and result in the optimum use of the thoroughfare system. The Land Use Plan provides an indication of future land use locations. The Thoroughfare Plan analyzes available data relative to present traffic conditions and existing problem areas in the Township and makes traffic recommendations designed to meet the needs of the expected land use pattern for Fort Gratiot Township as it approaches the turn of the century. I • The Thoroughfare Plan is designed to provide adequate roadways to serve future growth and development in Fort Gratiot Township. In designing such a system, attention should be directed to coordinating the Township's road network with those in adjacent communities. It must also be viewed in the regional and county context in order to integrate the community into the larger region of which it is a part. The Township's ability to achieve and realize the land use pattern described previously is dependent, to a great extent, on improvements to the existing road system serving the community. THOROUGHFARE CLASSIFICATION Thoroughfare systems are grouped into a number of different classifications for administrative, planning, and design purposes. In the most basic classification system for design work, thoroughfares are grouped into freeway, arterial, collector, and local road classes in urban areas. These classifications carry with -86- �them suggested minimum design standards. The various types of County highways are shown in Table 22. State Trunkline System carries relatively high volumes of traffic between State-wide population centers and should be designed to facilitate traffic movement while controlling land access. A County highway system normally consists of primary and local roads. The primary road system provides access to higher classification roads and connects abutting communities to nearby areas. A local road system consists of all Township secondary feeder roads to the primary system, Township residential streets, and County park drives. The County Highway System consists of primary roads and local roads. The primary road system provides access to higher type roads and connects abutting communities and nearby areas. ' - The local road system consists of all Township secondary feeder roads to the primary system, Township residential streets, and County Park drives. A functional classification of the roads might be suggested as follows: 1. Major arterial system providing for the through-traffic movement between areas and across the Township, and direct access to abutting property, subject to the necessary control of entrances, exits, and culvert uses. 2. Collector street system providing for traffic movement between major arterials and local streets, and direct access to abutting property. 3. Local street system providing for direct access to abutting land, and for local traffic movements. Appropriate road right-of-way design standards are reflected in Table 22 and in the Cross Section Standards Illustration which follows. -87- �TABLE 22 SUMMARY OF STREET CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM* Expressway and Regional Thoroughfares Major and Secondary Thoroughfares Collector Local primary freeway: none regional: secondary primary secondary equal equal secondary primary over 3 miles over 1 mile under 1 mile under 1/2 mile 1. Land Uses major generators & commercial areas secondary generators & commercial areas local areas individual sites 2. Rural Highways Interstate & State primary State primary & secondary County roads none 1 mile 1/2 mile Element .. SERVICE FUNCTION ,! 1. Movement ·! L ! . I. PRINCIPLE TRIP LENGTH LINKAGE SPACING * Adapted from Standards in Manual of Housing/Planning & Design Criteria, Joseph DeChiara & Lee Koppelman, 1975. By Community Planning & Management, P.C. L -88- �SECTION CROSS STANDARDS i" 1------ 36 -------! 1 - - - 28 + - - - - - - - - 6 o' l LOCAL • I -------; --------; - - - - - - 50' --------1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 86° - - - - - - - - - - ~ SUBDIVISION COLLECTOR +-----------59 -----------1 -------------------- 120'--------------------, 1 1 , SECONDARY THOROUGHFARE I , !I , !-------- l * Medium- AOT 63' *---------i J 1------------ High -,:~:r_e_4_'_--=-*_-_-~~----_-_-_-_-~_-_-_-_-_-~_-_-_-1__________ r , AOT Avero1,e Da i ly Traff i c . MAJOR THOROUGHFARE ! !' 1' i I f - - - 1 0 · - - - - 24' - - - - 1 0 ' -l ! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120' ------------------~ In i ti al Stage MAJOR THOROUGHFARE -89- 8 �EXISTING THOROUGHFARE SYSTEM State Routes ...-1 ' lI ' l , Two State-designated highways cross Fort Gratiot Township. The first of these roads is M-25, which follows Pine Grove Avenue, 24th Avenue and Lakeshore Road. This route basically provides the principal access in a northerly direction from Port Huron to those communities located along the Lake Huron shoreline in the Thumb area of the State. The second State designated route is M-136, which follows portions of Pine Grove Avenue and Keewahdin Road. This route provides access across the northern portion of the County connecting with M-19 which runs in a north-south direction. County Roads 'i ',_ r ' L, The remaining roads in the Township consist of County roads. These roads are classified as either primary, secondary or local. Primary and secondary roads mainly follow section lines and are largely the product of the Land Ordinance of 1785. This ordinance divided all unsurveyed land in the Northwest Territory into square mile sections. The mile roads of the Township today reflect this grid pattern. Local streets provide access to residential lots located in single-family subdivisions. County primary roads are intended to carry traffic throughout the County and adjacent counties. Each of the roads carrying this designation are important to intra-county traffic flow. The following roads, or road segments, are designated as primary roads on the St. Clair County road map: North River Road, Brace Road, Lakeshore (between 24th Avenue and Krafft Road, and Keewahdin (between Lakeshore Road and Pine Grove Avenue). With the exception of a one-mile segment of Brace Road west of State Road, all of these roads are paved. County secondary roads include Krafft Road, Parker Road, State Road, Campbell Road, Brace Road, and Cole Road. Significant portions of these roads, especially those serving the northwest and central portions of the Township, are not paved. I ',. 1,. I Right-of-Way Standards The predominant right-of-way standard for most of the County's primary, secondary and local roads is 66 feet. The exception to this rule is 24th Avenue which has a right-of-way of 120 feet. Several other roads have variable right-of-way widths. These include portions of Keewahdin, Pine Grove, Fairway, Lakeshore and State. Existing right-of-way widths for these roads vary between 66 feet and 120 feet. -90- �Traffic Volumes I • The two State-designated roads crossing the Township carry the heaviest volumes of traffic. The highest traffic volumes are experienced along that portion of M-25/Pine Grove Avenue as it enters the Township from the City of Port Huron to the south. This small road segment has average daily traffic volumes exceeding 33,000 vehicles. Volumes decrease further north on M-25 to approximately 13,000 vehicles per day. Traffic volumes on M-136 (Pine Grove Avenue/Keewahdin Road) average between 4,400 and 6,400 vehicles for that segment located within the Township. Significant traffic volumes are also noted along portions of the major routes that intersect with these two State routes. For example, portions of Krafft Road to the east and west of M-25 and M-136 have a daily volume of 10,200 and 2,600, respectively. That portion of North River Road, between M-25 and Parker Road, experiences daily volumes approaching 10,000 vehicles. Further west on North River Road, the volumes decline markedly. For example, at Campbell Road, which is the Township's western boundary, the average daily volumes are 2,500 vehicles. , . ' ' '. i Among the most important transportation planning issues facing the Township is the need to relieve the high volumes of traffic along M-25. This road serves three principal functions: 1) to accommodate through-traffic between Port Huron and other communities to the south to the resort communities located along the Lake Huron shoreline north of the Township; 2) provide access to the emerging regional commercial center along 24th Avenue; and 3) serve as the main southerly route to Port Huron for Township residents. Observed traffic patterns along this road suggest that it is not able to accommodate all three roles simultaneously, and that significant improvements are needed. There is no one single solution to this problem. Rather, a combination of improvements are needed to relieve this problem and to help facilitate the Township's desired land use pattern. Further, the scope of the existing problems is regional in nature; therefore, any effective solution will necessitate road improvements both within and outside the Township. THOROUGHFARE PLAN The Thoroughfare Plan is designed to provide adequate roadways to serve future growth and development in Fort Gratiot Township. In designing such a system, attention should be directed to coordinating the Township's road network with those in adjacent communities. It must also be viewed in the regional and county context in order to integrate the community into the larger region of which it is a part. -91- �I· North Street Bypass The Township's greatest transportation need is for an additional north-south route serving through-traffic. One alternative would be to encourage the use of the Wadhams Road crossing, and North Street and Keewahdin Road as a second means of access into Fort Gratiot and to points further north. North Street is already a paved County primary road which runs parallel to the Townshp's western boundary. Traffic with destinations along Lake Huron could exit I-69 at Wadhams and travel in a northerly direction on North Street to either Keewahdin or Burtch Roads, both of which intersect with Lakeshore/M-25 a short distance to the east. I , A secondary north-south route is also needed within the Township. State Street, which runs the full length of the Township, could also be upgraded to help provide a secondary means of access in a northerly direction. Black River Bridge (·· ,- Another partial relief value could be provided by the extension of a second bridge crossing of the Black River. Two possible alignments include Strawberry Lane and Beach Street. The proximity of a Strawberry Lane crossing to the existing North River Road/M-25/Pine Grove intersection would only serve to complicate what is already a difficult intersection. Beach Street offers a better alignment and may, therefore, be more practical. It is unlikely, however, that a Beach Street River crossing would significantly relieve the regional traffic flow problems impacting the Township. Rather, it would likely serve as a more secondary intra-community route. The cost of providing such a crossing further limits potential for relieving the Township's regional traffic problems. ' .. : Keewahdin Road I l The development of the mall will increase the need for an eastA portion of such a corridor exists along Keewahdin, between Campbell Road on the west and Pine Grove Avenue on the east. The missing link in this system is the one and one-half mile segment of Keewahdin between Pine Grove Avenue and 24th Avenue. Upgrading this segment to State trunkline status should be considered. Such an improvement would provide a better means of access to the Township development focal point that is emerging at the M-25/Keewahdin Road intersection. Upgrading Keewahdin would effectively eliminate the need for Pine Grove as a State-designated highway. west corridor through the Township. i I I .. Regional thoroughfares have a planned right-of-way width of 150 feet. This wider right-of-way width is necessary to accommodate the higher volumes of traffic which characterize both roads. It is particularly important along 24th Avenue, along which the Township's most intense development is planned. -92- �■ 1--. Major Thoroughfares The major thoroughfare designation is largely reserved for those section line roads in the more densely developed portions of the Township and which carry higher volumes of traffic. These roads have a planned right-of-way width of 120 feet. Roads and road segments carrying this designation include the following: • • • • i ' ,-(' "'i ) i. North River Road 24th Avenue/Lakeshore Road State Road Metcalf Road Secondary Thoroughfares Secondary thoroughfares function as principal feeder roads for primary thoroughfares. These roads also have a planned rightof-way width of 120 feet. While the full 120-foot width may not be needed to accommodate the current function of the road, it does allow for the road to be upgraded in the future as traffic volumes increase. Roads designated as secondary thoroughfares are primarily concentrated in the more undeveloped sections of the Township. Specific road segments designated as secondary thoroughfares include the following: • • • • • • • Krafft Road Pine Grove Avenue Campbell Road Cole Road Brace Road Carrigan Road Parker Road Collector Roads In many areas of the Township, additional roads will be necessary to carry traffic from the interior of property to the major section line road network. Roads designed to serve this function are classified as collector roads. As a rule, these roads have a right-of-way requirement of 86 feet and follow quarter-section road alignments. '. Three existing roads appear to function as collector roads: Fairway, Polina and Dykeman. Additional collector roads will be needed in the future to accommodate future development. The need for one such road is evident to serve the undeveloped interior acreage west of 24th Avenue and south of Keewahdin Road. A road at this location would serve to open up the interior acreage for future commercial and residential purposes. The development of a similar collector road on the opposite side of Keewahdin could help promote future industrial development in this area. Other roads will be needed to accommodate future residential development. Where such roads cannot be located on the quarter-section alignment, alternate locations should be required and their feasibility determined before development occurs. -93- �Local Roads The remaining Township roads that do not fall into one of the previously mentioned categories are considered local streets. Local streets are designed to provide direct access to abutting properties and to direct this local traffic to the higher level thoroughfares. A 66-foot right-of-way standard is acceptable for this classification of road. Local street systems should be designed in a curvilinear fashion, as opposed to the traditional gridiron arrangement which fosters area traffic volumes and higher speeds. Curved streets discourage both of these potential problems. For the most part, local streets are shown only in the existing and proposed urbanized portions of the Township. A generalized local street system for this area has been shown for illustration purposes. CONCLUSION The road network shown in the Thoroughfare Plan provides a transportation system designed to ·meet the land use requirements reflected in the Master Plan. As is the case with any plan, periodic review of the highway system may be necessary. Adjustments may need to be considered subsequent to the completion of the updated Transportation Plan for the Port Huron Urban Area by the Port Huron Urban Area Transportation Study. This Plan will project traffic volumes to the year 2010 and will provide a technical basis for determining specific road segments which will require upgrading to meet future land use and population demands. Preliminary results of this study indicated that several roads within the Township exhibit capacity deficiencies that will need to be addressed as part of future road improvement efforts. Specific roads that require attention include the following: • • • • • • M-136, as far as State Road M-25 (the entire length) Krafft Road between Gratiot and Parker North River Road from State Road to Campbell Road Keewahdin from M-136 to Lakeshore Lakeshore from Krafft to Keewahdin. The road right-of-way and pavement standards suggested here should be followed and applied to new development occurring in the Township. For example, when subdivision plats or site plans are presented to the appropriate local review agencies, planned right-of-way widths should be dedicated and observed. Sufficient setbacks should also be observed so that additional right-of-way requirements can be met clear of obstruction. -94- �METCALf Q RURAL RESIDENTIAL 0 SINGLE FAMILY INFILL COVENTIONAL PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT Q MULTIPLE FAMILY 0 MOBILE HOME PARK (D COMMERCIAL C CONVENIENCE R REGIONAL H HIGHWAY CA RRI GAN @ INDUSTRIAL ~ LANDFILL @ PUBLIC e - RECREATION/OPEN SPACE MAJOR THOROUGHFARES SECONDARY THOROUGHFARES * FOCAL POINTS PLAN MASTER TNIS IUUSTU TIOI tF THE Ju.STU Pl.Al . T05£THEI 'II ITI DTHU IU CIIPTIV! MTEIIAL. VAS ADO,TED IT THE OtAIT£1 TOVISHIP Of FOil WTIOT P-..AIIII& COIIII SSION IESOLUTfOI DI JUIE U . 1990, FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP ST. CLAIR COUNTY , MICHIGAN FORT GRATIOT TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION ,000 zooo Co101uNiTy lOOO PlANNiNG S... - . -,, J. AQG[ftS , Utw:e -95- 4000 & MANAGUIENT ' P. C. UTiCA, MicitiGAN 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Fort-Gratiot-Charter-Twp_Master-Plan_1990 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charter Township of Fort Gratiot Planning Commission, Fort Gratiot Charter Township, St. Clair County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-06 Title A name given to the resource Charter Township of Fort Gratiot Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Charter Township of Fort Gratiot Master Plan was prepared by the Charter Township of Fort Gratiot Planning Commission in June 1990. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Fort Gratiot Charter Township (Mich.) St. Clair County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/753303681081980a28485236173bce77.pdf 3809b82d8309ed9f8245f0ad488922a6 PDF Text Text LAND USE MASTER PLAN REPORT A report prepared to guide the future development of HOMER TOWNSHIP MIDLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN Prepared by the: With the Assistance of: Planning Commission Charter Township of Homer Midland County, Michigan Township Board Members and Robert B. Hotaling, PCP Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Township Planning and Zoning Consllltnnt-.c; Adopted: September 9, 1987 �i TABLE OF CONT!l!TS ..,j Page No. _j f - I. [ r I I - Foreword Introduction Continued Support for the Plan Plan Must Be Flexible for the Future Master Plan - a 20-30 Year Program Plan Must be Comprehensive Plan Will be Influenced by Regional Changes Plan Must be Changed Occasionally Plan Must be Updated Periodically Map No. l Regional ~ap negional Considerations tlap No. 2 UJCal Area !-1.ap Population and Economic Development Characteristics, Trends and Projections Population Trends Population Projections Age Composition Households Table No. l Population Trends, Age Composition and Households Table No. 2 Building Permit Activj.ty Social Characteristics Education Levels EmploJ"lnent and Unemployment Income and Occupational Characteristics Table No. 4 Labor Force Characteristics ':'able r:o. 5 Employment by Occupation and Industry UJCation of Employment Opportunities and the Future ~able No. 6 Per Capita Income in Cities of Comparable Population Size Existing Land Uses and General Analysis of Each Residential ui.nd Use Development Commercial ui.nd Use Development Industrial ui.nd Use Development ?ublic and Semi-Public Land Use Development Agricultural Land Use Development Open Space Hazardous Areas Map No. 3 Existing ui.nd t:se Atlas Key to ui.nd Uses ~~p No. 3A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 3B Northwestern Sections of Township ~p No. 3C Southwestern Sections of Township l<B-p No. 3D Southeastern Sections of Township ~p No. 4 Suitability of Soils for Buildings Map No. 4A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 4B Northwestern Sections of Township ~ap No. 4c Southwestern Sections of Township Map No. 4D Southeastern Sections of Township l 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 7 b 9 lO 10 10 10 lG 11 12 13 13 15 ,_o 15,, 17 lo 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 (separate document ) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 �Soil Resources - their Land Use Adaptability Agriculture _ Woodland-Resource Development Wildlife Habitat Development Water Resource Development Recreation Development Building Sites Development Sanitary (Septic Tank) Facilities On-Site Yap No. 5 Adaptability of Soils for Agriculture Map No. 5A Northeastern Sections of Township Map Iio. 5B North-western Sections of Township ~Rp No. SC Southvestern Sections of Tovnship Map No. SC Southeastern Sections of Tovnship Map No. 6 Adaptability of Soils for Recreation Map No. 6A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 6B Northwestern Sections of Township Map No. 6c Southwestern Sections of Township Ms.p No. 6D Southeastern Sections of Tovnship Map No. 7 Wetlands rap No. 7A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 7B Northvestern Sections of Tovnship Map No. 7C Southwestern Sections of Township Map No. 7D Southeastern Sections of Township Development Standards for land Use Categories Map No. 8 - 1985 Land Use Policy Plan (Separate Atlas) Map No. 9 - l9d5 Land Use Plan (Separate Atlas) Rural Land Uses Agricultural land Uses ( Map No. 9) Resource Development land Uses (Map No. 9) Open Space land Uses ( Map No. 9) Urban Uses Low Density Residential Land Uses (Map No. 9) Medium Density Residential land Uses (Map No. 9) High Density Residential Land Uses (Map No. 9) Office Land Uses (Map No. 9) Neighborhood Commerc i.&l Land Uses ( !vap No. 9) Commwiity Services Commercial Land Uses (t-Bp No. 9) Light Industrial Land Uses ( !-ap No. 9) Planned Unit Development (PUD) Land Use Areas Planning Standards for Roads and Highways Table No. 8 Traffic Volume Trends Map No. 10 - 1985 Road Plans Sewer and Water Map No. ll - 1965 Sewer and Water District Plan Map No. 12 - 1985 Most Recent Sever & Water Plans Natural Drainage System Map No. 13 - 1985 Storm Drainage Natural Easement Reservation Plan 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 49 49 49 52 52 53 53 54 55 56 57 56 59 61 62 63 64 65 �Appendix - Information on Soil Characteristics Map No. 14 Soil Types Z...p Map No. l4A Northeastern Sections of Tovnship Map No;- l4B Northwestern Sections of Tovnship Map No. l4C Southvestern Sections of Towship Map No. l4D Southeastern Sections of Tovnship Table No. 8 Acreage and Percent of Each Soil Type Table No. 9 Crop Yields per Acre Table No. 10 Preferred Trees tor Soil Types Table No. ll Trees for Environmental Plantings Table No. 12 Building Site Development Table No. 13 Septic Tanks and Soils Table No. 14 Utility of Soils for Construction and Land sc aping Table No. 15 Water Development and Soils Table No. 16 Recreation Development and Soils Table No. 17 Wildlife Habitat Development and Soils Table No. 18 Problems vith Surface and Ground Water _J ,-- i I - I I • 66 67 "68 69 70 71 72 74 76 81 84 87 89 91 93 95 �l. Foreword by the ':'o"WnsLir,' s Planning and Zoning Consultant . . The formulating of this Master Land Use Plan is a major effort on the part of the Planning Commission of Ho~er Tovnshi~ to more adequately plan for the future orderly use of the Township's valuable land resources and the equipping of these lands through future ~lanning for public improvements. These latter are becoming increasingly nece~sarJ in the Tovnship, and are verj· costly. 'Dierefore, orde:-1~• pat":.erns of land use developr:.ent coordir:o::.ed •.-it:: the provision of these public improven:.ents at the most eccnom:.c costs in a timely anner when needed is a. fundamental purpose back of this :1!.A.ster !:.and Use Plan • ..,, .., The plan has been prepared under the authorit:.,• of Pullie :\c:. lo2. of l ';- 5;' (!,:CL 125.321 and 125.333) and the Homer Townshi:t,, Board P.esolution estallisl:::.ng the Planning Cocreission under the provisions of P.A. 1G8. The provisions of P. A. lb8 have been followed to the extent possible in the preparation of t~is plan so as to make it as legall:r effective as is possible as a basis for its future use. Upon completion, it will be used as the basis for preparing the Zoning ~ap and various specifications to be included in it~ text. At so~e tirr.e in the future, it can also be used as the basis for making engineering, arc~itectural, landscape architectural, environmental and other more srecific studies for roads, i:;ublic utilities, schools, recreation areas, open space and other public and private facilities. The I-Aster Land Use Plan Yill 'cecome the fundamental policy plan for the successful coordination of all of the 1rivate developoent projects and public "Works rrogra.Ir:s. Ctviously, if one or more r,rivate development or public works projects fail to follo"W the plan, tt~ plan for orderly development and the economical provision of necessary public imyrovements becomes increasingly impossible. A ~.a~or conse;uence of this ,.,.o~2.d be to revert to the typical individual land use decision-making which has caused the degree of disorderliness ..,hich exists in the ':°o'.mshiI) toda;,:. ':'r.e !o~n~hip is already confronted ...,ith seeking a solution to the t'rotlem of providing a sanitar; sever system and possibly a Yai:er distribution s::ste."!'. for those areas alrea:iy developed to urban concentrations. Se~tic systems and we2.ls on-site and the lack of fire hydrants for fire fighting will continue to increase the need to overcome these increasing potentially unsafe and unhealthy environ~ental conditions, particularly in Homer Tovnship ..,hich has so =uch Flood Flain and high water table areas. Land (.;se Planning and in:i;lecentat::.on of these r.l.a.r.s a.re the only means for a To"1nship to overcome such problems. 'The ta.x?ayers of P..o~er ~o"1nship deserve to have a plan for the future developeent of the Township; so that their present and other's future investments Yill not only be protected but enhanced. But, more icporta.ntly, so tiat the environment in which they live and vork can be healthy, safe and ,.,.or~ing in behalf of improving everyone's 4uality of living. In the carrying out of this Plan it is most imt:ortant that unilateral decisions by Tovnship, School, County, Regional, State and Federal officials and agencies be discou:-aged ~hen they do not give serious consideration to the Planning Commission's adopted ~aster Land Use Plan. Such unilateral decisions �2. could encourage others to follow and this results in a disorderly pattern of developJ.T.ent. Since under t,~chigan law the Tow-nship Planning Cozratission is the only. public body given the legal responsibility to comprehensi vel:; :;:lan for all asp~~t~ of land use develor,J.T.ent, there is some basis in this for other public officials to respond and coordinate their individual developJ.T.ent planninrr programs with that of the To'W?lship's more comrrehensive and allinclusive l•:S.ste:- Land Use· Plan. Finally, once adopted by the Fla:ming Commission, the >!aster Land Use Plan sets into mot ion :1CL 125. 330. This section of the '!'mmship Planning :..ct, P.A. lbb of 1959 procedurally requires all public agencies ar.d officials to su~rnit their public utility and facility project plans to the Township Planning Commission for review and recommendations as to its compliance with the Land Jse Plan te!ore the agency or official can proceed to iJ.T.~lement their projects. To quote the statute "no street, square, park or other public wa~·, cround or open space, or public building or structure shall be constructed or authorized in the To\ltlship ••••••••• or by the board, cocmission or body having Jurisdiction •••••••• until it shall be submitted to and approved by the Planning Co?!llr.ission." The interpretation that has been placed upon "approved" is that the Planning: Corm:,.ission has the legal procedural power to review, comment upon, and make recommendations to the public agency or official resFonsible for initiating the r,roject; as well as informing the ~eneral public of its findings and conclusions. It therefore seerr.s only reasonable that all public and r,riyate organizations and individuals should be involved botL during the pre~aration of the Plan and then to meaningfully assist in carrying it out. ~oUer-':. B. Ec~alinP., ?CPProfessional Corr.r:iu:::. t:; ~lar.ner f:ta te of !•:ichigar. ?.egistrat:.on Certi:'icate !lo. 2 �.r. INTRODUC'!'ION Homer Tow::.!'lip is dependent upon its Planning Commission, ':'owr.s l.i; Board, and citizens for the success of any plans prepared for the future development of the ~ovnship. The Planning Commission with the assistance of Robert B~Eotaling and Associates, Planning Consultants, are to _study pertinent issues in an effort to determine the most apr,ropriate and effective coordinated solutions to land use and related problems. The Planninb Commission is required to adopt a Master Land Use Plan for t~e future development of the Tovnship, and then use the Land Use Plan as a basis for revising and amending the present Tovnship Zoning Ordinance and planning for public ir.provements. Within the To.mstip numerous da:.,· tc day decisions, me.n:.r .ri th longer range impacts, must be addressed. !t :. s imr,ortant therefore that the To'\lTlship have an overall coordinated "Plan" to provide the basic guidelines for directing this decision-oakir.g process. This "Plan" is the Comprehensive r.aster Plan of which the land Use Plan is the basic part to all other parts of it. It is intended, then, tr.at the Homer Township La.nd Use Plan will provide Township, School, County, P.eg:onal, State and FederaJ. officials a broad framework of reference for making their future land use and public works capital iz:iprovement decisions. Private developers, investors, realtors, businessmen and others seeking to develo~ private land vill also be provided vith this helpful plan in assisting the~ in their development decisions and any requests for future zoning changes the~· may feel would be in their and the col:!Illunit:r' s coi:'cined interests and common eood. ':'he ?lanning Co~ission shall continuall·, strive for Coa:mur.it·; Su-:-~ort. of the Flan. T:ie for::iulation of the :~ster Land Use plan is t:-.e ta.sic essE:nt:.al s:ep in an effort to create a well-balanced, attractive, convenient, desirable To.mshi;: environment for all residents, businesses, institut.'..ons and. oth·er users of land in the Toiroshir,. If this goaJ. is to be realized, there ~ust te communit:,·-.. ide knovledge, understanding, and support for tr,e Plar., includir.r tr.e citizens, Township Planning Commission, Towship 2oard, Zoning =card of Appeals and other governn.ental official.s at the Townshi;::, Ser.col ristr:.ct, Count:,,, Regional, State and Federal levels of government. ~omer ~ovnship has taken steps tovard this end by involvir.g citizens' lroups in the planning proce~s through soliciting their views in the 1)2C Townsr.ip Attitudinal Survey and in workshop and infon:iat:.onal meetinfs conducted b:,· the Planning Commission. Continued public su;:port and involve::ent are essential to insure the success of the planning ~rogram in t!:.e To ..-nshi!,. The ?lan :rust be Flexi:le - Predicting the ~uture is Uncertain The Land Use Plan is not a Plan that can be i:plemented immediately, but rather one that gives positive direction to the future physical development of the Township. Therefore, vhile the Plan indicat~·s the t::pe and character of land uses for various locations in the Towship, until actual develo~mer.t occurs, the possibilit:,, for future change exists. T:iese generalized areas are a "look ahead" to tt.e future. They are intended to be a guide in the preparation of the Zoning Map and Text initiall:,· and changes and a~endn:ents to it in accord with the general direction indicated on the land Use ?lan as the future development pattern unfolds. �. The Master La.nd Use Plan is at least a 20-30 Year Program •me La.nd Use Plan portrays all of the land uses to be included in t::e Township's compr~hensi ve development potentials for approximately the next . 20 to 30 years - from 1985 to the year 2005-2015. This Plan, however, shall be reviewed annually for possible indications of a change in land use planning direction and about everJ 5-lC years the Plan should te revised and updated, and extended for the next 20-30 years into the future. Planning is a constant process designed to accommodate change. . The Flan t-'1s-: ~e Comrrehens ive T~e I.and Use Plan ~ust give adequate consideration to the interrelationsti~: whict exist between and among all ma~or private and public . land use cate~ories, if it is to serve its function as an icportant decision-making tool. This is particularly true in respect to zoning and the equirping of land uses with the necessarJ and costly public utilities, facilities and other services. Tte Land Use Plan i~ the only instrument that gives overall comprehensive direction to all aspects of development nov and in the future. Therefore, it is basic to all land use decisions; public utilit:•, facility and other service :i:,rograit.s, as well as zoning, the platting of land, etc. It becomes the basis for architectural and engineerin~ studies for all private develop~ents and public improveu.ent~. The ~1aster !.and Use Plan sets the policy for conducting ex:.sting development with that of all future changes and additions in the pattern as it emerges in the future. Chan~es and Trends in Develonment Patterns of t~e ~e~ion will Influence ~he ?lan. Romer To..,r.ship is an integral part of the r-liila.nd-Se.gi:1a·.. -P.a: Cii:.J r.eg:.or.; therefore, the Land Use Plan must acknowledge the Township's place geograFhica.lly a.nd developmentally in the region. Recogr.ition of the recional influences upon Homer Tovr.ship's Land Use Flan ~ill i::.ake it more realistic &nd reasonable in terms of guiding the future pattern and 't~·pes of land uses in the To,.-nship. Change has al..,ays been the nature of development in the ~ownship, it is continuing and will do so in the future, and regional or outside-of-the-Township as well as those within cause this cr.ange to happen continually. Change cannot be stopped, but it can be directed through the Plan so as to have a more harmonious a.nd orderly effect upon ever::one in t!:e Township. '!'he Plan Must Be :'lexi ble as Well as C2nged Occasionall:,· The Plan will periodically require revisions to reflect significant changes in local, regional, state, or national conditions which Yill more t~an likely occur, but wb.ich cannot be foreseen at t.:us time. For example, Yithin the past memorJ-filled years several major developoents which have caused major influences upon local land development have been established. l•'.ost significant among these are: (1) the initiation a.nd expansion of the interstate highway and other freeway systems; (2) the introduction of commercial shoppine centers and specialty areas, (3) the relocation of employment centers I, �/ ..J , . from the older, obsolete and blighted central cities and the creation of new ones in the nev and everexpandinf suburbs; (4) expansion in housinb preferences from a predominantly single-family home to also include apartm~nts, towhouses, condominiums, and mobile homes; (5) the concern vith conserving our valuable agricultural and open space lands; and (6) the concern !or conserving fuels used for producing energy for economic as vell as resource conservation needs. All of these vill have significant impact upon fut".J.re land use decisions, plar.s, zoning ordinances and the provision of public improvements. It is, of course, icpossitle to r,redict the kinds of changes which r..ay occur over the years ahead, tut the ?lan can a::.~ at the future b:,· giving develo:pcent a direction that 12i'.es the cost se:1::;e: to follo;; ·..rith :uture changes codif:,·inr that direction a:; required. 'I'terefore, the Land Use Plan will be modified as conditions change. The ~ot of the . Planning Coir.mission is to assure the Tovnship that the planning vill continue to be done to the extent possible, since P. A. 168 of 1959 legally re~uires it to carry out this responsibility, and under l-ti.cr.igan Statutes no otter agency or official has this major land use policy determination re.sronsibility. ':'he Flan Must Be Urdated Periodically A:n annual reviev of the Plan should be made to ~eep aLreast of ~inor or z::a.Jor changes. ~ovever, a com!)rehensive revie'w' of t:1e ?lan sl:ould be ur..dertaken aprroximately ever:,· five to ten years dependi!'-i; upon the intensi t~· of character of the change in order to allov an up-to-date analysis of the changing conditions and trends. Should changes in the land use plan be indicated, then major chanEes in the zoning ordinance, platting and public wOrKs programs would follo;,·. The ~nd Use Plan should also be revie'w'ed and amer.ded to reflect an:,- changes in communit:,· develo:_:.ment goal::; and ::,cl::.cies as determined b:,· the Planning Cor.-..!t.ission. ':he fioi::.er Township Land Use Plan, therefore, as 1;resented herein, de; ::.c:.::; the generalized development pattern for the Tow~ship during the next ~8-3 C :,·ear r:eriod (l:;105 to 2005-2015). '!'he plan :t:rov::.des tl:e necessar:: guidel::.nes for itaking decisions concerning change::; in zoning, sutdivis.:..on re£ulations, and ;uclic work::; capital improvements. It should te noted that the Land ~se ?lan is a generalized docur.ent, while the Zoning Ordinance and Zoning !1:a.p, ?la.tting ?.egulation::; and ?utl.:..c. ~orks Car,ital Improvement Program are more specific in nature. ~he Zoni~r Crdinance and Map, Subdivision Regulations and Carital Irn~rove~ent Profraz: are the basic legal tools for implemen~ing the general goals and intent o~ the ;..a.nd ~se Pl~. The Iand Use plan, is then, the fundaz:iental or basic ele~ent in t!,e total planning proces~, a process ~hich includes the following: l. Having the Planning Con::mission form the focus for the organization. and structure that ,,..ill l;>e necessar:; to carr:r out the Planning Process procedurely. 2. Gat:ier information and analyze it on a continual basis in a comrrehensive manner in terms of population, econo~.:..c, natural resource and environment and land use development chanGe. . �I - c. 3. ?re;are and kee:;: up-to-date a comprehensive '.-~ster lAnd Use F2.an ~hicL g__ives direction to the orderly coordination of public and priVate land use developments for residential, commercial, - ir.dustrial, agricultural and open space, public and semi-public develop~ents and the public and private utilities, facilities and other se:-vices needed to e~uip or serve such land use developments and activitiez. 4. Pret'are, ador,t, use and enforce the necessar:,· zor.ing ordinance, suldivision regulations, capital i~provement programs and ot her lefal, econorr.ic, infon:.::ational tools •.rl:ich will encourage and re r,_ uire implementation of the Com;rehensive Master ~nd Use Plan. 5. Continue and enhance the planning process so as to constantl:,· :::e i r: e. position to meet changing conditions. The Township can be successful in achievinc its planned development goals if each of the above five (5) elements in the planning proces~ are earnestly pursued and gain political and popular support, a.nd is implemented by all concerned 'with public a.nd private developments through ( l) following the plan, (2 ) living '\iith the Zoning Ordinance requirements, ( 3 ) conforr.:ing platted land to the subdivision regulations and (4) supporting the financing of public improvements '\ihen they are needed for efficiency and economy of coordinating private development '\iith public improvements. All of the public 'will sooner or later help pay for the successes as well as the failures in t he carrying out of the planning process. Tax-supported puclic er-ployees are needed to manage, operate and maintain the ~O'liTlship. Private developers neec to be reminded that it will cost them more to do business in tie :o'w?lstip due to poor planning. These costs are passed on to the sucsequent consumers of their developu:.ents. These consumers become the ta.x:pa;,ers that will have to pa;,' the higher price for all aspects of development later, because ignoring planning and ignoring plans that result fron planning wi..:.l result i~ r.igher costs for ever:,·::iody in t:ie ':'ovnship. �I • rownshlps , and Places SOUTHf ASTERN MICHIGAN 13 12 ,e 43• 15 17 . \ . \ \ \ .--,-,_ 1 ' •- ) UUO" , . ., f ' •· "' I ·- '' I I 111\a I Ho~•" TWP• I I I( ·- it,......,,~ _,. . 1·-· \·. .slHiA I ' Ass ,K ' / CANADA Wf,Y'JE COU~lTY l .. l f '~ I ! .IQl•- 1 t()U l "(..I' ' MAP NO. t ,a ,.,,.... ... lO N ,o 20 u S 01101n,,....,, of Com.....,ce 12 MICHIGAN •o l!IUAEAU OF TME CENS l.' S 13 15 83" 16 17 �REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Homer Township may be described as a rural tovnship that it caught up in urbanization of its land and its other components - population, economy and organizational structure. It is located adjacent to the City o! Midland in Midland Count~ where the major concentration of employment, cultural and commercial uses in the local area are to be found. The dominant industry, and the largest employers, are Dow Chemical Company and Dow Corning Corp. with Dow Chemical. having its international office located in the City of Midland. Midland CoWlty is located within the East Central Michigan Planning Region, and is situated in the central portion of Michigan's lower peninsula (See 111p No. l). The City of Midland is considered to be a part of the Tri-City Region comprised of Bay City, Saginaw and Midland. The Dow Chemical Company and Dow Corning Corporation has its major manufacturing facilities within the City of Midland and represents the County's largest employer. Midland County recorded a 1980 population of 73,578 in the final U.S. Census. This represents •a 9 1 809 or 15.4% increase over the b3,769 population recorded in the. 1970 U.S. Census. The City or Midland recorded a more modest increase of 2,959 or 8.6% from 34,291 in 1970, to 37,250 in the final 1980 Census figures. Homer Township grew from 3,959 in 1970, to 4,477 in 1980, a 13.1% increase, which is relatively greater than the City and somewhat comparable to the relative grovth of the County. Homer Township is geographicall:r, socially and economically clos~l:: associated with the City of MicUaud. Fine transrortation routes from the Township to employment centers ;.rit hin the City (!,J-20, Safina .. P.oa.d, Gordonville Road and Poseyville Road) provide dirP.ct access between '!'ownshi:: residents and their jobs. Over 58% of all resrondents to the 1930 Ho~er · Attitudinal Survey indicated their place of P.mplo:,·ment 'Was the City of Midland. The other 42~ 'work in local retail and service e:.tablisii~ent:;, public ernplo:rr.ient by County, To'loT?lshir, f:chools and otht:r institutions and scattered regional employment locations. Homer '!'ownship shares its eastern l.Jounda.r:.- with the Cit/ of '.'.i~la.ud and Midland Township, its northern boundary witl1 Lincoln To·.mshii-' , its westerly boundary \ii th Jerome and Lee Townshi1;s, anri. its southc rl:/ toundary with Mount Haley To .. nship (See ttillp No. 2). Homer Township is situated adjacent to the City of !-'.idland and the t1o.-o municipalities are a part of the same urban a.nci. urcanizinr area. This urban area has been subj e·c ted to significant grorth in recent years. :-iany communities in f,(.ichigan, and throughout the entire country, loco.ted ;.rithin and adjacent to urban centers similarly have been subjected to significant gro1olth. The attractiveness of a newly developing spacious and natural aesthetic atmosphere has attracted numerous urban residents to Homer To.mship. The:,· will more than likely continue to be attracted to the tounship for many years to come because of these characteristics which are a long \lay from being spoiled and unattractive. �J • 0 u T 1&" LEGEND l'.(Y RQl,OS TO CDUlilfTl[S -•110111 -DAICJ..-OROAD :iOl.5'.0lf.lC[J"'llD GRMtOIIS"' .. >oAO l I _J auUIIOQ.5 S<Pfl(U AOlD -DAOID lll'lll(DDVU'.O~WIINFWDIIIJIG( C&A ... RESTUU ROIi) S"ISTEII Cl:SIGNATIOII lllftRSTlT( ~OWl ~ \NTCO STATES ...._...,,. § \Tl!£ - ~ BL llJSINESS L.OCP St RWT( IIJSllj[SS as ltJSoNESS SP\JI AIRPORTS l . . . fWIAl'Tt . . ~ I lllllUT rru, T tS N. 15011( flCll.fT(S ._,.,_(.,:Jil'\r'! f&Q.ITIES --.1 IGIMERC""- c,I J ◊ 0 &#l(LD . t ,IIT[D f.lC(.1Tl(S LAM'.INi ARtl ca T 15 lit. 0 0 -AIIU I STRIP · - - I t -(lDSJ RA.t.ROo\OS 11"-0.C I.IM' lill..M!(lil TRACASi (r(a&r"' - USED BT 51«A1 - ~ lfM 11.1&.a TRAOl:SI ~ !IY IOI! • ..._. !:,,( ?'{All,,c; COMPlM' IJlil S&lrlE ~ AO.IACIPIT -IS <S _, !IC)! IOlGl(lG( IIIGH~ ""-ROAD Slll.QII .... AOlO j6();( ~ ..... IIOll)'L:)r,,u; . - -,~ --=:~ .... ROAD .,__ _ , 8RtOG£S 1:1 "ti nt•T i.J.,_1 l l!IEhL :)1-IOG{ S<.9{"50, ~ .'l\6S OIi _J .,...l. ~ , ;;.uif SEIU&lOt O!lllNAuE ~,tC)t~T .. 11f .U !TJtfu, )l'!a 250FTI NAvlGATIOII .. ,. ~ )Ill Wth(l.'' 8C,,l,j 30\/N0ARl[S ..,°"'- J - ] ~ ~&l[;n.,a,,, =.:..,.,,~ '::YI&.. T~SQ.'liOIRT T 13fl ~~t~"'°' T IJ N S(CTOI t.a.f er, »cl VILLAGE :.:atien su· ....-...cFOOPr~ :·..111.Nt•fS . SAGINAW J J GENERAL HIGHWAY MAP MIDLAND COUNTY GRATIOT • aw •·• co. "' '[ MA... P 1110. 2 LOC~L I\RE.A Ml\f �10. POPULATION & ECOIWMIC DEVELOPMENT CHA:l.ACTE~ISTICS, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS Po~ulation-~rehds [ [ [ The population of Homer Township in 1980 was 4,477, an increase of 13.1% since 1970. Since 1960, the To'Wllship's population has grown by 33%. Tr.is rate of grovth is coiq:arable to the growth or Midland City, and slightly less than ~~dland County, for the Sal'!:e period. Betveen 1~70 and 1960, the Township has growr. at tvice the rate of ~idland City; while in actual nu~bers, the population was 5lo and 2,074 individuals for Hocer Tovnsr.ir and ~idland City, respectively. Population Projections The Midland County Planning Commission, in its 1974 General Development Plan, had projecte4 a 1980 popuJ.&tion ot 5,154 (a 17.1% higher estimate and .a 130~ demographic error). Depressed State and National. economic conditions during the 1970's contributed to a slower growth rate in this area. Projections to 1990 needs to consider the genera..1 economic climate vithin the State and at Dow Chemical and Dow Corning. A reasonable assumption would be that the Township's population will continue to grov but at a slower rate of approximately 8% to 10%. The Township's popuJ.&tion therefore would increase by about 450 people during the l~O•s. For planning purposes, the Township can expect its population to increase approximately 450 to 600 individuals in each decade to the year 2000. The population of 1990 could reach about 4,900 and could reach 5,400 by the year 2000. Age Comtios it ion L L I. I The median age of the Township increased from 23.5 in 1970 to 28.4 in 1980. The percentage of the population in three major age catagories, shovn on Table l, idectify several important changes since 1960. ':'he number of cl.ildrer. and young adults under the age of 18 has declined during the l970's by 175 individuals, or 10~. There has been a large increase in the age group lo to 64 of 29% (613 individuals) and in the age group over 65 o! 42%. While the population is ~ing, 61% of its population is of working ~ge and can contribute to the support and sustinence of those under 18 and over b5. The aging trends of Homer Tovnship a.re similar to trends in Midland County and Midland City. Households The number ot 1970 households in the Township has increased by 31.5~ to l,41~ in 1980. Nearly 99% of the Township's population lives in faltily households. The Township, however, has experienced a sharp decline in the average number ot persona per household; tran 3.66 persona in 1970 to 3.ll persons in 1980. In other words, vhile the number ot households are increasing, the number of children on the average in the households are decreasing. This relationship explains the changes in age distribution of the Township's population discussed above. Houses in Homer Township are slightly larger than throughout the rest of the County and Midland City. This means that the families have more room per family and the houses are on the average mere expensive and of higher quality since a great majority of them are relatively new. �"t, 11. TABLE NO.l I \ Population Trends in Homer Towship and Co!llparisons to Midland City, Midland County, and the State [ 1960-1980 1970 r· r· r ., Total Population r- /9 Change 1960-70 1980 Median Age Change 1960-70 1970 1980 3,959 19.8 4,477 13.l 23.5 2t. 4 Midland City 35,176 26.6 37,250 5.9 24.5 20. 6 Midland County 63,769 23.9 63,769 15.4 24 .o 27.9 8,875,083 13.4 9,262,078 4.4 26.3 28.8 Homer To'W'tlship Michigan ~ Distribution bi Percent Under 18 19 to b4 r ' - 1960 1970 1960 Homer Township 41.8 33.l 53.5 {~ Midland City 40.0 29. 5 lliidland County 4·1 . 2 I. Michigan 36.6 [_ Total Population 'I 1970 Over 65 1960 1970 61.0 4.7 5.9 55.0 62.4 5.0 8.o 32.2 53.4 60.5 5.4 7. 3. 29.7 54.9 60.4 8.5 9. 8 Households 1960 Total Homer Tovnship ' i I l . j Percent l, 0751 Households 1970 Total Percent Persons per Housetc:-::s 3.66 1,419 31.5 3 .11 Midland City 10,177 35.l 3.40 13,056 28.3 2. 75 Midland County 18,013 32.3 3.51 24,4 98 36. 0 2 . 94 3,653~059 18.5 3.27 3,195,213 20.4 2.84 Michigan Source: . Persons per U.S. Census �12. TABLE NO. lI' I - i L l~ !~ I. i 2 Building Permit Activity in Homer Township 1970-1984 . !." - Year (sin1:5ie) ~bile Homes 1970 39 2 NA 1971 46 7 NA 1972 52 5 NA 1973 62 15 NA 1974 46 10 NA 1975 44 11 NA 1976 57 18 NA 1977 57 18 r;A 1978 52 19 NA 1979 30 13 NA 1980 7 5 2 (c,70C sq.ft. ) 1961 10 10 2 (11,650 sq.!t.) 1982 10 11 3 (lC,200 sq.rt.. ) 1983 16 7 3 ( 1984 9 12 5 (15,430 sq. ft. ) Residential Commercial 9,250 sq.ft.) �Social Characteristics Examination or several social characteristics assist in understanding the stability or the Tovnship and the community's ability to adapt to change. There are no d~minant ethnic nor minority groups in the Township. The characteris~ica or concern become those or family stability, educational status and income levels. L r: According to the 1980 Census, 88% of Homer Township's population was native born in Michigan. Thia figure is much higher tha.n the County (75%), Midland (67%) and the State (72%). Since 1975, 42% of the individuals over age five (5) (or 605 households) would live in different ho~es; this accounts for the creation of part of the new households during the 1970' s and implies upward mobility as current residents purchase new homes in the Township. Approximately 70j of the male and female population are or have been married (including those separated). Of the children under the 18 years of age, 851 are living with two parents; a figure comparable throughout Midland County. One-quarter (25%) of the households have children under the age of six (6). An appropriate interpretation ot these statistics suggest that residents of Homer Township have a straig "sense of place" and are strongly committed to the family institution. In Homer Towship, only 6% of the residents ov~r 60 are livinc alone, which is a much lower rate than elsewhere in this County or State. Only a few (about 60) individuals in the Tovuship are housed in group quarters (Pinecrest Home). For the elderly, they are either livinB with family members or are moving to locations in other municipalities that provide support services for them. The decline in the nUJ11ber of persons rer household suggests that many of the elderly may, in fact, be relocating out or the Township. The City of Midland's over sixty (60) population took a noticeable Jump during the 1970's as did the number of people in croup quarters. This evidence suggests that the elderly are probably movine to the City and possibly other urban areas where services are more adequately providert aml convrniently accessible in emergencies. Education Levels ! !_ I I I- Seventy-six (76) percent of Homer Township's porulation has completed high school. This figure is comparable to the County average, but considerably belov the Midland City's 85%. In addition, 12% of the Township's population has four (4) or more years of college which is slightly lo~er than the State average (14%) and considerably lover than the County's college average (23%). This latter, however, is primarily due to the population dominance and attained education level found in Midland City's 35%. The requirements of Dov Chemical and Dov Corning undoubtedly creates the environment which causes the exceptionally large number or college graduates to remain in the area. The most negative educational statistics for Homer Tovnship is the large number ot 16 to 19 year olds vho are not in school or are not high school graduates. This statistic is canparable to the State average; but much higher than the rest of the County. This, again, may be distorted by the higher attainment level in the City, and thus the Township ma.y be ccmparable to the other municipalities in the County. �14. TABLE NO. ..1. Sociai Characteristics of Homer Township Residents and Comparisons to Midland City• Midland County• and Michgian 1980 l-- t.Jnder 5 yrs. % living in different Houses in 1975 Native Born in Michigan ., /f Completed 4 or more College Yrs. 88.3 42.0 75.6 11.7 10.5 Midland City 70.3 53.1 ti4.6 35.0 4 ;9 !IJ.dland County 78.9 47.2 76.9 22.7 7.2 Michigan 75.6 43.6 68.o 14.3 ll.5 % Families w/children under 6 % of children under 18 living 1,,ith two parents • I. Homer Township [_ I 6.2 25.2 84.9 t-1.idland City 25.b 25.l 65.5 rt.idland County 22.9 25. 7 85. 9 !l.ichigan 23.8 23.0 76. 4 Source:· 1980 Census Il . I l' i I I • % of Ages 16-151 Not in school or not F.igh School Grads Homer Township % Over 60 Living Home I % High School Grads �• In summary, Homer Township appears to have a veey stable population which is family oriented. 'l1le population generally is vell educated, except possibly for the current high school age group. The only cause for concern is the high-number of 16 to 19 year olds that are not completing high school. Labor Characteristics - Employment & Unemployment 'l1le strength of the community can be measured by the number of people in the labor force., household income, and dynamics of the economic base. According to the 1980 Census, 79% of the males over age 16 and 49; of the females over 16 vere participants in the labor force. Of the females in tlie work force, 43% have children under the age of six (6). Thus, there is a large number of tvo (2) income households. Each 100 workers in the Township support 118 (1:1.18) nonvorkers. · A disconcerting feature of the Township labor force, is a 10.5% unemployment rate (which may possibly include the retired) which is slightly higher than the County average (9.2%) and noticeably higher than Midland City (7.2%). Ir the retired are included, the 10.5% figure is not out or line. Another poaaibility ia the close relationship between the unemployment rate and the number or individuals 16 to 19 who have not completed high school. This group is chronically plagued by high unemployment rates. Income and Occupational Characteristics L 'l1le median family incane for the Tovnship is $22,948 which is comparable to the County median income of $23,598, but much lover than Midland City's median income of $26,853. On a per capita basis, the mean income is $1 ,641 in the Township which is lower than both the County and Midland City by $4uu and $1,900 respectively. Only 4.8% of the TownGhip's families had incomes below the poverty line. This correlated vith the unemployment rate above and reduces the affect the seemingly high unemployment rate expressed auove. The dominant employers in the area are the Dow Chemical and Low Corning Companies located in the City of Midland. Many of the occupations of Township residents reflect employment at Dow. The maJor occupations are management and professional skills (397 workers), and technical, administrative and sales positions (530 workers). Other ma.Jar categories of occupations are precision production workers (359), operators and fabricators (292) and service positions (201). Only a very fev menbers of the work force are actively engaged full time in agricultur~l operations (56). I . When categorizing workers by the industry in vhich they are employed, the largest number (588) are employed in manufacturing, followed by retail trade (294) and construction (191). Moat ot the remaining workers work in service related industries, such as real estate, insurance, health services and communicationa. Nearly 85% or the work force is employed by the private businesses, with the maJority of publicly supported jobs being that of public education employees. �- TABLE NO. 4 labor Force Characteristics for Homer Tovnship and Comparisons to Midland City, Midland Count, and Michigan % of 1'B.les over 16 in Labor Force Sor Females over 16 in labor Force % of Females in labor Force with Children over 6 % in Percent Unem1:loyed Manufacturin5 I 1· Homer To'wtlship 79.4 48.5 43.2 10.5 32 .o 11.i.dland City 78.6 51.6 40.6 7.2 35.l Midland County 77.7 47.7 37.7 9.2 34. 5 t-'d.chigan 75.3 48.8 41.6 11.0 30.3 % of Median !_ Families Income Per Capita Fair.ily Income Homer Tovnship 22,948 7,641 4.8 Midland City 26,853 9,547 4.o l-'.idland County 23.598 8,052 6.4 Michi.ga.n 22,107 7,b88 8.2 Source: 1980 Cenaus belov Poverty line �17. TABLE NO. ~ Resident's Employment By Occupation and Industry in Homer Township 1980 No. Em'Olo,,red over 16 Total • Fem.ale Ml.nagement/Professional 397 145 Technical/Sales and Administrative Support 530 Service Occupation 201 Fore_s try 56 Occupation Farming L r· ! 1. '. & Percent Male Percent 37% 252 63:; 378 7U 152 29% 151 75% 50 25~ 56 100% Precision Production 359 14 4% 345 96% Operators & Fabricators 292 29 10% 263 90% Totals 1835 717 100% 1118 100% Industry Agriculture/Forest Construct ion 191 Ma.nu.tact ur ing 588 ( Durable Goods Transportation 35 Communication 93 Wholesale Trade 29 Retail Trade 294 Finance/Insurance/Real Eatate 108 Buaines s/ Repair Personal Services Heal th Service Education Miscellaneous Total Source: 1980 Census 59 96 104 149 26 �10 . Location of Employment Opportunities and the Future The majority of the industrial related Jobs ar~ with Dov Chemical Company and Dov Corning Corporation in the City of Midland where the mean travel time to work is reported to be 22 minutes for its labor force. This travel time to work factor includes the entire area of Homer Township; thus an exceptionally convenient home-to-work relationship exists between the Township and the maJor employer in the local area, as well as the County and surrounding region. C [ [ j_ [ L Within Homer Township there exiata a small spaced out strip o! commercial businesses primarily located along ~20 and to a lesser extent along Saginav Road in the northeastern portion of the Township. There are only two (2) ver1 small industrial activities in the Township. The Township is essentially dependent on Dow Chemical and businesses in Midland City for employment opportunities. Expansion o! commercial. and industrial a.long with some public and institutional activities should be expected and encouraged in the future, i! the projected Township population is to be realized and social stability to continue. Most o! the anticipated activities will provide new employment opportunities, pa.rticul.arly to women and young adults. Development of a broader industrial. base !or the economy vill depend on the grovth o! Dov Chemical, and will depend upon how willing the presently institutionalized economy is willing to aha.re its political, social, economic and institutional assets with "outsiders." The relatively high income levels present in the economy could be a deterrent to lower paying industrial and commercial enterprises (See Table No. 6). The international economic prestige a.nd other positive characteristics o! Dov Chemica.l on the other hand, if given local support in its future expansion requirements, could continue to be the only maJor economic sustenance in the local area as well as the County. �l S, • ... ' ! ~ ! TABLE NO. 6 r Per Capita Income in Cities ot Comparable Population Size to the City of Midland i~ [ I~ 1980 1979 1979 L Rank City [ l. Midland 37,250 $ 9,547 2. Southgate 32,058 8,978 27,299 [ 3. 1".adison Heights 35,375 8,326 24,650 4. G&rden City 35,640 8,310 26,895 5. Wy&lldotte 34,006 7,957 23,042 6. Bay City 41,593 6,818 19,780 7. Inkster 35,190 6,736 20,710 8. Port Huron 33,981 6,735 18,183 9. Jackson 39,739 6,469 18,110 10. Battle Creek 35,724 6,385 16, 625- 11. t-tlskegon 40,e23 5,507 15,107 [ [ [ [ t~ [ [.. l I - j l. Po12ulation Per C&Eita Income Family Income $ 26,653 �20. EXISTING LAND USES i - i l_ r· From land use information obtained from the Homer Township 1980 Future I.and Use Plan Report and updating it by use or zoning and building permits, and by separating out productive agricultural land from open space, which vere combined in the 1980 Report , the existing land uses can be more meaningfully identified (See Table No • .l... and r.kp No. i)• Homer Tovnship has a total acreage or approximately l5,2b0 acres (24 sections times 640 acres per section). The master land uses are as follows: l. Residential I.and Use Development ( Refer to Map No. 's 3 and 4 and Table No's 2 and 7) Single family conventional and mobile homes occupy slightly more than 1,600 acres, or 10.5% or the Tovnship's total acreage. Single tamilj homes are scattered along the road and highway system or the Tovnship. The largest concentration or housing areas are located adjacent to the eight ( 8) miles or frontage along ~h-way M-2 0, Sagina v Road and in the southeast sections or the Township. Veey rev homes are located in the most northeastern and northwestern parts of the Township and in the floodplains. The southeast area is attractive for home sites because there are pockets of soil types that can accommodate septic tanks which is a limitation or the soils in other sections or the Township. Since 1978, the construction activity in single family residences has fallen off sharply (Table No. 2). Mobile home permits during this same period of 1978-84 have a.lso faII'en off but still indicate a relatively high consumer preference (54 conventiona.l and 40 mobile homes between 1960 ILlld 1984). Housing starts during this period have been influenced by at least four (4) factors since 1980: a poor state and national economy, legislation and court orders favoring mobile homes, the high cost or conventional housing, and the lack of home sites that can be economically prepared tor septic: tan.ks. L 2. Commercial Land Use Development ( Refer to Map No. 3 and -4 and Table No. 7) Retail, service shopa, and other outlets are primarily located along Highway M-20 and S&ginav Road. The latter are located in the northeast section ot the Toll?lship. In 1985 only 106 acres or 0.7% of the total land area are occupied by commercia.l land uses in the Township. Most or these uses are am&ll privately ovned, usually by one person, a family, or a partnership. Again, the lack or public sewer and water systems has kept any larger businesses from being attracted to the Township. 3. Industrial I.and Use Development (Refer to ~•P no. 3 & 4 and Table no. T) \ The 1985 Industrial land uses, including a small furniture plant and a salvage yard, occupy only ll acres or 0.01% of land. In~ustrial sites will more than likely not be too plentiful in the Tovnship for the same reasons given for residential and commercial, as well as other types, and that is the high ground -water situation with no inexpensive and easil¥ found outlet to drain land and the lack of public: sever and water. However, there does appear to be same opportunity to locate light industry in the area �21. around the Saginav Road - U.S. 10 interchange located in the north central ,art of the Township. The C.&o. ?ailroad also passes throug~ this area paralleling Sa.einaw Road. No other r,art of ti'le To ..nship a.ppe..Ars -t.o have enough of the industrial location requirereents. Industrial uses would in any event ·oe disruptive to other more a.ppro~riate uses of these areas for agriculture, open land and residential r,urposes. 4. A total of u33 acres are classified as public and semi-rublic or institutional l and uses. The Chippeva Hature Center maintains a large holding of archaeological imr,ortance in the Township. Other large public land areas include Consumers ?over Transmission lines and oil pipe corridors, school pro,erties, Count~, homes, and other s~aller public and institutional and land holdings. Future expansion of this tyr,e of land use is dependent upon the availability of public sever and water, as well as drai.'laee of the land. L r Pu~lic/Se!!l.i-Public Land UsP. VP.velo~reent (r!efer to i•ll:l.p ifo. 3 & band Tabl~ No. 7 ) 5. ricultural Land Use Develol')fflent nefer to :,ap No. 3 & 5 and 'i'aule iio. 7) Agricultural land. that presentl: is in production that has yields whicr. are high enough to be commercially viable are located north of i•·!-2C in the central portion of the Townshir,, south of i•:-20 in the center of the To,.-nship, and in the more remote sections of the southeastern part of t he To·w nship. The total acr'!age of the ll\.re;er parcels is aprroxirr.a tely 1,500 acres, or 11. 8:; of the To-wn :.hir,' s tot.al area. At this time, much of this land is held in parcels large enoueii to e ffic ier.tly farm. To imr,rove the economic viability, ti1e To.msiiip can encourage farmers to participate in ?. A. 116, "The Agricultural aucl Open Space Act 1 " administered by the Michigan Department of i,a.tural Resources. 1 Open Snace (Rt!fer to :-a.p No. 3 & 4 and T!!.ole no. 7) l . Agricultural lands presently used for that purpose but of low productivity, woodlands, and wetlands are included in the open space category. While small scattered portions of this land coulu 0~ developed, severe limitations because of the high water taule restrict the types and amount of land that can be used for development ..-ilicn could include any concentrations of buildings or structures. To use those lands, at least public severs and drains need to be constructeci. For lands that cannot bP. developed, owners could use ?.A. llo to maintain land in open space, and avoid the cost of property taxes, providing the fan:i.ly incomes do not exceed the me.xi~wn permittetl under DliR' s administrative rules. �22. I , [ [ [ '. i. I ( - 7. Hazardous Areas ( Refer to Map No. 7) Because of the high number of rivers, streams and drainagevays, and their watershed drainage systems, the lands relatively level topography, and hi~ water table soil conditions, flooding can be a· periodic major hazard to development in the Tovnship. A map of the floodplain vithin Homer Tovnship shows that lands that could be inundated are extensive (See Y.ap No. U)• The presence of floodplains have historically influenced development in the Township as evidenced by the lack of buildings and other structures in them at the present time. These floodplains are being increasingly reserved ror storm water drainage purposes and will more than likely remain as undeveloped open space, or· like wetlands be used only ror those activities related to nature, recreation and natural resource conservation. It is estimated that about 2,500 acres or 16.4% or the land in the Township is in the floodplain hazard category. �23. 7 TABLE NO. Existing Land 'u;es Homer Tovnship Iand Use Activity Residential Acreage % or Township Total 1,627 10.6~ [ [ 9. 6% 1.0% 1,468 159 Single family Z.bbile Home Commercial 106 0.7% Industrial 11 0.1% 633 4 .1% l,875 12.3% 11,028 . 15,280 72.2% 100.0% Public/Semi-Public l. Agricul ~ure 2. Open Space Totals [ ! l- '. I I l - l. Commercial agricultural land of above average productivity is included in this category. 2. Included in this category are marginal agricultural lands (average and below), woodlands, and other undeveloped land. �r .. j - l I 1 . J EXISTING . LANO U - -·. --- ----- .. -- . - --- . ·---- .. . CHARTE:R TOWNSHIP - • . . r ·.. ,. . . . .... .. .~ .. . , - OF . .. . . - . HOMER . . MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN Sf PlEMSeR.198S - J ======== ] I'" �---------------------- r EXISTING LEGENC' CEM=TERY e • -- - [Q BULLOCK CREEK HIGH SCHOOL RESIDENTlAL, SEASONAL 0 HOMER TOWNSHIP t-lALL RESIDENTIAL, SINGLE FAMILY IT] ELECTRICITY - 2 .l ► FARM ABANDONED HOUSE / RESIDENTlAL, MULTIPLE 0 ► [!] T TRAILER9 MOBILE HOME ~ CHURCH OF • FARM 0 HOMER TOWNSHIP FIRE PUBLIC / QUASI- PUBLIC ~ U 5 DA ~ SCHOOL 0 0 INDUSTRIAL PINE II COMMERCIAL METHODIST + AIRPORT/ LANDING STRIP BW BFUNE WELL GRANGE VACAN1. FOREST, AGRICULTURE BULLOCK CREEK JUNIOR 16 - ~ (NO SYMBOU RESIDENTIAL, TWO FAMILY II " DEPARTMENT .... OFFICE RIVER 0 IO00 2000 SCHOOL CHURCH SCALE 1" HALL 3000 - ,ooo' HIGH 4000 J ~iiW&Wm ]· NAZARENE (J>~I VA TE.) 1000 J SUB STATION SCHOOL �J .... I O> - II-,. \ 1-1-0 ·\ \ • I I \ \ \ ( l - w . .... \ -I "\ -.....J ' ....., .. ' -- * '-- I- ~., • lT~ - \ I \ ... �.J cf~( ~· ..,__,_ . \ [] • * - I ( ,' . -~i .t:-Q-;. .. -~ •t• ' / * ----- • (. J •· --- x.·. 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I \ ". �SOIL RESOURCES and their Land Use Adaptability (Refer to Map No. 14 and Table No. 8 I I ' ' in Appendix) The characteristics of the Township's soils provides information on the type of land uses that are most appropriate (or not appropriate) for devefopment in the Township. Iata obtained from the 1977 Midland County Soil Survey by the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S.D.A. indicates that the Township has a large percentage of its soils in capability classes II and III which are suitable for agricultural production without economic limitations considered. However, all soils in the Township have severe limitations because of io/8.ter problems--flooding, high vater table, and poor drainage. These same restrictions also influence other possible uses seriously limiting the amount of land available for constructing dwellings with septic tanks and wells on site. To accommodate agricultural operations and dwellings the land has to be drained and mcdified in other ways. Even with drainage or other modifications, the soils generally are not suitable for septic tanks and sanitary landfills. In this section, several land uses are briefly discussed with regards to their development potential. Homer Township appears to have a natural landscape which provides environmental amenities for housing, i.e. open pastoral scenery, woods, rivers and streams and comfortable contours. It is also suitable for selected natural and active recreation facilities, and offers a variety of natural environmental wildlife habitats. ~ricultural production faces the costly dra~nage and flooding problems. Urban development must overcome the drainage and flooding problem and also ultimately face the construction of public seve~ and water systems - both at considerable public ta.x supported and private or personal costs. Agriculture Father than classify soils for agricul~ural puri:ioses by capatility, soils have been rated in terms of their productivity (yield) under a high level of management without regard necessarily as to cost. A high level of management means that action has been or can be taken to overcome natural soil limitations, i.e. drainage for crop fields. Three production categories have been created: high (solid pattern), average (dot pattern ) and lov (line pattern). These areas have been designated on 1-B.p No. 5 A, B, C. and D. -- There are three existing major agricultural areas in the Tovnship. The first area is north of F.ighvay M-20 in sections l•, 15 and 16 and a small &rea along the Tittabawassee River. The second area is south of Highway M-20 in sections 22 a.nd 23 in the center ot the Township. The third area is in the southeast portion of the Township. These areas of approximately 15 00 acres, a.nd as far as Class II and III soils can be competitive, best suited tor long-term agricultural production, providing the increases in land values a.nd taxes due to urbanization do not interfere. Even though these areas are relatively productive lands for Midland County, this does not mean that agriculture is economically viable against Class I soils. In comparision to other agricultural areas in the State, the yield �for the most often planted a.nd most productive economically per acre is still low. It is doubtful that returns cover the cost of inputs, given the trends i~ market places, To remain in agriculture operations in Homer Township vill probably have to work off-farm and become part-time farmers. The only economic incentive the Township can use to assist farmers is P.A. 116, the Michigan Agricultural a.nd Open Space Act vhich provides tax credits for enrollment as long as total family income does not exceed certain established levels. I . l Another factor for a viable -economic operation is to have available parcels large enough to cultivate field crops with modern equipn:ent, in t he agricultural areas north of Chippewa River Road, there are a few parcel~ of sufficient size for production. Hovever, in the area bowided by the Prairie, Gordonville, Homer and Badour Roads, extensive parcelling of land in small tracts and lots has occurred. While there are still several large parcels left. to commercially farm, much of the land appears committed to urban residential uses in an otherwise agricultural area, This legal and encouraged process of breaking up large parcels into smaller ones without recognizing its consequences has for many years and continues to accelerate the economic demise of agricultural land prematurely. Woodland Resource Development Refer to Map No. 5 & 6 and Table No I s 10 and 11 in the Appendix ) Production of various species and their mixture (See Table No.~ in the Appendix) as commercial trees is possible throughout most of the Tovns hip. novever, the soils with the least limitations are also the best soils for agricultural production and urban development. The major management concerns for commercial production are high seedling mortality on most soils, and the inaccessibility of some areas to equipment for harvesting, primarily because of the high water table. Rather than commercial production, woodlands have more contemporary useful. value as environmental amenities for residential development and recreation sites. Wildlife Habitat Develonment Refer to M&p No. l _ and Table No. 17 in the Appendix. The potential exists for various types or wildlife habitats because soils can support a variety of habitat cover and food elements such as grasses, legumes, herbaceous plants, trees and wetland plants. Woodland and open land and wildlife habitats are found on soils that are also productive &gricu.l.tural land (?--kp No. 5 , A, B, C & D). Wetland habitat acreage is extensive throughout the Towship, designated &s shaded areas on Map No. 7 , A, B, C, & D; particulary near the Township's rivers, creeks and drains. This is particu.l.ary true in the northwest and northeast parts or the Township. Large a?"'!as suitable for wetland habitat have already been drained and are apparently being used in agricultural production. The wetland areas designated on Map No. 7, A, B~ C, & D reemphasizes the difficult natural conditions that exist :-"that of high vater tables that occurs widely throughout the Tovnship. The designated wetland areas on the Map will be subject to cooperative planning and zoning vith the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The State legislation governing wetland areas is specific as to size, location and character or them and the development and use of them to be permitted. �35. Water Resource Development Refer to Vap No • .J_ and 'Table No's ~ and _JJL in the Appendix Present limitations on the soils located in the Township m&k.e it difficult to create ponds (seepage), to construct dikes and levies (because of resulting wetness and seepage), and to drain land on all but a rev soils throughout the Tovnship. Thus, these problems make it verJ difficult to lllter water conditions for development, again, because of the high cos~ to overcome them and permit development. Recreation Development ( Refer to :-.iap No. b and Table No. ~ in the- Appendix) L [_- None of the soils in the Township are without lil:iitations in relation to recreation development. Those soils having moderate limitations are designated on ~ P No. 6 , A, B, C &D. While the a.mount of land suitable for recreation i~ exteMive, much of the land is already in use for agriculture production and home sites. The soils in relating their potential to recreational uses vould more than likely ce most adaptable to picnic areas, nature trails, cross-country skiing, woodland camping and selected playgroWld sites. Buildin~ Sites Development ( Refer to t-'..ap No. ,E_ and Table No. 12 in the Appendix ) Because of flooding and the high water table, only a small percentage of land ba.se is suitable for building sites without going into high additional costs in order to provide for such devel9pment. Soils with only moderate limitations are designated on Map No.~. A, B, c, & D. vith the line pattern. Those soils will support dwellings without basements as well as small industrial, commercial and institutional buildings. Lvellings with basements and shallow excavations should not be permitted because of the high risk o~ water damage due to the fact that basements would in many areas be continually submerged in ground vater which would cause basement deterioration. The areas designated in solid black on Map No. 4, A, B, C. & D have moderate limitations but can more than likely s~port septic tanks. The majority of this land is located in the southeast portion of the Township. Sanitar' (Se tic Tank) Facilities On-Site Refer to t~p No. _ and Table No. J] in the Appendix) l - Only the Plainfield (PSY) soil can support septic tank absorption fields. This soil is round scattered io sma.ll areas throughout the Tovnship witr. fairly large concentrated ·pockets to be found in sections 26 and 35. The ability of this soil to support septic tanks, _in part, is the reason why a large number of lots and parcels have occurred in the southeast portion of the Township. �r All other soils have severe limitations as far as installing septic tanks are concerned. Septic tanks pl.aced in those areas run a high risk o:' failure. The consequences could be contanination of both surface and ground vater where veils are generally located. If severe enough, there i s the possibility of environmental contamination or pollution, vhich could lead to liability accusations against those suspect and subsequent court litigation a.nd payment of damages; as ;.rell as additional cost through loss of use, and before continuing use, the cost of such correction. SAfiITARY LANDFILLS of a.ny kind are incompatible vith all of the soils in the Township. The Township should discourage any landfill from being opened in the Township. [ �- ~ ·• l!f I ... . ,.~~t!J•.. ~ . __.,.....,,-._c_. ~ • . ~-.• WR• '!-i ---. ~ - . 1. ::--....0.;;••::...;--=-:: · - .• ·- \ ~ ~ --- - - �I • l I . rI I �-·... .,.r! ·• ~·; ~ .. .• -:. · 1 ..,•' I • (! - -- �[ �. ~ ;.~ ·:.: .. 4~•. !:t .j, -~, -..'~;~ '-; -u~~ i l. .. - .:':"_ :,; 7(..,-:, -:~·i: ·:-::-.; o.a ,I [)eyelopment Recreation �?~~)ia \ - ·:i.,.__ ,.-. ><:0; ~~..--~~-· -- ~~ .. -, 9 ·.. ·:- . ~ . . .~. , . -----·~ .. ·". Le : ,,,._, . - .:; -~ : ·, ~ --:·~ : .•. P18 c.,.,.... • 31 • • ~ _:_• ~~-- . - . ~ ; ~ -I ::~,/-~ �l �I \ [ �,.. i I - �. . ..-. . .- . : - ·· . ce C II �rI I I - . .-·. . -~ - .• . \; ~ :.•: . # . ~~ .,r �L i L. ( l. �Development Standards for land Use Categories ( Refer to 1--kp No.' s JLandL_) A. Rural land Uses l. AG Agricultural land Uses a. The purpose of this la.nd use category is to provide for the compatible arrangement and development of parcels of land for residential building purposes in a pastoral, agricultural, voodl.&nd or open land settini, which will remain unserved by public water distribution and wastewater disposal systems in the foreseeable future, but which are suitable for large lot residential purposes, which can accommodate heal thtul on-site wat.e r supply and wastewater disposal, but which reserves and conserves that land which is most adaptable for present and future agricultural, woodland, natural resource and other extensive land uses. b. Planned land uses and general conditions: L. ( (l) All present principal agricultural operations and their accessory uses including home occupations on at least twenty (20) acres of land. (2) Agribusinesses that serve the present agricultural operations either as a principal use or a home occupation on at least ten (10) acres of land. (3) Nonfarm, single family residences and their accessory uses, including home occupations on at least one (l) acre of land area or 200 feet wide, or aa large a land area or width as is necessary to accommodate on-site septic tanks and wells. (4) Special uses and their accessory uses, including natural resource extraction and use, public and private utility and communication's facilities, public and private institutions for human ca.re, religion, education, recreation, and other human social purpose on at least twenty (20) acres of land. (5) Planned Unit Developments of at least twenty (20) acres in area. (b) On-site septic tanks and wells, if they meet County health and sanitation standards. - I. l. I. 2. ?.CD Resource Conservation ann Devl'!lonment Lann Uses a. ?uri:ose: ':'he r:,urr,osP. of this laud use area is to r,rovide for tr_ie arrangement of land uses that are compts.tible with the conservation, ~reservation a.nn non-intensivl'! development of_ la.ree tracts of land pr@sently ha.vine; a most nesirahle m1.turl\l enviromr.ent tlla: sh~~ld not be intensivel~ disturbP.11, excer,t minimally for nat.ura.i. hacitat. for wildlife , native flora ' natural water featurP.s, includinf . extensive wetlands and high Wl\tt!r ta1Jlt! · soils, aud otht!r ext.e:1sive land uses which retain the natural charts.ct.t!r of ti1e 1:1.ret1.. S:.r.t:::..e ��~.J_ ~ - - . - • ·- ~ ; S>-= :_ ~ •-:.;!:/ r~- ~--l"'-~ ~ ' . .. • ' • . ) ~N .· ~ .. t/7 - ~ ..:: •· . ·. -~~--- ~ {j l-~c' ;":.. "!" : ) ~ ~? ... -. . ~ ~ u,... ~- Q 6J6 • (__....._~} □ - ~~ ~-0l• • • o •• ] / ' '(). II 0. Park · 0 ~~, --- · ...•s. 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I .,_._w liiilN . • · N . . ... ..,, "' I I_/ . • ('I") ------------rr, -~i," �-52. family homes on exce,t ionRll:' lare/~ lots vill ue provided fc.l r if the spacing of such homes is 6refl.t enouch to adequately separate them from each other and the lot or pRrcel upon vhic: ll tl1ey are located can ade!]_uately hR.nclle on-site se,tic tR.nk.s and vells. 't llis ·area vill re!Tlf\in unserved b~, public sever and water. r II '' b. '. l I 3. Planned land uses (l) All present agricultural operations and their accessory uses, including home occupations and their accessciry uses, on at least tventy (20) acres of land. (2) Nonfarm, single family residences and their accessory uses, including home occupations, on at least ten (10) acres and 600 feet vide or as large a land area an width as is necessary to accommodate on-site septic tanks and wells. ( 3) Special uses. and their accessory uses, including natural resource extraction and use, public and private utility and commWlication's facilities, public and private preservation and conservation areas for plants, animals, archeologJ, nature study and other uses not requiring buildings and structures for overnight human occupancy. (4) On-site septic tanks and wells, if they meet Cou:1ty health and sanitation standards. OS On.en Sr· ace Land L's es a. Purpose: This lMd use areR has t he pu rrose of rP. t a i r.in c a ,. much of its natural environmental c hnni.cter ns :,o :; si l• l e t o the extend that 1.Juildine;s anci structures for pen:n n .... :1t overnight human occupancy and use 1.ill not b e permi ttt:: 1 a 5 an activity. b. Planned land uses and general conditions: (1) B. and general conditions: Only those uses that are planned which are permitted under the provisions of Public Act. 203 of 1979 "The Wetland Protection Act", and Public Act 245 of 1929 "Water Resources Conservation Act" (Floodplains), and Public Act 346 of 1 972, "The Inland I.&kes and Streams Act." Urban Uses l. LDR Low Density Residential land IJses a, Purpo~e: The purpose of this land use ca teeory is to provide for single family housine neighborhoods free from other uses except ~hose which ar~ (l) normall;' acces.;;ory and (2) compati ble, supportive and convenient to the residents livinP- within such a land use area. 1'he size of lots and parcels s ho~d ue planned to b~ of such area and width so that they can susta.in healthful on-site water supply and WR.stewater disposal or provide public or common vater supply and/or waste water disposal systems on an area project lssis. �?2.anr:ed lan d uses an d eerieral cor.:-Li.".. ions: u. (l ) Single fa::.ily homes and their accessor:' uses, inc.iudiHf :,,_o;r:e occupations, on at least one (:i ) acrP. of :iand. area 2 ,.:;u fet::t. wide, or as laree a lanct area or wid~h as it necessary to ~ccornmodate on-sitP. ser,tic ta.r:.ks and we.ils, or on lots o: at least 15,GOO sqURre feet in area and lJC feet wide providing eitiier r,uhlic or corrJT',on ·..ater sur,ply and/or .iaste'\,l'ater disposal systems on an area project basis. ( ;: ) Special uses and their accessory uses, including ~u·u:.ic and private ore;ar.iza.tions, educatior., recreation anc.i ot l. er facilities and areas servin1,; onl!' ti1e ill;I!leci.iate.l y surroi.;.1:dir:c residential area. (3) On-site septic tanks and wells 1 if they mP.et County riea.l t L and sanitation standards or pub.lie or co:nmon 'water Sufrl :r and waste·.. ater disr;osal systen:s. [ [ [ r Planned Unit Develo~ments (?UD's) consistine; of the land uses planned for this land use area. ((4) 2. :-i:•r. i•:~ diwt Jensit v Residential ~nd i;ses a. ?u~ose: Tte purpose of this land use category is to provi.ue fer sine.le fazily housine neieh1,or:;.cods free from ot h er uses, excert those ·..-!: ic:. are (1) nor:'lal.l:• accessory and (2 ) cor.-.;;ati ': le, sui:portive and convenient to the reside::ts livint: 'w.it iiin suc l: a land use ares.. ':::e size of lots ar.d i:arct:ls i!I ti,:;.;:; area si.o~:. t.:. ce :r,lar.::ed to ·oe of such a.'1 area and ·w·id t: . ar.d der.sity so t :-.at on-s ite ;;e.ter sur,::ly ar. f, ;.a:=n:.e..,.-ater dis;:osal s y st::::-.s are r.ot to r.. e pt:r::-.it:.ed, and develo!)rner1t ca:l O:-W./ tt: a.i.10\.-t: 'i if anc.i -~·:.t:n !=u::,lic 'water supr,ly or 1,1-a.ste'\,l'at.e!" sa::itar:: sew·er s;;st.e:::s are =.vailatle as a dirP.ct. a ·: ;ut.tir,c service t::, eacL lot or .::-arcel rlan!'le-: to oe useri for i1ousir,t; or ot.:.er :e~itted uses. 0 ~. 3. r.i:n a. F.ianned land uses ~!'lr. ceneral conditions: (l ) Sir:.gle fa:--ily ar.ct t h~ir accessory us~s, inc.iucli:11: llorr:c: occu_;iat.ions, on at leRst 15 ,C OO sq'.lB.re feet of land area 0C-l vG feet and an averar;P- of l OG feet wide and serve i 0~pub.iic sewer and water s~st.e~s includine fire hy d rants. ( c. ) S;:ecial uses a:1d their accessor:,1 uses, includir. t:; ?U .t.:.iic a.:1 d privat.e orc:anizations, educ?.t..i.on, recreation and ot t er facilities ancl areas s~rvinc: only t he irr.meciiatel y si...rrour. c in~ resictentia.l area. (3) ?la.nned linit Levelopments (?!Ji:' s ) consisting of tiie land uses planned in tnis land use areH.. F.ip:h Lensi t· , S.esident ial Land Uses Purpose: The purr,ose of this land use cateeory is to frovide a relativel:' src.all and less ex?ensive typ~ of h ousi:1g, as vell as a ·oroader range of choice of housing t:r-pes to r-eorle 'who desire to ' live in condon:.iniwr., a.mer or rental w1its, and t heir normal accessorv uses '\,l'hich are co~~atible, SUfportive or convenient to the resicients living 'within suc h r1. la.uci use area. ':"l ie l;uilciings �t containing the dvelling units may be in single or group building arrangements having group use facilities held in common, to vhich all residents have equal access and share equally in the financing or operation and maintenance. These developments vill ~nly be alloved to develop, if they can be connected to a public vater supply system or w.stevater sanitary sever system, or both if available. r l - r b. Planned land uses and general conditions: (l) Multiple family structures on at least 30,000 square feet of land area 150 feet vide, vith each building contai ning at least· tvo (2) but no more than eight (8) dvelling units per structure at the maximum rate of eight (8) dvelling uni ts· per acre of land contained vith the ovnership. (2) Special uses and their accessory uses, including public and private organization, education, recreation a.nd other facilities and areas serving only the immediately surrounding multiple family residential area. (3) Planned Unit Developments consist~ng of the land uses planned for this land use area. [ [ r 4. OF Office I.And Uses a. Purpose: This land use category is intended to provide the necessary professional administrative, personal, technical and scientific offices and related services as the princi~l uses. Any sale of retail goods are intended to be only incidental to or normally accessorJ to such principal uses. Large office uses are intended to be located at highvay interchanges vith local roads, and small office uses are intended to function as transition areas betveen commercial uses and residential uses. b. Planned land uses and conditions: (1) Offices and their accessory uses providing personal, professional, technical, mechanical and other non-product services to the public on at least 10,000 square feet of land and at a ratio of at least four (4) square feet of land area to every one (l) square foot of total principal and accessory building and structure area of ground covera.ge and served by public sever and vater systems, including fire hydrants. Otherwise, if on-site septic tanks and veils are to be used, the buildings and structures shall be located on at least one-half(½) acre of land area 100 feet wide, or as large or wide a lot as is necessary to accommodate them. (2) Office land uses are also planned as a transition land use between other commercial land uses and residential uses. Office land use areas are planned to be separate from all other categories of commercial uses, and are therefore not planned to be mixed in vith these other ccmmercial areas, except as �accessory uses to t he princi:,al comr..ercial uses r, lanneri. for those areas. r~ I. 5. (3) Cr.-site septic tanks and wells, if t Le;,' meet Cow.ty i ealt :. and sanitation standards. ( <+ ) Special uses and their a.ccessoz:, uses, including public ar.ci rrivate organizations, education, recreation and ot h er facilities and areas servinc onl:r the iml!iediately surrotmciin5 office area and its clier.tele. (5) Planned Cnit r:evelor,:ments (?t:V's ) consistin~ of t ;; e .land uses rlanneti for t r~s land use area. ;.; c :;eigh bor r:ood Commercial Land Uses Fl.. ?urpose: The :r:ur:,ose of this lan d use categor/ llas t he intent of providing areas ~1erein retail trade and service outlets can be located, in order to satisfy the day-to-day needs of the residents in the immediate neighborhood. t . ?lanned land uses and general conditions: (1 ) Small (senerally under 10,000 sq_. ft. of floor area per business) re'tail and office estai.Jlishments a:id t h eir ace es sory u ses, offerine eoods or r,roduc'ts for sale to meet t he daily needs of t.he pu·ulic located on an averae;e of atout 2G , CG~ s::_. ft. of land area r,er tusiness, at a ratio of at least. four ( .. ; S'1• ft. of la:id ari?a to ever:· one (l ) square foo-:: of total ~rinciptl and accessor:r i.;u-il ti.i.. n1: a nd struct ure lirea o f growi:..:. c overaE5e. It is planned to serve tne!!l ....-i t h pu ulic or co::mor. sewer and water s:: s'terr:s, includinc; !'::.re hydrants. C-t :: er.....-ise, if on-site ser,tic tan.i<s and .,..ells are to ue used, t::e uuildir.€s ar.d structures are rlanned to be located on at least one- r.al~ ;:: / acre of land area 1 00 feet wide or as large a lot area and .,..idt n necessar:,, to accornr.:odate them. (2) These coit.'llercial land uses are r,lanned to serve onl :,,· t he ir.:i::ediately adjacent and surrounding t.rading area. The y are r,lanneu to be located at intersections ( 4-.ra.y, if possib.l.e ) ir. order to r,rovide the rraxi~wt accessibility for t he trading area. it is planned that they be s:iaced ai:>ot:.t one ( .l. ) l'".ile ar-art an d tave an area. of at least five ( 5 ) acres of .l.a.nd area. (3; On-site septic tanks and .,..ells, if they meet Count:: llea.l t :1 and sa.nita.t ion standards or ::,ublic or com:non ..ater supp.l. ;,r and. waste~ater disposal syste~s. (4 ) Special uses and their private organi7.ations, ties and areas servins area, corr.mercial uses, (5 ) Planned Unit Develor,~ents ( PU~'s ) consistin~ of the land uses planned for this land use area. accessor; uses, including public and education, recreation and ot h er facilionly the L~mediately surrounding trad i n~ and their cliente.l.e. �5c . b. CS a. b. Community Service Commercial Land Uses Purpose: The purpose of this land use category has the intent of providing areas wherein retail trade and service outlets can -be located which are convenient to the residents of several neighborhoods and the owners, employees, guests and customers of office, other commercial, industrial and agricultural uses and activities in the Township and adjacent municipalities. Planned land uses and general conditions: (1) (2 ) Larger (generally over 10,000 square feet of floor area per business, except for certain types of specialty shops and businesses that need a more central location in a large complex of businesses for economic reasons) retail and nonoffice types of commercial service establishments which offer goods and services to the public on a community-wide trading area basis. The minimum lot area on the average is planned to be about 40,000 square feet per business, with the ratio of eight (o) square feet of land area to one ( 1 ) square foot of total principal and accessory building and structure area of ground coverage. It is planned to serve these land use areas with public sewer and water systems, including fire hydrants. Otherwise, if on-site septic tanks and wells are to be used, the buildings and structures are planned to be located on at least one (1) acre of land area 200 feet wide, or as large a lot area and width necessa:rJ to accommodate them. Co.1:1munity Service Commercial land uses are planned to serve a.n area with goods and services on a weekly basis well beyond the immediate neighborhoods for their trading area support. They are planned to be located at major highway and road intersections (4-way required) that generally have their roads extending well beyond the local neighborhoods, and which carry the heaviest daily traffic volumes so as to provide the safest, most convenient accessibility for the community it is designed to serve. It is planned that they be spaced about two (2) miles apart and have at least ten (10) acres of land area. (3) On-site septic tanks, if they meet the County health and sanitation standards. (4) Special uses and their accessory uses, including public and private organization, education and recreation and other facilities and areas serving only the immediately surrounding community commercial service uses and their clientele. (5) Planned unit developments consisting of the uses planned for this land use area. �7. LI a. b. Light Industrial Land Uses P~rpose: It is the intent of this land use category to provide ~or -the development of sites of industrial plants in which the manufacture of goods in the form of finished or semi-finished products or the assembly. compounding. or treatment of product parts or ingredients. in order to create finished or semifinished goods for sale to other industria.1 manufacturers, or to bulk or wholesale commercia.1 purchasers. It is the further intent of this land use category to permit only those industrial manufacturing uses having use, performs.nee or activity characteristics which emit a minimum amount of discernible noise, vibration, smoke, dust. dirt, glare, toxic materials, offensive odors, gases, electromagnetic radiation, or any other physically adverse effect to the extent that they are abnormally discernicle beyond the lot lines of the parcel or site upon which the industria.1 ms.nutacturing activity is located. Planned land uses and conditions: (l) Light iodustri&l manufacturing a.nd heavy commercial types of land use activities are planned for this area. This includes open land uses and uses that are conducted within buildings and structures, and located on parcels of land of at least five (5) acres and having a width of about 300 feet or as large a lot area and width necessar; to accommodate them. (2) Light industrial land uses a.re planned to be in locations that have direct access to the regional high..a.J· systetts, preferably the limited access high'lol8.ys, and rail and other fonts of regional transportation; so ~hat they can be convenient to the regional labor pool, as well as regioo.a.l wholesale markets or other region&lly located industries with which they integrate their manufacturing and distribution of manufactured goods. These land uses are planned to be located on year'round heavy duty truck routes, and off front roads which are limited by season&l restrictions. ( 3) On-site septic tanks, if they meet County healer- and sanitation standards or public or coi::mon .rater suprly a.nu waste.rater disposal systems. ( 4) Snecial uses and their accessor-1 uses, includinc puc~ic a~~ p~ivate oreaniz.ations, education and r:crea~ion. an<.l other _ facilities and areas serving only the l.lT":.Med1ate.1.y surrounc.ing indust.rial and heav:,r commercial uses and their clientele, (5) Planned Unit Develo:pme!'lts ( PL'i;' s) cons isti:;.g of t l1 e use::; planned for this la.nd use area. �5c . b. [ Planned Unit ~evelonment I.and Use Areas a. Purpose _: Because land use planning should provide opportunities for inn-ovation and change from the more traditional ways of developing land uses, the Planned Unit Development I.and Use Area is designed to accommodate this aspect of development. The purpose is to go beyond the limitations of P.U.D.'s planned for the respective individual land use areas, and provide either for any combination of more than one of the~ or to simply plan an area for P. U.D. 's of a particular land use type without the necessity of changing a non?. U. D. land use area by simply establishing one initially. b. Planned land uses and conditions: (1) Plan for mixed land uses and separate specitic land use areas through Planned ~nit Developments. '(2) PUD's of these types will be planned on the basis o~ esta.blishi:if a minimum acreage of land area in order to qualify as a PU~ project • . This will vary from smaller acreages for high intensity high cost land uses to progressively larger acreages for lover intensity lover cost land uses. (3) Special uses and their accessory uses would be planned to be included in PCT) projects on the basis of their direct sur port and relationship to the PUD. �c - ,1,/ . I - Planning Standards for Roads and Highvais (Refer to Map No. "19o5 Road Plan") I I Type of Road/Highva.y ( Planned Building Setbacks from R. 0. W. ( feet ) Type A. Major Arterials l. M-20 ( Isabella. Rd.) 2• Saginaw Rd. 3. Stark (Saginaw Rd. to U.S. interchange) 150' 80 1 Type B. Local Arterials 120' 60 1 . l i '. Planned Right-of-way Width (feet) l. Dublin Rd. ( M-20 to Saginaw Rd. and including new bridge a.cross the Tittabawassee River) 2. Sandow Rd. (M-20 to Olson Rd.) 3. Olson Rd. (Meridian to Sandow Rd. ) Rd. 4. Meridian Rd. 5. Homer Rd. ( Pine River Rd. to Olson Rd. ) 6. Tittaba.iassee Rd. (Saginaw Rd. to new bridge across the Tittabawssee River connecting with Olson Rd.) 7. Chippe-wa River Rd. (Meridian Rd. to Homer Rd. ) a. Prairie Rd. (Homer Rd. to Badour Rd. ) 9. Pine River Rd. (Homer Rd. to 4 3/4 Mile Rd. ) 10. 4 3/4 Mile Rd. (Pine River Rd. to Gordonville Road) 11. Gordonville Rd. �Ts1pe c. Collectors a.nd Connectors l. Wackerly Rd. --2-. "Tittabawassee Pd. ( Dublin Pd. to new bridge across the Tittabawassee River to Olson Rd.) 3. 5-Mile Rd. ( Olson Rd. to Chippeva. River Rd. 4. Chippeva. River Rd. ( Homer Rd. to M-20) 5. Woodcock Pd. ( Prairie Rd. to Stewart Rd.) 6. Stewart Rd. (Woodcock Pd. to Badour Rd.) 7. Badour Rd. ( Gordonville Rd. to Stewart Rd.) o. .IIJ.ller Rd. ( Meridian Rd. to Pine River Rd.) ' . l II Type D. Minor Roads All other local roads in Homer To'\illship. I 4G I bt: I 30 I 90 �cl. TAB:::..E NO. 8 Traffic Volume Trends at M-20 and Dublin Road r !. 1956 1962 1967 1970 1975 1984 .................... 4,700 a.d.t .................... 6,500 .................... 8,500 9,700 ..................... 11,000 ................... ................... 13 400 " (average daily traffic) II II II 1 Major traffic grovth betveen 1958-1975 I. 4700 to 11,000 cars per day increase of 6,300 cars per day Annual rate of 370 cars per year Grovth betveen 1958 and 1983 470C to 13 1 400 cars per day increase of 8,70G cars per day aMual rate of 350 cars per year Grovth betveen 1975 and 1963 11,000 to 131400 cars per day increase of 2,400 cars per day annual rate of 300 cars per year Traffic grovth has increased from 47GO to 13,400 betveen 195b and 1963 a 25 year period. This is a relative grovth of 285% or at an annual rate of 11.4%. Six (6) percent to ten (10) percent is the norr.al range of grovth. The 11.4% is at the top of the range. Homer Tovnship is getting its share of traffic grovth, which increases the marketability of the M-20 frontage for land uses of increasingly higher economic value and return on investment. Recent increasingly more substantial CO!DJI:ercial and other developments are evidence of this trend. If sever and wter vere available, the investment potential vould be greatly increased, and vould put more pressure on the frontage for develop~ent. �66 APPENDIX Page No. INFORMATION ·ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Mll.p No. 14, A, B, C & D J . l f. 66 Soil Types Map 67-70 Table No. 8 Acreage and Percent of Each Soil Type Tl Table No. 9 Crop Yields per Acre 72 Table No. 10 Preferr~d Trees for Soil Types 74 Table No. ll Trees tor Environmental Plantings 78 Table No. 12 Building Site Development Table No. 13 Septic Tanks and Soil.s Table No. 14 Utility or Soils tor Construction Table No. 15 Water Development and Soils 89 Table No. 16 Recreation Development and Soils 91 Table No. 17 Wildlife Habitat Development and Soils 93 Table No. 18 Problems with Surface and Ground Water 95 • 84 & Landscaping 87 �r .. .. :fr~_;. --~i~: -~~~ -· ,~·:. ·. -;,, ... .... -· '." , ..i:-~ , · • -◄1.._ . ,.-: ... .... ~ ~ ·2"£ifl-:?tf~ ~- �[ [ [ [ r. i' i -· ... ,..._8• ·._ •. · - · Co. . - . .. i -.· .-:.: 9• .· -·-- ·- �r j L �~.::... ..f;' ~ I t.~ ~ . Le .•, .. .,. ,.,.. .. �71 SOIL SURVEY ----------------- -' ' Soil name Man symbol AbB Ad AeB ~ coe CsB InB @ Kn ~ l.xA Me~ ~ Pa (fiy l'tB ~ x I' I : J:1. Ur ~ vi .'ii _,;_. ______________________ _,;...__ ' Abscota loamv ,and, 0 to 6 nercent slones----------~------------------------------- : Adrian muck------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Aquents---------------------------------------------------------------------------- · Belleville loamv sand-------------------------------------------------------------- ; :sowers ,ilt loam, o to 3 nercent ,loPeS•------------------------------------------- : lCohoctAh fine sandv loam , ~rAvellv sub,trAtum-------------------------------------- : :covert sand; 0 to 6 oercent slones------------------------------------------------- , :covert sand , loAmv s 11bstratum, 0 to 6 percent slone,------------------------------- : l in~ersoll silt loam, Oto 3 nercent slooes----------------------------------------- : l KinRsville loamv fine ,and--------------------------------------------------------- : lKinro,, m11ckv ,and----------------------------------------------------------------- : l l.enawee ,iltv clay loRm------------------------------------------------------------ : l l.enawee-Wixom complex , 0 to 4 percent !'!lone,--------------------------------------- : : l.o ndo l o'lm, U tn 3 nercen t , lone,--------------------------·------------------------ : Menominee ~anrt , 2 to 6 nercent !'!lone,---------------------------------------------- : Oakville fine ,and , 0 to 6 percent slone:>1------------------------------------------ : l'Rrkhill loam---------------------------------------------------------------------- : l'ella !'lilt loam-------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1'1oestone sand, Oto 3 Percent slooes---------------------------------------------- : Pinestone sand, loamv substratum, 0 to 3 oercent :>1lones---------------------------- : Pinestone-Oakville- t,rban land comnlex , 0 to 6 nercent slone:>1----------------------- : l'lainfield ,~n d , O to 6 nercent ,lone~------~-------------------------------------- : l'n ~i<'Vv i l l("l- l,1 u1,10 f"q 1r,nJ r 1 1., tJ t. n it iJ 1.r , tt 'J • :i 0.7 0.7 ;, '9 2. 3 2. 1 ol~ 2,3 ~0 2,3 70 29, 6 ;,-; I, / (; u I, 1 30 25 ,21 5 3 ,'/2 U 6, 6'4 5 5 0 , I 60 /.6 1. 1 2 .0 15 . 3 ~. 1 i, • ~o .i 5. 4 1 I, 0 6 0 1 , 6 6U I, I 35 1 , 5;; ~ 1.0~ , 1<; , 19 5 ~, 1 15 ~9 ,29 0 1 I , ~2 0 0 .5 2. 3 (). 5 2. 1 '.i ,rj 1. 2 , ... a 5.2 1. 1 1 , liO I, I ~ I J <J I ,I J I . (, r" ,t;lJ J (J. 'J ·1 , ·11 S n.,rr.P.nt .< ;lnnP~------------------------------------ : Slc>·1n t,,,m-----------------------••••---------------------------------------------- : Urban lRnrt------------------------------------------------------------------------w..i ,1~~on ~ .. n~y Jo,~----------------------------------------------------------------- · xo,n I1,;1,nv ·::1 ri cl, ·i n<"rr.~nt Lnnt?~-------------------------------------------- : Wix o,n- ll~ l li,vi l l t> - l! r ,,,.,, LR n<I c omnlex, U to 3 nerc<!nt ~lone,------------------------- : WRter------------------------------------------------------------------------- · 1.,J Acres ~, G~ :.; I . ~ •' t •~ 1.J .,) r" I ;., • J jlJ ! '2~ .) 4 (). s 1 ' / ·~.) ' (J . 1 1. U ' ,----------- ,------- ' Tot ,t -------------------------------------------------------------------- : �72 MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE s.--YIELDS ~ER ACRE Or CROPS All yields were e~tim~ted for a hiRh level of mAnaRemont in 1911 . crop is seldom 11rown or is not suited] G C C [ Li Soil name and m11n svrnbol I Corn :cor-n Su Ton Winter wheat Oats Soybeans Su Su Su 13 28 - ' 80 13 38 .. 18 so bB----------------------- Abscota Gr a~~- le1tume hay : S11P ilr oeets ,o n Ton 3 ,0 60 d. Adrian 'I &•-----------------------:: BellP.vi l le 608----------------------Bowers Ch-----------------------Cohoct ah 95 65 - . 1 l 'j Le-----------------------: Len>1we e ti 105 LrB----------------------- : Len~wee f 101 LxA----------------------- : Londo • Ka------------------------: 33 60 90 2. I 1I 4 ,0 20 3, 0 CoB----------------------Covert CsB----------------------Covert I nU----------------------- : In11er~oll ' Kin11svi l le fA 10 20 30 2. 0 11 30 ~ 55 2.8 6U 12 30 ·10 3U ?.O 40 · "' 1UU 3 . (J Kn------------------------ : I ! \. 60 85 15 42 OaB----------------------: Oakv i l l e 6U 12 30 . PsB-----------------------: Pipestone . f'/ If 1.- 5 .0 ro 3. 5 55 ~ 116 P3 55 90 L 60 12 30 oO I PtB-----------------------: ~1pestone 'I PuB----------------------: Pipestone See footnote at end of table. 38 100 1 '/ I ( " 2(J " 2u MeB----------------------: Menom in P.e ~e-----------------------i ~el l ~ 75 l '/ 115 ~a------------------------: ~ar Kh Lll \\ 35 1- 20 " 40 2.5 40 4. 5 23 I,. 25 3. 0 13 fl' 25 3. 5 111 �73 SOIL SURVEY TABLE 5.--YIELDS ~ER ACRE Or CROPS--Cont.nued Soll n11,.,e 11nd m110 svmool ,; .ill------------ -------- ; ~la.nfield PxB-----------------------: ~osevvil le Sz------------------------: Sloan : Corri :corn ., il11~e: \I/inter .iheA t Oat~ Sov be11n., Bu Ton Bu Au Bu ~ 40 6 20 ~ 103 17 52 ~ 120 w,------------------------: Wiw~eon 'I [ • ~ 95 16 14U 16 145 92 "II "/0 " -----' I ·;,:PL 1 : ,ri1 11J1,:; . ,r1•:1 •; SUllCLA:,sr:s cxc I 1ul<!'fl. me11ns nn acre11~el • ·; --- - ··- - :·M 11jor·mi1n11~ement -concP.rn,;-\S<Joc 111!!<; ) ClA .<;!I Tot11l ,-----:: Sod Clim11tP. :1c rc :11'.f' ; r~r,>:11 inn : Wf!trio~~ , : ( el : ( .il ( C) -----~---·--r-Acre-,;-;i\cr P. ~ ---- rr rr r I ~ !l6,200 811,620 1 'HJ, fJIPJ 1UlJ, U'j(J V 12,420, 12,420 V! lU, ~<J'J: 6, 9t!U ' vr r ---, VLL l ••• I ---- ''-------·' i L. ---·10,395 /0 J 395 38 4.3 42 5.0 30 4.0 3. o I l 1~ t 1 , 5!l0 y, ,tl')'; 3,315 :J '!!~: -- l. 5 W•9-----------------------: W, xom l'J\111.1·: ,, .--CJ\t'J\IICl.lTY CI.A:;:;,,:s /\Nil Ton 25 145 .. IUO W•M-----------------------: ,1, x om ._. Gra ., sle~ume hay , Su;;a r j~ I: �- 74. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN l ABLE 7 .--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND .'RODUCTIVIrt for production of commercial tree~ are listed. Man~ii:ement concern5 Soll name and map symbol (llll P- : Ero~ion : hazard AbB----------------:Slig,ht ,bscot;i ~otent i al proauctl v lt v , ment : sP.e<Jl i. niJ. : Wind- : ~lant : throw :comneti- 1 li.mita- : mortalh'lz,ir·d t i. on i. tv tlon : SliRht Absence of an entry mean~ th e lnfo rmat l::.1 : S llRht :s ever!! A~----------------- : Sl i ".ht Ad nan Common trees ' :Mo<Jerate:Northern red o;ik----: ; Whi.te ;i~n----------- : :silver maple-------- : : Eastern cottonwooa-- : : American basswood--- : '' '' :sev~r-P. : Hed maple----------- : : s11ver mRnle-------- : :white ash----------- : :r~m3r~ck------------ : :Northern white-cedar : '' Bt••--------------- : SliRht aellen l le r e,s---------------- :s 1, ,,_nt :' sever-P. '' Modernte : Moder'lte:Severe ; Mn , lt"'r:1tC' :' :; I i 11 'I : 11:, L ~;am ' ;111 :h----------------- :~ :~noct -'11 1 ht ; Moaerate Sev r• rP. ::.~---------------- : ~3J.. in n t :s1u,.n t C,:; ---------------- ::-; l 1 ,,11 t. '::; 11,, t, t. ;,,e r t '0 : ouaki.na asnen------- : :Red manle----------- : :Tamarack------------ : :~in ORk-------------: :Rlack a,h----------- : l M<>d<! r:itP.;' !:i11P,nr tnl'IO lP.--•------; : Amcrlc~n ba~~waoa--- : ; ~;iner bi.rcn--------- : : Y!!Llow nirr.h-------- : t1l bl")W(? , .. i SI iRh t ::ivcrL r ir"'-•-------- : 66 : ~a~ter " c o t to ,w 0 O1, 61 e~,tern wn lt e n ; r. e , ~6 b l ac k wa lnut, · 96 Ame rlc an oa~sw c oa, 61 r ea p l n e . 51 OJ 51 45 2/ ' 45 :' IH.;ck ~rir uc e . 40 35 40 4U 'j u ':j 1 ' : Wt11 ti! red -: nr 1it: I", S(, n LnP., Amer i can ~~ ~~w0o d , f? ." )'". t r n wr. 1 t "' r, lr'lC', ',O (l (Jr" \.~l(!r"fl ~1 0 ,, .U 1 l l.t1 - r;i::•J:Jr : Northern red oak---- : : Qu;ikinii: a~nen------- : 51 '56 : He<J mRnle----------- : : E~~t~rn cottnn~oon-- : : Sl l ver m'ln l e-------- : : Whit!! R~h----------- : : swamn wh i te oak----- : :Amer1c~n ,vcamore--- : 66 : ~~~te rn c c:to~woo~ , Y6 Amer Lr ~n ~~~ ~~ n r~ , Hoderate : Hea ni.nP.------------ : : ou;ikina aspen------- : : Rlack chP.rrv-------- : :Northern red oak---- ; : ~aner birch--------- : '':MoaerntP. '': Nnrthcrn red o~k---- ':' :ouaki.ng; aspen------- : : Ea~tern cottonwooa-- : : American ba~~woo<J--- : lj t, ':Moderate :'' Northern red oak---- : 12----------------- ': :; l I Jl,h t ': severe :White oak----------- : :Hed manle-----------: :Ameri~an ba~,wood---: :Butternut----------- : ;Shag;bark hi.ckorv---- : : Bur oak------------- : :white ash-----------: '' '' l~-----------------: Sl lllh t 'I :ModerRte:Severe : Moderate : Sliii;ht '.:n llsv i lle :-------- :~in O~k------------- 1 :Northern red oRk---- : oat ~,; ,.,, fl r . 1 wn 1t P. sr, r J~ P , ea~te~ ~ w~ ~te ~L~ e . Amer 1: A~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~a~, nor tnfl ~· ~~~ : e- : e ·:ar. 61 61 'So :H ea n ln e, 66 e.;ster n co tt ~nwo cd, ea~tern wn1 t e n l n e , ~6 b l aCK wa lnll t , 61 Ci 1 111!<1 n 1 :1 1! , 66 61 61 eastern wh l te Plne , black wa l n1Jt, easter n co t tonwood. 61 61 61 61 Whlte ,or tJ ce, Au.,trl~n rnne , ea~tern catt o nwooa, Norwav ,or 1J ce, red man l I! , Sllver man l e, blac k wa l nut , bl.;ck ch err v. 61 o1 51 :' Norwav sor1Jce 1 51 eastern wnlte pine . :AmericRn ~vcamore--- : ~ ( l nross See footnote at end of table . I :Quaking; a~oen------- : : SlRck ~nruce--------: 115 : Black ~nruce . 15 :Northern white-cedar: : Bal~Rm fir----------: :suaar macle---------: : Red maple-----------: 15 :·r~m~r~ck•----------- : 35 110 110 I A1 Jc; tr1-1n '1 L!i e , ' Sliaht l~ =---------------- :' Sl l llht :., ~e r .~o l l Trees to ~l a n t ; S l ti! : i ndei : �75. SOIL SURVEY TABLE I .--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND ~RODUCTIVITY--Contin11ed M;rn,011:ement cnncern~ ~otentiill nroa11ct tvi tv -----..,...--,E.-n-,1 "'"i""n---r,.c...--------..,...-----;._--.-----....;.---'-..:..;c..::..---..:..-.:.__;._..:..;;...:..:....:;..:..~.c...-me n t :seedling; : Common tree!'! llinnnant :Ero~ion :site limita-:mortalthrow : competi-: :inaex: : hazard h111.11rd t inn tion itv ' 'I 'I ' :sf!vere :Mo<lerate:Severe :Red maole-----------: 51 :w nite 5!lr •Jce, Le----------------- : Slill:ht :severe Norwav s~ruce, Lenawee :White a~h----------- • 51 51 ea'.'ltern wntte ~ir~. :American bas~wooa--78 northern ~ntte-ce~::Silver m11nle-------Soll n11~,e anc1 man symbol Lr B•: Lenawee----------- : Sli11:ht Severe ' :' severe :Moder;:ite:Severe I Wixom-------------:s1i11:ht LxA----------------:Slill:ht l.o nd() Mo<.Jerate:SP-vere '' :Mo<1er11te:Sli11:ht : Sliah t 'I :Sli11:ht 'I : S liah t ' I :Red m11nle----------:white /1'.'lh----------: American baS'.'lwooa--:Silver m11nle-------- 51 :Whtt e spruce ; Norw.:,y ,nruce , 51 eastern wntte 0 ~ :-: '!. 51 northern wn 1 te-c e:a :-. /8 :ou11kin11: ;i~nen------:American beech-----:white Oilk----------:Red manle----------:suv.;ir manle--------- , :11111ck cherrv-------- : : American bll~SWOOd--- : 56 ' : Ht~r.k o;ak-----------: "il'nomi nee 1 .: 11 r',hl. ; ~; l L ,, t1 :sl aht t :Sli!l.ht j ,'ln---------------- : sli~nt 1 JM-( V l l :~ ~e-----------------:Slig;ht ~e 11 a ~sB----------------:Sli11:ht Pine~tone ': Moder,ote : Sull:ilr m,onle--------- : :severe Sliaht ',;i (, 1 96 61 t;ltl"'"- "":d : n1.1 L, nortnern red o aK, pin oaK. 66 :n ea 01 n e 1 ea ., tern wnite p~ne, 61 1a cl< !l t ne. 58 blac1< walnut, 66 (,1 t, I ;ir:k r;ri ,,.,. rv . : SU.ant Red manle-----------: Silver maple-------- : ~in oak------------- : White ash-----------: Americ,on b;i~~wood--- : Ou11kin11: a'.'lpen------- : Red maole----------- : Northern red oak---- : :white a~n----------- : :Silver manle-------- : :American bas~wood---: :ouaking; aspen------- : ' :Quaking; a~pen-------: :Biatooth a~nen------: :Eastern cottonwood--: :Northern red oak----: :snag;bark h1ckorv---- : :wnite ash-----------: :swamp white oak----- : See footnote at end of t;ible . J\mr~ r l "'! ::.n tJa~.,wuut'!, ea~tern white pl~(:, n()rt n ~r":i wh,te-cea;- , : Moder;ite;Northern red o;ik----: :White 011k----------- : 'Red cine------------: Ouakin11: . a~pen-------: Blar.k o,ok-----------: :su11r m10le-••------: ( ',n &1 :O1111kin11: /1'.'lnen------- : : ~ea pine------------ : : silver manle-------- : ;~ aner bircn--------- : :Y ellow bircn-------- : : American basswood--- : : Black cnerrv-------- : ' Moderate Moderate :' severe :Moderate,Severe 5o ; ',lh i te ~pruce , f., 1 e.:, ., tl!rn r.ottonwooc , (, 1 r,,,r•Ht'I c;r,ruc e , ':ib ; Hee nin e, white ~ pr u c e, 66 e;i ., terr. .ih t te p.~ e . 5o Au~tr ~ 1n n ~ne, o& 61 Americar. O~S5WOOC, naner Ol.i~n, 5o bl ;ir.1< cnerrv, 61 ba l .5 ;,,n fl r. ' Moder11te:Moder11te:Severe ri1-----------------:Sii11:nt r11rKni d 51 I : Moderate : su11:ar manle--------- : :Northern rea o;ik---- : : ~"~tern white nine--: :Americ;in ba~'.'lwooa--- : : Yellow birch-------- : :~;iner birch--------- : :l::11'.'ltern cottonwooa--: : llhite a'.'lh----------- : ·~e:-: ---------------- 'j1 ':i 1 50 : l::a ., tern white nine, l·lorwav .5 nruce , bL;icK r:h P.r rv, Austrian pine, r <'r1 m;io\-,, ,liver m;i;i l e , Austri;in nine, northern white-ceaa- . 66 : ·.in i te ., riruce, e;i,;tern white Pi r.e , 96 itr ~'! n ~ ,n t &1 61 eastern cottonwooa, 61 Amertr.;in bil'.'1 .; wooa, n<Jrthern white-ceca, . && 5 1 : Northern whtte-ceaar, white ~oruce, 51 tamarack, 51 /8 50 56 : clack ., pruce, nin Oill<, ~reen a,.n, 56 :white s nruc e, 56 86 51 51 50 51 ea,. tern cottonwooc , eastern white l)i.ne, Norwav spruce . �76. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TAALE 1.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND ~RODUCTIVITY--Continued , Soil name and map symbol Manap;ement concern~ :-------:-rqiTio'=-r: Ero.:sion : hazard I I ta---------------- :S l iaht I ment : Seedlina: Wind- : ~lant : throw :comoeti-: limita-:mortalh;i7.ard tion itv tion I I I I :Moderate:Moderate:Sliaht Sliaht ti Pestone [_J C us•: I Pipestone--------- S l iP:ht I I I I Oak vi l l!!----------: Sl i ~ht Tr ee~ to nlant : S l te ; ;ind ex : 'I : Northern red oak---- : :White ash----------- : :shaabark hickorv----: :Hed maole----------- : :American bas~wood--:ulack a~h----------:~in oak------------:Ea~tern cnttonwood-- 61 ;white o;oruce, 61 eastern cottonwcoa, eao;tern wn1te nin e , 61 llorw;iy ~nr ·, ce, 61 wrnt" ~~n, r e<J m;i :-. l. '!', 61 Amer1c~n o~~~wooa. '16 I :Moder:itl! Sevf!re Sluht :s11aht [ [ Common tree~ : S l i ah t 'I :sl!vere ':i6 ;Whit e -~ nr 11C '!, ~6 ea1tern cottnnwood, ~6 ea.:stern wnite nine, 51 llorwav ~nruce, tllack ~oruce, 51 A111tri,rn nine, 50 northern red n~~. 51 white a~h . :o ua1<in11; a~oen------:~iatooth a1nen-----:~ a~tern cottonwood-;Northern red oak---:shaabark h1ckorv---;White a~h----------:S11a11r m11nle--------:swamo white nak----- I I 'Modl!rate:Northern red oak---;white oak----------:Red oine-----------:~11n1<in~ a"nen------- , 66 :Red nine, 61 ea~tern wn1te ~1ne, 5i; _j;ic1< n 1nP., (,(, : IS lrtc'< ,,:11,c-----------; u,,rw:1y •:1d' 111·r•, lJ l ;, c: K w;, I~,., L 1 5~ : S1J1,('lr man le---------: :Ht ac1< cherrv--------: :W hitn n"h-----------: olac~ cti err v. ~1 ur oan Lrnd. Moclernte: IC<'tl nine------------ : :Ea~tern white nine--: :J:ick nine----------- : :N orthern nin oak----: :Al ack oak-----------: L xB• : I I Po~evv1lle-------- ~li~ht :Modernte:~oder:ite:Sli~ht I I Londo-------------::~ l ' I 11 1, t1 L ' wa-----------------:Sliaht Wau~eon :severf! 'I :severe ~ t. e n l !"\ e , ~ ·1r1Jr:e, #et. n 1J ':. r: ~1 ~ r r 'I • 'I :.; l i.l(ht 62 :wt11t~ ~nruce, 61 A11~tr,~n nl~I'!, : 1'1ucJc:r ;t Le ~;, u,:,1,- rn;in le--------- ; 61 : white snr11ce, 61 e;istern cottonwooc, 61 Norw'IV ~nruce, 58 Amer1c~n tla~~wooo, 61 ea~tern wn1te pine, 58 northern wh1te-ce~ar, (, 1 bal ~;,m f 1r, Y6 tllack waln11t, 61 northern red oak, ' :severe I 'I :severe 'I :severe :severe I I :severe 'I :severe 61 e~~t~rn ~r,ttr,nw~0~. '-J6 61 I I :Red m;inle-----------: :swamn whit~ o~K-----: mAnle-------- : .':Silver :Red maDle----------- : :Silver mAole--------: ;White a~h-----------: I ( h l ar.:,<, a l ~ r.1< wr: j)l na., Nor·.. ;...v :Moder11te S11~ar maple--------- : Northern re~ oak---- : American ba~~wood--- : ~a~tern cottonwood--: ~aper t11rcn--------- : I See footnote at "'nd nf t,;ibll!, ptr-k o : M<><Jar :1L <~: :; l i11,t1l.. I O L r:1!, e ~; t ~ r--: I , Northern rl!d oak---- : :Hlack oak-----------: :E;i~tern white nine--: :American basswood---: :Y ellow birch--------: :~;iper tlirch---------: :Eastern cottonwooa-- : :White ash-----------: .Sz-----------------:Slip;ht , Sloan : it<.:<J 61 :W_hite -~ nruce, 61 nnrtn~rn wn1~'!-ce~~r. 06 rl'!d maniP.. 61 :white ., nruce, 86 silver maole, 61 whitn ~~h. �77. SOIL SURVEY HBLF. I .--WOODLAND MANAG;Ml::NT ANO t'HODUCTIVITY--Cont1nue<l Soil n11me 11nd man ,ym:iol :, ------.--~~(1 ! .. l ' t; e l le V ll le-------- :--s l i il,n t I : t' otenti11l nroductivi tv rn;-;-----;----;------;--- :- - 'I Moaer::1te : Severe \olxB---------------- : SliRnt Wixom -.; zB• : \ol i xom------------- : Sliaht L f M11na~ement concern,; IJ ment : seedlin11:: Wind- : t'lant l i mi ta- : mort11lthrow : com net i- : t i nn itv haz11rd tio~ : ~rosion : hazard -------;---- : Common trees : Site : index ; I : SliRht Qu11kin11: asoen------- : American beech------ : White Red manle----------- : Suaar manle--------- : Black cherrv-------- : American basswood--- : : sliaht Oilk----------- : I I :Moder11te:Severe I : severe I 'I :SliRht I :Sli11:ht ' I' 'I :Moderate :Moderate:Severe ' :ouakin11: a,nen-------: :Americ11n beech------ : :white Oilk----------- : Red maole----------- : Suaar manle--------- ; Blar.k cherrv-------- : Americ::1n Da~~wood--- : I I &1 61 5a 61 : Eas t er ~ .i n1 te ;:1 r. e , Norwa v , r, r uce , Dl a cK cnerr y, A11 ~tr 1;i n n in e , re,1 m11n l 1! , ~ .lv er man l e , Au,;tr i an r,1 ne, n ort hern wh 1te-ce:= · ' I I I 66 61.i : F.11,;tern wn I te pi ne , u ,, rwav ~nruce , c l ack cnerr y , Au,;tr i an nin e. 61 61 5cl 61 I Quakin11: aspen-------: Red maole----------- : Tamarack------------ : , t'in O::lk------------- : :u111r.k a~h----------- : I ------•---- ----- '•-------- ' -- - -----' -------- ! ------- · ------ I ! !Ill : Black scruce . 40 35 !IQ ll (J t ------------•-- I -- •' -- - •- •-- �78, MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE 8.--WINDBREAKS AND ENVIHONMENTAL ~LANTINGS t (The !Ymbol < ml!An., les:, th:in; the :,ymbol > me11n,i 11;re11ter th;in. he111;ht cla:,:, do not normnlly 11.row on th1, :,oil) Ab,ience of an 1ntel!t, ,.,r---------T" --- -- ------ ----- --- --- Tree,i h11v1n11. nred1cted 2 ' ~ r aver.:iii:e heu~ht~, Soil name and !!IBP !Vm0ol ' .L- 16-25 I ' '' I ' 1o1hite nine, ;C;ir0 l1 •.; T11tari11n honeysuckle, : Blacl< snruce, northern:Ea:,tern white :,nruce, 1111t11mn-: white-ced;ir, Americ:,n: red ninP., Sr.,itcn nine, ~rcen ash, J ack : olive, Amur nrivet, mountaina:,h. nine. li l AC. AbB--------------Abscot;i Ad---------------Adrian SilkY do11wood, American cr11nberryb11:,h1 white :,nruce. :A11~tri.:in nine, e;i:,tern:Northern wnitP.-ced.:ir, white nine, tamar11ck.: Scotch nine, Norw,iv ~nrucP., ~reen .:1-=;n, :c.;r,:,,101 ~ ')r,;,i•. 'I Be----------------:Silky doll.wood, Belleville hnwthorn, whitP. :,nr11ce, Amur nrivet, arrowwood. : Bl11ck .,nruce, northern: white-cP.dilr, l!il:,tnrn white r>ine, Nor1o111v spruce, t;im.:ir11ck. 'I 808---------------:White soruce, :,ilkY :Northern white-cl!dar, Bower! do11wood, bl11e :,r,r11cl!,; blAck :,r,,·•1cl!, hm11r nr I vr, t. r:ur,inP.nn l nrch, ea:,tern white ninl!. : Rf'd n i,ie, Norw.:iv ,nr11cl! . :Northern 1o1h1tn-cecl.:ir, hlnr.k :,nr11r.P., P.'1'1Lnrn : 1o1hlte nine, Norw.:iv :, nrucP.. Coil, : tuner tr.;in Csli---------- Wtitt'! .' lnr1H.:P., :111L•Jmri- rno1Jnt;, Lnnc;n, : :~r:0tch Siberi;in cr.:ioannle. olivf', Amur nrivf't. "whl.t~ ~--;n, ;:rre~., :..·;n. Ch---------------- Silky doRwond, Cohoctah hnwthorn, whitP. :,nruce, arrowwuucl. Covert C.:ir-:ill~'I 'lnn l ~r, n L'1f:', whitl! n1nl!. I : A11.1tri11n nine, : Norw;iv ,nruc~--------- , ii !', it.~ .., Inti-------------•- i\meric11n cr;inhP.rrvnr, n~ -i ,.., b11"lh, T11t11ri.:in honey-: nnrthf!rn wh1tf!-CPdilr,: !n11;erso ll .-:;1Jr.l< 1 P, hl11~ h l:\r.k ":nruc~, 1 .,. ,_ . l r: =i c;r,r-1Jce, t,;1Jronl!An l.:ircn. K~----------------:Sill<Y do11;wond, white Kin11;sville :,nr11ce, hlue :,r,r11ce, hmericAn ~rnnhcrrvb11.sh. lCn----------------::;ilkV Uot.(wo,,d, :Northern white-ced.:ir, ol;ick :,nrucf', E:,1rnnl!.:in l11rcn, tamar:tck, eii:,tern white nine. ': IS Lac~ ~nr1Jct?, :E;i:,tern white nine, hlucl< ., r,ruc<?, tamarack, northern white-cl!dar, Norw;iv :,nruce. LrB•: Lcn.1w<?C?----------::; i lkv do.,.wood, h.:iwthorn, UouRla:,fir, European larch. :~n:,tern white ninP., : Norw11v :,r,ruce, : northern white-ced11r. 'I See footnotf' at end of t.:ible. 1 C ~ r ", ~ ·. ~ r ~ ~ I "! 1 ; ., "..; . ~ :').-, .-, I r, ..J"". 4 :~ re<.J Le----------------:Silkv do11.wood, l.c,nnwPC hnwthorn, wh i tn snruce, Amur nrivet, arrowwood, bal:,.:im fir. Wixom------------:Silkv dOil.WOOd, hawthorn, white snruce, arrowwood, whitcbelle honeysuckle. n l n I!. manle, tam;irack, nnrthf'rn white-cP.011r,: Norw;iv .,nruce. hawthorn, white ,inruce, F:11rnnl!.:in lnrch, Uo11~ln~-rir. Kinross ;u11rw~v ,nr-uc~, red I 'I Norway ., nruce, :~.:i:,tern white nine, r,ine, : Austrian Dine, nnrthern white-cP.dar. ';rir-P.~,, :, .' )h, ,; =ir ,Jlin~ nool.:ir, 1o1nite a:,h, �79. SOIL SURVEY TABLE a.--WINDBREAKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS--Contlnued Sod n .1me :;nd mac ,ymool 16-25 8-15 'I L x A---------------: Wh i te-s0r 11ce , Amur Londo privet, American cranberrvbush, blue ,pruce, ,ilkv : Northern white-cedar, blacl< snruce, Austrian cine, Euronean larch, doiwood. >35 26-35 'I : Norway soruce , red nine. tamarack, eastern white Pine. ~eB--------------- : Arrowwood, lilac, '1enomlnee white ,.pruce, blue soruc11, ,taihorn .,11m11c. '' : Red nine , .i a cl< pine , : : Scotch pine, northern : nin 0111<. : Red man l e, Carolina poplar. ,. 'I J a H- -------------- : T II t ;;r i ,1n hon P. y,. ,u~I< le, aut11mn-olive, lilac. UAkv1lle : Caro li na oonlar, 11reen a~n, wnite a .~h . ' .- a---------------: Amur privet, Arrowr' ar K i ll wood , h,1wthorn, I :u1ac1< ,.nruce, northern : Ea,.tern whlte nine, white-ced11r, American: jack nine, Scotch mountaina,.h. nine. :c arol1n11 non l ar, yellow-pon l ar. I I : Northern white-cedar, : Caro lin a non l ar. e11,.tern white ninft, Norway soruce, t11marac1<. 1 Siberian crabanple, silkv do~wood, white ,.nr11ce. ' I r r'e----------------: Si \l<y c1n~wnoct, 1•,•tl.1 : ur111Pt., /\mur :Northern wn1te-r.ed11r , Norwnv h:twl.hnrri, ( r' ~ r' :1nr11r.c 1 ' eastern white nine, t11m11r11c1< . wh1te ., r,ruce. I!, /\mer I c,1n : 1111,trian nine, ea ., tern Norway ,nr uce, <0ranucrrvll11.~h, L,1 te white nine, ,:uronean r, ine. larch, northern lilac, ,ill<Y do~waad, white ., nrucP. . wh i te-cedar . ,l - -------------- : II t 11<? , nruc 1o e·: to ne rec1 · ·.. :- -------------- : ·~n,te s nrucP., /\ 1ner i can Au ., trian nine , Norway snruce, red <, ~<'~tn ne c r~nt><'rrvhu.,h, t>luP. northern white-cedar , n i n'! . ·: Dru r. c-, ·11 l kv <?;t~tern white rnne. <Jo o;wood . .- 1·, e st one-------- : c11 ,1e ,nruce, Amer i can r- r-:inherr 11h11"h, l .:i t t? Au,trian nine, ea ., tern Norw'iv ,.nr 11 ce , red , white nine, northern nine. lilac, white ,.nr11ce, ,., l l<y do~wond . Car,, Li n~ Green .a ., n, (, .ar ')l , n 11 non la r, wh,tl! 1s h. Green '!l ., n , Cilr'.l l, ~~ non l ar, wh i te ~,n. 'I : c11rn l 1na non l ar, ve l lnw-n o n l ar . r'~ u--------------- : Lilac, T11tari11n honey- : Norwav ,nruce, r'l ~infi e l d : ,.ucl<l!!, a11t11mn-ntive. : Siheri11n cr'ihannle. , Eastern white nine, :C arolina nonlar . : red pine , j ack nine, Scotch nine. r : 1. 11 • : ~') SP. yv1l le------- : Americ11n cranberry: Au,.trian pine, : Norway spruce, red b11~h, bl11e ,nruce , : northern white-cedar,: nine . r ,, t,,rL:in honP.y ., ,1c1<le .: l!a ., tern white nine , : ~urooean larch. 'I Lo ntl o- -----------:White s nruc e, Amur nrivet, Amertc11n cr:inhP.rrvn11,h, ,pruce, s111<v doiwood. blue 'I :Northern white-cedar, : black snruce, /\11,tri11n ninft, Europe11n larch, tam11rac1<, Siberian cr11u11nnle, eastern white nine. ~ee r ootnotl! :it end of table. ( ~'ih , nonlar, wn1te a,.h. wnite-cedar. • ~~ •1 Lle --------- :T at'iri11n honey~11ckle , - : H111ck ,nruce , American E11,.tern white n,nl!, · ,111t11mn-nt i v~, l1l ,1 c . 1n,111nt:iin11~h, northern .i :ick nine, Scotch whLte-cedar . cine. 'o ' :Grl!r.n '; Horwav nine. ~oruce, red 'I :•,.,hite ash , Carol i na nonlar, 11reen ash. : Carolina noolar, 'lreen ash , white a~n. �80. ,- 1 MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE 8.--~INDBREAKS ANO ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS--Continued Soll na111e and map symbol [ [ 16-25 'I Sz----------------:Amur privet, hawthorn,:Northern white-ced11r, Sloan : silky do•wood, white ' e11.stern white pine, spruce, arrowwood. Norway spruce, t>111111r>1ck. ; Carolina ponlar. Ur•. Urban land : I W•----------------:Silky do11,wood, olauseon ' hawthorn, Oou11;l;isfir, European larch. Eastern white pine, Norw11y scruce, ta11111rack. : Carolina ounlar. I [ L wxs--------------Wixom Silky do•wood, white spruce, arrowwood, A11111r privet, h>1wthorn. >35 26-35 :Norw11y snruce, red Eastern white nine, Austri;in cine, nine. , northern white-cedar, Norwav ,oruce, t>1111arack. \lzB•: 'I Norway scruce, red ~ixom------------,SilkY do•wood, white :E11stern white Pine, ~pruce, blue ~pruce, Austrian cine, cine. northern white-cedar. A111eric>1n cranberrv- '' : carolin;i non l ar , 11,reen ;ish, ·. mite ash. ' Green ash, Carolina poplar, white ash. Du~h; 'I :1Hack spruce, northern: Hell~•Llle------- : SL!kv uo~woou, h>1wthorn, wh LtP. white-ced11r, e;i ., tern ~nruce, l\mur nrivP.t, white nine, Norwav 'lnrucP., t;im,ir·>1c1<. :irrowwood. f I. L !, ( Carolin~ non l ar . Jrtrnn land. -------------------------------------------------------------• :Oee rn"P llnlt rlescrintlon for the comno.~ition and tlehavior of the man unLt. �81. SOIL SURVEY TABLE 9.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT ·some of the terms used Ln this table to de:,crLbe re:,trlctive soil feature:, are defined in the Glos5ary . ,text for definitions of •slia;ht,• •moderate,• and •severe.• Absence of an entry mean:, ,oLl was not rated] ~hallow excavation:, Soil name and mao symbol Dwellin1u without b;i ., eme nt s I I I ' I l. r: r L l I AbB--------------- Severe: floods, Abscota wetness, cu tbank:, cave. Ad-------••••·•--- Severe: wetnes:,, AdrLan floods, cutbank.s cave. Dwellina;s with basament:, :severe: flood.s. :severe: flood.s, wetne:,s, 'I : severe: wetne:, ., , flood:,, low streng;th. ' I ' :severe : wetne:, ., , floods, low 3treng;th. I :severe: wetne:,:,, flood.,, low :,treng;th. Local roaos and streets Small commercial building;s I' :severe: flllods, wetness. See 'I : sever@ : f l ood:,. : : s nvere : w-.tne~.s, fl 000 ., , low -~ tren11:th. Ae!l • . Aq uent-3 I' Be---------------- : Sf!vere: Belleville wetness, cu tbank:, cave, flood.s. ~o B--------------- :S PvnrP: llowc r:, ..,.c.:t.nu:-s:,. ' :severe: wetness, flllods. Severe: wetness, flood:,. '' ::P.Vt?r"P ! I : : ; jP.V('r'"f'?: : Co u--------------- Severe: Covert cutbank-3 cave, wntnll!l!I, t -~B---------------:.JYe rt we tnC?:'15, flood:,. Severe: we? tne:,:,, flood:,. Moder::1te : wetne:,s, Severe: wetne:,:,, : Severt!!: Severe : cutbanl<s C;tVe, •.;etness, tno Cl ::IVP.V. Moderate : wetnf!,i:,, shnnk-swell. rr~--------------(n~ e rso l l SC?vere : we tne ., ~. Sevf!re : wetne:,-,, ~~---------------,<, n~ !I VLl l e : i<?VCH"f'I! ~n ---------------- Severe: ~i nros:, wetne,,i, f" l qod ,1 , <: ;1vc. Le---------------- , Sf!v!!re: wetne:,s, Lenawee floods. ,. Lrl:l• : Le na,•e e---------- : Severe: wetne!'ls, l'loo<.Js . ' ~ l1 nm------------ :' 5evere: we tnes:., cutbanks cave. See footnote at end or table. '. : '? I/ , ~ ,.. f'I : f" ro,i L .::t ct i on • low ~tren11;tn . wetnes-,, ': Severe: ~ever•: wetne:,:, , floods . : f l ood~ , f r:ist actLon, wetne~~ . : Moderate : wetne:,,i , : Moder at!! : wetne~ ., . :Mol'lerate : wetness, shr1n1<-swe l l. : Mol'lerate : •.;et ne~:, . Severe : we tne:,:,. : severe: we tne ., ,. : S '!ver-1! : 5<!Vf!r-P. ! : severe: wetne:, ., . : f r,,, t ~ r. t. l wetness . /") n I wetne'I:,, flood:,, we tne,is, flood:,. : severe : wetne,:,, fl ood:,. : severe: wetn!!!'I ., , ('\o()tl~. Severe: wetnf!:, ., , q ,,nd:,, : severe : wetne!'I:,, f llltJ<l ., . : severe: : severe: low ., tren11:th , wetne!'I ., , floor!:,, : severe : l ow ., tren11;th , wetn e , ., , : ! )CV<?r-C: we tne,i:,, t" l lln<ls, cutbanks cave. C II t.b ; 1n1< :'\ ' : severe : wetne:,s , fro ., t action, floods . : !) P.VP.r'"~: wotnn'i:,, wotnn,i:,, Ch---------------- : SP.v~re: Conoct ,l h we tne:,:,, t"loods, cu tbank:, cave . 'I : seveve : wetne:,s, flood:, . : ::,.!Vf! r· e: wetne'I:,, flo Od'I. w~tnP.o:;~, l' L<Jt 1 <J.t; . I : : Sf!vere: low stren111th, we tne!'I:, , flood:,. 'I : severe: low 'ltr!!nllltn 1 wet.no:,:,, floods, ' I : sever-e: wetness. I' : Severe: low stren111th, wetne:,:,, floods. ' :severe: low ., tren,i;th, wetne:.:,, floods. I '' : Severe : wetness. ' : severe: low :,tr!!n,i;tn, wetness, floods. [l') l)(j,. I '': Severe: wetness. : Severe: low ~trcnP,th, wetne,i:,, floods. 'I : !~oder ate: wetne,..s, frost action. �82. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN [ABLE 9.--BUILOING SITE OEVELOPM~NT--Continued Soil name and m10 3ymbol Owellin11,s without basement., Shallow excav1t1ons Owellin11,3 with basement., Small commercial bullain11,s Local roaas and streets I LxA---------------:Severe: Lendo wetness. : severe: "'e tness. Severe: wetness, : Severe: wetness. : severe : wetness, frost action. 'I MtB--------------- : Moder'lte: ~,nominee wetnes!'I. : sli~ht.-----------,Moderate: wetness. :Moderate: slope. : SLi11,ht, I I I L OiB•-------------- : severe: Oakville cut011nks cave. : sli11ht-----------:Moderate: wetness. ?a----------------:severe: rarl< h l.l l we tnf!!'I !'I, floo<l!'I. : severe: flood!'!, wetness. Pe----------------:Severe: Pella wetne!'l!'I, noods. :severe: wetne:,:,, floods. 'I ~,s---------------:severe: rinestone wetne!'l!'I, r.11th:ink!'I r.:ivP.. rtB--------------- :' scvere: r1ne!'ltone : Severe: wetne!'l!'I, I ::_jeverc: wntnn!'l!'I, wntnn!'I~, c11tll:ink!'I r.'lve. :severe: wetne!'l!'I, floods. I' :sevi,re: wetne!'ls, floods. •' H? t nCS"\ : SP.verP.: wetne,i,i. 1 I/ l I LL' --------- :~ 1•v1 • r·, ,: ,; l L~.t, c,1to;in1<s cave. l~B--------------r l a l :it"Lel<l : Severe : ,. .,etn~ss, flooas, low stren11th. I I : severe: wetne!'ls. :severe: "'etnes:,. : severe: we tnes ., . 'I : Severe: we tnP.!'I ., . :severe: "'etne:,,.. : :-.ooer.:1te : : severe: : wet:iess. : sever~: : sever'!: wetne,is. c11tO'lnk~ C'lve. U,1k 'I : severe: wetnes:,, floods. : severe: Lo w ~trenii:t h , floods, "'etne, ., . I I rue• : rine~tone-------- SnvPrn: 'I :severe : floods, wetness. Mo,Jer :i t~ : wetnes3. ~-----------: ~ i u~n wet ri P.~~, rrr:, .~ t ;,,ct,on . ..et :1e"i~. t------------ ;:;L L;1, r1 t . ~ ~~er•: <.:utt:1.an1<!'1 cilve. rxU• : r oseyville------- , Severe: ' Severe: w,• t.nP ·:.-: . '-''' t-. n"" ~ ·:. : : Severe: wn tn,.~:i. Severe: ,,H? 1 tn~ '1, . :' Severe : fr '> CI, ·,r- t i ,..in, ·..n~L ri t..: ·• 'i 1 l ow 3tren~tn. wetne!'I-', Sz---------------- :~av~re: Sloan wetness. :severe : wetness. : ~evere: wetnes!'I. :.ievere: flood!'!, wetness. : severP.: floods, we tnes!'I. :' Severe: floods, wetness. : severe : wetness, fl ooas , frost ~CtlOn. ::eve re : ~ond 1, - -----------; :,jevn r~ : wetne!'l!'I, noods. :~ever-e: ·. ;etness, frost ~ct ion. Jr•. Uroan Lanu 'I ~•----------------:severe: Jauseon wetne!'ls, cu tbank !'I c :ive. '' ~xs---------------:severe: ~ixom wetness, cutbanks cave. See footnote at end of tabl1t. I I I I :severe: "'•tness, Low stren11,th, :,hr ink-swell. :severe: "'•tnes!'I, low stren11,tn, shrink-swell. I : severe: wetness, wetness, low streng;th, shrink-swell. frost action. I I : severe: wetness. 'I :severe: I I :severe: :severe: wetness. wetness. : Moderate: wetness, frost action. �SOIL SURVEY TABLE 9.--BUILD(NG SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued Soll name and mao svmbol ·11zB•: Shall ow excava t1ons Owellinlls without ba ., ements Dwellinu with basements Small commer-cial buildlnll;~ '' : - Wixom------------:Sever-e: : wetness, : cutb11nks cave. Belleville-------:severe: wetness, cut.banks cave, floods. :sever-e: wetness. :severe: wetness. Sever-e: wetness. ' :' Severe: wetness, floods. '' :severe: wetness, floods. : :-1oder-ate: wetne~s, fr-est action. : Sever-e: wetness, fl cods. : sever-e: wetne,is, . fr-o~t action, floods. Ur-ban land. • See map unit descriotion for the comoosition and behavior of the mao unit. f \ f Loc~l ro11d~ ~nd str-eet5 �84. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TA8LE 10.--SANITARY iACILITIES l j'- iome of the terms u11e<:1 in this table to describe restrictive :,oil features are defined in the Glossary. text for definition/I of ·•sli11:ht," ""1oder::ite," "ii:ood," "f::i1r," ::ind other terms •Jsed to rate .soils. Ab:,ence of an entry means :,oil w;i:, not rated] Soil name and ffl.lD .symbol Sewag:e laii:oon areiis Sectic t::ink absorption f 1elc1.s 'I 8-----------------:severe: Abscot.:i flnoc1:,, wetne:,:,, I I ' Severe: floorl:,, :,eer,aii:e. I Trench san1t;irv l11'1df1ll 'I : Severe : floods, :,eeoaii:e, too .,andv. :severe: wetne ., :,, fl nods, :,eenaii:e. ' : I AQri,1n Severe: wetne:, ., , flood:,, wetne:,11, :,eer,;ig:e, flood 11. es•, AQ11P.nt..-. I ------------------:severe: wetne:,:,, Belleville r nerc:, :,lnwlv, flood:,. h----------------- : I :; l'Vt.'r"l! : WP. tnP.,:,, I I :severe: wetne:,:, 1 :, eflD'lll<!. : ; :;cvnr~: -,P.tne,i:,. :severe: -,etness, floods. : :severe: -,etne,,. Da1lv co ver for landfill : : severe: fl cods, .seecaii:e, wetne:,:,. 'I : severe: wetnes:,, floods, .seer,;iii;e. I I d------------------:SP.v~r@: i\re;i sanitary l .:indf ill Poor: too :,;indy, seenalle . Poor : hard to p~cl< , -,etne, ., . 'I :severe: wetnes11, s eeoa•e, flood:,. : l'oor: -,etne,,. : Severe: -,etne,,. ; r' rl i r: : Sever-f! : : r' oor- : -,e tne,:, . too cl ayev. rierc:, ., lowlv. h------------------ :~icverc: Coh o c:t.t11 wP.tne:,:,, floo<1:,. :s evere: -,e tnf!/1/1 1 floort,, ,;eP.n;iRe . 'I : sever-e: -,etne .,11, floods, ,eenall:P.. -,etne:,s, floods, s een!lP.e. I J3----------------- :~;c ver~: : 0 11r,r·1. SP.vere : too ,andv, we tne:,.,, .seenalle . : S eve ,.,. : w,~tn<'~~- 'i<?f"O:'l fl~, ;;e tne'I ., . .18----------------- ~0----------------<u1 11·:1JLLl t! I : severe: ' wetne,s, seepaii;e. I : ?')Or: too ,;inctv. S0vere: WP. tnf?,,, : :;ev~re: ·. ietnP., ., . SevP.re: -,etne .,11. : severe: ;;etne:,s. : roar: tn1n La v er . ; :l<!vr.rr.o : Severe: wetne:,s, ., een.111:e, too ,andv. : SevP.re: ;;etness, : r'oor : : -,etne,,, ,; P.P.O.:tll;e • wetne~ ., , ~n------------------ : severe: '': Severe: : Severe: -,etne,, , flood.,, .seenalle. : Severe: -,etne,s. I' : severe: flood 11, wetne:,:,. : ;;f! L'loo<I ., . I e------------------:severe: Len nwP.e nerc:, :,lowlv, wetnP.:,:,, l'lnn<t:,. : I l.ennw,.P.------------:severe: nP.rc:,i :, low l v, wetne:,11 1 floort:,. 'I ~ixom--------------:severe: wetnP.:,:,, nerc:, :,lowlv. See footnote at end of table . ' I tnf? .'I:, I :,eer,1111:e. WP tnP~ .c; 1 I-re•: ; r'oo r : t on ,an rJv, ., eeoag:e . ;3 evere: -,etne, ., , 'lf!en;ig:P.. t'l n od/I, L- : severe : seenag;e , we tnes ., . ~>evP-rt? : wP.tne~ ., , nl'rc:, ,Lnwlv. ------------------ :~c•v"r": Severe: ;;e tne,11, ' too :,and_v. I ,eenalle, wetne:,:, 1 tno ~-'ln<1y, flood:,. '!een.:i11:e. ': severe: \oletn"~~, : Severe: floods, -,etne:,:,. ' l'oor: ;;etness. ' I I :severe: flood:,, -,etntt:,s. : severe: flood/I, -,etnes11. 'I 'I : Severe: -,etnttss. : Severe: wetn1ts:, 1 seen.:ia:e. : ~oor : ;;etnP.:,:,, flood,, seeoaa:e. :severP. : -,<!tno:::,. too ,andv, seenaii;e. i"oor: -,etne:,s, I I : Severe: -,etne:,.s, .seecaii:e. See : ~·air: too clayey. �SOIL SURVEY TABLE 10.--SANITARY r'ACII.ITIES--Contin11ed Soil name and man symbol {'" (' Sentic tanl< absorntion fields Sewaite laitoon area,• Area sanLtary lanaflU Trench :,iinLtary l.:indfill . LxA----------------- Severe: wetness, I.on do oercs slowly. : Severe: wetness. : Severe: wetness. MeB----------------- Severe: wetness, Menominee r,ftrcs :,lowlv. :sever1t: wetness. : severe: wetnes,.. 'I 'I OaB----------------- Severe: Oal<vi l le we tnes!'I. : Severe: wetness, :,eepaite. : severe: wetness, ,1t1tna11:e, '. : Severe: wetness. Ja L l v coverror l aridf,~~ ; r· al r : too clayey. : : severe: seeoaite. : r· al. r: : severe: seen111te . : ~oor: t 00 ,andy. :severe: wetness, : r'oor: •, 1etne~s. too clavev. too sandv. [ t'a------------------:severe: l'arl<hlll wetnes:,, 'Severe: wetness. nerc:, :,lowly, ' floods. L re-----------------t'ella Severe: wetness, : Severe: wetness, ' flood:,. Sever<!: wetne.,!'I, floods. Sev~re: wetness. flood!'!. I'~/\----------------- ::i cvPrP: I' I r>1':l\..1HH' w,, ""'~ :'l :1 • Severi,: wi?tne~!'I, .,1>en.:i1te. Severe: [. ~ l l)P:it\JO(' Severn: : ~ C~ V ,~ (" t' : WP. t Ot~ ~ .. . • : Severe: 1o1etne:,s, ; s ~ver-@: tnf"f'i "\, :u?eOttl,(e, "\Cer, : 1'1_~. r"~ : : r'oor: ·. ;etness. flood!'!. Wt'? : ;, l'Yf'? wetnt'!:,:,, :,een;iitft. : WO t,nP't ." \, tno ,.:inav. I' L 11 - - ------------- -- fl nod:,. ; r'")Q (': t. rJ' J "i -i n,tv, ·• ~cr>r,11 ~ 1 we t.necs ., . : ; :;~vcr~: : r,,,,r: nnd y, 1o1etne!i ., , 'iCen :11.1. e, tr,tJ tnn ., andv. •,.,te tn~r; ~. ~~41!'0=4'1.• ~ I "'ll!tne~ 1;. 11 1 np· ;t.n ri,•---------- :~P Vf' i~ : wetne:,:,, w-etne:,:,, ,.een.:111.e. c;eP.n~A:f!, , eer,~11?.. Snv,.rn: 1o1etne!I~. : ; ;~;r?v~rP : wetne,:,, r'11B": ; ~f!v~re: t<?O ,;ind v. ( U'lkVL ll e-----------:sevP.r'!: •,1e tne,. ., . ( Sever-e: 1o1etne,. ., , :,eenaite. ' :severe: Wf! tnf!,~, ; 1''1r") r": t ' ,O <i:Jn 1 J V, t:;~AC").::fl'?,e I ... ~tne-; 1. : 3ever-!: ,.een.:ii,;e. : 1"''10[: tn0 s .:inav . ., eenalle, tr10 ~"nav. 'J rh:in lanrt. 1' "'1 ~- ---------------- :~L L,,ri t----------- ;Severe: 1 r'l.:iLnflela seeo.:ille. : Severe: c;f!f!O~A:e, t ~ X Ii• : 1 1 0.-; r,yv i l1 ("1---------: '.; <"vrtr~: nercs :,lowlv. '' Lonar>--------------:Sevore: tc,o san<Jv. .:inrt V . wetne:,:,. St'!ver'!: 1o1e tne,,, :,een111te. Severe: wetne,.,. ::; P.v@re: 1o1etne,,, seeri:iite. ': Severe: 1o1e tne,:,. ; r;:i Lr": tofJ r.l;iyey . ; r· ~Lr : tno clayey. ,Lnwlv. ' Jz------------------:~evere: wetnes.,, flno<1,, r,crc:; ,1owlv. \J r•. 1Jrbnn :severe: 1o1etne!'l!'l 1 ,een111te. '' :severe: wetne ., ,, Sln.:in .S ; r'0 ') ' : I .,.~ l.nf'?,~~' r,P.r~ ., ()I') : Sever~ : .s eena ,:,;e. l;intJ 3ee rootnote at end nf table. :sever-e: floods, wetne!'I.,. Severe: flood:,, 1o1fttne,. ., . : severe: flood,, 1o11ttne, ., . :~ oor: 1o1fttne,s. �86. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN rABLE 10.--SAN[TARY fACILITI~S--Continuf!d . 1· • - Soll name and mao .,vmbol ' • - • • - - ·- - - - - · - · - - 1· - - - - - - - - - - - - Sept 1c t.;ink ab:,or!"ltion fields 'I ·------------------:severe: lau"eon percs slowlv, ' Sew;il(e la1toon area,i 'I :severe: seeoa1te, wetne:,s, wetne,is. floods. r. I f . l [ 'I 8-----------------:severe: Wlxom wetnes,i, oercs ., lowlv. '' 28•: ixom--------------:severe: wetnf!!!!!, perc ., ,ilowlv. '' : Severe·: BellevillP.---------:Severe: we tne,is, oerc:, :,lowlv, fl nod:,. : Scv-.rl!: wetne,i,i, :,eep;il{e. wP.tne.,,,, : .'!eeoal(e. '':severe: wetne,,,,, .,eenal(e, flood:,. r----' Trench si1nit;iry l.:indfill ' :' Severe: wetnes!!, too clayey, flond:,. Severe: wetne""· Sev11re: wetne,,:,. :severe: wetne""• flood:,. ------Area :,;init.:irv landfill '': severe: wetne,i:,, ,ieepa1te, flood.,. :' severe: wetne!!!!, ,ieepal{e. '': Severe: wetne,.,, .seepal{e. '' : Severe: wetne,i,i, ., eeoa1te, floods. ~oan land. r• S•• •ao '°" O,.m ioU M fo, " • cnonn" "°" aod b,Oa, lo, of C>o o,o ,,n " , Dally coverfor l.:indflll ~oor; we tne,i,i. r :i l r: too clayev. : r· .=Ii r-: too cl;,yey. ; ~oor: wetnes:,. �87. SOIL SURVEY TABLE 11.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ( Some of the t.erms used in this t11ble to describe r-estr-ictive soil featur-e!'I ar-e defined 1n the Gl os~ar y. Se~ text for definitions of "Rood, " • fair , • •poor," and •un!'l11ited." Absence Of an ent r y me;:ins so1 l was 1,c r-ated) S.:ind Roadfill So 11 name anct-· mar:, symbol Gr-ave l I' 'I AbB•••-•--------------:Good----------------- :Good----------------- Unsuited: Abscota exce:,:, fine:,. : r-· air : too ,,.n'1v. I Ad--------------------:Poor- : Adrian excess humus, we tne:,:, . :unsuited: excess humus. ,Unsuited : excess fines, exces!'I h11mu ., . :Poor: wetnes:'I, ~x c e !l .c; n1J m 11.oc; . A eB• . AQuents Be--------------------:l'oor- : Be ll eville w-.tne,s, low stren11;th. BoB------------------- : Poor: Bowers low stren•th, Ch-------------------- : l'oor: Cohoctnh wP\.nc~~. r CoH------------------- : iair : C~vcrt wP.tnP.,,~. 'I : t>oor: exce:<1:<1 fine,, thin layer. 'I : unsuited: : excess fine:<1 . Un!'luited: exce:<1 ., fine!'I. ': Poor : Unsuited: excess fine!'!. : fair: thin l ayer-. wetne:oi ., . :Good----------------- Good----------------- ': l'onr : '' '' : 1-· air: Unsuited : : l'oor : t, ,,o 'i ., n,Jv . c xnl!!'l!'I f i ne !I . l!XCf!!'I ., finP.'I. I c,,u------------------Cvver-t ~air-: th in l aver-, : uns ,ated : exce:oi ., fines . : ,ioor : thin l;iver. : un,,,1ited: exce,, ., fine:'!. :U n!'lu1ted : exce:ois fine ., . : r· ;i i : r· air : too sand y , w~tnP.~~. Inln~er-:'lo ll A------------------- Poor : wctnc,,~. K•-------------------- l'oor: WP.tnP.q,'i. :u nsuited: exce:'l!I fine,, , :' t'oor: Good----------------- Un !'I 11 i ted : exce:'15 fine5. :l'oor : r' a Ir- : exc.,,:, f ine, . Kn-------------------- : l'oor: Kin ro:'ls wetne,,,,. r: tn1n l ::i ver. 1 wetne -; c;. wet.nl!~ c:; , too s;:in dv . I Le-------------------- : l'oor : Lenawee wetne!'l:'1 1 lnw .:'ltrP.n11.th. :un,,uited: exce11s fine:<1. Lr-1:l• : : Lenawee-------------- : l'oor: 'I :un:iiuited : exces:<1 fines. w~ tnP.~~, Unsuited: excess fines .. ': Un!'luited: ': ~oor : wetne~, . :' ~oor: exce:,:, fine ., . wetnes~. low stren11;th. 'ff i Xtlm---------•------ ;' l' r,,,r: ' :' J'oor-: low strenRth. Lx A------------------- :~ nir: Lo nu o low :,trenRth , ,hrinlc-!'lwe 11. ' Mc ii-------------------:fnir : Menominee shrink-swell. 'I thin laver. ' ':un!'luited: excess fines. 'I : l'oor: thin layer. : un:oiulted: : excess fines. :unsuited: excess fines. '; Unsuited: . 'I 'I excess fines. I OnB-------------------:r.nod----------------- : r.ood-----------------:un11uited: Oakville ; excess fines. P~-------------------- : l'oor- : l'~rkhill wetness. See footnote at end of table. ( : lln:oiuited: exce:ois fines. too .sand y. I . I : t-· ; J i r : : unsuited : excess r ines. ; I' a 1 r : thln layer-. ; l'oor :. too .sandy. 'I : l'oor: too .sandy . : l'oor : wetness. �... 88, MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE t. r: Soll name and map s ymool .--CONSTRUCTtON MATERIALS--Cont1nued Sand Hoa<Jrill rlla , 1 •------------------- ~oor: 1aetne,i,i, low str-en11.th. pestone :u n'luited: exce.,., fine,i. Gravel Un'luited: exce'I., fine'I. '' :cood----------------- Un,iuited: ~ts-------------- ~oor-: [ 11 wetne,i,i. e xce,i ., ; r'OOr: ·• e tne, ., . : r'rior: f ine,i. tcir, ,~n<:1v, wetne:<1,. ; s•: 'I :Gnn<1-----------------:Un'l11ited: pestone-~---------- , ~nnr-: 1aetne,i,i. ; r'ri"lr': exce,i,i f ine'I. t r,() ~c:tn iJ I/' ·,Jetnec:;c:;. ' akv1Lle-------------:Gonct----------------• :G ond----------------- ':u n.,,1ited: exce'ls fine'I . : r'oor: too :<1ana v. rban land. ' 8------------------- :G ood-----------------:Good----------------- :U n,iuited: lainfield exces,i fines. r. I c----------- : ' : l"'0or: l'oor: \ 11 w : ; I~ i f' flll. l, u, L n L:ivc,r. ti. ' Li: Onll ')---------------- :~~ un,111ted: n•"""'" lnw ~trr•n11t~h, ·; hr lrik- ·1 wn l L. finn'I. un.,111 ted: wctnP.-, .«., n•c:<?,s'I fine'I . : U n.--;u L tcrl: f!Xt"!~-.~ f : I; :1 Lnt'!''. : U n .~11 L C.!!d: ~xr.e~~ f Inf?<;. :un,s111ted: excf! ., ., f 1ne,. 1·rri,st :ict Lnn. ' •------------------- :1'nc) r: au sr?'J n ; r''>Or : ,. ..,ctn~~~, exce.,,, f ine'I, thin Laver. l n1a ,tren,•tn, .-;n r u11<- ., we l L. ~H------------------- ': I',,,, ,.: I,1x,J1n : l"<>flr-: : Lo1a .~ tren11.tn. ~• : : 'fl :<um---------------- : t'oor"! : low 'ltr-en11.th. ~ ~eL L•!v L L Lc----------- tn1n layer. : ~oor: thin layer. : ~oar-: : 1•oor-: exce.,., fines, tnin l:ivf!r. ·• e tne'I.,, tow str-nnri:th . Uro:in ' ·: ,rp l I . ; r ~Lr : th l "l I :1 I nr. ; r' O'> r" : .Jetne~°'- : i.Jn~1, 1tea : exce ., , fine,. 'Jn ~" L t<!<l: exce,,i f Lne,i, ; ,~Lr: t.00 :un,i,11ted: exce,is fine,-;. : r· a Lr : :u n:<111itea: ; r'OOr: exce,i,i fine,i. - - - - - - - - - --- I ' - • - - - - -- - - - - - -----' ------------ • :; cc ,nan 11n1t de:<1crintlon for- tne comno.,ition and behav1or- of thf! m11n unit. I Lr: I,,, , , :;:1n rJ 'I. too ~anav . wetne,'I. -ln'1. • - I : r'oor: too ,;ind v . ---------·-- -- - -- -- ---- �SOIL SURVEY TABLE 12.--WATER MANAGEMENT : some of the. ter 1n:o1 used in this table to de:,cribe restrictive soil features are def i ned in the Gl o:o1 :o; ar v. of an entry means soil wa!'I not eval11ated) L...,. Soil name and mao symbol Embankment ., , dik!!s, and levee!'! i>ond re:o1ervoir are11:o1 AQuifer-fed excavated nonds ' ' ' AbB--------------- :seena11.e-------- : SeP.na11e-------- : Deen to water At,scota : : ' ' Ad---------------- :' seenaRe-------- :' seeoaa;e, Adr i an : : wetnes:o1 . Draina11e Grass,: water ·• • :•· ~ Irri11ation I '' Not needed----- ':r : Dro u11, nt, . a!'lt intake , drou11,htv , soil blowin11:. 'I : wetn t- ss, ravorable------ Floods , fro:,t actinn . f a!'l t. i nt::il<e , soi l bl ow i n11.. ,4eB • . Aq uent s I' 'I ' Jetness . : Wetne!'l!'I, ~e----------------:ravorable------:wetne!'l!'I-------- Slow refill---- : rloods, Be l leville : : fro:,t action . fa!'lt intake , soil b l owin11. . I' I' I' 'I ioB--------------- : Favorable------ : un:,table fill, l Slow refill----:Frost action--- :wetness-------- : Wetne:o1s. Bowers : : low strena;th. 'I '': ravoral>lP.------ : Flnod:o1 , ': wetne~~. Gh---------------- : SP.nnav.P.-------- : ~ininv,, Cohoct :d1 : ~,!cn;u,.C? , : : rro!'lt action . f l ood:'l , : wP.tne:,:, . SOll blowLnP.. 1 : ' ' ' Go H--------------- :sn nn nKn-------- :s nnnnRe-------- : Deen to water Covert : 1•avorable------ ; Dro ,111.hty , : fa:o1t intake, 1o1etnes!'I, ' '' refill----:ravor::ible------ ': wetne:,:,, C !'I H--------------- :s ecn ~u.c-------- :' ~eenaRe--------:Slow Cov e r t dro1111:ht v , ., oll blowlnP , .' ' ' ' tn~--------------- :~ ceo a ~e-------- ': Pi nin a;, [ n11er:, oll : wP.tne:o1!'I . KR---------------- : seenaRe-------- : seennRe , K 1n1 1 "v 1 l le : : 'I I w~tn-,~ .•L ' ~n---------------- : Seena11:e-------- : SeenaRe, Kl nro ., s : wetne!'I ., . 'I ner cs s:~·. ; . : s l ow refill---- :i rost action--- : wetnes!'I, : we tn ess , erode!'! e;i:o1 ilv. ; er odes B : ravorable------ : rloods--------- :i ast intake, wetne!'l!'I, drou11;h tv . L . : ,Jf!> tn ess, cJ ro usi:nt y. I : wetness. : ravorable------ : Floods--------- : wetne:o1:o1 , fa ., t int;il<e , !'loll l>lowini,: . 'o :wetne!l!'I, Le---------------- : seeoav.e--------:wetness-------- : Slow refill----:rloods, L~na1o1ee : frost action. floods. I : :..ir· ou~!"I ~-;, o : wet ness . o I I I '' .Jetnes,. : wetness, Lenawee---------- : SP.enaRe-------- : wetne!'l!'l-------- : s1ow refill---- : rloods, rro.,t action. : floods. ' ' ' ' ' ': wetness , Wix om------------ :' seena11:e-------- ': wetness-------- ': s10w refi l l---- ': Favoraole------ :' rast intake , soil blowing;, erodes eas ; . wetness . 1 : 'I 'o 'o LxA--------------- : ravorable------ : wetnes:o1-------- : s1ow refill---- : rrost action--- : wetne,:o1-------- : wetnes!'I . Londo I I I ' 'o ' :' Droua;h t y. MeB---------------:Favorable------ : ravorable------ : oeeo to water , :ravorable------ : orou11,htv, : soil blowing;. ' Menominee : slow refill . ' 'I 'I '':Deep to water I:Not needed-----:F : oroua;ht y. ■ st intake, OaB--------------- : seeoa11.e-------:P1nin11, droua:hty , Oakville : : seena11:~ . soil blowing;. 'fI I o o I O I I I I 'I 'I :wetness, Pa---------------- : Seeoaa;e--------:wetness--------:Slow ref1ll----:Floods, frost action. : floods. P11rkhi.ll I \ See footnote at end of table . I :wetness. �90. l. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE 12 . - - WATER MANAGEME IH--Continufl!d I -------,----------.----------.-----------..----------.,--------------- ----3011 'lilme and mac symool \ ,r-I • Emb;inl<ment ., , d i.l<e~, and levees ~and re!'!ervoir areiis Aci11i.fer-fed e~cava ted r,onds Oraina11e rrr1~at 1on ~ra-.~e~ ·"';; te; ·, .a y s 'I 'I : wetne!'!s , --------------- : Seenn~e-------- : Wetne!'!!'!-------- : Slow refill---- rloods, l la frost acti.on. fl 000"1. I' I' I ---------------:seer,;i~e--------:seennll:e, :i;ivorable------ iavorilble------ :i ~!'!t i.n t ;il<e , 'oestone : : niriin11. : 1Jetne~ ., , drou11h t v. 'I I --------------- : seenn11e-------- : seer,;i1J.e, : Slow ref i l l , i;ivorable------ i ~!'!t Ln t;ike, wetn·e!'!!'!, lpestone : : riirnn~. cutbank:s ciive. cl r01JP.h tv. ;w et'le~, . I r - l j ; Or'l •J~h ~·1, : ·.. etne~ ., . : Wrou~ ,, t ·, , '. J@tn~c; ,.-; • •· l0estone:------- : seen;i11e-------- : seen;iv.e, n in i.ritJ.. I I ~villn---------:Sefl!nn~e--------:~inin~, ., ,oicen:w,c . L ;~ r ou p; nty, : iiivorable------,i;ivoraole------ ia,oit i ntake, ·.-1et n ec;c;. wetne, ., , drou~htv. 'I :Deen to ,1,iter ; O r OtJr', h t. 1 .. : Not needed----- i~,oit int;ike, dro1J1J,htv, soi l blowi.n11 . I 1 ban \;ind. 'I •-------------- : :;~('n :11 10-------- ; '.> ,.."'n ., ,~,..-------- No W;\tcr------- : Not. nce<IP.<J----- 1J rn1Jf'1.h tv, [ :i Lt1 I 1 •· 1· ;1.•st.. I 11 ': ;J r '>11f' r1 t·,. Ln t. ; 1Kt?, SOLl Ol owlnll. 3ev v1 1 .! Jn------- Snnn~~n-------- : wctnc~~-------- Slnw reflll---- : irn!'!t ;ict1on--- : ~etne!'!!'!, fa ., t intaKe, ,o,l bl'lwl~Q . invornbL~------ : Wetn"~~, floods, noor 011tlet ., . ' ; f'le tne~ .c;, flo ods. : stow refi.ll---- : ~erc~ slowlv, : '- if!tne~~, fro:,t .:1ct i on, : cJ l" OUV,n t v' flood!'! . soi l Olow1n<1. ' .-------- ::~ Low ru1'lll----: l":,vur :1Uic------ :L•;J.'1L Lt1L t1 k e , soil o l ow1n11;, wetne:,!I , --------------- ; :; 0.~na!I.~-------- : '# P!tne .~ .c;. u.;; ,, .J,, 11 ,, r ri Lu n;icK. , \•-------------• ::" ''P l l.'" - - - - - - - - : "w••l,1 1t • 1 er o aP.:, eas i.Ly I --------------- I I : l'fe t. n ~ -; 'i, , um .xom------------ SeP.naRe-------- : ~P.~ne~~-------- Slow refill----:iavorable------ iii:,t in t.:1ke, >nil t>l rn.n n~ , 1o1etnP.:,:, . 'I •ll e v1ll e------- : ravorablP.------:~P.tne:,,oi-------- Slow refill---- : ilood:,, fro:,t act ion. Wetne,:, , ; .., ,~ L !L (• ·; · ; ' er ~a e~ e~~L~ , : ~et ne~,, i:! r ,,,1,~ -; : wetnP.,,. fa:,t i. ntal<e, soil b l owinp;, --- - -· ----------------"--------------------------------------------- n-;fo::;l l ', �91. SOIL SURVEY TABLE 13.--RECREAT[ONAL DEVELOPMENT ( Some of the terms u.,ed in this table to describe rl!strictive soil featurl!s arl! aefinl!1 l n the ';los~ary. te~t for definitions of ·• :,li11:ht," "moderatl!," ::1nd ·•severl! ."' Absencl! of ;in entrv ml!:in, 5o ll ·..ias no t rated] t'icnic areas Soil name and mac symbol ' Play 11:rounds t'aths ana tr a ll s I Moderate: too :,andy. AbB-------------------:Severe: /\bscota flnort:,. I : Moderate: too :,andv. I Sevl!re: wetness, exces:, humu:,. Ad--------------------:S!!vere: Adrian wetness, fl nod:,, exec:,~ h11m11 ., . :Severe: wetne:,s, flood:,, exce:,:, humu.,. : I Be--------------------:severe: nellcville wetnP.:,~, fl ond:,. 'I Bou-------------------:Severe: ·• n--•---•-••••-•-•---- :) ('IV('lr-f't: Cu ho~t;ih !°>t?VP.r-P.! too •; ;in<.lv. Cov crt [~8-------------------:scvere: wet ne~ ., . :<. n 1 :Moderate: : wetne:,:,. Severe: wetne:,s. ;1-\ oder1te : : ~i evrarn! :; P.vcre: wetnl!:, ., , flood:,. wet.ne:,:,, : Severe: too ,andv. ;s ever~: :M o'1erate: "'etne:,~. : Severi!: wetne~s. :~0,t ~r~t.l! : SevP.re: wetne~!i. : severe : wetness, flood,. :s evere : .;etne,!I . Severe: wetnl!!l!I, too ,,.ndv. :s evere: too ~ "ndy, wetnes:,, flooa!I. :s evere : Sever-e: '-l!tnl!!l!I. : severe: wetne:,:,, floocJ:,. : Severe: : : ' - - - - - - - -- - - - ---- - - - : :;P. v er c : floods, wetne:, ., , too ,:in<.lv. ' ~--------------------:SP.verP.: :.P~rt:w ce Wf!tnc~ .~ , l'lnod~. Lena wee-------------- Severe: wr.tne'=i::;, : Severe: wetnes,. floods. i.J l ..(nm------ -- - ------- , :~c v er,.,: we tnl! ., .,. 'I '. x /\-------------------:Severe: wl! tne:, ., . Vin 'lo : ·..ietne!l!I . '' : :~ '! YP.r~: wetne:,,. :severe: too , an<Jv. wctnc,i,i, floods. in r 0~s wetne5.!, exce~ .-, f"l•Jmu~. :s evere: wetne.,s. ~~ -------------------- :sev~r-e: ~tn11•,v1llc, 1 Sl!vere: wetne:,s, floods. wnLnc~,, t"lood ., . CoR, C~ B-------------- : Severe: :sev,tre: wet.ne:, ., . : ' L , '1 1)der::ite: too ,::intly . :Moder11tn: wetne:,:,, too sandy, : sever-e: wetne ., ~, floods. : severe: wetnes:, . too sandy, ·. .ietne .~ ~. "'e tne tt'III, too s"nov. W'!tnt?"i 'l. ::; ever-fl? : wetnes!I. ; ,' 1oderate: ·.i etness, too sandv. : : : :severe: too sandv. 'I :severe: too S'lndv. 'I :severe: wetness. :severe: too ., 'Indy, 'I : severe: too sandv. ' ': Severe : wetness, flood:,. : Severe: too sandy. :Moderate: ..etne:,s. : severe: ,1etnes:,. :~ oder-ate: wetne, ., . I I ~eR-------------------:SevPre: ~enomlnee too :,::1ndy, 'I , ~s-------------------:~nvcre: Uakv1lle too :,andv. I I ~a--------------------:snvere: farkhill wetness, flOQ<:IS. See footnote ~tend of table, :severe: too sandy. :severe: wetness. �92. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TARLE· 1).--R[CR[ATIONAL OEVELOPMENT--Contlnued Plav1trounds Soll name and ma o s vmbol !' ,-------------------:severe; t'ella : wetnee1e1, floods. ;s evere: 1<etne,e1. sB, PtB--------------:severe: Pioestone wetne1111, too 11;ind v. [ us•: : ?ioestone------------ : Sftvere: wetne11.,, t 00 'I ~ne1 V, 'I Oakville-------------:severe: too :,;indv. ':s evere: : se1.1ere: we tne ., ., , floods. wetne,o\ .'I. Severe: wetne'.'!11, too :,andv. : severe: too ,andv, wetnee1'1. : sever-e: too san11 •1. SP.vere: 1<et.ne'l11, tnn "'"ne1v. :severe: tno ., ,.ndv, WP.tnP.'l'l. 'I Severe: too s,.n,1v. ;' SP.vere: too ,iandv . Severe: too sanuv. :severe: too ., ;indy. ; Severe: too ., 11ndv. :s evere: too ,;indv. : Mr,ttP.r:it@ : : :) P.VP.r'ft: ' : :"1or l '?r, t~: : severe: too :,;indv. Urban lane1. ' I vB-------------------:severe: ,lalnfleld too ,i;indv. X B.: : t'o5evv1lle-----------:~l!vl!rc: 1<P.tnP.'I/I, too 'll'lndv. wotnc~:,. Londo----------------:Scvere: wP.tnc'l'I. 1--------------------:SP.vere: Slo ,, n 1<<'tn<'~,, l"lood,;. a-------------------- Severe : we tne ., ., , r,erc'.'! ,ilowlv, !" l.oOd/1. •~------------------- SP.vere: 1<etnP.'l'l, ;' i"1oclt!r~tf!: 1<1! tne11,i. ': Severe: WP. tnP.'l/1 ' wetno'l'l, ton """ cJ v. ; :> P.vcre: we tne,, . : sever-e: 0 wetnt?~", : :10<1 er" tP.: ...,P. tn~'i ~. : Severe: wetne<i; .~ , WP. t.r.e~ ""; . flooa5. : Severe: '" P.tne:,5. : !l<!Vf!l""e: 1<etne'l ., , nerc:, slnwlv , fl 000'1. : :1oder,.te: 1<etne:, ., , tno _,,.ndy. : SP.Vt! r"P,, : :M oder.:1te: WP. tnP./1/1, too 'lllndv. ' : severe: "P. tne,,,. . wetne'l:'I. : Severe: ,1etness. ; '!Orl'!r "te : ,. ,et~es'l , too , ;inrJv. iu • : ~lxom----------------:severe: wctnP.'l'l, oellevl l le-----------:SP.vP.rP.: w,~ Ln<? ~l:i, fl.oo<J,i. Urb~n L.i ncJ. ' : S~Vll!r'f!: -wP.tnc11,. ::-1 oder"te: '. ,jf! tno 'j .<:; I too 5,1nov. : SevP.rP.: WP. tnP.'1'1 flood11. : S evP.r"'!: 0 wetne~'l. �T 93. .,..; SOIL SURVEY TABLE Jij,--WILDLirE HABITAf ~OTENTIALS ee text for definitions of ·•~ood . ·• •fair," "ooor," and "very poor." -.,a:, no-:. rated] Absence of an entry indicates tne so~: l'otenti.:il for habitat elements Soil name and herb11- : Hardwood: Conifceous trees erous nlant:, nlants : Grain :Gra:,ses ; and seed: and ' croo:, : le11;umes 'T\IIP Sy'll00l ; ?otential as natlltH 1,r-- I I AbB ---------------- ~oor Ab scota 'I : rai.r- 'I :Good Act ----------------- :~oor :l'oor I Wetland;Shallow ;Q penla~d ~oodland :W et ~a~: plants water : wildlife wilalife : w1~al1:e are11s I I I : r· air ' 1-· air Poor : t>oor Poor Good I Very noor. 'I .: Very poor. 'I :G ood : r air fair : Very ~oor _. ?oor Verv poor . Ae11 • . 1\nuent., I HllP.-----------------:~oor !!lleville 'I d<;11 ----------------: 1.- ri i.r ,, owe rs :<.iood :<.ioo<J 'I Ch-----------------:~oor Coh octah [ 1· I 1··· !1 ----••--•-- l't ,,,r· •• •; •,1,, r· t 11 1 1 ',I~---------------- 1::11 r 'I : Good :Good 'I : 1-·a1r ~Poor '' ;J'rnw 'I I I :Good ; r· air 'I : fair :c;oo1 : Gooa ;Good : Fair :Fair I :Good :G ood. I : l'oor : l'<Jor I ': f ioqd ;c; fl<HI I : r·;-, Lr :<i<HH1 ··t1I I ; 111 •• · 1 I ~ -' - - - - - • • • • • • • • • • • • •: . ' , , ··. V L l i 0 ~(J(lr l'oor 1•: .. 1,1 .. 1 • n , . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 1• ;, • < ,r 1 ------------- : 1 1 I ! (' r. ood I : ciond : (~oocl ,l A :: - • • • • • • • • • • • • - • - : t"OOr ·.•,,-, 1, mln Pe :r>onr :G ood ):!:) -••----••••••-•• ; l'OO r"' • ,< V L I If• : r'oor :r" Alr .•, I :Good ' Good :G ood Good : Good (.iood Cooa :1· . 111 · 111,r .1 ~ -------••••••••- :i:1Lr :Good ;G ood : Good. :r. 00<.1 I I :Go od :f air I I : r· air- :very rioor. Goo1 J Verv , rioor. rai.r : very ooor. l'oor ;V ery nnc r. I :v erv f)OOr. I ~~-----------------:Goo~ I~-,., l l : r· air :Good I r· air' : Good. :Good r° a lr ; r· air. :Poor ,l'o or : l'oor . 'I :l'oor :l'oor :v ery poor. 'I : Poor : Poor :Good L I I :,air ;Good f~ ----------------- :r;ood ,, . . t l rl I r' ''\1i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : r' l~ e~tone r· .:1 i. r :1 ----------------:' l'our r' 1 ne:,r.one :' !:. '' : l'rJOr 'I : r· rt ir ; l'oor ; ~oor :Poor 'I I ':l"oor ; ~oor I :t>oor 0001". I I ~ine~tone---------:rair 'I :very I :»oor See footnote ~tend of table. 'I :Poor 'I :Poor ; Poor 'I ; Fair 'I : Poor. �94. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE lQ,--WILDLiiE HABITAT ~OTENTIALS--Continued ~otenttart"or'7i"iioitat element~ SJil name and nae symbol I Kv1lle---------- l'oor I I hi,rba- :Hardwood: Conifceous trees erous nl;int ., nlant~ Grain :Gras~es and seed: and crops : lea:ume~ '' :l'oor Wetland Shallow :o nenland : WaodL~nd : ~etl~nd nlant~ water : w1ldlife : wLldlLfe : w1Lal1:e areas i air : l'OOr' Poor '':verv Very poor. : ?oor : r· air :v ery poor. Poor : Poor ban land. r• II \ ----------------:l'oor a infield 'I : Poor . : I rdo-------------:~air '' 'I ---------------:~oor c an 'I :l'oor poor. ~eyv1llc-------- :~ aor r : fair :c oocJ I I : Good : Good 'I : Good :Good 0001". Good Good 'I : t' air : '/ er y ' Go od : r'0Or', Good ; r'OOr", I :verv Good OO()r', ' : r'oor- 'I :~oor :l'oot" 'I :Good :Good :G ooct :G ooc1 I an land --------------:~oor ,eon ': 1-'oor --------------- ~oor om om------------- ~oor le<LLle-------- ~cot" ,i n :r. ood r· a Lr : Good Good : r· a 1.r ;r. ood :G ood '; r· a tr ': r· r1 Lr : Good \. rnd. ' ' --- - .. -------- --------·------·------ • ..ie e m., n ,,n i t ,1c,;cr-1nt1on 1·or t he comno .~ 1t1on :ino beh,w1or of t:1e man unLt. : r'oor- ';r ;,-, '"lt1 . �, .,.- --- -. ,➔ TA1 it.[ 11.--S'.JIL ~:ID :.l~ER ,~;fURES (Absence of a:-i entrv indicates the feature is l!Ot a c.~ncerr.. See text for cescriptions of symbols and such terms as "rare,·' "brief," and "oerched.• ihe svmbol < mea:-is less t'lan; > mea~s Rreate~ t'lan) I Soil na11e a!'ld ■ap symbol flood1na - - - - -----,o r.uration : }ORi C' freJ 11encv 1aroup 'I AbB---------------l Abscota l wa!.~'."" t;: Hi a'l .--------:-- I ;Hvdro-: : '1ont--is : : : ,<i-id :) eoth :- --- --r---;-t • I I I I I :e -- : !·~ :; ;1ths : I Total llniti~l ; i ; I t I Com~,o!'l------:Brief-----:'lar-J11n:2.:i-5.0:Aooa.~e!'lt: : e:-"lavl A . 'I I Ad----------------: AID ' I . : Ri skofcorros ion Potential: - - - - - - r ------- - frost :uncoated :concrete Subsidence I I . I I In - ! I In - I --- : --- i act i on : I I I I I I I I J-1.0:Appa~e!'l\:\:v-~avl frequent----:Brief-----:~ar-Aor ' '' '' J-1.J:Aoo2~ent:~~~-~av: : r---I I :Hoderate :Low------llow. 'I frecJent----:Lo~a------:~o•-~av' steel . 'I 'I . I 25-31 :HiRh-----:Ht~h-----:Hoderate . Adrian AeB•. Aquents BID Be---------------Belleville . . 'O O 808--------------Bowers o I I BID Ch---------------Cohoctah I CoB---------------, Covert 'I CsB---------------: Covert 'I A .:None--------: . :None--------: . 'I B KR---------------- C 'I LrB•: Lenawee----------: BID I Wix3m------------: B LxA---------------:' LonJo C I I I I I I 5: ~ DDc . . I 'I HiRh-----:HtRh-----:Low. . . . I er, I Low------:Low------:Hoderate. I . . . . . J-1 . u:Aoparent;Ja-i-Aor: . ' 0 er UJ 'I Low------lHi~h-----:Hodera,e. ~en t : ·, ~ v-:iav: 'I 0' 0 : 1.J-2 . 0:Ano~ ~e1t:\~v-~av: O I freouent----:Br1ef-----:oct-"lav: . A I A o o . I C: :0 < Pl -< Hi~h-----:H111.h-----:Low. I I J-1.0:Anoa~e--,t:5~~-Jun: ' frequent----:6r!ef-----:Har-"1Av: 'I 'I 0 J-1.l1:Annri.,.e:1t:·. :··: - :-1~v: . .' . None--------:' . None--------: .• NO'lc!----- - --: .' .' .. freauent----: Br,ef-----: ·-1r1r-·t,1v: iNone--------i S~e rontnnl~ ttl. ~n,t of labl•• · Hoderate :Hi~h-----:H111.h . I irenuent----: Brief-----: Seo-~lav: I I Oatt---------------: Oakville 'I 'I APPc~ent: Se:i- ·1av: I : I • 5- 3. I 'I Le----------------: BID Lenawee . I 'I I I HeB---------------: He:-iorainee ' I I I. Kn----------------: AID Kinross l . o I :HiRh-----:High-----lLow. : 1.5-3.5:Aooa~e!'lt:\=v-Anr: • None--------: Kin11-svi l le ' o I I I o I I I I I I lnB---------------: In11.ersoll u- 1. . O: 'I 'I A o I lComno:-i------lLo!'lR------:Ja!'l-~ec: I ' l.l-2.D:Anoa~e:-itl\~v-Aor: None--------, C 'I :HiRh-----:HiRh-----:Low . Hode~ate :Hi~h-----:1.ow. ~-6 . HiR~-----:Hi~h-----:Low . . O iii r..!1-----: H if',h-----;' Low. I J-1 . J: ~noa :·,>·1t : ·. ·: -:•lav: I 1.J- ?. J;terc ··ej ':·. ~v-Ju~: 'I 1 , J - .! • J ; ..\ 0 _.., 'O l ; .. -" \' - •-~a V . 0 0 • ' ' I I I : l.o~- ---- -: Lnw- ----- :t-10 .ter a: .l ;. .....~ : Aol"'a :· e:1t: ·• _, 1,,·-,\or;, 0 'I : i I l C ~ - - - - - : U l •'• ti - - - - - : (. II 1,J : I ; ~f)l\ ,~·· r"· l l : : '-! •- ,\Of : > j. u C'I ?. •· '-• fi .• ~ode ~ate .:H1~h-~---:HoJ~ra :e . . . . -T .! . ' ' : I.o w----- - : Low- ----- :t-tlJll e rdte. \() Vl �i . ( Land Use f.kster Plan Report A supplementary report to guide future commercial and industrial development in the Charter Township of Homer Midland County Michigan prepared by the: Planning Commission Charter Township of Homer with the assistance of: Township Board Members and: F.obert B. Hotaling and Associates Township Planning & Zoning Consultants November 1985 ( APPEND It" �,.. ,r I L r - I I ' a.. :i:: er, z ~ 0 ~ M UN T UV ~.---.--Tr•'fte. F'lelll c SC. C•••" rn S'ew1c.f • •~ C•--•&t-lA._ ,.,.......... r,,r,c1 tea•f~CIAC. { "<S ....,..,, SEKYICe' <•,...a•c••~ 1-l LacllT J,...n_,.~ TOWNSHIP HALE y MAP NO. I COUSUIER TtADf AJ!.EAS car-.u.n4 MAJO l INTfR~fCTIO.U ttcl ...... TCIWIISMIP ,.....,_.. ~••"""7 • Ill c.,4i,._ MOYi.al~ 191" �-2- COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT in Homer Townshin I- l Transportation Access Pattern for Industry and Co1m11erce Major access routes via State Highway M-2O, M-3O and the Saginaw Road which connects with U.S. 10 via Stark Road set the pattern where the important commercia.l and industrial developments will occur in Homer Township. Refer to ?lap No. l. Industrial Development in Homer Township If any industry is to locate in Homer Township it would locate in the above mentioned major transportation corridors. However, the suburban residentia.l and scattered co1m11ercial developme.nts along the frontage of these corridors and the co1m11itment of land adjacent to them for residential purposes now seriously limits the opportunities for industrial locations. I \. Industry in the form of manufacturing has dominantly located within the City of Midland. The industries in Midland are of international stature tow Chemical Co. and Dow Corning Corporation - and form the primary economic base for the entire Midland County area. As the primary industry the service industrial and canmercial activities throughout the Midland area, in particular, are all dependent upon the economic successes of these two major manufacturers. Such service industrial and commercial activities for this dominant industrial base will more than likely continue to be located in the City of Midland or possibly in adjacent Townships which would include Homer Township. The most likely which Homer Township can expect is some spin-off from this industrial base, but more than likely the industries that will locate in the Township will be "home innovated." One exception to this could be on land near the U.S. 23/Stark-Saginaw Rd. interchange and its extension toward the City of Midland via Saginaw Road. The fact that the C.&O. Failroad parallels the southern edge of Saginaw Road through the Township could be an additional factor to attract industry. Unfortunately all of the land southerly of the railroad has no direct highway access and is isolated from having direct access to Saginaw Road. This land, however, remains the area having the most potential for industrial development. The only local access to this land southerly or both Saginaw Road and the c.u.o. Railroad is by means of Dublin Road. Dublin Road at the present time is a minor County road subject to seasonal load limits, and, therefore, not as usable as it could be for industrial development purposes. It would have to be made a year'round road built to withstand industrial truck traffic. Industrial Locations in Homer Township As a result of the conclusions drawn from the above , statements, a small industrial areas has been suggested in and around the present Auto Salvage Yard located immediately south of and adjacent to the c.&o. Railroad with access �- -3- over Dublin, Saginaw and Stark Roads to and from U.S. 10. U.S. 10 is a limited access freeway (highway) that interconnects with the national. interstate highway system, I-75 being the nearest interstate route located 24 miles to ~he -east ot the Stark Road interchange with U.S. 10. Heavy Commercial Development Location Like industrial development, it is not anticipated that Homer Township will have much heavy commercial development occur within its boundaries. This type or development has similar location standards as those for industry. It is a coincidence that the Auto Salvage Yard on Dublin Road near Saginaw Road and the c.&O. Railroad is also at a Regional. location. Therefore, it appeared reasonable to coordinate industrial and heavy commercial developments by locating them adJacent to each other in the same area. It is not anticipated that Homer Township will get much of this development so only a modest size area is provided. · Commercial. Develonment in Homer Township Homer Township is destined to be primarily a suburban residential community. It will not be possible to have a continuous uninterrupted pattern of this relatively low density type of urban pattern of development because of the extensive flood plains and waterways al.ong the Tittabawassee River, Pine River and Bullock Creek. These floodvays have also "broken up" the street access pattern and have isolated areas within the Township from each other. !-lap No. l"Consumer Trade Areas around Z..Jor Intersections" was developed from the facts of the floodways and waterways and the interrupted street system. The construction ot bridges across the Tittabawassee River at Dublin Road and Homer Road extended would do much to integrate the Township and allow more diftusion ot trattic. This will become increasingly more important as urbanization continues. General Planning Approach to Commercial Development Commercial. development should like any other "service" to the people located in passing through or attracted to Homer Township tor many and varied reasons be located in shopping or service centers, so as to provide the contemporary types ot such centers ottering the most varied one-stop choices of goods and services possible in conveniently accessible locations with safe ingress and egress on and ott the maJor highways and roads. Location Standards The location and spacing standard for commercial developments are generally as follows: Regional commercial locations must have immediate access to the maJor regional. highway systems via interchanges with maJor roads having existing or potential local urban development nearby. Community service centers need to be located at maJor local road intersections so as to have 360 degree access to an existing or developing urb&n market around them in their local trading areas and spaced 2-3 miles apart along the maJor arterial highw.y or �devel.oping residential neighborhood and spaced at least l-2 miles apart • . Commercial Locations Atter analyzing the "Trading Areas," the major highway and local . county road systems, it was determined that major commercial concentrations could onl.y economically occur and survive along M-20 and Saginaw Road. Minor ones could be located elsewhere in the Township as "daily needs" convenience centers. The types ot commercial developments that were determined and planned for the Township are as follows: A. Regiona.l Community Commercial Center l. B. C. Community Commerc i&l Services Centers l. A community commercial service center at the eastern edge of the Township, located out of the floodplain, and extending along the south side of M-20 westward and across the street from comparable development in the City of Midland (area recently annexed from Homer Township). 2. A community service center located at M-20 and Homer Roads with the largest trading area in the· Township to suppo_r t it, as well as being located in the geographical center of the Township. 3. A community service center located at M-20 and M-30 (Meridian Rd.) where two state highways intersect. This intersection is the westerly entrance and exit to the Township and also has an extensive trading area north and south of it via Meridian Rd. (~O). 4. A community service center at Saginaw and Dublin Roads where, when and if a bridge is built across the Tittabawassee River, potentially a major intersection will emerge in the ruture. This intersection is also at the entrance and exit between Homer Township and major residential developments in the City of Midland. Neighborhood Commercial Service Centers l. { A regional-community ccmmercial center near the U.S.10/Stark/ Saginaw Road interchange. A neighborhood service or convenience center located at the intersection of Sandow Road and Y-20 where, because of the limited trading area, a more major commercial development does not have the potential. A combination of Sandow Road with a portion of the Pine River Road could in the future give this area sufficient economic support for this type of neighborhood service. �~c .:- -5- r-- 2. I ' I~ A neighborhood commercial. or convenience center at 5 Mile and M-20 where because of a potentially limited local trading area this center has limited potential otherwise. 3.- A -neighborhood commercial or convenience center between the intersections of Miller Road and 4 3/4 Mile Road with Pine River Road where there has traditionally been a convenience center for the rural hinterland. With the demise of the rural econom;y in this area in the recent past. and the fact that urban "suburbanization" has not developed extensively in the surrounding trading area, the potential for this center is stil l in the future. i-·· I": l: 4. A neighborhood commercial or convenience center at the intersection of Badour and Prairie Roads where this type of convenience commercial service center would serve those customers entering and existing the Township at this point, and who would not use M-20 in their commuting patterns. The potential for this center is still in the future. but the surrounding area is one of the best "soil type" areas in the Township for urban type developments to occur. The Pine River Elementary, Bullock Creek Junior High Schools and the original. now historical Pine River "Standard" School so evident and important to the "rura.l" history of the Township. It should be pointed out that two (2) of the four (4) sectors of this intersection are in adjacent Midland Township. and of the two (2) remaining, one is occupied by the historical Pine River School and the other by several single family homes. An.y commercia.l dev~lopment at this intersection will involve displacement of these existing developments of supplement them. 5. A neighborhood commercial or convenience center at the intersection of Gordonville and Badour Roads where this location would serve the commuters entering and exiting the Township at this point. The potential for this center is still in the future, but the surrounding area is one of the best "soil type" areas in the Township for urb&n type developments to occur. The Bullock Creek High School is located at this intersection. It should be pointed out that three (3) of the four (4) sectors of this intersection are in adjacent Townships, and the fact that the High School occupies the Homer Township sector modifies the "economic" potential for this intersection as far as Homer Township is concerned. [ [ Note: D. Numbers 4. and 5. above exemplified the need for the Planning Commission to coordinate School District planning with that of Township planning. S ecial Use Permit Commercial (SUP-C) Area Refer to Map "M-20 Corridor, S½ Sec l This area is unique to Homer Township. It is located along the frontage on the north side of M-20 and extends from about 1800 feet east of 5 Mile Road, west to the CS area located in the northeast sector of M-20 and Meridian Road. The total frontage is about 3,750 feet of M-20 frontage. This area bas been subdivided in various sizes of �-6- small to large lots, but predominantly small ones occupied by older small single family homes. It has been traditional in this unique area ~o use the homes a.nd properties for a wide variety o~ home oc---C-upation types to small business ventures as a means of livelihood. In order to maintain this unique cultural area, it is proposed that it be permitted to continue this cultural aptitude. r •• I r \ The method planned to be used is to recognize all of the uses to which the area has been use~ in the past and present, and project those most compatible with those o.f the past and present and through special use planning, and ultimately zoning, allow for this exceptional area. f I I At the time the Zoning ordinance is being prepared, au inventory of uses and the conditions under which they are either operating or could be opera.ting, will be taken into account and a special land use area tor them is planned to be established for specified uses, · location and scale of operations, maintenance of the appearance of the area, and other important considerations which will permit this area to perpetuate itself as a social and economic entity. f . E. Other Commercial Developments Other commercial developments such as additional one (l) or two (2) or possibly a few more convenience services may emerge as development occurs in the Township, and small trading areas (markets) may develop. These locations are best handled on an individual basis by reflecting their locations against those planned, and decisions to supplement this plan with them may be necessary by treating them as special land uses or planned unit developments. This would be particularly true in reference to such locations as c.4 and 5. above exemplify. Also commercial and private or organizational recreation developments, generally desiring to locate in the rural. areas, or those which do not fit into the categorical types as determined by the planning in this Master Plan specifically, may have to be accommodated through a special land use or planned unit development procedure with standards, criteria and specifications predetermined. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Homer-Charter-Twp_Land-Use-Master-Plan-Report_1987 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charter Township of Homer Planning Commission, Homer Charter Township, Midland County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-09-09 Title A name given to the resource Land Use Master Plan Report Description An account of the resource The Land Use Master Plan Report for Homer Charter Township was prepared by the Charter Township of Homer Planning Commission with the assistance of Township Board Members, Robert B. Hotaling, and Jeanne B. Hotaling and was adopted on September 9, 1987. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Township Board Members Robert B. Hotaling, PCP and Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Township Planning and Zoning Consultants (consultants) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Land Use--planning Homer Charter Township (Mich.) Midland County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fe1ffd565be6e9902417dc5285cc9388.pdf 52fc7054253dc047d922a3407cb299e4 PDF Text Text �� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d1ef331eb1970317b81930af00470843.pdf ba88651e1ca3cb3a9532b608cb17cdd8 PDF Text Text [Page 1] Narragansett, R.I. Oct. 24, 1870 Thank you for your sympathy my old friend. I am far from thinking that, when men occupying particular positions in the public mind are taken away, the world suffers any great loss. I am persuaded that they have done their work, and that other men are better fitted for the new circumstances of the world than they were. For myself, I look upon the work which I had to do as nearly done. It would have been a gratification to me to have finished the currency according to my own ideas; but very likely the ideas of others are better. I refer particularly to the restoration of specie payments and to the declaration as constitutional law that Congress has no power to make anything else than gold and silver a legal tender in payment of debts. Whether I shall live to see this or the reverse is for the Divine Wisdom to determine. I shall not be at Washington during �[Page 2] the adjourned term, and perhaps not during the regular term which follows: though I am slowly regaining my strength so far as I can see. I desire to commit the future in this respect as in all other to Him who has graciously cared for me. Yours very truly, S.P. Chase N. Sargent Esq. Washington � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15434 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Salmon P. Chase, October 24, 1870 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-10-24 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 Description An account of the resource Letter regarding Chase's opinion of Congress's power to coin currency other than gold and silver. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Taylor, Zachary, 1784-1850 Cass, Lewis, 1782-1866 Whig Party (U.S.) United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees New Hampshire Maine Pennsylvania Ohio Florida Georgia South Carolina Savannah River (Ga. and S.C.) Massachusetts Vermont Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/96468529be1ccaf68577c7c31817cdc3.pdf e8dce2c9821ac27f819a75b9591e463d PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/964624006e79976e0600e6a00797a614.pdf d2547ef9c15e1709eb3a6ddff5aae39e PDF Text Text [Note 1] [?] Feb. 20. ‘67 Dear Sir, Please read the enclosed attentively. If the Department had a conscientious & faithful officer I believe Mr. Brown was one. Pray call the attention of Mr. McCalloch & Mr. Chandler to the matter. Most sincerely S.P. Chase Hon N. Sargent � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15435 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Salmon P. Chase, February 20, 1867 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1867-02-20 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 Description An account of the resource Invitation to dinner from Salmon P. Chase to Nathan Sargent. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Sergeant, John, 1779-1852 Harrison, William Henry, 1773-1841 Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862 Whig Party (U.S.) United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees United States. Congress. House Whig Party (U.S.). National Convention Elections Washington (D.C.) Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4524b15f831b2bb6f4d2eff2a7076a7f.pdf 0c8170e02ac8479e85bc11d8579b3466 PDF Text Text j , ·~ ~½. ~~~~~/ . ~ ~ ~ tHL I ~~ ~(!_~;. /1--d ' if---~ "'. ~ ~i2"L.j. ~~:r ·. a-Uu...,c:1~ u.; 9>t-~ .b ~ ~ . .' , --' ,' r, ' t ·> ' . L_v!_ ~ ~ I ' / -~ ; ; _ ~ ' i( I .,, '• ~. l 0-IE"tj3,l, .' � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8aedbc8776f44b0cf0d52db5bc9f2fda.pdf fde805614bb481600bdfe1b9be229b41 PDF Text Text [Note 2] Tuesday Mar. 1 My dear Mr. Sargent, Those transfers are to be served today abt [?]. Won’t you oblige us by coming and taking a chance dinner with us, & helping us “manage the critters.” Yours cordially S.P. Chase Hon. N. Sargent � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15436 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Salmon P. Chase, [date of publication not identified] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 Description An account of the resource Letter from Salmon P. Chase discussing a Mr. Brown. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 Whig Party (U.S.) United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees Money Narragansett (R.I.) Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1aed910c930dca0032e4f8fc4fbb430e.pdf 68da5cb632d0cf387022ee4397e275c6 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-4369_AND_CW1-4391 Title A name given to the resource Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase autographed note and photograph Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 Subject The topic of the resource Chase, Salmon P. (Salmon Portland), 1808-1873 United States--Politics and government--19th century Photographs Description An account of the resource Note sent by Salmon P. Chase in response to a request for an autograph. "Yours received and I take pleasure in complying with your request." Salmon P. Chase, Secretary Treasury. Signed carte-de-visite photograph of Chase. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a8f9b7c22045fb118196593a99194df6.pdf 654e295b4801e9abdc8cfa7ae2ecc423 PDF Text Text ,,l CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PART 1 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY DESCRIPTION, DATA, AND GOALS August 1979 The Che boygan County Comprehensive Plan is divided into several parts for convenience of publication and use. The Table of Contents includes all of these parts. Part I gives an overview of the county, its people, economy, activities, services, environment and goals. Additional parts, published as separate books, address separate elements of county planning. Plans to be published at a future date and existing plans are listed in the Table of Contents. This project is a joint effort of the Cheboygan County Planning Commission and the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments with financial assistance provided through a grant from the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583), administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC), via the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land Resource Program Division and, in part, from the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments, the Northeast Michigan Manpower Consortium and the County of Cheboygan. �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -.- The Northeast Michigan Council of Governments wishes to -~~~:.. -·~-~-~~~-:-_. recognize Larraine Brackelman, former Cheboygan County Planner for her assistance in data collection and preliminary narrative development, Lew Steinbrecher and Carol Warren, Resource Planners on staff with the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments for their involvement in the preparation, coordination, and docu- mentation of the Plan, and the Cheboygan County Planning Commission for their review and cormnent of the preliminary drafts to the Plan, �TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I COUNTY DESCRIPTION. DATA AND GOALS Introduction • • • • 1 The Comprehensive Plan Planning In Cheboygan County The Planning Approach Regional Setting People • • • • • 2 4 . .4 .p • • • • 8 History •• ·• Population Growth Patterns Migr.ation Patterns Age Distribution Race and Origin . . • Population Density and Geographic Distribution Population Projections Economy Economic Structure Income • • • . Family Income . Personal Income Labor Force . • Employment and Unemployment Education Services • • • • Communication Transporation Energy Supply Water Supply Sewage Disposal Solid Waste. Public Safety . Education . • . Higher Education Health and Welfare Environment Climate . Air Pollution 17 18 20 22 26 _2t~ .. ' 29~- 36 38 41 43 44 47 50 Activities • Residential Commercial Industrial Recreation Agriculture. Forest/Open Space 9 15 15 .... 53 57 57 59 60 62 64 66 67 72 72 72 73 74 75 75 77 80 82 82 �j ] I• Environment (con't). Geology Soils Surface Water Groundwater Vegetation. Wildlife and Fish Minerals •. Coastal Management I 85 95 • ios 113 • 116 • 119 124 • • 126 Major Goals for Cheboygan County Land Use • . • • . • Waste Disposal • • • Economic Development •• Recreation •.•• Education .••• Government and Infrastructure PART II PART III PART IV • • 138 139 • • • 139 140 140 140 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN, WITH APPENDIX A, LAND USE PLAN DEFINITIONS CHEBOYGAN COUNTY WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY RECREATION PLAN (Note: Page 59 of PART I shows Recreation Plan of June 1976) PART V CHEBOYGAN COUNTY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN �LIST OF CHARTS NO. TITLE 1 Population Trends 1900-1970 2 Population Change Determinants 3 Age Distribution Of Population 4 County Of Origin For Foreign Population 5 Age & Sex Districutio~ 6 Population By Race 7 Population Density - 197 0 8 Population Per Square Mile By Township 9 Population Estimates 10 Seasonal Population 11 Peak Population 12 Employment By Selected Industrial Sectors 13 Employment Change 1960 - 1970 14 Employment By Activity - 1970 15 Percentage Comparisons Of Employment & Earnings 16 Occupation Of the Employed - 1970 17 Per Capita Money Income 18 Annual Average Wage And Salary 19 Median Income 20 Family Income Levels 21 Total Personal Income - Per Capita 22 Personal Income 23 Size Of The Labor Force 1970-1975 24 Labor Force Participation Rate 25 Unemplo~ent Rate For Selected Years 26 Percent Unemployment By Month 1970 - 1976 27 Years Of School Completed By Persons 25 Years Old And Older 28 Cheboygan County Land Use 29 General Housing Characteristics 30 Building Permits 31 Housing - Year Structure Built 32 Major Industries 33 Agricultural Facts for Cheboygan County 34 Cattle 35 County Road , Commission General Information~ 1978 �znn·-·envn· · ,,,. i:>:F Ij ·· r, 2rn·wa•t'iZ±ii·rttidif f'jj(iii:,rtf'jft "fils'WtiMlf¾'?t@[Ili LIST OF CH.ARTS (con't.) ...j NO. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 TITLE Solid Waste Disposal Sites Cheboygan County Law Enforcement - 1978 Description of Subsurface Strata Interpretations of Gener.al Soil Map (brief) Inter?re tations of Gen~ !~L Soil Map (detailed) .:-\ .crea ge Analysis For Cb.:~:. : }iln County Inv entory Of Game Species . �LIST OF MAPS NO. TITLE 1 The Northeast Michigan Region 2 Population Per Square Mile by Township 1970 3 Population Per Square Mile By Township - 1975 4 Existing Land Use Patterns 5 Commercial Areas 6 Primary Road System 7 Intermediate School District 8 Cheboygan County School Systems 9 District Health Department #4 10 Northern Michigan Community Mental Health Services Board 11 Climatic Data 12 Suspended Particles In The Air 13 Subsurface Geology - 14 Surface Geology 15 50 Foot Topographic Contour Lines 16 General Soil Map 17 Soil Suitability For Residential Development 18 Soil Suitability For Intense Recreation 19 Soil Suitability For Far~ ~ng 20 Soil Suitability For Forestry 21 Surfa c e Water System -22 \ Cheboygan River Watershed 23 Cheboygan River Sub-Watersheds 24 Groundwater In Glacial Deposits 25 Major Forest Types 26 Oil And Gas Wells 27 Coastal Boundary 28 She.retype 29 Areas of Particular Concern 30 High Risk Erosion Area 31 Future Land Uses I Ii• LIST OF GRAPHS 1 Unemployment By Month For Selected Years 2 Distribution Of Family Income 3 General Land Use Distribution ' I I j. �INTRODUCTION Cheboygan County is located at the very northern tip of the lower peninsula. The land is predominantly forested with a mix of rural agr~_c ultural ., areas and an urbanizing area around the City of Cheboygan. It is approxi- mately 240 miles northwest of Detroit and ~18 miles northeast of Chicago. To the east lies Presque Isle County~~~ to the south, Otsego. Both a similar physical make-up to Cheboygan, although Presque Isle ~as have more agricultural lands. Emmet and Charlevoix Counties lie to the west on Lake Michigan, both popular year-round tourist areas. To the no.ft~:,::, o~unded -· by 32.5 miles of shoreline, lies Lake Huron. Transportation to Cheboygan is primarily by highway networks. Highway I-75 connects Cheboygan north southern Florida. t-::i Sault Ste. Marie and south to Rail freight service is available to the County through the Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad five days a week. ger trains to northern Michigan. There are no passen- Commercial air service, both freight and passenger, is available to Cheboygan Cc ;1~ty through Emmet County Airport at Pellston. Small passenger planes can be accommodated at the Cheboygan City-County Airport near Cheboygan. Campbell Air Field, in Indian River, provides a grass landing strip for area residents and visitors. Cheboygan County contains nineteen townships, one city and two villages. The City of Cheboygan is located at the mouth of the Cheboygan River on Lake Huron. A federally maintained harbor is located here and is pri~arily used for general cargo such as coal, petroleum and limestone. rounded by a rapidly expanding residential area. -2- _, The City is sur- �The Village of Mackinaw City is located at the Mackinac Bridge the gateway to the Upper Peninsula. This Village, situated on the Straits of Mackinac, is a booming tourist center during the summer months. The Village of Wolverine is located in the southern p9rtion of the County on the Sturgeon River. stable population. This is a small community with 1 a· relatively There has been little change in the number of people residing there during the past two decades. Small, unincorporated rural centers all scattered throughout the County. Those communities include Mullett Lake, Afton, Toppinabee, Tower and the most populated of all unincorporated communities, ; In1_f~n--:.-:.River. ·_Cheboygan County is blessed with numerous inland lakes and streams. In fact, the County has more water area within its boundaries than any other county in the State. are located here. Three of the ten largest lakes in the State The forty-eight mile inland water route, which flows from Crooked Lake to Burt Lake to Mullett Lake and into Lake Huron, is an impcrtant recreational resource for Cheboygan County. �PEOPLE ACTIVITIES History Population Characteristics Population Projections Economy Government Residential Commercial-Industrial Recreation Agricultural Forest-Open Space SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL Communication Energy Water Supply Waste Disposal Fire and Police Protection Transportation Education Health and Welfare Climate Geology Surface Geology-Soils Surface Water Vegetation Wildlife Coastal Management .. \ ~~~.-.zcr,.,.~.. While categorizing these various facets, their inter-relationships were explored and explained. Goals, objectives, and policies follow the SUIIllllary section. The public ~ input, through the goals and objectives, was translated into a "Future Land Use Plan." The "Future Land Use Plan" is a concept map of Cheboygan County, as it may appear in the future. But, remember that this future land use is a very general goal for the County to strive for. The actual future land use will result from the everday decisions made by each county resident, in private as well as in public meetings and elections. The Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan is meant as a guide for those decisions. Regional Setting Cheboygan County is located within the boundaries of Region 9, one of 14 planning regions established throughout the State by Governor Milliken. The eight counties of Cheboygan, Crawford, Alpena, Alcona, Oscoda, Otsego, ' -· Presque Isle and Montmorency, compose Region 9 which commonly referred to as the Northeast Michigan Region. These eight units of governments, along with various school districts, road commissions and townships, are working -5- �. ,....,.,. Map 1 THE NORTHEAST MICHIGAN ~GION I ~ I i ~ • Bor09O j i____l: _J!_______ .J, Mor~uette . J Iron • 1--------, ·O1ck1n10n, I I ! Schoolcroft 1 ,----------, j 01110 j ~--•-r·j r-.i , ,,,.--......., ~~~~~~r '''''''" ''''' ·,' ,. ,,,,,,,,· '''''''" ,,,,,,,~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ''-! ~~~~~~~,:: ~ Pr•1qut lilt \ )-~\~~~'!..~---- ·- -T-- · - - - Q11t'90 t4-0ntmorenc:~ Alpen_o I C 1-iEBO'{GAN I ------•-t! o,codo - · -·- -- ·r··-. -·-•-• I Alcc, no Crowford COUNTY -6- �together to address mutual problems and opportunities that are predominant in the Region. The map on the next page illustrates the County's location Cheboygan, based on population, is the second larges_t county in the Region. Alpena County, which borders the City of Alpena, the major growth ' center of the Region, is first. The City of Cheboygan is eonsidered one of the secondary growth centers, the others being Gaylord and Grayling. These communities offer a wide range of services and functions as employme~ centers which have a decided influence on the surrounding area, extending beyond the County line. Justification for designating Cheboygan as a secon, J ary growth center is detailed in the 'a979 Regional Overa!-1 Development Prog : ✓ .- _ ..... -~=--~~ and endorsed by the Cheboygan County Board of Commissioners. The population of the Region in 1970 was 94,102 people. Between 1970 and 1975, the predicted growth rate for the Region was 11.5%, making the estimated 1975 population approximately 105,000. into consideration only permanent residents. However, these figures tak Since the County is a very attractive vacation and second home area, the population easily increases 100% during peak vacation months and hence, creates a real dilemma for thos e local governments trying to serve not only the year-round populace, but also part-time residents and vacationers. -7- _, �PEOPLE History Originally, Cheboygan County, as well as the rest of Michigan, was the homeland of the Indians. Then, in the early 1600's, the French explored the area and established a profitable fur business an~;missions. In the mid 1700's; both the British and the French courted the Indians' I I I friendship and control of the Michigan territory ".oee-1.iawe.d. 11 between· the thr e e nations for about 100 years. Fur merchants wanted the region to remain uninhabited except for Indians and traders, while farmers arui speculators wanted the land opened for settlement. , The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the region between~-the.:Ohio ., !] and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes into the first organized. terri- 1 tory. ' However, there was little land development due to insufficient land surveys, Indian disputes, and unstable governments. At first, Cheboygan County was part of Michilimackinac County in 1828; then it was transferred to Mackinac County in 1840. In 1856,, Cheboygan County was vastly enlarged to i~clude most of Northea st Michigan. At one time, ~heboygan County was divided into the two counties of Cheboygan and Wyandot. consolidated. Then in 1853, they were again rejoined and The first officers were elected at a special election held May 1, 1855, for the term of service that began January 1, 1855: County Clerk****************** Register of Deeds************* Sheriff*********************** Judge of Probate************** County Treasurer************** Prosecuting Attorney********** Circuit Court Commissioner**** County Surveyor*************** Coroners********************** Fish Inspector**************** -9- James S. Douglas Hiram A. Rood Bela Chapman Medard Metivier Bela Chapman Samuel H. Price Samuel H. Price Hiram L. Ban Richard Knight, Lorin P. Riggs Daniel L. Strang �From 1860 to the present, the County's boundaries have remained essentially the same. The area was first surveyed from 1840 to 1843 by State surveyors Messrs. Burt and Mullet. Burt and Mullet Lakes are named in their hone The name Cheboygan has many spellings and meanings. One story tel how an Indian Chief longed for a son, but when his wife gave birth, was told "She.-boy-a.-ga.n." Another possible meaning was from the Chippewa Indian word "Cha-bo,i..a,-ga.n" meaning "pla.c.e. ofi e,l'LO(.a.nc.e., a. poltta.ge. air... ha.Jr...b referring to the Cheboygan River mouth - a favorite harbor of refuge for Indians and whites alike, who sought shelter behind ,·Bei§',BJ.anc-c:t island fr c ;.;:-...:----= the fierce winds which swept Lake Huron. Other pronunciations were "Che.- pog-a.n" - Indian for "p)_pe.", or a corruption of "Che.-boy-ga.nn)_ng - .the. pla.c.e. ofi .the. will Jc..ic.e. fi)_ehi.1::, '-'. The earliest industrial site in the County as well as the upper Great Lakes Region was located at Mill Creek. Although the exact year in which the Campbell's saw mill was constructed is not known, re~ords indicate tha it was built between 1784 and 1793 and supplied lumber for both Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Mackinac. This mill was located about 4 miles southeast of the present Mackinaw City along the shores of Lake Huron. The County's earliest settlement was the present site of the Village of Mackinaw City which was later abandoned. The first settler in Cheboygan County was Jacob Sammons, who left Chicago in the spring of 1844, came to Mackinac Island and stayed there until autumn, when he sailed over to the Cheboygan River mouth in his sailing scow called the "Bu..nk.e.Jt H..LU." Mr. Sammons, a cooper by trade, was enchanted by the area's beauty and easy river accessibility to the Great Lakes and decided to build a shanty for building and selling barrels. On his return visit, Mr. Sammons was -10- �accompanied by his friend Alexander "Sa.ndy" McLeod. Together, they built a log cabin and the following spring Mr. Sammons fetched his family to live with him. Mr. McLeod eventually built the first dam at the site of the present one. The following spring he operated a primitive water- powered upright saw. Cheboygan and Duncan were the two s e t t lements near the Cheboygan River mouth that prospered and grew. This was the logical place for settlement because early connnunities depended mostly upon boats for travel and supplies. The early mail was by stagecoach and dogsled. With the opening of the Inland Route, mail and passengers were carried by a little side wheel steamer called t he "Valley Queen" . The Inland Water Route consists of Cheboygan River, Mullet Lake, Indian River, Burt Lake, Crooked River, and Crooked Lake. This I connected waterway provides acc ess between Lake Huron at Cheboygan and Conway a village on the shoreline of Crooked Lake, nine miles north of Petoskey. r oute has always been heavily used. The At first Indians paddled canoes through the water ser i es, then early survey crews use the route for connnercial transportation of the great log booms of the late 1800's. dammed to facilitate water travel. recreation. and back. Then it was dredged and The waterway also served as a means of Pleasure launches made scheduled tours from Cheboygan to Conway These excursion boats were complete with a band and were a very popular entertainment. \ With the advent of the automobile, the tour boats declined in popularity and were discontinued. Interest in boating has increased again in recent years with several thousand craft tally yearly through the Cheboygan River Locks and up the Inland Water Route once again. to as "Vunc.a.n Duncan, later referred Cay", was really a company-owned lumbering town of about 500 people who worked for the Thompson Smith family. I:. �The County's first industry was commercial lake fishing. The Cheboygan River offered easy access to the Straits and the Great Lakes, and many fisheries flourished along the Cheboygan River. Many families made their living from the tons of lake trout, white fish, walleye, perch, herring, menomipees, . ~ and chub that were abundantly caught during that time. At the same time, the lumbering era began in Cheboygan County around 1845 as a seemingly endless supply of white pine began rafting down the rivers. Lumber mills sprang up all over the County, business swelled and Cheboygan and Duncan grew rapidly. became incorporated as a village. In 1871, a scant 26 years later, Cheboygan During the lumber boom _pe_a k ,,.Ahe , Michigan - ---;---,~:: - ::=::-- - -=;-•· ~ -- Central and the Grand Rapids and Indian Railroads laid track to Cheboygan. Roads were opened up to surrounding communities as new settlements began in the County's interior. The present site of the Village of Wolverine was platted in 1881 and called "ToMy." Up to this time, various persons tried vainly to revive the abandoned Mackinac City settlement, and their efforts were rewarded when in 1882 the Village was incorporated as the Village of Mackinaw City. Other settlements were Indian River, Topinabee, Freedom, Afton, LeGrand, Burt· Lake, Cold Springs, Aloha, Manning, Alverno, Mullet Lake, Indianville, Elmhurst, Haak-wood, Trowbridge, Rondo, and Wildwood. these settlements were stations for the various railroads. Many of Freedom was so named because the train engineer would slow down in this area so that escapees could jump off before reaching the checkpoint station at Mackinaw City. By 1889, Cheboygan Village had grown enough to be incorporated as the City of Cheboygan. The County's 11 The City was then considerably larger than it is today. 911.e.e.n go.ed" of the forests stimulated the economy for over five decades, but as the timber demand fluctuated, so did the growth of Cheboygan. The Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad moved into the area in 1904, as did the paper mill. -12- �But alas, the fast growth and expanding economy came to an abrupt halt when the seemingly endless forests.were logged off. In 1898, the_ ·,1 Duncan City mills burned, leaving over 400 men jobless. Other mills and businesses burned or moved out as Cheboygan became an unprofitable . place to stay. I I I I I ~ The Phister and Vogel Leather Company at the tannery was the world's largest shoe tanning mill. Large quantities of hemlock bark were needed for the tanning process so many people were hired to cut hemlock for its bark, or worked in the mill. Later, a new tanning pro- cess and other considerations caused the mill to leave the City of Cheboygan. The last big mill in the City burned on November -15 ,- 1928 , ---. ----= . • ·~ --..t, ..' ? " ~ thus ending the great lumbering saga. Cheboygan County's economy was hard hit and many residents left the City to go downstate for jobs. At the same time, many people from the cities of southern Michigan, northern Ohio and Indiana began taking trips "up n.ofdh" to the beautiful north country. Resorts sprang up in Cheboygan County on the "Wile. GJte.a;t La.k.e.1.>" a s the lakes of the Inland Water Route were often called. This surge in the reso Lt business helped the economy, but only for the few summer months. Then, the depression hit the world and nation, but it really struck Cheboygan County. for the City. This period was a very difficult period financially However, the diversification of industry in the early 1940's due to the war and the need for buildings and manpower gave Cheboygan a new lea s e on life. The town awakened and the industrial base was expanded. Since the 1940's, Cheboygan County has numerous accomplishments to its credit. New structures since then are: -13- �6 Schools Hospital Additions County Building Library National Guard Armory Airport Cheboygan River Bridge 1-75 Freeway Mackinaw Bridge New industry and businesses have located in the Cheboygan area and this economic base holds promise for the future, with its growing indus- try and the development of the north as a year-round playground. History has proven Cheboygan County a desirable place to live seasonally or permanently near the county's growth centers. This comprehensive plan will help insure that it will rema~n desirable in the !yt_u~g~_,...-Cheboygan ·- :;::-.~.,....,~---<.-- - . . - ---- County must strike a delicate balance between its future growth and retention of its beautiful natural environment because both factors are what makes the County attractive to residents and tourists alike. The previous text was taken directly and/or indirectly from the following sources: Sanborn Township Comprehensive Plan Alcona County Cheboygan Centennial The Centennial History of Cheboygan County -14- �POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS In an attempt to meet the needs and desires of the people in Cheboygan . ~ County, it is essential to understand their general characteristics~ This element of the plan includes population information to provide insight about the area and its inhabitants, education surveys to establish the general character and abilities of the people, health and welfare data to gain insight into human physical needs, economic information to determine how the people make their living, and governmental structure to illustrat.e_Ji_qw_,,____:_" ,._.:!!..,,. . _____._..,_~-~..,. ------- Cheboygan County rules itself and provides for its collective needs. In Cheboygan County, as elsewhere, people are the major factor influencing the demand for public services and utilities, recreation, education and others. As population continues to increase, so will the demand for these services, not only from th~ residents within the County, but also from residents in adjoining countie;' anft downstate metropolitan areas. While primary emphasis should be directed t'c:>ward meeting the needs of the ,, '---...,_ permanent residents of Cheboygan County, atter:tion·- ~ -~t also be given to ·- the influence of the transient or seasonal residents. Growth Pattern The population of Cheboygan County has grown at an increasing rate over the past 30 years. The chart on the next page illustrates the changes in population by political subdivision and for the County as a whole between 1900 and 1970. The decline in population between 1910 - 1930 can be attributed to the decline in the lumbering era. While the population continued to increase between the years 1950 1960, the rate was far below that of the Northeast Region (+15.8%) and _. . =--. - �CHART 1 POPULATION TRENDS 1900 · 1970 Cheboygan County 1900 15516 Cheboygan County ~ l2lQ__ r&!&... +15.2% 17872 · 21.7% 332 446 1011 557 341 1064 462 394 1647 433 706 1909 425 1920 543 1238 650 153 321 290 · 17 .2% 6859 (1904) 614 -17 .7% 1920 13991 %Chg. •17.8% 1930 11502 % Chg. 1940 %Chg. +18.6% 13644 +.6% 1950 13731 %Chg. +6 . 0% 1960 14550 %Chg. +13.9% 1970 16573 Townships: Aloha 506 1063 404 326 622 542 379 1589 Beaugrand Benton Burt Ellis Forest Grant Hebron Inverness -11.9% "4 .9% +37.9% +4.6% +41.5% -14.8% +3.9% +l.7% Kochler 606 Mackinaw ._.I Maple Grove °'I Mentor +16 . 5% Organized from Forest 463 Mullett -8.2% Formed from Bust in 418 967 711 Munro .Nunda Tuscarora +29.9% +21 . 0% •8 .6% Walker Waverly I IS +179.1% Wilmot 316 -8 .2'11. -19 . 3% · 20.6% -64 .6% -30 .5% -50.7% ·32 . 5% ·21.1% ·20.~% -34 . 6% •9.2% +30 . 1% -8.8% -42.1% -42.2% +34.6% -9.0% -30. 3% 275 360 803 197 237 525 312 311 1317 283 641 63 553 195 495 716 376 206 292 202 + .4% • 13 . 3% -6.6% - 5 . 1% - 3 .3% · 22.7% -21.5% •24 , 8% -35.2% · 7.0% +2 . 5% -47 .6% · 70.2% • JA .9-.C, · 10.1% ·35.8% +16.11% -~l.5% •24.7% -30. 7% 276 312 750 187 229 406 245 334 854 263 657 33 165 263 346 460 439 100 220 140 +19.6% +45.S"·2.4% +26 .2% +31.9% +53.2% +53.8% • 33 . 8% +23.5% +16 . 7% +. 3% -69 . 7'11, +20.0% •3.8% +4.3% . +16 .9% +29.8% +10.5% +25 .0% +10.0% 330 454 732 236 302 622 377 313 1055 307 659 10 198 273 361 538 570 205 275 154 · 21.5% +19 . 1% +7 . 5% -24 . 1% -24 .5% · 2.7% -8 . 5% -3.9% +2.7% •10 .4% +4 . 1% +5 . 8% +6 . 8% +16.8% +13 .4% •17 . 1% +2 .0% -14 .2% +.5% +12 . 7% +25.5% + . 1% 274 578 919 203 189 617 296 191 1222 345 687 +93 .4% +47.l % +55 .6,C. +4.4% -12 . 7% +9.4% +45 . 6% -25.1% +37.1% +23.8% · 19.5% 530 850 1430 212 165 675 431 143 1675 427 553 Rejoined with Forest •II.I% .•.,., +24.9% ·3 . 9% +46.0% +l.4% •13.1% +31.8% Ories of Villages: 176 341 345 517 832 212 239 203 +14.8% +43.4% -3.8% ·10.0% +26.0% 202 489 332 465 1048 +21.8% +47.0% .J.3% +11.8% +27 .9% •12.7% JBS +22.7% -. 4% 238 211 +21.4'11. • 3.9'11. +19.7'11. 246 719 321 520 1340 227 285 271 i 6489 City of Cheboygan Wolverine Mackinaw City 259 541 787 179 228 605 345 190 1084 275 686 +5,7% ·32 . 7'11. 5642 413 -12.7'11. · 27.4% (a) 4923 300 +15.2% •14.3% 5673 ::11 +.2'11, "YI +23 . 7% +5 .2% 92~Jt\ (a) 1940 & 1950 figures include total population; 1960 and 1970 only Cheboygan County portion, excludes Emmett County part. II I jl j 1· ;,,~,! 'i \, I I' i1. I 5687 318 970 +3 ,0% -1.2% 5859 292 598 -5.2% +].1% •19.7% 5553 303 480 �the State (+22.8%). During the next decade, however, the rate of in- crease was slightly above that of both the Region and State (+13.4% each). Internal growth patterns indicate that Aloha Township grew the fastest, almost doubling its population between 1960-1970. However, ~?ckinaw and 1 Hebron Townships experienced a severe decrease in population during the same period. Migration Patterns A considerable decline in population ' was seen in the early 1900's. The loss of the lumbering . industry and related services foll9wed.:'£b~ ~the , Great Depression was a direct cause of this out-migration. By 1930, some semblance of stability had returned to the County and population was on the upswing. The years since 1940 have exhibited a steadily increasing rate of population growth. Much of the growth during this period has been a re- sult of natural increase, that is, a grea ter birth rate than death rate. CHART 2 POPULATION CHANGE DETERMINANTS 1950 - 1970 NATURAL INCREASE POPULATION 1950-1960 1960-1970 NET MIGRATION Amount % of 1950 Population -1148 -8.4% 1950 1960 Birth Death Amount Change 13,731 14,550 3608 1721 1967 Amount % of 1960 Population + 580 +4.0% 1960 1970 Birth Death Amount Change 14,550 16,573 3129 1686 1443 '! l I I I II �A factor influencing population growth is net migration. This is determined by comparing the actual population change to the natural increase. The figures in the chart on the previous page indicate that during the decade 1950-1960, out-migration of 1148 people was experienced. This, calculated as a percentage of the 1950 population, showed an 8.4% out-migration rate. people, or 6 percent. However, the actual population increased by 819 This increase then, was due to a natural increase, births over deaths. During the next decade, a reversal of out-migration was experienced. The natural increase was supplemented by 580 in-migraµts .to.. the__ County • .-. .. ·.-= -a:'~~- "' The 4.0 percent migration rate contributed to the 13.9 percent overall population increase. The movement of people from one area to another may be due to many factors. It is felt that the outflow exhibited in 1950-1960 was most likely due to the migration of young people to metropolitan areas in search of employment. During the decade of the sixties, this trend continued, but a new trend was also experienced. Retirees, in many cases young people who had left the area years before, were returning to the County, out-numbering the young workers leaving. If this trend continues, it could drastically change the economy and culture of the area. By recognizing this problem of out-migration by young people, local governments may want to encourage <level ment of employment facilities to enhance the County's economic structure. Age Distribution When a certain age group becomes a disproportionately largeor small portion of a population, it has a definite impact on the structure of the community. The chart on the next page compares the age distribution of the residents of Cheboygan County, the Region and the State. �CHART 3 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1970 Age Group Region % Chebo:zi:gan Countz % fl . Michigan % } Pre-School & School Age 0 - 19 6,814 41 41 Family Forming 20-44 4,503 27 27 31 Mature Family 45-64 3,297 20 21 20 Retirement 65 + 1,959 12 11 9 27.3 28.3 . Median Age Sou.Jtc..e.: U• S • BUit ea.u. o 6 ,the. Ce.n1.i lL6 -. --'·~-~- 40 26.3 _;·,::-.z-~~.-~ .. A larger proportion of the County's population is composed of persons 65 years or older than is evident at the State level. This may not seem readily significant, however, the most productive group in terms of employment and tax revenues is the 25-44 years age bracket which is a smaller percentage of the County's population when compared to the State. Referring back to migration data presented before this, new insight into age distribution reinforces conclusions drawn here. The young in search of better jobs leave the area and those migrating in are principally older, retired persons. Projections show this trend continuing with an expected increase in median age from · 27.46 in 1970 to 33.86 in 1990. The pre-school and school-age groups may decrease in proportion as birth rates throughout the State and County decrease. shift in the types of services that will be in demand. This will require a This does not ·neces- sarily mean less expenditure for the younger groups as they most likely will continue to grow in absolute numbers. Rather, there will be proportionately less spent here and more spent on services required by other groups. �The Chart on the next page illustrates these factors previously discussed and shows the population broken into age groups by sex for comparison. The column at the far right indicates the percentage of the total population by age group. Race and Origin Further identification of population characteristics can be seen by a survey of race and nativity. The population of Cheboygan County, like most of its northern counterparts, is predominantly white. illustrate Charts 4 & 6 this characteristic of the County's residents-.,.,:~...~=.::,~~'"':°~::...:: · The greatest number of residents in the County are natives by birth, with 14 percent of the population being foreign born. Nearly all of these are Canadian in origin. CHART 4 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN FOR FOREIGN POPULATION CHEBOYGAN COUNTY Total Population Total Fo.reign 16,573 2,334 United Kingdom Ireland Sweden Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary U.S.S.R. Italy Canada Mexico Cuba Other America All other and not reported -20- 107 86 106 328 199 34 17 21 26 28 1,068 16 298 -~ �CHART 5 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY I MALE AGES ' 922 413 1037 412 55-59 50-54 376 381 465 435 45-49 386 429 I 40-44 391 425 417 396 431 438 25-29 479 518 20-24 477 531 791 747 1005 952 945 765 877 732 I I 35-39 30-34 r 15-19 10-14 I I 5-9 0-4 I I 10~0 8Jo I I 600 I I 4Jo I I 65+ 2io 798 60-64 345 320 ., . 55-59 ,Q-54 408 --.5 -49 I 40-44 I 35-39 I 30-34 25 -29 I 20-24 I J 5-9 0-4 I I I 1000 I I 800 I I 600 5.0% I I I 400 I 5. 1% I 4.9% -- 4.9% .- - 4.9% 4.9% '.i.n I -- I I I I 6Jo I 9.3% I I 11. 8% 11. 0% 9.1% J 8100 1 1000 J .. I 11. 1% 4.6% 5. 4;(' 406 5.5% 350 429 5.4% 357 405 400 401 5.5% 382 390 5.3% 369 359 5. 0% 377 365 598 772 522 742 5.1% . 7. 7% 873 911 787 904 f i- .,ii 6. 1% I 4ho 1· 6.0:i.'. 377 _ 389 2~0 11 00 i I FEMALE 814 r 15-19 10-14 r 11. 8% 1960 MALE AGES 1do 200 100 PERCENT FU1ALE 1970 I 65+ 60-64 I - AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION 1!0 2!0 -21- I 5.2% I 'I I 4100 I 6!o I 8~0 10.4% 11. 4"/. 12.4% ', I iI 1Joo i' I. ' �CHART 6 POPULATION BY RACE POPULATION WHITE NEGRO INDIAN OTHER 203,211,926 87.5% 11. 1% 0. 4%; 1.0% 8,875,083 88.3% 11.2% 0.2% 0.4% Region 94,107 99.5% 0.2% 0. 2% 0.1% Cheboygan 16,573 99.3% 0.1% 0.4% 0. 2% U. S. Michigan SoUJtc.e.: County o.nd Regional.. Faw, MSU Co-op EX-te.n..6-<.o n SeJtvic.e.. Population Density and Geographic Distribution While the County ~s primarily considered a rural area, there are several localities where population is concentrated. The City of Cheboygan, the Lake Huron shoreline between Cheboygan and Mackinaw, the Indian River area and the inland lakes appear to be the areas of highest concentration in the County CHART 7 POPULATION DENSITY - 1970 TOTAL POPULATION AREA SQUARE MILE POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE RESIDENCE % RTJR:\L % URBAN Cheboygan County 16,573 725 22.9 33.5 66.5 Northeast Region 94,106 4,274 22.0 28.3 71. 7 8,875,083 56,817 156.2 73. 8 26.2 Michigan .. The chart above clearly illustrates that Cheboygan County as well as the entire Northr~st Michigan Region is far more rural than the State. This rural characteristic creates many problems in terms of developing the County economically and providing essential governmental services. The l. l1a rt. on the next page shows the density of Cheboygan County by town- ship for the years of 1970 and 1975. The geographical distribution of l·he Criunty's population is illustrated on the maps pn the following pages. These maps clearly show that Tuscarora, Inverness, Beaugrand and Mackinaw Townships have the heaviest concentration of population in the County. �CHART 8 POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE BY TOWNSHIP Area in Square Miles Population·Per Square Miles TOWNSHIP TOTAL AREA* IN .SQUARE MILES 1970 1975 CHANGE ALOHA 32.3 18.3 19.8 1.5 BEAUGRAND 24.2 35 .1 44.2 9.1 BENTON 61.3 23.8 30.6 6.8 BURT 34.9 10.9 10.8 ELLIS 36.0 4.6 4.2 FOREST 69.5 9.8 10 ,0 .2 GRANT 57.5 8.9 10.2 1. 3 HEBRON 35.0 4.1 4.4 .3 INVERNESS 37.5 49. 1 58.9 9.8 KOEHLER 46.8 9. 7 10.8 1.1 MACKINAW 11. 7 47.3 53.9 6.6 MENTOR 35.9 6.9 6.4 -.5 MULLETT 35. 7 37.3 46.5 9.2 MUNRO 35.8 11. 4 12.9 1.5 NUNDA 71. 3 7.3 7.5 .2 TUSCARORA 41. 7 45.1 54.0 8.9 WALKER 34.8 6.6 7.2 .6 WAVERLY 52.8 5.9 6.7 .8 WILMOT 36.2 7.5 8.5 1.0 22.9 26.5 3.5 CITY OF CHEBOYGAN 7.2 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 798 *Inc.i.udv.i Land and Wa.:te/l. A~ea. · --~~~~ .4 �MAP 2 CHEBOYGA[\J COUNTY Pop./Sq. Mi le by Township n_ 1970 . \: 4.1 LE 10-20 20-30 f<.OEHLER WAVERLY 9.7 5.9 TUSCAH0RA "-!.i.l 1-------------,,--•·-----------,------~---- .--...-------------4 ELLIS 4.6 MENTOR WALKER 6 .9 6 .6 FORSST 9.S WILMOT 7.5 NUNDA 7.3 30- Up �MAP 3 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE BY TOWNSHIP 1975 Hebron 4.4 . ·- __ ........ __,_ ---~---- --~ _.... ~~ ~ --· .......... _ -· . LEGEND . ess than 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 so+ Waverly 6.7 Mentor Walker Ellis 7.2 4.2 6.4 Wolverine Wilmot Nunda 8.5 7.5 -25- ........ .· ....... . ; : ·.:: ..·.·: .·. ·.. : .·. ..·.. .-:_.:_.:_..-:.·.·.·. ·.·.·.·.· . . D r::J.. �Population Projections Growth in permanent population is expected to be a continuing trend in Cheboygan County. Population •estimates must be approached with a certain amount of caution, but are useful in determining future demands in services. It must be kept in mind that i.f trends of migration, birth rate, ana· economic development change, so will the projected figures. mates - low, medium and high. Chart 9 gives three esti- These estimates serve to set the upper and lower limits to expected growth. For the purposes of this report, ~ ~ wlll use the medium estimate which was derived by the Northeast Michigan Council of ,.' - --~~-:::-~r Governments. 9 CHART POPULATION ESTIMATES CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 1970 Low 16,573 * Medium High 1975 1980 1985 17,676 18,913 20,467 . 22,002 19,111 20,980 24,858 26,796 20,169 24,205 28,353 32,393 1990 2•JCFJ 30,S L * LJ. S. Ce.Mu..6. Seasonal Population ., . .. . A complete Htu<ly o( population ln Cheboygan County must include conside ration of the s easonal population influx. figures, In 1970, according I c1 Census 44.6 percent of all housing units were seasonal, occupied only a portion of the year. figures appear. Applying this to 1975 estimates, some interesting Assuming the average number of persons per dwelling unit to be the same as the 1970 census figures, population in seasonal housing, if occupied, could reach over 16,000 persons. -26- Chart 10 illustrates this point. �CHART 10 SEASONAL POPULATION CHEBOYGAN COUNTY Total Housing Year-Round Occupied Housing Seasonal Number Housing % of Total Housing •r People Per Dwelling Seasonal Residents 1970 8,924 4,944 3,980 44.6% 3.3 13,134 1975 11,156 5,746 4,976 44.6% 3.3 16,421 If these figures are added to the estimated 1975 year-round residents of 19,111 persons, the population could swell to 32,532. lation places pressures on our natural resources. This increased popu- More development will . probably occur along our lakes and streams affecting water quality. : such as sewer, water and additional fire service will possibly need to be expanded. If trends continue as they have in the past, many of these residences will become permanent homes for retirees. We must be aware of these possi- bilities and be able to adapt if need be to meet these increased demands. Another group must be considered in this analysis. These are the tran- sient tourists, those who occupy campgrounds and commercial lodging. These people require slightly different services from those of the seasonal residents. They place an increased burden on our road system and require additional recreational facilities. According to the State o f :1ichigan, Department of Natural Resources, the official average number of people per campsite is 4.04 people. There are 2389 campsites, private and public, in the county. 2389 x 4.04 persons/site 9652 people Estimating the population in commercial lodging is a more complicated process. This was done by NEMCOG in 1977. The figure derived for the potential summer population in existing commercial lodging was 5179 persons. -27- ··:. .-~· 7" �Considering all this data, we see that by adding potential seasonal population for a "good" summer weekend to the estimated permanent population, a figure for peak population is arrived at. 11 CHART PEAK POPULATION CHEBOYGAN COUNTY % of Permanent Po:eulation JI 1t ~ - 16,421 89.9 Campgrounds 9,652 . 50. 5 Commercial Lodging 5,179 27.1 Seasonal Residents · f.S 9~;;;~~~!"'~ --=-- :...,_..:,. -==---:: Total "Swnme.Jt" Increase 30,753 Permanent Population 19,111 100.0 Total Peak Population 49,864 260.9 ~ .!.. This figure of 49,864 may seem high, but it does not take into account visitors who lodged with family or friends, private camps or resorts, or mobile homes. This is considered to be a fairly accurate estimate of popu- lation present during the summer months. In planning, it is important to understand the impact these people could have on our economic and social welfare. The County must be adequately prepared to meet their demands and yet retain the qualities of life that make Cheboygan County unique in this day and age. :- �CHART 15 Tr Services 'jr~~:::::=======~lng .4 riculture 24 . 5 Trade 19.4 Michigan Total Earnings by Major Sources Michigan Employment by Major Sources PERCENTAGE COMPARISIONS OF EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS FOR MICHIGAN AND CHEBOYGAN Manufacturing 24.2 in Ing Cheboygan County Employment by Major Sources Cheboygan County Total Earnings by Major Sources • · Source: County and Re~ional Far.ts. M.S. Tl. r.nnnemtil' �I I than Cheboygan County. this sector is of a slightly higher proportion than people employe~. · Development in this sector will have a greater economic impact over trade or service areas. Contract construction is another area that exhibits high. ,wage and salary levels. Data on occupational structure is valuable because it gives information about the skill requirements of employers in certain geographical areas. , . The percentage of earnings for Cheboygan County in CHART - . ., _ ...,. _ __ , .;,_,_,..i:: - 16 OCCUPATION OF THE EMPLOYED, 1970 (percent) CHEBOYGAN REGION STATE Total Employed, 14 and over 100 100 100 Professional, Technical and Kindred workers 10.9 11.5 13 Managers and Administrators except Farm 7.8 8.4 8.8 Sales Workers 8.0 6.8 6.1 12.7 12.7 6.4 -· 15. 5 16.7 21.5 21. 0 5.0 5.2 Laborers, except Farm 4.9 6.7 5.3 Farmers and Farm Managers 1. 7 2.5 1.3 Farm Laborers and Farm Foremen 0.7 1.0 0.6 16.5 13.8 7.4 Clerical and Kindred Workers Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred Workers Operatives, except Transport Service Workers SoUJT..c.e.: U.S. BUJT..e.a.u. o-6 Ce.YL6u..6. �The occupational structure of Cheboygan County gives - further insight into the economy. occupations. Chart 16 lists the percentage of workers found in variouf When compared to the State and Region Cheboygan County ,has a greater percentage of white collar workers versus blue collar workers. The chart shows that 39.5 percent of the County's work force is classified as white collar as compared to only 34.3 percent for the State Approxi- rnately one-half of the State's work force is considered blue collar as compared to 41 percent in Cheboygan County. These differences may be due to the auto industries employing a greater number of downstate. oTue~cotI-aT ..·~ork~rs"""- - As defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census, white collar workers include professional, technical, and kindred while blue collar workers inclL craftsmen and kindred, operatives ment operatives, and laborers (exc.1.ucUn.g :tltan..6poltt), transport ~quip- {exc..w.cUn.g nail.ml. Service workers account for 15.2 percent of those employed in the Coun while only 13.8 perc ent and 7.4 percent respectively, for the Region and State. The influence of the tourist industry in Cheboygan County is an imp tant factor comprising this figure. It has been estimated that 821 jobs are created directly by tourism and many more service jobs are indirectly related to tourism. Income Income data augments the employment statistics and helps analyze the economic situation of the County. Chart 17 illustrates the distr~bution of per capita income for Cheboygan County and the State. Per capita income for Cheboygan County has increased over recent years as seen in Chart 18, Annual Average Wage & Salary. However, these increases have not been sub- �stantial enough to bring the per capita measure up to the same standard as the State of Michigan and the Nation. The per capita income rdr Cheboygan County is only 68 percent of that for the State and 71 percent fdr the Nation. I CHART 17 PER CAPITA MONEY INCOME 1969 CENSUS 1972 EST. PERCENT .~ CHANGE -.:.~ ~-,u"!" - Cheboygan 2777 2435 14.0 Michigan 3984 3357 18.7 Sowic.e.: Ve.pcvr.tme.n,t o,6 CommeJLc.e.. CHART 18 j ANNUAL AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PERCENT CHANGE TO 1976 FROM: 1 J 1 1 1976 1975 1974 1970 1975 1970 Cheboygan 4725 4500 4500 3450 5.0 37.0 Emmet 7975 7600 7700 5600 4.9 42.4 Otsego 4050 3750 3925 3100 8.0 30.6 Presque Isle 3025 2825 2850 2700 7.1 12.0 I ----~-•-·~ �The occupational structure of Cheboygan County gives - further insight into the economy. occupations. Chart 16 lists the percentage of workers found in variou, When compared to the State and Region Clieboygan County ,has a greater percentage of white collar workers versus blue collar workers. The chart shows that 39.5 percent of the County'~ work force is classified as white collar as compared to only 34.3 percent for the State Approxi- mately one-half of the State's work force is considered blue co"llar as compared to 41 percent in Cheboygan County. These differences may be due to the auto industries employing a greater number of l)t-ue~ ~==fir -·°t{ork~rs=- downstate. As defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census, white collar workers include professional, technical, and kindred while blue collar workers inclL craftsmen and kindred, operatives (exc.1..ucung btan..6po!Lt), transport equipment operatives, and laborers (exc.1..ucu.ng ocvun). Service workers account for 15.2 percent of those employed in the Coun while only 13.8 perc ent and 7.4 percent respectively, for the Region and State. The influence of the tourist industry in Cheboygan County is an imp tant factor comprising this figure. It has been estimated that 821 jobs are created directly by tourism and many more service jobs are indirectly related to tourism. Income Income data augments the employment statistics and helps analyze the economic situation of the County. Chart 17 illustrates the distr~bution of per capita income for Cheboygan County and the State. Per capita income for Cheboygan County has increased over recent years as seen in Chart 18, Annual Average Wage & Salary. However, these increases have not been sub- �Median income also remains low. The chart below lists median income for the eight counties in the Region. '.- CHART 19 MEDIAN INCOME per family, 1970 Michigan 11,032 Region 7,470 Alcona Alpena 8,765 Cheboygan 7,660 Crawford 7,930 Montmorency 5,851 Oscoda 6,411 Otsego 9,413 Presque Isle 7,889 SouJL~e: Regional. Piann,i,ng Handbook, NEMCOG. Family income is lower in Cheboygan County than at the Regional or State level. Chart 20 on the next page illustrates the distribution of family income for Cheboygan County, the northeast Region, and the State based on 1970 census data. The County and the Region have a higher per- centage of lower income groups and a smaller proportion in the upper brackets. This reduced family income lead:,, to reduced consumption of goods and investment expenditures. Conversely, the State exhibits a larger percentage of families in the $10,000 and over income categories. �1 CHART 20 I I I I I ~ FAMILY INCOME LEVELS - 1970 . :. ITEM MICHIGAN REGION Total number of families 2,190,269 23,586 Under $1,000 1.8 2.8 3.1 $ 1,000 - $ 1,999 2.4 5.6 5.0 $ 2,000 - $ 2,999 3.3 6.4 - -~-:-M":T~·----:c=S-: 9 -· $ 3,000 - $ 3,999 3.5 6.3 7.0 $ 4,000 - $ 4,999 3.7 5.8 6.3 $ 5,000 - $ 5,999 4.1 7.0 6.8 $ 6,000 - $ 6,999 4.6 7.4 9.3 $ 7,000 - $ 7,999 5.7 e.7 9.8 $ 8,000 - $ 8,999 6.8 9.0 6. I+ $ 9,000 - $ 9,999 7.0 7. 1 5.0 $10,000 - $11, 999 13.9 12.0 12.9 $12,000 - $14,999 16.6 10.2 11. 0 $15,000 - $24,999 21. 4 9.7 8.4 $25,000 - $49,999 4.5 1. 9 2.4 $50,000 and over 0.8 0.3 0.5 CHEBOYGAN 4,239 Percent of families in income group: ~~ ~ J ~ J' - 'H) .• �GRAPH 1 DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME; CHEBOYGAtJ , REGION, MICHIGAN, U.S. - tu1/A l:=>::/::_::::;::J 30.5 r.-; · 1-----------+------+-------t-------t----['f.\-l---+-------t I~ ~ 24.8 25% ~;;/ < ,- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - - r - - - - - ; 0 , ,,,- : ···r-: . ~ - - - - - - - t - - - - - - ~ ~ -9 ~ 21.2 ~ 20% - 20.6 14.4 ~ 14 .0 13.3 1- 10.3 10% - 1 2. l r- :=:!: ,- - ~1-:_i_•_l l_ ~ ., ~~ z ~- .w 11.9 10.0 21.4 I ,_ -~- it ,- 14 .8 15% J}} ~~ 16.1 I ;'.:'.: -~ ,-- :\:·,--r-----1~---~------1 ~ ·: ·.· ~ I ..,... 0 \; ~ 22.2 !_:_- . . . + - - - - - - - ~ ~~ ~ 1-Il ·-· ~ ~ I.' I ,_ -: ~,-@-- - 5% - - ~ :\ ~ .0" '' LESS THAN $3;000.00 ':•-::: $3,000.00 TO $5,000.00 TO $7,000.00 TO I $10,000.00 TO \ 5.3 /. - ~ 1 - ;~:.l - t - - - - · l ~ ' \ ~ ;::.: ~ 0 ~ _:_;_:_~_:_i_: '"· :-:: f•::. I ~l ;_;_:_', I.' . n 2.9 2.2 4 _6 ~ :\ 7., .. :'-,.2"-'' ·:•:_::::_·:_ ;: ~ ~"" $15,000.00 Tn MORE THAN ,:-::: �I CHART 21 TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME - PER CAPITA YEAR CHEBOYGAN MICHIGAN UNITED STATES 1967 2357 3454 3•188 1968 2721 3793 345 7-. 1969 3003 4106 3733 1970 3002 4180 3966 1971 3115 4499 4195 1972 3362 4950 4537 1973 3647 5509 5049 1974 3878 5846 1975 4231 6169 1976 So Wtc. e_: 5486 - 5903~'"'"~;-·"·" ,;._< 6441 6994 Mic.lug an S;ta;t,,u., tic.a.1.. Ab-6tlr.a.c.:t, 1 977 • The above figures represent income after deductions of personal contributions to social security, government retirement, and other social insurance programs, but before deductions of income and other personal taxes. Addi- tionally, transfer payments made up 26 percent of personal income in 1975. This chart shows that although personal income in the county has been rising at a faster rate than state and national levels, the population growth in the northeast Michigan region a~ a whole would require a 50 percent rise in per capita income to reach the statewide level of $5846. The rapid population grm-,th has been blamed for the low income level. Total personal income has been rising faster than the state average, but the population growth has been even faster. 1974 Total personal income - $73,892,000 Percent of personal income Labor and Proprietors Dividend, Interest and Rent Transfer Payments 60.5% 17.5% 22.0% �Transfer payment is income received for non-current economic activity such as social security benefits, veterans benefits, welfare_ payments, private pensions and unemployment compensation. Cheboygan County has a high , percentage from transfer payments than either the northeast Michigan region (20%) and the state (11%). Generally, this means that more people rely on sources of fixed income in Cheboygan County than other parts of the state. The chart below shows the total personal income for the county, state, and nation between 1970 to 1974. CHART 22 PERSONAL INCOME (millions) -~-.. =-~··:·. -:---~. -::~-- YEAR CHEBOYGAN MICHIGAN 1970 49.8 37,157.8 808.3 (billions) 1971 53.7 40,318.4 863.5 1972 60.2 44,616.0 939.2 1973 66.6 49,886.3 1,055.0 1974 73.9 53,493.3 1, 15 L 6 +48.4% +44.0% +42.5% % Change '70 -'74 SouJtc.e,: UNITED STATES An.nu.al P.la.nn.,i,ng Repou, FA..I.) c.al YeJJJL 197 8 I MESC. Approximately 60 percent of the total personal income in Cheboygan during 1974 originated from laborer and proprietor earnings. Over one-half of these earnings were generated through non-manufacturing firms, as compared to 41 percent on the state level. Much of this income was generated by tourism through motels, restaurants and tourist services. Only 26 percen L of Cheboygan County's personal income was generat~j through manufacturing, as compared to 42 percent for the state. -42- However, 22 percent of personal �income in the county originated as transfer payments as compared to 10.9 percent at the state level. Over the northeast region, a 91 percent increase occurred from 1970 - 1974, and a 81 percent increase at the state level in personal income. This has serious implications on the future productivity '' and economic growth of the area. Labor Fo rce Over the years, Cheboygan County's labor force has increased · in size. The chart below summarizes these changes from 1970 to 1975. CHART 23 - ;"-=---- ·-_ .- .. -.... SIZE OF THE LABOR FORCE CHEBOYGAN COUNTY, 1970-1975 YEAR NO. IN LABOR FORCE 1970 6750 1971 7050 4.4 1972 7425 5.3 1973 7600 2.4 1974 8950 -. 7. 8 197 5 9025 1. 4 1976 8975 -5.6 1977 9118 1. 6 Sou.Jtc.e.: % CHANGE 1970-1977 % CHANGE 35.0 Mic.M.gan Empioyrne.nt Se.c.WvLty Comm,i,6,6,LOn. The percentage change for the period 1970-1975 was 35 percent. During the saree period, the State of Michigan experienced a 11.6% increase in the labor force. There is a trend toward an increasing amount of available labor. Lajor force participation rate is a measure of the percentage of the total population (ge.neJta,f_,e_lj tho-6e. 16 ye.cuu., classified as the labor force. 06 age. and olde!t) which is Figures for the United States, 11ichigan, the region and Cheboygan County are shown in Chart -43- 24. �CHART 24 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE 1960 1970 Cheboygan 46.7% 51. 0% Region 50.6% so. 0% Michigan 54.8% 57!8% United States 57.4% 60.3% Sou1tc.e: U.S. BuJte.a.u on Ce.MM. The rate for Cheboyga~ County and the Region is far below thenational and State levels. This is an indication of a lack of employment opportunities and/or the inability to match potential workers with available"'jobs. There are several reasons for the participation rate to be low. People may be capable and willing to work, but become discouraged when jobs are not readily available and drop out of the labor force. The larger the number of retirees in the population, the lower the rate will tend to be. Both Cheboygan County and the Region have a high percentage of people 65 and over. underemployed may also have a bearing on th e participation rate. The These are the people who refuse to work below a certain wage or perhaps work on a seasona a or part-time basis. These people do not necessarily show up as unemployed, but they do make up a large group of untapped labor reserves. Employment and Unemployment Two primary factors used to indicate economic activity are the number of unemployed people and the unemployment rate. Chart 25 shows unemployment . 1 rates f or se 1 ecte d years an <l compares Ch e b oygan County toot h er counties in the Northeast Region. �l.J GRAPH J j 2 Unemployment Rate by Month for Selected Years Cheboygan County 32 30 ) ~ / /"" '\ 28 - - - 1975 ----1973 '\. '\. '\ 26 II \\ 22 i 20 ....... \ \ ~ 18 ~ I ' '-.__ --, '- "--.-- - 16 C: l J ~~ T -~ 24. •········ ...... ........ .- . . . . . 1971 ~- I I ~; "u __ ...,, / / ;I I I I I I ~ ~ 14 .: • 12 . 10_ .... 8 '· ............. 6 ·" 4 2 Feb. Mar . Apr. May June July MONTH Aug. Sept. Oct . Nov. Dec. Jan. �25 CHART UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FOR SELECTED YEARS AREA 1970 United States 4.9% 8.5% 7.7% 7.0% Michigan 6.7% 12.5% 9.4% ... ; 8.2% Region 11.8% 18.8% 15.1% 14.0% Alcona 9.2% 19.5% 15.6% 15."4% Alpena 12.1% 19.0% 16.0% 14.3% Cheboygan 19.4% 23.0% 20.4% 20.4% Crawford 10.1% 16.0% 12.0% 11.2% Montmorency 9.1% 20.3% 11. 0% 9.7% Oscoda 7.8% 25.3% 15.3% 17.5% - -~=-~-;:;-;.--;:~~- .. · Otsego 8.7% 14.5% 11. 2% 9.1% Presque Isle 7. 0% 12.3% 10.7% 10.5% SoLUr..c.e.: 1975 1976 1977 I - M,i,c.h,i,gan Emploijrne.nt Se.c.Ul!.dy Comm,W~,i__on. ********************************** CHART 26 PERCENT UNEMPLOYMENT BY MONTH 1970 - 1976 MONTH 1976 1975 1914 1973 1972 1971 19 January 29.9 28.1 23 .1 24.0 21. 2 21. 9 2.': February 28 .3 30.1 24.5 21. 8 22.7 21. 2 26 March 28.6 27.2 24 .5 22.7 23.4 20.5 26 April 25.4 26.9 22.7 18.1 19.7 18.7 21 May 19.7 ·19. 8 13.7 14.3 13. 4 11. 2 15 June 14.6 18.0 13.2 12.6 10.2 7.8 13 July 16.8 10. 8 8.3 7.3 8.9 14 August 15.5 9.3 8.2 7.7 7.2 11 September 16.4 13.9 9.5 7.6 6.6 10 October 19.7 13.3 9.5 8.5 8. 1 12 . November 25.2 21. 5 13.0 14.6 11. 6 18. December 28. 7 25.8 17.9 19.3 17.6 20- ANNUAL AVERAGE 22.4 17. 7 14.8 14. 5 13.5 18 S ou.Jt.c.e.: Civ{lian Labo11. Fo11.c.e. and Emploijrne.nt E~tima.,t~, MESC. -46_,. �j. i I I I Of the eight counties in the Region unemployment from 1963 through 1973. Cheboygan had the highest rates of The en t ire Region experie nced a higher unemployment rate than the State or Nati on . A grea t deal of the unemployment is the direct result of the lack of job opportunities . The unemployment rate I in 1975 was particularly high due to the fact of a national recession and the high inflation rate. Unemployed people from downstate urban areas, moving north in search of a lower cost of living, may also have boosted the 1975 figures. Average unemployment figures for the year give an incomplete picture of the situation in Cheboygan County due to the monthly fluctuations. Seasonal .::.~-_,,~-~:---· unemployment, which is influenced primarily by the summer tourist trade, has a definite influence on unemployment. Chart 26 and Gr a ph 1 summarize unemployment by month for the years 1970 to 1976 in Cheboygan County. The months of June, July and August, generally considered as the height of the tourist season, show the lowest unemployment rates. Figures for 1976 show that the month of June had 15 percent less unemployment than the month of January; however, the increase in winter tourism (skiing, snowmobiling, etc . ) may help reduce this large disparity in future years. Education Levels of education play an important role in influencing income levels and act as indicators of the level of human resources available . Chart 27 pro- vides information on educational levels in the County, Region, and State. This data indicates the median years of school completed within the and the Region is lower than the State's average. County This does not necessarily mean that young people in the County and the Region have lower educational levels of achievement. It simply reflects the fact that many young people leave the area in search of employment. -47- Such out-migration leaves the area �with proportionately more older people who tend to be those with lower levels of educational attainment. This is influenced in the high proportion of those completing only the eighth grade. The County and the Region have a fairly high completion. _rate for high school; for males the percentage is higher than the State. · This indicates that of those who start school, a greater percentage complete school at the County or Regional level rather than the State level. For those completing college, the percentage is low for both the county and the Region. This may indicate that less persons attend college, or is possibly influenced by the fact that persons who complete coli~g~~ s~arch - for.._ _ employment in other locations where jobs are more readily available. For students who are not colle?,e-bound, vocational classes are available but rather limited. The only facility that has vocational classes is Cheboygan High School and students are bussed from Mackinaw City and Indian River. Wolverine students attend vocational classes at Gaylord. Several of the classes that are available include Agriculture Production, Forestry, General Merchandising, Nurses Aid Training, Auto Mechanics, Building Trades, Small Engine Repair, Welding, and Secretarial Training. Expansion of the vocational program would help to make Cheboygan's labor force more attractive to 60 pe.ople.) that are most likely industry. The t ypes of small indus·i:ry (50 to locate in Cheboygan County cannot afford the expens8 of extensive training for their employees . O,'t The building of a ski]l~d labor force is an important step in building a solid economic base. Adult education is also an area that needs expansion. Classes are currently offered at Cheboygan High School in conjunction with North Central -48- �Michigan College in Petoskey. A few of the courses offered include Welding, Forestry, Psychology, and Art. The possibility of a skills center that could provide expanded vocational education to all sectors of the population has been explored in the; past. Current voter attitudes toward additional property taxation have blocked this effort. However, it should be an area where continued effort is exerted. Education is one key to making the labor force an attracting influence rather than a detracting one. _...-~- · -CHART 27 YE..'..RS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED BY PERSONS 25 YEARS OLD AND~--:-=-:;-_."~, ~ OLDER, BY SEX - 1970 Location Michigan Sex Divisions M 2,203,979 % of Population 25 and over None Percent of Years Completed Elementarv Hiqh School Colleoe 1-3 4 l -4 · r 5-7 1-3 4/More 8 F 2 , 3 9 0 , l;,3 2 48.0 52.0 1.1 1.2 3.0 2. 3 . Medi an Years Completed 8.7 14.3 21. 7 7.1 12.8 22.4 29.5 37.5 9.9 9.5 11.8 7.3 12.0 12.1 Region M F 24,354 25,632 48.7 51. 3 1.0 1.1 4.2 2.2 10.0 22.1 18.1 7.3 19.0 20.2 29.8 35.l 7.6 9.3 7.1 5.9 11.1 11.8 Cheboygan M F 4,200 4,558 48.0 52.0 0.5 0.3 2.5 1.5 9.5 23.7 16.7 6. 1t 18.8 21.4 34.0 34.4 6. L 11.3 6.7 5.9 11. 5 12.• 0 - SouJtc.e.: Cou.n;ty and. Regional. Faw, /vi. S. U. CoopeJt.a,t;,ve Ex.te.Mion. �-"-"'......._........_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..,_.;c.__ _ _ _ _ _~ - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~- CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE Cheboygan County encompasses 798 square miles, of which 720.7 (90.3%) square miles are land and 77.3 square miles are inland waters. With 344 inland lakes and 420 miles of streams, the County has the distinction of having more water surface than any other county in the State of Michigan. Added to this is 32.5 miles of Lake Huron shoreline, making development pressures on waterfront property extremely great . The chart below shows the various land use characteristics of Cheboygan County. ~----~ -- -.- ~- ·-~-. . .... . - CHART 28 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE SQUARE MILES PERCENTAGE OF COUNTY CATEGORY ACREAGE Forested Land 337,200 526.9 73.1% Agriculture 54,847 85.7 11.9% *Transportation 14,319 22.4 3.1% Re c reation 2,293 3.6 0.5% Urhanization 2,035 3. 2 0.4% 50,358 78 . 7 11.0% Other SoUJlce: County and Regi ona_,e_ Faw. * These figures are again shown and compared to the Northeast Region and Michigan in the illustration on the next pag e . These diagrams clearly show that nearly three-fourths of the County as well as the Region is forested a s compared to only one-half of the State. Conversely, agriculture is not as economically significant in northern Michigan as it is downstate. a direct relationship to the type of soils found in this area. This has �GRAPH '3 GENERAL LAND USES DISTRIBUTION Agriculture 32.7% .' Forested Land 52.0% STATE OF MICHIG. Transportation 3.2% Recreation 1. 7% Urbanization 3.0% r "!f ;_,-·---,.....,..,. -·-• Transportation 2.5% Agriculture 0. 7% Urbanization 0.3% -~ ... - . ,· ~ ., , •· NORTHEAST MICHIG.' REGION Fore3ted Land 74.7% Transportation Agriculture Urbanization 3 .1% 0 . 5% 0 . 4% _h 1· CHEBOYGAN COUNTY Forested Land 73. 1% -52- �~• n -=. ,. 'tttt- ,,,<~-.-~-:;,--. -----~--~- The distribution of activities within the ~ounty is primarily oriented toward residential/recreational use. Commercial districts or defined centers of economic activity are located in the City of Cheboygan, Villages of Mackinaw City and Wolverine, and the community cente~s of Indian River and Tower. Additionally, there are several locations througho~~ the County where a variety of consumer items can be purchased, particularly near the inland lakes. A combination of accessibility, economic conditions, and social preferences determine the viability of an area as an identifiable community . ..::;_ - -:=: -~~- --- ·• Map 4 indicates the general existing land use patterns within the Cou~-ty ,- =-....,, and their distribution ahd relationship with some of the major environment~l features of the area, in particular, the primary bodies of water. More detailed analysis of current land uses and their patterns of development will expose existing assets and shortcomings for allowing human activity to optimally interact with the natural environment. From this knowledge, future land use goals can be formulated. Residential As seen on map 4 , the greatest concentrations of residential dwelling units are adjacent to the inland lakes, including Burt, Black, Douglas, and Mullet Lakes, and along Lake Huron and Cheboygan River. Many of these units are occupied by seasonal residents, alt:hough a msjority of them could, if winterized, be used for permanent year-round living. The People section earlier detailed the rapid population growth of Cheboygan County since 1960 and projected that the rate of this growth would increase through the year 2000. With the year-round population expected to �MAP 4 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS LEGEND Agriculture Residential/Urban .. . -54- I l r State Land [ Forest/Open Space [ �double in thirt:y ~ears and the tremendous potential of seasonal residents, the effects of housing construction is going to significantly alter the character of the County. The chart below shows this comparison between year-round and seasonal dwellings. CHART 29 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY GENERAL HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER OF YEAR-ROUND UNITS TOTAL NO. OF UNITS PERCENT YEAR-ROUND UNITS NUMBER OF SEASONAL UNITS Cheboygan County (1970) 8,924 6,026 67% 2,898 Cheboygan County (1977) 10,950 7,390 67% 3,560 Northeast Michigan 66,280 S OMC.e.: PERCENT SEASONAL UNITS 33% 33% ~.:-::::".'!I •• - ~.. - . ~~!"":~- -- ·---- 17,500 73% 48,780 26% 1977 NEMCOG. 1970-U. S. Ce.n6u..6 BMe.a.u. This chart shows that Cheboygan County is a more desirable area for seasonal residents to locate. This is evidenced by the large number of vacation homes situated around the large inland lakes of Black, Burt, and Mullet. Additionally, the chart below also indicates a rapid increase in the number of CHART 30 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY BUILDING PERMITS l 975 1976 10 11 N/A 22 9 5 N/A 37 Forest Grant J.lebron Inverness Koehler 16 16 1 14 14 JO 18 9 21 Mackinaw Mentor Mullet Munro Nunda 4 5 5 13 12 14 12 14 Aloha Beaugrand Benton Burt Ellis .. Tuscarora Walker Waverly Wilmot Cheboygan City Total Cheboygan County Sol..lAc.e.: I 8 6 3 2 8 24 3 27 11 6 11 3 13 N/A 56 217+ 276+ Clte.boygan County CoM:tlw.ction Code. Ve.pa1t,Dne.n,t. ,.. r �building pennits being issued in the County. increase between 1975 and 1976. This chart shows a 21 percent During this same period, the _Cheboygan County Construction Code Department indicated that 90 percent of all building permits were issued to downstate residents. From this information, it can ? ..... "~ be concluded that most of the new home construction activity- occurring in --~ the County is from non-residents moving in or building seasonal/vacation ·· homes. The age of the Countyls housing stock should also be considered. The chart below indicates the age of the Countyts 1970 total dwellings. CHART 31 1970 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY HOUSING YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT YEAR NUMBER BUILT 1939 or earlier PERCENT OF 1970 TOTAL 2,732 46% 1940 - 1949 845 14% 1950 - 1959 970 16% 1960 - 1964 550 9% 1965 - 1968 669 11% 1969 - March 1970 260 4% 6,026 100% Total Year-Round SoWtc.e.: 1970 Ce.n..ou.6 - U.S. BWte.au 06 Ce.n..ou-6. From this chart, it can be seen that in 1970, almost half of the houses in Cheb·oygan County were buiit previous to 1939. Using the 1977 estimate of total year-round housing units and assuming some of these older homes have been destroyed or condemned, it can be calculated that less than 36 percent of homes were built before 1939. This figure, however, is still a significant amount of the County's total year-round housing stock. Based upon this information presented, a general summary regarding the County's residential quality can be made. _,-56- First, a /large percentage of the �residences are older homes, many of which are situated on the larger inland lakes with small lots. This can and in some cases with sewage disposal and safe water supplies. has caused problems Secondly, there are more seasonal homes within Cheboygan County than the rest of the Norttteast Michigan Region, thus making it a desirable vacation spot. Thirdly, home construction is continuing at a rapid rate and may, if not already, change the character of the County significantly. These conditions must be seriously addressed if planned growth is to be implemented in Cheboygan County. Local commerce, themonetary activity it perpetuates, and the social/ economic interests it arouses within the County can have beneficial impacts if properly planned. Commercial centers within the County are located in Cheboygan, Mackinaw City, Wolverine, and Indian River. These districts have commercial establishments which serve both the permanent population as well as the tourists. Less defined centers are scattered throughout I.the rural countryside of Cheboygan County and primarily serve as places of convenience for the families which live in that locality. The map on the next page identifies these primary and secondary commercial centers. Industrial Nearly all of the industrial activity within the County is loc a ted in and around the City of Cheboygan. Chart 32 lists the major . industries located in Cheboygan. Additionally, Cheboygan has a 100 acre, ~ertified industrial park located along the Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad on the City's west side. There is also a deep water port at the mouth of the Cheboygan River for general cargo, but has a very low volume of activity. \ �~-- · p 5 MA COMMERCIAL AREAS .LEGEND Primary Centers •0 ,. �CHART 32 MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN CHEBOYGAN NAME OF INDUSTRY PRODUCT OR OPERATION Proctor & Gamble Disposable Di1~er~. Detroit Tap and Tool Cutting Tools Fox .Valley Electronic Testing Tube Forming Faucets and Other Center Tool Automotive Parts Century Products Stereo Cabinets Cheboygan Manufacturing Radiator Cores Inverness Dairy Cormnercial DaiE-Yj ..-- ~~ --. National Insulation Cellulose Insulation Cheboygan Cement Products Cemen t Blocks J.B. Lund Machine Shop Werner, Inc . Stamping Plant Northwood Products Wood Products & ;;r-_ _;~~.,.-- ::.. :-.:. , Concrete Recreation Cheboygan County is characterized by its water-oriented recreation, lake and stream fishing, swimming, sailing, boating and pi c.nicking. The abundance of lakefront houses used as second homes, the distribution of hotels, motels, cottages and semi-private campgrounds also creates a substantial influx of summer residents and tourists. A complete and comprehensive inventory of recreational facilities can be found in the Cheboygan County Recreation Plan, June 1976. This plan addresses indoor as well as outdoor facilities provided by State and local agencies , schools, and non-profit organizations. This inventory is quite extensive and clearly shows the importance of recreational .activities in the land use patterns of Cheboygan County. In essence, the greatest asset Cheboygan County enjoys is its natural water based environment. Corresponding to this environment is a viable -~- �recreation potential which could be expanded . Further analysis of other aspects of the County will bring to light the possible role of recreation in the County's future. Agriculture > ' ,f Although agriculture appears to play a less important role in Cheboygan County, i t still does contribute significantly to the area. The Chart below illustrates the general agricultural trends for the County. Chart 33 AGRICULTURAL FACTS FOR CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 1964 1969 1974 339 214 178 Farmland Acreage 73,900 54,800 46,500 Average Size of Farm ( a cres) 218 256 261 Total Number 'of Farms 10 Year Trend 41% Decline 37(o loss 16% increase An evaluation of the above figures indicate that there were only half as many farms in 1974 than there was ten years earlier. Part of this decline can be attributed to the change in definition of a farm, ~hich left some opera tions ineligible for the census. Even more startling, Cheboygan Coun~y lost 37% of its farmland during this same period. The counties surrounding Cheboyg, also lost considerable acreage from agriculture. buted to several causes. These facts could be attri- Some of the discontinued farm operations were due to marginal soils for growing crops and thus, supporting a farm. Another rea- son is the fact that farmland can be sold at higher prices for more financially sucessful uses. Even though the average value of land and buildings per farm in Michigan had an 87.5 increase from 1969 to 1974, other land values , particularly residential, showed even greater increas e s. t -60- _, Cheboygan County farms �experienced a 126.2% increase in value, partly due to inflation. The cost of small farming operations versus the price of farm products are not increasing proportionately and forcing the smaller farmer to discontinue the operation. The cost of hired labor grew substantially between 1969 and 1974. A look at those farms still producing indicates that hay, oats and corn for silage are the major crops in the County. used as feed for cattle. These crops are primarily Cattle raising still appears to be a profitable agricultural activity as the Chart below would indicate. :--Ylt:'r~ CHART --:- ....; 34 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY CATTLE CATTLE & CALVES BEEF COWS MILK COWS 1970 8,000 N/A N/A 1971-72 7,000 2,800 1,000 1930 7,000 2,800 900 1974 7,100 2,800 900 1975 7,900 2,600 1,000 1976 8,100 2, soo· 1,100 SoWtc.e.: Mic.lu.gan Ve.paJdme.n:t 06 Ag ll.ic.uli:uJr.. e.. Both Cheboygan County and the Northeast Region experienced an increase in cattle sales between 1964 and 1969 as compared to the State, which had a decrease. This particular activity accounts for about one-third of all farm product sales in Cheboygan County and the Region. Dairy product sales also account for a substantial portion of total farm product sales in the County. In fact, the dairy business is the leading farm business not only in Cheboygan County, but the Northeast Michigan Region as well , / _r.:, . �Forest/Open Space In 1970, 73.1 percent or 337,200 acres of Cheboygan County was class as forest/open space. Of this, 189,943 acres, or 43 percent of all fores .' land is publicly owned. Obviously, this amount of land, particularly that which is publicly owned, 'provides great potential for outdoor recreational activities such c hiking, ORV's, and nature study. These areas also provide excellent habit for deer, bear, fox, rabbits, raccoon, squirrel, bobcat, ducks, geese, ruf __ grouse, woodcock, and turkey, which in turn provide game for the hunter . ~~- . . ·. southeast portion of the County lies within the . range of the elk herd, whi t was introduced by the DNR during the 1950's. These types of activities giv much pleasure to both year-round and seasonal residents and should be propE managed to ensure continued use. Additionally, the forest is now being looked upon as an energy source as more and more people begin to utilize wood resources as a supplemental even primary heating source in their homes. c Recent surveys indicate a sig- nificant portion of people in the Sta t e are willing to conserve energy thrc the use of wood stoves and furnaces. According to the Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Cheboygan County has between 5,000 and 6,000 acres planted in Christm trees. The numb e r o: trees which can be planted per acre is about 800 to 1,000 and on today's market, bring a wholesale price of $4.00. This totals between 16 and 24 million dollars over 8 years for the trees to mature, or about 2 to 3 million dollars annually for Cheboygan County. The cost of sue an operation includes planting stock of $60.00 per 1,000 seedlings and a 25 i attrition rate. Additionally, there is an average cost of $130.00 per acre over the period of the trees' maturity for grooming and general maintenance, Overall, it is a profitable operation in Cheboygan County. _, -62- �I I I SERVICES The amount, variety and quality of services the residents of _Cheboygan County receive are indications of the willingness and capacity of local government and semi-public utilities to meet specific needs. As an area increases \ ~. in population and development activity, the need to expand communfty services to keep abrea~t of these developments also increases. . . Preferably, local . government should stay ahead of the physical growth so that it ca~ pl~y a viable role in determining a desirable land use pattern. needed infrastruct_ure (//..oad.-6, wa.:teJL, .6e.weJL, This may entail~ providing -~-- - . etc..) in . those areas best suited for development while restricting these amenities in those loc~l~ties, not -· adaptable to such use. ~ It may also require enforcement of such powers as zoning and subdivision regulations. Units of government often find themselves unable to fulfill their obligations_ to provide the best possible services to citizens. While private and quasi,public corporations are able to reinvest their profits ·back into upgrading and maintenance of equipment and can increase their incomes to cor~espond with ope~ational costs, local governments are constrained by their reliance upon the property tax structure. If residents are not . willing to tax themselves to provide desired, and sometimes needed services, the community's ability to maintain high standards of administration is usually diminished. Through proper planning and preparation for the future, Cheboygan County can allocate or influence the allocation of land uses and activities to provide the most efficient services possible. This is accomplished when adequate ser- vices are offered to the County's residents, both presently and in the future, without having to substantially increase local revenue. The following is an analysis of existing conditions of various services which the County's residents receive. -65- �Communication This dissemination of information is a function given essentially to non-governmental enterprises. The profit-making characteristics of news and entertainment media make these sources of information the most efficient .' available to the citizens. of the County, Region, or State. :: ·:. ~. . ~ . Newspapers : puplished within the . County include the Cheboygan Daily (dcu.ly), the Cheboygan County Observer (weekly}, and the Straitsland Tribune Resorter {weekly). Other newspapers readily available to Cou~ty residents include the Detroit Free Press, Detroit News, and the Petoskey News Review. Additionally, there is a weekly advertisement publication,;;Shc:>pperrs -Fair delivere~ free of charge. Cable television service is available to Cheboygan City residents from the Sun Cablevision Company. Television reception via individual house antenna is the most comm~n to County residents. Stations received include WPBN - Chan- nel 7, Traverse City with auxiliary transmitter WTOM - Channel 4, Cheboygan (CBS a66,Ll,la,te), WWTV - Channel 9, Cadillac with auxiliary ~ransmitter, WWUP Channel 10 Sault Ste Marie (NBC a66w.a.-te), WGTU - · Channel 29 Traverse City with auxiliary transmitter, WGTQ - Channel 8 Sault Ste. Marie (ABC a66,Ll,la,te), and WCML - Channel 6 Mt. Pleasant with auxiliary transmitter located in Atlanta (PBS). The most popular radio station transmissions received include WCBY - AM and FM (Roge/t,6 (Cheboygan), WJML - FM (Pe,to~key), WIDG - AM (St. IgnaQe), WHAK - AM Cay), and WWRM - FM (Gaylo~d). Telephone Service is furnished by Michigan Bell with an office in Cheboygan. General Telephone services the eastern and extreme western portions of the County. According to the 1970 Census, 87.5 percent of all housing units had telephone service available. -66- �United States Post Office facilities are available to County residents in Cheboygan (49721), Mackinaw City (49701), Afton (49705), Indian River (49749), Wolverine (49799), Topinabee (49791), Mullet Lake (49761), Burt Lake (49717), and Tower (49792). Some County residents receive mail from facilities located outside Cheboygan County including Onaway (49765), Brutus (49716), Pellston ~' i " JI .!I (49769), and Levering (49755). Transportation In Cheboygan County, as in most of northern Michigan, movement of goops and persons is almost entirely dependent upon a system of roads and highways. The road system of Cheboygan County is illustrated on the map on the next page. The Michigan of Transportation tion of the State trunkline system. (MVOT) is responsible for the administraThis system includes freeways and highways which are designated as part of the Interstate, U.S., or Michigan network. These designations primarily indicate the extent of route continuity and the source of Federal funds available for their construction. Roads in Cheboygan County which are included in this system are I-75, M-33, M-68, and U.S.-23. These primary roads are shown on map Funds for developing, improving, and maintaining the street and highway system largely come from the redistribution of State collected gasoline and weight taxes. I II !' The funds collected through the levy of these taxes are used to finance all types of road activities including construction, maintenance, engineering, traffic control, snow removal and ice control. mentioned are the most costly to the County Road Commission. The last two The following is a commentary on the financial crisis faced by all County Road Commissions as written by William Everard, Chairman of the Cheboygan County Road Commission: . -- ·- --- ~ •-~--- --67. __.. __ ..: ... �"County Road Commissions across the State are faced with a financial crisis that makes maintenance of past services increasingly difficult to furnish, and further, makes new construction and replacement projects virtually impossible. Total income increases of the Road Commissions have remained far below the rate of inflation during the past several yea~s with the result being that every County in the State is - experiencing the effects of insufficient income to meet . the public's need for services. The Counties in the Northern Region of the State are further burdened with the tremendous expense of winter maintenance which is extremely "energy intensive", and therefore increasingly expensive with the sharp escalation of fuel costs. Major equipment is, for the most part, old and in need of replacement; however, costs have more than doubled over the past few years. County Road Commission revenues are not tied to sources gear e d to inflation factors, such as sales tax on fuels, lubricants, vehicles, parts, etc., but rather to total units sold which is now on a projected decline due to increased cost and short supply. The recently enacted "Transportation Package", which provided for increases in fuel and weight taxes, add revenue to the County Road Commissions; however, the increase will not meet the decline in purchasing power which has eroded County Road Commission budgets over the past few years. One of the most common complaints of many citizens is "My property taxes keep going up in leaps and bounds, but our roads keep getting worse --- what is happening to my tax dollars?" It is well to point out that County Roa d Commission revenues are not supported by property taxes (except for rare instances where extra voted road millage has been passed). In summary, unless County Road Commissions are provided with adequate funds for maintenance and new construction, the future appears dismal, with the resultant cost of human lives and property destruction because of lack of progress in upgrading County Road Systems. The above commentary is a result of remarks made by County Road Commission Engineer/Managers when returning survey questionnaires, as well as from discussions at the Road Commissioner's Seminar sponsored by the County Road Association of Michigan." -68- �------ -------=-. ,. . CHART 35 1979 COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION GENERAL INFORMATION Total Miles Interstate Highways County Total Miles State Highways Total Miles Primar·y Roads Total Miles Secondary Roads 1978 Annual Budget 46 113 216 ,9'08 $r,878;ooo Presque Isle 0 105 190 !J50 1,300,000 Montmorency 0 56 163 '488 · Cheboygan 59 Otsego 227 31 Charlevoix 0 69 540 Emmet 0 92 210 78 258 Surrounding Counties Average SouJt.c.e.: 17.5 596 1,3~9,258 .-· .. . 1,308,174 ' 71~ 1,676,139 ·:_61'4 ---~1-~:-z~:::i}i60, 000 679 1,4.45,262 NEMCOG As can be seen by the Chart above, Cheboygan County spends more on main' taining its road system than any other county which borders it.' With the exc_e ption of Alpena and .Grand Traverse Counties, Cheboygan County has the larges Road. Com'· mission budget in northern lower Michigan. I3y comparison of the· other . columns, Cheboygan County is either first or second in the total miles of the various road classification. Additionally, Ch~boygan County is well abo~~ ~verage in these same categories when compared to all northern Mi.c higan counties. Railway service is available through the Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad which operates two lines in Cheboygan County. One line traverses the Lake Huron shoreline along U.S.-23 and the other parall els 1-75. nate at Linwood, a community just north of Bay City. Both of these lines origiService is received once a day from the coastal line which comes from Alpena, and three times a week on the inland route. once a week. purpose. Rail service from Cheboygan to Mackinaw City is scheduled An engine is located permanently in the City of Cheboygan for this Additionally, rail cars from Cheboygan County can be transported to �MAP 6 PRH-\~RY ROAD SYSTEl~ CHEB'lYGMJ COU!'JTY ... ' Beaugrand Benton Inverness -----" I Ellis Mentor -i ---,Walker M-33 GB I. I I I l Wolverine f Wilmot I [ --- I Nunda Forest l I I I \ ___ ll_ - - _ l -70- �the Upper Peninsula by the ferry "Chief Wawatum". This ferry operates through the Straits of Mackinac from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace. Passenger service was discontinued several years ago and presently freight service is the primary rail business. However, the D & M did reinstate passenger service in the · form of excursion runs in November 1977, but its future is uncertain. Air transportation in the County is limited to samll passenger planes. Some jet planes have landed but are relatively small by comparison. currently three airports in operation in the County. There are Cheboygan City-County Airport, located near the City of Cheboygan, has a paved runway of 3,500 feet --_-;.,,;_- "'::"''~~~: ~!,-.7"-i --;: and is maintained year-round. Expansion to a runway of 5,000 feet, capable of handling small cargo planes, is a future expectation. Calving Campbell Airport, immediately east of Indian River provides fair weather flying. It has two gra- vel runways of 1,575 and 3,000 feet. Kirchoff Air Field is a private airport with a 1,800 foot grass runway. It also offers engine repair work, including overhauls and rebuilding. The closest commercial airport is Emmet County Airport located at Pellston. Both commercial passenger and cargo services are available here through North Central Airlines. At the present time local airports seem to be oriented to- ward "ple.a..6U.Jte.-fi-f.ying". As the needs of commercial, industrial, and tourist- recreational businesses increase with the growth of the County, the demands on local aviation are expected to increase. Local public transportation services are nvailable under a federally _ funded program known as 16(b)(2)*. This program is operated by the Cheboygan County Council on Aging, and almost exclusively serves senior citizens and the handicapped. There are two vehicles used to deliver this service, one of which is wheelchair equipped. * The. "1 6 ( b) ( 2)" p11.og11.am 11.e.c.e.iv e.d il name. 611.om and ..u 6unde.d by .:the. Fe.de.11.al U11.ban-MM~ Tll.anJ.ipo.tc;la,t,.ton Adm..[n..u.:tll.a;t..{.on - Se.c..:t..[on 76(6) (2). �Cheboygan County has direct access to commercial navigation as well, with the location of a federal port at the mouth of the Cheboygan River. However, this facility is not heavily used with general cargo being the major commodity. A private dock is maintained in Mackinaw City which im- ports fuel oil to be distributed throughout the area to homeowners • ..: Energy · SupplY, Electrical energy is available from three utility companies. Consumers Power Company supplies electricity to residents on the eastern half of the County _as does Top-of-Michigan Co-op, an REA financed rural ~lec~r.i~=-utility _ . headquartered in Boyne City. ~-~~~-~---- - . - ---- Another REA utility, Presque Isle Co-op, serves residents on the western side of Cheboygan County. Natural gas is also available from two utilities. Michigan Consolidated operates a main . gas transmission line which parallels I-75, and Great Lakes has another which extends along the County line in Emmet County. County _residents do receive natural gas from this line. Some Cheboygan Although service does expand east and west of these lines, gas s e rvice is limited to areas which are devel9ped at higher densities in close prox imity to the main transmission line. Fuel oil and prop a ne are also a vailabl e at various locations throughout the County. Water Supply Most homes in the County depend on indiv idua l wells for their source of . safe drinking water. Howe ver, public water syst ems are available to residents of the City of Cheboygan and the Village of Mackinaw City. • Sewage Disposal 1 Currently, most homes rely on individual on-site treatment systems such as septic tanks, mounds and drain fields for sewage disposal . -72- Public waste- �water collection and treatment systems are available to residents of the City of Cheboygan and the Village of Mackinaw City. Additionally, Indian River is presently studying the possibility of a public facility to alleviate disposal problems. '· Solid Waste CHART 36 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITES IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY (a..o o 6 J anu.a.Jty 1978 ) LOCATION LAND OWNERSHIP Aloha Twp. CONFORMS * TYPE ACREAGE Aloha Twp. MD 40 Burt Twp. Burt Twp. MD 40 NO NO Burt T-fP· Burt Twp. MD 5 NO NO Grant Twp. Benton Twp. MD 10 NO NO Benton Twp. State of Mich. MD 10 NO NO Benton Twp. City of Cheboygan SLF 90 NO NO Grant Twp. Grant Twp. MD 5 NO NO Inverness Twp. Inverness Twp. MD 21 NO NO Koehler Twp. Koehler Twp. 10 NO NO Mullett Twp. Mullett Twp. MD 5 Mullett Twp. Private MD 2 NO NO Munro Twp. Univ. of Mich. MlJ 5 YES YES Munro Twp. Charles Bonnett MD 14 YES NO Tuscarora Twp. State of Mich. MD. 10 YES YES Waverly Twp. State of Mich. MD 10 NO NO Wilmot Twp. State of Mich. MD 20 NO NO . I - closed - MD - Modified Dump SLF - Sanitary Landfill ;'< LICENSED Whe;theA OIL not the opeAau.on c.on601r.n1.o to P.A. 87 06 1965 and M.,<,.c.ru.gan Ve.paJr..tmen.t 06 Pu..blic. Hea,Uh 1tu..f.e..o. iiI I I �Cheboygan County is presently working with the Michigan Department of Natural Re~ources towards an approved sanitary landfill loca~ion. The County Planning Commission has recently been working very hard with severi townships in evaluating alternative locations for a county-wide· system • .. The possibility of a resource recovery and recycling ha~ . also been given serious consideration. Once an approved site is located and put into operation, existing sites listed in Chart ' 36on the previous page will be closed. P·ublic· Safety Cheboygan County has several law enforcement agenc~ies':°!Eh~f gid with the responsibility of the public's safety. The Chart below is an inventory of police facilities within the County. CHART 35 · CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT - 1978 FULL-TIME OFFICERS OTHER FULL-TIME EMPLOYEES PATROL VEHICLES R.. BUDGET R 21 11 7 .$171,186 Cheboygan City Police Department 7 2 2 303,000 Mackinaw City Police Department 5 0 2 110,000 4 Tuscarora Towns hip Police Department 5 1 2 78,000 2 17 1 6 500,000 Appx. '77 1. Cheboygan County Sheriff's De partment Michigan State Police Cheboygan Post There is continuous cooperation and flow of information between all five of these agencies and each department uses the Cheboygan County jail facility. A comparison of these figures above to previous years show a t . _, -74- $2 �significant increase in law enforcement activities in Cheboygan County. The Cheboygan County Sheriff's Department added ten full-time officers and eight other employees in one year. 1974 and 1978. The Department's budget nearly doubled between By comparison, the City of Cheboygan's Police Dfpartment lost , two officers and two other employees during 1977-1978, but its budge·t experenced a 114% increase between 1974 and 1978. Mackinaw City and Tuscar·ora Township Polic Department also had substantial budget increases during this same period and both brought on one additional officer during 1977~1978. There are six fire departments located within the County. These facili- ties are located at Alverno o·n Black Lake Road, in the City of Cheo_gygap.;--:.rd'--·-·- ·. -· Mackinaw City, Indian River, and Wolverine. The sixth, Inverness on Woderski Road, takes care of Beaugrand, Hebron and Munro Townships. While all rely heavily on volunteers, several of the departments have one to four full-time employees. Education Nearly all of Cheboygan County is within the Cheboygan - Otsego - Presque Isle Intermediate School District (C.O.P.J which is headquartered just north of Indian River on U.S.-27. Additionally, there are five school systems which are entirely or partially located within the County. These school systems in- clude Cheboygan Area Schools, Inland Lakes Community Schools, Mackinaw City Public Schools, Onaway Are a Community Schools, and Wolverine Community Schools. The Pellston School District is partially located along the western side of Cheboygan County. The map on the next page illustrates the boundaries of these various districts. Higher Education There are two community (2-yeaJL) colleges and one 4-year college located within a reasonable distance of Cheboygan. North Central Michigan College is ~ �MAP 7 CHEBOYGAN-OTSEGO-PRESQUE ISLE INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL DISTRICT . ... ~~ _EMMETT ~j • .-·, ... I : PRESQUE ISLE "'"--•, CHEBOYGAN I ~-----l1 I I • -- - - .. - - - - - 419 . . ,--. _, • ,. - - - - - _, --·' I , ·, I I I '• •• 1 OTSEGO • ~ONTMORENCY I . •• ._ _____ .,, ,. ... , ALPENA ••' '-----, ,I __ , I MAP 8 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SCHOOL SYSTE: PRESQUE ISLE OTSEGO MCNTMORENCY -76- ALPENA �one of the 2-year colleges, located in _ Petoskey, about 42 miles from Cheboygan and only 23 miles from Indian River. about 79 miles away. Alpena Community College is located Lake Superior College is a 4-year instituti6n located in Sault Ste. Marie which is about 55 miles north of the Mackinaw Bridge . Health and Welfare There are several physicians located both within and outside of the County which attend to the medical needs of County residents. - These general practices are located in Cheboygan, Indian River, Petoskey, Onaway and Gaylord. City has a clinic with one physician available. Mackinaw The most used medical care -......----=--=-==== _..,.~-.:.l~":•',< :.--O"l facilities by County residents are the Community Memorial Hospital--in~Cheboygan and the Little Traverse Hospital in Petoskey. Dentists are located in Cheboygan, Indian River, Petoskey, Onaway, and Gaylord. The County is part of District Health Department No. 4 with Presque Isle, Montmorency, and Alpena Counties. It is also part of the Northern Michigan Community Mental Health Services Board with Emmet, Otsego, and Charlevoix Counties. These Health Districts, shown on the .:·.<i. ps on the next page, provide ser- vices to the political subdivisions with tl1eir jurisdictions. The services are fairly comprehensive and coordinated through the Districts' headquarters. Welfare services are administered by the State via facilities and personnel in Cheboygan County. Some programs offered through these facilities include supervision of foster hqm,;:s, financia l an'..! ,.,arriage co unseling, juvenile delin- quency counseling, Aid to Dependent Childro11, anJ other general assistance programs. -77- �MAP 9 DISTRICT HEALTH DEPARTMENT NUMBER 4 ·• ':.. If? EMMETT ... ~~, .. PRESQUE ISLE CHEBOYGAN ---~ ~ CHARLEVOIX OTSEGO ALPENA MONTMORENCY MAP. lG NORTHERN MICHIGAN COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES BOARD EMMETT ;,: PRESQUE ISLE CHEBOYGAN ~~ - OTSEGO ·. MO?-;1'MORENCY -78- 7 ALPENA �i Many other specialized agencies and non-profit organizations provide specific services to the public. Several are listed below : * Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (NEMCOG) * Cheboygan and Wolverine Area Alcoholics Anonymous * Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts * Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service * Parents Without Partners, Inc. * Cheboygan Area Association For Retarded Citizens .. . ,,.l :i :Ji , I �,J ENVIRONMENT The ultimate quality of the physical environment depends u~on how well people, activities, and service systems are placed with the environment. Those natural resource elements which compose Cheboygan Count~'s environment and to be discuss·ed here include such things as air, land, water: and others. Air would include items such as climate and air quality; land being the soil, topography, geology, etc.; water dealing with rivers, watersheds and the Lake Huron coastline; and natural resources which provide products like fish, wildlife, forest cover, minerals, and others . --..i-,~'"".""'-~ · - - ---~-·- - The environment of Cheboygan County provides residents - and- visitors with pleasant scenery, abundant wildlife and water resources, a beautiful Lake Huron coast, and easy accessibility. economic and social framework. This environment defines the County's Families and individuals from other parts of Michigan as well as other states are attracted to Cheboygan County for summer recreation and vacation activities and many seasonal residents own cottages in the County. The major issue facing residents and government is how to preserve and protect the County's natural environment including the retention agricultural, open space and ( urost land, and still provide the necessary services to the growth in the As the County. County's population and activity increases, it becomes harder to maintain desirable characteristics. Residents ~nu officials can control the County 1 s future and optimize its i1Uma il :i.nd natu1:al ecology if they realistically assess current and potential problems .:end commit themselves to careful planning for the futu1· 0 . -81- �A complete inventory of the total natural environreent in Cheboygan County will serve to pinpoint its fucure environmental concerns and potentia Climate C~eboygan County is a land of long cold winters and· short cool sumhiers. Spring is generally cold and late, while autumns are mild. Differences in temperature and precipitation exist becween the northern and southern portior of the County. This is generally attributed to the moderating influence of the lakes in the northern portion of the County. The local weather condi- tions in the southern portion are similar to those in the Gaylord and -·----- -·--··- ----~· ·- . - ~·-·--·· :..?•• Vanderbilt areas. ~">i;.;;;ef"_:.-,t.~__:~~~~-..:5o.-a--~7...:.,J _-c l- _.,. .. ·.,;•- ..--_;~ The Great Lakes also tend to keep temperatures warmer during winter months and cooler during summer months and this also affects the length of the growing season. Along the Lake Huron shoreline it may be as long as 140 days, whereas in the southern portion of the County it is easily limited to 70-80 days. Average annual precipitation is 2/.22 inches at Che boygan. However in the southern port ion of the County thi s is closer to 32 inches. The mean snowfall is 75 inches at Cheboygan with close to 120-130 inches falling in the southern part of the Coun~y. Ice usually forms on lakes and ponds after November 1st and l0aves by che end of Ap ril. The Cheboygan County area has a reputation for having a healthful clima l Many of the earli e s t tourists to the area were those seeking relief from sue t ailments as hayfever and asthma. Air Pollution Not unlike the other environmental problems that exist in Cheboygan Cou1 air pollution is generally not regarded as a threat to their well-being by \ -82- �80 0 l\2 "O /_ 18° 42 0 - 90 100 110 0 I _lj 57 ° J/\NUAfff ME:\N TEMPERATURE (° F) \ JULY MEAN TEMPERATURE (°F) AVERI\GE ANNUAL SNOWFALL (IN INCHES) ANNUAL ~U:AN TBIPER,'\TURE ( f) 0 30" tvll\P 11 CI IEBOYGA1\J COUNTY CLH1ATIC DATA (1940 - 1969) 32 11 ~-10~ .l\NNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION (IN INCHES) . '' I AVE RAGE ANNUAL GROWING SEASON (TN n~Y~1 1n~1 1nAn �i•;= ~ ., ' ! :: ; HAP l 2 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN THE AIR • i. : ... _ / < ' -J ··-.................. '~· V: > l J ·. . ' .............. ~ ·o 0 j ·· .) I- r"° :'.,':· =.•;·•:j •,v ·l ., -'· 0 11 \I 1..~ /.r. 9 " ~I\ ') ;:i ') ) · -~ " I ... ~ ;, ;;.! ,, -/i<~1~_-:;i}i: ~~~\~~j }·:~-.)<v·r., ! ;,\II \ 0\J II. '1 ~ > -. ' ,j : ·- __ r ·-· .., ,: i "" o 1 .~ J' :) <L CUBIC METER :... . . -1'"' ,,I r- - ._, _'T '' - - -.- . /•~;-;;-::1 .' . . <: I I 69 so 59 40 49 30 39 . :tJ. .. , J:) . :) ., :-(~;: \, !- . '"' r1 ·: :;--:-;· ~: w· · · ·· - 60 ., I) e u :) ~ Q rtd,iQ~ ~ 1 ! o ,., ~ '):::.:· :-: :1' . ~.~-~-- (-1 Q Q 70 or more j ... !} ., . . ,\ )3't>r~·< -·->;--'?._/? . :: .. .i. ·-· -----r·- / ·.-:,: e l f) ./ / ."; ., .,- \~.~-.. ~ '..~ ,i -~ • : -; __ I MICROGRAMS PER -r, I') "J •) ., ¼) 1 ,, ~ 0 a: ~ e -1 ,.:, r, ,-.: ., "'· 29 or less 1•.1 SOURCE: A '.1' LA ::5 u .e Michigan: "/ . If .-\ \.' I\ ~-.~~4.-:,;_. ~;_:. ~:..:!---• 1974 Data ivj I I CA 1v· • East Lansing, L aw r en c e l"i • S om me r s , e ct p. 91. Michigan State University Press, _p, { C ti �most of the area residents. Yet the potential for damaging effects resulting from air pollutants does exist. As of July 1971, there were two major air pollution offenders in Cheboygan County -- Charmin Paper Company (now known M P~cto/'L a.nfl Gamble. Pa.pe/t.} and the asphalt batching plant. sulfur dioxide and particulates. Principal pollutants were fly · ash/ ' In the past, the Michigan Air Pollution Control Commission of the Michigan Department of Health, handled violato~s~ However, the enforcement and monitoring duties have been transferred to . the Michigan Department of Natural Resources - Air Quality. .....c...--- ··----- . Air pollution also results from other small businesses, homei; vehicle exhaust emissions, fuel dumping, :fores_t fires, and other various sources. - Geology The surface features of the Cheboygan County vicinity can be traced to geologic activity. Geologic time is · measured in terms of an "eJt.a!' which . c.o nsists of many hundreds of thousands of years. In Michigan, the bedrock formations are primarily a .result of~the Palezoic and Mesozoic Eras. Briefly, during these two time periods, this area had a climate quite different from that which we know today. For some time, the area was covered by a warm tropical sea, then a dense tropical swamp, and finally it was covered by great glaciers. Sediments from the warm seas settled to the botton and formed layers or strata of sedimentary rock. As the seas began to dry up and become smaller, many strata were deposited in a layered pattern, somewhat re s embling a stack of saucers. The bedrock in Cheboygan County consists of the middle and upper Devonian and Mississippian series of the Paleozoic Era. face strata are indicated on map 11 and chart 38. The various subsur- �MAP l3" CHEB.OYGAN COUNTY s·uBS1JRFACE GEOLOGY CNAltll'4. .... ,.~-... ' . LEG.END ~ ' .., Dm Dd ·~ Db Dll .ifil ~ Da Dtb Ma I WOlrilTWO"(~CT ~- ... co -86- �CHART 38 DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE STRATA SYMBOL FORMATION STATE, MEMBER, BED Dm Mackinac Limestone Gray to buff limestone, Breccia and limestone . Limestone for cement, flux soda ash, chemicals, sugar manufacture, etc. Crushed stone for ballast, concrete, macadam, petro, gas, fresh mineral waters, chemical brines. Db Bell Shale Blue, ·black or giay bl~e shale with thin beds of fossiliferous limestone. Thickness 30-80 feet. Shale and clay-for cement, brick and tile products, and pottery. · Dd Dundee Limestone Gray buff crystalline limestone locally cherty bituminous fossiliferous. Oil in upper part and sulphate waters and highly mineralized brines iµ lower. Dolomite beds near base and also occasional sandy beds, nodules and seams of chert. Locally a clear white to buff sa~dstone up to 20 feet thick; beds of quartz grains; or sandy cherty limestone .. and golomite ma~k the con~act' of the Dundee with lower beds. Thickness 50-350 feet. Limestone for cement, flux soda ash, chemicals, sugar manufacture, etc. Crushed stone for ballast, concrete, macadam, petro, gas, fresh mineral waters, chemical brines. ECONOMIC RESOURCES DESCRIPTION ... 0 -I 1~ l ·l! ¼i' ,i·,~ :i I~ 111 :~_I 'fl1 1:, ,, �DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE STRATA continued FORMATION STATE, MEMBER, BED SYMBOL DT ~z 0 :> ECONOMIC RESOURCES DESCRIPTION Undifferentiated traverse gray blue limestone and calcareous shales. In deep wells that traverse shows gray shales, then limestone and lime shales; dolomite limestones 10-60 feet thick porus to compact; shale up to 100 feet thick; massive limestone, fossiliferous local shale lenses, chert beds from cherty streaks to bed~ 100 feet .thick; shales and shaly limestones, blue, gray shales. -i> µ:j I (X) (X) DII A Gray and dark gray thin bedded limest_ones and shales, locally very fossiliferous and bituminous. Black bituminous limestone filled with masses and heads of coral and stromatopora at base. Also, a locally shaly and very siliceous, persistent l imestone bed at base for formation with a dark or black bituminous matrix. Thickness 190-200 feet. I Da White, gray, buff, brown, or black limestones, locally very fos.siliferous . ·t, chertv, bituminous, coral re'e fs, thin • I' shales, fresh water .near outc'rop 1· margin, brines below 1000 feet. Thickness 126 feet. l_;:_ ; Limestone for lime; cement flux, soda ash products, soda manufacture, agricultural lime, crushed stone .for concrete, madadam, railroad ballast, fresh water, petroleum gas. (Same as above) 1 1:y1 ,,',) h ·~ -- T..,. - �DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE STRATA concluded FORMATION STATE, MEMBER, BED SYMBOL Dtb z ::> µl i:::i ,, - z Antrim Sahl:: ~ H P-. P-. H (/) ::fl H (/) (/) H ~ t ·ECONOMIC RESOURCES Alternating sequence of thin bluish gray to brown, locally cherty limestones; shaly limestones and calcareous shales; bluish gray to buff limestone weathering to a blue gray; folliliferous. Thickness 140 feet. Limestone for lime; cement, flux, soda ash products, soda manufacture, agricultural lime, crushed stone for concrete, macadam, railroad ballast, fresh water, petroleum gas. Cinnamon brown to black and dark grey bituminous shales; thin bedded to fossile shale locally within tarry brittle coal seams and inclusions; 1J~n 1 l y very hard black crystalline 1i,~ ~tone (concretions) fossiliferous. Cor,.::.ecions of siderite and dolomite and ·nodules of pyrite. Thickness 100-450 feet. Shale for cement, brick and tile . "Shale Gas" z ~ H 0 Ma DESCRIPTION :-::: ~~ - ·----- --- ---·--· -·--· - ~ - • ·-• -·-- --- - •·- -• -·•--··· -- - :::..:iai2ic.·-~ ~ ~ r - 1 " " ' : , • · · - - -.- - - - - - - - - .. - �During the latter stages of the Paleozoic Era, the northern hemisphere was invaded by four tremendous glaciers. The landscape and terrain were altered each time the giant glaciers moved into the area. . · The last glacier advance, which is principally responsible for the \ development of present-day features, occurred about 11,800 years ago. This was part of the Winconsin Continental glacier which made several advances and retreats over northern lower Michigan. As it moved, the glacier picked up most of the soils and loose rocks and carried it along. The last advance of this Continental glacier was known as Valders Ice. By a series of periodic advances and retreats the Valders Ice snaped·:..the- · surface of the County. These advance and retreat motions deposited debris to form the moraines seen in map 14 As the glacier melted, hills were formed when the debris that had been embedded in the glacier came to rest on ground surface. Some . areas in the southern portion of the County were subjected to the onslaught of rapidly melting waters. This melting water carried with it much debris as it spread in sheet-like formation away from the glacier. This material shows areas in the southern portion of the County where these were formed. When the glacier stopped advancing and began to rapidly melt, channels were formed through, on, and under the ice mass. The rushing water carried with it debris of all sorts which eventually filled the channels. As the glacier continued to melt, the rubble wa s deposited in long, narrow channels which spread and settled once the retaining w2l ls ,)f the channels had raelted. Such a formation is called an "<¼k.eA" and is approximately seven miles in length in Koehler and Waverly Townships. -90- �MAP 14 SURFACE GEOLOGY CHEBOYGAN COUNTY ,;. -.1 i .;. Hebron ___ ,.,-_ I '1 MULLE:TT LAKE Moraines Ground Moraines (fill Plains) Outwash and Glacial Channels • • Lake Beds (Clay) Lake Beds (Santi) Eskers Glacial Lake Shorelines --N~N-1p1ssmg .. ~ Algonquin �contrasts to the northern portion of the County which was once covered by Lake Algonquin and has elevations ranging from 600 to 750 feet above sea level. The contour lines of 750 feet and above, seen in map 15, designate the outline of this lake which established its level at approximately 740 feet. The island areas are designated by these lines as is the shoreline of Algonquin in the southern portion of the county. Awareness of topography is imp•o rtant since it can affect development. Steep hills are poor development areas. Septic system failures, soil erosion, and winter driving up and down steep roads and drives are problems incurred in steep areas. Extreme flatland too, may have the disadvantage of p_QQr__ - . . -~ • --;._::-,~=-:-?:_- .~·~ ~~:. ::-- -- - drainage which could leave standing water in low-lying areas. dependent on the types of underlying soils that. are present. -94- This is also �Soils Probably the most important factor affecting development within an area are the soils. The use of the land must take into account the capacity of the soils on which they are to occur. If these are not considered, building foundation and septic problems may result in residential areas and erosion, siltation and water pollution could occur in areas of intense human activity. Therefore, this plan must seriously consider the relationship of Cheboygan County's soils to the existing land use activities and to any futu're activities. There are many different soil conditions found in Cheb9yga,nJ~_ounJ;:y._ The 0 __ . • 4" ___ _...... .."'---·£~~::-.:--t~ . -~._-- - ~ - ,_,_. -;, following page illustrates the general soils map for the County which identifies 13 different soil associations. These associations vary as to their limitations for development and to their value for agricultural croplands. As can be seen on the soils map, the Emmet-Leelanau-Minominee, the Leelanau-Emmet-Kalkaska-Mancelona, and the Carbondale-Lupton-Tawas-Roscommon Associations are the dominant soils in the C::ounty. Emmet-Leelanau-Menominee compose approximately 17 percent of the County or about 79,000 acres. soils are well-drained sandy and loamy scils. several large tracts in the County These These soils are located in the Munro-Douglas Lake area, the central portion of the County in Waverly Township, and a large tract of land in the southeastern corner of the County. These soils are generally rated good to fair for general farming and having slight to moderate limitations :or onsite sewage disposal. Drought and erosion are problems associated '.;ith these soils for field-cropping and the steep slopes associated with this soil type can cause sidehill seepage from on-site sewage facilities. The Leelanau-Emmet-Kalkaska-Mancelona Association comprises 16 percent of the County or approximately 74,500 acres. -95- These are well-drained sandy �Large blocks of ice buried by outwash were left behind o·n ce .the main ·.:- portion o~ the glacier was melted. lakes and bogs. These eventu~llf melted too, to form Douglas, Burt and Black Lakes wer~ all formed in this manner . As the ice receded further north into the Upper Peni?sula, the melt~ waters flooded the area of Cheboygan County~ . The higher_ elevations were ' above water and formed islands. ,\ '' These isl~nds a_nd the .. sbuthern boun9-ary · of these flood-waters are designated in map 14 ., by _.the· dotted . line with the . small A. This lake, formed by meltwaters, was known as -Lake A:-lgo~q~in. ~- - ··-- The Algonquin shoreline was generally:i. e stablished . ~-.•.t · an elev~tion of .. · .· . •' . ' . - .-_ :.i;:; . . ~, ~~- - . 740 feet. The topographic map 15 shows those -~,rea -which were-above_the &, •. water line denoted by the 750 foot contour lines. were not submerged. Areas aboye -these lines During this period the clays and sands of th~ _northern part of the - C<?unty were deposited on the lake bed o_f. A],gonquin: ·:. •··, ·., As the glacier melted further to the north, a low .- outlet valley caused a drastic dip in the elevation of the l a ke s . ~inallJ: t 'he lakes rpse again . ' and a new l'ake l evel was established. This lake was called Lake Nipit~ing. Nipissing covered the present shoreline of Cheboygan County and raised the level of · the inland lakes. letter Nin map 10. The Nipissing level is denoted by the smali - Nipi s sing cut into the old Algonquin lake bed· and formed the terraces on which US-23 was built. The City of Cheboyga~ and Village of Mackinaw City were built on the floor of Lake Ni~issing. this time period, the Cheboygan River did not exist. During ihis was formed iq post-Nipissing years by the action of a tributary of the Black River. As discussed earlier, the southern portion of the County is predominantly rolling or hilly. This high plat e au-like area formed from moraines and outwash ranges in elevation from 800 to over 1000, but above sea level. - 92- This �MAP 15 50 FOOT TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOUR LINES CHEBOYGAN COUNTY .( j �MACKINAC SOUTH CHANNEL AREAS DOMINA TEO OY NEARLY LC"C.L TO HILL,. W[LL-LJ. i..\. 1,'~G~ SANDY SOILS. 1. Rub,con·G,aylrng Assoc,ation AHEAS OOJ,UNAT[O OY NEARLY LEVEL TO ROLLING , ~ELL ·O H~I" TO SOMEWHAT POORLY DRAINED LOAMY SOILS. nearly level to unl'Julil\mq. 2. Kalkas1'a-Eas1 Lake-Manrelona Assoc,;,1,on 6- nearly level to unoul:rnno, Emme1-Leelan.au-Menom1nee A,soc,a11on s . Lee1.,.nau-Emme 1-K.ah..1si-.a Assoc,a1100 10 rolling . 8, Ona•ay-Lon9t1e-Mack1nac Assoc1411on : nearly level 10 undula11ng. AREAS OO MtNATEO BY UNDULATING TO STEEP , ~ELL·ORAINEO SANDY ANO LOAMY SOILS. .c. Emme1-0naway-losco Assoc,a11on . unovlat,no 7. Bohem,.1n•Brimley-B,uct! Assoc1a1,on. nearly level 10 undulating , J. Aub1con-Graycalm-Mon1caln: Assoc,J11on : i..naula11t19 10 hilly . AREAS OOMINATEO BY NEARLY L(VEL TO UNDULATING , MODERATELY V.ELL DRAINED TO VERY POOHLY DRAINED LOAMY ANO CLAYEY SOILS . undulallnQ 10 10111119. undul.at1n9 10 hilly. 9. On1onagon•Rudyard•Ber9land Assoc1a11on 10 . Oe1our-Hessel·Munuscono Assocu111on neatly level 10 undul.>1m nearly level 10 un,lulal1 nq. AREAS DOMINATED BY SOMEYI-HAT POOAL Y DRAINED , POORLY DRAINED. AND VERY POORLY ORAINEiJ SANDY SOILS ANO MUCK ~ 11. AuGrcs• Aoscommon·Brevor1 Assoc1a1,on 1:? . CarbOndale-Lupton••Ta..,.as Assoc,a11on nearly level. nearly level. Roscommon-E.is1 Po1'1-Aub1con Assoc1i111on . nearl)' level 10 rolhn Q T 38 N L LEGEND ~ z ::, COUNTY BOUNDARY 0 u D INCORPORATED TOWN 0 UNINCORPORATED TOWN __ _:~~ - -- ~~ - a ~ DRAINAGE .. • • •. '4 - -,..,,...-- INT(RSTATE HIGHWAY U.S. HIGHWAY STATE HIGHWAY ·N" OTHER PAVED ROAD FRONTAGE ROAD GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD RAILROAD r G.L.0 TOWNSHIP LINE 35 N SECTION LINE CIVIL TOWNSHIP LINE 1111•_ '."li.P, ,.n:vti..OIJEO flY Tott! SO IL CONSEf• ',I fH.,1•.r :.,IQ\'/~CLNCnALIZLO $OIL INFOn•. A,.;;·~· r.OT !.Ul TArJLC FOn DFTli.ll.EO 1-'LAr-<·. IT 1•1,ov:cts U!:ilF'U\.. l~lr'Qfll.t,I TION Fon Gl' ~L,'NNlNG O'ILV 34 N ... "':is :is "' ...>-z ,,r''. ::, 0 u I T 33 " >< 0 > "'0:_, "',: u I t~' f- w ::, 0 V, n: "' '. _:_d_ OTSEGO COUNTY Q7 w COUNTY " •N "' ,. IJ,IILT 0~ 1r,u,-s ~.P-)1,nJ I IR£v 10-2 J .iq !fOJI MATl01'1 ntow fl[\..D T[C>O.itCIA1'1S l"Oi,.TCOMC Pli!OJ[CTIO N ' SCS LINCOLN NB 19 76 SCALE SCALE 1125' O 3 [ .un ~==~=====s.-.. . .=~=~= I 0.. 7 MILE S �and loamy soils on complex rolling areas and hills. They are generally located as part of the high plateau-like area in the southern half of the County. Drought and erosion problems cause these to be rated as fair to I1, poor for general farming purposes. /I The steep slopes of up to 2~ percent \ I on the Leelanau soil series create severe limitations for residential development. , II Sixteen percent or close to 74,500 acres of the County is composed of the Carbondale-Lupton-Tawas-Roscommon Association. These are level, po9rly .' I ,:;, ,!,, ·,i ' drained sandy and organic soils, which primarily occur in stream beds and swamps. Limitations are severe to very severe for residential deve_lc:>"pm"e~!_':?~"E°...:.-e=-.: . ;/ on these soils. High water table and unstable materials are obstacles to development in these areas. In fact, these soils are categorized as poor I' ,I to severe to very severe for all types of land use activities. Chart 39 is a brief interpretation of the general soil map, while chart 41 provides a more detailed interpretation. These interpretations '' are illustrated in maps 17 through 20 as to soil suitability for forestry, agriculture, residential development &nd intensive recreation. i i These maps represent broad areas and are not specific to on-site evaluations. I More I: detailed study must be done before a specific site decision is made on any given parcel of land. I r] 'I I I , I I, I,I U I Ii j! I',: 'Ii _07_ II �CHART 39 TAKEN FROM: INTERPRETATIONS OF GENERAL SOIL MAP SOIL SUITABILITY FOR: Soil Ass. # 1 2 3 4 5 I 6 I.D (X) I 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Major Soil Series Rubicon, Grayling Kalkaska Kalkaska, East Lake, Mancelona Rubicon, Graycalm, Montcalm Emmet, Leelanau, Menominee Leelanau, Emmet, Kalkaska, Mancelona: Emmet, Onaway, Iosco, Brevort Bohemian, Brimley, Bruce:; Onz.,,iay, Long ;:: ie, Mackinac Ontonagon, Rudyard, Bergland Detour, Hessel, Munuscong AuGres, Roscommon, Iosco, Brevort Carbondale, Lupton, Tawas, Roscommon Roscommon, Eastport, Rubicon General Farming Forestry Recreation Residential Poor Fair Fair Good Fair Fair Fair Good Poor Fair Fair Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Fair Fair Fair Good Fair Good Fair Good Fair Fair Fair Good Fair Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Fair Poor (very) Poor (very) Poor 't .. c.)}ery) Poor •I (very)Poor '' ,t\l :i,I Poor Fair W' ' ;;:..:1 I \! Fair Fair 1~::\ GOOD Soils have properties that are favorable or perform well for the kind ,,·: of soil-use being rated. FAIR Soils have properties that are moderately favorable or perform satisfactory for the rated use, but special planning and management are needed. • 1 " �.LI SOIL SUITABILITY FOR RESIDENT/AL DEVELOPMENT* / / / /'; f/// I'/// i ' / / /" [] .J GOOD FAIR I I I I: . ,, '' ' I POOR il I ' ... : : : ! !' -N- i ' /. _qq _ �,·1 n 1 u~ FOR SOIL SUITABIL;~~REA TION INTENSIVE 13 • • .·1 . 'I I I ll �MA L, I '"! SOIL SUITABILIT Y FOR FARMING GOOD ~[]·•• .:/ ; •, ... (.... FAIR ,I l i\ I:\: I' :jl l .\; .\l ,rj I' I I N- ~ • :i I 12 :i !· '· I I , ;, '\ �,'l!\ l' ~Il SOIL SU/TAB/LIT)/ F0/1 FORESTRY Ll // ~;.,;, :, // /L << t·, :~....:. :.: 12 �INTERPRETATIONS a, GENEB.ll, SOIL Mil' Cl{g1!()YCAN COONTY, MICHIGAN 'lJ : 40 . CHART SUI'.l'AllILITY FOR Mil' SIMOOL E.RIEF IlESCRIPl'IOl/ OF SOIL ASSOCIATION IXJ;.<.TIH.l,T MA.JOR SERIES&: l.PPROXDIATE PER- SLOPE G.EliERAL 1· .FORESTRY DEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR fil.'CREATI ON FAllK[~ RESIIENTIAL FIELD RESIIlE.NTliL DEVELOPME:IT CROPPlllG llEVELOPY.ENT §/ CENT EACH ~/ ,. The'lP. ..re nearly ldvel to u:1duRubicon - 5(J}l la-:.ing, well drained sandy aoils, .lreeo of t:heae noi lo ,a.r" por.uGruyl ing - )0% 1 .. t'ly a.,~!i:;,,ulc,,1 !>ll ... I 0 - 6~ Poo= !'air Y10derata Slight ,l - (f)(, Poor Pcor Motlorr,tu 0 - &J{, Fair Fri.ir Mode:::a+.e s::.1g1it Foor FairPoor Moderate Slight 6?6 Fair Fair Moderate 0 - 6% Fair Fair 0 - €1:l, Fair Fair 1. Dro\lt!'htineee, 2, I,,,, w natural fertility. ja•ok 1'1"" plaine, They l.ave 10~ nati.;_-al fertility, low llluist=e holding ~apacity, and ::-npid permeability, Th.is '3011 a.srJociatior. co~rr!sea abcut 11 pe=c:n-:. of the c.:-UI,t:, er eppzvJx:i::,,,:tP.ly 51,000 acres, 2. MA.TOR MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS '. Ill THE SOIL ASSOCIATION Theee :u:e n~arly l~vcl to undulating, well d.nti11ed aand,y Aoilu of t ~e cutwaeh plains. Soila in this aaeocia~ion a:i:e slightly more fertile a.no store slightly greater a=unts of moisture th:!n thosa in Soil A.ssociation 1 above. T!lia soil aeaociaticn co~pris~s about 5 percent o! the county or 1.pproximately 2),500 acre •, (&ting for Soil Ae~ociation) Kalkaska - 40)6 faot Lake - JC';'6 Mancelona - 15?6 0 - Fair Fa.ir (fuiting for Soil J.ssociation) 1. Poeeible pollution of ground vat • r ouppliq • b7 e!'!luent. ). Soll bloving, 2. Difficult to maintain aod vi ~ut irrigation, Slight 1. Dro~htinese. Moderate Slisht 2. Soil blowing. 1. Possible pollution of ground water suppli~a b7 effluent. Slight Slight SlightModerate 2. Di!ficul t to maintain eod without irrigation, Slight ;,....---+-----------------+-------+-----t.,_----+------+-------1~-----w----------+----------t ). l 4°" The • e are undulatil'l8' to hilly, Rubicon well drained sandy no i l e on upland •• Enclosed valleys, benchen, and plateau-like areas are inGraycall!I - 25% clud.ed. These ac!ls have modera tely :!.ow to low r.a trra.l fercillty ar.d moisture r~ldi:1g Mc:1tcalm - 2t~ capiicity. PeJ."lt~abili ty is rapid, 'i'his soil aaso'ciation accounts for approxi11>&tely 7 percent or the county or )2 ,500 acres. (Rating for Soil Ae8ociation) ___.____~ _ Fuir foor 2 - 12'J' Mc:derate Slight- 6 - 2~ FnirPoor Poor I 2 - i~ _...._______. Fa.tr SoaerateSevere ModerateSevc:;.:e SlightModt>:t:ate Sllght!10derate 1. Sloping areas. 2. low natural fertility. 2. Erosion and sediment damage, ). ',later erooion. ). Sidi:! hill seepap from onei te Be'i1~ facilities. I ~ r ·- Fair t·• Slight-. SlightModerate Moaerate _ , _ _ __..._ _ _ _ _.....,__ ·r_i. __ _ _...,.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- ' :fII I See Footnotes on page 1, Dro~tine • -. Moderate ~; I I ' II I �CHART 40 (can't.) SUIT.lBILITY FOR BRIEF IlESCRIPrION OF SOIL ASSOCIATION 4. 5. These are undulating to rolling, well drained sandy and loamy soils on uplands. Major soils !n thio asecciation haYe medium to mcderat~ly low p.:,.~ural fertility and moi~ture holding capacity. PErmeabi li ty is moderate to moderately rapid. This soil association occupies approximately 17 percent of the county or 79,000 acres. These are undulating to steep, well drained sandy and loamy ~c il$ o~ co~ple~ ~~llir.g a=eaR ~-'-" ~ills. They r:u,ge frc:m :t£'1iur. to molierd tely low er lcw in r.~t~=al l'a:-til ~ t~I a:-:.~ ~oieti;::e hold:t~g •.·?.p:i~i ty. r'e=e:ib; li ty -::a;cgns frr::: m::<l~mte t.:i :-apid. 'fh~a soi.1. a~:;c,i:iat1.o:1 -; ·,c_:-:ri..1eo ar;,r•n.i:-.;,t.e,y Hi ;:err::c:.t '.)f the Go,.nt·:r or 74,500 MAJOR S-,:JlIES & lXlMINANT APPROXIMATE PERSLOPE CEl-iT EACH g/ Emmet - 4°'6 2 - 12% GENERAL ?ARMDG .FORESTRY Good- RECREATION BESIIJENTI.A.1 FIELD DEVELOPMENT CROPPING Slight}loderate Slight- Moderate SlightModerate SlightModerate SlightModerate Moderate Slight- Moderate SlightModerate ModerateSEJvere ModerateSevere w J/ Good .Fair MAJOR M.UU.GEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE SOIL ASSOCIATION IlEGREE OF LDUT.lTIONS FOR RES IDE!:T ll1 liE\'ELOPMENT §I 1. Water erosion. 1. Erosion a."ld sediment d.a.m86e. 2. Soil blowing. 2 - Menominee - 2o,6 12% 12% Goe<! GoodFair GoodFair 6 - :C5% FairPoor Fair 1~~ F,,ir- Mocerate- !-\ovr SHvere MoJerateS,•vere SlightModer~te Slii;htlfodcrate SlightModerate Sl:i.ghtModerate Association) 35¾ Fair Fair 2 - (Rating for Soil Leelanau - Fa.i.r ). Drollghtinese. 2. Sidi.hill see~ fro:n onei te se'IA18e facilities. 1. ~ater erosion. 1. Erosion and sedi••nt cia.mei;e. 2, Droughtineee. 6 7 - M.:uicelona - 1 :-% 1~-~ 2 - 1C:'6 fair fair fair. 2. Sidehill seepage • from onP.i t~ oew~ facilities. · J. Sloping &..rCaB. ~.-:re~. 6. 1 u·.dulat.i;,g t::, rolli:ig. well drair,ecl. aoile fo-.i:tec. in ea..,c.? l'.Ja.n::.a a.?uj lo.:.1..m~ on U!1du:'.:it.:.1:g till plair.s. 'fh~ roughly p1rall&l lnte!""Ver.jr1g d:-ainae:e·ea.yo ar" o::cupied by so:oewhs.t. poorly dc·:dned a."lci poor1y dra i.r.ed aa.r:dy r..r,<l lOa.Jll,)' soils. Ma.jor eoile i·· this association lJ£.ve medi= to moderately high :.:i~ural fertility :,i,ci u:oist=e hcldi~g capacity. Permeability :?:"ar,ges fn,m moderately rap:.d to noderately olow. Thie eoil aaeociation accounta for approxi111&tely 5 percent of the county or 2),000 acres. 'T~!e2-.? ari:! ( P.£. ti1~g for 8oil Ass:iciaticn) FP.irPoor GoodFa.!.r SlightSevere SlightSevere E~et - Jc;-; G:.iodFa:r Good Slii;htModeratc Moder«te Goodi-':i.ir Good SlightModerate Sligl::tModerate Fair Poor Moderate Severe Fair Poor Severe Severe GoodFair GoodPoor Slight- . Moderate ModerateSevere Onaw:iy - 30¾ 1. Erosion a."ld 3o:d1ment damage. 2. 'wet spots. 2 - 12% 2. Restricted percolation. (Onaway) Iosco - 20:,t ). Wet spots. Brevort - 1~ (Rating for Soil A!isociation) 0 - 2'}~ .t .,:.1 1\{: ' I ' See Footnotes on page 1, water eroAion. I �SUITJ.llILITY FOR BRIEF IlESCRIPTIO!I OF SOIL ASSOCIATION MAJOR SERIES & IXlMINANT APPROX IM.A.'i'E PER- SLOPE CENT EACH 7. a. ::, Jl I y GENERAL FARMING FORESTRY DEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR RECREATION w JI 'ii §/ 0 - 6% Good Good Slight Slight 0 - 2% Good Poor Severe 0 - 2% Good Poor ModerateSevere Severe Severe Good GoodPoor SlightSevere Slight-:Severe Thee• are mainly nearly level to undulating, well drained t o somewhat poorly drained soils. Soils for.ned in loai:iy material that is high in lime. They occupy the broadly undulatin& till plains, Local areas are ur,derlain by fractured limestone bedrock. These soils have moderately high natural fertility and high moisture holciing capacity. Permeability is moderate to moderately slow. This soil association accounts for about 9 peroent of the county or 44,500 0 - ff)(, Longrie - 20}6 , Mackinac - 20}6 FIELD CROPPn:G . 1. Water erosion. RESIIENTI!.L DEVELO.!'MENT 1. Erosion and eed.i- ment ~ e . 2, Wetnesa, (Brimley, Brlloe) 2. Poor bearing capac.:. ty. J, Heatricted percolation. 4. Seasonal high \later ta.bl<!, (Briuuey, Bruce) Good Good SlightModerate Moderate 1. Water erosion. 1. Ero11ion and eed.i- me11t ~ . 2, Wetness, 0 - ff)(, 0 - "JI, ~ssocia~ed poorly drained soils - Fair Fair SlightModerate Moderate J. Stoniness, 2, Restricted percolation. Good Fair ModerateSevere Severe J. Good Poor Severe Severe 4. 15% Ar.gelica Linvood Ill THE SOIL ASSOCIATIOI! RBSillENTllL DEVELOPMENT Theae nearly level to undulating iBohemian - 60}6 soils formed in very fine sand and silt in bench-like areas Brimley - 20}6 bordering the Black and Cheboygan Rivera, Riverbanks and -t.e=ace Bnice - 1$96 escarpments are included, These soils are principally well drained or somcwh.r. t poorly drain- (Rating for Soil ed. They ara medium in natural Association) fertility and water holding capacity. Per.neabili ty is moderately slow. This soil association occupies approximately 1 percent of the county or 4,500 acres. Onavay - 40}6 MAJOR MANAGEMENT rROBLEMS 0 - ?% 0 - ;'It aorea. Moderate depth to bedrock. Seasonal high vater table, (~,ackinac, Angelica (Linvood) (Rating for Soil C-ood GoodSlightModerate.A.uooiation} Fair Moderate Seven - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - • - - , - - - - - - ~ - - ~ ~ ~ -.. ,... 1r---'"'·--- -.....~ - - - , - - - - - - - , . . . . - - - - -• . - - - - - - - - - ...- - - - - - - - -... 9, Theae are neiJ.:-ly level to undu- Ontonagan - 35% 2 - 654 Fair Fair SlightSevere 1. Water ero • ion. 1. Poor beu-inc lating, l!?OdeI·.:tely "ell drabed Moderate capacit7, to very pcurlj dr~ined ~layey 2, Tilth Minhnooils on old l .\ e plainL, Theue Rudyard - 35% Fair Poor 0 - 6¾ Severe Severe anoe. 2. High shrinksoils have high 11 • ,=al fE:revell potential. tili ty and mclature holding Bergland - )()}6 Fair 0 - 2'}t\ Poor Severe Severe J, Wetness. capacity, They are high in lime, (Rudyard, llergla.nc J, Restricted percoPer~eability is slow to v~ry (Rating for Soil Fair FairModerateSevere latiou, alov. Thia aoil association co111Association Poor Severe priaes about 4 percent of the 4, S-80n&l hlch county or 18,500 acre •• water table, See Footnotes on page l ,: i~ ' ' I �CHART 40 (can't.) SUITABILITY FOR MA.P BRIEF DESCRIPl'ION OF SYMBOL SOIL ASSOCIATION HA.JOR SERIES & DOMINANT APPROXIMATE PERSLOPE CENT EACH GENERAL FARMING FORESTRY DEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR RECREATION RESIDENTIAL IlEVELOFMENT 6/ MA.JOR Mil!AGEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE SOIL J.SSOCI.A.TION FIELD CROPPING RESII!ENTIJ.L DEVELOPMENT y J/ lJ 5J t'----~----------------+---------"''--....:.,.._---~---IL...4----.....-4-------'-4-------~µ,_--------4----- ·~---~·~·-· ---~10. These are nearly level to unduDetour - 30')6 lating, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained loamy soils on eto11y anJ. cobbly lake benchea. He1rncl - 20% Ra:1ciom di~continuoue lo.,, sandy ai:d gravelly ridi;ee are included. Major soils i~ this asMunuecong - 20% sociation have moderately !ugh natural fertility and moisture holding capacity. Pe=eability Associated well is a:oderate to moderately slow. ldrained and Thie soil association occupies moderately well about 5 percent of the county ldi-ained soils -20)6 or 20,500 acres. Alpena Kiva 0 - ~ 0 - 0 - 2% 2% I t-,J 0 °'I 12. These are nearly level, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained sandy soils u.~de=lain by finer textured material at a depth of 3 to 5 feet or more. They occupy the borders of lakes and swamps. Random narrow ridges occupied by .,,ell drained sandy soils are included, Soila in this aseociation have low natural fertility and moisture holding capacity. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper l?..yers but mocerately ~low in the finer textured underlyin6 material. Thie soil association accounts for approxim.~tely 2 yercent of the county or ~,OCO Deres. Thia soil association con~ists of level, poorly drained sandy and organic soils. Thes~ soils ccc= mainly in stream channels !IJld S\12Jllps. Thi?y h,we low natur;;,_l fertility. Mcisture hol~ing capaci iy l9 high in tlie orisani c soils aiid low in the e.i."'ldy a:ir,tr.il soils. Permeabili tr in ~oderaiely rapid to ra~id. This S8Sociaticn comprises appwxic.ately 16 percent of the county or 74,500 acres, Au Gres - 50% Roscommon - 2()% Iosco-. 15'% Brevort - 15'% Poor Fair Poor ModerateSevere Severe Severe Se·1ere 1, Numeroua cobble and atone • , 2, Wetness, 1, Numerous cobble and stones, 2. Restricted peroo- lation. Severe 3, Seasonal Severe high Poor Slight Slight Fa.irPoor Poor SlightSevere SlightSevere 0 - ~ Fair Poor Moderate Severe 1, Wetne •• , 2% Fair Poor Severe Severe 0 - ~ 2, Dro\18htiness. (when drained) Fair Poor Moderate Severe 2% Fair Poor Severe Severe Fair Poor ModerateSevere Severe Pcor Poor Poor 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 35?6 Fai rPoor Fair- 6% 6% (Rating for Soil Association) Carbondale - Poor \o'ater table. (Rating for Soil J.aeociation) 11. FairPoor 0 - 2% 1. Possible pollu- tion of ground vater l:levere- • upplies by effluent 2, Seasonal high water table, 1. Soil blowir~. 1. Unstable material, 2, Frost hazard, 2. Uneven settling, 3, Wetness. :' 3, High water table, 'lery Severe Lupto:i - 2596 0 - ~ Poor Poor Very Severe SevereVery Severe 4- Low natural fertility, Tawas - 15% 0 - ~ Poor Poor Severe Roscommon - 15% 0 - ~ Poor. Poer Severe Severe Poor Poor SevereVery Severe Very Severe (Rating for Soil baociation) I' • I Severe Severe- L-----4------------..L...-------'-----!L----'-----'-----..L.----- --- �LiiAR T 40 tH (co n c .lu dcd ) I MAP S'YKBOL , ). See BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOIL .lSSOCUTION mllTABILITY FOR MAJOR SE.RIES & OOMINA.1,"T APPROXIMATE PERSLOPE CENT EACH y Thie eseociat:o~ ie comprlsedof Roacoa:mon - 40"/4 the mlacellaneous sandy soils on the lake bor<!cr. Hearly :!.evel, East Port - 20¾ poorly draine<! eoilo i?l B'llales comc:o~ly occur in a net'llork with Rubicon - 2(% better drained, more slop! ng soils on the interven.ing ridgeo. Nearby sandy, gr-dvelly, and (Rating for Soil cobbly bea~hes are i~cluded. Aseocia tion) These soils all have low natural fertility, lo~ moisture holding caracity and rapid permeability. Thie soil association accounts for about 2 percent of the county or 9,000 acre9. GE:t-.'E RAL F.tJl-!ING MAJOR MANAGEMENT PROBLD!S I N TEE SOIL ASSOCIATION IEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR FOilESTRY RECRE.AUON RESIDE::fl'IAL DEVELOPMENT lJ SJ §) JI RESIJEh"TIAL DEVELOPMEUT FIELD CROPPING 0 - 2'¾ Poor Poor Severe Severe 1. Droughtiness. C - 6~6 Poor Fair Moderate Slight 2. Soil blowing. Poor Fair Moderate Slight ). Wetness. (Roscommon) 0 - 12% Poor FairPoor McderateSevere 1. High water table. (Roscommon) 2. Possible pollution of ground water supplies by effluent. SlightSevere Footnotes ~ow .... I 0 -...J 1'00'l'NOTES I TO T,Wi t l, Thia map, developed by the Soil Conservation Service, show generalized Roil infonn.,tion and is not suitable for detailed planning, It provid~s useful informati on for general planning only, 2. Soil names are subject to change upon co=elation and publication of detailed soil au...--veys. Thia column may not total 100 percent, as on.ly major ooile in each association are rated. ), Refers to farming operations that may vary in land. use, ll,egroe of mechanization or intenoity of production, 1 4, Refers to eusta.ined productidn of marketable timber. 5.' Emphasis on intensive recrea,ion activity. and golf ooursee. 11 ,3 6. Refers to intensive develoi-,ent oo-,n to aubdivisions, faoilitiea are aa.,_.d, 'I 11'! ';! ~ Example: Playgrounds, picnic areae, Onsite sew~ �Surface Water Much of Cheboygan County's strength and appeal can be attributed to the variety, distribution, adequacy and development of its water resources. The importance of water resources to recreation, residences, agriculture, wildlife, commerce, and industry cannot be overemphasized. Cheboygan County contains some of the largest lakes in the State and has a total of 344 inland bodies of water covering 51,358 acres. The County has 420 miles of streams; .•:· 118 miles of which are designated trout waters. , Inland lakes cover 10.0 percent (.51, 358. a.cJU¼ l. of the total surface area, higher than any other county in Michigan. Added to this are 38 miles of Lake Huron shoreline_ma1dng the development pressure on waterfront property extremely great. The largest bodies of water in Cheboygan County include Black Lake (9,997 a.CAU - 7,887 ht Che.boyga.n County a.nd 2,104 a.C/l.e/2 ht PJLeiique. I.tile. County), Burt Lake (17,335 a.CAUi, Mlc.hlga.n'.6 6oWl-th lair.gut htl.a.nd l.a.ke.), Douglas Lake (3,745 a.CAU,) and Mullet Lake (16,744 a.C/l.e/2). Of the 182 miles of inland shoreline, 46 are public. The inland water route is an important asset for Cheboygan County. Once used tor its transportation capabilities, it is now a major recreational pathway. The inland waterway winds for 36 miles through a scenic area of forests and meadows. Starting at the City of Cheboygan on the Lake Huron shore, it passes through four inland lakes, Mullet, Burt, Crooked and Pickerel, and four connecting waterways, the Cheboygan, Indian and Crooked Rivers and Pickerel Channel, to end at Conway in Emmet County. Also considered part of the present Inland Water Route is the nine mile stretch from Black River to Black Lake and the Upper Black River to the dam at Kleber Pond. -108- �., MA CK/ . ~· N-4 C ~ ·-.. MAP 21 0 -.__ O' /' CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SURFACE WATER -SYSTEM ~ ..CH .AN ·. NeL I ··. j ~- 1 1 ! J : J l , ll~"tlf I >t· -109- �Due to the extensive recreational opportunities in Cheboygan County, tourism has grown to become one of the primary industries. of all housing in the County is seasonal. Over one-th_ird The population often swells by a factor of 2 or even 3 times during periods of high recreational use. The seasonal influx is greatest in areas surrounding the C.<_?untr' s -lakes and streams. This transient population is vital· to the area's economy. However, tourism can also exploit Cheboygan's natural resources to the point where they are polluted and nearly exhausted. A lesson can be learned from the early loggers, fishermen, and fur traders, so that history will not repeat itself again. Cheboygan County is mostly within the Cheboygan River Drainage Basin. The drainage from this wa tershed flows into Lake Huron through the City of Cheboygan. The remaining northern sections of the County are in the Coastal Watershed which drains directly into Lake Huron. Cheboygan County citizens have identified the following water resource related problems and concerns: 1. In many portions of Cheboygan County, conventional wastewater treatment is not practical due to environmental, social, and economic reasons. Therefore, alternatives should be investigated such as l and treatment, less expensive engineering design, and the Clivis-Multrum system. 2. The Cheboygan Cattail Marsh is a valuable wetland area and should be protected and managed. 3. The wood product industries must use more appropriate environmental practices. Draining of wetlands should cease. 4. Environmental as well as aesthetic considerations should be applied t o all development, especially river a nd lakefront development. SoUJtc.e/2 : NEMCOG . Ale.on.a. County P.la.n., Noltthe.a.1i.t M.lc.h,i,ga.n. Wa..te.Jt Qu..aLUi A.6-0 e.6-ome.n:t., a.n.d Cle.an. Wa..te.Jt P1tog1tam I nte.Jt.lm Ou...tpu...t-6 • -110- �According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Water Quality Division: 1. There is possible leakage from the State Park sewage lagoons when they overflow during high seasonal loads. 2. The Cheboygan River has polluted sediments. Septic tank seepage is specifically reported in the Middle Cheboygan River Basin. 3. Some near-shore areas of Lake Huron have water of a lower quality than off-shore. Cheboygan Harbor has been identified as one of these areas, due in part to the wasteloads contributed from its tributaries. Commercial shipping can, and in some .instances ' has, · caused · pollution ·problems '. in Cheboygan Harbor. 4. Proctor and Gamble Paper Products has been identified as a major discharger into the Cheboygan River (NPVES PeJUnlt NwnbeA MI 0002496 a.nd 160033). This company discharges an average of 1.0 mgd of process waste boiler blowdown and . 0.19 mgd of non-contact cooling water to the Cheboygan Rive~ --'=--=-"-"---<--~ -: • ":"",:C - - - ~ ...... Groundwater The scattered residential development throughout most of the County presently requires a drinking (potable) -water source close by. dual wells or a central water supply system is necessary. Hence, indivi- Potable water of excellent quality is presently found in most areas of Cheboygan County. Conditions in the following areas of Cheboygan County indicate that health and sanitation problems either presently exist or may arise in the.near future: 1. Indian River - high groundwater maintained by flowing wells, small lot sizes which limit isolation distances between wells and septic tanks, evidence of direct wastewater discharge to the Indian River, and documented septic tank failures. 2. North end of Mullet Lake - documented failures of septic systems; no commercial building permits allowed and only limited residential permits due to clay soils, high groundwater and high density shoreline development. 3. Elmhurst area of Burt Lake - potential problems exist due to high groundwater and clay soils. -113- _, �CHART 41 ACREAGE ANALYSIS FOR CHEBOYGAN COUNTY OriSlin of Surface Water 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. l"I. 18. 19. Number of Water Bodies Natural lakes and ponds Natural lake with · a dam Artificial lake ArtificiaJ pond Hydro-electric reservoir Municipal water s upply res~rvoir Fish and wildlife flooding Mill pond Gravel pit or quarry pond Marl lake Fish hatchery pond Underwater borrow pit Recharge basin Settlir.g pond Beaver pone Sewa ge disposal basin Fish breeding pond Flood control reservoir Bri n e storage basir. Source : 288 4 l 31 5 0 4 0 7 0 1 Area in Acres ~- 7 ,082.2 , 33,972.0 350,0 6.7 8,323.0 C 1,465.5 0 46.-:3 ' 0 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 =7,:~g~ 0 o. 0 0 3 109.0 0 0 344 51,357.6 Cheboygan County Lake Inve ntory, Department Resource Developnent, Michigan State University, 1962 -114- �I I l Additionally, large hunting clubs account for a large amount of forested I land in Cheboygan County. I Today, the .State land in the County is 'managed by the Michigan Depar/ ment of Natural ~esources - Forestry Division. The management policy 1 ..._: I followed is the "mul,t,,lple.-u..6e." concept and involves the following: To allow commercial tree cutting on a sustained yield basis for the lumber and wood products industry. To provide ~arks, campgrounds and scenic areas for the recreation/tourist industry. To improve wildlife habitat. To protect the environmental quality of the forests. To protect the ~uality of watersheds and streams. I Forest resources significantly contribute to Cheboygan County's ecoj Industries in the City of Cheboygan and scattered throughout the County depend upon trees for their continued operation. Cellulose insulation,< 1 posable diapers, lumber, wood souvenirs, etc. are a few of the finished products. The forest lands also offer a wide variety of opportunities tourist/recreation activities such as hunting, camping, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, etc. Cheboygan County has great recreational pote but little has been developed. Both the timber harvesting and tourist/recreation activities have c measurable impact on the volume of business and commercial activity in County. All necessary steps should be taken by County residents and of: to properly manag e their valuable forests. -118- �and largest freshwater biological station in the world. Douglas Lake, due to its closeness to the station, is one of the most studied lakes in the world, ranking along with Lake Mendota in Wisconsin and . Lake Geneva in Switzerland. .' Recently, the station received a National Science Foundation Grant to study the effects of increasing human impact on the environmental quality of northern Michigan. Particular emphasis has been given to the lakes and watersheds of the County in order to better understand the effects of human impact, through growth and development, on the environment. Results of this study, soon to be available, will provide a Natural Resouce :;:-I-nventory ....,.... •-!_=:-_..::;,~~...:. --'-' on the waters and related lands of the Cheboygan County environment. Included in the results will be water quality information, a general description of the natural features of the County's lakes and streams, population , land use characteristics, and a ranking of lakes in Cheboygan County based on sensitivi ty to change by human impact. Project CLEAR (Commu.n.Lty La.k.v., Env..{Jtonr11e...v1,t'.1..l Awa11.e.nV.,-6 Rv.,e.aJtc.h), which - - - - - addresses wastewater treatment, lake water Q!lality, and land use practices, began in the summer of 1977 and has worked c losely with the Clean Water Pro.' gram of NEMCOG. Working together, these two programs have great potential for achieving public awareness of the · need for clean water and thus, preservation of water quality in northern Michigan. There hava been financial constraints, however, which have prohibited the publication of these studies. People of Cheboygan County have generally been r2ceptive to the DNR's suggestions concerning fishery management. Ab0ut t.h 2 0:1.ly complaint voiced is that fishing isn't as good now as it used ta be However, the DNR main- tains that fish catch is better than the "good ale. da.y-6", but that more people must divide up the catch. -122- �All in all, Cheboygan County has been blessed with a diverse, and plentiful wildlife and fish population. Care should be taken to insure that these populations continue to thrive because they play an important role in Cheboygan County's economy. ,. .:.123- �Minerals Cheboygan County has a few sand and gravel pits, and two companies that deal in crushed limestone. The County is not a significant min~ral producer and during 1973-1975, there was only $154,000 worth of minerals produced*. The southeatern part of Cheboygan County is part of the~Traverse Limestone formation that extends from Manistee northeast to Rogers City and Alpena. · There is an on-going intense search for petroleum resources in the Niagara formation with Otsego and Crawford Counties producing the most oil in the Northeast Region. Currently, twenty-two dry oil/gas wells have been drilled in Cheboygan County, with one actively producing well located in section 14 of Forest Township (T.33N,R.1E). Even though most of the County lies - north- of the main limestone ·formation, it is possible that oil or gas will be found in an offshoot lobe of the formation, so some ·drilling will possibly occur outside of the Niagara formation. However, all DNR drilling permits in the near future are for wells being drilled within the southeast portion of Cheboygan County. The possible development of the area's petrole um resources will affect land use. Each well will require about one ac~~ for t he well site, along with one acre for the production facility, and a 20 foot roadway for access. Pipe lines will be needed to move this resource and will, as much as possible, follow existing utility corridors for r. he least visual impact on the area. It is expected that the present policy of one well per 80 acres will be continued. The more recent leasing of State land has restricted oil and gas drilling to a reas at least one quarter mile back from lake s and streams, Each location for a proposed drilli::g op e ration on State land is caref uJ.. ~.y revi ewed by the Michiga:.·:n Department of NatJral Resources before it is allowed to begin. * Mic.lu.gan S:t.a.wtic.al Ab1.i:tJr..act, 12th EdW.on, 1977 - p. 7 57. -124- �MAP 26 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY .•, ... OIL & GAS WELLS • Dry Hole Oil Wel .l ., co -125- �CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Few land forms possess the unique strength and quality where water and land meet. The shore is an amalgam of both, yet has a distinct character of \ ... , its own. The coast is also dynamic, always changing, and this -. activity some- times causes problems for the people who live there. High water levels on the Great Lakes and man's continued encroachment along the coast have resulted in damages to property and life. But the coast also offers many benefits. It provides us with recrea- tional, as well as economical opportunities, with a history: ancf re·sc::,urces which make living near a Great Lake more enjoyable. Some of the ~reat Lakes features which attract recreational use include: * The. Gtte..a:t La.k.e.1i 1te..ptte.1i e..nt .the. laltg e.1i.t. body o6 otte/2 h wa.teJL in .the. wottld, and .the. c..llma:te.. o6 .the. fund adj ac.e..n.t. .to .the. Gtte..a:t La.k.e.1i -U modi6ie..d by :the.. wa.teJL. * The. GJr.,e.a:t La.k.e/2 c.o nne.c..:t,i.o n!.> • * The. wa.teJL ).,6 -6e/l.Ve. a.-6 a ma.June. lughwa.y wdh woJt..ld W-lde. c.1.e.M and v ~ y w1.p0I.i..ute.d. * No dangeAOU-6 fi-Uh QI(_ p.f..a.n.:t-6 e.u~,t, a.nd .the. wa.te/l. e.n.:tiJLUy 011.e.e. fiJr.,Om ino e..c..:t,i.oU-6 O,'l.g r.rn.. :..-6m-6. * * The. .ou.mmeA c..llma:te. 6011. ba.:tlung. ).,6 ,<_,6 a.bno-6.t. c.oo.f.., a.nd :the. uu-te,'l. .:te.mpeJta..:tulte.. ).,6 idea.,l ,/.,Ja.bJJt..cu g e..ologic. p11.o c.e..M e.,,.) ha.v e. p,'Lovide..d e.xc.e.£.1.e..nt be.a.c.he...o 6oJLJna.tio Y~o a6 lug It )U?.c.11.e.a.tio n.o.1, vctfue... and o.:theA * The. .:te.mpeAe.d .u:.iz.e c.Luna,te. and .:th.12, c,i~Q.,1.1t , 1.>-ti.mu.£..a..ung ail1. a..f..ong :the. .ohc.:..eL-<..ne. p11.e.1ie.n.t. a. 11.e. 011.e..1.ilung c.ha.nge. 611.om :the.. c.ommo n.p..t'.Ctc. Q_. * Sc.e.1uc. :Li~d (·.2,o .:the..:tic. vai.u.e...o Me.. 11/.L'71eAOU/2' 6or. example., .o.:ta.:b....c.:- ~u. 2, dlr.,.i.6 .:tJ.vo ad, 1., oa.JUn.g -6 e.a.gu.f.1..6,. ~c:1.i.; 1..teA/1.u.p.:te.d ho,uz.o n. view, 011.e. 611..e..ig h.:te!L-6 and o.:theA -6 hA.p.o , b.f..a.zin.g .owu w, :the.. 11..oma.nc.e. o 6 a luo.:to11..y a 6 c.o;nmeAc.e. a.nd -6 hipwtte..c.k.-6 and o:th V1./2 • · -116- �Cheboygan County has approximately 32.5 miles of Lake Huron coastline, beginning at the famous Mackinaw Bridge and extending easterly to the Presque Isle County line. There are two municipalities; the City of Cheboygan and the Village of Mackinaw City, and three townships; Mackinaw, Beaugr~rtd and • 1· Benton situated on the County's shoreline as well. The shore is mostly residentially developed with scattered commercial development. Harbors are located in Mackinaw City and at the mouth of the I I Cheboygan River in Cheboygan. Duncan Bay. A State Park is located east of Cheboygan in II The Cheboygan River drains into Lake Huron from six northern I Michigan counties including the lakes of Burt, Mullet, and Black. This water- shed also composes the Inland Water Route which provides many miles of travel for thousands of recreational watercraft each year. iI, '\ Other drainage along :1 the Cheboygan County coastline is provided through small coastal watersheds. It is because of these valuable coastal resources Cheboygan has recognized their importance to the I .I that the County of County. Additionally, through documentat i on of this coastal section , C~etoygan County is also recognizing the value .of its coastal rescurc 2: . Coastal Boundary It is important to identi fy c'.,c,; e lc:.nd and wate-::- resources which will be focused upon in t hi s coastal ~a n ag~~2nt plan for the Co unty. By identiI ' fying the coastal bou~tary , no a ddit i onal State or Fed eral regulations will be imposed on land u;:es within this area. It i. s ir,t,!,J.C:ed to identify that area where the pr c g~a m can con c entrate future se~~~c ~= ~; both local and State goverrun :;::~ts. II �By federal definition, the coastal area must extend lakeward to include all islands, submerged lands and waters of the Great Lakes to the state or international boundary line. Although Mackinac and Bois Blanc · Islands are within the jurisdiction of Mackinac County in the Upper Peninsula, these ~' islands are included in their entirety within the coastal area. Landward, various criteria has been used to identify the boundary including: ~ * MeM ha.vbig dJ.Jr.ec;t and <>igru.6,foan.-t: ,i_mpa.c;t upon. c.oM.ta.1.. ---- wa:t.eM. * EMay ,i.den,t,i.nie.d phy<iic.al 011., c.u.Uu!ta.l 11.,oad/2, <> e_c;t,i.o n. Une<i, etc.. * Ew-thz.g £.a.n.d U<> e_ oe.a.:twz.e<i <iuc.h aJ.:, ~ . _ ,o . - ..-" · -~-_,,,. - pat:te_11.,M. Additionally , t he one thousand (1000) foot limit has also been recommended in St at e ~egi s lation. The following writt en c e finition describes the landward bounda ry of the coa stal a r ea in Cheboygan County . Map 27. provides visual interpretat i on of th"' boundary a s well (:the. boi ,.!~Lt-'1.i! wUhbi .the W!f ~ 06 Che boygan. ha,o be.e.n. e.x,:. c"!-i..:'.c.J ) • Beg-lnnhig a.:t f-fwwn Av e.nu.e. a nd -the ;i.icLc.ma.iJJ Btudge., ptc..oc.ee.d ;?..a..,~. ;c c:.:id lo u.tft oj_m:J /!u.t:.c:;,r Av e.nu.e. wheJLe. U futz.no -liuo !:S-- 23. Fo.UcM ?<glmi-..'l.tj US- 23 in a lou..the..M.tC/u.JJ M/1..C:..c:.,t !..G n. bi.ta Aictc.iuna.LJJ TOWn-6 hip u.vi,.U ,,t , ·" ,, "<~" , 1; ::fJ •, 1 ·t / ·., , . ,,t,~'<'.A,,~ .? an· ' .,Le_a.C,,UJ.9 r. ,~ . JJ-r ~,l..r. .',.,', ~J.1:'.. CU,.. .. Uu , l,{,:, ),U./ a c.on.-ti.n.u.c. c,)on!:: US - 2 3 rm UY-. tc..e.c:.c.hJ..'11.g :!J,.~~ C.CA.teJtn. Chi:.bv ygc:.;: :,.:,L~: -~.C.."',;:t.,,s . On :Uie. WC,;).t0"~r,. J!..,Ln,i,;Lj ;;:1.0 c.e.<?.,d a.ga..i.n c'...t:mg u.;- Z3 u ntil tc..e.a.c.iung .t he. Cf,E!J c y~; an.Piu:.. !iq tte. I,~f':.. ,· -,,u1.,ty .ej_y1.e_ . Spec ial Coa s ta l ___~:_:: One of i.: ,.:. of Con cern ,,-v,s t impor t a nt asp ect s of Michigan's Coc1s ;-al Management Prograt' is the identificition ~E specific coa st a l l a nd~ a nd wa ters which experience - 128- �CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COASTAL BOUNDARY CHANNEL J. ... .,. I l l [. HURON ... ., t 0 u i l7 N T. 37 N T ,a N. �MAP 23 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SHORETYPE . NAME OF BEACH SHORETYPE Wilderness Park ~~d cobbles with some sand and bo ulders with no bluff. Slope ! -0xfmately one foot in 20 feet. ~~~ r Cecil Bay .-·3." ,=- and cobbles at waters edge and ·,:-:y ,and rvith some gravel on dry .. -~,· .. '., No blu.ff, just a small sand r: :..,'. '· Arbutus J~ .\. l, Waugoshance ~ith fi ~A a nd coarse gravel . 35 •.!:_~ · ·· c ; :_ tff composed of gravel) .. :· ·_:: ,·. d2.~1ge r. .. .L J_ (r .- - , - ·'= Duncan Bay ·Jo ·>o Grass Bay :-c::.• ·, ;.:_. 1. . p~at-like material. ·_•)!)e o:1e foot in 80 to tds. ' '.,·!::ti. ·,r s :t:•.1 •..- •_;_ 3cac:2red gravel. 35.J,_ b _· ,~ :,an,.1 .:,11-es .Li1 some areas . ·,;, ·: ' ,, ; th ·.- ,,:- ;_r.Lt;, 1.mounts of gravel. t:,, ,_ ~ ~ .2c) '. nd high bluffs . 1:-2j f~eL; ,r~s~n~, ~omposed of sand Nine Mile Poi:1t i.,~·, ;_ ·. u..:. SouJtc.e.: ·,' n.:.: bluff . Slope approx•· c:~ in 25 feet. i ·. De.p:.L't.:or. e.} 1,,:t 795g. " ' .: ,: \. ' ,__v - - . ·.::.': ~ 1 / \ 1• - 'l �These areas~ called Mea.l:, 06 problems or which offer opportunities. PaJC.;t,i,.c.u..laJL Conc.eJtn (APC'S) - merit special consideration in the aspirations of private citizens, and in the actions of state, federal, and · local governments. As such areas and their management concerns are identified, the coastal program will bring APC's to the attention· of people · or agencies which have the ability and authority to take helpful action. : ;( An A/tea. . . , 06 PaJC.;t,i,.c.u..laJt Conc.eJtn is a formal statement of interest in a specific coastal site which recommends a course of action to protect or develop the site's special value. Each APC nomination consists of a specific description of an important coastal land and/or water area, plus a ·__ statE:Illent of how that area could best ·~e used. also be added in the nomination form. .J l ! 1 Ownership and other information may Additionally, each AP,C is categorized according to their character into one of the following: Mea.l:, on Na.twc.a.l HazaJtd to Vevel.opme.nt -- includes the various types of erosion or flood prone areas; Mea.l:, Sen.tiilive W A.Ue1ta;tlon 0/t V-l6.twibanc.e -- includes ecologically sensitive areas, natural areas, sand dunes, and islands; Mea.l:, Fui.6,U,Un.g Re.Mea;tlonal. 0/t Cu.ltwutt Neecu. -- inc;l.udes areas which are or sho~ld be managed to recognize recreation, historic, educational, archaeologic or other. cultural values; A/tea.):, 06 In.:ten.tiive o/t Con6U~n.g U~e -- includes coastal lakes, river mouths, bays, and urban areas; A/tea.):, 06 Na.twc.a.l Ee.anomic. Pote.n:tlal. -- includes water transpor.1 tation facilities, mineral and energy resource areas, prime industrial sites, and prime agricultural areas; and Me,o.,/2 06 P/te6e1tva;tlon. 0/t Ru,to~on. -- a special category made up of the highest priority areas of all kinds, especially those needing immediate management attention for acquisition, preservation or restoration. Any citizen, public official, interest group or agency can nominate a coastal site as an AFC and any given site can be nominated more than once. �.,. In 1977, the Cheboygan Water Resources Advisory Committee was organized, and reviewed all APC nominations within the County and provided input into _Michigan's Coastal Management Program. County residents, local officials, . interest groups and resource pe~ple from the Cheboygan area composed the ' ,,; membership on this Committee>. Additionally, · the Cheboygan County Planning Commission· reviewed, nominated·, .. 'and · supported these APC' s. · As a result· of the Committee's and Planning Commission's efforts, the following Meo.,!, 06 Pa/L.tlc.u..f.aJr. Conc.eJtn haye been . identified along Lake Huron in Ch~boygan County. Additional information such as the location, classification, County priority and management reco~endation appears with each APC. - :.·.:- ..~----:-,-~-- ;! ;.. AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN 1. Mackinaw Bridge location - T.39N.-R.3W., Section 7 primary classification - Water Transportation county priority - High management recommendation ,- Identify and inventory as such with no further action. Sufficient state authority to regulate and control use. 2. Mackinaw Point Lighthouse , location - T. 39N. -R. 3W., Section 7 primary. classification - Historic and Archeologic county priority - Undecided management recommendation - Identify and inventory as such. Sufficient state authority to preser ve site. 3. Mill Creek Site location - T.39N.-R.3W., P.C. 334 primary classification - .Historic and Archeologic county priority - High management recommendation - Develop and implement a restoration plan f or this historic industrial site by Mackinac Island State Park Commission. Encourage program funding _ for this purpose. 4. City - State Harbor (MaQ/una.w City) location - T.39N.-R.3W., Section 8 primary classification - Water Transportation county priority - High management reconnnendation - Identify and inventory as such with no further action needed. Sufficient state and local control to manage site. -132- ,. �MAP 29 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 11 '. AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN l ~- n MACKINAW LAKE HURON ---------I I I HEBRON ~ I I I .Jl I· I I BEAUGRAND 9 I ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - .1- - - - - - - - - - .... J CHEBOYGAN L--r-- ' ,, I I I I I .J BENTON I I ✓ ., I 'I ________________________________________________... ..:---~· �·, AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN concluded 5. 6. Cheboygan River location - T.38N.-R.1W., Sections 29,31, and 32. Extending upstream to Cheboygan Dam.primary classification - River mouth county priority - High ~management recommendation - New bridge construction should alleviate major traffic problems at US-23 crossing of drawbridge. Complete construction of new marina downstream of drawbridge to completely eliminate water and road traffic problems. Support improvement of DNR boat launch facifitf. Cheboygan Marsh location - T.38N.-R.1W., Sections 28,29, and 30 , primary classification - Ecologically Sensitive county priority - Undecided .• - -management recommendation - Encourage -continued good management practices by City of Cheboygan in · this wetland area·. Support efforts by city to · receive coastal prog~am funding to continue proper management. · . - ·.. -· .. Cheboygan State Park' location - T.38N.-R.1W., Section 27 primary dlassificat ion - Recreation county priority - Low management recommendation - Identify and inventory as such. Sufficient state authority to manage area at present time. _ 7. ' ", 8. Duncan Bay Wetlands location - T.38N.-R.1W., ~ections 22 and 27 primary classification - Ecologically Sensitive county priority - High management recommeridation - Support a~d encourage efforts fo r public acquisition through state supported program of those areas privately owned. Present state owned land will ensure preservation of coastal ¥etlands. 9. Grass Bay location - T.38N.-R.1W., Section 25; T.38N.-R.1E., Sections 19 and 30 primary classification - Natural county priority - Low management recommendation - Support efforts by state agencies to acquire land into public ownership. 10. Cheboygan County High Risk Erosion Areas location - see map primary classification - High Risk Erosion county priority - High managemertt recommendation - DNR Land Resource Programs Division should provide technical assistance to local units of government to improve management in these areas. -· •, I::,;,,. ,1: ,i'- 1 i1: I' l r �··- __..,,. CHEBOYGAN COUNTY , _ COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PART II CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN '- · --.... August 1979 The Cheboygan County Comprehensi.ve .Plan is divided into several parts for convenience of publica·tion and use. The Table of Contents includes all of these parts. Part i, Cheboygan County Description, Data and Goals gives an overview of the county, its people, economy, acti vi.ties·, services, environment and goals. Part II addresses the goals established in Part .I for land use planning and recommends polici es, zoning districts and standards for attainment of those goals • .. ·,. ·:'. ·\.·.• ·.:. · ·.·. ·. ~': .· �\ TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I CHEBOYGAN COUNTY DESCRIPTION, DATA AND GOALS Introduction The Comprehensive Plan • Planning In Cheboygan County ; The Planning Approach • • • ~ Regional Setting • • • • • - • - • ·- • - • . • • - .. - '9 - • - ~ - • ... ~ .. .. . .. . .• . .• .• • .. .,I • _ _ _.. / ! : • . People • . History • • • • • • Population • • • • : 1 • • Growth Patterns . ,. • Migration Patterns • • /. • • _Age Distribution •• • /· • • Race and Origin •• , / • • • Population Density and Geographic Population ~rejections .,. • • • • • Activities Residential Commercial Industri al Recreation . Agriculture Fores t/Open • •• . '. 5 8. i • . 159 .. . . 15 • v 29~.cc- ... -~ .~ . 29 • J6 . . • JS 41 • 4J • 44 • 47 50 • 53 • • 57 • 57 . . 59 • 60 62 • • Space Services Communication Transportation Energy- Supply Water Supply Sewage Disposal Solid Waste Public Safety • Education Higher Education Health and Welfare . . 2 4 4 17 • • • 18 • • • 20 Distribution22 • • • • 26 Economy • • • • •• I • Economic Structure • • • Income • • • • •. Family Income • • Personal Income. • • • • Labor Force • • • .' • Employment and Unemployment. • Education. • • . l . • • . . .. 64 . 66 . 67 72 72 .• 72 . .. . . . .• . 73 . . .• .• . • . • .• •• • • 74 . • • . • . 75 . 75 . .• • .• , • • 77 . .. �. . .. . . ... . 80 !nvirorunent . . • Climate • . . • • • . • • • . • . . • • • • • 82 Air Pollution • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • 82 Geolog:y- . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • 85 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Surface Water • • . . • • • • • . • • • . . • 108 Ground Water . • • • • . . . • . • . • . . llJ Vegetation • • • • . • • . • . . • • • • . 116 Wildlife and Fish • • • • . . • . . . . • • 119 Minerals . • • • • • • • . . • . • . • • • 124 Coastal Management • . • . . • • • . . • . 12&·. 138 tand Use . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 139 Economic Development . . . • • . . . • . • 140 Recreation • • • . . . . . . . . . . • • . -140 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 140 Government and Infrastructure . lajor Goals for Cheboygan County . . . • • . •• .... PART M CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN ::§'itroducti.o n . . • . . . • • . • . • . • . . . • 1 ?olicies for Attainment of Goals • • • . . • • . 1 :and Use/Zoning District Concepts and Standards • 3 :lrotection Districts • . • • • • . . . • . . . . 4 ~nagement Districts . • • • . . . , , , . . . • 8 Jevelopment Districts . , • • • . . . . . . • • . 10 furrent and Proposed Future Land Use . . . . . . 15 lPPENDIX A. Land Use Definitions PART fil CKEBOYGAN COUNTY WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN PART 11: CHEBOYGAN COUNTY RECREATION PLAN PART T CHEBOYGAN COUNTY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN �CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN A . . INTRODUCTION. This land use plan addresses those goals which in PART I of the Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan were considered applicable to land use planning. During preparation of this plan, steps have been taken to obtain public participation and input, including a public hearing. Officials and plans of adjacent counties and of incorporated areas have been consulted to assure compatibility. The plan is now considered appropriate for Cheboygan County and has a great potential when impl~mented for improving the quality of future development, improving the health, safety and welfare of the people and for restraining undesireable land uses. B. POLICIES FOR ATTAINMENT OF GOAIS. The policies presented here for attainment of goals are considered a minimum. After implementation of the plan, periodic reviews and further experience may result in amended or additional policies. _... _ 1. To provide for proper protection, management and -enhancement of natural resources. , a, Maintain and improve air quality and discourage activities which would have a detrimental · impact on airz·qu-a-Jd..;ty:.-=-·( l) Require compliance with all state and federal air quality standards. · · b. Maintain high water quality standards. (1) Regulate the use of all land and water areas that · influence water quality (including wetlands, shorelands, flood prone areas and ground water supplies) to ensure that water quality is ' not adversely affected. (2) Regulate dredging, filling, draining and alteration of shoreland areas so as to prevent water pollution, prevent destruction of wildlife habitat and minimize change in the water table or water level. (J) Limit development on lakes, ponds and rivers in accordance with their capabilities. Consider recrea-t ional potential, trophic state, distance from public access and size of the lake or river in determining capability. Recognize that the higher the quality of the waters, the more susceptible they are to · degradation from development and the greater their value for water oriented recreation. (4) Encourage the relocation of development presently in the flood prone areas and susceptible to flodd damage, to nonflood prone areas. Prohibit new buildings in flood prone areas, (5) Encourage the cooperative use of docks, access sites and boat launching facilities on lakes and rivers. Encourage public access via these points whenever possible, c. Soil resources. (1) Determine development suitability, using soil capability as a major determinant. (2) Regulate structural development in areas with identified topographic hazards, (J) Encourage timber harvesting and agricultural practices that reduce the possibility of soil erosion. (4) Establish performance standards for the operation and restoration of gravel pits and other extraction operations, 1 �d. Fish and wildlife habitat. (1) Protect areas and ecosystems demonstrated to be necessary to maintain and enhance species of fish and wildlife. Regulate land use in those habitats judged to be essential to -- the _!5pecies • . (2) Regulate land uses to protect fish . spawning -and nursery areas. e. Recreational areas. (1) Conserve existing recreational areas. (2) Regulate development in remote and/or undeveloped recreational areas to ensure conservation of natural values~or such uses as canoe routes, hiking/cross country skiing trails and trailside camping. (J) Encourage diversified, non-intensive use of most natural recreational resources. (4) Provide opportunity for well planned recreational developments for _w hich demand, along with minimum impact on the natural environment, can be adequately demonstrated. -- - -f. Shorelands, scenic vistas and scenic areas. g. Resources and areas of scientific or historic value. h. Resources identified as being rare, unique or endangered. ( 1) Regulate lan_d use activities to prevent-:- degr,,i-da tion -J or loss of such areas or resources. / . 2. Cm.To promote orderly, effici"entsl and econ_omical future growt h and development. a. To preserve and improve agricultural ·and forest activities in areas which are currently or potentially highly productive. (1) Limit development that will interfere with continued agricul ture and forest activities. (2) Encourage multiple use of forest resources for t i mber harvesting, outdoor recreatiori, wildlife habitat and enhancement of water quality • . (J) Restrict creation of new public roads in forest areas to preserve traditional character and quality of the woodland areas. b. To provide healthy, safe, orderly and pleasant living · and working conditions . (1) Promote orderly, balanced growth by limiting new _ high density residential construction to existing developed areas where adequate public facilities a~d services are available. (2) Allow opportunity for secluded single unit residential construction set apart from the - existing patterns of development. Mandate low densities for such structures to maintain the character of the area and ensure that such de ·,,elopment will not cause deterioration of productive agriculture and forestry sites or identified natural areas. (J) Limit the total amount of all residential and recreational development permitted on lakes, lake shores and rivers in accordance with such factors as the availability of access, trophic state, soil conditions and existing development. (4.) Establish minimum standards for residential construction. (5) Establish standards and designate areas for mobile home sites. 2 ,--- �(6) Establish standards and designate areas for new industry and commerce. (7) Encourage the development of the Cheboygan City central business district as the service center for all of Cheboygan County. c. To encourage high quality of development. (1) Require that new construction fit harmoniously into the existing environment. (2) Carefully consider the quality of site planning and building layout before approving development proposa~s outside desi~ated development areas. (J) Require the use of buffers and/or landscaping to conceal conflicting uses from each other and to improve the scenic quality of shorelines and roadways. · (4) Require that all recreational, commercial and industrial developments provide for adequate loading, parking and circulation. Limit the number and size of outdoor signs. (5) Require that new utility lines, pipelines and public transportation right-of-ways and their associated facilities be located away from scenic areas or be landscaped so they do not de~rade a scenic area. ( 6) Deny development proposals that would ~excecce'd~ ~- · known water supply capabilities. (7) Regulate the disposal of all sewage, solid waste, manure and septic sludge. Prohibit their disposal in flood prone areas or on excessibely wet or permeable soils. (8) Encourage development that is energy efficient and that incorporates the best practical technology to conserve energy and prevent air and water pollution. (9) Encourage building developments that utilize the grouping of buildings to provide common space and a village-like character. Discourage random, unplanned developments along highways that disrupt traffic flow and/or destroy scenic values. (10) Update and revise Cheboygan County Zoning Ordinance No. 100, establish subdivision regulations and establish development standards to guide future development. ---e-. LAND USE1ZONING DISTRICT CONCEPTS AND STANDARDS. Proposed Districts. The proposed districts for Cheboygan County are described here in concept. To satisfy the requirements of a zoning ordinance, spec-ific and more detailed regulations and standards will have to be developed. These districts are recommended for the unincorporated areas of the county. In mapping areas to define land use/zoning districts, the prime concern should be identification of resources needing protection. Protection districts, once established, will not be subsequently reduce by the delineation of management or development districts. Whenever districts overlap, the standards of the more restrictive district will apply. Once the proposed districts hav e been admpted, they should be reviewed at least ~v~r~~~ years. At these reviews, revisions suggested by new da. -rs-;- experience and new resource information should be reviewed at public hearings. 1. J f �Cheboygan County Zoning Ordinance No. 100 now establishes five zoning districts. This land use plan proposes seven more, for a total of twelve. With the additional districts, more flexibility is provided to the administrators and they well be better equipped to make and defend rational decisions and to maintain the continuity of this plan. Figure 1 on page 5 presents the rationale for the proposed districts. 2. Protection Districts. Protection districts should be . established where development would jeopardize significant nautural,' recreational and historic resources, including but not limited to flood plains, precipitous slopes, wildlife habitat and other areas critical to the ecology of the county. The protection districts do not prevent new development. They identify the areas where a degree of protection is necessary and indicate how development will be regulated to achieve the protection required to conserve the resources. Four protection districts have been proposed. - Some districts which define areas where development can cause severe consequences are fairly restrictive as to the land uses which can be permitted. Others, like the Lake and Stream Protection Overlay District, allow a broader range of development acti vi ties-:- as -:. .;long as they meet the standards of the underlying district. In all protection districts, permits requiring compliance with minimum standards will be required for all development. NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION DISTRICT (P-NR) PURPOSE: The purpose of this district - is to protect, preserve and enhance those natural, recreational, historic and other scenic resources including such resources as wetlands, aquifer recharge areas, flood hazard zones, fish spawing areas, wildlife habitats, parks, campgrounds, swimming areas, historic structures, archeological discoveries, sc i entific and educational facilities, open spaces and similar resources which are deemed to be a significant contribution to the character of Cheboygan County. Certain land use controls are required to protect the county against natural and man-made - hazards which if left unregulated, may result in water supply contamination, flood damage to property, malfunctioning on-site waste disposal systems, loss of fish and wildlife habitats, destruction of historical structures or archeological remains, loss of recreational opportunities and many other problems which can be pr~vented. Development in these designated areas of Cheboygan County must be closely observed and regulated to prohibit those activities which may threaten the above listed qualities which this district is designed to protect. · DESCRIPTION: This district will include: 1. All coastal and inland wetlands, whether natural or man-made. 2. Aquifer and aquifer recharge areas indentified as important for water wupply to present and future development. 3. Areas which ha v e ·a history of flooding and areas where seri ous flooding can reasonably be predicted. 4 _, �4. All important wildlife and fishery habitats including, but not limited to: deer wintering areas, lakeshore and island nesting areas, significant fish spawning, nursery and feeding areas, and habitats of state .and ._i'ederally_listeQ_ endangered or threatened fish and wildlife species. -5. Soils and terrains which might be subject to accelerated erosion, mass movement or damage from development. 6. Trail systems, canoe streams and other remote areas which afford p assive outdoor recreational opportunities. 7. Man-made or natural features which provide special historic, scenic, aethetic, educational, archeological, architectural, or scientific values to the county or state. STANDARDS: The following regulations apply to this district: 1. Sanitary land fills, mineral extraction and other filling, draining and dredging operation are prohibited. Such activities for demonstrated transportation or utility projects may be permitted as a conditional use. ·----=-- ~--~·- __ 2. Industrial, commercial and residential development on steep slopes are prohibited. 3. Silbicultural and agricultural operations must submit management plans to address potential problems (such as erosion and s e dimentation) caused by such activities. 4. The manufacturing, use and disposal of flammable substances, p e sticides or other harmful, toxic materials are prohibited. 5- Moving of dirt or other earth materials which divert or speed the flow of surface waters is prohibited. 6. Any use which endangers or degrades historical structures or archeological remains is prohibited. 7- New development in areas with a defined natural or certain architectural character must enhance or be compatible with those e x isting qualities. 8. Passive outdooi recreational facilities or activities are permitted by right, provided they do not require public services o r utilities. 9. Redistricting the lands within this district to developmentoriented districts is discourag~d. 5. �RATIONALE FOR PROPOSED CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE DISTRICTS i , -u r . MAJOR I OALS & OBJECTlYES PROPOSED LAND USE DISTRICTS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL 0.-NEED FOR PROTECTION :, t 'rotect and nhance NaturaJ, :esources l'., -NR -RR -CA *P-LS I 1aintain Chara~ter if Certain Lar'ge ·. reas I 'reserve & Imppove { ·' orest and ~griculture ' .ctivities J; PROTECTION • • 11 Natural Resource Recreation Cultural Area Lake & Stream Overlay MANAGEMENT ii'v1-NC Natural Character *M-FO Forestry *M-AG Agriculture •' >romote Orderly ~uture Growth and )evelopment '/ I D-PD *D-RS D-MR *D-CM D-IN DEVELOPMENT Planned Unit Dev, Residential Dev, Mixed Residential Commercial Dev, Industrial Dev. I Very limited potential for development. Development is closely regulated. · only development permitted is that which is forest or agriculture related, All other development is limited and regulated. Development permitted which is forest or agriculture related, Low _density residential permitted on large lots, Development permitted in accordance with zoning regulations for each district, Needs the most protection due to hazards of flooding, erosion, sedimentation, and potential harm to water quality, 'wildlife habitat & recreational resources. Needs high degree of protection to ensure preservation of natural character, Needs intermediate degree of protection to ensure that resources continue to produce a sustained yield! Needs least protection because only those most suitable for development will be so zoned, I * Zoning ·districts which are already established by Chebo ygan County Zoning Ordinance No, 100, -t-Protection Districts, P-NR; P-RP; P-CA and Management Districts M-NC are discused individually _ in the text. However for developing & Zoning Ordinance and establiching Zoning Districts~ it is . proposed that they will be : combined into a single zorting district with designati~on P-NR (Natura~ Resource District) ,/ •~ I I , .,' • \0., ' �RECREATION PROTECTION DISTRICT (P-RR) The purpose of this district is to provide a degree of protection from development and some recreational uses to those areas that support significant primitive recreation activities. By so doing, the natural enviroment that is so essential a part of the recreational experience will be conserved. · DESCRIPTION: This district includes, but is not limited to, trail systems, remote ponds, canoe streams and other bodies of water that are removed from major access routes and are currently not developed for other than primitive recreational activities. The district shall include the resource and a buffer area large enough to protect it from the intrusion of development and to assure _that the natural character of its surroundings is retained. _-__ STANDARDS: No structural development other than that essential t-6'-=-f -fie"' enjoyment of a particular primitive recreation activity or activities (such as tent sites for camping) will be permitted in this district. Timber harvesting and mineral extraction (including ~ravel or borrow pits) essential to land management and roa~ maintenance will be permitted provided these activities conform to minimum standards designed to ensure the continuity of the recreational pot;,;:, 1 L-lal. CULTURAL AREA PROTECTION DISTRICT (P-CA) PURPOSE: To protect historic, educational, scientific, archaeological and other resources identified as being susceptible to undue degradation and that cannot be prot ected by other districts. Other resources would include the direst watersheds of those lakes or ponds especially susceptible to degradation by man's activities. DESCRIPTION: This district shall include all those areas of significant value in conserving structures, sites, objects, phenomena or natural systems of special historic, scenic, aesthetic, educational, archaeological, architectural, natural or scientific value to the region or the state. STANDARDS: Only those uses that would endanger or degrade such designated areas or resources will be prohibited. All other permitted uses will be regulated to conform with standards formulated to protect the special values of each area. The standard will ensure that new uses are compatible with the nature and/or architectural styles of the district. · 7 �LAKE AND STREAM PROTECTION OVERLAY DISTRICT (P-LS) PURPOSE: The shorelands of the lakes and streams in Cheboygan County are, generally, more sensitive and have wetter soils than other areas of the county. By establishing this type of district in the zoning ordinance, the county will recognize the fragile nature of these environoments and the importance of protecting them. It is not the intent of t his district to exclude development from waterfr6nt 1 property, but rather to place certain guidelines on this development so as to minimize its impact upon the environment. DESCRIPTION: While the exact boundary of this district will be established by the Zoning Commission on the official zoning map, the district shall extend inland from the normal high water mark for 500 feet except whe re it is demonstrated that this is impossible. It shall app ly to all sensitive shoreland property in the county~ This dist ri ct will not regulate what types of land uses.:; -c.arE;;;;::to ·J? e allowed or prohibited on the shore, but rather increases structural setbacks, widens greenbelts and simialar controls so that development in these areas will not pollute the water or destroy the shoreland environments. As the district's name implies, it is overlaid (or superimposed) on top of the regular zoning district, such as residential or commercial, and does not affect the controls which must be adhered to under those districts . This district should only a pply to those waterfront properties where the natural environment is too fragile or sensitive for development under normal conditions . 0 STANDARDS: Any proppsed development on waterfront property in this district shall require a special use permit issued by the Zoning Commission. However, before the Zoning Commission issues such a permit, the developer will be required to submit a site plan which shows all property lines, shoreline, location of all structures to be built, and other appropriate information _ . The Zoning Commission shall review this site plan to ensure that the development meets the waterfront setback requirements, density, placement of septic systems or other waste disposal methods, as well as suitablity of the soil, constraints on removal of vegetation, placement of docks, boathouses, and boat launching sites, and other requirements as stipulated in the ordinance. Approval by the Zoning Commission shall be required before construction is allowed. ·· - •, 3. MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS. Generally, management areas are those which are appropriate for production of commercial forest or agricultural products where there are no plans for additional development and additional development is not anticipated.Standards .to be established for management districts shall.not limit the right, - - - --···•~ ---~ -~- - - - --- 8 ·. -·· - .. - --- �method or manner of cutting or removing timber or crops, the construction and maintenance of hauling roads, the operation of machinery or the erection of buildings and other product purposes, including tree farms. The difference between the Natural Character Management District and the Forestry and the Agricultural Management Districts is that the former prohibits any development not directly related to forestry and agriculture or primitive recreation, while the latter permits some development not related to forestry and agriculture. NATURAL CHARACTER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (M-NC) PURPOSE: To maintain and preserve some of the areas that characterize the natural outdoor flavor and spirit of certain undeveloped areas of the county and to permit only forestry and agricultural practices and primitive recreation. Unrelated development that might interfere with these activities and natural values will not be permitted. DESCRIPTION: This district will encompass areas identified as being significant because of their remoteness, lack of development, incidence of special recreation resources and opportunities for primitive recreation such as hunting, fishing, canoeing, hiking, skiing and camping. The district may include different protection districts and/or existing developed areas within its boundaries. It shall be large enough to ensure the conservation of the above mentioned values and may in c lude g r oups of remote lakes, ponds, hills, valleys, wetlands and other natur a l features. STANDARDS: Forestry and agr i cultural practices will be permitted except that when pr o tection districts are included in this district, they shall be regulated by the standards of the districts that are stricter. Primitive recreational activities will be permitted without commi ssion r e vi e w. No other development will be allowed except that which is essential to the support of primitive recreation activities such as trailside camp sites anq remote camps that are associated with traditional seasonal uses and require no public services. Development districts within this district shall not be expanded into it nor shall Planned Unit Development be permitted. FORESTRY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (M-FO) PURPOSE: To permit forestry practices to occur with minimal interference from unrelated development. A secondary purpose is to permit individuals to reside in relative seclusion apart from developed areas. 9 �DESCRIPTION: Forestry Management Districts being used, or appropiate for and other forest products and development are not presently ment anticipated. will consist of those areas already use, for the production of timber for which plans for additional formulated nor is additional develop- STANDARDS: Farm settlements and all other residential uses will be controlled through the special use permit procedure. A special use permit will be required to use areas within the forestry management district for single family or mobile homes, private parks, campgrounds, recreational camps, resorts, boat liveries, mines, quarries, graval pits and similar uses not directly connected with production of forest products. Minimum lot sizes, frontages and generous setbacks from public roads will be established. Single family dwellings shall be permitted only on lots of 20 acres or more. Subdivisions as defined in this plan will not be permitted. Any use which would require an increase in public facilities and services shall be carefully reviewed by the ·zoning commission prior to approval. AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (M-AG) PURPOSE: To ~rovide for agriculture uses and practices with minimal interference from unrelated development and to encourage the maintenance of productive farm and agricultural land for the production of food. DESCRIPTION: Agricultural Management Districts are areas currently used predominantly for production of agricultural products and undeveloped areas with a ~igh potential for agricultural use even though they ar e not being used for that purpose. STANDARDS: Construction or establishment of residential buildings, not related to Agricultural activities, commercial or industrial buildings and activities, utility services and public roads will require . approval by the zoning commission. Uses which would have a negative impact or influence on the maintenance of agricultural activities will not be permitted. The conditions that apply to residential and ot h er building development in the Mixed Residential Development District shall apply to development in this district except that the following shall also apply: -Subdivisions as defined in this plan shall not be permitted. -A minimum living area per single family residence shall be established. -Minimum lot sizes and frontages shall be established. -A generous setback from any public road shall be required. 10 �_ 4. D2Yelou::-:e!lt Districts. /ill of tr;e .::evelo:v~.ent dis.:.ric-::.s ex cent the Planned Uni -E Devel o::,:nen t Dis t.r i ct a 11 ow for c eve 1 o:p:,,en t acti~ity in a broad r2.nge of circi..:..,:s"t.2.nces. 'l'r1ey will be are2.s disc2rnible as having patterns of intensive residential, recreational, commercial or industrial use, or of co~mercial re~oval of minerals or other natural resources, and areas appropriate for c.esignation as development districts when ;;,e2.sure age.inst the purpose, intent and provisions of this land use plan. ~ost boundaries will encompass existing developed areas and those adjacent areas where eno~gh infor~ation is available to cake a dee is ion in accordance with this plan. "Adjacent areas" shall mean areas or land parcels within the vicinity of existing patterns of building development. In deter-mining adjacency, the COIT:.;"!Ji ssion shall endeavor to create homcgenous development areas wh~re the benefits of shared community services can be enjoyed. Spr~ad out linear patterns of development will be avoided and discouraged, Adjacency to non-structural development, such as a coffimercial gravel pit or stone quarry shall not, - however, by itself be sufficient reason for the extension of that district for unrelated co~mercial or industrial uses. Most land development activities will require a site specific permit. The Planned Unit Develop~ent District differs from the other develoument districts in that it is not mapped until ·after an acceptable application for a site development is submitted by' · a landowner to the commis§_,i9,l}~ Tbe . purpose of the PUD district is to provide for flexibility~ iri - the regulation of land development. Unpredicted development proposals or site development distant from existing develop~ent can be regulated by stanc.ards established in advance in the zoning ordinance. Site develoument plans prepared by the person or persons e~~}~in% to_devel?pe the property will be reviewed and evaluated, •. uo_ic nearings will be held and explicit information 2.bout e-ch cevelopill en~ application will be required. The intent of this a ?rocedur~ ~s to ensure quality development, design flexibility 7 nd a 1:1-~ifie_d . . . approach to planning in any district where the integri~y of Lhe area should be protected and minimally affected by new aevelopment. PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPJV:ENT DISTRICT (D-PD) PURPOSE: !~n dprovi~: for_flexib~lit~ in the re~Jlation of land develon~ent encou.-' age innovation in land ·u se. The intE:nt is to uermi t 0 aevelopment apart from existing develonment areas as wpll-~s development ~hich is not clearly defin~d in the other districts Such propo~e? development must be shown to be of high quality · and not deLrimental to the other values established in . . . he l~nd u se plan.~ P:rmit will be granted only after a public ~eari~g ~~dta!ter it n~s been . . . esta?lis0ed by a preponderance of. evidence L,a Lhe loc~tion of Lhe site is well suited for the use. Wher~ ~ P~anned Unit Development is approved, it shall not provide the asis for subsequent rezoning of the Planned Unit Development to another development district. · DESCRIPTION, Planned Unit Dev~lopment can be almost any use of land rovided the develop~ent is compatible wit0 adjacent uses of lan~, the ~at:1- 1r~l_environment and the capacities of public services and aci ities affected by the proposed land use. 11 �STAJ-:DARDS 1 All Planned Unit Developments will be required to meet the standards established for the Mixed Residential, Commercial and/or Industrial Development districts. In addition, all applicants shall provide a site plan. Procedures and requirements, specifying amount of detail required, for submission and approval of site plans shall be specified in the zoning ordinance. Applicants will also provide evidence that, -Public services and facilities will be capable of accomodating the increased load which will be caused by the proposed land use or activity. -Where public services and facilities will not be adequate or available, the development will be self sustaining in terms - _o f needed services such as sewage disposal, water supply, road maintenance, snow removal, policing and fire control . . -The development will be such as to protect natural resources, the health, safety and welfare and the social and economic well being of those who will use the land use or activity under consideration, residents and land O½~ers immediately adjacent to the proposed land use or activity and the community as a whole. __ . . . , r 12 ---- - --=-: --- . -...:.,; --• .,;;..,-~- - . �RESIDENTIAL DEVELOP~~NT DISTRICT (D-RS) PURPOSE: To designate certain areas for single family residential uses only, so as to provide for residential development that is separated from co~mercial development. Concentration of residential develop~ent in and adjacent to existing developed areas will be encouraged. DESCRIPTION1 This district will include existing single family residential areas that are inappropriate as locations for commercial uses. Similar residential development in this district and adjacent areas will be encouraged, However, where single family residential uses occur in the Lake and Stream Protection Overlay Districts, the standards for that district shall apply. STANDARDS 1 Uses permitted in this district, after a permit is given, ~~ shall include all single family residential uses, and those uses commonly associated with residential neighborhood,,such as churches, day nurseries, schools and cemetaries. Customary home activities and occupations will also be permitted providing they conform with standards. Those factors that are considered when reviewing development applications in the Mixed Residential Development District shall also apply in this district. MIXED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (D-MR) PURPOSE, This district will recognize existing patterns of development in appropriate areas and encourage patterns of compatible development in those areas. It is the commission's intent to promote development in and adjacent to existing developed areas rather than in separated locations. These areas shall be the future growth centers because new construction there will fit with existing development and will be more likely to share facilities and lessen the cost of community services (such as police protection and snow removal). The intention is to encourage concentration of new development and avoid the fiscal and visual costs of sprawl and to provide a better sense of community. DESCRIPTION, The Mixed Residential Development District will encowpass patterns of existing development which are primarily residential and/or recreational in aharacter. Irncompatible non-residential development will be separately zoned or treated as a non-conforming use. 13 �The origianl zoning of these districts will include appropriate existing developed areas and adjacent areas where sufficient infor~ation is available concerning their suitability for development. Adjacent areas will be rezoned for development as the resource data is s ade available, either by ,the comJTiission or the land owners. Such rezoning shall be dependent upon a showing of the need for expansion of the existing Mixed Residential Development District , the soil suitability, and the availability of water supply and other services. The commission will also consider the compatability of the proposal with existing local and regional plans and with the principles of sound planning . STANDARDS: Uses permitted in this district, after review and approval, shall include single · and multi-family residential units, subdivisions and other uses wholly compatible with these activities, such as schools, churches and neighborhood stores. Automobile r elated uses, large stores, commercial recreational, entertain8ent or eating establishments, light industrial uses and other c ommercial uses will be treated as conditional uses. The following factors will be considered when reviewing development applications. -State air and water pcillution standards. === -Federal air and water pollution standards -Solid waste disposal. -Water supply. -On site provision for parking, loading and circulation. -Safe entry and exit from and to roads and streets. -Harmonious fit with the environment. -Plumbing requirements. -Recommended minimum and maximum lot sizes. -Soil suitability. -Erosion control and storm water drainage. -Landscaping and buff er areas. -Noise. -Sign control. COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (D-CM) PURPOSE: The intent of Commercial Development Districts is to serve as business orie n ted focal points throughout the county. This designation will apply to lands already used for businesses as well as those lands likely to be developed commercially . It will contain such uses as, but not limited to , auto sales, banks, food stores, motels, bars and similar activities . These and similar activities are compatible with each other and are most· efficient in delivering services to the residents of Cheboygan County when they are grouped together. 14 �~his district is intended to includ~ those land uses within the county which are co~mercially oriented. This would include all areas where such activity is presently occurring as well as t~ose arEas li~ely to be ~eveloped in the future. In addition, areas close to essential public services such as sewer, water, air and rail tr2.~sportation, electricity and others should be seriously considered for ~ses within this district . Any co~mercial activities which are not per:nitted, or are conditional, in the Residential or Mixed 2esidential Develop~ent Districts, belong in th~ Co:-:-_-::i2rcial :Je,'elo:;:,;;;ent Districts. /;ddi tior,al co;:r.:nercial d2velopr:-,ent will be e:r!co·c1r2. 5 ed in existing cor,,rr,ercial districts r .at:her than cr2ating new commercial districts. Co~• ercial strip developm2n ts 2 long ~a j or hi g:-_ ways and :ua j or hi g): v.-ay in te rc~ane;;e s a re ~ndesir2able and shall be avoided. The conditions to be established for activities and construction in a corn.rnercial district shall have as their goal the protection of adjacent and surrounding residential areas from undesireable impact. The zoning ordinance shall specify greenbelt ~nd _buffer _ zone require~ents at the boundaries of commercial districts. In addition to the regulatory requirements of the Mixed Residential Development District, Ehe following requireillents and factors shall be considered in reviewing proposals for development in a Cmr,Jnercial Development District, -Noise, ai r and water pollution. -Adeq~acy of parking, traffic routing and ingress/egress. -Buffer areas of fencing or shrubbery to conceal unsightly activities such as junk yards. -Properly constructed highway ne-twork. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (D-IN) PURPOSE: It is the intent of the Industrial Development District to accomodate the necessary and desirable industrial activities which provide for employment of gounty residents. This district shall incorporate areas of existing industrial uses as well as identifying other areas best suited for development of new or expanded facilities. These future industrial sites would be most appropriately located near existing commercial centers where public utilities and services are available. These areas should also be somewhat removed from exjsting residential, recreation or other conflicting land uses so as to minimize disruption of · surrounding environments. 15 �This dis~rict will contain uses usually associated'with light .3.:;;d }-,e2.·,,·y industrial operatio:;;s, including such acti~ities as w2.reho-~s2s, tnick -'c.er-:-r.inals , fuel y2.rds, r:iachin8 shops, ~anufac~~ring , ?ro~essing and ~ac~2.ging plants, assembly plants, lu~~er s~orage and sales and similar activities. New or expanded operatio~s should be encouraged to locate within this district and disc0uraged from all other districts, including the Co;-;i;:iercial Develop;:-;ent District. Areas adjacent to this district should be zoned for districts allowing less objectionable land uses or ~o act as a bu_ffer area between conflicting land uses. S T_4.NDARDS z The zoni~g ordinance sr.211 spec11y greenbelt and buffer zone req__1-:ire:::~::!ts at the DOi...i...'lC:c.ries of Ind'--lstr-ial Develop:.1ent Districts. j-,\ini • ~un lot s2..ze as a ratio to building size will be specifies to assure t~at adeq__~ate space is provided for such such bu1fer zones and for ?arking and transportation needs. Industrial activity . which produces glare, noise, vibrations, smoke, dust, odors and similar nuisances shall be - regulated so as to confine these nuisances to the Industrial Development District and sh9-).. . l ~~ ---=" conform ~o state and federal environ.mental regulations. Require~ents for proper storage or raw rr,aterials and disposal of industrial wastes s~all be established. Transportation routing shall be required to avoid or minimize passing through residential districts. Existing and proposed gravel or mineral extraction, mining or quarrying operations will be zoned as industrial districts. ?rcposals for development of new extracting and miriing operations shall include plans and committments for reclamation and restoration of the area upon termination of those operations. D. CURR=:NT AND PROPOSED FUTURE LAND USE IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY. This portion of the land use plan will contain maps of the county and townships, accompanied by narrative , legend and boundary designations as necessary to clearly describe the current and proposed future land use and activity for the county. The land use/zoni~g districts which have been proposed in this plan will be used with the maps to describe current and proposed future land use. �. ,. .•, CHE3OYGAN COUNTY COT-,i?REHENSIVE ?Lt:..N PART II, CHEBOYGAN COUNTY h4ND USE Ph~N APPENDIX A, DEFINITIONS Agricultural Activities, Land clearing, tilling, .fertilizing, including spreading and disposal of manure and manure sludge , liming, planting, insect, weed and disease control, harvesting of cultivated crops, pasturing livestock and similar associated activities . .4q_ui.fer1 A stratum or zone below the surface of th.e earth in bedrock or unconsolidated material which is capable of providtng water for wells or springs. Aquifer Recharge Area, An area overlying or adjacent to an aquifer through which ground water percolates and contributes to recharge of th~ system. Borrow Pit, An excavated area where material has been removed for use as fill at another location. '-,,._c~:, ~Buffers A designated area within a land use district and along the perimeter (or one or more of the edges) of a particular land use area, where all land use is regulated so as to screen that use and/or protect it. In most cases a buffer will be in the form of a well vegetated or landscaped strip of land that acts to ensure tha t a development activity fits harmoniously into an existing natural environoent. Building, Any structure having a roof, partial roof supported by columns or walls used or intended to be used for the shelter or enclosure of persons, animal or objects regardless of the materials of which it is constructed. Commercial Activities1 Of or connected with the buying and selling of goods, or services or the provision of facilities or activities for a .fee. Conditional Uses A land use other than that· usually permitted in a designated land use district. Such use can be approved when that use is considered to be generally compatible with the resources and other uses o.f the district. It is subject to conditions n ~t nonr.ally applied to similar land uses . Such conditions are designed to protect adjacent land from loss of value which might occur i.f newly permitted conditional use were allowed without restraint of any kind. Erosion, The detachEent and movement of soil from the land surface by wind or water. Ero ~ion, Accelerated, Culturally induced erosion in excess of geologi c erosion; 1 �Farms A tract of land constituting a management unit on which agricultural activities occur and including associated nonagricultural tracts. Ylood Prone Areas ' Area adjacent to the channel of a river, stream, ocean, lake, or other body of surface water, which has been or may be covered by water. Generally areas that flood at least once every one-· hundred years are defined as flood prone. Flowing Wateri Surface wc.."ter within a stre2.m channel that has a perceptible flow and is relatively permanent in nature. Such waters are commonly referred to as riveri streams and brooks. Forest Management Activitiess Timber cruising and ot~er forest resource evaluation activities, manage~ent planning activities, insect and disease control, timber stand improvement, pruning, timber harvesting and other forest harvesting, regeneration of forest stands, and other similar associated activities. Groundwaters Water within the earth that supplies wells and springs. Historic Resourcess Sites, areas, districts, settlement patterns, natural features, structures and objects associated with the history, tradition or cultural heritage of state or local interest and of enough significance because of their characteristic, unusual or symbolic qualities to merit preservation or restoration. Home Occupations, Work which has been traditionally carries on in the home (e.g. arts, crafts and professional services) and which is capable of being conducted on a scale and in a manner which is not objectionable in a residential area. Housing, Structural development for human habitation, including houses, camps, mobile homes, apartments, condominiums, groups of rooms or single family rooms occupied or intended for occupance as separate living quarters. Im p oundment 1 Any body of water created by man through the construction of a dam, usually with a head of water of at least two feet. Industrial Activity, Activity of or connested with the manufacture or assembly of goods or the extraction of minerals. Land Use District, - An area of land, water or.::::.air within horizontal or vertical boundaries delineated for distinct categories of use. Minerals, Commercial Extraction, Removal of mineral resources with the intent of selling for profit. 2 �Farms A tract of land constituting a management unit on which agricultural activities occur and including associated nonagricultural tracts. Ylood Prone Areai ' Area adjacent to the channel of a river, stream, ocean, lake, or other body of surface water, which has been or may be covered by water. Generally areas that flood at least once every one- · hundred years are defined as flood prone. Flowing Water i Surface wc-ter within a stre2.Ill channel that has a perceptible flow and is relatively permanent in nature. Such waters are commonly referred to as river 1 streams and brooks. Forest Management Activitiess Timber cruising and ot~er forest resource evaluation activities, manage~ent planning activities, insect and disease control, timber stand improvewent, pruning, timber harvesting and other forest harvesting, regeneration of forest stands, and other similar associated activities. Groundwaters Water within the earth that supplies wells and springs. Historic Resources, Sites, areas, districts, settlement patterns, natural features, structures and objects associated with the history, tradition or cultural heritage of state or local interest and of enough significance because of their characteristic, unusual or symbolic qualities to merit preservation or restoration. Home Occupations, Work which has been traditionally carries on in the home (e.g. arts, crafts and professional services) and which is capable of being conducted on a scale and in a manner which is not objectionable in a residential area. Housing, Structural development for human habitation, including houses, camps, mobile homes, apartments, condominiums, groups of rooms or single family rooms occupied or intended for occupance as separate living quarters. Im p oundments Any body of water created by man through the construction of a dam, usually with a head of water of at least two feet. Industrial Activity1 Activity of or connested with the manufacture or assembly of goods or the extraction of minerals. Land Use District: - An area of land, wa·ter or-=:.air within horizontal or vertical boundaries delineated for distinct categories of use. Minerals, Commercial Extractions Removal of mineral resources with the intent of selling for profit. 2 �... Multiple Use : The judicious management of all the various resources for timber production , outdoor recreation , watershed protection , fish and wildlife protection, mineral extraction , and othe r private and public purposes . MULTIPLE USE may involve : (1) different uses of adjacent ar e as, (2) alternation through time of different uses on the same area , or (3) more than one use of an area ~tone time . Where there are several uses of an area at o~e time , conflicts between resource uses may occur . Such forms of multiple use are more correctly interpreted as a DOMINANT USE with secondary uses integrated insofar as they are compatible with the first and all uses are consistant with the major policies of the Land Use Plan . Normal iiigh Water Mark : That line on the shores and banks of waters which is apparent beca1· _ of the contigous different character of the soil or the vegetution due to the prolonged action of the water . Relates to the area where vegetation changes from predominantly aquatic to predominantly terrestrial . Public Services : Those services related to filling the need for water supply, waste disposal , fire and police protection , public utilities , hospital and health services , transportation and education . Recreational Facilities : Forms of devel opment that are essential to conduct particular recreational activities, e . g., ski lifts , golf courses , sporting c a mps, hiking/ski trails, and campsites . Also included are facilities which support, but are not essential to , the performance of the recreational activity , e.g . , access roads and parking lots. Recreational Resources: Natural areas, such as bodies of water , shorelands , forest , fish and wildlife, and areas of historic , scenic or scientific interest which provide a means of refreshment and diversion to µ eople during leisure-time activity . Routine Permits: Zoning Commission permits for all types of activities , except zoning amendments and variances, which involve no newsor first time interpreta t ion of the established standards , rules and regulations and for which a decision of the commission exists as a percedent . Seasonal Sawmill: Any mill ~h~(l) does custom sawing .only , (2) saws only wood cut by the mill owner- operator , or (3) con d ucts sawing operations less than a total of four months out of t he year . Scientific Resource: An area containing unique or rare landforms , water resources , Yegetation, animal s or archaeological sites which are of special interest for scientific research or educational purpose s . 3 �Shoreland, Iw~ediate Area: That part of the shoreland influence area that is immediately l2ndward of the normal high water mark, and in which 12nd use activities will significantly influence the use and quality of the surface water. This ~rea is generally considered to be 250 feet or more landward from the normal high water mark. ~Shoreland , Influence Area: Areas landward of a normal high water mark in which certain land use activities will influence the use and water quality of the surface water. The depth of an influence area can vary form a uniform strip to the boundaries of the watershed because of differences in natural resources, character and land use activity. Site Plan Review: A procedure for evaluating proposed development or conservation projects based on the quality of and/or concept incorporated in the proposal and designed to meet general performance standards for such projects. Site plan review should allow more flexibility and innovation in development or.conservation proposals than traditional zoning regulations. Subdivision: The partitioning or dividing of a parcel or tract of land for the purpose of sale, or lease of more than one year, or of building development, where the act of division creates five or more parcels of land each of which is ten acres or less in area; or five or more parce~s of land each of which is ten acres or less in area are created by successive divisions within a period of ten years. (Subdivision Control Act of 1967, Act. No. 288 of Public Acts of 1967 as amended . ) Surface Waters: Bodies of standing or flowing waters on the earth's surface. These waters include lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. Trophic State: Characterization of a body of water in terms of position on ,ia scale of organic content or biologic activity ranging from oligotropic to - eutrophic . Oligotrophic - low biological productivity, clear and deep waters which are well supplied with oxygen . Mesotrophic - moderately well supplied with plant nutrients and supporting moderate plant growth. Eutrophic - high biological activity, turbid and shallow waters with deepest waters exhibiting reduced levels of oxygen . Watershed: The area contained within a divide above a specified point. on a stream. In water supply work it is termed a Watershed and in river control work it :is termed a Drainage Area, Drainage Basin or Catchment Area. Wetlands: Areas enclosed by the normal high water mark of flowing or standing waters and/or areas otherwise identified on the basis or soils, vegetation or other criteria as wetlands including but not limited to swamps, marches or bogs. (May be redifined shortly when Michigan Legislature completes action on a Wetlands Bill) 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Cheboygan-County_Comprehensive-Plan_1979 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cheboygan County Planning Commission, Cheboygan County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-08 Title A name given to the resource Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan Part 1 Description An account of the resource The Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan Part 1 was prepared by the Cheboygan County Planning Commission and the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments in August 1979 with financial assistance from a Coast Zone Management Act of 1972 grant. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Cheboygan County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e984161708d9a6b9d73a76a1ba8967de.pdf 48eaf12ee0b91678371237749d1f4a1d PDF Text Text CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN UPDATE TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE Chapter 1: History Location Brief History Planning & Zoning in Cheboygan County Chapter 2: Population & Housing Characteristics Population Population Projections Seasonal Population Housing Residential Construction Activity Population by Residence Findings Chapter 3: Economy and Employment Income Poverty Status Income Type Educational Attainment Unemployment Employment Mining & Construction Manufacturing Retail Services Government Other Total Employment Commercial Activity Commercial Construction Activity Agriculture Forestry Findings Chapter 4: Natural Resources Climate Air Quality Surface and Subsurface Geology Physiography Wetlands Surface Water Groundwater PAGE# 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-4 2-1 2-1 2-10 2-12 2-13 2-16 2-17 2-18 3-1 3-1 3-4 3-7 3-9 3-11 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-26 3-27 3-29 3-31 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-6 �Chapter 5: Water Resource Impacts Surface Water Impacts Impacts to Lakes and River Systems Burt Lake Watershed Burt Lake Mullett Lake Watershed Mullett Lake Black Lake Watershed Black Lake Ground Water Impacts Potential Contamination 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-5 Chapter 6: Community Facilities & Services Roads Public Transportation Bus Service Air Service Rail Utilities Water & Sewer Solid Waste Public Services & Facilities Public Safety Health Services Schools Public Libraries 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-6 6-6 6-9 6-11 6-13 Chapter 7: Existing Land Use Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional/Recreational Agricultural Lands Non-Forest Lands Upland Forests Lowland Forests Wetlands Beaches Surface Water Land Use Changes 7-1 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-4 7-4 7-4 7-4 11 �LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE # FIGURE 1-1 : FIGURE 2-1 : FIGURE2-2 : FIGURE2-3 : FIGURE2-4: FIGURE2-5 : FIGURE 3-1: FIGURE3-2: FIGURE 3-3 : FIGURE 3-4: FIGURE 3-5 : FIGURE3-6: FIGURE3-7 : FIGURE3-8: FIGURE3-9: FIGURE 3-10: FIGURE 3-11: FIGURE 3-12: FIGURE 3-13 : FIGURE 3-14: FIGURE 3-15 : FIGURE 6-1: FIGURE 6-2 : FIGURE 6-3 : TITLE Cheboygan County Location Cheboygan County Population: 1990-1997 1990 Population by Age for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Population by Age: 1970 to 1990 Cheboygan County Population Actual and Projected: 19702020 Cheboygan County Residence in 1985 1995 Median Household Income for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Poverty Status - 1995 for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Income Type - 1989 for Cheboygan County & State Educational Attainment - 1990 for Cheboygan County & State Unemployment Rate: 1986-1997 for Cheboygan, Emmet, Montmorency, Otsego Counties & State Cheboygan County Wage & Salary Employment- 1988 & 1997 Cheboygan County Mining & Construction: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Manufacturing: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Retail: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Services: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Government: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Other Employment: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Total Employment: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan & State 1992 Per Capita Sales by Business Group Cheboygan & Surrounding Counties 1995 Sales & Use Tax for Tourism & Recreation Cheboygan County Major Roads Cheboygan County Crime Rate: 1992 - 1996 Cheboygan County Jail Inmate Population: 1995 - 1997 111 PAGE# 1-1 2-1 2-6 2-6 2-10 2-17 3-1 3-4 3-7 3-9 3-11 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-24 6-1 6-6 6-7 �LIST OF TABLES TABLE# TABLE 2-1: TABLE2-2: TABLE2-3: TABLE2-4: TABLE 2-5 : TABLE2-6: TABLE2-7: TABLE2-8: TABLE2-9: TABLE2-10: TABLE 2-11: TABLE 2-12: TABLE 2-13 : TABLE 2-14: TABLE 2-15: TABLE2-16: TABLE3-1: TABLE3-2: TABLE3-3 : TABLE3-4: TABLE3-5: TABLE3-6: TABLE3-7: TABLE 3-8 : TABLE 3-9: TABLE 3-10: TABLE 3-11: TABLE 3-12: TABLE 3-13 : TITLE Population Change 1980 - 1997: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Population 1990 - 1996 Cheboygan County Population by Race & Hispanic Origin: 1980 & 1990 Median Age - 1980 & 1990: Cheboygan & Surrounding Counties & State 1990 Population by Age: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County: 1990 Population by Age Cheboygan County Population by Age: 1970 - 1990 Cheboygan County Population Estimates by Age: 1996 Cheboygan County Population Projections: 2000-2020 Cheboygan County Projected Population by Age: 1990 - 2020 Percent Seasonal Housing Units: 1990 Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties and State Cheboygan County Housing Characteristics (1970-1990) Cheboygan County- 1990 Housing Units by Minor Civil Division Age of Housing Structures in Cheboygan County Cheboygan County Building Permits: 1993 - 1997 Cheboygan County Residency in 1985 Median Household Income Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State: 1989 and 1995 Per Capita Income for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County 1989 Per Capita and Median Income 1995 Poverty Status: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State 1989 Poverty Status: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County 1989 Poverty Status by Municipality Income Type in 1989: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State 1990 Educational Attainment of Persons 25 Years & Older Unemployment Rate 1988-1997 Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Unemployment Rate Per Month: 1990-1997 Number of Employed Persons in the Mining & Construction Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Manufacturing Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Retail Sector in Cheboygan County IV PAGE# 2-2 2-3 2-5 2-5 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-9 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-15 2-14 2-16 2-17 3-2 3-2 3-3 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-8 3-10 3-12 3-12 3-14 3-15 3-16 �TABLE# TABLE 3-14: TABLE 3-15: TABLE 3-16: TABLE 3-17: TABLE 3-18: TABLE 3-19: TABLE 3-20: TABLE 3-21: TABLE3-22: TABLE 3-23 : TABLE 3-24: TABLE 4-1: TABLE 6-1: TABLE6-2: TABLE6-3 : TABLE6-4: TABLE6-5 : TABLE 7-1: TITLE Number of Employed Persons in the Service Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Government Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Sector "Other" in Cheboygan County Total Number of Employed Persons in Cheboygan County Cheboygan County Retail Trade: 1982, 1987 & 1992 1995 Sales & Use Tax Collection for Tourism & Recreation Based Businesses Categories for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Building Permits: 1993 - 1997 Cheboygan County Number of Farms & Total Acres in Farms: 1974 - 1992 Cheboygan County- 1982, 1987 & 1992 Number of Farms by Value of Product Average Size of Farms for Cheboygan County & State: 1974 - 1992 State Rank of Saw-Log Production of all Species in 1994 Description of Cheboygan County Subsurface Strata Cheboygan County Well and Septic Permits Issued Cheboygan County Utility System Crime Rates Cheboygan & Surrounding Countess: 1990-1994 Hospital Facilities & Doctors Availability: Cheboygan County & Surrounding Counties in 1992 Cheboygan County Area School Enrollment 1989/1990 to 1996/1997 School Years Cheboygan County - 1998 Land Use V PAGE# 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-23 3-25 3-26 3-27 3-27 3-28 3-29 4-3 6-4 6-5 6-8 6-10 6-12 7-2 �CHAPTER 1: HISTORY LOCATION Cheboygan County is located at the northern tip of the lower peninsula. It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Mackinac and Lake Huron, on the east by Presque Isle County, on the south by Otsego County and on the west by Emmet and Charlevoix Counties (see FIGURE 1-1). CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LOCATION FIGURE 1-1 Centrally located at the tip of the northern region, Cheboygan County is 10 miles from Lake Michigan and its northern boarder runs for 32.5 miles along the Straits of Mackinac and Lake Huron. Cheboygan County has a total land area of 715. 6 square miles. The county is comprised of 19 townships, one incorporated city (Cheboygan) and two incorporated Villages (Wolverine and Mackinaw City). BRIEF HISTORY As with all of the United States, Cheboygan County was originally the homeland for Native Americans. In the early 1600's, the French explored the area and established a profitable fur business and missions. In the mid l 700's, both the British and French courted the friendship of the Native Americans. Control of the Michigan territory was in a state of flux between the three nations for about 100 years. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the region between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes into the first organized territory. However, there was little land development due to insufficient land surveys, disputes with the native population and unstable governments. In 1828, the area that is now Cheboygan County was part of Michilimackinac County. It was transferred to Mackinac County in 1840. In 1856, Cheboygan County was vastly enlarged to include most of Northeast Michigan. At one time, Cheboygan County was divided into the two counties of Cheboygan and Wyandot. From 1860 to the present, Cheboygan County's boundaries 1-1 �have remained essentially the same. The area was first surveyed from 1840 to 1843, by State surveyors Messrs. Burt and Mullett. Burt and Mullett Lakes are named in their honor. The name Cheboygan has many spellings and meanings. One possible meaning is from the Chippewa Indian word Cha-boia-gan, meaning "place of entrance, a portage or harbor" . This could refer to the Cheboygan River mouth, which was a favorite harbor of refuge for those who sought shelter behind Bois Blanc Island from the fierce winds which swept Lake Huron. Other pronunciations and meanings are Che-pog--an, which is an Indian word for "pipe", or a corruption of Che-boy-ganning, which means "the place of the wild rice fields" . The earliest industrial site in the county, as well as the upper Great Lakes Region, was located at Mill Creek. Although the exact year in which the Campbell saw mill was constructed is not known, records indicate that it was built between 1784 and 1793 and supplied lumber for both Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Mackinac. This mill was located about 4 miles southeast of the present Mackinaw City, along the shores of Lake Huron. The mill has been reconstructed at its original site and is open to the public for tours. The county's earliest settlement was the present site of the Village of Mackinaw City. The first settler in Cheboygan County was Jacob Sammons, who left Chicago in the spring of 1844. He came to Mackinac Island and stayed until autumn, when he sailed over to the Cheboygan River mouth in his sailing scow called the "Bunker Hill". Mr. Sammons, a cooper by trade, was enchanted by the area's beauty and easy river accessibility to the Great Lakes. He built a shanty for building and selling barrels. On his return visit, Mr. Sammons was accompanied by his friend Alexander "Sandy" McLeod. Together they built a log cabin. The following spring, Mr. Sammons brought his family to the area to live with him. Mr. McLeod eventually built the first dam at the site of the present one, which he used to operate a primitive water-powered upright saw. Cheboygan and Duncan were the two settlements near the Cheboygan River mouth that prospered and grew. Duncan, later referred to as "Duncan City", was really a company-owned lumbering town of about 500 people, who worked for the Thompson Smith family. Cheboygan and Duncan were the logical places for settlement because early communities depended mostly upon boats for travel and supplies. The "Inland Water Route" has been important in the early development of the Cheboygan area. The route consists of the Cheboygan River, Mullett Lake, Indian River, Burt Lake, Crooked River and Crooked Lake. This connected waterway provides access between Lake Huron at Cheboygan and Conway (a village nine miles north of Petoskey). The route has always been heavily used. At first the Native Americans paddled canoes through the water systems, then early crews used the route for commercial transportation of the great log booms of the late l 800's. It was later dredged and dammed to facilitate water travel. This water route is still heavily used to this day, mostly by small pleasure crafts. One early industry in Cheboygan County was commercial lake fishing. The Cheboygan River offered easy access to the Straits and to the Great Lakes, and many fisheries flourished along the 1-2 �Cheboygan River. Many families made their living from harvesting tons of lake trout, whitefish, walleye, perch, herring, menominees and chub. At the same time, the lumbering era began in Cheboygan County (around 1845), as the seemingly endless supply of white pine was rafted down the rivers. Lumber mills sprang up all over the county, causing Cheboygan and Duncan to grow rapidly. In 1871, Cheboygan was incorporated as a village. During the lumber boom peak, the Michigan Central and the Grand Rapids and Indian Railroads laid track to Cheboygan. Roads were opened to surrounding communities as new settlements began in the county's interior. The present site of the Village of Wolverine was platted in 1881 and called "Torry". Up to this time, various persons had tried in vain to revive the abandoned Mackinaw City settlement. In 1882, the area was incorporated as the Village of Mackinaw City. Other settlements which developed during this period were Indian River, Topinabee, Freedom, Afton, LeGrand, Burt Lake, Cold Springs, Aloha, Manning, Alvemo, Mullett Lake, Indianville, Elmhurst, Haak-wood, Trowbridge, Rondo and Wildwood. Many of these settlements were stations for the various railroads. Freedom was so named because the train engineer would slow down in this area so that escapees could jump off the train before reaching the checkpoint station at Mackinaw City. In 1889, Cheboygan Village had grown enough to be incorporated as the City of Cheboygan. The city was more populous than it is today, because of the extensive lumbering which was taking place. The Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad moved into the area in 1904, as did the paper mill. After five decades of prosperity, however, the seemingly endless forests were logged off In 1898, the Duncan City mills burned, leaving 400 men jobless. Other mills and businesses burned or moved out as Cheboygan became an unprofitable place to stay. The Phister and Vogel Leather Company, located in Cheboygan, was once the world's largest shoe tanning mill. Large quantities of hemlock bark were needed for the tanning process. Many people were hired to cut hemlock for its bark or to work in the mill. Later, a new tanning process and other considerations caused the mill to leave the city. The last big mill in Cheboygan burned on November 15, 1928. Cheboygan County's economy was hit hard by the loss of jobs from the lumbering industry. Many of the area's residents left in order to find work in southern Michigan and elsewhere. At about the same time, however, the region began to become a popular recreation and resort area. Resorts were built in Cheboygan County on the "Little Great Lakes", as the lakes of the Inland Water Route were often called. This surge in the resort business helped the economy, but largely only during the summer months. As with all of the nation, Cheboygan County was devastated due to the Great Depression in the 1930's. A reawakening of the economy took place, however, in response to the need for goods and materials during World War II. With the advent of modem automobiles and the construction ofl-75 through the Cheboygan County area, the region has grown into the community it is today. 1-3 �PLANNING AND ZONING IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY The responsibility of planning in Cheboygan County is delegated to the County Planning Commission. In July of 1969, the Cheboygan County Planning Commission was formed . The creation of the County Planning Commission is authorized by the State of Michigan under Act 285 of the Public Acts of 1931 and its amendments under Act 282 of the Public Acts of 1945. It is the duty of the County Planning Commission to make and adopt a plan for the development of Cheboygan County. This Plan's updated recommendations will apply to all of Cheboygan County, except Burt Township, the Village of Mackinaw City, the Village of Wolverine and the City of Cheboygan. While these municipalities are within Cheboygan County's boundary, each maintains its own planning and zoning authority under their respective State of Michigan Public Acts. The county cannot plan for incorporated areas (such as a city), unless those areas act to adopt the Plan. Also, the county has the authority to plan for its townships, unless such townships act on their own behalf (i.e. Burt Township). The Cheboygan County Zoning Commission and Board of Zoning Appeals were formed in December of 1969, as authorized by Act 183 of the Public Acts of 1943. In that same month, the county's first zoning ordinance was adopted. The zoning ordinance has been revised numerous times since its enactment. Although the county's first zoning ordinance was established in 1969, the first County Comprehensive Plan was adopted in August 1979. The County has utilized the 1979 Comprehensive Plan since that time, until the adoption of this document. 1-4 �CHAPTER 2: POPULATION & HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION Cheboygan County, along with most of northern Michigan, has experienced growth in total population over the past 70 years (see FIGURE 2-1). Population growth rates, in many northern Michigan counties, over the last decade, have been among the highest in the entire State. It is estimated that between 1990 and 1997, the six counties which surround Cheboygan had a growth rate of 13.4% (see TABLE 2-1). The official population count of Cheboygan County according to the 1990 Census was 21 ,398 persons. This was only a 3.6% increase from 1980, but part of a continuously increasing population base over the last seven decades, illustrated in FIGURE 2-1. Between 1990-1997, however, Cheboygan County's population growth rate ( 10%) began to increase again to nearly double that of the State's rate (see TABLE 2-1). Cheboygan County Population: 1900-1997 25000 U'I 20000 C 0 fa, 15000 ....C.0 10000 =It 5000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 FIGURE 2-1 : Cheboygan County Population: 1990-1997 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Nearly all the local units of government within Cheboygan County grew in population from 1990 to 1996 (see TABLE 2-2). The greatest percentage increase (15.9%) between 1990 and 1996 occurred in Beaugrand Township. The City of Cheboygan experienced the greatest numerical increase during that time period, with the addition of2 l 7 persons. 2-1 �TABLE 2-1 : Population Change 1980-1997: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Unit of Government •• ••• 1990* %Change 1980 to 1990 1997 Estimate•• %Change 1990 to 1997 1990-97 %Change by Rank••• Charlevoix 19,907 21,468 7.8% 23,630 10. 1% 26 Cheboygan 20,649 21,398 3.6% 23,535 10.0% 27 Emmet 22,992 25,040 8.90/o 28,339 13.2% 17 Mackinac 9,246 10,674 15.4% 11,113 4. 1% 52 Montmorency 7,492 8,936 19.3% 9,868 10.4% 20 Otsego 14,993 17,957 19.8% 21,800 21.4% 3 Presque Isle 14,267 13,743 -3.7% 14,392 4.7% 50 9,258,344 9,295,297 0.4% 9,773,892 5.15% NIA Michigan • 1980* Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census - actual counts. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census & Michigan Department of Management & Budget, Federal-State Program for Population Estimates. Population estimates are approximations, and are not accurate to the last digit reported. Number denotes ranking of each county's population change, as compared to all other Michigan counties between 1990 and 1997. County #1 experienced the largest percent increase; county #64 had the largest population loss. The population of Cheboygan County is relatively homogenous, with minorities composing a very small percentage of the population. In 1996 Cheboygan County's population was made up of97% white persons (see TABLE 2-3). The median age of residents within the county increased from 31 .4 years of age in 1980 to 37. 1 years of age in 1990 ( see TABLE 2-4). This trend is similar to that found in all of the surrounding counties, the rest of the State and the nation. In 1990, Cheboygan County's population by age revealed that less than 400/4 of the population was under the age of 25 years old. The County's population by age groupings resembles that found in surrounding counties. When compared to the State, these northern Michigan counties show lower percentages of younger persons and higher percentages of older persons (see FIGURE 2-2 and TABLE 2-5). When examining the 1990 age distribution of Cheboygan County's communities, one finds that none of them had greater than 10% of their population between the ages of 18-24 ( see TABLE 2-6 and FIGURE 2-3). The largest percentage in this classification was found in the City of Cheboygan (9%). Burt Township had 57% of its population over the age of 45 years old and only 22. 1% of its population under 25 years of age. Cheboygan County's age distribution, according to the 1990 Census, was similar to its surrounding counties. The two smallest classifications were those 0-4 years old and 18-24 years old. When compared to state figures, northern Michigan counties had a smaller percentage of their population between the ages of 18-24 years old and a greater percentage over the age of 45 years old (see TABLE 2-5 and FIGURE 2-2. ). 2-2 �TABLE2-2 Ch eboygan County popu at1on 1900 - 1996 Unit of Gov. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1970 1960 1980 1990 1996• 15516 17872 13991 11502 13644 13731 14550 16573 20649 21398 22993 %Change .. NIA + 15 .2% -21.7% -17.8% +18.6% +.6% +6.0% + 13 .9% +24.6% +3.6% ~ 7.5°·o Aloha Twp. NIA 332 275 276 330 259 274 530 726 707 763 %Change .. NIA NIA -17,2% +.4% +19.6% -21.5% +5.8% +93.4% +37.0% -2.6% +7,9% Beaugrand Twp. 506 446 360 312 454 541 578 850 1023 1004 1164 % Change•• NIA -11.9% -19.3% -13.3% +45.5% + 19.1% +6 ,8% +47.1% +20.4% -1.9% +15.9% Bc:ntonTwp. 1063 1011 803 750 732 787 919 1430 2017 2388 2577 %Change•• NIA -4,9% -20.6% -6.6% -2.4% +7.5% +16.8% +55 .6% +41.0% + 18.4% +7.9% Burt Twp. 404 557 197 187 236 179 203 212 520 533 575 %Change .. NIA +37.9% -64.6% -5.1% +26.2% -24.1% +13.4% +4.4% + 145% +2.5% +7.9% Cheboygan City 6489 6859 5642 4923 5673 5687 5859 5553 5106 4999 5216 %Change .. NIA +5.7% -17.7% -12.7% +15.2% +.2% +3.0% -5.2% -8.0% -2. 1% +4.3% Ellis Twp. 326 341 237 229 302 228 189 165 298 345 373 % Change .. N/A +4.6% -30.5% -3.3% +31.9% -24.5% -17.1% -12.7% +80.6% + 15.8% +8.1% Forest Twp. 622 1064 525 406 622 605 617 675 971 929 1002 % Change•• NIA +41.5% -50.7% -22.7% +53.2% -2.7% +2.0% +9.4% +43.9% -4.3% +7.9% Grant Twp. 542 462 312 245 377 345 296 431 579 686 740 % Change•• NIA -14.8% -32.5% -21.5% +53.8% -8.5% -14.2% +45.6% +34.3% + 18.5% +7.9% Hebron Twp. 379 394 311 334 313 190 191 143 188 202 218 % Change•• NIA +3,9% -26.7% +6.9% -6.7% -64.7% +,5% -25.1% +31.5% +7,4% +7.9% Inverness Twp. 1589 1647 1317 854 1055 1084 1222 1675 2179 1952 2120 %Change•• NIA +3 ,7% -20.0% -35.2% +23.5% +2.7% +12.7% +37.1% +30.1% -10.4% +8,6% Koehler Twp. NIA 433 283 263 307 275 345 427 755 722 779 %Change•• NIA NIA -34.6% -7.0% +16.7% -10.4% +25 ,5% +23.8% +76.8% -4.4% +7.9% Mackinaw Twp. 606 706 641 657 659 686 687 553 550 604 644 %Change•• NIA +16.5% -9.2% +2.5% +.3% +4,1% +,!% -19.5% -.5% +9.8% ~6.6 Mackinaw City••• NIA NIA NIA NIA 922 970 934 810 820 875 941 %Change•• NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA +5.2% -3 .7% -13 .3% + 1.2% +6,7% +7,5% Maple Grove •••• 1909 63 33 10 •••• •••• •••• •••• •••• •••• % Change•• NIA NIA -96.7% -47.6% -69.7% NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA Mentor Twp. 463 425 553 165 198 176 202 246 462 518 559 •• Change•• NIA -8.2% +30.1% -70.2% +20,0% -11.1% +14.8% +21. 8% T87.8% +12.1% +7.9°'o Cheboygan Co. 2-3 �Unit of Gov. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1950 1940 1970 1960 1980 1990 1996• Mullen Twp. ••••• ••••• 195 263 273 341 489 719 934 1056 1131 % Change•• NIA NIA NIA +34.9% +3.8% +24.9% +43.4% +47.0% +29.9% +13.1% +7.1% Munro Twp. 418 543 495 346 361 345 332 321 459 512 552 %Change .. NIA +29.9% -8.8% -30.1% +4.3% -4.4% -3.8% -3.3% +43.0% + 11 .5% +7.8°0 Nunda Twp. 967 1238 716 460 538 517 465 520 690 725 785 %Change•• NIA +28.0% -42.1% -35.8% +16.9% -3.9% -10.0% +11.8% +32.7% +5.1% +8.3% Tuscarora Twp. 711 650 376 439 510 832 1048 1340 1952 2297 2480 %Change•• NIA -8.6% -42.2% +16.8% +29.8% +46.0% +26.0% +27.9% +45 .7% +17.7% +8.0% Walker Twp. NIA 153 206 100 205 212 185 227 260 256 276 %Change•• NIA NIA +34.6% -51.5% +10.5% +3.4% -12.7% +22.7% +14.5% -1.5% +7.8% Waverly Twp. 115 321 292 220 275 239 238 285 456 371 400 %Change•• NIA +179.1% -9.0% -24.7% +25.0% -13.1% -.4% +19.7% +60.0% -18.6% +7.8% Wilmot Twp. 316 290 202 140 154 203 211 271 524 592 639 %Change•• NIA -8.2% -30.3% -30.7% +10.0% +31.8% +3.9% +28.4% +93.4% +13.0% +7.9% Wolverine NIA 614 413 300 257 318 292 303 364 283 309 %Change•• NIA NIA -32.7% -27.4% -14.3% +23.7% -8.2% +3.8% +20.1% -22.3% +9.2% Vi)•••••• Source: • •• ••• •••• ••••• ••••• U.S. Bureau of the Census 1996 data are estimates. All other figures are actual population counts. Number shows percentage difference from previous census year shown. Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in both Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion of Mackinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. Maple Grove Township was formed from a portion of Forrest Township, but was later rejoined with Forrest Township . Mullett Township was formed from a portion of Burt Township in 1920. Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numbers . 2-4 �. bIV RaceandHi span1c . 0 ngin: . . 1980 and 1990 TABLE2 -3 Ch eboygan County Popu 1at10n 1990 1980 1996*** # % # % # % Total Population 20,649 100% 21,398 100% 22,993 100.0% White 20,347 98.5% 20,837 97.4% 22,390 97.4% Black 13 0.1% 15 0.1% 15 0.07% 240 1.2% 478 2.2% 513 2.2% Asian 32 0.2% 57 0.3% 75 0.3% Other Race 17 0.1% 11 0.1% NIA NIA Hispanic Origin* 60 0.3% 80 0.4% 96 0.4% 302 1.5% 561 2.6% NIA NIA American Indian Total Racial Minority** Figures are not available until 2000 Census People of Hispanic Origin may be of any race. * Does not include Hispanic Origin ** Estimated population as of July 1, 1996 *** Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census NIA TABLE 2-4: Median ~e- 1980 & 1990: Cheboygan & Surrounding Counties & State 1980 Source: 1990 Charlevoix 30.3 34.6 Cheboygan 31.4 37.1 Emmet 30.1 34.5 Mackinac 32.3 32.5 Montmorency 36.4 41.5 Otsego 29.1 33 .7 Presque Isle 32.4 38.5 Michigan 28.8 32.6 U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-5 �Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State: 1990 Population by Age 100% 065 Yrs. & > 80% l!JJ45-64 Yrs 60% 11111 25-44 Yrs 40% o 18-24 Yrs • 5-17 Yrs 20% 0% O0-4 Yrs FIGURE 2-2 : 1990 Population by Age for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Cheboygan County: Population by Age 1970 to 1990 100% 90% D65 yrs. & > 80% 70% 11!145-64 yrs. 60% 11125-44 yrs. 50% • 40% 20-24 yrs. 30% • 5-19 yrs. 20% • 10% 0% 1970 1980 1990 FIGURE 2-3 : Cheboygan County Population by Age 1970 to 1990 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-6 0-4 yrs. �TABLE2 -5 1990Popu1at1on . biy A,ge: Ch eboygan Count:v, Surroun d'tnjl Counttes & stat e 0-4 Yrs 5-17Yrs 18-24 Yrs 25-44 Yrs 45-64 Yrs 65 Yrs. Total &> Charlevoix(#) 1,621 4,171 1,696 6,602 4,293 3,085 21,468 Charlevoix(%) 7.6% 19.4% 7.9°/4 30.8% 20.0% 14.4% 100.0% Cheboygan(#) 1,444 4161 1597 5830 4650 3716 21,398 Cheboygan(%) 6.8% 19.5% 7.5% 27.3% 21.7% 17.4% 100.0% Emmet(#) 1,880 4,797 2,013 8,143 4,676 3,531 25,040 Emmet(¾) 7.5% 19.2% 8.0% 32.5% 18.7% 14.1% 100.0% Mackinac (#) 729 2,037 749 2,940 2,403 1,816 10,674 Mackinac (%) 6.8% 19.1% 7.0% 27.6% 22.5% 17.0% 100.0% Montmorency (#) 520 1,580 564 2,107 2,121 2,044 8,936 Montmorency (%) 5.8% 17.7% 6.3% 23.6% 23 .7% 22.9°/4 100.0% Otsego(#) 1,387 3,731 1,484 5,427 3,495 2,433 17,957 Otsego(%) 7.7% 20.8% 8.3% 30.2% 19.5% 13.6% 100.0% Presque Isle (#) 854 2,649 962 3,485 3,077 2,716 13,743 Presque Isle. (%) 6.2% 19.3 % 7.0% 25.4% 22.4% 19.8% 100.0% Michigan (%) 7.4% 22.3% 13.6% 27.5% 19.4% 9.9% 100.0% Note: (#) = Number of persons in the age category shown. (%) population. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-7 = Age category as a percent of total �. b>V A,Re TABLE2 -6 Cheboygan County: 1990 Poou lat1on 0-4 yrs. 5-17 yrs. 18-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs. 45-64 yrs. 65 yrs & > Total 1,444 4,161 1,597 5,830 4,650 3,716 21,398 Aloha Twp. 34 122 53 199 180 119 707 Beaugrand Twp. 75 184 92 289 231 133 1004 149 517 140 744 497 341 2,388 27 63 28 107 169 139 533 391 969 453 1,380 906 900 4,999 Ellis Twp. 19 83 21 99 68 55 345 Forest Twp. 67 205 68 247 201 141 929 Grant Twp. 32 119 47 153 182 153 686 Hebron Twp. 11 50 12 65 36 28 202 Inverness Twp. 119 387 169 573 433 271 1,952 Koehler Twp. 59 138 48 195 149 133 722 Mackinaw City* 51 157 67 254 191 155 875 Mackinaw Twp. 43 122 35 176 146 82 604 Mentor Twp. 29 91 40 130 145 83 518 Mullett Twp. 66 188 68 249 228 257 1,056 Munro Twp. 29 106 34 151 109 83 512 NwidaTwp. 48 161 58 185 162 111 725 149 392 150 574 539 493 2,297 Walker Twp. 16 61 19 75 51 34 256 Waverly Twp. 23 69 18 79 96 86 371 Wilmot Twp. 58 134 44 160 122 74 592 Wolverine Vil.** 24 68 17 76 46 52 283 Cheboygan Co. Benton Twp. Burt Twp. Cheboygan City Tuscarora Twp. Source: • •• U.S. Bureau of the Census Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in both Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion ofMaclcinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numb.:rs . 2-8 �The county's population and average age are increasing. In 1990, the largest age classification in the county was in the 25-44 year old bracket (27.2%), illustrated in TABLE 2-7. A decade earlier the largest classification was 5-19 years old (26.2%). And 1996 estimates show that the 25-44 year old classification remains the largest followed by those 45-64 years old, illustrated in TABLE 2-8. The county's age distribution continues to increase in those over 25 years of age. Over the past three decades, the county's population under 25 years old has continued to shrink (see FIGURE 2-3). In all of the units of government within the county, greater than half of their population was 25 years or older, with an ever increasing population greater than 45 years of age (see TABLE 2-5 and FIGURE 2-2). t P ODU It' a 10n b1y A.ge: 1970 - 1990 TABLE 2 - 7 Che boygan C ounty 0-4 yrs. 5-19 yrs. 20-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs. 65 yrs. & > 45-64 yrs. Total 1970 1,497 5,317 1,008 3,495 3,297 1,959 16,573 % of total 9.0% 32.1% 6.1% 21.1% 19.9% 11.8% 100% 1980 1,510 5,405 1,477 5,172 4,201 2,884 20,649 % of total 7.3% 26.2% 7.2% 25.0% 20.3% 14.0% 100% 1990 1,444 4,676 1,082 5,830 4,650 3,716 21,398 % of total 6.7% 21.9% 5.1% 27.2% 21.7% 17.4% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census . E st1mates . b,y A ~e: 1996 TABLE 2 -8 Ch eboygan County P opuIat10n 0-4 yrs. 5-17 yrs. 18-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs. 45-64 yrs. 65 yrs. & > Total 1996* 1,424 4,540 1,456 6,112 5,317 4,144 22,993 % of total 6.2% 19.7% 6.3% 26.6% 23.1% 18.0% * Estimates of population as of July 1, 1996 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-9 �POPULATION PROJECTIONS Three sources of population projections presently exist, based on 1990 population figures. All three sources, NEMCOG, the University of Michigan and the Michigan Department of Management and Budget, project increases in the county's total population until 2010. The University of Michigan then projects a slight decrease from 2010 to 2020, but the State's figures show an increase in growth during that time period (illustrated in FIGURE 2-4). Cheboygan County Population: Actual & Projected 1970-2020 30000 25000 20000 15000 --+- NEMCOG -a- Univ. of Mich. Dept. of Man. & Bud. --M-- Official Census Counts -b- 10000 5000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 FIGURE 2-4: Cheboygan County Population Actual and Projected: 1970-2020 Sources: Official Census Counts: U.S. Bureau of the Census Dept. of Man. & Bud: Mich. Department ofManagement and Budget (1996) Univ. of Mich: Regional Economic Models, Inc. by the U. of M. for MDOT (1994) NEMCOG: Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (1992) Faced with these three somewhat contradictory population projections, it is difficult to know which one will prove closest to the future reality. A comparison between population projections and population estimates can measure how accurate these projections may actually be. The Census Bureau estimates that between 1990 and 1997, the county's population grew from 21,398 to 23,535, for an increase of 10% (see TABLE 2-9). If the county's population continues to grow at that rate, it will have a population of 24,448 by 2000. This figure is higher than all of the projections sited for that year, with NEMCOG's projections being the closest (see FIGURE 2-4). If this population trend continues beyond the year 2000, it would seem that all 2-10 �of the projections are too low, and that U of M's projection of a population loss between 2010 and 2020 is not likely to occur. What the county's future population becomes is, of course, difficult to know for certain and is dependent upon many factors that are impossible to predict. Barring any major economic set-back, however, it is safe to say that the county's population will continue to grow each decade at a rate somewhere in-between the projections sited above. Population projections from the Michigan Department of Management and Budget are the only ones which predict future population by age (see TABLE 2-10). Age distribution projections predict the county's 45 years of age and older age classifications will continue to grow, while estimated numbers of those under 25 years of age will continue to dwindle. . P ro1ect1ons: . 2000 -2020 TABLE 2 -9 Cheb oygan Countv Popu Iatton Source % Change 1990-2000 2000 2010 % Change 2000-2010 2020 % Change 2010-2020 NEMCOG 24,054 +12.4% 26,859 +11.7% NIA NIA UofM 23,100 +7.9% 25,110 +8 .7% 23,117 -7.9% DMB 23,728 +10.9% 25,097 +5.8% 26,119 +4.1% Source: NEMCOG - by Northeast Michigan Council of Governments; U of M - Regional Economic Models, Inc. by University of Michigan for the Michigan Department of Transportation; DMB - Michigan Department of Management and Budget, Office of the State Demographer. . d P opulatlon . b,y A,ge: 1990 - 2020 TABLE 2- 10 Cheb oygan County p ro1ecte AGE * ** 2000** 1990* 2010** 2020** 0-4 years 1,444 1,416 1,451 1,356 5-19 years 4,676 4,612 4,231 4,193 20-44 years 6,912 6,679 6,184 6,112 45-64 years 4,650 6,128 7,069 6,354 65 years & over 3,716 4,893 6,162 8,104 Total 21,398 23,728 25,097 26,119 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census - actual counts. Source: Michigan Department of Management and Budget, Office of the State Demographer. 2-11 �SEASONAL POPULATION Obtaining accurate numbers of seasonal residents and tourists is difficult. Because the U.S. Census is conducted each decade in April, the numbers only reflect those persons who live in the county on a year-round basis. In 1990, the Census demonstrated that 34.3% of the housing units in the county were seasonal, illustrated in TABLE 2-11 . This means that over one third of the county's total housing stock are owned by seasonal residents. The percentage of Cheboygan County's housing units that are seasonal is roughly comparable to the surrounding counties and reflects the importance of northern Michigan counties as a tourism and recreation center, and retirement community. s . &S tate . - 1990 Cheboygan, urroundin1g Counties TABLE 2- 11 P ercent S easonalHousmg Uruts Unit of Government Percent Seasonal Housing Units* Charlevoix 29.5% Cheboygan 34.3% Emmet 29.7% Mackinac 43 .6% Montmorency 55.4% Otsego 34.8% Presque Isle 34.1% Michigan 5.8% * The percent of seasonal housing units as compared to each county's total housing units. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census A rough estimate of the number of county seasonal residents can be calculated by multiplying the number of county seasonal housing units (4,831) by the county's average number of persons per household (2.6), for a total of 12,561 persons. Seasonal residents, therefore, added another 59 percent to the county's year-round residents, for a total of approximately 33,959 persons, compared to the actual 1990 Census figure of 21,398 persons. This figure does not include those seasonal visitors or tourists staying in area motels, campgrounds or family homes. It is impossible to obtain accurate count of the number of the tourists who visit the county. However, the influence that tourists have on the local economy is easier to quantify. This topic will be discussed in Chapter 3 "Economy & Employment". 2-12 �HOUSING The number of residential housing units in the county has been increasing at a rate greater than the population. This reflects the trend toward fewer persons per household. TABLE 2-12 shows that between 1970 and 1990, Cheboygan County's total number of housing units increased by 57. 9%, while the population during that same period increased by only 29.1 %. TABLE 2-12: Cheboygan County Housing Characteristics (1970 - 1990) Housing Characteristics 1980 1970 % Change* 1990 % Change* Total Housing Units 8,924 12,488 +39.9%, 14,090 +12.8% Total Occupied Units 4,944 7,277 +47.2% 8,201 +12.7% Owner-Occupied (#) 4,090 5,994 +46.6% 6,522 +8.8% Owner-Occupied(%) 82.7% 82.4% Renter-Occupied(#) 854 1,283 Renter-Occupied(%) 17.3% 17.6% Total Vacant Units 3,980 5,211 +30.9% 5,889 +13 .0% Seasonal Units 2,898 2,821 -2.7% 4,831 +71.3% Owner(%) NIA 2.6% 2.1% Renter(%) NIA 12.1% 8.4% Persons Per Household 3.3 2.8 2.6 79.5% +50.2% 1,679 +30.8% 20.5% Vacancy Rate:** * ** Number shows percent change from preceding Census. Vacancy rate includes those housing units which are vacant, for sale or rent and are not seasonal housing units. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census The percentage of owner-occupied housing units in Cheboygan County has decreased over the past three decades. In 1970, owner-occupied housing units made up 82.7% of the county's total occupied units, while in 1990 they made up 79.5%, for a decrease of 3.2%. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of owner-occupied housing decreased by 2.9%. The county's vacancy rate, both owner and renter, has continued to decrease over the past two decades. Vacancy data is one measure of the availability of housing in a community. Sufficient housing stock, for both owner-occupied and renter-occupied, must be provided to accommodate an expanding population base. According to the Census, Cheboygan County's housing market vacancy rate was remarkably low in 1980, at 2.6%, and even lower in 1990, at 2.1% (see TABLE 2-12). Typical normal vacancy rates of owner-occupied housing are nationally about 5%. Cheboygan County's low percentage indicates a tight housing market and an inadequate supply of available units for new residents. This situation indicates that the demand for housing 2-13 �is not being met through the existing housing stock. More will be discussed concerning this issue, later in this chapter. The greatest numbers of housing units are found, naturally, where the population centers are located. In Cheboygan County, population and housing units are most numerous in the City of Cheboygan, the two townships east and south of the City, and in Tuscarora Township, mostly within and south of the community oflndian River and along the Burt Lake shoreline. The City of Cheboygan contains 23.6% (1,939 units) of all the occupied (year-round) housing units within the county (see TABLE 2-13). Tuscarora Township contains the second largest percentage (11.8%) and number of units (964), followed by Benton Township and Inverness Township. Tuscarora Township has the largest number of seasonal housing units (737) within Cheboygan County due to the presence of Burt Lake. Seasonal housing units make up 41. 6% of all housing units within Tuscarora Township. Burt, Grant, Mullett, Munro and Waverly townships all have a greater number of seasonal housing units than occupied (year-round) housing units. Most notably, Munro Township has 330% more seasonal than year-round occupied housing units. When analyzing the age of the county's housing stock, it was found that 45.6% of all the housing units in Cheboygan County were built between 1970 and March 1990. The largest number and percentage of housing units within the county were constructed between 1970 and 1979, as illustrated in TABLE 2-14. Nearly 29°/o of the housing units in the county were constructed before 1949. . Ch eboygan County TABLE2 -14 A,geo fHousmg structures m Year Structure Built Number Percent 1980 to March 1990 2,521 17.9% 1970 to 1979 3,900 27.7% 1960 to 1969 2,211 15.7% 1950 to 1959 1,443 10.2% 1940 to 1949 944 6.7% 1939 or earlier 3,071 21.8% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-14 �TABLE 2-1 3 : . b>V Mi nor C'1v1·1 D1v1s1on ... Che bov~an Countv- 1990Housm~ Units Unit of Government Total Housing Units Occupied Housing Units %of County's Total Housing Units Seasonal Housing Units Seasonal Units as% of Municipality's Total Occupied Housing Units 14,090 8,201 100% 4,831 58.9% Aloha Twp. 535 278 3.4% 220 41 .1% Beaugrand Twp. 550 386 4.7% 128 33.2% 1,272 877 10.7% 349 39.8% 657 224 2.7% 419 191.3% 2,215 1,939 23.6% 67 3.5% Ellis Twp. 219 119 1.5% 87 73.1% Forest Twp. 559 338 4.1% 178 52.7% Grant Twp. 714 275 3.4% 409 148.7% Hebron Twp. 148 74 0.9% 63 85.1% 1,037 738 9.0% 229 31.0% Koehler Twp. 636 264 3.2% 234 88.6% Mackinaw City* 261 167 2.0% 76 45.5% Mackinaw Twp. 444 235 2.9% 172 73.2% Mentor Twp. 319 206 2.5% 90 43.7% Mullett Twp. 1,049 405 4.9°/o 478 118.0% Munro Twp. 591 193 2.4% 363 305.0% Nunda Twp. 513 259 3.2% 230 88.8% 1,770 964 11.8% 737 76.5% Walker Twp. 117 78 1.0% 32 41.0% Waverly Twp. 372 143 1.7% 209 146.2% Wilmot Twp. 373 206 2.5% 137 66.5% Wolverine Vil.** 136 105 1.3% 23 21.9% Cheboygan Co. Benton Twp. Burt Twp. Cheboygan City Inverness Twp. Tuscarora Twp. * ** Mackinaw City data is included in that shown for Mackinaw Township. Village of Wolverine data is included in that shown for Nunda and Wilmot Township. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2-15 �RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION ACTMTY Cheboygan County residential building permits indicate construction activity within the county for the past five years. The number of building permits issued per year for the construction of new single-family residences has averaged 172, as illustrated in TABLE 2-15. The largest number of building permits (193) issued for the construction of new single-family residences occurred in 1996. While no building permits were issued for the construction of multi-family residences for the past five years, many permits have been issued for the placement of mobile homes and HUD low-income modular housing units. Between 1993 and 1997, an average of 154 building permits were issued each year for these types of housing units within Cheboygan County. It should be noted that modular homes meeting BOCA Code standards, which are erected on site are considered to be single family residences, while those not meeting that standard are considered to be mobile homes. TABLE 2- 15 Cheboy:"'an County BUl·1d·mg P erm1ts - 1993 - 1997 Construction Types 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Pennits Pennits Pennits Pennits Pennits 162 172 161 193 172 0 2 0 0 0 Mobile Homes** 139 150 157 157 169 Misc. Residential*** 557 600 575 665 650 TOTAL RESIDENTIAL 858 924 893 1015 991 Single-Family Residence* Multi-Family Residence * Includes modular housing units meeting BOCA building standards. ** Includes HUD low-income modular housing units, as well as mobile homes. *** Includes additions and alterations, carports and garages, and storage bldgs. Source: Cheboygan County Building Department The construction of an average of 326 new single family dwellings per year in Cheboygan County (the average of both single-family and mobile homes) indicate that there has been construction of a significant number of new housing units within the county over the past few years. More significantly, the large number of mobile home placements indicate that a great number of affordable housing units are being erected. This activity should be helping to fill the gap for more housing and for affordable housing, which was identified earlier in this chapter. 2-16 �POPULATION BY RESIDENCE Surprising evidence is revealed when analyzing former residency of Cheboygan County's citizens. FIGURE 2-5 and TABLE 2-16 shows that of residents living in Cheboygan County in 1990, nearly 20% lived in the county in 1985 but in a different household. This figure indicates that one-fifth of the county's households moved into a different house within the county, some of which was caused by households splitting up, due to children leaving home, divorce and other reasons. This number is confirmed through data showing the decrease in the number of persons per household during the time period. Popular belief is that the increase in the number of households is mostly caused by migration to the county from outside the boundary. These figures show, however, that only about half of the county's growth in numbers of households between 1985 and 1990 was caused by inmigration from outside of the county. CHEBOYGA.N COUNTY RESIDENCE N 1985 Persons 5 yrs & > 111 Same rouse 14000 , - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12000 10000 111 Dif. rouse/same • ~Lrty/same state • Dif. state &XX) 6000 4000 2000 mAbroad 0 San-ehouse Df. Df. house/sarre couty/sarre couty state Df. state Abroad FIGURE 2-5: Cheboygan County Residence in 1985 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census TABLE 2-16: Cheboygan County Res1.dency m 1985 Total Number of Persons Over 5 Years Old Type 12,016 Same House Different House/Same County 3,959 Different County/Same State 2,914 Different State 1,001 64 Abroad Source U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-17 �FINDINGS Cheboygan County's population is on the rise and is predicted to continue to increase into the next century. Although its growth rate has not been as high as some neighboring counties, it is much higher than the State's rate. Plans to accommodate this projected growth need to be undertaken in advance in order to provide adequate services and infrastructure to the area's future residents. A further exam of the county's stat1st1cs shows that like most of the rest of the nation, Cheboygan County's population is aging. Over the past three decades, the county's age distribution continued to increase in percentage of those over 25 years of age, while shrinking in those under 25 years. Shifting population bases create new demands on community services. While communities with a high concentration of children need to plan for the construction of schools and recreational facilities, communities with a larger elderly population need to concentrate more on plans for expanded health care and emergency services. In addition to the county's expanding and aging population, Cheboygan County's statistics show that there are now fewer persons per household than has been found in the past. Between 1970 and 1990, Cheboygan County's persons per household decreased from 3.3 to 2.6 persons. This is a trend found throughout the region, state and nation. If the county's population continues to increase, there will be a need for additional housing units to be constructed. Assessing the age and condition of the county's housing stock is an important planning tool. After a house is fifty years old it is typically in need of rehabilitation or replacement, depending upon the construction quality and history of continued maintenance. As of March 1990, the average housing unit in Cheboygan County was constructed in 1967, or over 30 years old. Nearly 29% of the total housing units in the county were constructed prior to 1949. These should, in theory, be in need of rehabilitation or replacement. The county is already actively involved in programs through the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) in order to provide local home owners with funding necessary for housing rehabilitation. A regional organization is currently being formed which will help to address the problem of housing shortages, especially that to be made available to lower income residents. Additionally, building permit data indicates that over 300 new single family dwellings are being erected per year in the county, many of which are affordable housing units. At least some of the county's increased housing demands, therefore, are already being addressed. As indicated, many of the housing units in the county are seasonal, meaning they are second and even possibly third houses of persons with primary residency in other vicinities. Many people, upon reaching retirement, spend a greater amount of time and often permanently move to houses that were previously secondary, seasonal homes. This scenario could result in an increase in demand for various human and public services in Cheboygan County. 2-18 �CHAPTER 3: ECONOJ\'IY AND EMPLOYMENT INCOME FIGURE 3-1 and TABLE 3-1 illustrate that Cheboygan County's median family income ( 1989 figures) was considerably lower than the State, but comparable to Mackinac, Montmorency and Presque Isle counties. The northwestern counties and Otsego County have higher median family income averages than the northeastern counties, including Cheboygan County. The northwestern side of the State tends to have higher incomes, due to greater economic diversity and a younger (wage earning) population base. Median Household Income for Cheboygan and Surrounding Counties & State: 1995 $40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 FIGURE 3-1: 1995 Median Household Income for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Source: Michigan Department of Management & Budget Estimates: 1999 By comparing median household income data between 1989 and 1995, one finds that while northern Michigan ' s income levels are still below that of the State as a whole, incomes in this area are rising at a much faster rate than the State's. While the State's median household income rose by nearly 16 percent, between 1989 and 1995, all of the counties surrounding Cheboygan (except Presque Isle County) rose at a rate in excess of30 percent (see TABLE 31). Another way to measure income is to look at per capita income data, which is the average amount of income per person within an area. Cheboygan County's 1996 per capita income of $18,330 was 7.7% below the average of the surrounding counties. The State's nonmetropolitan area per capita income (1996 figures) of $18,594 was only l .4% greater than Cheboygan County's per capita income of $18,330 (see TABLE 3-2). 3-l �TABLE 3-l : Median Househo d Income Che bo1y_gan Countv, Surrounding Counties & State: 1989 and 1995 Unit of Government Charlevoix Cheboygan Emmet Mackinac Montmorency Otsego Presque Isle Michigan Source: 1989 Median Household Income $24,738 $21,006 $26,015 $19,397 $17,819 $26,356 $20,941 $31,020 1995 Median Household Income $34,406 $27,622 $34,480 $27,567 $23,765 $35,935 $26,383 $35,940 % Difference +39.1% +31.5% +32.5% +42 .1% +33.4% +36.3% +26.0% +15 .9% 1989 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census; 1995 data - Michigan Dept. of Management & Budget TABLE 3-2 P er C ap1ta . I ncome tior Che boygan, surroun d.m~ Count1es & Sate t Unit of Government 1988 1992 1996 Charlevoix $13,685 $17,547 $22,881 Cheboygan $12,106 $14,628 $18,330 Emmet $15,997 $20,441 $24,159 Mackinac $12,785 $16,299 $20,913 Montmorency $10,947 $12,718 $14,830 Otsego $13,512 $16,093 $19,847 Presque Isle $12,262 $14,180 $15,783 Michigan, non-metro. portion $12,725 $15,350 $18,594 Source: Regional Economic Infonnation System, U.S . Dept. of Commerce, Economic & Statistics Admin, Bureau of Economic Analysis Average income figures for Cheboygan County's municipalities show that although most of its communities have income close to the county's 1989 average, some are considerably higher or lower (see TABLE 3-3). For example, Burt Township, located in the west central portion of the county, had the highest per capita income in the county at $12,317, which is 28.7% higher than the county average. The Village ofWolverine had the lowest per capita income at $6,791, and the lowest family median income of $17,375, each being 2go1o below the county average. The highest median family income ($30,980) was found in Benton Township, east of the City of Cheboygan. That township's median family income was 27% higher than the county's average. Incomes are generally found to be higher in the Cheboygan County communities located near lakes (including Lake Michigan) and rivers. Since water front properties are considerably more expensive than other lands, only those individuals with higher incomes can afford to live there. The other more rural portions of the county, which are not near lakes, (i.e. the Wolverine area) tend to be populated by lower income families. This is largely a function of the distance from the major employment centers, such as Cheboygan City. 3-2 �TABLE 3-3 Cheboygan County 1989 Per Cap1ta an d Med'1an Income Municipality Per Capita Income Median Family Income Cheboygan Co. $9,568 $24.396 Aloha Twp. $10,056 $24, • 23 Beaugrand Twp. $10,020 $26.635 Benton Twp. $11,093 $30,980 Burt Twp. $12,317 $26.797 Cheboygan City $8,567 $22,816 Ellis Twp. $8,521 $20,000 Forest Twp. $7,893 $18.393 Grant Twp. $9,048 $23 ,264 Hebron Twp. $9,969 $26,250 Inverness Twp. $9,969 $26,356 Koehler Twp. $8,620 $24,732 Mackinaw City* $10,904 $29,688 Mackinaw Twp. $11 ,046 $29.063 Mentor Twp. $7,851 $19.018 Mullett Twp. $9,481 $21 ,389 Munro Twp. $10,094 $29,167 Nunda Twp. $8,013 $21 ,167 Tuscarora Twp. $10,666 $22,940 Walker Twp. $7,169 $25.833 Waverly Twp. $11 ,021 $23 ,333 Wilmot Twp. $8,989 $22,813 Wolverine Vil.•• $6,791 $17,375 • Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in both Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion of Mackinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. •• Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numbers. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 3-3 �POVERTY STATUS Poverty data estimates from the Michigan Department of Management and Budget ( 1995 figures), indicate that Cheboygan County had the second highest percentage of its population fall ing below the poverty line when compared to its neighboring counties (see FIGURE 3-2 and TABLE 3-4). In 1995, 14.3% of the county' s population (all ages) and 21.2% of persons age Oto 17 years fell below the poverty line. Only Montmorency County' s figures were higher than Cheboygan' s for that year. Interestingly, however, Cheboygan County' s poverty figures were not much higher than the State' s data. In 1995, 12.6% of the State's population as a whole fell below the poverty level, which was only 1.7 points lower than Cheboygan's figure. Also, when comparing 1995 poverty statistics with 1989 Census poverty data (see TABLE 3-5), one finds that many of the subject counties' poverty rates have improved greatly over that time period, including Cheboygan's figures. From 1989 to 1995, Cheboygan County' s poverty rate (for all ages) fell from 15.6% to 14.3% (-1.3 points). Other surrounding counties also fell by a significant amount, including Mackinac County (-3 .9 points), Montmorency County (-1.8 points) and Presque Isle County (-1.5 points). The State's poverty rate only fell by .5 points during the same period. The data seems to indicate, therefore, that while many of the subject counties, still have high rates of poverty, there has been a marked improvement in recent years. 1995 Poverty Status for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% .....-.================== ·.·.· ·-·-•-·,·-· ·········•:•·······~---.·,:····;1:;;r;;~:-:·:t···,::,•····•~r~~:;t~;:~v-;····~·-v.~w.•.;v·~v·:··w···:;··~-::::i·"·;r;··~~{;f;:·· -Effi•- • % Population Below Po\€rty Ages 0-17 yrs . 6~ ;::.0~ 0x:.-1> im % Population Below Po\€rty All Ages rl>~ w cl)j ,,#~~ ~~ G v ~'l>v c,-\ rl>c, ~~ ~o &0~ ,,...,C:Jq) ~o ~~ v 9:J~ ~~ q-0 rl>~ ~0" .~C)j ~ FIGURE 3-2: Poverty Status - 1995 for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Source: Michigan Department of Management and Budget-1999 3-4 �Poverty data for persons 65 years and older is only available for 1989 (1990 Census figures) . Cheboygan County had 15.8% of its residents 65 years or older living in poverty, during that period, making it second to Presque Isle County at 17.8%. The county's poverty rate for persons 65 years or older was 5.0% greater than the State's average of 10.8%. Generally speaking, poverty statistics for Cheboygan County's municipalities are what would be expected after studying its per capita and median family income figures. When analyzing the poverty rates in the county's municipalities, it is not surprising to find that Burt Township had the lowest percentage below poverty ratings for all categories. Walker Township's poverty figures were the highest in the county within the categories of "all ages" and "persons 65 yrs and older" (34.3% and 58.5% respectively) (TABLE 3-6). That township's poverty rate for persons 65 years and older was 42.7% higher than the county's figure. Within the county, the Village of Wolverine had the highest percentage of persons with related children reporting incomes below the poverty level (44.2%). TABLE 3-4: 1995 Poverty Status: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Income in 1995 Below Poverty Level All Ages(#) All Ages(%) Ages 0-17 yrs. (#) Ages 0-1 7 yrs. (%) Counties 2336 9.9% 908 Charlevoix 14.5% 14.3% Cheboygan 3314 1275 21.2% 2567 9.2% 950 Emmet 12.7% 1408 12.5% Mackinac 538 19.0% 15.7% Montmorency 1562 599 26.0% 8.9°/o 761 Otsego 1902 12.5% 13 .2% Presque Isle 1919 681 18.6% Michigan 1225586 12.6% 517850 20.1% Source: Michigan Department of Management & Budget - 1999 TABLE 3 -5 1989 P overty status: Che boygan Caunty, surroun d'mg Caunties &S tate Income in 1989 - Below poverty level All Ages(%) Counties Persons with related children < 18 yrs. (%) Persons 65 yrs. old & over (%) Charlevoix 10.4% 12.8% 12.7% Cheboygan 15.6% 20.8% 15.8% Emmet 8.5% 9.9°/o 11.9% Mackinac 16.4% 21.8% 14.1% Montmorency 17.5% 26.5% 13.2% Otsego 9.5% 11.2% 11.4% Presque Isle 14.7% 16.3% 17.8% Michigan 13.1% 18.2% 10.8% Source: U.S. BureauoftheCensus-1990 3-5 �.. r1ty TABLE 3-6: Ch e boygan Countv 1989 P overtv status b1y Mumc1pa Income in 1989 - Below Poverty Level Geographic Area All Ages(%) Persons with related children < 18 yrs. (%) Persons 65 yrs. old & over(%) Cheboygan Co . 15 .6% 20.8% 15.8% Aloha Twp. 8.9% 8.7% 10.6% Beaugrand Twp. 8.9% 11.9% 8.1% Benton Twp. 8.8% 13.2% 5.9% Burt Twp. 4.0% 4.1% 3.8% Cheboygan City 19.1% 24.1% 23.2% Ellis Twp. 13.6% 18.2% 0% Forest Twp. 17.3% 19.3% 9.7% Grant Twp. 19.0% 24.6% 18.1% Hebron Twp . 12.4% 17.3% 21.7% Inverness Twp. 13 .8% 19.7% 18.1% Koehler Twp. 20.2% 24.1% 10.6% Mackinaw City* 8.9% 12.4% 4.1% Mackinaw Twp. 8.4% 12.7% 8.8% Mentor Twp. 20.6% 28.1% 27.8% Mullett Twp. 17.4% 23 .1% 14.4% Munro Twp. 13 .1% 16.9% 29.3% Nunda Twp. 14.8% 19.4% 5.5% Tuscarora Twp. 15.9% 19.7% 13 .8% Walker Twp. 34.3% 42.3% 58.5% Waverly Twp. 22.3% 40.8% 28 .0% Wilmot Twp. 27.9% 42.3% 21.9% Wolverine Vil.** 24.1% 44.2% 0% * Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion of Mackinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. ** Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numbers. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 3-6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Cheboygan-County_Comprehensive-Plan-Update_1999 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cheboygan County Planning Commission, Cheboygan County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Title A name given to the resource Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan Update Description An account of the resource The Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan Update was prepared by the Cheboygan County Planning Commission in 1999. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Cheboygan County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3b4d5ba82af9b33b4da9293f2581551.mp4 ecd2fdc8ccae5834d31eec7e38986476 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8b5fa1877d1e276246d1a54d51d19e1d.pdf c57a7f2114c1284ee2a5e2a0a01d58ef PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam Era David Cheeseman Length of interview (0:01:31 – 1:25:31) *Interview begins at 0:01:33 on screen (0:1:33- 0:03:40) Background         Born in June 1946 and raised in Wixom, Michigan Wixom was a rural area at the time, he served as the town paperboy delivering papers when he was young (0:02:07) Lived in a blue collar community, father began as a farmer then worked as a mechanic Went to Walled Lake High School, graduated in 1964 (0:02:42) Had a part time job running a hunting and fishing store owned by a friend of his mother His employer had served in the Navy, and talked fondly of that, and the local Navy recruiter was a fisherman who visited the store regularly (0:03:30) Wanted to fly airplanes from an early age, he was in the civil air patrol (0:03:34) First real job was as a line boy at a local airport (0:03:40) (0:03:40 -0:19:21) Enlistment Motivation for enlistment (0:03:52- 0:04:41)  Found out that there were few opportunities for enlisted people to fly in the Air Force, so he chose to enlist in the Navy (0:03:52)  The influence of the recruiter and his boss helped to motivate him  Parents supported his decision, despite his father’s wishes that he go to college (0:04:41) Basic Training (0:05:10 – 0:11:00)  After enlistment, took a train from Detroit to Chicago, and completed basic training at Great Lakes Naval Station (0:05:10)  He was a member of Company 507, with about 65-70 men, mostly from the Midwest and New York, and a few “bridge runners” from Virginia (0:05:35)  He knew that the Vietnam conflict had started before his enlistment in 1964 [but not in terms of direct American intervention], but he “wasn’t aware of it” (0:05:55)  While he was in boot camp, the Lieutenant Commander informed them that the U.S. had just started bombing North Vietnam (0:06:18)  He was told that training would be shortened, and they would soon be going to war (0:6:27) �  While he was in high school, the only memory he has of foreign relations was the missile crisis in Cuba during 1962 (0:6:51) Training was not shortened, and he was selected to be an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician (0:07:13) Daily life in boot camp (0:08:00 – 0:11:30)         While in boot camp, did a lot of marching, fooling around with the rifles, very little shooting, and practicing discipline (0:08:12) He also learned military discipline and the structure of the Navy, basic firefighting skills (0:08:43) Speaks of an experience where they had to undergo being gassed while in a room as part of training (0:09:30) Did not experience difficulty while in training, he thought it was very simple, “do what they tell you” (0:9:51) Talked of recruits who had difficulty adapting because they “were always scheming to beat the system, rather than joining the system” (0:10:15) Was given a job while in boot camp of being the education petty officer, in the evenings he would work with guys teaching them to read (0:10:45) Not being able to swim would set a lot of guys back (0:11:10) Finished boot camp in January 1965 (0:11:23) Military Job Training (0:11:30 – 0:13:30)      Sent to military school in Memphis, Tennessee for his training as an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician (0:11:32) Stationed at Naval Air Station in Millington, Tennessee, the world’s largest inland Navy base (0:12:30) The station taught all of the aviation trades (0:12:40) His specific training included aviation electronics, specializing in ASW equipment (0:12:58) He trained for nine months (0:13:09) Daily life during training (0:13:30- 0:19:30) �           Daily life included eight hours in the classroom, where he learned to build radios (0:13:40) Felt he received quite complete training (0:13:59) Evenings consisted of homework or inspections (0:14:00) Spent his time off in Memphis with “someone old enough to buy booze” (0:14:30) Discusses how segregation still existed quietly, and he states that all the black men in his service company were held back because they could not swim (0:15:57) There were very few blacks in training (0:16:08) Became honor man of his class (16:47:18) His first lessons while at the training center involved mathematics studies (0:17:20) Training lasted nine months (0:17:54) Describes military “saltiness”: enlisted men who had been around awhile became “salty”, he describes the nice feeling of being more salty then others by the end of his training (0:18:21) Spent a total of about one year training between basic training and specialization training (0:19:11) (0:19:20 – 1:21:00) Active Duty  Total enlistment was for four years (0:19:21)  After training, went to San Diego (0:19:30)  Went home on leave for 30 days, arrived in San Diego in October (0:20:03)      Took a "nickel snatcher" commercial ferry boat to NAS North Island in the bay (0:21:06) Was stationed at ComFair Diego (Commander Fleet Air of San Diego- Fleet Airwing 14) (0:21:15) Was assigned to ASCAC (Anti-Submarine Classification and Analysis Center) (0:21:20) His first training was as a sonar man (0:22:26) He was then trained to operate equipment used in anti-submarine planes (0:21:47) �   He and his crew were considered to be experts in anti-submarine aircraft electronics; his crew would brief aircraft operators. His job was to sort through data the anti-submarine aircraft retrieved (0:22:28) In 1965, he did not notice much activity off of the coast (0:23:38) Does not recall tracking a real Soviet submarine in all three years of service (0:23:55) Daily life while stationed in San Diego (0:24:00 – 0:29:20)  Lived on the base in 2-story barracks, which “had a Spanish feel to it” (0:24:49)  Got to travel to San Diego and Tijuana (0:25:44)  Felt that the majority of the civilian population was pro-military (0:27:45)   Recognized a large faction of younger people that were anti-military, whom they had run-ins with on a regular basis (0:28:10) Did not know what the Vietnam War was about, but wanted to support his country because his government thought that they should be in it (0:28:50) Ranks (0:29:25 - 0:30:25)    Moved up to Petty Officer quickly, started in October 1964 as an E-1, promoted to E-2 after boot camp, promoted to E-3 airman six months later, did a minimum of year as an E-3, was promoted in January 1966 as E-4 Petty Officer Third Class, in October 1968, promoted to E-5 (0:29:20) Re-upped before the end of his enlistment, took advantage of a program that offered $10,000 bonus to reenlist for 6 years After completing the tour in San Diego, applied for and was accepted to the Advanced Electronics school in Memphis, October 1968 (0:31:50) Reenlistment (0:32:00 – 0:34:30)  Learned about transistor radios while training for nine months (0:32:25)  Had different responsibilities as a Petty Officer, oversaw the barracks (0:32:50)  Married in 1967 (0:33:00) � On the one year anniversary of Martin Luther King’s death, the base shut down, and there was a small uprising (0:33:20) Deployment to Japan (0:34:30- 0:39:00)         At the end of training was sent back to the fleet, then stationed at the Marine Corp Air Station in Iwakuni, Japan, and brought his wife and car with him (0:34:49) Iwakuni was 25 miles from Hiroshima (0:35:30) Was assigned to night watch the first night he arrived in Japan (0:36:00) Supervising Chief asked him to work on a project with him, to localize submarines (0:37:00) Built an electronic circuit in a cigar box, connected it to a Simpson 260 which was the standard military multimeter and this project was able to localize submarines (0:37:25) This later became an ambient noisemaker which was later installed in all P3C aircraft (0:38:25) Did not sleep much in Japan, was common to work for 30 hours straight (0:38:45) His job was to keep track of Soviet submarines (0:39:00) Daily life while in Japan (0:39:30- 0:51:00)  Lived off base for 6 months, and then lived on base (0:40:45)  Lived on a hill in a new house that was built for western style occupants (0:41:00)       Living off base he experienced good relations with Japanese neighbors and business people (0:43:40) Was in Japan for 26 months (0:44:12) Adopted a Japanese baby (0:44:30) Birth mother wanted her child back, and at the end of a simple trial he and his wife were awarded custody. He made plans after that to have his daughter and wife leave the country (0:44:40) There was a lot of racial tension on the base between blacks and whites (0:45:12) Speaking about morale in the Navy, notes how FTN (“Expletive The Navy”) was a common term; “a term that everyone used, all day every day” (0:48:43) � Returned to the United States in October 1971 (0:49:55)  Assigned to a unit and was an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician (0:50:25)  Had made First Class in June 1970 and was offered a First Class job (0:50:38) Tour in San Diego (0:51:00 – 0:56:10)  Stationed again in San Diego for a tour that lasted from 1971- 1975 (0:51:55)  He was a mechanical repairman (0:52:00)   He became supervisor of the repair shop that worked on communications and navigation equipment for 3 ½ years (0:53:25) Experienced difficulty supervising “draft dodgers” who were unreliable for work and used drugs (0:56:09) Experience with women in the Navy (0:56:12 – 1:03:30)  In 1971 or ’72 they opened up naval aviation operations positions for women (0:56:30)        He, along with others struggled with incorporating the women, many women were unprepared for dirty and strenuous jobs (0:56:25) Most women ended up working telephone operator positions, and at times the women did not know how to refer the incoming calls (0:57:05) Was going through a nasty divorce, and his work performance declined (0:58:40) At one point he received a supervisor evaluation. Two of the things he remembers the evaluation stating were that he had difficulty accepting women’s roles in the Navy and that he tended to procrastinate (0:59:00) Felt that after this evaluation he was at the end of his advancement in the Navy (0:59:30) His evaluation was put into his service record (0:59:45) Commander who oversaw his evaluation was a woman, yet she was sympathetic to him and reviewed his record and found it to be perfect (1:01:00) �  She said she was not “going to let the Navy destroy a career over something that everyone deals with” (1:02:30) Was selected as a Chief Petty Officer after this event (1:03:00) Post San Diego tour (Bermuda, Maine, Spain, Iceland) (1:03:30 – 1:11:25)  Went to Naval Air Station in Bermuda (1:03:40)  Homosexuality was a huge problem in the barracks (1:04:30)  Floors were segregated by sexual orientation (1:04:40)         Cites that integration of women became easier over time, as the military adjusted and trained the women more thoroughly (1:05:15) After Bermuda went to a patrol squadron, and was the first patrol squadron to deploy with women, and half of them came back pregnant (1:06:55) The patrol squadron was stationed in Maine, and deployed to Spain and Iceland (1:07:08) Bermuda has only 21 square miles of land, so at times the size was a limitation (1:07:50) AIMD in Bermuda was a P3 facility. He was there for 3 years (1:09:08) Went to Maine afterwards, and deployed to Rota, Spain (1979) (1:09:28) Worked 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 6 months (1:10:18) By the time he was deployed to Iceland (1981-82), he was a Senior Chief (1:11:25) Last four years of active duty (Memphis) (1:11:40 – 1:17:00)  Spent last 4 years in Memphis, became course supervisor for AVA school (1:11:45)     Had many external activities while in Memphis, bought a home, played in a band (1:12:49) Did not notice any racial tension in the mid 80’s (1:13:01) Left the Navy after 22 years (1:14:20) Was due to retire in 1985, but he was offered a one year extension in Memphis (1:14:40) � Cites it as an enormous mistake, due to a terrible boss (1:14:45)  He asked his boss to fire him (1:15:35)  Was made battalion adjutant, ran the barracks side of the training, in charge of 18 year olds (1:16:20) Thoughts on military service (1:17:00 – 1:21:00)        Incorporating women and having them be useful, productive and proud sailors was one of the biggest changes in the Navy (1:17:30) While the military had become softer, it wasn’t worse (1:18:00) During Desert Storm, he and others thought the U.S. would get their (expletive) kicked, however was impressed with the job of the military (1:18:30) The aspect of respect has stayed the same (1:19:00) The idea that the mission has got to get done has also stayed the same (1:20:00) If he had to do it over, he would have signed up for the Navy again (1:20:22) He feels proud, met a lot of interesting things, got to do a lot of interesting things (1:21:00) (1:21:00 – 1:25:31) Life after the military  Worked at a lumberyard in Greenville, Michigan for two years (1:21:30)  Worked as a carpenter for 5 years doing remodeling (1:22:40)     Attended the Memphis State Technical Institute on the G.I. Bill for building and construction technology, did not graduate (1:22:45) Moved to Interlochen, Michigan (1:23:20) Built houses for nine years, retired in 2005 (1:24:15) Moved to Martin so they could be close to their daughter and granddaughter (1:24:45) End of interview (1:25:31) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cheeseman, David (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cheeseman, David Description An account of the resource David Cheeseman, of Martin, Michigan served in the Navy for 22 years, rising in ranks throughout his enlistment to become a Chief Officer. He enlisted in 1964, during the beginning of the Vietnam conflict. David trained as an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician in Memphis and spent his first four years in the Navy stationed at the Commander Fleet Air of San Diego. After reenlisting in 1968 with the rank of a Third Class Petty Officer, David spent time in Japan before returning to San Diego as a First Class Petty Officer and completed a tour from 1971-1975 in which he served as a mechanics repair shop supervisor. After being deployed to Bermuda, Spain, and Iceland, David returned to Memphis to spend his last four years in the Navy as an AVA course supervisor. By this time, he had earned the rank of Senior Chief. David shares extensive insights on racial relations in the south, anti-warfare sentiments on the west coast throughout the 1960's, and the integration of women in the Navy in the 1970's. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Navy Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-09-20 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CheesemanD1255V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives