125 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b8856257b8179d9e0ee8e12bfb82d07e.jpg 7bbca4542571527a6ec6979821edec0e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_HotelItza_3_1930_001 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930-02-19 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man standing among ruins. Several Mayan statues are visible in front of a stone wall. Subject The topic of the resource Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Maya architecture Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c87a21bb0bc58b96af83676f3e25a7e5.jpg 75a48020a59fc95e0e050fad7c59b6cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_HotelItza_3_1930_002 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930-02-19 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of seven people standing among ruins. Two Mayan statues are visible. Subject The topic of the resource Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Maya architecture Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/18364ed7cdbe922c2b9a60c31db63c34.jpg 748eedbfc4660c1030f7826b60b954d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00290 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza Caracol restoration work Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a ruined tower at Chicen Itza with construction scaffolding and a worker on top. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Maya architecture Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9ff3369d50cd4aea1d800751f4e7b18e.jpg 095f840ecb89958151576459697d6772 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00274 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza group Morley & Thompson Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of three men and four women of personnel from the Tulane University Uxmal expedition. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Archaeologists Portraits, Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4fac402c8e216b2d4fdb84e3a8cf4645.jpg 716d4032d328f1f2da1510a0d8655f02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00272 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza inscribed lintel Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of two people standing under a lintel, with two other people standing nearby at Chichen Itza. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Maya architecture Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/752db2bc72099975fcc4219109f38e04.jpg 968baadb82e66558d0ece7c7d5449215 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00294 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza sacred cenote Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of the sacred cenote (sinkhole) at Chicen Itza. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Mexico Sinkholes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/def363ffbe5f64d6133c1625d11aea62.jpg 74d71e9f444d92f8b77f511937abaee2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00291 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza Temple of the Warriors from top Castillo steps Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of the Temple of the Warriors at Chichen Itza taken from the top of the Castillo steps. A boy wearing a hat and backpack stands near the camera on the steps. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Maya architecture Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6eadbbf8805a3560462b68f755ad2a06.jpg 59e0f41bf4d036c637f5bb972ae14ec1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_HotelItza_3_1930_003 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930-02-19 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza: Morley-Thompson group Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of four people, two men and two women, standing in a forest. Subject The topic of the resource Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Mexico Archeologists Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f55d004fe9e23e318cb8294ed636e92.jpg b55ab7c4e9ddb0f160c6e13735127e88 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_HotelItza_3_1930_004 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930-02-19 Title A name given to the resource Chichen Itza: Temple initial series Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of six people standing on a Mayan temple. Subject The topic of the resource Archaeology Archaeological sites Chichén Itzá Site (Mexico) Maya architecture Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d21d1362c9d25e53b3e918cce33501c.jpg dab217b79eeb7130c207a44d02a3331e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_58_1924_009 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924-06 Title A name given to the resource Chicken Yard Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man, a woman, and three children around a flock of chickens in front of a garage. Subject The topic of the resource Farmers Chickens Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f0ab750d65d45a1bec8df91249e5dd30.jpg 9541a8834499ffc4f9c044f6b3c67822 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_55 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913-08-08 Title A name given to the resource Chicoutimi from Hill Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Chicoutimi, Québec, taken by Robert Merrill on hill. Water damage is visible on the image, which was scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Chicoutimi (Saguenay, Québec) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e4208f1c0ea04f5969e05c132d3e1719.pdf adcf68e5fda415456c4eb091a9b864e4 PDF Text Text ------· ~"' -. .... ~~ ·- I _,. -, �Chikaniing Township Berrien County, Michigan Master Land Use Plan 1992-2012 .\l{CIIITI lTL RI. l'l.\'\'\I'\(; l'\Cl'\ll Rl'\C l'\TLl{IOl{S Adopted: October 10, 1992 �TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............... CHAPTER 11 THE GEOGRAPHIC AND HISTORIC CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . The Geographic Setting . . . . . . . . Historical Background . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER Ill GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ............................. GOALS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS OF THE CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Township Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parks and Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing ....................................... Public Facilities and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 CHAPTER IV COMMUN ITV CHARACTER . . Population . . . . . . . . . . Economic Profile . . . . . Housing Characteristics Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 22 29 33 37 CHAPTER V COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND TRANSPORTATION ........... Recreation Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schools ....................................... Public Safety Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . River Valley Senior Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 39 39 40 43 43 44 CHAPTER VI NATURAL FEATURES ................................. General Resource Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impacts on Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poorly Drained Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floodplains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sand Dunes ........ ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodlands .................................... 46 46 47 47 48 49 51 52 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BACKGROUND ............. ............. ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 OF ...... 9 ...... 9 . . . . . . 1O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 �Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Natural Features Protection Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 CHAPTER VII EXISTING LAND USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 CHAPTER VIII FUTURE LAND USE POLICIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 1: Lake Michigan Shoreland . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 1a: Critical dune area· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 2: Red Arrow Commercial Corridor . . . . . Policy Area No. 3: Rural Fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 4: Sawyer Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 4a: Downtown Sawyer ............... Policy Area No. 4b: Sawyer Industrial Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 5: Galien River Area ............... Policy Area No. 5a: Galien Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 6: Agricultural Heartland . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Area No. 7: Southern 1-94 Interchange Commercial/Industrial Area . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community Facilities Map . . . Natural Features Map. . . . . . Existing Land Use Map . . . . Future Land Use Policy Areas .... .... .... .... Map . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... 61 61 62 62 63 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 69 70 71 72 73 GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ii �LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Table 2 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Historic Population, 1960 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population by Age Group, 1990, Chikaming Township and Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Age Characteristics, 1970 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persons Per Household, 1970 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chikaming Township Population by Race, 1970 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . Educational Levels, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Projection, 1990 - 201 O • • • . • • • . • . • . . • • . • • • • • . • • Principal Employers in Berrien County, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment by Industry in Berrien County, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Per Capita Income Data, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median Value of Owner-Occupied Housing, 1990, Chikaming Township and Surrounding Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Value of Specified Owner-occupied Housing Units, 1990, Chikaming Township, Berrien County and Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Housing Units by Type, 1980 and 1990, . . . . . . . . . . Selected Housing Characteristics, Chikaming Township, 19801990 .............................................. Residential Construction Activity in Chikaming Township, 1979 1991 .............................................. 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 36 37 iii �CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER LAND USE PLAN 1992-2012 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Communities inevitably change over time. If that change is not to get out of hand, a direction for future development is needed. Direction comes from a consensus among citizens embodied in a master plan. This Master Plan seeks to set forth how Chikaming Township's lands and resources might best be used in the future (in this case, to the Year 2012). It is a logical development from its predecessor, the Chikaming Township Sketch Development Plan of 1975. Every effort has been made to think constructively about how development should be guided to obtain the most benefit for the community as a whole. Input has been sought from all residents, and professional guidance and advice have been obtained from The WBDC Group of Grand Rapids, Michigan. In a nutshell, the consensus that has emerged from recent mail surveys and the August 24, 1991, Master Plan Open House concerning Chikaming's preferred direction is as follows: 1. Preserve the unique lifestyle and enhance the quality of life of the Township. 2. Welcome limited types of development to increase the economic base of the Township and to provide more jobs and amenities while keeping the tranquility, access to nature, and familiar country atmosphere. Geographic and Historic Background This chapter begins the process of developing the Master Plan by considering the geographic setting of Chikaming Township and sketching its history up to the present time. Paramount in Chikaming's geographic setting is its location on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan and just 75 miles around it's southern tip from Chicago. The Lake moderates Chikaming's climate, provides a source of fresh water, and invites recreation. The proximity of Chicago is both a boon and a problem. Chicago's economic and cultural attractions are within reach for Chikaming residents, but on the other hand, the impact of Chicagoans on Chikaming's land values and lifestyle are not always appreciated. Chicagoans have enjoyed Chikaming as a welcome summer retreat since the 1890s, but in the last ten years or so Chikaming's popularity as a place for second homes for Chicagoans and others has begun to pose a problem for the local economy and for representational government. * = See Glossary. 1 �Goals and Objectives Of The Master Plan The goals are general statements describing an aspect of the preferred direction in which residents want the Township to develop. Objectives are more concrete policies (recommended actions) leading to attainment of particular goals. At both levels they are worthy aspirations, but financial resources and other factors may inevitably limit their full attainment. These goals and objectives are intended to serve as a guide for future land use and infrastructure decisions. They also express the intent of the zoning ordinance and become the basis of determination when interpretations of the ordinance are required. They are not really new but express more explicitly the spirit of the 1975 Plan. In brief, the goals are: 1. Retain the quiet, scenic, and rural character of the Township. 2. Protect, either privately or publicly, specified open spaces·, woods, poorly drained lands, river lands, dunes, beaches and other valuable natural resources, including wildlife habitat. 3. Provide a variety of opportunities for relaxation, rest, activity, and education through a system of private and public parks and recreational facilities. 4. Develop a transportation system (roads, bike paths, and trails) which separates unlike traffic to promote safety and directs road traffic most efficiently to and from major activity centers. 5. Improve the Township's industrial and commercial base for the benefit of the entire population. 6. Maintain a variety of agricultural operations and preserve existing farms and farmland. 7. Provide adequate and affordable housing in a variety of configurations for families, singles, and seniors. 8. Provide adequate public utilities and services at minimum cost to taxpayers. Community Character Chikaming's population peaked about 1980 at 4,302 persons and fell back in 1990 to 3,717. These figures from the U.S. Census fail, however, to take account of the annual summer influx, which has increased and is now estimated to boost the total summer population to about 7,500. Barring unforeseen developments, the year-round population is expected to decline slowly over the next twenty years, whereas the summer-only population may increase at about the same rate. The median age of the population increased between 1970 and 1990 from 35 to 40 years, showing that Chikaming now has a considerably older population than either Berrien County or the State of Michigan as a whole. This attests to Chikaming's attractiveness as a retirement community, but it also reflects loss of a substantial portion of young adults to other areas and the * = See Glossary. 2 �declining number of school-age children. These trends pose problems to which local community facilities and services must adjust. Chikaming's economy suffers from an inadequate local base and is plagued by the seasonal swings of retail demand. Although 1990 Census economic data are not available at the time of writing, it is apparent that retail establishments barely cover their annual costs with the summer bonanza and that a large share of the permanent population of working age must seek employment in nearby urban areas. Clearly, commercial and light industrial development should be encouraged as a means of increasing the tax base and providing year-round jobs, but somehow such change should be balanced by the need to preserve the environment that attracts people to Chikaming in the first place. One of the problems for young adults just starting their working lives, as well as seniors on fixed annuities, is the scarcity of inexpensive housing in Chikaming Township. Pre-manufactured, modular, and multi-family housing· provide affordable alternatives to the more usual single-family, detached units built on site. Unfortunately, an adverse public attitude toward such housing works to limit its availability within Chikaming Township. Nevertheless, under present conditions such types of dwellings usually constitute the only housing within the reach of people with modest incomes. This situation, together with a severe restriction on jobs within the Township, is presumably at least part of the explanation for the failure of Chikaming to keep its young adults as continuing residents. The lack of housing, some of it subsidized, has also been identified as a pressing need for seniors. Community Facilities and Transportation Chikaming has several small parks on the lakeshore, benefits from Warren Woods State Park within its boundaries, and is planning a nature center on Township land in the interior. Most of Chikaming lies within the River Valley School District, though a part of Union Pier is served by the schools in New Buffalo. The public schools are principally financed through taxes on property, a system coming increasingly under fire because of the recent escalation of property values. Rising property valuations and hence, taxes, are a problem that, in the final analysis, can only be dealt with at the state level. In the meantime, however, there is talk of consolidation with neighboring school districts. The Township's police, fire, and ambulance services have recently been brought under the centralized supervision of a Public Safety Commission. Increasing calls to the Police Department, and mounting paper work, have made the provision of law and order impossible without assistance of the Michigan State Police and the Berrien Country Sheriff's Department. Costs of equipment and training and mandatory new licensing and safety procedures for all three public safety services have increased greatly in recent years. Housing all three of them in a central facility is being considered. If costs became prohibitive even after such centralization, consolidation of services with neighboring local authorities might become necessary, but response times would most likely suffer. Most of the more densely populated portion of the Township is served by municipal water, and the area served has recently been expanded by creation of special assessment districts. A plan to extend this service to certain rural areas in order to complete loops and make a more stable *=See Glossary. 3 �system is being debated. Sewer services through the multi-community Galien River Sanitary District cover a somewhat more circumscribed area than the municipal water system. The River Valley Senior Center provides an Important nutrition program and a variety of educational and social opportunities for seniors in the southwestern corner of Berrien County. It also has three vans which provide access to the Center and carry meals to shut-ins, but a van for the handicapped is a community-wide need. Berrien Bus is a dial-a-ride· operation centered in Berrien Springs which serves the entire county. Unfortunately, it Is not a very viable alternative to a private automobile, because passengers frequently have long waits for pick-ups and drops. Natural Features This section of the Master Plan identifies natural features within the Township, explains why they are important, and points out the constraints these features place upon development. It helps set the basis for the analysis of suitable future land uses. Topography: Topographic features important to Chikaming are the sand dunes along the Lake Michigan coast and the steep slopes of the ravines that either lead to the coast or to the Galien River Valley. The dunes are considered later in this chapter. Sites in or near ravines have an appeal for residential development because of extensive views through the trees, but development on steep slopes usually results in higher construction costs, since grading and erosion control measures are required. Surface Water: Land fronting on water is in great demand for building sites, but surface water has important environmental values as well. One of the greatest threats to surface water is non-point source pollution, such as excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides on fields and lawns, and soil erosion. Wise farming practices and land development can mitigate these dangers. Poorly Drained Lands: This is a collective term which includes marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas and is mostly used in this Master Plan in preference to ''wetlands," a term defined by changing laws that are the subject of controversy between conservationists and developers. While poorly drained lands were once regarded as wastelands to be avoided or better yet, eliminated, It is now realized that they play a critical role in nature, harboring more wildlife and plants than any other Michigan habitat type. They also reduce flooding; filter pollutants from surface runoff; help recharge groundwater· supplies; contribute to natural nutrient and water · cycles; produce vital atmospheric gases, including oxygen; and provide commercial and recreational value to the economy. •=See Glossary. 4 �--In Michigan, the Wetland Protection Act (Act 203 of 1979) governs preservation, management, and use of certain poorly drained lands, but the remaining areas of this valuable resource probably need protection under a local ordinance or the application of nonregulatory techniques. The most valuable existing guide to determining the locations of poorly drained lands within the Township is undoubtedly the 1989 Draft of the National Wetlands Inventory, a large-scale map produced by the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, which classifies and locates wetlands. Floodplalns: A floodplain Is a flat stream valley whose floor is periodically overrun by the stream. The major example in Chikaming is the Valley of the Galien River. Floodplains are protected by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and are important as water recharge areas and natural water storage basins. Also, of course, they form the habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal life. The Galien River Valley is used seasonally for fishing and probably has potential for limited recreational development, but the latter is restricted under national guidelines. Sand Dunes: Barrier dunes· parallel the northern half of the Lake Michigan shore in Chikaming Township. In addition to their scenic value, these dunes serve as a natural barrier to water and wind storm damage. The lakefront setting of the dunes has made them highly desirable sites for residential development, but they are fragile structures whose steep slopes are only held in place against wind and water erosion by the roots and foliage of covering vegetation. Once stripped of their plant cover for road or residential development, the dunes would tend to migrate away from the shore under the force of winds off the lake. State legislation passed in 1989 provides increased protection for Michigan's "critical dunes," but if and when this legislation lapses, local regulations may be required to preserve the dunes against unwise use which might be detrimental to the community at large. Woodlands: The day of large-scale lumbering is over for Chikaming , though local woodlots still provide an occasional harvest. However, woodlands have other values that cannot be measured in board feet. These benefits Include a varied and rich environment for many kinds of plants and animals, protection for watersheds and soils, buffering against the sights and sounds of civilization, and a moderating influence upon local climate. The possible results of poorly planned development of woodlands are increased erosion . and siltation, lessening of water quality, loss of landscape diversity, increased danger from flooding , and decreased land values. Because of their aesthetic and environmental value, a general • = See Glossary. 5 �policy to encourage the preservation of Individual trees and woodlands would be appropriate for Chikaming. Groundwater·: Much of Chikaming Township relies upon groundwater· as its source of drinking water. Despite this dependence, there is little public understanding of the nature and importance of groundwater·. In fact, adequate supplies and good quality of groundwater· are essential for the health and well-being of the community. Groundwater· quality Is almost wholly dependent upon wise agricultural and waste disposal practices, Including domestic. Lowcost contamination prevention measures could help protect against a spill or leak which could ultimately cost the community millions of dollars to remedy. Chapter VI closes with a section setting forth several legal procedures for protecting natural features and open spaces·. These are: land donation, conservation easements·, deed restrictions, and purchase of wetland property. In sum, it is imperative to preserve the Township's natural features but also allow responsible economic growth. Put another way, the Township must endeavor to maintain a careful balance between retaining rural character while encouraging economic viability. Existing Land Use The Existing Land Use Map in the Appendix gives an overall impression of the use of Chikaming's land in 1992. Agricultural land is found throughout the Township, but the largest contiguous areas lie south and east of 1-94. Since farming Is to be encouraged where it is viable, actively farmed lands are also identified on the Natural Features Map. The largest expanse of vacant land occurs on either side of 1-94 in a diagonal swath across the middle of the Township. This large open area creates a feeling of spaciousness that is treasured by many residents as an asset to the community. Birders of Berrien County have also designated parts of it as "hot spots," i.e. favored locales for sighting open-land bird species. The soils of this area are generally inferior, and poorly drained areas abound. However, some portions of this general area are undoubtedly suitable for future development, though access to the interiors of the sections may be complicated by existing development along roads. Most of the existing residential land lies between the Lake Michigan Shore and the Red Arrow Highway, but there are scattered parcels of residential land along roads throughout the Township. Since properties near the lakeshore and along ravines are popular dwelling sites, continuing pressure for development in these sensitive areas Is likely. Land at present in commercial use is concentrated primarily along the Red Arrow Highway and in the Village of Sawyer. Shops and restaurants along the Red Arrow Highway tend to cater to seasonal residents and passing tourists, whereas "Old Sawyer" serves mainly seasonal and yearround residents. * = See Glossary. 6 �The Township's industrially-used land is limited to about seven areas in the vicinity of Sawyer. Public and Semi-Public land, which includes public parks, municipal buildings, cemeteries, and schools, are scattered throughout the Township, but tend to concentrate along the Red Arrow Highway, since it is the main local-traffic artery. The Township is relatively favorably endowed with large parcels devoted to recreational uses. These are predominantly in the southern half of the Township in or near the Galien River, are for the most part characterized by poorly drained soils or floodplain, and are therefore suited to some recreational uses. Future Land Use Pollcles The Township has been divided into seven regions and four subregions which have fairly uniform existing characteristics and potential. Key among these characteristics are environmental qualities, past development patterns, and access to services. These regions and subregions are called "policy areas," because a different mix of policies is to be applied within each, fitting their differing character. Thus, the township-wide planning goals and objectives, enumerated earlier, are made more specific for each of these policy areas. Under this approach, policies are established which will direct future development decisions while still affording the Township flexibility related to specific areas. What follows provides only the highlights with regard to these policy areas. Policy Area No. 1: Lake Michigan Shoreland This policy area (see map in Appendix) is zoned for residential use and probably contains twothirds of the Township's population. Further development should be harmonious with the existing character of neighborhoods, while promoting safe movement and some open space'. State legislation on "critical dune areas"" should be reviewed for its applicability to Chikaming Township. Policy Area No. 2: Red Arrow Commerclal Corridor In order to promote an environment more conducive to business success, an attractive appearance for Chikaming Township, and traffic safety, commercial establishments within the Red Arrow Commercial Corridor should be encouraged to consolidate around the village centers of Union Pier, Lakeside, Harbert, and Sawyer Highlands. Modification of the Zoning Ordinance to allow small industrial establishments as special land uses within districts zoned for commercial use could be considered. Policy Area No. 3: Rural Fringe The Rural Fringe, lying mainly between the Red Arrow Highway and 1-94, should retain its semirural character. Portions of this policy area have: (1) swampy or slope conditions, (2) good woods near population centers which might be suitable as parks, or (3) good farmland still in use. · The preservation of some, at least, of these green spaces· should be encouraged. *=See Glossary. 7 �Policy Area No. 4: Sawyer Area There are three components of the Sawyer Area: Downtown Sawyer, the Sawyer Industrial Zone, and the residential areas to the north and west. Downtown Sawyer needs to be revitalized, perhaps by provision of (1) off-street parking, (2) improved traffic circulation, including better access from the west, and (3) establishment nearby of multi-family housing' which would increase year-round trade. The Industrial Zone should be promoted for light, non-polluting industry and for its access to transport, but it should be buffered from neighboring residential areas. Policy Area No. 5: Gallen River Area The Galien River Area is centered on the valley Itself, which is swampy and forested, protected by federal law, and is an environmental asset seldom fully appreciated. On the nearby uplands, commercial or industrial use should be prohibited, residential use should be carefully controlled, and specified woodlands and open space· should be preserved. Policy Area No. 6: Agrlcultural Heartland This policy area occupies most of the eastern part of the Township and consists of two areas of generally good soils separated by the valley of the Galien River. Every effort should be made to keep these lands in agriculture and discourage the encroachment of other land uses, including non-farm dwellings. Polley Area No. 7: Southern 1-94 Commerclal/lndustrlal Area The immediate vicinity of the 1-94 Interchange on Union Pier Road should be considered for commercial zoning where industry might also be accepted as a special land use. The ready access of this area to 1-94 and thus to distant sources of supply and markets gives it a special advantage for such use. Note: Although Chapter I attempts to summarize the Master Plan, it is not a legal substitute for the Master Plan. Where this text differs from the text in the following chapters, the latter are authoritative. • = See Glossary. - 8 �CHAPTER II THE GEOGRAPHIC AND HISTORIC BACKGROUND OF CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP Complied In 1991 by Albert S. Chapman In order to understand Chikaming Township as it is today--and attempt to project how it will be some years hence--it is necessary to consider its geographic setting and the course of its development over time. The Geographic Setting The basic geographic fact about Chikaming Township Is Its location near the southern end of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. This means, first of all, that with the normal movement of air at this latitude from west to east, the climate of Chikaming is tempered by the nearby lake, producing somewhat cooler and sunnier springs and summers and somewhat warmer and cloudier falls and winters than areas further inland. This moderate climate has attracted fruit farmers and also tourists to this part of Michigan. Furthermore, Lake Michigan, one of the largest bodies of fresh water in the world, is a great natural resource. Most of Chikaming's water is drawn from the lake, and therefore it is vital that this landlocked sea be protected from pollution. The shoreline of Lake Michigan in Chikaming Township runs generally from northeast to southwest. The southern part of it abuts a region of clayey soil while the northern half is paralleled by sand dunes of varying height which date from the immediate post-glacial age when lake levels were higher than at present. They are mostly covered by a mixed hardwood forest. The sandy beach and the wooded bluffs and dunes, together with the moderate climate, account for the attractiveness of the area for summer residents. In years of high lake levels (the early 1950's, the late 1960's/early 1970's, and the mid-1980's) the bluffs along the Lake Michigan shoreline were severely eroded by wave action during fall and winter storms. In recorded history the recession of these bluffs has undercut and destroyed numerous structures in Chikaming. State law now requires sufficient setback from the shoreline to preserve permanent structures for an estimated minimum of thirty years. The inland areas of Chikaming Township are a result of glacial and fluvial deposition during the great ice age. Away from the lakeshore, Chikaming consists of flat to gently rolling terrain, much of it poorly drained, and generally not prime agricultural land. Following its clearing by early settlers, some areas of poorer soils have reverted to scrub second growth timber. One area of great interest, Warren Woods, is a primeval forest which was never cleared and contains a magnificent stand of beeches, oaks, and maples, a unique resource that has fortunately been saved for the community as a state park. The Galien River traverses the southeastern portion . of the township on its way to its mouth on Lake Michigan at New Buffalo. It has a flat floodplain cut below the surrounding terrain and is forested. Chikaming, just 75 miles by land around the southern end of the lake from Chicago, has long been one of the playgrounds of that urban center. Along with much of southwestern Michigan, • = See Glossary. 9 �Chikaming is unquestionably within the sphere of influence of Chicago rather than Detroit. Newspaper and television coverage demonstrates this. On the other hand, the laws that govern Chikaming are made in Michigan's capital at Lansing. Therefore, some of the vital questions for the Township arise from its geography: (1) Can it control the economic and social forces that emanate from Chicago? (2) Can it preserve the natural features and quality of life that attract people to it? Incidentally, the name, Chikaming, most likely comes from an Algonquin word meaning "at the edge of the great expanse" (Lake Michigan). How appropriate that the name of the township captures in the language of its early Inhabitants the very essence of its situation. Hlstorlcal Background We know very little about the prehistory of the area. According to the State Archaeologist, eighteen archaeological sites have been reported in Chikaming Township. These are situated mainly in the southeastern part of the township and are presumably associated with the Galien River. None have been studied by professional archaeologists, and there is insufficient information to assess their possible significance. Based on studies elsewhere in southwestern Michigan, less than ten per cent of these sites are likely to retain much cultural or research value. The earliest European explorers in the area were Father Jacques Marquette (1675) and Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle (1679). Father Marquette found Indians of the Miami tribe living in semi-permanent villages and carrying on hunting and fishing and a simple agriculture. A few years later the Miamis had been displaced by the Potowatamis. Their principal settlements were also along the rivers. Most of the land was clothed in a hardwood forest of beech, maple, and oak. Some of the Potowatami tribe is said to have spent summer weeks making sugar In the vicinity of present day Warren Woods. Chikaming itself seems to have been little touched by the early explorers. A triangle formed by transport routes enclosed but scarcely touched it. On the west, of course, was the "great expanse" which was undoubtedly used by Indians moving up and down the coast. On the east was the St. Joseph River flowing northwest from South Bend to its mouth at the present city of St. Joseph. This river was an important route for the early French voyagers, because near South Bend was an easy portage to the Kankakee, a tributary of the Mississippi system. The third side of the triangle was to the south where the "old Saulk trail," later the "Chicago road," carried traffic east-west. Consequently, prior to Yankee settlement, Chikaming was largely by-passed and remained a wilderness. By the 1820's the Potowatamis were badly demoralized by defeat in battle and by the white man's diseases and liquor, and in 1828 they ceded to the U.S. Government the territory that Includes present-day Chikaming Township. The territorial legislature of Michigan created Berrien County on October 29, 1829. It was also in 1829 that the U.S. Government extended into southwest Michigan its township and range system of land survey. When it was completed the following year, the one-mile-square . sections left a permanent imprint on the land, for land claims of settlers (usually 160 acres or 1/4 of a square mile) were defined in terms of the rectangular survey system. Roads connecting the farmsteads followed the section lines, and these roads today constitute the north-south, east-west framework of the secondary road system. *=See Glossary. 10 �Immigration started in earnest when the last "reservation" of the Potowatamis near Niles was ceded to the U.S. Government in 1833. The western half of the township was heavily timbered, and for several years these lands were owned principally by non-residents and lumber mill owners in other townships. About 1837 a lumber firm built a water mill near present-day Sawyer and had a horse-drawn railroad to haul lumber to the lake shore. A bachelor, Luman Northrop, bought land at the southwest corner of Section 23 (near where Three Oaks Road crosses the Galien River) in 1840. Here he built a cabin and a sawmill with a flutter-wheel. A major impetus to settlement was the passage by Congress of the Preemption Act of 1841 . This made it possible for a settler to buy 160 acres at only $1.25 an acre, providing he had lived on it for six months. In 1842, Richard Peckham took up a quarter section near present day Lakeside. It is said to have been he who named the locality Chikaming. Alfred Ames, a native of Vermont, settled in 1844 on the lake bluff near what Is now the Lakeside Center for the Arts. His wife was a schoolteacher, and in 1847 their home became the first school. During 1853-1854, Silas Sawyer bought land near the village that bears his name and built a steam sawmill. About the same time, the Wilkinson brothers took up land in Sections 19 and 20, erected a sawmill, and built the Wilkinson, Pike, and Greenbush piers to export lumber by schooner to Chicago. These were located at present-day Lakeside, Cherry Beach, and Harbert, respectively. The community of Union Pier derives it's name from another pier built about this time which has long since disappeared. By 1856, the area was sufficiently settled that Chikaming and Three Oaks were set off from New Buffalo as separate townships. A perusal of the names that appear in the early records of Chikaming indicates that the first settlers were almost all of British stock. Most had moved to Chikaming from New York and New England. However, the name, Jacob Haas, appears on early plat maps, and an Evangelical Lutheran Church was established to serve the German families in the southeast corner of Chikaming Township and adjoining areas. The Wilkinson brothers came to Chikaming from Virginia. Between 1860 and 1870 the population of Chikaming Township trebled (from 310 to 993) and the eastern area, until then largely untouched, became increasingly settled. As many as sixteen stage coaches a day operated between St. Joseph and New Buffalo. Interests in St. Joseph had for years wanted their rail link with the outside world and in 1870 this dream was realized by completion of the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad from St. Joseph to New Buffalo. This, of course, was a tremendous boost for Chikaming, for it made export of produce much more economical. The state required the railroad to have stations at least every five miles along the track for the benefit of farmers. Thus, stations and post offices were established at several points: Troy (later Sawyer), Greenbush (which became Harbert), Wilkinson (now Lakeside), and Townline (now Union Pier). These villages remain the principal concentrations of population within Chikaming. A series of unusually severe winters in the 1850's demonstrated that the climate in southwestern Michigan was unusually well favored for peach production, because peach crops inland were ruined. Peach production in Berrien County reached a peak in 1872, and grapes and apples have been cultivated increasingly since then. Lumber production peaked by 1890. Fortunately, a new industry, totJrism, began to take its place. The first summer resorts appeared along the lake shore as early as 1891. These were initially rather rustic communities in which the guests were housed in simple cottages or even in tents, * = See Glossary. 11 �but they enjoyed great popularity among Chicagoans, who would come out by boat or train to escape into the wooded solitude and the joys of a sandy beach. By the early 1900's there were seven such resorts in south Lakeside near the Lakeside Inn, and others were also clustered in Harbert, Sawyer, and Union Pier. Among the latter were establishments patronized by Czechs, Blacks, and Jews, adding ethnic touches to the community. Settlements of a religious nature (Bethany Beach) and those with a concern for the environment (Prairie Club) were also established. About the same time, a group of affluent families from Chicago established summer homes in the northern part of Lakeside. The Chikaming Country Club was founded in 1911 and a few years later acquired enough land to build an eighteen hole golf course. These communities, largely seasonal, were served by the road paralleling the Lake Michigan shore, designated M-11, a remnant of which Is Lakeshore Road, passing through Lakeside and Union Pier. By the early 1930's, heavy use warranted construction of a four-lane highway (U.S. 12). In 1972, this, in its turn, was superseded, at least for long distance traffic, by Interstate 94, connecting Chicago to Detroit. The old U.S. 12 reverted to Its function as a local arterial road· and was renamed the Red Arrow Highway as a tribute to a U.S. Army Division. While highway traffic was increasing, use of the railroad for passenger traffic fell off, and all railroad stations within Chikaming were abandoned in the 1930's. Now, the closest stop for passengers wishing to use the railway is New Buffalo. Development in Chikaming since World War II has been at a moderate pace until the last ten years or so. Seasonal residents increasingly buy or build second homes in Chikaming rather than renting. Land values have sky-rocketed. A camp ground and a mobile home· park have been established along Warren Woods Road, and a small steel-working plant now adjoins the Sawyer exit of 1-94. Thus far, changes of an undesirable nature have been thwarted. Innovative means to control future use of Chikaming's land are being sought. Bibliography Burgh, Robert. The Region of Three Oaks. Three Oaks, Michigan: Edward K. Warren Foundation, 1939. Carnay, James T., Editor. Berrien Bicentennial. Berrien County, Michigan: Berrien County Bicentennial Commission, Centennial History of Lakeside. Village of Lakeside Association, Inc., 1974. Coolidge, Judge Orville W. A Twentieth Century History of Berrien County, Michigan. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1906. Facts and Fancies of Lakeside. Lakeside, Michigan, August 1, 1945. History of Berrien and Van Buren Counties, Michigan. Philadelphia: D.W. Ensign and Company, 1880. Magnuson, Ronald L. "Historical Sketch.• Chikaming Township Sketch Development Plan. May, 1975. Myers, Robert C. Historical Sketches of Berrien County. Berrien Springs: The 1839 Courthouse Museum, 1988. Romig, Walter, L.H.D. Michigan Place Names. Grosse Point, Michigan: n.d. * = See Glossary. 12 �CHAPTER Ill GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Introduction Communities inevitably change over time. If that change is not to get out of hand, a direction for future development is needed. Community planning is the organized effort to look ahead intelligently, to identify a sense of direction based upon common preference, and to suggest means of steering change toward agreed goals. The broad object of planning is to further the welfare of people in the community by helping to create a better, more healthful, convenient, efficient and attractive community environment. A master plan is the document developed and adopted to embody these concepts. Michigan law requires townships to engage in planning. The Township Rural Zoning Act, P.A. 184 of 1943, as amended, stipulates, among other things: a township "zoning ordinance shall be based upon a plan designed to promote the public health, safety , and general welfare; to encourage the use of lands in accordance with their character and adaptability, and to limit the improper use of land." The Township Planning Act, P.A. 168 of 1959, as amended, requires that the planning commission "shall make and adopt a basic plan as a guide for the development of unincorporated portions of the township." Some of the basic reasons why planning for the future of a community should take place include the following: a. b. c. d. Planning permits communities to make choices for the future, based on articulated community goals, rather than simply accepting what happens by chance or circumstance. Planning helps prevent wasteful expenditure of public and private funds, by providing the ability to better coordinate capital investments with anticipated growth and change in the community. Planning provides a mechanism for the community at large to have a say In how the community develops, through measures designed to encourage and foster community participation in the planning process. Planning helps to protect property values by directing various types of land use activities to locations where land use conflicts are minimized. This Chikaming Township Master Land Use Plan specifically addresses how the community's land and resources might best be used in the future (i.e. to the year 2012). In this regard, It is not the intent of this Plan to in all cases provide for the "highest and best use" of land, as that term is used in the fields of real estate appraisal and development (i.e., that use which produces the greatest economic return or highest economic value). Rather, the purpose of community planning is to provide for an orderly arrangement of land uses which meets the specific goals of the community stated in this Plan, thereby promoting the public health, safety and general welfare. · This plan acknowledges the basic right of property owners to the peaceful enjoyment of their property. With that right comes the responsibility to exercise reasonable and prudent care in the • = See Glossary. 13 �development and use of property. This is based upon the assumption that, from the standpoint of the environment, the land belongs to us all, and the individual property owner Is in some respects only its custodian of the moment. It will help to clarify the scope of the plan If the reader understands what the Master Plan does not do. For example: a. b. This Master Plan has no authority to mandate any particular use of any particular land parcel. The intent of this Plan is to guide zoning in the future, but its suggestions may or may not be carried forward by inclusion in the Zoning Ordinance, which governs the use of land in the Township. Nothing in this Plan is intended to affect the valuation of any particular land parcel. Broadly speaking, though, this Plan should protect land value. Therefore, this Plan does not address the question of property taxes, which, of course, are based on land valuation. Goals and Objectives From recent mail surveys, and as a result of the August 24, 1991, Master Plan Open House, consensus about Chikaming's direction for the future has emerged: 1. Preserve the unique lifestyle and enhance the quality of life In the Township. 2. Welcome limited types of development to Increase the economic base of the Township and to provide more Jobs and amenities while preserving the tranquility, access to nature and a familiar country atmosphere. To move in this overall direction, the following goals and corresponding objectives (recommended actions) have been formulated. (Npte that these goals and objectives are a shared vision for the future and that a Master Plan embodying them does not have the power to require any action. The Master Plan must be carried into effect by a zoning ordinance revised to implement its vision by regulating future use of the Township's lands and natural resources. Of course, realization of the Master Plan also depends upon Township budgetary policy.) In the Master Plan, a goal Is understood to be a general statement describing an aspect of the preferred direction in which residents want the Township to develop. These goals should be · legitimate and worthy aspirations but they may not, in fact, be entirely attainable. Township financial resources and other factors may inevitably limit their full attainment. Objectives are more concrete policies (recommended actions) leading to attainment of particular goals. Bringing them into reality is also, of course, subject to financial and other community constraints, but this does not invalidate them as something to work toward. In many instances, objectives under one goal will also contribute to achievement of another goal. * = See Glossary. 14 �These goals and objectives are to serve as a guide for future land use and infrastructure decisions in Chikaming Township. In so doing, they will also express the intent of the zoning ordinance and serve as the basis of determination when interpretations of ordinance regulations are required. These goals and objectives are not really new to the Township. Most represent only an elaboration of the direction set by the 1975 Chikaming Township Sketch Development Plan, expressing more explicitly the spirit of that Plan. * = See Glossary. 15 �GOALS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS OF THE CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Township Character Goal No. 1: Retain, enhance, and restore, where feaslble, the quiet, scenic, and rural character of the Township and create stablllty In the community by encouraging full-time residency. Recommended Actions: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Bolster enforcement of existing ordinances and regulations to preserve the established character of the Township. Protect from urban encroachment existing rural areas not served by water and sewer through preservation of open space· and agricultural activity. Assure that new construction in more densely settled areas is consistent with and complementary to the established character of the neighborhood. Improve the appearance of the Township through thoughtful design and development which promotes its vitality and efficiency without clutter or hazards to safety. Preserve structures and areas of historical significance through individual and community action. Work closely with neighboring communities and the county to develop incentives to attract year-round residents. Land owners should be encouraged to enhance the attractiveness of the landscape by either planting alleys of trees along the roadsides or putting up fencing or hedgerows. Preserve scenic vistas· by appropriate public and/or private initiatives. Environment Goal No. 2: Selected open spaces·, woods, poorly drained lands, river lands, dunes, beaches, and other valuable natural resources, Including wlldllfe habitat, shall be maintained and protected, either privately or publlcly, for future generations. Recommended Actions: a. b. * Within the capabilities of the Township, carry forward the intent of Michigan law which established and protects "critical dune areas'." Encourage site design which takes natural features such as soils, topography, hydrology, and natural vegetation into account and which uses the land most · effectively and efficiently by maximizing open space·, preserving scenic vistas', and conserving energy. = See Glossary. 16 �c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Discourage development (except for passive recreation) in the Galien River Floodplain and other environmentally sensitive· areas. Poorly drained areas such as marshes, boggy ground, and land with a water table very close to the surface should be discouraged for residential or other developed use and preserved as wildlife habitat. Protect groundwater· resources from contamination and depletion by unwise industrial, agricultural, or residential practices. . Evaluate carefully possible traffic, groundwater· effects, and other environmental impacts of proposed solid or toxic waste disposal programs in or within the vicinity of Chikaming Township. Encourage waste reduction by promoting the recycling of industrial, commercial, household and yard wastes through an economically viable community or regionally-based program. In order to promote preservation of special environments of significant community value, encourage acquisition of these areas by public agencies or non-profit conservancy organizations. Encourage the formation of groups interested in preserving the natural assets of the Township through legal instruments such as conservation easements· and land trusts'. Develop a system of publicly and/or privately owned "greenways·" through the less densely settled areas of the Township to provide cover for migrating wildlife and scope for recreation trails. Develop an overlay zoning district* in the Zoning Ordinance which identifies areas in the Township determined to be environmentally sensitive' and sets forth regulations governing construction in such areas. Parks and Recreation Goal No. 3: The Township should seek to enhance the well being of Its residents by providing a variety of opportunities for relaxation, rest, activity, and education through a well balanced system of private and public park and recreational facilities for all age groups. Recommended Actions: a. b. c. d. Acquire land for public parks as it becomes available in neighborhoods which lack parks and recreation facilities. Require developers to reserve areas for neighborhood parks, the exact location of such sites and the long-term maintenance responsibilities of which shall be determined prior to approval by the Township. Take advantage of natural features and open spaces· in Planned unit developments' to provide an attractive mix of housing and recreational opportunities. Cooperate with the school system in providing recreational facilities and programs for public use. *=See Glossary. 17 �e. f. Promote close cooperation between the Township Board, the Planning Commission, the Public Safety Commission, and the Park Board in solving the vexatious problem of Chikaming's road-end beaches. Press ahead with development of a nature center on township land south of Harbert Road. Transportation Goal No. 4: Ensure development of a transportation system {roads, bike paths and tralls) which separates unllke traffic to promote safety and directs road traffic most efflclently to and from major activity and traffic generators. Recommended Actions: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Work with the Berrien County Road Commission to improve roads and enforce the County's road setbacks, particularly at intersections. If new roads are deemed necessary, assure that they will promote change in a way that is consistent with other Master Plan goals and objectives. Limit the number of driveways along arterial roads" and employ frontage roads' where necessary and feasible to maintain highway efficiency and safety. Protect important road intersections from the negative impact of unwise land use, including excessive signage. Encourage a variety of transportation means, including walking, biking, and public transportation, to meet the needs of a diverse population. Promote safe and pleasant pedestrian and bike travel through a coordinated network of bike paths, trails, and sidewalks, thereby also relieving congestion on highways. Preserve and encourage "green belts'" along major arteries such as 1-94, the Red Arrow Highway,_and Three Oaks Road. Require that new and altered commercial or industrial enterprises undergo a site plan review to assure safe ingress/egress and adequate parking for workers and patrons at such sites. Economic Development Goal No. 5: The Township should Improve Its Industrial and commercial base for the benefit of the entire population. Recommended Actions: a. b. * Welcome (on a selective basis) new commercial and industrial development for the additional tax revenue and employment opportunities it provides and as a counter balance to the existing highly seasonal economy of the Township. Encourage the retention, growth, and expansion of existing industrial firms. = See Glossary. 18 �c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Locate new commercial and industrial facilities where they will have best access to supplies and markets, but also where they will have minimal negative impact on residential areas, arterial roads·, unique natural resources, or historical and archaeological sites. Allow non-polluting, light industry to locate at sites which are accessible to adequate water, sewage, and storm drain systems and to arterial roads· (or rail transport), but which are well screened from neighboring residential areas. Encourage collection centers or types of industry which deal with recyclable materials but assure that they are sufficiently buffered from population centers, do not pollute, and will not litter Township roads. Encourage clustering· of commercial activities at centers with attractive design, good road and pedestrian access, and adequate off-street parking. Discourage unsafe and unsightly commercial strip development along arterial roads· through design and landscaping requirements, including but not limited to berms, planting, shared access·, and off-street parking. Encourage commercial developments which complement adjoining residential areas, prohibit expansion of nonconforming commercial uses, and terminate such uses whenever possible. Provide incentives to encourage the upgrading of existing commercial areas, and promote better cooperation between the public and private sector. Agriculture Goal No. 6: The Township should endeavor to maintain a variety of agricultural operations and promote the preservation of existing farms and farmland through coordinated planning and development regulations, publlc Incentives, and educational strategies. Recommended Actions: a. b. c. d. Institute measures to preserve prime and unique agricultural lands from encroachment of other land uses. Encourage farmers on lands well suited to agriculture to enroll their property in the Michigan Farmland Preservation Act (Act 116 PA of 1974, as amended). Encourage the expansion of specialty farms and related activities which enhance the tourism and recreation potential of the area (e.g. "you pick," farmers markets, farm tours, etc.) Discourage spot development of non-agricultural activities in agricultural areas. Housing Goal No. 7: Adequate and affordable housing In a variety of configurations for families, · slngles and seniors shall be available within the Township. • = See Glossary. 19 �Recommended Actions: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Promote residential (or recreational) use of vacant land within existing residential neighborhoods. Encourage new housing developments to locate adjacent to existing residential neighborhoods to avoid urban sprawl, waste of resources, and land speculation. In Planned unit developments·, encourage developers to use the flexibility of regulations to bring about judicious and attractive clustering· of housing, thus creating space for park and recreation areas. Provide land through zoning for garden apartments, duplexes, and higher density single family residences within easy walking distance of existing and planned public services, facilities, and shopping areas. Promote housing for senior citizens, preferably in proximity to the existing senior center. Coordinate and cooperate with other governmental units in the planning and execution of housing for all income levels. Encourage new rural residences to locate adjacent to existing ones to minimize sprawl, spot development, and demands for expensive public utility services. Where public sanitary sewer is not available. require relatively large individual residential lots in order to accommodate septic tank and field systems and to assure adequate separation of such systems from groundwater· supplies. Develop criteria which must be met before new residences are allowed in sensitive environments' such as steeply sloping land or poorly drained land. Promote a quiet, physically pleasing living environment. Publlc Facllltles and Services Goal No. 8: The Township should plan for development In such a manner as to ensure adequate public utilities and services, now and In the foreseeable future, and at minimum cost to taxpayers. · Recommended Actions: a. b. c. d. e. f. * = See Land use and publicly-owned utility services should be coordinated to ensure that greater intensity of growth occurs where adequate services are provided or planned. Support efforts to establish community day care centers at appropriate locations to provide quality and affordable care of children for working parents. Develop the Township's emergency services to best meet the needs of the community consistent with available financial means. Cooperate with neighboring municipalities and school districts for the provision of utilities, sharing of services, and addressing common issues and problems. Promote close cooperation between the Township Board, the Planning · Commission, the Public Safety Commission, and the Utility Board in planning, executing, and maintaining Township services. Establish a mechanism or body open to all resident and non-resident property owners which will serve as a forum for the discussion of problems of community Glossary. 20 �g. coordination and concern and which can identify and sharpen issues through its non-binding recommendations to other Township bodies. Create a Township focal point, event, or program (or any combination thereof) which will build a greater sense of community and provide cultural enrichment for all residents. *=See Glossary. 21 �CHAPTER IV COMMUNITY CHARACTER Population Historic Trends The population of Chikaming Township decreased by over thirteen percent (13.60%) between 1980 and 1990. Although Chikaming Township experienced the largest decline In the Immediate area, many communities in Berrien County experienced greater losses. Examples of severe decline include Hager Township (-16.79%), New Buffalo City (-17.87%), Grand Beach Village (-35.68%), and Michiana Village (-50.75%). Table 1 shows the historic population of both Chikaming and the surrounding townships. Table 1 - Historic Population, 1960 - 1990 Chikaming and Surrounding Townships I TOWNSHIP IC:JI 1970 I 1980 % CHANGE I I % CHANGE 1990 I I % CHANGE +14.2 4302 +5.8 3717 -13.60 2146 +6.1 2212 +3.0 2487 +12.43 7418 10271 +27.8 9961 -3.0 9613 -3.49 WEESAW 2229 2338 +4.7 2164 -7.4 2114 -2.31 THREE OAKS 2856 2894 +1 .3 3046 +5.0 2952 -3.05 BERRIEN COUNTY 149865 163940 +8.6 171276 +4.3 161378 -5.78 MICHIGAN 7823194 8881826 +11 .9 9262078 +4.5 9295297 +0.36 CHIKAMING 3476 4051 LAKE 2016 ST. JOSEPH I Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census (1960-1990) Seasonal Population Variation The current population figure for Chikaming Township (3717) reflects those residents who were either residing in the township on April 1st, 1990 (census day), or those seasonal people who list Chikaming Township as their primary place of residence. Many of these seasonal residents are either "snowbirds", residents who spend the winter months in a warmer climate and summers in Michigan, or residents of neighboring states who currently spend a limited amount of time In the Township but may plan to retire here. In addition to the Michigan winters, seasonal residents also may find substantial tax reasons, especially in Florida and Illinois, for declaring primary residency · elsewhere. *=See Glossary. 22 �While the percentage of seasonal residents may not be a significant issue in most communities, the seasonal variation in Chikaming's population is large enough to be considered for the implications related to long range development planning. Almost 48% of the housing in Chikaming Township is listed in the census as seasonal. (This figure is supported by township tax assessment records which reveal that nearly one-half of the parcels in the township ar~ owned by persons who claim a permanent address in zip code areas outside of the township.) By using the average persons per household figure, the population in the Township could conceivably increase by 3,785, for a summer season total near 7,500. This aspect of the population, and it's effect on the township economy, will be discussed later in this report. Population by Age In order to fully analyze population and anticipate future growth, it is necessary to examine many components. One important aspect of population is a study of age groups. In general, the population of the Township is older than for the State of Michigan overall. Table 2 illustrates the 1990 age distribution of the Township population, compared to the State of Michigan. Of note is the fact that, for all age groups under 44 years of age, the Township has a smaller proportion of its population in these age groups than does the State. This difference is particularly accentuated in the 18-24 and 25-34 age groups, age groups of family formation and career growth. Only 20% of Township residents fall in this age category, compared to nearly 28% for the State of Michigan. It is safe, therefore, to assume that Chikaming Township is losing a substantial proportion of it's young adults to other areas. The opposite is true of the older age groups. Over 21% of the Township population was 65 years or older in 1990, compared to 11.9% for the State overall. It is not uncommon to find that the 2544 age group and the 5-17 age group are very similar in number. In 1990 in Chikaming Township, the number of 5 to 17-year olds was not as high as might be expected. In fact, the number of residents below the age of 18 and the number over 65 are very similar. This was not true in 1970 and 1980, when the number of young people far exceeded the number of seniors. *=See Glossary. 23 �Table 2 - Populatlon by Age Group, 1990 Chikaming Township and Michigan 20 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15--10 - - - 0% 0-5 years 5-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85 & over AGE GROUP -Michigan '·.:,,:•, . I_ ·················1 ::::r:Jfff Chikaming Township Source: Census of Population, 1990 * = See Glossary. 24 �Table 3, which follows, shows that the proportion of young people (% under 18) has steadily declined in recent years while the relative number of seniors (% over 65) has increased in the same years. This is also reflected in the higher average (median) age of the population. This is a trend that is seen throughout most of the United States, but is more pronounced in Chikaming. It is cause for concern because of the resulting effect this has on the economic health of the township and its ability to attract and retain workers and provide community services to both the seasonal and year-round residents. Table 3 - General Age Characteristics, 1970 • 1990 BERRIEN COUNTY 1990 MICHIGAN 1990 40 33.6 32.6 26.8% 22.2% 27.0% 26.5% 19.3% 21.5% 13.7 11.9 CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 1970 CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 1980 Median Age 34.9 35 % under 18 31.4% % over 65 18.3% CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 1990 Source: US Census, 1970-1990 There are many issues which can be identified from analyzing the age breakdown of population. In Chikaming Township, the following conclusions have resulted from this analysis: • The number of children under five years of age has declined from nearly 300 in 1980 to slightly over 200 in 1990. These children will be the elementary school students of the next ten years. A continued decline in this age group may have a profound effect on the area school districts. • The low proportion of the population between the ages of eighteen and 25 may indicate a local economy which is not diverse enough to accommodate new entrants into either the skilled or unskilled labor force. • The population in the 25 to 34 age group, along with a portion of the age groups on either side, are the parents of the elementary school age children. If this age group continues to be under-represented in the Township population, the number of school age children In the community could decline further in the future. • Chikaming Township appears to be a desirable site for retirement, based on the number of 60-74 year olds residing here. This has implications for the need for affordable housing, transportation services and other public services used by elderly residents. • = See Glossary. 25 �• If the existing population trend continues over the next twenty years, the number of elementary school age children would show a sharp decline and the number of late middle age residents and retirees will increase. This will occur as the current middle age residents move closer to retirement age and economic conditions curtail the influx of other young families to balance the population. Persons Per Household Persons per household figures tell us much about the types of families residing in the Township. If the persons per household number is high (ie., over 2.8), it may be assumed that there are many families with children still living with parents. If the number is low (ie., less than 2.4), it may be concluded that many small households are present. Small households are often associated with retired persons or families where children no longer reside at home. In Chikaming Township, the low persons per household number corroborates the higher-than-average median age to suggest a more mature community. Table 4 - Persons Per Household, 1970 - 1990 CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 1970 I PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD I 2.7 CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 1980 12.6 CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 1990 BERRIEN COUNTY 1990 MICHIGAN 1990 I2.4 Source: US Bureau of Census, 1970-1990 Race Chikaming Township is now, and has been historically, a predominantly white community. In 1990, 97% of the population was white, compared with 83% for both Berrien County and the State of Michigan. * = See Glossary. 26 �Table 5 shows a detail of population by race for the Township from 1970 to 1990. Table 5 - Chikaming Township Populatlon by Race, 1970 - 1990 RACE 1970 I I 1980 I 1990 I I WHITE 4025 4127 3601 BLACK 20 128 103 AMERICAN INDIAN, ESKIMO, ALEUT - 12 3 ASIAN OR PACIFIC ISLANDER - 16 8 OTHER 6 19 2 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census (1970-1990); Southwest Michigan Regional Commission Education Levels (Because 1990 Census figures for education are not as yet available, we have used 1980 figures. At such time as the 1990 figures are available, this information should be updated.) Education levels for Chikaming Township residents are comparable to the county and State figures, with the Township showing a generally higher percentage of persons over 35 currently in school. This is consistent with the median age characteristics for the township. With this Table, as with some others, the figures presented for Chikaming Township do not necessarily reflect the seasonal population. It might be found, if that information were applied, that the education levels for Chikaming residents would increase slightly. *=See Glossary. 27 �Table 6 - Educational Levels, 1980 MEDIAN NUMBER PERCENTAGE OF SCHOOL OF HIGH SCHOOL YEARS COMPLETED PERCENTAGE OF COLLEGE GRADUATES GRADUATES PERCENTAGE OF RESIDENTS OVER AGE 35 NOW ENROLLED IN SCHOOL CHIKAMING TQWNSHIP 12.6 65.8% 12.3% 1.6% BERRIEN 12.4 65.1% 16.8% 1.1% 12.5 68.1% 14.3% 0.9% COUNTY MICHIGAN Source: Bureau of Census, 1980 NOTE: Information in this Table reflects only those persons who responded to the 1980 Census. It should be remembered that almost 50% of Chikaming's population is seasonal and may be included in the tabulation for other communities. Population Projection Projecting population is difficult because of the number and type of variables involved. In addition to the measurable elements, like past population trends and average resident age, many other less tangible issues related to the State's economy also have an impact. In communities which attract seasonal residents, such as Chikaming, the economy of neighboring states can also have a profound effect. A projection of future population for Chikaming Township has been prepared, based on the population by age group figures, past trends and regional economic outlook. The economic aspects of the projection may be the most critical because of the need to attract young families to the area. Secure employment opportunities are a critical element in attracting and retaining new residents to any area. Given the trends in age group population in Chikaming Township, the population will need to attract new residents in order to grow and maintain a healthy diversity. According to the following projection, the year-round population is expected to decline slowly over the next twenty years. This estimate assumes a slow improvement in the regional economy and a persistent decline in the retention of persons in the 20-30 year old age group. The total summer population will probably remain near the current level (7,500) as the number of summer-only residents may increase to offset the decline in year-round residents. The summer-only residents could, in time, substantially outnumber the year-round residents. Such a situation would have unhealthy repercussions on the local economy and on representational government. The desirability of Chikaming Township as a site for summer homes has already . caused an escalation of property values which, in turn, has put economic pressure on the yearround residents. * = See Glossary. 28 �Table 7 - Populatlon Projection, 1990 - 201 0 1 I CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP 13717 1990 1 13534 2000 1 2010 13327 Sources: The WBDC Group, The W.E. Upjohn Foundation, U.S. Office of Management and Budget NOTE: Information in this Table is based on raw Information from several sources, most of which reflects only those persons who live in the Township year-round. Economic Proflle Labor Market The labor market in Berrien County has traditionally been tied to the agricultural and manufacturing trades. Nearly 28% of the total 81,322 employed persons in the county work in manufacturing, with large percentages also Involved in retail trade (17%) and services (24%). The number of Berrien County residents employed by the service industry, which includes tourism and other seasonal activities, increased by nearly 20% between 1983 and 1988. This overall employment profile depicts a base which has been severely hurt by recent turns in the State's economy. Manufacturing-based local economies throughout Michigan are dealing with cutbacks and layoffs. This directly affects the retail trade industry, as residents have less expendable income. The service industry, while showing some increase in employment, often offers lowpaying, seasonal jobs which do not attract the young adults of Chikaming. The local market for unskilled, full-time labor has declined in recent years, making it difficult for young people to remain in the area. According to the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, the service industries in Berrien County may also decline further over the next year. This was determined by tracking the help wanted advertisements in regional newspapers. A large (20.7%) plunge in service-related job advertising supported this predicted decline. The market for unskilled part-time laborers remains fairly high, according to the area Chamber of Commerce. At a recent job fair held in the county, the number of part time jobs (eg., fast food restaurants, filling stations), was large. Tables 8 and 9 present a detail of Principal Employers and Employment by Industry for Berrien County. Although these numbers provide a profile of Berrien County as a whole, they may not translate well to Chikaming Township. The population of Chikaming is older than the remainder of Berrien County. As mentioned previously, almost 22% of the Township's residents are over the age of . 65. In Berrien County, this figure is only 13%. In addition to an unfavorable age distribution, it must also be emphasized that Chikaming Township has more seasonal residents than the rest of the County. This older, seasonal population undoubtedly is not involved with the same local labor markets as the permanent residents. *=See Glossary. 29 �Table 8 - Prlnclpal Employers In Berrien County, 1991 Employer Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor Zenith Data Systems, St. Joseph Bendix Automotive Systems-N.A., SJ BCO Corporation, SJ United Technologies Automotive, Niles Gast Manufact., Benton Harbor & Bridgman Simplicity Pattern, Niles Tyler refrigeration, Niles Modern Plastics, Benton Harbor Weldun International, Bridgman Comstock Michigan Fruit Canners, BH National Standard, Niles Wollin Products, Stevensville Sheperd Products, SJ/TO Ausco, SJ Ag-Tech Crop Sprayer, Niles Hughes Plastics, Inc., SJ Industrial Rubber Goods, SJ Premier Tool & Die Cast Corp., Berr Spg New Products Corporation, Benton Harbor Ad-Co Die Cast Corporation, Bridgman Fapco, Inc., Buchanan # Employees Products 1885 1830 1200 1200 650 641 509 484 463 425 355 350 250 230 218 300 270 242 230 210 200 200 Washers and Dryers Computers, Electronic Equip. Auto Parts Analytical Instruments Miscellaneous Plastic Products Compressors, Air and Gas Dress Patterns Refrigeration & Heating Molders, Inject. Thermoset Flex. Assembly & Test System Canned Fruits Reinforcing & Specialty Wire Miscellaneous Plastic Products Hardware, Stampings Malleable Castings Horticulture Sprayers Custom Molded Thermoplastics Molded & Extruded Rubber Zinc & Aluminum Die Cast Die Cast Component Parts Foundries, Aluminum Die Cast Industrial Packaging Source: Berrien County Economic Development Group, 1991 *=See Glossary. 30 �Table 9 - Employment by Industry In Berrien County, 1988 EMPLOYMENT (Numbers of Employees) 1983 Total Em12lo~ment Components by Type: Wage and Salary Proprietors Farm Nonfarm 1988 69,027 81,322 58,035 10,992 2,094 8,898 68,718 12,604 1,827 10,777 3,663 3,205 65,364 57,340 510 229 2,610 18,973 78,117 69,262 674 245 2,747 22,447 2,558 2,235 11,342 3,135 15,748 8,024 472 371 7,181 2,838 2,776 13,720 4,081 19,734 8,855 475 425 7,955 Industry Farm Nonfarm Private Agric./For./Fish. Mining Construction Manufacturing Non-Durable Goods Durable Goods Transp. & Utilities Wholesale Trade Retail Trade ' Fin./lns./Real Estate Services Government Federal Military, Civilian State and Local No figure given Indicates confldentlal Information or fewer than 10 employees. Chikaming Township employers are likely ,o be Included In this small employer category. Source: Berrien County Economic Development Group, 1991 * = See Glossary. 31 �Chikaming's economy suffers from an inadequate local base and is plagued by the seasonal swings of retail demand. Although 1990 Census economic data are not available at the time of writing, it is apparent that retail establishments barely cover their annual costs with the summer bonanza and that a large share of the permanent population of working age must seek employment in nearby urban areas. Clearly, commercial and light industrial development should be encouraged as a means of increasing the tax base and providing year-round jobs, but somehow such change should be balanced by the need to preserve the environment that attracts people to Chikaming in the first place. Per Csplta Income Local level per capita income and unemployment figures are not yet available from the 1990 Census. Looking at the county level, however, Berrien County has slightly lower per capita income than the State average. (Refer to Table 10) Because the actual dollar value has changed since 1980, it is advisable to interpret these numbers in relation to the communities only in the year given. For example, it would be misleading to assume that the per capita income in Berrien County more than doubled between 1980 and 1990. Comparing Berrien County to the State figures shows that the County per capita income has remained less than the rest of the State, but has held at a steady rate. It is also important, when looking at the Chikaming Township numbers, that this Census is again based on the year round population. If we were able to factor in the per capita incomes for the seasonal residents, the figure would likely be increased. Table 10 - Per Capita Income Data, 1988 CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP BERRIEN COUNTY MICHIGAN 1980 $6,932 $6,723 $7,688 1990 n/a $14,173 $15,428 Source: US Bureau of Census, 1980-1990 * = See Glossary. 32 �Poverty Statistics (Poverty statistics are calculated by the Census Bureau and are based on the average national income and cost of living figures. Generally, the poverty level is assumed to include all of those households, individuals or families with incomes less than ten percent below the median income. That is, if the median income is reported to be $10,000, all households with incomes less than $9,000 would be identified as living under the poverty level. For statistical purposes, the poverty thresholds are computed at the national level only. No attempts are made by the Census Bureau to adjust these figures for state, county or local variations. For this reason, the numbers presented In this report should be used only for comparison of state, county and township data.) Poverty figures for 1990 will not be avallable until late summer of 1992. For purposes of this report, figures from 1980 were reviewed. Generally, In 1980, Chikaming Township residents were less likely to be living below the poverty level than residents in the rest of Berrien County (9.1 % of families below poverty level in Chikaming Township, versus 11.1% in Berrien County), but slightly more likely than in the state as a whole (8.2% in 1980). NOTE: The above information reflects only those persons who responded to the 1980 Census. It should be remembered that almost 50% of Chikaming's population is seasonal and may be included in the tabulation for other communities. Housing Characteristics Value The housing supply in Chikaming Township is generally of very high quality, with a mix of historic summer cottages and winterized homes in lake-oriented communities, farmsteads and new construction scattered throughout the Township. Table 11 compares the median value of specified owner-occupied single-family homes in the Township in 1990 with several other nearby communities. The median value in Chikaming Township was substantially higher than the median value in either Berrien County or the State of Michigan overall. This is due in part to the large number of lakefront homes in the Township, and the high value of waterfront property. It may also be partly attributable to the growing desirability of the area as a seasonal home location for Chicago area residents, and a year-round living location for persons employed in the Chicago area. Comparison of the median value data for Townships bordering Lake Michigan (Chikaming and New Buffalo) with non-shoreline Townships (Three Oaks and Weesaw) tends to support the view that the value of land and housing is strongly influenced by proximity to the Lake Michigan shoreline. * = See Glossary. 33 �Table 11 - Median Value of Owner-Occupied Housing, 1990, Chikaming Township and Surrounding Communities COMMUNITY I I MEDIAN VALUE Chikaming Township $67,700 New Buffalo Township $75,500 Three Oaks Township $43,800 Weesaw Township $46,900 Berrien County $52,800 State of Michigan $60,600 I Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census NOTES: The previous Table reflects only those persons who responded to the 1980 Census. It should be remembered that almost 50% of Chlkaming's population is seasonal and may be included in the tabulation for other communities. In addition, these data exclude mobile homes, houses with a business or medical office, housing units in multi-unit buildings and houses on 10 or more acres. Table 12 summarizes 1990 Census data concerning the value of specified owner-occupied homes in the Township, with percentage comparisons between Chikaming Township, Berrien County and the State overall. These data' indicate that homes valued at $100,000 or more make up a much higher proportion of the Township's owner-occupied housing stock than they do in Berrien County overall. In Chikaming Township, homes valued at $100,000 or more make up 22.5% of all specified owner-occupied units, and only 12.3% of the units in Berrien County overall. Average sale price of homes is slightly different than the median value as reported to the Census Bureau and shown in Table 11. According to the Michigan Association of Realtors, the average selling price for homes in Berrien County in 1991 was $80,337. This is an increase of 8.5% over the 1990 average of $74,027. *=See Glossary. 34 �Table 12 - Value of Specified Owner-occupied Housing Units, 1990, Chikaming Township, Berrien County and Michigan HOUSING VALUE CHIKAMING TWP. BERRIEN COUNTY STATE OF MICHIGAN Less than $50,000 29.3% 46.8% 38.5% $50 ,000-99, 999 48.2% 40.9% 42.6% $100,000-149,999 12.2% 7.9% 11.5% $150,000-199,000 4.5% 2.4% 4.2% $200,000-299,999 3.2% 1.4% 2.3% More than $300,000 2.6% .6% 1.0% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census; Southwest Michigan Regional Commission; Business Outlook for West Michigan (W.E. Upjohn Institute) NOTES: The previous Table reflects only those persons who responded to the 1980 Census. It should be remembered that almost 50% of Chikaming's population is seasonal and may be included in the tabulation for other communities. In addition, these data exclude mobile homes, houses with a business or medical office, housing units in multi-unit buildings and houses on 1O or more acres. Affordablllty A common perception among Township residents is that housing prices in the area have been Inflated by the demand for seasonal, or second, homes, thereby making housing less affordable for year-round residents. When calculating the availability of affordable housing, it is generally accepted that the average selling price of housing should not exceed 2.5 times the median income. Using this calculation, the median household income for Berrien County would be in the $32,135 range (ie., the average $80,337 selling price of homes in Berrien County divided by 2.5). It would seem that few young adults command an income approaching that figure, even in twoincome households. If the Township desires to attract more young families or retain seniors on fixed incomes, it will need to offer more affordable housing opportunities. Premanufactured housing· and multiple family units· are examples of alternative low-cost, or affordable housing. As shown in Table 13, the number of multiple family units· in the township has decreased in the last ten years while the number of premanufactured homes has increased · significantly. Community attitudes often make it difficult for affordable housing projects to develop. In the recent Township Attitude survey, 65% of the residents responding indicated that they would not like to * = See Glossary. 35 �see more township land set aside for manufactured housing' developments. In a related question, 58% of the respondents stated that they also would not approve of new multiple-family residential development. Unfortunately, under present conditions, premanufactured and modular units and multi-family residences usually constitute the only housing within the reach of people with modest income. Table 13 - Distribution of Housing Units by Type, 1980 and 1990, 1990 1980 I I I I PERCENT CHANGE SINGLE FAMILY 2761 3019 +9% MULTIPLE FAMILY 299 151 -50% Mobile home', TRAILER 32 116 +363% I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980, 1990 Seasonal Housing As mentioned previously in this report, Chikaming Township has a substantially higher rate of seasonal housing (48%) than either Berrien County (6%) or the State of Michigan (6%). Furthermore, the proportion of the Township's housing stock which is for seasonal use has increased significantly in the last 1O years - from about 27% in 1980 to 48% in 1990. In addition to the existing associations which have long been located in the Township, two new developments, Tibberon and Highland Shores, have been established on the coast. One of the historic associations, Bethany Beach, also is experiencing some expansion. Table 14 shows the change in seasonal housing numbers in the Township between 1980 and 1990. Table 14 - Selected Housing Characteristics, Chikaming Township, 1980-1990 I 1990 I % CHANGE 2253 1709 -24.1% SEASONAL UNITS 839 1577 +87.9% TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 3092 3286 +6.2% I YEAR ROUND UNITS 1980 I I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980, 1990 *=See Glossary. 36 �Senior Housing The primary need for seniors in the community, according to Judy Ponegalek, Director of the River Valley Senior Center, is housing. There are only three establishments of subsidized housing' for seniors anywhere nearby and they are always full. These are in Three Oaks, New Buffalo, and Bridgman. There is none in Chikaming Township. Some seniors in those homes receive up to $150 per month as subsidy. A retirement home or community in the Immediate area would be a great asset, particularly one that catered to three stages of care, that is, (1) active life, (2) limited care, and (3) total care. Now the nearest such centers are Hamllton Grove In Indiana and the Whitcomb Towers In St. Joseph. Mrs. Ponegalek emphasized, though, that it should cater to the needs of low Income people as well as the affluent. Building Permit Data Building permit data for the Township indicates that construction and major renovation activity has remained fairly steady throughout the past several years, even showing a slight increase over the past five (5) years. Most renovation work has occurred in the areas in and around Union Pier and Bethany Beach. New construction, although scattered throughout the township, is more often noted in the Sawyer area and near Holloway Drive. More new construction than renovation is seen in the area east of Red Arrow Highway. The following table (15) provides a brief detail of construction since 1979. Table 15 - Residential Construction Activity In Chikaming Township, 1979 - 1991 TIME PERIOD ' NEW CONSTRUCTION MAJOR RENOVATION 1979-1986 -(8 years) 99 52 1987-Present (4 years) 119 70 Source: Chikaming Township Transportation Chikaming Township has a well developed roadway system of Interstate and State Highways, primary and local roads and some private streets through lakeshore neighborhoods. According to the County Road Commission, the highways in the community do not as yet have volumes equal to their capacity. The roadway network in the Township is shown on the Community . Facilities Map. * = See Glossary. 37 �In addition to the roadway system, the following facilities are available to Township residents and businesses: Bus Lines: Truck Lines: Rail Lines: Ports: Nearest Airport: Greyhound (in St. Joseph); Indian Trails 42 available Amtrak; Conrail; C&O (no passenger stop closer than New Buffalo) St. Joseph River Harbor; New Buffalo Harbor (small craft only) Michiana Regional, serving United Express, American Eagle, Northwest, US Air (South Bend, 35 miles away) Summary Demographic data for Chikaming Township indicate that the population of the community has matured in the last 20 years. Decline in the proportion of the population from birth to middle age and conversion of dwelling units from year-round to seasonal use has resulted In an overall loss of permanent population in the last two decades. At the same time, the impact of seasonal residents and summer resort activity on the community has increased in recent years. Summer tourism growth and seasonal residence has many impacts on the Township, such as traffic impacts, demand for resort-oriented businesses, and demand for certain types of public facilities and services. The decline in population In Chikaming Township may be closely related to the economic picture. The lack of employment opportunities in the vicinity may be discouraging young adults and families from remaining in or locating in the community. However, while employment opportunities within the Township are limited, there are several larger employment centers within commuting distance of the Township. Recent surveys and conversations with residents, both permanent and seasonal, indicate that most choose to live in Chikaming Township because of the relaxed, rural atmosphere, lack of crowding and congestion and the opportunities for outdoor renewal and recreation. Many of those who are employed are willing to drive 20-30 miles to their places of employment - some even to Chicago - in order to maintain this "home base" quality of life. As increasing numbers of residents of large urban areas seek to escape the congestion, crime, air pollution and other problems of large cities, they may be drawn to the unique attributes of Chikaming Township. This poses the challenge of protecting and maintaining the characteristics of the Township that make it an attractive place to live. New growth must be channeled to locations and with design features that are compatible with and maintain the natural features which define the Township's character. On the other hand, it seems only fair that many young people, raised in Chikaming Township, should have a chance to find employment here (or nearby) if they choose. Therefore, a policy to attract or create jobs in the area should also be instituted. These two quite different policies are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but careful planning for future land use is essential to accommodate them. *=See Glossary. 38 �CHAPTERV COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND TRANSPORTATION The local facilities and roadway system available to the residents of Chikaming Township are described below and shown on the Community Facilities and Transportation Map, located In the Appendix. Recreation Facll ltles Chikaming Township has a number of recreation facilities, both public and privately owned. The following list is taken from the Chikaming Township Park Plan, 1992-1996. Public Harbert Community Park (picnic facilities, softball diamond) Cherry Beach Townline Beach McKinley Beach Miller Beach Lakeview Beach Pier Street Beach Harbert Beach Red Arrow/Youngren Park Red Arrow/Lakeside Park Warren Woods Park (picnic facilities) Robinson Preserve Private Chikaming Country Club Camp Hazelhurst/Prairie Club Bob-A-Ron Campground Schools The River Valley School District system has two schools located in the township, one offering classes for kindergarten through fifth grades, and the second with seventh through twelfth grades. Sixth graders are bussed to the school in New Troy, which is in Weesaw Township, to the east. The high school facility also houses the school district administrative offices. During the school year, an extensive system of busing serves these three schools. There is also one private school in the township. The Trinity Lutheran School, located on Sawyer Road, is associated with the Trinity Lutheran Church, also on Sawyer Road. *=See Glossary. 39 �The public schools are principally financed through property ta,ces, a system increasingly under fire because of recent escalation of those ta,ces. Rising property valuations are a problem that, in the final analysis, can only be dealt with at the state level. Publlc Safety Services Chikaming Township offers three public safety services, police, fire and ambulance. Up until June 8, 1989 when the Public Safety Commission was formed, the three departments were under separate direction. The ambulance and the fire departments had their own individual governing boards and the police were directed by the chief. The Public Safety Commission was formed to bring about better understanding, better communications, and better co-operation between the respective safety service functions and, at the same time, provide these services at a reduced cost. The commission consists of seven members made up of the Police Chief, Fire Chief, Ambulance Coordinator, two Township Board members and two members from the public at large who are appointed by the Board on an annual basis. As an advisory commission they oversee the police, fire and ambulance policies, monitor recommended expenditures, assist in the preparation of annual budgets, recommend capital expenditures, recommend new and/or review existing safety policies, and prepare and maintain an emergency preparedness plan. They also establish and maintain qualification standards of departmental personnel for each safety unit. A committee of three commission members, two members at large and one board member, are responsible for a year end performance appraisal of the respective department heads. They then recommend to the township board, no later than February 28th of each year, specific merit increases, reappointments, changes, etc. The commission began meeting monthly in July of 1989. At their meetings each department head gives their reports and they discuss expenditures and courses of action to be recommended to the township board. The commission then gives a condensed version of this information to the township board at their monthly meeting. Police Department The Chikaming Township Police Force, consisting of one full-time officer and one part-time officer, was formed in June of 1961. Available statistics for the department start in 1974. At that time the department had one full-time and four part-time officers. It handled 739 complaints which included traffic. As the township grew, the work load took a tremendous jump during the late 80's and early 90's. By 1991 the work load had more then doubled with the department handling 1,503 complaints, including those for traffic accidents or violations. The department still consists of one full-time officer, but the part-time ranks have increased to 11 officers. Although the number of part-time officers has greatly increased, each officer is not · available to work as many hours as was the case in past years. Currently, the department is on duty day shifts during the week, and days and nights during the weekend. Also, during the summer months, the week day shifts have a night shift on some nights, depending upon budgets •=See Glossary. 40 �and manpower. The township is not covered 24 hours a day. If an arrest is made within the township causing the officer to go to St. Joseph to the county jail, the township Is left unpatrolled. During the summer, the department spends a great deal of effort in maintaining order on the many township beaches. In an effort to deal with this problem, the Chikaming Township Park Board, in the summer of 1992, contracted with an Independent security service to monitor and enforce regulations for the road-end beaches with back-up from Chikaming Township police. As a result, a great improvement in trash removal as well as personal behavior at the beaches has been noted. Elsewhere, however, demand for police Intervention has by no means abated. Without the assistance of the Michigan State Police and the Berrien County Sheriffs Department, it would be Impossible for the township police to properly serve the residents of the township. At the current level of staffing, the department is overrun with the work load, not to mention the mountainous paper work that accompanies the department's activities. To provide the township with complete police service, it is estimated that they will need four fulltime officers and a limited staff of part-time officers. This would still be relying on the Michigan State Police and the Berrien County Sheriffs Departments for assistance in many cases. Without their assistance and the assistance from other area departments, the township could not give complete service to the township residents. Four full-time officers are estimated to cost $150,000 at 1992 prices. Fire Department The Chikaming Township Fire Department currently consists of three stations. Station #1 in Lakeside was established in 1928, followed by Station #2 in Sawyer in 1929. Station #3 in Riverside was formed in 1961. The Fire Department in 1992 consists of 30 individuals, one Fire Chief, Three Battalion Chiefs and three Captains, one for each station, and 23 volunteer fire fighters. Their equipment consists of three engines, two tankers and two brush fire vehicles. Their budget for the year is $150,000. To meet the future fire service needs, the department foresees the combining of all the fire stations at a central location. The department would also like to see the ambulance service housed at this same, as yet undetermined, location. The department would need a full-time Fire Chief, an administrator and on-call fire fighters like the ambulance has paid on-call personnel. This future station would have two engines, one tanker and a minipumper to be used to put out brush fires and as a rescue vehicle that would be equipped with a Jaws of Life and water rescue gear. The future budget is estimated at $200,000 at 1992 prices. Another very important part of the current and future department is training. With so much manpower needed to provide this service properly, on the job survival knowledge is needed so that fire fighters can do their jobs safely and professionally. * = See Glossary. 41 �Ambulance Service The Chikaming Township Emergency Vehicle Association was formed in 1968 by members of the community who were dissatisfied with the response times of the ambulances that serviced this area from Benton Harbor. In 1969 they funded the purchasing of their first ambulance, affectionately called the "Red Cadillac", by selling $10 subscriptions. Originally, the service was manned by all volunteers that lived in the township and were trained in Advanced First Aid, who were dispatched by telephone by the Michigan State Police Post in New Buffalo. There was no requirement for any licensing of personnel by the state. In 1975 they held a fundraiser to get $19,000 for a new ambulance and equipment. At that time, the ambulance crew consisted of 28 volunteers, who provided the community with 24 hour service. In 1979, the State of Michigan made it mandatory that every ambulance must have on board a state-licensed Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) in the patient compartment during transport. This rule put a heavy financial burden on the totally volunteer service, membership dropped, and they were forced to ask the township for assistance in order to survive. In August of 1979, the voters approved a one mill property tax levy to provide the funds to operate the ambulance and keep its members properly trained and licensed. With the millage, residents are provided with the service at no charge to them or to their insurance. In 1992, the service has one ambulance that is staffed with two members on call at all times. The service is licensed as a BLS (Basic Life Support) unit. All personnel are licensed by the Michigan Department of Public Health. The ambulance has two full-time employees and 18 (10 EMT's and 8 Medical First Responders) part-time paid employees. Annually they transport approximately 250 injured or ill patients to several local hospitals under the direction and guidelines of Berrien County Medical Control based at Mercy-Memorial Medical Center in St. Joseph. Aiso, Advanced Life Support is provided through mutual aid when needed. Approximately 10 to 15% of the patients transported require ALS. This paramedic charge is paid out of the ambulance fund and residents are not charged for this extra service In the near future, the ambulance needs to be looking toward providing one person on station at all times In order to respond immediately to emergency calls. The second member of the crew can respond from home directly to the scene. In order to do this, they would need an ambulance station that is centrally located within the Township. The cost of this building would depend on how many township departments would be included. As for the cost of a manned station, labor laws in 1992 require a minimum wage, so approximately $40,000 per year would be required. Eventually a full-time paramedic service will be needed, which at 1992 prices would cost between $250,000 and $300,000 per year. The necessity of this added service depends on the growth of the township and the amount of EMS activity generated. Future Needs and Options There are two main factors that govern the future needs of the safety services in the township, growth in population of the township and State mandates for equipment, training, procedures, and licensing. One very expensive element that came to the forefront in 1992 and affects all three *=See Glossary. 42 �services is the rising cost of prevention of contact with persons with an array of diseases and the government regulations with regards to these preventive measures. Looking forward to the year 2012, it is difficult to foresee the technological and medical advances that will be made in providing these services. However, it is safe to assume that these advancements will be expensive and that they may become mandatory equipment and practices In the future. With this understanding, there seem to be two options for the township. The first would be to house all three services in one centrally located building. These services could be overseen by a Public Safety Officer or Administrator, who would coordinate services with the Fire Chief, Ambulance Director, and Police Chief. Financially, the township board has made a move in this direction in 1992 by asking the voters to approve a 1.5 mill property tax levy to fund all three services, instead of renewing the one mill levy that funded the ambulance service only. If costs become too prohibitive, the township could consider an intergovernmental organization that would provide these services to the people in participating area municipalities, i.e., something similar to the Galien River Sanitary District for sewer services. Agreed, the response time would not be as quick, but this would be better than relying on county services possibly located in the St. Joseph/Benton Harbor area. Since this option has not become a necessity, it has not yet been investigated. Publlc Utllltles Public utilities, including water and sewer facilities, are generally available in the residential areas west of Red Arrow Highway and in the more developed neighborhoods between Red Arrow and 1-94. One section along Three Oaks Road is served by water only at this time. The Community Facilities and Transportation Map shows the approximate service areas for the public utility system. It may generally be assumed that these areas have been designed to extend beyond the current limits, providing that adequate water pressure is available. In 1988, the township developed a water system report which addressed the community's current and future utility needs. That report offered three (3) areas of future expansion: 1) Within the current service area; 2) Outside of the current service area; and 3) In the areas of Union Pier and New Buffalo Township. Recently, the system has seen the greatest expansion east of Red Arrow Highway. The most likely future expansion will also occur in this area. The plan to extend municipal water to some nearby rural areas in order to complete loops and thus make the entire water system more stable is under discussion. Funding for that plan, whether public or private, remains a limiting factor. For the purposes of this Plan, areas currently served will be considered as more suited for development than those not served. River Valley Senior Center River Valley is one of six senior centers in Berrien County and provides services to the southwesternmost portion of the county, that is, Bridgman, Sawyer, New Troy, Harbert, Lakeside, * = See Glossary. 43 �Union Pier, New Buffalo, Three Oaks, and Galien, an area several times the size of Chikaming Township. Seniors for their purposes are persons 60 years and older. The Center is located on the southeast side of the Red Arrow Highway about midway between Harbert and Sawyer. The facility Includes a reception area, a couple of offices, a library, a large dining area, and a kitchen. In the basement is one large room where they have pot luck dinners and various other activities such as exercise classes. There is a new garage building that houses their three vans. The Center provides several services for seniors. One of the most important of these is undoubtedly nutrition. In April 1992, the Center served 683 noon meals (30 - 35 a day). In addition, 383 hot meals and 85 cold meals were delivered to other seniors in their homes (within a ten-mile radius). The meals provided to home-bound seniors are delivered in the Center's own vans. All these meals are prepared at Mercy-Memorial Hospital in $t. Joseph and delivered hot to the Center. Funding for the meals program comes from Senior Nutrition Services, a state organization. Among the other services offered by the Center are blood pressure monitoring, massage, and foot clinics, as well as exercise classes. There are also classes for arts and crafts, creative writing, and literature appreciation. Occasionally, trips to Chicago for museums and shopping are organized. Probably the most vital function of the Center is social, to combat loneliness. At the present time, 90 percent of the financial support for the Center's operation comes from the millage. A portion of the remainder comes from charities, and there are also some grants for transportation and staffing. Transportation Countywlde Berrien County is easily accessible by road, air travel and railroad. Interstate 94 provides a convenient route to both Detroit (180 miles) and Chicago (90 miles). Interstate 196 puts most of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area within 80 miles. South Bend is half that distance to the southeast via U.S. 12. Interstates 80 and 90 are located to the south of the county, providing avenues to distant regions of the U.S., both east and west. The county is served by the CSX system, Conrail and Amtrak, with depots in Niles, Benton Harbor-St. Joe, and New Buffalo. Regularly scheduled flights carry freight and passengers to Chicago daily from St. Joe-Benton Harbor. The airport in South Bend, which is about a forty minute drive from Chikaming, provides a greater selection of destinations. A commercial port in St. Joe receives Great Lakes vessels from all over. * = See Glossary. 44 �Local A well developed system of local roads transports people and goods within the township. If one excludes 1-94, which is primarily for long-range transport, the main traffic artery across Chikaming Township is the Red Arrow Highway which parallels the Lake Michigan shoreline at a varying distance inland. Sawyer Road and Warren Woods Road provide primary access east and west In the township and Three Oaks and Lakeside Roads provide north/south access. In addition to the primary corridors, an extensive system of local roads connects the lakeshore neighborhoods with local commercial stops. In addition to the roadway system, the following facilities are available to Township residents and businesses: Bus Lines: Truck Lines: Greyhound; Indian Trails 42 available There is increasing need for transportation for seniors. There is a service, Berrien Bus out of Berrien Springs, which is a "Dial-A-Ride·" operation, but it is county-wide and involves interminable waiting. In effect, there is no local public transportation. The River Valley Senior Center has three vans (up to seven passengers) which operate throughout the day beginning at 8:00 a.m. delivering clients to and from the Center. During the afternoon hours, one bus is designated to carry seniors on errands such as to doctor appointments. There is no dearth of volunteer drivers for the buses. One van is replaced each year but now and then repairs must be made, and then the overall operation is thrown into disarray. The community is in great need of a special van for the handicapped, though it need not necessarily be dedicated to the Senior Center. * = See Glossary. 45 �CHAPTER VI NATURAL FEATURES Natural features provide an essential element which both enhance and protect the quality of life in Chikaming Township. One of the primary Goals which the community has identified in this plan relates to the protection and preservation of the township's natural features. That Goal states (in part): "Open spaces·, woods, poorly drained lands, river lands, dunes, beaches, and other valuable natural resources, Including wildlife habitat, shall be maintained and protected, either privately or publicly, for future generations." Planners are constantly faced with decisions which require balancing the protection of natural features with the need for economic viability. The best approach to these situations may be compromise. By altering the site plan slightly, or by suggesting which trees most need to be spared, the planners can help both the applicant and the residents without making impossible decisions for or against the environment. This section of the Plan is intended to identify those areas of the township which may contain natural features which may be sensitive to development. It will also explain why certain natural features are important and what constraints they may place on proposed projects. The Planning Commission may consider adopting policies related to decision making in environmentally sensitive· areas. In some areas where the conditions are sensitive to a degree that any development may be detrimental, the township may want to consider conservation easements· or other land protection strategies. At the end of this section, a brief overview of protection and conservation options available to local communities is included. The Natural Features Map, found in the Appendix, identifies the locations of many of the environmentally sensitive· areas in the township. General Resource Value Some of the general benefits of protecting and conserving natural features include: • • • • • • • • * Pure supplies of municipal water. Water supplies for homes not served by municipal systems. Wildlife habitat. Groundwater· recharge and purification, flood control, pollution protection and the support of unique plant and animal life. Recreation opportunities that include hunting, fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, skating, swimming, sledding, hiking, nature study, photography and related pursuits. Aesthetics (views, serenity, rural nature, etc.). Educational opportunities (natural history, biology, geology, ecology, etc.). Economic opportunities in farming, forestry and tourism. = See Glossary. 46 �Impacts on Development Environmentally sensitive' natural features can either enhance or restrict development projects, depending on the type and severity of the feature. For example, a wooded hillside may provide a view which, initially, makes development seem very appealing. There may, however, be additional costs, both financial and environmental. Necessary erosion mitigation measures and hillside stabilization during and after construction can increase development costs dramatically. A community cost could be the destruction or disruption of a hillside view. The following description of natural features will help establish the character of the natural environment and set the basis for the analysis of suitable future land uses. This analysis will help evaluate the vacant land within the township, determine the potential constraints to development which the environment presents, and help determine ways in which these features can be Integrated into future conservation and development proposals. Topography Topographic variation within Chikaming Township ranges from 600 feet to almost 700 feet above sea level. The steepest slopes are generally located along the banks of the Galien River Valley and along the northern part of the Lake Michigan shore where major coastal sand dunes occur. The flattest areas lie in the center of the Township along U.S. 94. Resource Value Steep slopes and rolling hillsides, unlike groundwater, are not a renewable resource, nor do they have clearly defined public benefits like wetlands or woodlands. Topography is a geological feature which exists in a balance with vegetation, precipitation and wind. The maintenance of this balance helps prevent non-point source pollution of water resources while preserving a distinctive feature of the local landscape. The bluffs and dunes along Lake Michigan are good examples, as well as ravines elsewhere in the Township. Impacts on Development Elevational changes can often be restrictive to development unless severe site modifications are made to accommodate drainage, traffic circulation, erosion control and grading. Level or gently sloping sites are usually preferred for cropland, subdivisions, industrial sites and commercial buildings. Hilly sites are often preferred for less dense residential development and recreational land uses. Development in areas of steep slopes may result in higher construction costs since these slopes usually require grading or erosion control measures.The barrier dunes' along the Lake Michigan shore, in particular, require protection of their vegetative cover on the side facing the Lake, which is exposed to storm winds. Loss of that cover can strip sand off the dune front and deposit it on · the back, causing the dune to migrate inland and producing a blowout. This need for dune conservation and stability frequently stands in direct opposition to the perceived scenic desirability of such sites for residential development. *=See Glossary. 47 �Rolling topography may also enhance development by increasing property values and serving as a buffer from nearby uses. For example, a project with a number of different, conflicting uses could be developed using topography as buffers between uses. By limiting hillside construction to the sides of slopes and to folds in the landscape, development will be less intrusive on the views and character of the area. Consideration should be given to the preservation of views, by restricting building height and controlling placement of structures. The need to protect the dunes along the northern half of Chikaming's Lake Michigan shore is well recognized, and as a result they are subject to regulation by the State's Critical Dune Act. However, the bluffs and clay banks further to the south appear to have suffered greater regression during the high water period of 1986. Both areas need adequate setbacks to preserve scenic views and a viable life span for any man-made structure. Surface Water Resource Value The township's surface waters contribute to a viable recreational economy, Including fishing, boating, and swimming. Land fronting on water is in great demand for building sites. In addition to these aesthetic values, clean, protected surface waters are critical to human health and safety. Additional benefits provided by lakes and streams include: • • • • • Potential municipal water supply source Irrigation supply Drainage and flood control Water purifying and groundwater· recharge Plant and wildlife habitat Impacts on Development One of the greatest threats to surface water is non-point source pollution. Rather than occurring from one major source, like a sewage treatment plant or industrial use, non-point source pollution results from rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As this runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and man-made pollutants, finally depositing them in lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters and groundwater·. In Michigan, the greatest causes of non-point source contamination are agricultural practices, lawn chemicals and soil erosion. Non-point source pollution can be mitigated through the modification of a variety of activities, especially those related to farming and land development. Since eroded land requires extra fertilizer and energy to be productive, this adds significantly to the non-point source problem which, over time, can degrade surface water. Soil erosion control measures and conscientious agricultural practices can do much to eliminate non-point source contamination. Other effective protection measures include the use of stormwater retention, where possible, to promote filtration, and the reduction of hard surface areas to reduce rate and volume of run-off. * = See Glossary. 48 �Some of the major sources of surface water contamination, especially non-point source, are presented in the following paragraphs along with brief descriptions of proper control measures: Urban Development • Litter, pet wastes, leaves, and debris accumulate in street gutters and storm drains--these normally drain directly to lakes, streams, and rivers. • Lawn and garden chemicals need to be applied sparingly and according to directions. • Used oil, antifreeze, paints, and other household chemicals should be dlspo_ sed of properly, not in storm sewers or sanitary sewers. • Spilled brake fluid, oil, grease, and antifreeze should not be hosed into the street where they can eventually reach local streams and lakes. • Soils prone to erosion may be controlled by planting ground cover and /or using other methods to stabilize the soils. Agriculture • Drinking water should be protected by using smaller quantities of pesticides and soil nutrients. • Soil erosion can be reduced by using conservation tillage. • Livestock grazing areas should not be located over groundwater recharge areas, or in close proximity to rivers and streams. • · Unused pesticides, containers, and disinfected tank rinse water should be disposed of in an approved manner. Poorly Drained Lands "Poorly drained lands" is the collective term which categorizes marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas that are often found between open water and upland land. Although cumbersome, this term is preferable in this Master Plan to "wetland", which has entered into the law and is a subject of controversy between conservationists and developers. Wet areas are found in Chikaming Township in sections 15, 21, 22 and 29, and in scattered areas along the Galien River and in bog areas behind the dunes. Poorly drained lands within Chikaming Township were identified by using USGS Topographic Maps, the Berrien County Soil Survey, and the Michigan Resource Information System (MIRIS}, Division of Land Resource Programs, Department of Natural Resources (data compiled from 1978 aerial photography). Their distribution was further refined by the National Wetlands Inventory (draft 1989) produced by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior. •=See Glossary. 49 �In the past, poorly drained lands were often regarded as wastelands--sources of mosquitoes, flies, and unpleasant odors. Most people felt that they were places to be avoided, or better yet, eliminated. This negative view, combined with the demand for more developable land, has resulted in the destruction of some of the township's poorly drained lands. These areas have been drained and converted to farmland, or filled for housing developments or industrial facilities. Similar practices continue throughout the state. Of the estimated 11 million acres of wetlands that stood in Michigan 150 years ago, 3 million acres remain. Only one-fourth of the original 400,000 acres of coastal wetlands now remain along Michigan shores. Since there Is little historical data on wetland identification, it is not possible to estimate the total loss of wetlands within Chikaming Township. Resource Value Because they occur where the dry land meets the water, poorly drained lands play a critical role in the management of the township's water-based resources. Acre for acre, wetlands produce more wildlife and plants than any other Michigan habitat type. Michigan boasts about 2,300 native plant species; 50 percent of these are wetland species and over 25 percent of the wetland species are threatened or endangered. Other benefits of poorly drained lands include the following: • Reduce flooding by absorbing runoff from rain and melting snow and slowly releasing excess water into rivers and lakes. (A one-acre swamp, when flooded to a depth of one foot, contains 325,851 gallons of water.) • Filter pollutants from surface runoff, trapping fertilizers, pesticides, sediments, and other potential contaminants and helps to break them down into less harmful substances, improving water clarity and quality. • Help recharge groundwater· supplies when connected to underground aquifers. • Contribute to natural nutrient and water cycles, and produce vital atmospheric gases, including oxygen. • Provide commercial and recreational value to the economy, by producing plants, game birds (ducks, geese) and fur-bearing mammals. Survival of many varieties of fish are directly connected to poorly drained lands, requiring shallow water areas for breeding, feeding and escape from predators. • When poorly drained lands occur adjacent to the Great Lakes, inland lakes or streams, they serve as nutrient traps for the larger body of water. Impacts on Development In Michigan, the Goemaere-Anderson Wetland Protection Act (Act 203 of the Public Acts of 1979) provides for the statewide preservation, management, protection, and use of poorly drained lands of an area at least five acres in size or contiguous with the Great Lakes. The Act requires a permit from the Department of Natural Resources (DNA) for activities such as filling, dredging, * = See Glossary. 50 �and draining; provides a plan for the preservation, management, protection, and use of poorly drained lands; and provides for rernedies and penalties. Local efforts may also be undertaken to protect the remaining areas of this valuable resource due to the benefits poorly drained lands provide and in light of the requirements of P.A. 203 of 1979. Chikaming Township may choose to draft an ordinance which will protect local poorly drained lands which are not protected by the state. This Ordinance could: 1) require site plan review and notification of appropriate state, local and federal agencies, 2) determine areas to be protected, and 3) provide reference information available from the Berrien County Soil Survey, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Division maps and the MDNR MIRIS Inventory. The state wetland laws and local wetland zoning are the basis of a protection program for poorly drained lands. Development of poorly drained or boggy areas should be allowed if minimum lot size is increased beyond the standard for single family residential areas so as to preserve the character of the area between buildings. To be more effective, however, these regulations should be coordinated with non-regulatory techniques. Four such techniques are discussed later in this section. Floodplains Floodplains are relatively flat stream valley floors which are periodically overrun by the stream at high water after heavy rainfall within the stream's watershed area. In Chikaming Township, floodplain areas are bordered by short, steep erosion slopes. Floodplains within Chikaming Township have been determined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and· are located along the Galien River and in a Lake Michigan tributary near the Birchwood neighborhood. A 100-year floodplain is an area within which there is a one percent chance of a flood occurring within any year. FEMA identifies floodplains to determine eligibility for the National - flood Insurance Program. Resource Value Floodplain areas are protected because they serve as water recharge areas and natural water storage basins during periods of heavy rains or snow thaws. If this water were not collected in this way, the likelihood of water damage to homes and businesses would increase greatly. The Galien River Floodplain also provides habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal life. At certain times during the year, the river is open to fishing. Impacts on Development Development in the 100-year floodplain is regulated by the State, and, in communities which participate in the Federal Flood Insurance Program, by local regulations. Development In the floodplain must be designed so as not to impede flood waters and increase the risk of flood · damage upstream. Habitable structures must have the lowest floor level located above flood height. *=See Glossary. 51 �Sand Dunes Legislative efforts have been made to assure an adequate balance between preservation and development of these environmentally sensitive· areas. In 1976, the Michigan Legislature passed the Sand Dune Protection and Management Act, PA 222, which focused primarily on mining of sand dunes. On July 5, 1989, two amendments to PA 222, were passed into law, PA 146 and PA 147. These amendments were adopted to minimize the negative impacts of development on Michigan's "critical dune areas·." They provide a strict regulatory procedure and zoning standards for new structures within identified critical dune areas·. The amendatory acts will be automatically repealed on June 15, 1995, under sunset clause provisions, unless extended by the Legislature prior to that time. Resource Value The dunes along Lake Michigan from northern Indiana to the northern part of Michigan's lower peninsula form the longest stretch of fresh water dunes in the world. They were formed following retreat of the great continental glaciers when the Great Lakes were at higher levels than today. In some cases, these barrier dunes· rise more than 100 feet above the current lake level and are usually forested. In front of the barrier dunes· lie the foredunes-, which are usually grass covered, lower and more ephemeral, building up only after periods of high water level. In addition to their scenic values, dunes serve as a natural barrier to water and wind storm damage. However, the lakefront setting of the dunes has made dune areas highly desirable sites for residential development. Impacts on Development Both the barrier and foredunes· are fragile structures which should be protected from unwise development so as to preserve their configuration and appearance, unique environment and aesthetic qualities. Public Act 222 of 1976, as amended, gives municipalities the option to adopt a dune protection ordinance in accordance with the standards set forth in the law. Communities must pay special attention to setback requirements, including a provision that setbacks be established at least 100 feet from the crest of the dune. The MDNR will approve projects located closer than 100 feet from the dune if proof can be shown that the dune will not be destabilized as a result. In addition, structures cannot be constructed in areas with between 18-25% slope unless in accordance with plans prepared by a registered architect or professional engineer and the plans provide for the disposal of storm waters without sedimentation to any stream or other body of water. Construction on slopes exceeding 25% is prohibited without a variance. Other uses prohibited in the critical dune area· include: • A use Involving a contour change which Is likely to Increase erosion, decrease stability, or is more extensive than necessary for that use. • A use that is not in the public interest. The legislation notes that local units of government shall consider the availability of a feasible and prudent alternative location or method, and the impact that is expected to occur to the critical dune area·. *=See Glossary. 52 �The MDNR has developed a guidebook titled, "Local Zoning to Protect Michigan's Critical Sand Dune Areas," which serves to clarify the law for homeowners and provides examples of sensitive dune development. Local authorities can enact more restrictive requirements by ordinance if they so desire, subject to DNA review and approval of the local ordinance as meeting minimum State standards. Chikaming Township could opt to implement this new legislation itself by reviewing development proposals in critical dune areas· and by drafting its own sand dune ordinance. Until now this has not been done, because the Township doubts It has the resources, particularly expertise, to administer such an ordinance. At the very least, however, the provisions of the Chikaming Zoning Ordinance (Ordinance Number 44, as amended}, ought to be reviewed to see how it might be changed to regulate the Critical Dune Area in order to prevent unwise practices which might be detrimental to the community at large. Woodlands While regulations have been developed to protect certain critical environmental areas, woodlands have been relatively ignored, even though their benefits to the public as buffers and moderators of flooding, erosion, and noise and air pollution are important to the township's quality of life. Specific benefits of woodlands include: • A varied and rich environment for many kinds of plants and animals. The different forest layers, which include tree tops, branches, trunks, shrubs, and plants on the forest floor provide breeding, feeding, and refuge areas for many species of Insects, birds, and mammals. The environmental diversity of woodland is an Important resource for wildlife conservation and environmental health and affords a critical diversity for outdoor recreation activities. • Woodlands are important protective features for watersheds and soils. Forest vegetation moderates the effects of winds and storms, stabilizes and enriches the soil, and slows runoff from precipitation, thereby allowing it to be filtered by the forest floor as it *=See Glossary. 53 �permeates into groundwater· reserves. By decreasing runoff velocity and increasing groundwater· infiltration, woodlands also help to regulate flooding. • Woodlands are buffers to the sights and sounds of civilization. Woodlands mute the noise from freeways and factories, as well as absorb air pollutants. • Woodlands are moderators of climate. The mlcroclimate of a forest, created in part by the shade of the trees and the transpiration of water from the leaves, keeps surrounding air at an even temperature. Forest temperatures are generally cooler in the day and warmer at night than the more widely fluctuating temperatures of unforested areas. Woodlands that are adjacent or interspersed among suburban and urban areas act as natural air conditioners. Impacts on Development The possible results of poorly planned development of woodlands are increased erosion and siltation, lessening of water quality, loss of landscape diversity, increased dangers from flooding, and decreased land values. Cutting the forest also changes the surrounding ecology of wildlife and associated herbs and shrubs. Furthermore, loss of individual trees and of woodlands constitutes a deterioration of the aesthetic quality that has attracted many Chikaming residents to the township in the first place. Trees within the public domain, such as those growing on city streets or in parks, forest preserves or on State and Federal lands, are generally managed. Of more concern are the woodlands which exist on private land. Some of these lands are large enough to support commercial forestry, while others are small stands threatened by encroaching commercial, agricultural, or residential development. Rather than developing detailed ordinances relating to the preservation of trees and woodlands, which would be burdensome, if not impossible, to administer, it is suggested that Chikaming adopt a policy to encourage maintaining as many trees and woodlands as possible and making the impact upon trees and forest cover a specific consideration for every site plan and development. Groundwater· Although groundwater· (water beneath the land surface) is not of a nature that lends itself to mapping, it is a natural resource that should be considered in land use decisions. Michigan has long been known as the Great Lake State. The abundance of surface water is widely appreciated and national efforts have been undertaken to protect this resource. With all of the available surface water, 97% of the world's freshwater is still available only as groundwater*. Lakes, rivers and streams- provide only 1-1/2% of fresh water resources. The remaining one and one-half percent is found as water vapor in the atmosphere and as soil moisture. Resource Value Almost one-half of the state's population, and much of Chikaming Township relies upon groundwater· as the source of drinking water. Despite this dependence, there is little public understanding of the nature and importance of groundwater·. One widely held misconception is that groundwater· flows in huge underground lakes and rivers. Another is that groundwater· travels * = See Glossary. 54 �very rapidly or that it's direction follows the earth's contours. Of all of the common misconceptions, perhaps the most dangerous ones are that groundwater· is adequately protected by the earth's surface and that land use activities have little impact on this resource . In reality, groundwater· quality is almost wholly dependent on man's activities. Impacts on Development Like most other natural resources, groundwater· is more vulnerable in some areas than others. In the case of groundwater· supplies, this vulnerability is determined by three main factors: soils, depth to the aquifer and general aquifer condition and type. Sandy soils offer considerably less protection than heavier clay soils. Confined aquifers are safer than unconfined ones. Through a better understanding of the nature of groundwater°, more effective protection measures are possible. In areas that offer little natural protection, or where the protection level is unknown, special consideration should be given to the types and densities of land uses which are permitted. Businesses such as drycleaners, photographers and hair salons are examples of potentially hazardous land uses due to the types of chemicals which are routinely used. If these businesses operate on individual well and septic service, the chance of groundwater• contamination, through an accidental spill or mishandling, is especially high. Chikaming Township currently has no sites on the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Environmental Priority "307" List. Four sites are located in townships adjacent to Chikaming. A list of the sites, all of which are known to affect groundwater·, follows. New Buffalo Three Oaks New Buffalo New Buffalo Plastic Masters Forest Lawn Landfill Hildy's Amoco Professional Driver's Institute Surface Discharge Landfill Underground Tank Underground Tank Some businesses which are generally thought to be environmentally sound, like golf courses (including miniature golf) and country clubs, are actually quite threatening because of the large amount of lawn chemicals which are routinely used. The direct application of these chemicals to the ground presents an uninterrupted opportunity for groundwater· contamination. In addition to carefully considering the types of land uses which are to be allowed, the following list offers other local protection measures: • Add a standard to the site plan review section of the Zoning Ordinance which requires new businesses storing hazardous materials, waste, fuels, salt or chemicals to be designed to prevent spills and discharges of polluting materials to the surface of the ground, groundwater*, lakes, streams or poorly drained lands. • Obtain information about hazardous substances to be used, stored and generated at the time of site plan review. Business owners should satisfactorily respond to questions · concerning floor drain outlets, content and storage of 50 gallon drums, and disposal procedures for any chemicals used. * = See Glossary. 55 �• Regulations requiring spill prevention and secondary containment of hazardous substances should be required at new business sites which may be of such a size that exempts them from state regulation. • New businesses should be required to obtain a Pollution Incident Prevention Plan (PIPP) from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. PIPP Plan submittal should be a precondition for site plan approval. • Municipal facilities should meet environmental standards. Key requirements might include: emergency procedures and secondary containment for the storage of hazardous substances. • Township officials and staff should assist in identifying potential groundwater· contamination incidents, especially at business sites. Any potential problems should be reported to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. If discovered at an early point, widespread and severe contamination can be avoided. Groundwater· protection is a true example of "an ounce of prevention being worth a pound of cure." Low-cost contamination prevention measures can help protect against a spill or leak which could ultimately cost a community millions of dollars to remedy or, in some cases, totally destroy the primary water supply. Natural Features Protection Options Local communities have several options available for protecting natural features and open spaces·. A brief description of some of these options are presented below. Land Donation - The most direct and efficient method of protection for sensitive land is through a land donation to a private foundation or government agency. A donor's gift of land is tax deductible if it is made to a statewide or local land trust*, governmental entity, or any other nonprofit, charitable organization under Section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Each donation has different tax advantages for individuals. Real property taxes, gift taxes, or income taxes, are affected differently in each situation. Landowners considering a donation of land may wish to consult with a tax attorney or accountant to analyze the benefits of their particular situation. Conservation Easements· - Conservation easements· can be used to transfer certain rights and privileges concerning the use of land or a body of water to a non-profit organization, governmental body, or other legal entity without transferring title to the land. In Michigan, Public Act No. 197 of 1980, the Conservation and Historic Preservation Easement Act, (M.C.L.A. 339.251 et. seq.) authorizes the creation of voluntary conservation easements·. A conservation easement* under Act 197 can provide limitations on the use of, or prohibit certain acts on, a parcel of land or body of water. The interest can be in the form of a restriction, easement, covenant, or a condition contained in either a deed, will or other instrument. The easement should require that the land or body of water be retained or maintained in its natural, *=See Glossary. 56 �scenic, or open condition, or in a specific, non-intensive use such as agriculture, open space', or forest land. The easement is enforceable against the property owner even if the party seeking enforcement was not a party to the original conveyance or contract. The easement is considered a conveyance of real property and must be recorded with the register of deeds In the township to be effective against a subsequent purchaser of the property who had no notice of the easement. As with land donations, the granting of a conservation easement' may have tax Implications. Again, persons considering granting a conservation easement' should contact an attorney or accountant for an analysis of possible tax benefits, as well as their local government for information about zoning, etc. One type of easement authorized under the Farmland and Open Space' Preservation Act, P.A. 116 of 1974, offers tax reductions for landowners who agree not to develop open space' land. This Act enables a landowner to enter into a development rights easement (for open space') with the state. These agreements or easements are designed to ensure that the land remains in a particular open space' related use or uses for an agreed upon period. In return for maintaining the land in a particular use, the land owner Is entitled to certain income or property tax benefits. Open space' land has been divided into two categories under the Act. The first category deals with historic, riverfront and shoreland areas. This type of land requires that the property be undeveloped and either historic in nature and recognized as such by appropriate federal or state laws, front on a river designated under Act 231, the Natural Rivers Act of 1970, or be designated as an environmental area under Act 245, the Shorelands Protection and Management Act of 1970. The second category of open space' land Is more general in definition and includes lands which conserve natural or scenic resources, enhance recreational opportunities, promote the conservation of soils, poorly drained lands and beaches, or preserve historic sites and idle potential farmland of not less than 40 acres. The designation of this particular type of open space' is primarily the responsibility of the local governing body and the interpretation of qualified lands may vary from location to location, depending on local circumstances. Interested landowners must file an application with the township. Deed Restrictions - Clauses placed in deeds restricting the future use of land can prohibit uses or activities by the new owners that would destroy, damage, or modify natural features. The Conservation and Historic Preservation Easement Act (P.A. 197 of 1980) allows for deed restrictions along with easements. When land is donated, the donor may include a reversion clause that provides that if the land is not managed according to the restriction, the property must be returned to the original owner, his heirs or assigns, or to a third party, such as a non-profit land trust' or government body. Purchase of Property - Acquisition of property is a straightforward, permanent protection method. The purchaser should consider all the options, i.e., purchase of fee simple title, easements, and development rights, bargain sales, and other purchasing methods. A fee simple purchase provides the purchaser with more permanent control and protection. However, a less than fee • = See Glossary. 57 �simple purchase (such as purchase of an easement or development rights) also has advantages in being less costly, and, the original owner retains title and continues to pay taxes so the local community does not lose its tax base (although the overall market value on which the property is assessed may be reduced). The following is a list of several possible sources of funds for purchase of environmentallysensitive lands: • Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund - This fund is a possible source of money to purchase choice recreational, scenic, and environmentally important land in Michigan. Application must be made to the fund for approval by April 1 of each year, and can be obtained from the MDNR Recreation Services Division. • Michigan Duck Stamp Program - Funds from sale of stamps and proceeds from the contest go to the purchase of poorly drained lands by the state. • Private Sources - Donations from private Individuals or corporations in the form of specific property or money. This would include fund raising efforts from local citizens, lake associations, and other community groups. • The Michigan Nature Conservancy, Michigan Nature Association, Ducks Unlimited, local land trusts", and sometimes local governments can all be potential funding sources. The Michigan Nature Conservancy maintains a list of local land trusts· and how they can be contacted. • Federal funding sources: Land and Water Conservation Fund - Funds are given to the state to buy open space· lands which may contain poorly drained lands or other unique, natural features. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service grants under the Pittman-Robertson Act -Funds are given to the state for acquisition of wildlife areas and wildlife restoration. Funds are from a tax on ammunition and weapons. Dingell-Johnson monies to states to cover 75% of the cost of fish restoration and management projects. Coastal Zone Management Act - This Act provides funds for limited acquisition of estuarine sanctuaries and may be appropriate on the Great Lakes. •=See Glossary. 58 �CHAPTER VII EXISTING LAND USE Agricultural lands and other open space· dominate the use of land within Chikaming Township. Located within commuting distance from both Chicago and Benton Harbor/St. Joseph, the township draws a broad range of residents, from seasonal home owners to year-round residents. Among the aspects of the township that potential residents find attractive are the rural character, the variety of natural features and the proximity of the township to urbanized areas. The Existing Land Use Map (Appendix) shows the use of land in 1992, as determined through the use of field survey and resident input. Although this map does not present a precise depiction of all land uses within the township, it is valuable to indicate general development patterns. Agricultural Land identified on the Existing Land Use Map as agricultural has been determined to be actively farmed at the time of this Plan. This, along with Vacant land, is the most abundant land use in the township. Uses in this category are distributed throughout the township, although the largest contiguous areas are south and east of 1-94. Since farming remains a vital land use in some areas of the Township, active farmlands are also identified on the Natural Features Map, included in the Appendix. Vacant Vacant lands are also scattered throughout the Township, but the largest expanses occur in a diagonal pattern generally following 1-94. The amount of land which is vacant has played a significant role in the development of the character of the township. The large, open areas create a feeling of openness and provide a tranquil surrounding. As noted earlier, this rural character Is one of the major reasons that many of the current residents moved to the township, and continues to be a factor in attracting new residents. Birders of Berrien County have also designated parts of this open space· as "hot spots", i.e., favored locales for sighting open land bird species. The use of the frontage of large lots for single family homes in agricultural/vacant areas has created a number of vacant properties for which access is limited. These vacant parcels may be available for future development, but access may be complicated by the development along the road frontage. Residential This land use category includes all single family homes, duplexes, apartments and mobile homes·. Most of the existing residential land uses are found along the Lake Michigan shore, west of Red Arrow Highway. New construction has also occurred elsewhere in the township, mostly on large · lots along primary roadways. · Given that the shore areas possess some of the most sought-after properties for residential development, the township will likely continue to feel pressure for development in these sensitive *=See Glossary. 59 �areas. The township must work with property owners and developers to preserve these valuable resources. Commercial This category includes all retail establishments, restaurants, and private recreational facilities. Commercial land uses in Chikaming Township exist primarily along the Red Arrow Highway. Other small commercial uses are located in various parts of the township, including locations adjacent to 1-94 and at the intersection of Three Oaks and Warren Woods Roads. Commercial uses In Sawyer are generally directed toward both seasonal and year-round residents but, along Red Arrow Highway, shops and restaurants cater to seasonal residents and passing motorists. Industrial The township's Industrial land is limited to approximately seven (7) areas in the vicinity of Sawyer. The township zoning ordinance currently allows a number of uses in the industrial zone, including those businesses involving manufacturing, assembling, storage or processing. Special use provisions are generally applied to those uses which may be incompatible with neighboring uses. Publlc/Seml-Publ/c This land use includes public parks, municipal buildings, cemeteries and schools. These uses are scattered throughout the township but found primarily along the Red Arrow Highway. A detailed explanation of these facilities is provided in the Community Facilities portion of this Plan. Recreational This category describes those large parcels of township land which are either currently used for public recreation or, through zoning ordinance and local plans, dedicated to future recreational uses. The largest parcels are located in the southern portion of the township in or near the Galien River and are notable for poorly drained soils and floodplain. Those environmental constraints make these lands undesirable for many types of development, but well adapted to a variety of recreational uses. •=See Glossary. 60 �CHAPTER VIII FUTURE LAND USE POLICIES In order to facilitate the application of Master Plan Policies to specific areas, the Township has been divided into seven regions and four subregions. These areas are believed to have fairly uniform existing characteristics and future potential. Key among these characteristics are environmental qualities, past development patterns, and access to services. They are called "policy areas" because a different mix of policies Is applied within each of them In keeping with their differing character. In other words, the township-wide planning goals and objectives, enumerated earlier in this Master Plan, are made more specific for each of these policy areas, thus zeroing In on recommended future use of the land for each distinct area within the Township. What is suggested here is no great departure from the 1975 Chikaming Township Sketch Development Plan, its predecessor. This Master Plan takes account of what has happened in the meantime, attempts to anticipate needs twenty years into the future, and seeks to channel change in specific ways and areas so as to maintain and enhance the quality of life of Township residents. While reading what follows, please consult the Future Land Use Policy Areas Map, located in the Appendix . Polley Area No. 1: Lake Michigan Shoreland Character: This policy area extends along the entire frontage of Chikaming Township on Lake Michigan and reaches inland to the Red Arrow Corridor. The sandy beach is backed by sand dunes in the northern half of the area, while the southern half is backed by clay bluffs. At several places along the coast, small streams enter the lake. The ravines formed by these streams extend in many cases far inland and are usually wooded, contributing to the topographic diversity and charm of the Township. Most of the Lake Michigan Shoreland, including the dunes, has tree cover of varying density, and much of it is already developed with single family residences. Probably two-thirds of Chikaming's permanent population is concentrated in the Lake Michigan Shoreland, and this policy area also accommodates most of Chikaming's seasonal residents. Further infilling' with new permanent and seasonal housing continues. This policy area is all zoned for single family residential use. Pollcles: 1. Infilling' of new residences and renovation of old ones should be harmonious with the established character of the neighborhoods. 2. Preservation of structures and areas of historical significance should be supported and encouraged through individual and group action. 3. Scenic vistas· in dune areas and along Lakeshore Road should be preserved, enhanced, and extended if possible. *=See Glossary. 61 �4. Neighborhood parks should be provided and maintained in so far as the resources of the Township permit. 5. Provision for a variety of transportation, including walking and biking, should be promoted to keep down automotive traffic and enhance the ambiance of residential neighborhoods. 6. Commercial activity should continue to be prohibited within the policy area (with the possible exception of bed and breakfast establishments). 7. Design criteria should be developed to govern construction of new residences in sensitive environments' such as dune areas, ravine sites, and poorly drained or boggy land. 8. In any new residential developments, special attention should be given to adequate road access and off-street parking -- for both residents and guests. Policy Area No. 1a: Critical dune area· Character: The barrier dunes' are the "Alps" of Chikaming Township, providing great height and steep slopes as compared to the flat or gently undulating terrain of most of the Township. Almost without exception, the barrier dunes· are clothed with trees, some of considerable age. The last few vacant areas within Chikaming's barrier dunes' are much sought after as sites for new residences. At the foot of the barrier dunes· on the lake side, an accumulation of wind-blown sand is beginning to create foredunes' again following the devastating wave erosion of the recordbreaking high lake level of 1986. Policies: 1. The Chikaming Zoning Ordinance contains provisions regulating development along the shoreline (the so called High Risk Erosion Overlay) that pre-date the state's sand dune legislation. These provisions should be reviewed for applicability to the township. 2. No structures, other than steps and walkways, should be allowed in the foredune' area. The only exception would be structures, such as seawalls, groins, etc. to protect properties from wave erosion at times of high lake levels and only providing required approval is first obtained from state and federal authorities. Policy Area No. 2: Character: * Red Arrow Commercial Corridor This is a long, narrow corridor, in two sections, focused on the Red Arrow Highway. It roughly parallels the lake shore from northeast to southwest across the Township. A central sector of the Red Arrow Highway within Chikaming Township contains no commercial development whatever and therefore, as a = See Glossary. 62 �residential area, is included within the Lake Michigan Shoreland land use category. Even within the Red Arrow Commercial Corridor, commercial development is discontinuous, being scattered and interspersed with residences and vacant land. In the northern section, there are also some small industrial enterprises, churches and multiple-family dwellings. Many of the shops in the corridor cater to summer residents and tourists, offering antiques, collectibles, art, fresh produce and plants. Most of these establishments close down In the off season or are open weekends only. In many cases, parking is only available immediately adjacent to the highway pavement. This results In turning and parking maneuvers which produce congestion and a driving hazard on the highway during the summer months. Policies: 1. Commercial establishments should be encouraged to consolidate around the village centers of Union Pier, Lakeside, Harbert, and Sawyer Highlands. This is an important measure for passenger and pedestrian safety, and will improve the general appearance of the township. It also will create a business environment more conducive to business success, by placing retail uses in closer proximity to one another, thereby encouraging crosstraffic between stores and casual browsing by customers. 2. The rearrangement of commercial enterprises into compact neighborhood shopping centers should Incorporate attractive and efficient design, adequate off-street parking, shared access· to the Red Arrow Highway, and safe pedestrian access from nearby residential neighborhoods. 3. Light industrial land uses may be considered by special land use application. 4. Development of land in close proximity to the existing Senior Center should be encouraged for multi-family housing· for seniors. 5. Cooperation with New Buffalo Township should be sought to improve the Union Pier commercial center shared by the two townships. 6. The intersections of the Red Arrow Highway with Sawyer Road, Tower Hill Road, Holloway Drive and Three Oaks Road form a hazardous traffic complex that should be studied with a view to improving visibility and safety. 7. The narrow strip between the Red Arrow Highway and the railroad, extending from Youngren Road to Union Pier Road, should be maintained as a greenbelt* and zoned RE (Recreation). Polley Area No. 3: Character: Rural Fringe The area lying mainly between the Red Arrow Corridor and 1-94 is an attractive, broad, transition zone between the fairly densely populated land along the shore of Lake Michigan and the rural interior of the Township. Much of it is presently * = See Glossary. 63 �zoned Residential Rural Estate, requiring a substantial land area for each dwelling. This policy area, however, is not uniformly amenable to development for residential use. Within it are considerable tracts of poorly-drained or ravine land which are clearly unsuitable for such use. Adjacent areas may have prime agricultural land which is still farmed, and there are substantial tracts of forested land. With a few exceptions access to and within the area is by means of east-west secondary roads along section lines. Pollcles: 1. The attractive, semi-rural character of this area should be maintained by encouraging preservation of some, at least, of its wooded and open space· tracts, many of which are swampy. 2. Siting of dwellings should be reviewed in this policy area with the intent of allowing cluster developments· on a selective basis in areas suited for residential construction while leaving common open space· where residential construction Is not recommended; e.g. swampy and ravine areas. However, the density of any single or individual development as a whole should not exceed the density set forth in the current zoning ordinance, e.g. 1.5 acres per detached single family residence. 3. Consideration should be given to encouraging enlargement of the Robinson Nature Preserve into adjoining wooded land. Alternatively, conservation easements· or land trusts· might be considered for these neighboring wooded tracts. 4. The introduction of commercial or industrial land uses into this policy area should be prohibited. Polley Area No. 4: Sawyer Area Character: The focal point of this policy area is the unincorporated village of Sawyer, an early center of settlement in Chikaming. Sawyer is a transportation center where the railroad, 1-94, and Sawyer Road cross one another. This has attracted commercial and industrial activities to the Sawyer neighborhood, but the potential for increased employment in and around Sawyer is by no means fully realized. Exclusive of Downtown Sawyer and the Sawyer Industrial Zone, this policy area consists of a pleasant, semi-rural district of woods and scattered residences. Policies: 1. The expansion of commercial or industrial activities beyond the areas presently zoned for them should be prohibited except by a process of logical and contiguous accretion to the existing areas so used. 2. Infilling· in the mainly residential neighborhood to the north and west of · Downtown Sawyer should be allowed but kept harmonious with its present semi-rural character. •=See Glossary. 64 �Polley Area No. 4a: Downtown Sawyer Character: Downtown Sawyer Is an old commercial area whose heyday occurred early in this century. Its commercial establishments really thrive only during the summer rush . The Sawyer business community has tried to attract clientele by means of signs at the 1-94 exits to Sawyer Road and along the Red Arrow Highway, but the success of these efforts is probably modest at best. The busiest part of Downtown Sawyer clusters around the two exits of 1-94, and, in fact, the car and truck traffic in this vicinity constitute a hazard that separates the older, eastern end of town from much of Its natural clientele in the Lake Michigan Shoreland. Policies: 1. The Sawyer business community should be encouraged to take appropriate measures to revltallze Downtown Sawyer, probably including the provision of space for off-street parking and better traffic circulation. 2. The citizens of Sawyer might do well to look favorably upon the establishment of a multi-family housing' area somewhere within walking distance of downtown services and shops. The Village would benefit from the increased, year-round trade that would result. 3. Some means of making Downtown Sawyer more readily and pleasantly accessible from the Lake Michigan Shoreland should be considered. Polley Area No. 4b: Sawyer Industrial Zone Character: This policy area straddles the railroad south of Downtown Sawyer and is zoned at present for industrial uses. Arlington Metals Co. occupies the site best suited for both rail and 1-94 access. Present access by road to the southern, vacant areas zoned for industrial use is circuitous from the 1-94 Sawyer interchange. Private land and platted roads should be developed to provide better access. Policies: 1. Organization of some sort of authority to promote and regulate an industrial park for the Sawyer Industrial Zone should be investigated. 2. The Township, In coordination with Berrien County organizations and the Harbor Country Chamber of Commerce, should seek to attract light, nonpolluting industry to the zone and see that adequate buffering is provided to separate it from adjoining residential areas. 3. Provision of a more direct and efficient roadway connection between the Sawyer 1-94 interchange and the undeveloped land in the Sawyer industrial zone located southeast of the railway should be promoted by appropriate _ means. 4. Alternative uses for the vacant lands in this policy area should be explored, including the possibility of a housing development for seniors and/or a second baseball field for the Township. *=See Glossary. 65 �Polley Area No. 5: Gallen River Area Character: This policy area covers a wide swath of territory from northeast to southwest centered on the valley of the Galien River. It includes a considerable area of flat to gently rolling land bounded on the northwest by 1-94, plus some limited areas of relatively flat land southeast of the Galien River Valley. These bordering areas have a mingling of woods and open space· and are generally thinly populated. Although these upland areas on both sides of the Galien Valley are zoned for agriculture, there is little agricultural activity, because the soils are not notably productive. The Pike Timber Co. manages a large area of woodland north of East Road. The Bob-a-Ron Campground and a mobile home· park are located south of Warren Woods Road. Parks and recreational use are already represented In the Policy area by Warren Woods State Park, the proposed Township nature park south of Harbert Road and east of 1-94, and a 150-acre tract lying between Warren Woods Road and the Galien River in Sections 28 and 29. Pollcles: 1. Appropriate measures should be taken to preserve woodlands and open space·. Use of land for commercial and industrial purposes should be prohibited, and use for residences, carefully controlled. On the other hand, land currently zoned for recreational use should be retained as such and, if appropriate, enlarged. Preservation of woodlands and open space· through conservation easements' and land trusts' should be encouraged. 2. The Township should press ahead with development of a nature center on township land zoned for recreation use south of Harbert Road and east of 1-94. 3. Possibilities should be explored for the development of "greenways'" to provide cover for migrating wildlife and scope for recreation trails. Public and/or private interests should be encouraged to acquire and protect land for this purpose. Polley Area No. Sa: Gallen Valley Character: The Galien Valley is bounded by short, steep erosion slopes with fingers reaching into the surrounding higher land. The slopes and the floodplain carry a dense forest cover. The floodplain has been left largely in its natural state by law (PA 231 of 1970). The Galien River meanders across this valley floor on its way to Lake Michigan at New Buffalo. Standing water is characteristic of much of the valley floor during most seasons. Canoeing on the river is difficult because of the many fallen trees that block progress. The river's major direct use by residents is for fishing. The Galien Valley is one of the Township's major assets, for it functions as a storehouse for water, an air scrubber, a habitat for wildlife, and a recreation area. * = See Glossary. 66 �Pollcles: 1. Discussions with New Buffalo and Weesaw Townships, and possibly others, should be Initiated to coordinate the use and management of the Galien River watershed. 2. Emphasis should be placed on preserving the natural functions of the Galien River and the rights of riparian property owners while considering development of its recreational possibilities. 3. Development of wooded connections to "greenways·" in neighboring areas of the Township should be promoted as a means of fostering wildlife and perhaps also, recreational trails. Policy Area No. 6: Agricultural Heartland Character: The northeastern and southeastern corners of Chikaming Township are separated by the Galien River Area but really constitute one homogeneous policy area characterized by active farming . The landscape is gently rolling with good, welldrained soils. There are a few scattered woodlots. With the exception of Sawyer Road -- which has water and sewer services -- rural, non-farm dwellings are relatively rare along the roads that follow the section lines in this area. Policies: 1. The existing pattern of agricultural land use should be preserved by all appropriate means, including regulations, public incentives, and educational strategies. 2. Measures should be considered which would discourage the encroachment of other land uses, including rural, non-farm dwellings. This is particularly true of Three Oaks Road, for it is a major north-south traffic artery between Three Oaks and employment centers in the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area. Increased settlement along it will constitute a hazard to auto traffic and possibly an Impediment to widening of this road sometime In the future. 3. Means to preserve historic farmsteads and archaeological sites should be explored. Policy Area No. 7: Character: Southern 1-94 Interchange Commerclal/lndustrlal Area Chikaming Township shares with New Buffalo Township the 1-94 interchange at Union Pier Road. Much of the adjacent land west of 1-94 in Chikaming is at present zoned for multiple family residential use. Most of the area so zoned is vacant, though a portion is occupied by a defunct gas station and a winery outlet. · Across Union Pier Road in New Buffalo Township, a recently-erected antique mall attracts travelers using 1-94 and suggests there may be more appropriate zoning for the Chikaming side of the road. * = See Glossary. 67 �Pollcles: * 1. The northern frontage on Union Pier Road in the immediate vicinity of the 1-94 interchange should be zoned for commercial use, because ready access to the interstate makes this a potential stopping point for travelers. 2. The area north and east of the immediate vicinity of the 1-94 interchange on Union Pier Road, now zoned for multi-family residential use, should remain in that category unless and until a change is justified. 3. Chikaming should coordinate closely with New Buffalo Township in developing the two sides of Union Pier Road in this area. = See Glossary. 68 �APPENDIX 69 �_, / ) ,'CHIKAMING TWP. CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN 1 Community Facilities & Transportation 12 ,-1· \.IEE-CHIK RD. I I I I "'1' 0 \ I \ \ J 0 a: I I I ~ HARBERT RD. \ N Legend 0 Police '! Fire Station i• ...... \ \ A Church THE School GROUP '- WBDC !ill! Township Hall I ••••• County Road, Primary System Interstate Highway ,.,,.,.,.,-'!" ~ Post Office A Park I I I J I / A Cemetery + Ambulance • Ellii.lliJ I,'...,-' I ,_ \' \ I I I \ c:i a: a: 24 w z w I- I River Valley Sr. Center ' +-t-t Railroad ~ I I I I ' \ \ CL a: <I u Approximate Service Area for Public Water and Wastewater ~ Approximate Service Area for ~ Public Water Only / < / D 27 .., - - .,,. - I I/ , _, I I I I I ,/ I / I 26 I I I I / ,------- -- -;r' 25 I I \ \ ,- __ , I I I / / . \I (/) Jw ,w 1::3: < 1- --, \ \ l - - I " \ l ELM VALLEY RO. \ / / / ~ C) 0 \ 16100 THREE OAKS TWP. \ ~ a: >a: w > ' I I I I CHIKAMING TWP. C, C, I~ J::3: <I 0 / // 15300 a: 0 / / ...g' �CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN a \ ~ ' ,, 'SAWYER RO. 12700 Natural Features HARBERT HARBERT RD. N Legend 11. 'M >Ji.,;,.._ ,;,. w (USGS, MDNR) Water Body (MDNR) = = :::::::::::::= [jJ,& A Poorly Drained Soils/ Swam p '\ w a: ~ a: Q. ,..1,..:-,. 1l!.1 ====--THE WBDC ... ~ , GROUP ., Flood Prone Areas (FEMA) Critical D1,1.ne (MDNR) ·i, Important Farmland . (U.S. Dep't. of Agriculture & Ch'k . 1 ammg Twp.) Steep Slope Area (USGS) Swampy,(National Wetlands In t [Draft 1989) Fish and w·1dl ·f S ve~ 1 1 e erv1ceory U.S. Department of Interior \ ' (Primary So,u-ce Shown in Parenthesis) 15300 ci er w 9 \ Cl) w I I ; I 0,:: / 30 ~ ,1;.. '-•~ I < ..., I \ '\ >' \ \ \~~~~~~~F=~~;,-:~~~~ill:~~~~~~-16100 f\ 00 "' 0 0 / ' / \ / "' "' 0 0 "' ;;; 0 ....' ~ 0 �- A V CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN .I y AV' I A Existing Land Use N A Legend [J[J Residential [QJ Commercial [I] Industrial THE WBDC GROUP 14500 CD Public & Semi-Public IREcl Recreational ~ Agricultural IT] I \ I ! I I \ \ ,/ ,R u A ,/ ~ A ,....... -- _____ z z ~ -, <I: U) w w ~ I u. I I I 25 I '\ ,_ 'R I I 21 '\ \ I ELM VALLEY RO. I I I,. '\ .... g ' 16100 THREE OAKS TWP. \ 15300 I- ci [[ I \ \ ~ 0 " ~ \ a.: ,:>/~ I V , ~ R1 ,_ I \ \ ' I I Vacant ' ' \ A,I •:g 0 �,-' ) 12100 / , 'CHIKAMING TWP. CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN 1 ,, SAWYER RO. Future Land Use -Policy Areas / 12700 / 12 WEE-CHIK \ J HARBERT N EE A ~ 500' '200<1 lOOO' 0 1000' Lake Michigan Shoreland l'T,H Critical Dunes R Red Arrow Commercial Corridor ~ Rural Fringe 61:9 ( \ I Sawyer Area ~ Downtown Sawyer f::iiti:) Industrial Zone ;~,S'~\, Galien River Area I LAKESIDE I I I I ,_ I I ' \ I I I _, / I /'._-1 [rnIJJ Galien Valley [TI Agricultural Heartland 14500 "" - - .... \ \ /'I I, ', \ ,, ' I c:i a: a: w 24 I- I I z w a.. ' \ a: I [: ::?,'.:: ) Southern I-94 Commercial/Industrial Area - <I u ,, / - I I ,~------ - - - / / I / / / / ~-ff;::r ~ /</ / I I 26 25 I I I I / I -, '\ / I ' ~ - _I,, \ I \ ' CHIKAMING TWP. ' ELM VALLEY RD. 1.ll.L't. ~~1J..l~~Lilill~.IB~ip-~~~.::___~~~--~~ ...,::--_.:::1_:'.'.~~~~~:___~--~~~~~~~~~=--+---+--,~ ·--·: , THREE OAKS TWP. \ l.. ~ 0 0 _, g w \ / ' / / I I / '\ "' "' 0 0 "'.., " 0 A "' 0 0 16100 �GLOSSARY The definitions given below are the meanings, for the purposes of this Master Plan, of certain words which may be unfamiliar or which may mean different things to different people. They make no claim to legal authority, only to help clarify the general intent of this Master Plan. Arterial Road: A road which serves as a main connector within the Township and carries relatively heavy year-round or seasonal traffic. Examples: the Red Arrow Highway, Three Oaks Road, and Sawyer Road. Barrier Dune: The first landward sand dune formation (excepting a foredune} paralleling the shoreline of Lake Michigan. Cluster Development: The grouping of lots and buildings on a portion of a tract which allows the remaining land to be used for agriculture, recreation, wildlife habitat, etc. This allows greater flexibility of design to take into account natural features, including the avoidance of areas where building is difficult or ill-advised. The overall density of the tract remains as stipulated by the zoning ordinance for that area. In well-designed rural clustering, the dwelling units are grouped in areas that are screened from roadway views, out of sensitive environments, avoiding prime farmland, and in locations where they can be effectively provided with services. Clustering: See cluster development. Conservation Easement: A legal agreement in which the landowner retains ownership of private property but conveys certain specifically identified rights to a land conservation organization or a ·public body. They are perpetual (run with the land from owner to owner}, tailored to specific protection requirements, keep property in private hands and on the tax rolls (in some cases at a lower assessment), and carry a lower price tag than outright acquisition. Critical Dune Area: A geographic area designated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNA) in its "Atlas of Critical Dune Areas" dated February 1987 and which is protected under PA 222 of 1976 as amended by PA 146 and PA 147 of 1989. (The approximate extent of such areas within Chikaming Township is shown on the Natural Features Map also included in this Appendix.} Dial-A-Ride: A public or private bus service over no set route which picks up its · passengers in answer to telephoned requests. Environmentally Sensitive: See sensitive environment. 74 �Foredune: A sand dune of relatively low outline which lies next to the beach, is usually covered by beach grass but few, if any, trees, and may be carried away entirely by wave erosion in times of high lake levels. Because of its impermanent nature, laws generally prevent the construction of any "permanent" buildings on foredunes. Frontage Road: A road built parallel to an arterial road which is intended to provide access to roadside establishments and keep local traffic from interrupting fast-moving traffic on the arterial road (see also shared access). Green Belt: A linear stretch of woods or vegetation maintained to serve as a buffer between a road, railroad, or industrial area and a neighboring residential area. Green Space: An area composed of woods, swamp, meadow, or other vegetative cover which serves as an outlier of nature in or near a developed neighborhood. Could also include a grassy playground or park. Greenway: A linear stretch of woods or vegetation maintained in its natural state to facilitate movement and seasonal migration of wildlife between established habitats. It could also, perhaps, be partially developed for walking, biking, or skiing trails . Groundwater: Water in the earth which is drawn on for wells and is the major source of water for lakes and streams. The upper limit of the water-saturated zone in the earth is the groundwater table, and where it reaches the surface, the ground is usually swampy or boggy. Infilling: Process of occupying vacant land by new construction in established neighborhoods, i.e., building new structures in the vacant lots between older dwellings or buildings. Lakeshore Association: A residential development along the Lake Michigan Shore which may have originated as a resort, may now contain year-round dwellings, but still retains cohesiveness under some sort of local organization. Land Trust: Nonprofit organization usually established to own and protect areas of significant natural diversity, important recreational opportunities, or both. Such an organization holds land and other property rights for the benefit of the public and often undertakes educational, recreational, and scientific activities (also known as a conservancy). · 75 •I I �Manufactured Housing: Dwellings which are factory-built, moved by truck to the intended site, and placed on a previously-built foundation or concrete slab where plumbing and electrical connections are made and finishing details are completed. Mobile Home: A vehicle, van, or trailer intended for living, which can easily be moved along highways from one location to another but which may, with time, become rooted in one spot. Modular Housing: A variant of manufactured housing in which modules built in a factory are assembled on site (usually, the structure as a whole would be too large to be moved along a public highway). Multi-Family Housing: A structure which houses more than one family, i.e. apartment house, duplex, etc. Usually, the surrounding grounds are cared for by the owning organization. (also referred to as multiple family units) Multiple Family Units: See multi-family housing. Open Space: A relatively large area of vacant land that is not actively farmed and which lends a feeling of spaciousness to a landscape or developed neighborhood. Overlay Zoning District: A zoning area or areas established to regulate sensitive environments found in several parts of the Township regardless of primary zoning. Such a zoning district does not affect the density or use regulations present under existing zoning. Rather, it is superimposed, where needed, over portions of various zones to create an additional set of requirements. Chikaming already has one such overlay zoning district, the High Risk 9verlay District. Planned Unit Development: Combines project elements such as housing, streets, open space, recreation areas, and possibly also commercial/office uses into a functional unit that is integrated with the natural features of the site. Lot configurations (size, setback, coverage) and use restrictions of the more familiar subdivision are lifted to allow more design flexibility. Existing density restrictions apply, but are calculated on a project basis with the entire tract (rather than single lots) as the unit of regulation. Thus, units may be clustered in one part of the overall tract if open space elsewhere in the tract provides sufficient area to yield the required overall density. In return for greater design flexibility, the developer must advance certain public objectives, such as preserving unique natural features, excellence · of design, energy conservation, recreational opportunities, and/or maximizing open space. Premanufactured Housing: See manufactured housing. 76 �Scenic Vista: A view which typifies the region and is visible from the public roadway. Views incorporating bodies of water are universally appealing, but field patterns accentuated by fences and hedgerows and roads lined by alleys of mature trees also may qualify as scenic vistas which may merit protection. Sensitive Environment: An area where special care must be taken In developing a site, because natural conditions could easily be disrupted leading to erosion, sedimentation, and other forms of destruction of valuable resources--as well as damage to property values. Examples: sand dunes, ravine slopes, swamps and bogs. Shared Access: A safety measure to reduce the number of entrances and exits off an arterial road, thus reducing the interruption to fast-moving traffic on the arterial road (see also frontage road). Subsidized Housing: Some, but not necessarily all, units within a housing complex, the tenants of which receive financial assistance in various amounts (depending upon need) to meet the cost of living there. 77 I I I ~ ~ �CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS PREPARATION OF THE CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN The Chikaming Township Master Land Use Plan is the product of intensive thought and work over several years. Following is a chronology of the major events leading to the formal adoption of the Master Plan by the Chikaming Township Planning Commission: December, 1987: Decision to begin the process of revising the Sketch Development Pian of 1975. June, 1988: Mail survey conducted regarding community views on a range of plan topics and objectives. June, 1989: Master Plan Committee formed, with the concurrence of the Planning Commission and Township Board. November, 1990: Township Board decided to seek professional guidance in preparing an updated Master Plan. May, 1991: Following solicitation and review of proposals, WBDC Group of Grand Rapids, Michigan was selected to assist the Township in preparation of the updated Pian. September, 1991: Master Plan Committee held a community Open House to seek public input regarding Master Plan goals and objectives. July, 1992: First draft of Master Plan completed. August, 1992: Master Pian Committee held a second Open House to introduce the Master Plan to Chikaming Township residents and property owners. October, 1992: Planning Commission held public hearing on the draft Master Pian. Following the public hearing, the Pian was adopted by Resolution of the Planning Commission. 78 �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION Jim Bohac, Chairman Albert Chapman Jeanne Dudeck, Township Clerk Wesley Lind Mary Margol Louis Price Frank Sims CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN COMMITTEE Albert Chapman, Chairman Marisue Hojnacki, Community Representative Maureen Lester, Community Representative Mary Margol The Planning Commission wishes to express its special appreciation to the two Community Representatives who, without any compensation whatever and over a period of at least three years, devoted much time, thought and work to making this Plan the best possible statement of how the lands and resources of Chikaming Township might best be used for the greatest good of the community. 79 �"""""'- CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION ADOPTION RESOLUTION CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP MASTER LAND USE PLAN WHEREAS, the Township Rural Zoning Act, P.A. 184 of 1943, as amended, stipulates that the provisions of a township zoning ordinance shall be based upon a plan designed to promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare, to encourage the use of lands in accordance with their character and adaptability, and to limit the improper use of land, among other things; and WHEREAS, the Township Planning Commission Act, P.A. 168 of 1959, as amended, requires the planning commission to make and adopt a basic plan as a guide for the development of unincorporated portions of the township, and that such plan shall include the planning commission's recommendations for the physical development of the unincorporated area of the township; and WHEREAS, the Chikaming Township Planning Commission has, during the period December 1987 to October 1992 prepared such a plan for the purpose of encouraging and guiding orderly and efficient future change of the Township; and WHEREAS, in accordance with Act 168 of 1959, as amended, notices of a public hearing were published on September 10 and October 1, 1992, and a public hearing was held on October 10, 1992, at River Valley High School for the purpose of making public explanation of the proposed Master Land Use Plan and receiving public comments and recommendations regarding the Plan; and WHEREAS, the Chikaming Township Planning Commission has given due consideration to public comments presented at that hearing, a public record of which is on file with the Township Clerk; BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED, the Chikaming Township Planning Commission hereby approves and adopts the Chikaming Township Master Land Use Plan, dated October 10, 1992, as the plan required by the aforementioned state legislative acts to encourage and guide future change in the township in an orderly manner. , �rl 2 RESOLVED ON THIS TENTH DAY OF OCTOBER 1992 AT A SPECIAL MEETING OF THE CHIKAMING TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING VOTES OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION MEMBERS: Yes Jim Bohac Albert Chapman Jeanne Dudeck Wesley Lind Mary Margel Louis Price Frank Sims No Absent X X X X X X ~ X hac, Chairman, Planning mission • • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Chikaming-Twp_Master-Land-Use-Plan_1992 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chikaming Township Planning Commission Chikaming Township Master Plan Committee Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-10-10 Title A name given to the resource Chikaming Township Master Land Use Plan 1992-2012 Description An account of the resource The Chikaming Township Master Land Use Plan 1992-2012 was prepared by the Chikaming Township Planning Commission and the Chikaming Township Master Plan Committee with assistance from The WBDC Group and was adopted on October 10, 1992. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The WBDC Group (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Chikaming Township (Mich.) Berrien County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1e83664fbd67e6a2ed05a16415b37586.jpg 08c00eaa097262cf485377a757347946 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D181-0040 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child playing in Brooklyn, New York Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a young boy playing on the streets of Brooklyn, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Brooklyn (New York, N.Y.) Streets Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f6541d45eb491aa9fff94aae48e308b3.jpg b993c96d51e20808edf23cdb200d4411 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D184-0005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child Playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a child playing outdoors in the sprinkling water of a fountain on a warm summer's day in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Children Play Fountains Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d09f55b877a210c237b839a104050f0.jpg 07c2eaf0205e3b7b7d5895e107df9471 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D184-0023 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child Playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a child playing outdoors and relaxing next to a water fountain on a warm summer's day in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Children Play Fountains Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a854e2d31609bab48010551d31427d32.jpg a5a3ead83edd5c7b2c7418936282ee33 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D184-0024 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child Playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a child playing outdoors and relaxing next to a water fountain on a warm summer's day in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Children Play Fountains Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bf8e2999e361c10c5b4047dbe194d824.jpg 7c19e6b43714e553180087938ad992fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D184-0030 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child Playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a child playing outdoors on the edge of a water fountain on a warm summer's day in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Children Play Fountains Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d596ae74d26c07e40def8aee48a91e40.jpg b4ad356d465783098591eb73e08896d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D185-0022 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child Playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a young child climbing rock formations in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Rock formations--New York (State) Children Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b007554082ecac7bf7279678476e96f1.jpg 6fe9dfa6d73f9d37ae1b9e7fee8b0c65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D185-0023 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child Playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a young child climbing rock formations in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Rock formations--New York (State) Children Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8c53aeb43ac55ea82bb0d0a5bea64a8b.jpg ca3096c312ebe95b1d2a5056100f0333 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D185-0032 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a child walking next to a water fountain on a warm summer's day in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Children Play Fountains Parks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7b3455a07726d277d253e1393e259043.jpg ad3a3b9a67f60356fd0eb1e7ca010f0c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D190-0004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Child playing in Central Park Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a young child standing next to a metal bleacher while playing outside in Central Park, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Central Park (New York, N.Y.) Parks Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/087d82f25d5845ec67b7b2da8b8c8ca0.jpg aa1079ddea23283ae2af30f103e9b176 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_J055-0010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-03-08 Title A name given to the resource Childhood Friends in East Harlem, New York City Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of young boys smiling on a busy city sidewalk in East Harlem, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource East Harlem (New York, N.Y.) Children--New York (State)--New York Sidewalks--New York (State)--New York Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/467cbb8a8e5ace3f4631c9a9c82ad945.jpg 7b4ae95c1a87c3e1969ebb57500cee3a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001337 Title A name given to the resource Children at Grand Valley's Day Care Center Description An account of the resource Children with lunch bags at Grand Valley's Day Care Center, no date. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities & colleges-Michigan--Allendale Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d05c9a0d781f038f10986e77e5a06ad6.jpg 82e144a38f33ddc5a0f24f0e03373c4e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_1_1909_087 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909-08-24 Title A name given to the resource Children dressed for parade Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of six children seated on the steps of a porch. All are dressed in more formal clothing for the Flower Carnival Parade in Medina, New York. Subject The topic of the resource Medina (N.Y.) Portraits, Group Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives