124 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a8f9b7c22045fb118196593a99194df6.pdf 654e295b4801e9abdc8cfa7ae2ecc423 PDF Text Text ,,l CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PART 1 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY DESCRIPTION, DATA, AND GOALS August 1979 The Che boygan County Comprehensive Plan is divided into several parts for convenience of publication and use. The Table of Contents includes all of these parts. Part I gives an overview of the county, its people, economy, activities, services, environment and goals. Additional parts, published as separate books, address separate elements of county planning. Plans to be published at a future date and existing plans are listed in the Table of Contents. This project is a joint effort of the Cheboygan County Planning Commission and the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments with financial assistance provided through a grant from the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583), administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC), via the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land Resource Program Division and, in part, from the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments, the Northeast Michigan Manpower Consortium and the County of Cheboygan. �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -.- The Northeast Michigan Council of Governments wishes to -~~~:.. -·~-~-~~~-:-_. recognize Larraine Brackelman, former Cheboygan County Planner for her assistance in data collection and preliminary narrative development, Lew Steinbrecher and Carol Warren, Resource Planners on staff with the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments for their involvement in the preparation, coordination, and docu- mentation of the Plan, and the Cheboygan County Planning Commission for their review and cormnent of the preliminary drafts to the Plan, �TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I COUNTY DESCRIPTION. DATA AND GOALS Introduction • • • • 1 The Comprehensive Plan Planning In Cheboygan County The Planning Approach Regional Setting People • • • • • 2 4 . .4 .p • • • • 8 History •• ·• Population Growth Patterns Migr.ation Patterns Age Distribution Race and Origin . . • Population Density and Geographic Distribution Population Projections Economy Economic Structure Income • • • . Family Income . Personal Income Labor Force . • Employment and Unemployment Education Services • • • • Communication Transporation Energy Supply Water Supply Sewage Disposal Solid Waste. Public Safety . Education . • . Higher Education Health and Welfare Environment Climate . Air Pollution 17 18 20 22 26 _2t~ .. ' 29~- 36 38 41 43 44 47 50 Activities • Residential Commercial Industrial Recreation Agriculture. Forest/Open Space 9 15 15 .... 53 57 57 59 60 62 64 66 67 72 72 72 73 74 75 75 77 80 82 82 �j ] I• Environment (con't). Geology Soils Surface Water Groundwater Vegetation. Wildlife and Fish Minerals •. Coastal Management I 85 95 • ios 113 • 116 • 119 124 • • 126 Major Goals for Cheboygan County Land Use • . • • . • Waste Disposal • • • Economic Development •• Recreation •.•• Education .••• Government and Infrastructure PART II PART III PART IV • • 138 139 • • • 139 140 140 140 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN, WITH APPENDIX A, LAND USE PLAN DEFINITIONS CHEBOYGAN COUNTY WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY RECREATION PLAN (Note: Page 59 of PART I shows Recreation Plan of June 1976) PART V CHEBOYGAN COUNTY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN �LIST OF CHARTS NO. TITLE 1 Population Trends 1900-1970 2 Population Change Determinants 3 Age Distribution Of Population 4 County Of Origin For Foreign Population 5 Age & Sex Districutio~ 6 Population By Race 7 Population Density - 197 0 8 Population Per Square Mile By Township 9 Population Estimates 10 Seasonal Population 11 Peak Population 12 Employment By Selected Industrial Sectors 13 Employment Change 1960 - 1970 14 Employment By Activity - 1970 15 Percentage Comparisons Of Employment & Earnings 16 Occupation Of the Employed - 1970 17 Per Capita Money Income 18 Annual Average Wage And Salary 19 Median Income 20 Family Income Levels 21 Total Personal Income - Per Capita 22 Personal Income 23 Size Of The Labor Force 1970-1975 24 Labor Force Participation Rate 25 Unemplo~ent Rate For Selected Years 26 Percent Unemployment By Month 1970 - 1976 27 Years Of School Completed By Persons 25 Years Old And Older 28 Cheboygan County Land Use 29 General Housing Characteristics 30 Building Permits 31 Housing - Year Structure Built 32 Major Industries 33 Agricultural Facts for Cheboygan County 34 Cattle 35 County Road , Commission General Information~ 1978 �znn·-·envn· · ,,,. i:>:F Ij ·· r, 2rn·wa•t'iZ±ii·rttidif f'jj(iii:,rtf'jft "fils'WtiMlf¾'?t@[Ili LIST OF CH.ARTS (con't.) ...j NO. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 TITLE Solid Waste Disposal Sites Cheboygan County Law Enforcement - 1978 Description of Subsurface Strata Interpretations of Gener.al Soil Map (brief) Inter?re tations of Gen~ !~L Soil Map (detailed) .:-\ .crea ge Analysis For Cb.:~:. : }iln County Inv entory Of Game Species . �LIST OF MAPS NO. TITLE 1 The Northeast Michigan Region 2 Population Per Square Mile by Township 1970 3 Population Per Square Mile By Township - 1975 4 Existing Land Use Patterns 5 Commercial Areas 6 Primary Road System 7 Intermediate School District 8 Cheboygan County School Systems 9 District Health Department #4 10 Northern Michigan Community Mental Health Services Board 11 Climatic Data 12 Suspended Particles In The Air 13 Subsurface Geology - 14 Surface Geology 15 50 Foot Topographic Contour Lines 16 General Soil Map 17 Soil Suitability For Residential Development 18 Soil Suitability For Intense Recreation 19 Soil Suitability For Far~ ~ng 20 Soil Suitability For Forestry 21 Surfa c e Water System -22 \ Cheboygan River Watershed 23 Cheboygan River Sub-Watersheds 24 Groundwater In Glacial Deposits 25 Major Forest Types 26 Oil And Gas Wells 27 Coastal Boundary 28 She.retype 29 Areas of Particular Concern 30 High Risk Erosion Area 31 Future Land Uses I Ii• LIST OF GRAPHS 1 Unemployment By Month For Selected Years 2 Distribution Of Family Income 3 General Land Use Distribution ' I I j. �INTRODUCTION Cheboygan County is located at the very northern tip of the lower peninsula. The land is predominantly forested with a mix of rural agr~_c ultural ., areas and an urbanizing area around the City of Cheboygan. It is approxi- mately 240 miles northwest of Detroit and ~18 miles northeast of Chicago. To the east lies Presque Isle County~~~ to the south, Otsego. Both a similar physical make-up to Cheboygan, although Presque Isle ~as have more agricultural lands. Emmet and Charlevoix Counties lie to the west on Lake Michigan, both popular year-round tourist areas. To the no.ft~:,::, o~unded -· by 32.5 miles of shoreline, lies Lake Huron. Transportation to Cheboygan is primarily by highway networks. Highway I-75 connects Cheboygan north southern Florida. t-::i Sault Ste. Marie and south to Rail freight service is available to the County through the Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad five days a week. ger trains to northern Michigan. There are no passen- Commercial air service, both freight and passenger, is available to Cheboygan Cc ;1~ty through Emmet County Airport at Pellston. Small passenger planes can be accommodated at the Cheboygan City-County Airport near Cheboygan. Campbell Air Field, in Indian River, provides a grass landing strip for area residents and visitors. Cheboygan County contains nineteen townships, one city and two villages. The City of Cheboygan is located at the mouth of the Cheboygan River on Lake Huron. A federally maintained harbor is located here and is pri~arily used for general cargo such as coal, petroleum and limestone. rounded by a rapidly expanding residential area. -2- _, The City is sur- �The Village of Mackinaw City is located at the Mackinac Bridge the gateway to the Upper Peninsula. This Village, situated on the Straits of Mackinac, is a booming tourist center during the summer months. The Village of Wolverine is located in the southern p9rtion of the County on the Sturgeon River. stable population. This is a small community with 1 a· relatively There has been little change in the number of people residing there during the past two decades. Small, unincorporated rural centers all scattered throughout the County. Those communities include Mullett Lake, Afton, Toppinabee, Tower and the most populated of all unincorporated communities, ; In1_f~n--:.-:.River. ·_Cheboygan County is blessed with numerous inland lakes and streams. In fact, the County has more water area within its boundaries than any other county in the State. are located here. Three of the ten largest lakes in the State The forty-eight mile inland water route, which flows from Crooked Lake to Burt Lake to Mullett Lake and into Lake Huron, is an impcrtant recreational resource for Cheboygan County. �PEOPLE ACTIVITIES History Population Characteristics Population Projections Economy Government Residential Commercial-Industrial Recreation Agricultural Forest-Open Space SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL Communication Energy Water Supply Waste Disposal Fire and Police Protection Transportation Education Health and Welfare Climate Geology Surface Geology-Soils Surface Water Vegetation Wildlife Coastal Management .. \ ~~~.-.zcr,.,.~.. While categorizing these various facets, their inter-relationships were explored and explained. Goals, objectives, and policies follow the SUIIllllary section. The public ~ input, through the goals and objectives, was translated into a "Future Land Use Plan." The "Future Land Use Plan" is a concept map of Cheboygan County, as it may appear in the future. But, remember that this future land use is a very general goal for the County to strive for. The actual future land use will result from the everday decisions made by each county resident, in private as well as in public meetings and elections. The Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan is meant as a guide for those decisions. Regional Setting Cheboygan County is located within the boundaries of Region 9, one of 14 planning regions established throughout the State by Governor Milliken. The eight counties of Cheboygan, Crawford, Alpena, Alcona, Oscoda, Otsego, ' -· Presque Isle and Montmorency, compose Region 9 which commonly referred to as the Northeast Michigan Region. These eight units of governments, along with various school districts, road commissions and townships, are working -5- �. ,....,.,. Map 1 THE NORTHEAST MICHIGAN ~GION I ~ I i ~ • Bor09O j i____l: _J!_______ .J, Mor~uette . J Iron • 1--------, ·O1ck1n10n, I I ! Schoolcroft 1 ,----------, j 01110 j ~--•-r·j r-.i , ,,,.--......., ~~~~~~r '''''''" ''''' ·,' ,. ,,,,,,,,· '''''''" ,,,,,,,~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ''-! ~~~~~~~,:: ~ Pr•1qut lilt \ )-~\~~~'!..~---- ·- -T-- · - - - Q11t'90 t4-0ntmorenc:~ Alpen_o I C 1-iEBO'{GAN I ------•-t! o,codo - · -·- -- ·r··-. -·-•-• I Alcc, no Crowford COUNTY -6- �together to address mutual problems and opportunities that are predominant in the Region. The map on the next page illustrates the County's location Cheboygan, based on population, is the second larges_t county in the Region. Alpena County, which borders the City of Alpena, the major growth ' center of the Region, is first. The City of Cheboygan is eonsidered one of the secondary growth centers, the others being Gaylord and Grayling. These communities offer a wide range of services and functions as employme~ centers which have a decided influence on the surrounding area, extending beyond the County line. Justification for designating Cheboygan as a secon, J ary growth center is detailed in the 'a979 Regional Overa!-1 Development Prog : ✓ .- _ ..... -~=--~~ and endorsed by the Cheboygan County Board of Commissioners. The population of the Region in 1970 was 94,102 people. Between 1970 and 1975, the predicted growth rate for the Region was 11.5%, making the estimated 1975 population approximately 105,000. into consideration only permanent residents. However, these figures tak Since the County is a very attractive vacation and second home area, the population easily increases 100% during peak vacation months and hence, creates a real dilemma for thos e local governments trying to serve not only the year-round populace, but also part-time residents and vacationers. -7- _, �PEOPLE History Originally, Cheboygan County, as well as the rest of Michigan, was the homeland of the Indians. Then, in the early 1600's, the French explored the area and established a profitable fur business an~;missions. In the mid 1700's; both the British and the French courted the Indians' I I I friendship and control of the Michigan territory ".oee-1.iawe.d. 11 between· the thr e e nations for about 100 years. Fur merchants wanted the region to remain uninhabited except for Indians and traders, while farmers arui speculators wanted the land opened for settlement. , The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the region between~-the.:Ohio ., !] and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes into the first organized. terri- 1 tory. ' However, there was little land development due to insufficient land surveys, Indian disputes, and unstable governments. At first, Cheboygan County was part of Michilimackinac County in 1828; then it was transferred to Mackinac County in 1840. In 1856,, Cheboygan County was vastly enlarged to i~clude most of Northea st Michigan. At one time, ~heboygan County was divided into the two counties of Cheboygan and Wyandot. consolidated. Then in 1853, they were again rejoined and The first officers were elected at a special election held May 1, 1855, for the term of service that began January 1, 1855: County Clerk****************** Register of Deeds************* Sheriff*********************** Judge of Probate************** County Treasurer************** Prosecuting Attorney********** Circuit Court Commissioner**** County Surveyor*************** Coroners********************** Fish Inspector**************** -9- James S. Douglas Hiram A. Rood Bela Chapman Medard Metivier Bela Chapman Samuel H. Price Samuel H. Price Hiram L. Ban Richard Knight, Lorin P. Riggs Daniel L. Strang �From 1860 to the present, the County's boundaries have remained essentially the same. The area was first surveyed from 1840 to 1843 by State surveyors Messrs. Burt and Mullet. Burt and Mullet Lakes are named in their hone The name Cheboygan has many spellings and meanings. One story tel how an Indian Chief longed for a son, but when his wife gave birth, was told "She.-boy-a.-ga.n." Another possible meaning was from the Chippewa Indian word "Cha-bo,i..a,-ga.n" meaning "pla.c.e. ofi e,l'LO(.a.nc.e., a. poltta.ge. air... ha.Jr...b referring to the Cheboygan River mouth - a favorite harbor of refuge for Indians and whites alike, who sought shelter behind ,·Bei§',BJ.anc-c:t island fr c ;.;:-...:----= the fierce winds which swept Lake Huron. Other pronunciations were "Che.- pog-a.n" - Indian for "p)_pe.", or a corruption of "Che.-boy-ga.nn)_ng - .the. pla.c.e. ofi .the. will Jc..ic.e. fi)_ehi.1::, '-'. The earliest industrial site in the County as well as the upper Great Lakes Region was located at Mill Creek. Although the exact year in which the Campbell's saw mill was constructed is not known, re~ords indicate tha it was built between 1784 and 1793 and supplied lumber for both Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Mackinac. This mill was located about 4 miles southeast of the present Mackinaw City along the shores of Lake Huron. The County's earliest settlement was the present site of the Village of Mackinaw City which was later abandoned. The first settler in Cheboygan County was Jacob Sammons, who left Chicago in the spring of 1844, came to Mackinac Island and stayed there until autumn, when he sailed over to the Cheboygan River mouth in his sailing scow called the "Bu..nk.e.Jt H..LU." Mr. Sammons, a cooper by trade, was enchanted by the area's beauty and easy river accessibility to the Great Lakes and decided to build a shanty for building and selling barrels. On his return visit, Mr. Sammons was -10- �accompanied by his friend Alexander "Sa.ndy" McLeod. Together, they built a log cabin and the following spring Mr. Sammons fetched his family to live with him. Mr. McLeod eventually built the first dam at the site of the present one. The following spring he operated a primitive water- powered upright saw. Cheboygan and Duncan were the two s e t t lements near the Cheboygan River mouth that prospered and grew. This was the logical place for settlement because early connnunities depended mostly upon boats for travel and supplies. The early mail was by stagecoach and dogsled. With the opening of the Inland Route, mail and passengers were carried by a little side wheel steamer called t he "Valley Queen" . The Inland Water Route consists of Cheboygan River, Mullet Lake, Indian River, Burt Lake, Crooked River, and Crooked Lake. This I connected waterway provides acc ess between Lake Huron at Cheboygan and Conway a village on the shoreline of Crooked Lake, nine miles north of Petoskey. r oute has always been heavily used. The At first Indians paddled canoes through the water ser i es, then early survey crews use the route for connnercial transportation of the great log booms of the late 1800's. dammed to facilitate water travel. recreation. and back. Then it was dredged and The waterway also served as a means of Pleasure launches made scheduled tours from Cheboygan to Conway These excursion boats were complete with a band and were a very popular entertainment. \ With the advent of the automobile, the tour boats declined in popularity and were discontinued. Interest in boating has increased again in recent years with several thousand craft tally yearly through the Cheboygan River Locks and up the Inland Water Route once again. to as "Vunc.a.n Duncan, later referred Cay", was really a company-owned lumbering town of about 500 people who worked for the Thompson Smith family. I:. �The County's first industry was commercial lake fishing. The Cheboygan River offered easy access to the Straits and the Great Lakes, and many fisheries flourished along the Cheboygan River. Many families made their living from the tons of lake trout, white fish, walleye, perch, herring, menomipees, . ~ and chub that were abundantly caught during that time. At the same time, the lumbering era began in Cheboygan County around 1845 as a seemingly endless supply of white pine began rafting down the rivers. Lumber mills sprang up all over the County, business swelled and Cheboygan and Duncan grew rapidly. became incorporated as a village. In 1871, a scant 26 years later, Cheboygan During the lumber boom _pe_a k ,,.Ahe , Michigan - ---;---,~:: - ::=::-- - -=;-•· ~ -- Central and the Grand Rapids and Indian Railroads laid track to Cheboygan. Roads were opened up to surrounding communities as new settlements began in the County's interior. The present site of the Village of Wolverine was platted in 1881 and called "ToMy." Up to this time, various persons tried vainly to revive the abandoned Mackinac City settlement, and their efforts were rewarded when in 1882 the Village was incorporated as the Village of Mackinaw City. Other settlements were Indian River, Topinabee, Freedom, Afton, LeGrand, Burt· Lake, Cold Springs, Aloha, Manning, Alverno, Mullet Lake, Indianville, Elmhurst, Haak-wood, Trowbridge, Rondo, and Wildwood. these settlements were stations for the various railroads. Many of Freedom was so named because the train engineer would slow down in this area so that escapees could jump off before reaching the checkpoint station at Mackinaw City. By 1889, Cheboygan Village had grown enough to be incorporated as the City of Cheboygan. The County's 11 The City was then considerably larger than it is today. 911.e.e.n go.ed" of the forests stimulated the economy for over five decades, but as the timber demand fluctuated, so did the growth of Cheboygan. The Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad moved into the area in 1904, as did the paper mill. -12- �But alas, the fast growth and expanding economy came to an abrupt halt when the seemingly endless forests.were logged off. In 1898, the_ ·,1 Duncan City mills burned, leaving over 400 men jobless. Other mills and businesses burned or moved out as Cheboygan became an unprofitable . place to stay. I I I I I ~ The Phister and Vogel Leather Company at the tannery was the world's largest shoe tanning mill. Large quantities of hemlock bark were needed for the tanning process so many people were hired to cut hemlock for its bark, or worked in the mill. Later, a new tanning pro- cess and other considerations caused the mill to leave the City of Cheboygan. The last big mill in the City burned on November -15 ,- 1928 , ---. ----= . • ·~ --..t, ..' ? " ~ thus ending the great lumbering saga. Cheboygan County's economy was hard hit and many residents left the City to go downstate for jobs. At the same time, many people from the cities of southern Michigan, northern Ohio and Indiana began taking trips "up n.ofdh" to the beautiful north country. Resorts sprang up in Cheboygan County on the "Wile. GJte.a;t La.k.e.1.>" a s the lakes of the Inland Water Route were often called. This surge in the reso Lt business helped the economy, but only for the few summer months. Then, the depression hit the world and nation, but it really struck Cheboygan County. for the City. This period was a very difficult period financially However, the diversification of industry in the early 1940's due to the war and the need for buildings and manpower gave Cheboygan a new lea s e on life. The town awakened and the industrial base was expanded. Since the 1940's, Cheboygan County has numerous accomplishments to its credit. New structures since then are: -13- �6 Schools Hospital Additions County Building Library National Guard Armory Airport Cheboygan River Bridge 1-75 Freeway Mackinaw Bridge New industry and businesses have located in the Cheboygan area and this economic base holds promise for the future, with its growing indus- try and the development of the north as a year-round playground. History has proven Cheboygan County a desirable place to live seasonally or permanently near the county's growth centers. This comprehensive plan will help insure that it will rema~n desirable in the !yt_u~g~_,...-Cheboygan ·- :;::-.~.,....,~---<.-- - . . - ---- County must strike a delicate balance between its future growth and retention of its beautiful natural environment because both factors are what makes the County attractive to residents and tourists alike. The previous text was taken directly and/or indirectly from the following sources: Sanborn Township Comprehensive Plan Alcona County Cheboygan Centennial The Centennial History of Cheboygan County -14- �POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS In an attempt to meet the needs and desires of the people in Cheboygan . ~ County, it is essential to understand their general characteristics~ This element of the plan includes population information to provide insight about the area and its inhabitants, education surveys to establish the general character and abilities of the people, health and welfare data to gain insight into human physical needs, economic information to determine how the people make their living, and governmental structure to illustrat.e_Ji_qw_,,____:_" ,._.:!!..,,. . _____._..,_~-~..,. ------- Cheboygan County rules itself and provides for its collective needs. In Cheboygan County, as elsewhere, people are the major factor influencing the demand for public services and utilities, recreation, education and others. As population continues to increase, so will the demand for these services, not only from th~ residents within the County, but also from residents in adjoining countie;' anft downstate metropolitan areas. While primary emphasis should be directed t'c:>ward meeting the needs of the ,, '---...,_ permanent residents of Cheboygan County, atter:tion·- ~ -~t also be given to ·- the influence of the transient or seasonal residents. Growth Pattern The population of Cheboygan County has grown at an increasing rate over the past 30 years. The chart on the next page illustrates the changes in population by political subdivision and for the County as a whole between 1900 and 1970. The decline in population between 1910 - 1930 can be attributed to the decline in the lumbering era. While the population continued to increase between the years 1950 1960, the rate was far below that of the Northeast Region (+15.8%) and _. . =--. - �CHART 1 POPULATION TRENDS 1900 · 1970 Cheboygan County 1900 15516 Cheboygan County ~ l2lQ__ r&!&... +15.2% 17872 · 21.7% 332 446 1011 557 341 1064 462 394 1647 433 706 1909 425 1920 543 1238 650 153 321 290 · 17 .2% 6859 (1904) 614 -17 .7% 1920 13991 %Chg. •17.8% 1930 11502 % Chg. 1940 %Chg. +18.6% 13644 +.6% 1950 13731 %Chg. +6 . 0% 1960 14550 %Chg. +13.9% 1970 16573 Townships: Aloha 506 1063 404 326 622 542 379 1589 Beaugrand Benton Burt Ellis Forest Grant Hebron Inverness -11.9% "4 .9% +37.9% +4.6% +41.5% -14.8% +3.9% +l.7% Kochler 606 Mackinaw ._.I Maple Grove °'I Mentor +16 . 5% Organized from Forest 463 Mullett -8.2% Formed from Bust in 418 967 711 Munro .Nunda Tuscarora +29.9% +21 . 0% •8 .6% Walker Waverly I IS +179.1% Wilmot 316 -8 .2'11. -19 . 3% · 20.6% -64 .6% -30 .5% -50.7% ·32 . 5% ·21.1% ·20.~% -34 . 6% •9.2% +30 . 1% -8.8% -42.1% -42.2% +34.6% -9.0% -30. 3% 275 360 803 197 237 525 312 311 1317 283 641 63 553 195 495 716 376 206 292 202 + .4% • 13 . 3% -6.6% - 5 . 1% - 3 .3% · 22.7% -21.5% •24 , 8% -35.2% · 7.0% +2 . 5% -47 .6% · 70.2% • JA .9-.C, · 10.1% ·35.8% +16.11% -~l.5% •24.7% -30. 7% 276 312 750 187 229 406 245 334 854 263 657 33 165 263 346 460 439 100 220 140 +19.6% +45.S"·2.4% +26 .2% +31.9% +53.2% +53.8% • 33 . 8% +23.5% +16 . 7% +. 3% -69 . 7'11, +20.0% •3.8% +4.3% . +16 .9% +29.8% +10.5% +25 .0% +10.0% 330 454 732 236 302 622 377 313 1055 307 659 10 198 273 361 538 570 205 275 154 · 21.5% +19 . 1% +7 . 5% -24 . 1% -24 .5% · 2.7% -8 . 5% -3.9% +2.7% •10 .4% +4 . 1% +5 . 8% +6 . 8% +16.8% +13 .4% •17 . 1% +2 .0% -14 .2% +.5% +12 . 7% +25.5% + . 1% 274 578 919 203 189 617 296 191 1222 345 687 +93 .4% +47.l % +55 .6,C. +4.4% -12 . 7% +9.4% +45 . 6% -25.1% +37.1% +23.8% · 19.5% 530 850 1430 212 165 675 431 143 1675 427 553 Rejoined with Forest •II.I% .•.,., +24.9% ·3 . 9% +46.0% +l.4% •13.1% +31.8% Ories of Villages: 176 341 345 517 832 212 239 203 +14.8% +43.4% -3.8% ·10.0% +26.0% 202 489 332 465 1048 +21.8% +47.0% .J.3% +11.8% +27 .9% •12.7% JBS +22.7% -. 4% 238 211 +21.4'11. • 3.9'11. +19.7'11. 246 719 321 520 1340 227 285 271 i 6489 City of Cheboygan Wolverine Mackinaw City 259 541 787 179 228 605 345 190 1084 275 686 +5,7% ·32 . 7'11. 5642 413 -12.7'11. · 27.4% (a) 4923 300 +15.2% •14.3% 5673 ::11 +.2'11, "YI +23 . 7% +5 .2% 92~Jt\ (a) 1940 & 1950 figures include total population; 1960 and 1970 only Cheboygan County portion, excludes Emmett County part. II I jl j 1· ;,,~,! 'i \, I I' i1. I 5687 318 970 +3 ,0% -1.2% 5859 292 598 -5.2% +].1% •19.7% 5553 303 480 �the State (+22.8%). During the next decade, however, the rate of in- crease was slightly above that of both the Region and State (+13.4% each). Internal growth patterns indicate that Aloha Township grew the fastest, almost doubling its population between 1960-1970. However, ~?ckinaw and 1 Hebron Townships experienced a severe decrease in population during the same period. Migration Patterns A considerable decline in population ' was seen in the early 1900's. The loss of the lumbering . industry and related services foll9wed.:'£b~ ~the , Great Depression was a direct cause of this out-migration. By 1930, some semblance of stability had returned to the County and population was on the upswing. The years since 1940 have exhibited a steadily increasing rate of population growth. Much of the growth during this period has been a re- sult of natural increase, that is, a grea ter birth rate than death rate. CHART 2 POPULATION CHANGE DETERMINANTS 1950 - 1970 NATURAL INCREASE POPULATION 1950-1960 1960-1970 NET MIGRATION Amount % of 1950 Population -1148 -8.4% 1950 1960 Birth Death Amount Change 13,731 14,550 3608 1721 1967 Amount % of 1960 Population + 580 +4.0% 1960 1970 Birth Death Amount Change 14,550 16,573 3129 1686 1443 '! l I I I II �A factor influencing population growth is net migration. This is determined by comparing the actual population change to the natural increase. The figures in the chart on the previous page indicate that during the decade 1950-1960, out-migration of 1148 people was experienced. This, calculated as a percentage of the 1950 population, showed an 8.4% out-migration rate. people, or 6 percent. However, the actual population increased by 819 This increase then, was due to a natural increase, births over deaths. During the next decade, a reversal of out-migration was experienced. The natural increase was supplemented by 580 in-migraµts .to.. the__ County • .-. .. ·.-= -a:'~~- "' The 4.0 percent migration rate contributed to the 13.9 percent overall population increase. The movement of people from one area to another may be due to many factors. It is felt that the outflow exhibited in 1950-1960 was most likely due to the migration of young people to metropolitan areas in search of employment. During the decade of the sixties, this trend continued, but a new trend was also experienced. Retirees, in many cases young people who had left the area years before, were returning to the County, out-numbering the young workers leaving. If this trend continues, it could drastically change the economy and culture of the area. By recognizing this problem of out-migration by young people, local governments may want to encourage <level ment of employment facilities to enhance the County's economic structure. Age Distribution When a certain age group becomes a disproportionately largeor small portion of a population, it has a definite impact on the structure of the community. The chart on the next page compares the age distribution of the residents of Cheboygan County, the Region and the State. �CHART 3 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1970 Age Group Region % Chebo:zi:gan Countz % fl . Michigan % } Pre-School & School Age 0 - 19 6,814 41 41 Family Forming 20-44 4,503 27 27 31 Mature Family 45-64 3,297 20 21 20 Retirement 65 + 1,959 12 11 9 27.3 28.3 . Median Age Sou.Jtc..e.: U• S • BUit ea.u. o 6 ,the. Ce.n1.i lL6 -. --'·~-~- 40 26.3 _;·,::-.z-~~.-~ .. A larger proportion of the County's population is composed of persons 65 years or older than is evident at the State level. This may not seem readily significant, however, the most productive group in terms of employment and tax revenues is the 25-44 years age bracket which is a smaller percentage of the County's population when compared to the State. Referring back to migration data presented before this, new insight into age distribution reinforces conclusions drawn here. The young in search of better jobs leave the area and those migrating in are principally older, retired persons. Projections show this trend continuing with an expected increase in median age from · 27.46 in 1970 to 33.86 in 1990. The pre-school and school-age groups may decrease in proportion as birth rates throughout the State and County decrease. shift in the types of services that will be in demand. This will require a This does not ·neces- sarily mean less expenditure for the younger groups as they most likely will continue to grow in absolute numbers. Rather, there will be proportionately less spent here and more spent on services required by other groups. �The Chart on the next page illustrates these factors previously discussed and shows the population broken into age groups by sex for comparison. The column at the far right indicates the percentage of the total population by age group. Race and Origin Further identification of population characteristics can be seen by a survey of race and nativity. The population of Cheboygan County, like most of its northern counterparts, is predominantly white. illustrate Charts 4 & 6 this characteristic of the County's residents-.,.,:~...~=.::,~~'"':°~::...:: · The greatest number of residents in the County are natives by birth, with 14 percent of the population being foreign born. Nearly all of these are Canadian in origin. CHART 4 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN FOR FOREIGN POPULATION CHEBOYGAN COUNTY Total Population Total Fo.reign 16,573 2,334 United Kingdom Ireland Sweden Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary U.S.S.R. Italy Canada Mexico Cuba Other America All other and not reported -20- 107 86 106 328 199 34 17 21 26 28 1,068 16 298 -~ �CHART 5 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY I MALE AGES ' 922 413 1037 412 55-59 50-54 376 381 465 435 45-49 386 429 I 40-44 391 425 417 396 431 438 25-29 479 518 20-24 477 531 791 747 1005 952 945 765 877 732 I I 35-39 30-34 r 15-19 10-14 I I 5-9 0-4 I I 10~0 8Jo I I 600 I I 4Jo I I 65+ 2io 798 60-64 345 320 ., . 55-59 ,Q-54 408 --.5 -49 I 40-44 I 35-39 I 30-34 25 -29 I 20-24 I J 5-9 0-4 I I I 1000 I I 800 I I 600 5.0% I I I 400 I 5. 1% I 4.9% -- 4.9% .- - 4.9% 4.9% '.i.n I -- I I I I 6Jo I 9.3% I I 11. 8% 11. 0% 9.1% J 8100 1 1000 J .. I 11. 1% 4.6% 5. 4;(' 406 5.5% 350 429 5.4% 357 405 400 401 5.5% 382 390 5.3% 369 359 5. 0% 377 365 598 772 522 742 5.1% . 7. 7% 873 911 787 904 f i- .,ii 6. 1% I 4ho 1· 6.0:i.'. 377 _ 389 2~0 11 00 i I FEMALE 814 r 15-19 10-14 r 11. 8% 1960 MALE AGES 1do 200 100 PERCENT FU1ALE 1970 I 65+ 60-64 I - AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION 1!0 2!0 -21- I 5.2% I 'I I 4100 I 6!o I 8~0 10.4% 11. 4"/. 12.4% ', I iI 1Joo i' I. ' �CHART 6 POPULATION BY RACE POPULATION WHITE NEGRO INDIAN OTHER 203,211,926 87.5% 11. 1% 0. 4%; 1.0% 8,875,083 88.3% 11.2% 0.2% 0.4% Region 94,107 99.5% 0.2% 0. 2% 0.1% Cheboygan 16,573 99.3% 0.1% 0.4% 0. 2% U. S. Michigan SoUJtc.e.: County o.nd Regional.. Faw, MSU Co-op EX-te.n..6-<.o n SeJtvic.e.. Population Density and Geographic Distribution While the County ~s primarily considered a rural area, there are several localities where population is concentrated. The City of Cheboygan, the Lake Huron shoreline between Cheboygan and Mackinaw, the Indian River area and the inland lakes appear to be the areas of highest concentration in the County CHART 7 POPULATION DENSITY - 1970 TOTAL POPULATION AREA SQUARE MILE POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE RESIDENCE % RTJR:\L % URBAN Cheboygan County 16,573 725 22.9 33.5 66.5 Northeast Region 94,106 4,274 22.0 28.3 71. 7 8,875,083 56,817 156.2 73. 8 26.2 Michigan .. The chart above clearly illustrates that Cheboygan County as well as the entire Northr~st Michigan Region is far more rural than the State. This rural characteristic creates many problems in terms of developing the County economically and providing essential governmental services. The l. l1a rt. on the next page shows the density of Cheboygan County by town- ship for the years of 1970 and 1975. The geographical distribution of l·he Criunty's population is illustrated on the maps pn the following pages. These maps clearly show that Tuscarora, Inverness, Beaugrand and Mackinaw Townships have the heaviest concentration of population in the County. �CHART 8 POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE BY TOWNSHIP Area in Square Miles Population·Per Square Miles TOWNSHIP TOTAL AREA* IN .SQUARE MILES 1970 1975 CHANGE ALOHA 32.3 18.3 19.8 1.5 BEAUGRAND 24.2 35 .1 44.2 9.1 BENTON 61.3 23.8 30.6 6.8 BURT 34.9 10.9 10.8 ELLIS 36.0 4.6 4.2 FOREST 69.5 9.8 10 ,0 .2 GRANT 57.5 8.9 10.2 1. 3 HEBRON 35.0 4.1 4.4 .3 INVERNESS 37.5 49. 1 58.9 9.8 KOEHLER 46.8 9. 7 10.8 1.1 MACKINAW 11. 7 47.3 53.9 6.6 MENTOR 35.9 6.9 6.4 -.5 MULLETT 35. 7 37.3 46.5 9.2 MUNRO 35.8 11. 4 12.9 1.5 NUNDA 71. 3 7.3 7.5 .2 TUSCARORA 41. 7 45.1 54.0 8.9 WALKER 34.8 6.6 7.2 .6 WAVERLY 52.8 5.9 6.7 .8 WILMOT 36.2 7.5 8.5 1.0 22.9 26.5 3.5 CITY OF CHEBOYGAN 7.2 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 798 *Inc.i.udv.i Land and Wa.:te/l. A~ea. · --~~~~ .4 �MAP 2 CHEBOYGA[\J COUNTY Pop./Sq. Mi le by Township n_ 1970 . \: 4.1 LE 10-20 20-30 f<.OEHLER WAVERLY 9.7 5.9 TUSCAH0RA "-!.i.l 1-------------,,--•·-----------,------~---- .--...-------------4 ELLIS 4.6 MENTOR WALKER 6 .9 6 .6 FORSST 9.S WILMOT 7.5 NUNDA 7.3 30- Up �MAP 3 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE BY TOWNSHIP 1975 Hebron 4.4 . ·- __ ........ __,_ ---~---- --~ _.... ~~ ~ --· .......... _ -· . LEGEND . ess than 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 so+ Waverly 6.7 Mentor Walker Ellis 7.2 4.2 6.4 Wolverine Wilmot Nunda 8.5 7.5 -25- ........ .· ....... . ; : ·.:: ..·.·: .·. ·.. : .·. ..·.. .-:_.:_.:_..-:.·.·.·. ·.·.·.·.· . . D r::J.. �Population Projections Growth in permanent population is expected to be a continuing trend in Cheboygan County. Population •estimates must be approached with a certain amount of caution, but are useful in determining future demands in services. It must be kept in mind that i.f trends of migration, birth rate, ana· economic development change, so will the projected figures. mates - low, medium and high. Chart 9 gives three esti- These estimates serve to set the upper and lower limits to expected growth. For the purposes of this report, ~ ~ wlll use the medium estimate which was derived by the Northeast Michigan Council of ,.' - --~~-:::-~r Governments. 9 CHART POPULATION ESTIMATES CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 1970 Low 16,573 * Medium High 1975 1980 1985 17,676 18,913 20,467 . 22,002 19,111 20,980 24,858 26,796 20,169 24,205 28,353 32,393 1990 2•JCFJ 30,S L * LJ. S. Ce.Mu..6. Seasonal Population ., . .. . A complete Htu<ly o( population ln Cheboygan County must include conside ration of the s easonal population influx. figures, In 1970, according I c1 Census 44.6 percent of all housing units were seasonal, occupied only a portion of the year. figures appear. Applying this to 1975 estimates, some interesting Assuming the average number of persons per dwelling unit to be the same as the 1970 census figures, population in seasonal housing, if occupied, could reach over 16,000 persons. -26- Chart 10 illustrates this point. �CHART 10 SEASONAL POPULATION CHEBOYGAN COUNTY Total Housing Year-Round Occupied Housing Seasonal Number Housing % of Total Housing •r People Per Dwelling Seasonal Residents 1970 8,924 4,944 3,980 44.6% 3.3 13,134 1975 11,156 5,746 4,976 44.6% 3.3 16,421 If these figures are added to the estimated 1975 year-round residents of 19,111 persons, the population could swell to 32,532. lation places pressures on our natural resources. This increased popu- More development will . probably occur along our lakes and streams affecting water quality. : such as sewer, water and additional fire service will possibly need to be expanded. If trends continue as they have in the past, many of these residences will become permanent homes for retirees. We must be aware of these possi- bilities and be able to adapt if need be to meet these increased demands. Another group must be considered in this analysis. These are the tran- sient tourists, those who occupy campgrounds and commercial lodging. These people require slightly different services from those of the seasonal residents. They place an increased burden on our road system and require additional recreational facilities. According to the State o f :1ichigan, Department of Natural Resources, the official average number of people per campsite is 4.04 people. There are 2389 campsites, private and public, in the county. 2389 x 4.04 persons/site 9652 people Estimating the population in commercial lodging is a more complicated process. This was done by NEMCOG in 1977. The figure derived for the potential summer population in existing commercial lodging was 5179 persons. -27- ··:. .-~· 7" �Considering all this data, we see that by adding potential seasonal population for a "good" summer weekend to the estimated permanent population, a figure for peak population is arrived at. 11 CHART PEAK POPULATION CHEBOYGAN COUNTY % of Permanent Po:eulation JI 1t ~ - 16,421 89.9 Campgrounds 9,652 . 50. 5 Commercial Lodging 5,179 27.1 Seasonal Residents · f.S 9~;;;~~~!"'~ --=-- :...,_..:,. -==---:: Total "Swnme.Jt" Increase 30,753 Permanent Population 19,111 100.0 Total Peak Population 49,864 260.9 ~ .!.. This figure of 49,864 may seem high, but it does not take into account visitors who lodged with family or friends, private camps or resorts, or mobile homes. This is considered to be a fairly accurate estimate of popu- lation present during the summer months. In planning, it is important to understand the impact these people could have on our economic and social welfare. The County must be adequately prepared to meet their demands and yet retain the qualities of life that make Cheboygan County unique in this day and age. :- �CHART 15 Tr Services 'jr~~:::::=======~lng .4 riculture 24 . 5 Trade 19.4 Michigan Total Earnings by Major Sources Michigan Employment by Major Sources PERCENTAGE COMPARISIONS OF EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS FOR MICHIGAN AND CHEBOYGAN Manufacturing 24.2 in Ing Cheboygan County Employment by Major Sources Cheboygan County Total Earnings by Major Sources • · Source: County and Re~ional Far.ts. M.S. Tl. r.nnnemtil' �I I than Cheboygan County. this sector is of a slightly higher proportion than people employe~. · Development in this sector will have a greater economic impact over trade or service areas. Contract construction is another area that exhibits high. ,wage and salary levels. Data on occupational structure is valuable because it gives information about the skill requirements of employers in certain geographical areas. , . The percentage of earnings for Cheboygan County in CHART - . ., _ ...,. _ __ , .;,_,_,..i:: - 16 OCCUPATION OF THE EMPLOYED, 1970 (percent) CHEBOYGAN REGION STATE Total Employed, 14 and over 100 100 100 Professional, Technical and Kindred workers 10.9 11.5 13 Managers and Administrators except Farm 7.8 8.4 8.8 Sales Workers 8.0 6.8 6.1 12.7 12.7 6.4 -· 15. 5 16.7 21.5 21. 0 5.0 5.2 Laborers, except Farm 4.9 6.7 5.3 Farmers and Farm Managers 1. 7 2.5 1.3 Farm Laborers and Farm Foremen 0.7 1.0 0.6 16.5 13.8 7.4 Clerical and Kindred Workers Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred Workers Operatives, except Transport Service Workers SoUJT..c.e.: U.S. BUJT..e.a.u. o-6 Ce.YL6u..6. �The occupational structure of Cheboygan County gives - further insight into the economy. occupations. Chart 16 lists the percentage of workers found in variouf When compared to the State and Region Cheboygan County ,has a greater percentage of white collar workers versus blue collar workers. The chart shows that 39.5 percent of the County's work force is classified as white collar as compared to only 34.3 percent for the State Approxi- rnately one-half of the State's work force is considered blue collar as compared to 41 percent in Cheboygan County. These differences may be due to the auto industries employing a greater number of downstate. oTue~cotI-aT ..·~ork~rs"""- - As defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census, white collar workers include professional, technical, and kindred while blue collar workers inclL craftsmen and kindred, operatives ment operatives, and laborers (exc.1.ucUn.g :tltan..6poltt), transport ~quip- {exc..w.cUn.g nail.ml. Service workers account for 15.2 percent of those employed in the Coun while only 13.8 perc ent and 7.4 percent respectively, for the Region and State. The influence of the tourist industry in Cheboygan County is an imp tant factor comprising this figure. It has been estimated that 821 jobs are created directly by tourism and many more service jobs are indirectly related to tourism. Income Income data augments the employment statistics and helps analyze the economic situation of the County. Chart 17 illustrates the distr~bution of per capita income for Cheboygan County and the State. Per capita income for Cheboygan County has increased over recent years as seen in Chart 18, Annual Average Wage & Salary. However, these increases have not been sub- �stantial enough to bring the per capita measure up to the same standard as the State of Michigan and the Nation. The per capita income rdr Cheboygan County is only 68 percent of that for the State and 71 percent fdr the Nation. I CHART 17 PER CAPITA MONEY INCOME 1969 CENSUS 1972 EST. PERCENT .~ CHANGE -.:.~ ~-,u"!" - Cheboygan 2777 2435 14.0 Michigan 3984 3357 18.7 Sowic.e.: Ve.pcvr.tme.n,t o,6 CommeJLc.e.. CHART 18 j ANNUAL AVERAGE WAGE AND SALARY PERCENT CHANGE TO 1976 FROM: 1 J 1 1 1976 1975 1974 1970 1975 1970 Cheboygan 4725 4500 4500 3450 5.0 37.0 Emmet 7975 7600 7700 5600 4.9 42.4 Otsego 4050 3750 3925 3100 8.0 30.6 Presque Isle 3025 2825 2850 2700 7.1 12.0 I ----~-•-·~ �The occupational structure of Cheboygan County gives - further insight into the economy. occupations. Chart 16 lists the percentage of workers found in variou, When compared to the State and Region Clieboygan County ,has a greater percentage of white collar workers versus blue collar workers. The chart shows that 39.5 percent of the County'~ work force is classified as white collar as compared to only 34.3 percent for the State Approxi- mately one-half of the State's work force is considered blue co"llar as compared to 41 percent in Cheboygan County. These differences may be due to the auto industries employing a greater number of l)t-ue~ ~==fir -·°t{ork~rs=- downstate. As defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census, white collar workers include professional, technical, and kindred while blue collar workers inclL craftsmen and kindred, operatives (exc.1..ucung btan..6po!Lt), transport equipment operatives, and laborers (exc.1..ucu.ng ocvun). Service workers account for 15.2 percent of those employed in the Coun while only 13.8 perc ent and 7.4 percent respectively, for the Region and State. The influence of the tourist industry in Cheboygan County is an imp tant factor comprising this figure. It has been estimated that 821 jobs are created directly by tourism and many more service jobs are indirectly related to tourism. Income Income data augments the employment statistics and helps analyze the economic situation of the County. Chart 17 illustrates the distr~bution of per capita income for Cheboygan County and the State. Per capita income for Cheboygan County has increased over recent years as seen in Chart 18, Annual Average Wage & Salary. However, these increases have not been sub- �Median income also remains low. The chart below lists median income for the eight counties in the Region. '.- CHART 19 MEDIAN INCOME per family, 1970 Michigan 11,032 Region 7,470 Alcona Alpena 8,765 Cheboygan 7,660 Crawford 7,930 Montmorency 5,851 Oscoda 6,411 Otsego 9,413 Presque Isle 7,889 SouJL~e: Regional. Piann,i,ng Handbook, NEMCOG. Family income is lower in Cheboygan County than at the Regional or State level. Chart 20 on the next page illustrates the distribution of family income for Cheboygan County, the northeast Region, and the State based on 1970 census data. The County and the Region have a higher per- centage of lower income groups and a smaller proportion in the upper brackets. This reduced family income lead:,, to reduced consumption of goods and investment expenditures. Conversely, the State exhibits a larger percentage of families in the $10,000 and over income categories. �1 CHART 20 I I I I I ~ FAMILY INCOME LEVELS - 1970 . :. ITEM MICHIGAN REGION Total number of families 2,190,269 23,586 Under $1,000 1.8 2.8 3.1 $ 1,000 - $ 1,999 2.4 5.6 5.0 $ 2,000 - $ 2,999 3.3 6.4 - -~-:-M":T~·----:c=S-: 9 -· $ 3,000 - $ 3,999 3.5 6.3 7.0 $ 4,000 - $ 4,999 3.7 5.8 6.3 $ 5,000 - $ 5,999 4.1 7.0 6.8 $ 6,000 - $ 6,999 4.6 7.4 9.3 $ 7,000 - $ 7,999 5.7 e.7 9.8 $ 8,000 - $ 8,999 6.8 9.0 6. I+ $ 9,000 - $ 9,999 7.0 7. 1 5.0 $10,000 - $11, 999 13.9 12.0 12.9 $12,000 - $14,999 16.6 10.2 11. 0 $15,000 - $24,999 21. 4 9.7 8.4 $25,000 - $49,999 4.5 1. 9 2.4 $50,000 and over 0.8 0.3 0.5 CHEBOYGAN 4,239 Percent of families in income group: ~~ ~ J ~ J' - 'H) .• �GRAPH 1 DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME; CHEBOYGAtJ , REGION, MICHIGAN, U.S. - tu1/A l:=>::/::_::::;::J 30.5 r.-; · 1-----------+------+-------t-------t----['f.\-l---+-------t I~ ~ 24.8 25% ~;;/ < ,- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - - r - - - - - ; 0 , ,,,- : ···r-: . ~ - - - - - - - t - - - - - - ~ ~ -9 ~ 21.2 ~ 20% - 20.6 14.4 ~ 14 .0 13.3 1- 10.3 10% - 1 2. l r- :=:!: ,- - ~1-:_i_•_l l_ ~ ., ~~ z ~- .w 11.9 10.0 21.4 I ,_ -~- it ,- 14 .8 15% J}} ~~ 16.1 I ;'.:'.: -~ ,-- :\:·,--r-----1~---~------1 ~ ·: ·.· ~ I ..,... 0 \; ~ 22.2 !_:_- . . . + - - - - - - - ~ ~~ ~ 1-Il ·-· ~ ~ I.' I ,_ -: ~,-@-- - 5% - - ~ :\ ~ .0" '' LESS THAN $3;000.00 ':•-::: $3,000.00 TO $5,000.00 TO $7,000.00 TO I $10,000.00 TO \ 5.3 /. - ~ 1 - ;~:.l - t - - - - · l ~ ' \ ~ ;::.: ~ 0 ~ _:_;_:_~_:_i_: '"· :-:: f•::. I ~l ;_;_:_', I.' . n 2.9 2.2 4 _6 ~ :\ 7., .. :'-,.2"-'' ·:•:_::::_·:_ ;: ~ ~"" $15,000.00 Tn MORE THAN ,:-::: �I CHART 21 TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME - PER CAPITA YEAR CHEBOYGAN MICHIGAN UNITED STATES 1967 2357 3454 3•188 1968 2721 3793 345 7-. 1969 3003 4106 3733 1970 3002 4180 3966 1971 3115 4499 4195 1972 3362 4950 4537 1973 3647 5509 5049 1974 3878 5846 1975 4231 6169 1976 So Wtc. e_: 5486 - 5903~'"'"~;-·"·" ,;._< 6441 6994 Mic.lug an S;ta;t,,u., tic.a.1.. Ab-6tlr.a.c.:t, 1 977 • The above figures represent income after deductions of personal contributions to social security, government retirement, and other social insurance programs, but before deductions of income and other personal taxes. Addi- tionally, transfer payments made up 26 percent of personal income in 1975. This chart shows that although personal income in the county has been rising at a faster rate than state and national levels, the population growth in the northeast Michigan region a~ a whole would require a 50 percent rise in per capita income to reach the statewide level of $5846. The rapid population grm-,th has been blamed for the low income level. Total personal income has been rising faster than the state average, but the population growth has been even faster. 1974 Total personal income - $73,892,000 Percent of personal income Labor and Proprietors Dividend, Interest and Rent Transfer Payments 60.5% 17.5% 22.0% �Transfer payment is income received for non-current economic activity such as social security benefits, veterans benefits, welfare_ payments, private pensions and unemployment compensation. Cheboygan County has a high , percentage from transfer payments than either the northeast Michigan region (20%) and the state (11%). Generally, this means that more people rely on sources of fixed income in Cheboygan County than other parts of the state. The chart below shows the total personal income for the county, state, and nation between 1970 to 1974. CHART 22 PERSONAL INCOME (millions) -~-.. =-~··:·. -:---~. -::~-- YEAR CHEBOYGAN MICHIGAN 1970 49.8 37,157.8 808.3 (billions) 1971 53.7 40,318.4 863.5 1972 60.2 44,616.0 939.2 1973 66.6 49,886.3 1,055.0 1974 73.9 53,493.3 1, 15 L 6 +48.4% +44.0% +42.5% % Change '70 -'74 SouJtc.e,: UNITED STATES An.nu.al P.la.nn.,i,ng Repou, FA..I.) c.al YeJJJL 197 8 I MESC. Approximately 60 percent of the total personal income in Cheboygan during 1974 originated from laborer and proprietor earnings. Over one-half of these earnings were generated through non-manufacturing firms, as compared to 41 percent on the state level. Much of this income was generated by tourism through motels, restaurants and tourist services. Only 26 percen L of Cheboygan County's personal income was generat~j through manufacturing, as compared to 42 percent for the state. -42- However, 22 percent of personal �income in the county originated as transfer payments as compared to 10.9 percent at the state level. Over the northeast region, a 91 percent increase occurred from 1970 - 1974, and a 81 percent increase at the state level in personal income. This has serious implications on the future productivity '' and economic growth of the area. Labor Fo rce Over the years, Cheboygan County's labor force has increased · in size. The chart below summarizes these changes from 1970 to 1975. CHART 23 - ;"-=---- ·-_ .- .. -.... SIZE OF THE LABOR FORCE CHEBOYGAN COUNTY, 1970-1975 YEAR NO. IN LABOR FORCE 1970 6750 1971 7050 4.4 1972 7425 5.3 1973 7600 2.4 1974 8950 -. 7. 8 197 5 9025 1. 4 1976 8975 -5.6 1977 9118 1. 6 Sou.Jtc.e.: % CHANGE 1970-1977 % CHANGE 35.0 Mic.M.gan Empioyrne.nt Se.c.WvLty Comm,i,6,6,LOn. The percentage change for the period 1970-1975 was 35 percent. During the saree period, the State of Michigan experienced a 11.6% increase in the labor force. There is a trend toward an increasing amount of available labor. Lajor force participation rate is a measure of the percentage of the total population (ge.neJta,f_,e_lj tho-6e. 16 ye.cuu., classified as the labor force. 06 age. and olde!t) which is Figures for the United States, 11ichigan, the region and Cheboygan County are shown in Chart -43- 24. �CHART 24 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE 1960 1970 Cheboygan 46.7% 51. 0% Region 50.6% so. 0% Michigan 54.8% 57!8% United States 57.4% 60.3% Sou1tc.e: U.S. BuJte.a.u on Ce.MM. The rate for Cheboyga~ County and the Region is far below thenational and State levels. This is an indication of a lack of employment opportunities and/or the inability to match potential workers with available"'jobs. There are several reasons for the participation rate to be low. People may be capable and willing to work, but become discouraged when jobs are not readily available and drop out of the labor force. The larger the number of retirees in the population, the lower the rate will tend to be. Both Cheboygan County and the Region have a high percentage of people 65 and over. underemployed may also have a bearing on th e participation rate. The These are the people who refuse to work below a certain wage or perhaps work on a seasona a or part-time basis. These people do not necessarily show up as unemployed, but they do make up a large group of untapped labor reserves. Employment and Unemployment Two primary factors used to indicate economic activity are the number of unemployed people and the unemployment rate. Chart 25 shows unemployment . 1 rates f or se 1 ecte d years an <l compares Ch e b oygan County toot h er counties in the Northeast Region. �l.J GRAPH J j 2 Unemployment Rate by Month for Selected Years Cheboygan County 32 30 ) ~ / /"" '\ 28 - - - 1975 ----1973 '\. '\. '\ 26 II \\ 22 i 20 ....... \ \ ~ 18 ~ I ' '-.__ --, '- "--.-- - 16 C: l J ~~ T -~ 24. •········ ...... ........ .- . . . . . 1971 ~- I I ~; "u __ ...,, / / ;I I I I I I ~ ~ 14 .: • 12 . 10_ .... 8 '· ............. 6 ·" 4 2 Feb. Mar . Apr. May June July MONTH Aug. Sept. Oct . Nov. Dec. Jan. �25 CHART UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FOR SELECTED YEARS AREA 1970 United States 4.9% 8.5% 7.7% 7.0% Michigan 6.7% 12.5% 9.4% ... ; 8.2% Region 11.8% 18.8% 15.1% 14.0% Alcona 9.2% 19.5% 15.6% 15."4% Alpena 12.1% 19.0% 16.0% 14.3% Cheboygan 19.4% 23.0% 20.4% 20.4% Crawford 10.1% 16.0% 12.0% 11.2% Montmorency 9.1% 20.3% 11. 0% 9.7% Oscoda 7.8% 25.3% 15.3% 17.5% - -~=-~-;:;-;.--;:~~- .. · Otsego 8.7% 14.5% 11. 2% 9.1% Presque Isle 7. 0% 12.3% 10.7% 10.5% SoLUr..c.e.: 1975 1976 1977 I - M,i,c.h,i,gan Emploijrne.nt Se.c.Ul!.dy Comm,W~,i__on. ********************************** CHART 26 PERCENT UNEMPLOYMENT BY MONTH 1970 - 1976 MONTH 1976 1975 1914 1973 1972 1971 19 January 29.9 28.1 23 .1 24.0 21. 2 21. 9 2.': February 28 .3 30.1 24.5 21. 8 22.7 21. 2 26 March 28.6 27.2 24 .5 22.7 23.4 20.5 26 April 25.4 26.9 22.7 18.1 19.7 18.7 21 May 19.7 ·19. 8 13.7 14.3 13. 4 11. 2 15 June 14.6 18.0 13.2 12.6 10.2 7.8 13 July 16.8 10. 8 8.3 7.3 8.9 14 August 15.5 9.3 8.2 7.7 7.2 11 September 16.4 13.9 9.5 7.6 6.6 10 October 19.7 13.3 9.5 8.5 8. 1 12 . November 25.2 21. 5 13.0 14.6 11. 6 18. December 28. 7 25.8 17.9 19.3 17.6 20- ANNUAL AVERAGE 22.4 17. 7 14.8 14. 5 13.5 18 S ou.Jt.c.e.: Civ{lian Labo11. Fo11.c.e. and Emploijrne.nt E~tima.,t~, MESC. -46_,. �j. i I I I Of the eight counties in the Region unemployment from 1963 through 1973. Cheboygan had the highest rates of The en t ire Region experie nced a higher unemployment rate than the State or Nati on . A grea t deal of the unemployment is the direct result of the lack of job opportunities . The unemployment rate I in 1975 was particularly high due to the fact of a national recession and the high inflation rate. Unemployed people from downstate urban areas, moving north in search of a lower cost of living, may also have boosted the 1975 figures. Average unemployment figures for the year give an incomplete picture of the situation in Cheboygan County due to the monthly fluctuations. Seasonal .::.~-_,,~-~:---· unemployment, which is influenced primarily by the summer tourist trade, has a definite influence on unemployment. Chart 26 and Gr a ph 1 summarize unemployment by month for the years 1970 to 1976 in Cheboygan County. The months of June, July and August, generally considered as the height of the tourist season, show the lowest unemployment rates. Figures for 1976 show that the month of June had 15 percent less unemployment than the month of January; however, the increase in winter tourism (skiing, snowmobiling, etc . ) may help reduce this large disparity in future years. Education Levels of education play an important role in influencing income levels and act as indicators of the level of human resources available . Chart 27 pro- vides information on educational levels in the County, Region, and State. This data indicates the median years of school completed within the and the Region is lower than the State's average. County This does not necessarily mean that young people in the County and the Region have lower educational levels of achievement. It simply reflects the fact that many young people leave the area in search of employment. -47- Such out-migration leaves the area �with proportionately more older people who tend to be those with lower levels of educational attainment. This is influenced in the high proportion of those completing only the eighth grade. The County and the Region have a fairly high completion. _rate for high school; for males the percentage is higher than the State. · This indicates that of those who start school, a greater percentage complete school at the County or Regional level rather than the State level. For those completing college, the percentage is low for both the county and the Region. This may indicate that less persons attend college, or is possibly influenced by the fact that persons who complete coli~g~~ s~arch - for.._ _ employment in other locations where jobs are more readily available. For students who are not colle?,e-bound, vocational classes are available but rather limited. The only facility that has vocational classes is Cheboygan High School and students are bussed from Mackinaw City and Indian River. Wolverine students attend vocational classes at Gaylord. Several of the classes that are available include Agriculture Production, Forestry, General Merchandising, Nurses Aid Training, Auto Mechanics, Building Trades, Small Engine Repair, Welding, and Secretarial Training. Expansion of the vocational program would help to make Cheboygan's labor force more attractive to 60 pe.ople.) that are most likely industry. The t ypes of small indus·i:ry (50 to locate in Cheboygan County cannot afford the expens8 of extensive training for their employees . O,'t The building of a ski]l~d labor force is an important step in building a solid economic base. Adult education is also an area that needs expansion. Classes are currently offered at Cheboygan High School in conjunction with North Central -48- �Michigan College in Petoskey. A few of the courses offered include Welding, Forestry, Psychology, and Art. The possibility of a skills center that could provide expanded vocational education to all sectors of the population has been explored in the; past. Current voter attitudes toward additional property taxation have blocked this effort. However, it should be an area where continued effort is exerted. Education is one key to making the labor force an attracting influence rather than a detracting one. _...-~- · -CHART 27 YE..'..RS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED BY PERSONS 25 YEARS OLD AND~--:-=-:;-_."~, ~ OLDER, BY SEX - 1970 Location Michigan Sex Divisions M 2,203,979 % of Population 25 and over None Percent of Years Completed Elementarv Hiqh School Colleoe 1-3 4 l -4 · r 5-7 1-3 4/More 8 F 2 , 3 9 0 , l;,3 2 48.0 52.0 1.1 1.2 3.0 2. 3 . Medi an Years Completed 8.7 14.3 21. 7 7.1 12.8 22.4 29.5 37.5 9.9 9.5 11.8 7.3 12.0 12.1 Region M F 24,354 25,632 48.7 51. 3 1.0 1.1 4.2 2.2 10.0 22.1 18.1 7.3 19.0 20.2 29.8 35.l 7.6 9.3 7.1 5.9 11.1 11.8 Cheboygan M F 4,200 4,558 48.0 52.0 0.5 0.3 2.5 1.5 9.5 23.7 16.7 6. 1t 18.8 21.4 34.0 34.4 6. L 11.3 6.7 5.9 11. 5 12.• 0 - SouJtc.e.: Cou.n;ty and. Regional. Faw, /vi. S. U. CoopeJt.a,t;,ve Ex.te.Mion. �-"-"'......._........_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..,_.;c.__ _ _ _ _ _~ - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~- CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE Cheboygan County encompasses 798 square miles, of which 720.7 (90.3%) square miles are land and 77.3 square miles are inland waters. With 344 inland lakes and 420 miles of streams, the County has the distinction of having more water surface than any other county in the State of Michigan. Added to this is 32.5 miles of Lake Huron shoreline, making development pressures on waterfront property extremely great . The chart below shows the various land use characteristics of Cheboygan County. ~----~ -- -.- ~- ·-~-. . .... . - CHART 28 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE SQUARE MILES PERCENTAGE OF COUNTY CATEGORY ACREAGE Forested Land 337,200 526.9 73.1% Agriculture 54,847 85.7 11.9% *Transportation 14,319 22.4 3.1% Re c reation 2,293 3.6 0.5% Urhanization 2,035 3. 2 0.4% 50,358 78 . 7 11.0% Other SoUJlce: County and Regi ona_,e_ Faw. * These figures are again shown and compared to the Northeast Region and Michigan in the illustration on the next pag e . These diagrams clearly show that nearly three-fourths of the County as well as the Region is forested a s compared to only one-half of the State. Conversely, agriculture is not as economically significant in northern Michigan as it is downstate. a direct relationship to the type of soils found in this area. This has �GRAPH '3 GENERAL LAND USES DISTRIBUTION Agriculture 32.7% .' Forested Land 52.0% STATE OF MICHIG. Transportation 3.2% Recreation 1. 7% Urbanization 3.0% r "!f ;_,-·---,.....,..,. -·-• Transportation 2.5% Agriculture 0. 7% Urbanization 0.3% -~ ... - . ,· ~ ., , •· NORTHEAST MICHIG.' REGION Fore3ted Land 74.7% Transportation Agriculture Urbanization 3 .1% 0 . 5% 0 . 4% _h 1· CHEBOYGAN COUNTY Forested Land 73. 1% -52- �~• n -=. ,. 'tttt- ,,,<~-.-~-:;,--. -----~--~- The distribution of activities within the ~ounty is primarily oriented toward residential/recreational use. Commercial districts or defined centers of economic activity are located in the City of Cheboygan, Villages of Mackinaw City and Wolverine, and the community cente~s of Indian River and Tower. Additionally, there are several locations througho~~ the County where a variety of consumer items can be purchased, particularly near the inland lakes. A combination of accessibility, economic conditions, and social preferences determine the viability of an area as an identifiable community . ..::;_ - -:=: -~~- --- ·• Map 4 indicates the general existing land use patterns within the Cou~-ty ,- =-....,, and their distribution ahd relationship with some of the major environment~l features of the area, in particular, the primary bodies of water. More detailed analysis of current land uses and their patterns of development will expose existing assets and shortcomings for allowing human activity to optimally interact with the natural environment. From this knowledge, future land use goals can be formulated. Residential As seen on map 4 , the greatest concentrations of residential dwelling units are adjacent to the inland lakes, including Burt, Black, Douglas, and Mullet Lakes, and along Lake Huron and Cheboygan River. Many of these units are occupied by seasonal residents, alt:hough a msjority of them could, if winterized, be used for permanent year-round living. The People section earlier detailed the rapid population growth of Cheboygan County since 1960 and projected that the rate of this growth would increase through the year 2000. With the year-round population expected to �MAP 4 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS LEGEND Agriculture Residential/Urban .. . -54- I l r State Land [ Forest/Open Space [ �double in thirt:y ~ears and the tremendous potential of seasonal residents, the effects of housing construction is going to significantly alter the character of the County. The chart below shows this comparison between year-round and seasonal dwellings. CHART 29 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY GENERAL HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER OF YEAR-ROUND UNITS TOTAL NO. OF UNITS PERCENT YEAR-ROUND UNITS NUMBER OF SEASONAL UNITS Cheboygan County (1970) 8,924 6,026 67% 2,898 Cheboygan County (1977) 10,950 7,390 67% 3,560 Northeast Michigan 66,280 S OMC.e.: PERCENT SEASONAL UNITS 33% 33% ~.:-::::".'!I •• - ~.. - . ~~!"":~- -- ·---- 17,500 73% 48,780 26% 1977 NEMCOG. 1970-U. S. Ce.n6u..6 BMe.a.u. This chart shows that Cheboygan County is a more desirable area for seasonal residents to locate. This is evidenced by the large number of vacation homes situated around the large inland lakes of Black, Burt, and Mullet. Additionally, the chart below also indicates a rapid increase in the number of CHART 30 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY BUILDING PERMITS l 975 1976 10 11 N/A 22 9 5 N/A 37 Forest Grant J.lebron Inverness Koehler 16 16 1 14 14 JO 18 9 21 Mackinaw Mentor Mullet Munro Nunda 4 5 5 13 12 14 12 14 Aloha Beaugrand Benton Burt Ellis .. Tuscarora Walker Waverly Wilmot Cheboygan City Total Cheboygan County Sol..lAc.e.: I 8 6 3 2 8 24 3 27 11 6 11 3 13 N/A 56 217+ 276+ Clte.boygan County CoM:tlw.ction Code. Ve.pa1t,Dne.n,t. ,.. r �building pennits being issued in the County. increase between 1975 and 1976. This chart shows a 21 percent During this same period, the _Cheboygan County Construction Code Department indicated that 90 percent of all building permits were issued to downstate residents. From this information, it can ? ..... "~ be concluded that most of the new home construction activity- occurring in --~ the County is from non-residents moving in or building seasonal/vacation ·· homes. The age of the Countyls housing stock should also be considered. The chart below indicates the age of the Countyts 1970 total dwellings. CHART 31 1970 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY HOUSING YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT YEAR NUMBER BUILT 1939 or earlier PERCENT OF 1970 TOTAL 2,732 46% 1940 - 1949 845 14% 1950 - 1959 970 16% 1960 - 1964 550 9% 1965 - 1968 669 11% 1969 - March 1970 260 4% 6,026 100% Total Year-Round SoWtc.e.: 1970 Ce.n..ou.6 - U.S. BWte.au 06 Ce.n..ou-6. From this chart, it can be seen that in 1970, almost half of the houses in Cheb·oygan County were buiit previous to 1939. Using the 1977 estimate of total year-round housing units and assuming some of these older homes have been destroyed or condemned, it can be calculated that less than 36 percent of homes were built before 1939. This figure, however, is still a significant amount of the County's total year-round housing stock. Based upon this information presented, a general summary regarding the County's residential quality can be made. _,-56- First, a /large percentage of the �residences are older homes, many of which are situated on the larger inland lakes with small lots. This can and in some cases with sewage disposal and safe water supplies. has caused problems Secondly, there are more seasonal homes within Cheboygan County than the rest of the Norttteast Michigan Region, thus making it a desirable vacation spot. Thirdly, home construction is continuing at a rapid rate and may, if not already, change the character of the County significantly. These conditions must be seriously addressed if planned growth is to be implemented in Cheboygan County. Local commerce, themonetary activity it perpetuates, and the social/ economic interests it arouses within the County can have beneficial impacts if properly planned. Commercial centers within the County are located in Cheboygan, Mackinaw City, Wolverine, and Indian River. These districts have commercial establishments which serve both the permanent population as well as the tourists. Less defined centers are scattered throughout I.the rural countryside of Cheboygan County and primarily serve as places of convenience for the families which live in that locality. The map on the next page identifies these primary and secondary commercial centers. Industrial Nearly all of the industrial activity within the County is loc a ted in and around the City of Cheboygan. Chart 32 lists the major . industries located in Cheboygan. Additionally, Cheboygan has a 100 acre, ~ertified industrial park located along the Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad on the City's west side. There is also a deep water port at the mouth of the Cheboygan River for general cargo, but has a very low volume of activity. \ �~-- · p 5 MA COMMERCIAL AREAS .LEGEND Primary Centers •0 ,. �CHART 32 MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN CHEBOYGAN NAME OF INDUSTRY PRODUCT OR OPERATION Proctor & Gamble Disposable Di1~er~. Detroit Tap and Tool Cutting Tools Fox .Valley Electronic Testing Tube Forming Faucets and Other Center Tool Automotive Parts Century Products Stereo Cabinets Cheboygan Manufacturing Radiator Cores Inverness Dairy Cormnercial DaiE-Yj ..-- ~~ --. National Insulation Cellulose Insulation Cheboygan Cement Products Cemen t Blocks J.B. Lund Machine Shop Werner, Inc . Stamping Plant Northwood Products Wood Products & ;;r-_ _;~~.,.-- ::.. :-.:. , Concrete Recreation Cheboygan County is characterized by its water-oriented recreation, lake and stream fishing, swimming, sailing, boating and pi c.nicking. The abundance of lakefront houses used as second homes, the distribution of hotels, motels, cottages and semi-private campgrounds also creates a substantial influx of summer residents and tourists. A complete and comprehensive inventory of recreational facilities can be found in the Cheboygan County Recreation Plan, June 1976. This plan addresses indoor as well as outdoor facilities provided by State and local agencies , schools, and non-profit organizations. This inventory is quite extensive and clearly shows the importance of recreational .activities in the land use patterns of Cheboygan County. In essence, the greatest asset Cheboygan County enjoys is its natural water based environment. Corresponding to this environment is a viable -~- �recreation potential which could be expanded . Further analysis of other aspects of the County will bring to light the possible role of recreation in the County's future. Agriculture > ' ,f Although agriculture appears to play a less important role in Cheboygan County, i t still does contribute significantly to the area. The Chart below illustrates the general agricultural trends for the County. Chart 33 AGRICULTURAL FACTS FOR CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 1964 1969 1974 339 214 178 Farmland Acreage 73,900 54,800 46,500 Average Size of Farm ( a cres) 218 256 261 Total Number 'of Farms 10 Year Trend 41% Decline 37(o loss 16% increase An evaluation of the above figures indicate that there were only half as many farms in 1974 than there was ten years earlier. Part of this decline can be attributed to the change in definition of a farm, ~hich left some opera tions ineligible for the census. Even more startling, Cheboygan Coun~y lost 37% of its farmland during this same period. The counties surrounding Cheboyg, also lost considerable acreage from agriculture. buted to several causes. These facts could be attri- Some of the discontinued farm operations were due to marginal soils for growing crops and thus, supporting a farm. Another rea- son is the fact that farmland can be sold at higher prices for more financially sucessful uses. Even though the average value of land and buildings per farm in Michigan had an 87.5 increase from 1969 to 1974, other land values , particularly residential, showed even greater increas e s. t -60- _, Cheboygan County farms �experienced a 126.2% increase in value, partly due to inflation. The cost of small farming operations versus the price of farm products are not increasing proportionately and forcing the smaller farmer to discontinue the operation. The cost of hired labor grew substantially between 1969 and 1974. A look at those farms still producing indicates that hay, oats and corn for silage are the major crops in the County. used as feed for cattle. These crops are primarily Cattle raising still appears to be a profitable agricultural activity as the Chart below would indicate. :--Ylt:'r~ CHART --:- ....; 34 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY CATTLE CATTLE & CALVES BEEF COWS MILK COWS 1970 8,000 N/A N/A 1971-72 7,000 2,800 1,000 1930 7,000 2,800 900 1974 7,100 2,800 900 1975 7,900 2,600 1,000 1976 8,100 2, soo· 1,100 SoWtc.e.: Mic.lu.gan Ve.paJdme.n:t 06 Ag ll.ic.uli:uJr.. e.. Both Cheboygan County and the Northeast Region experienced an increase in cattle sales between 1964 and 1969 as compared to the State, which had a decrease. This particular activity accounts for about one-third of all farm product sales in Cheboygan County and the Region. Dairy product sales also account for a substantial portion of total farm product sales in the County. In fact, the dairy business is the leading farm business not only in Cheboygan County, but the Northeast Michigan Region as well , / _r.:, . �Forest/Open Space In 1970, 73.1 percent or 337,200 acres of Cheboygan County was class as forest/open space. Of this, 189,943 acres, or 43 percent of all fores .' land is publicly owned. Obviously, this amount of land, particularly that which is publicly owned, 'provides great potential for outdoor recreational activities such c hiking, ORV's, and nature study. These areas also provide excellent habit for deer, bear, fox, rabbits, raccoon, squirrel, bobcat, ducks, geese, ruf __ grouse, woodcock, and turkey, which in turn provide game for the hunter . ~~- . . ·. southeast portion of the County lies within the . range of the elk herd, whi t was introduced by the DNR during the 1950's. These types of activities giv much pleasure to both year-round and seasonal residents and should be propE managed to ensure continued use. Additionally, the forest is now being looked upon as an energy source as more and more people begin to utilize wood resources as a supplemental even primary heating source in their homes. c Recent surveys indicate a sig- nificant portion of people in the Sta t e are willing to conserve energy thrc the use of wood stoves and furnaces. According to the Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Cheboygan County has between 5,000 and 6,000 acres planted in Christm trees. The numb e r o: trees which can be planted per acre is about 800 to 1,000 and on today's market, bring a wholesale price of $4.00. This totals between 16 and 24 million dollars over 8 years for the trees to mature, or about 2 to 3 million dollars annually for Cheboygan County. The cost of sue an operation includes planting stock of $60.00 per 1,000 seedlings and a 25 i attrition rate. Additionally, there is an average cost of $130.00 per acre over the period of the trees' maturity for grooming and general maintenance, Overall, it is a profitable operation in Cheboygan County. _, -62- �I I I SERVICES The amount, variety and quality of services the residents of _Cheboygan County receive are indications of the willingness and capacity of local government and semi-public utilities to meet specific needs. As an area increases \ ~. in population and development activity, the need to expand communfty services to keep abrea~t of these developments also increases. . . Preferably, local . government should stay ahead of the physical growth so that it ca~ pl~y a viable role in determining a desirable land use pattern. needed infrastruct_ure (//..oad.-6, wa.:teJL, .6e.weJL, This may entail~ providing -~-- - . etc..) in . those areas best suited for development while restricting these amenities in those loc~l~ties, not -· adaptable to such use. ~ It may also require enforcement of such powers as zoning and subdivision regulations. Units of government often find themselves unable to fulfill their obligations_ to provide the best possible services to citizens. While private and quasi,public corporations are able to reinvest their profits ·back into upgrading and maintenance of equipment and can increase their incomes to cor~espond with ope~ational costs, local governments are constrained by their reliance upon the property tax structure. If residents are not . willing to tax themselves to provide desired, and sometimes needed services, the community's ability to maintain high standards of administration is usually diminished. Through proper planning and preparation for the future, Cheboygan County can allocate or influence the allocation of land uses and activities to provide the most efficient services possible. This is accomplished when adequate ser- vices are offered to the County's residents, both presently and in the future, without having to substantially increase local revenue. The following is an analysis of existing conditions of various services which the County's residents receive. -65- �Communication This dissemination of information is a function given essentially to non-governmental enterprises. The profit-making characteristics of news and entertainment media make these sources of information the most efficient .' available to the citizens. of the County, Region, or State. :: ·:. ~. . ~ . Newspapers : puplished within the . County include the Cheboygan Daily (dcu.ly), the Cheboygan County Observer (weekly}, and the Straitsland Tribune Resorter {weekly). Other newspapers readily available to Cou~ty residents include the Detroit Free Press, Detroit News, and the Petoskey News Review. Additionally, there is a weekly advertisement publication,;;Shc:>pperrs -Fair delivere~ free of charge. Cable television service is available to Cheboygan City residents from the Sun Cablevision Company. Television reception via individual house antenna is the most comm~n to County residents. Stations received include WPBN - Chan- nel 7, Traverse City with auxiliary transmitter WTOM - Channel 4, Cheboygan (CBS a66,Ll,la,te), WWTV - Channel 9, Cadillac with auxiliary ~ransmitter, WWUP Channel 10 Sault Ste Marie (NBC a66w.a.-te), WGTU - · Channel 29 Traverse City with auxiliary transmitter, WGTQ - Channel 8 Sault Ste. Marie (ABC a66,Ll,la,te), and WCML - Channel 6 Mt. Pleasant with auxiliary transmitter located in Atlanta (PBS). The most popular radio station transmissions received include WCBY - AM and FM (Roge/t,6 (Cheboygan), WJML - FM (Pe,to~key), WIDG - AM (St. IgnaQe), WHAK - AM Cay), and WWRM - FM (Gaylo~d). Telephone Service is furnished by Michigan Bell with an office in Cheboygan. General Telephone services the eastern and extreme western portions of the County. According to the 1970 Census, 87.5 percent of all housing units had telephone service available. -66- �United States Post Office facilities are available to County residents in Cheboygan (49721), Mackinaw City (49701), Afton (49705), Indian River (49749), Wolverine (49799), Topinabee (49791), Mullet Lake (49761), Burt Lake (49717), and Tower (49792). Some County residents receive mail from facilities located outside Cheboygan County including Onaway (49765), Brutus (49716), Pellston ~' i " JI .!I (49769), and Levering (49755). Transportation In Cheboygan County, as in most of northern Michigan, movement of goops and persons is almost entirely dependent upon a system of roads and highways. The road system of Cheboygan County is illustrated on the map on the next page. The Michigan of Transportation tion of the State trunkline system. (MVOT) is responsible for the administraThis system includes freeways and highways which are designated as part of the Interstate, U.S., or Michigan network. These designations primarily indicate the extent of route continuity and the source of Federal funds available for their construction. Roads in Cheboygan County which are included in this system are I-75, M-33, M-68, and U.S.-23. These primary roads are shown on map Funds for developing, improving, and maintaining the street and highway system largely come from the redistribution of State collected gasoline and weight taxes. I II !' The funds collected through the levy of these taxes are used to finance all types of road activities including construction, maintenance, engineering, traffic control, snow removal and ice control. mentioned are the most costly to the County Road Commission. The last two The following is a commentary on the financial crisis faced by all County Road Commissions as written by William Everard, Chairman of the Cheboygan County Road Commission: . -- ·- --- ~ •-~--- --67. __.. __ ..: ... �"County Road Commissions across the State are faced with a financial crisis that makes maintenance of past services increasingly difficult to furnish, and further, makes new construction and replacement projects virtually impossible. Total income increases of the Road Commissions have remained far below the rate of inflation during the past several yea~s with the result being that every County in the State is - experiencing the effects of insufficient income to meet . the public's need for services. The Counties in the Northern Region of the State are further burdened with the tremendous expense of winter maintenance which is extremely "energy intensive", and therefore increasingly expensive with the sharp escalation of fuel costs. Major equipment is, for the most part, old and in need of replacement; however, costs have more than doubled over the past few years. County Road Commission revenues are not tied to sources gear e d to inflation factors, such as sales tax on fuels, lubricants, vehicles, parts, etc., but rather to total units sold which is now on a projected decline due to increased cost and short supply. The recently enacted "Transportation Package", which provided for increases in fuel and weight taxes, add revenue to the County Road Commissions; however, the increase will not meet the decline in purchasing power which has eroded County Road Commission budgets over the past few years. One of the most common complaints of many citizens is "My property taxes keep going up in leaps and bounds, but our roads keep getting worse --- what is happening to my tax dollars?" It is well to point out that County Roa d Commission revenues are not supported by property taxes (except for rare instances where extra voted road millage has been passed). In summary, unless County Road Commissions are provided with adequate funds for maintenance and new construction, the future appears dismal, with the resultant cost of human lives and property destruction because of lack of progress in upgrading County Road Systems. The above commentary is a result of remarks made by County Road Commission Engineer/Managers when returning survey questionnaires, as well as from discussions at the Road Commissioner's Seminar sponsored by the County Road Association of Michigan." -68- �------ -------=-. ,. . CHART 35 1979 COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION GENERAL INFORMATION Total Miles Interstate Highways County Total Miles State Highways Total Miles Primar·y Roads Total Miles Secondary Roads 1978 Annual Budget 46 113 216 ,9'08 $r,878;ooo Presque Isle 0 105 190 !J50 1,300,000 Montmorency 0 56 163 '488 · Cheboygan 59 Otsego 227 31 Charlevoix 0 69 540 Emmet 0 92 210 78 258 Surrounding Counties Average SouJt.c.e.: 17.5 596 1,3~9,258 .-· .. . 1,308,174 ' 71~ 1,676,139 ·:_61'4 ---~1-~:-z~:::i}i60, 000 679 1,4.45,262 NEMCOG As can be seen by the Chart above, Cheboygan County spends more on main' taining its road system than any other county which borders it.' With the exc_e ption of Alpena and .Grand Traverse Counties, Cheboygan County has the larges Road. Com'· mission budget in northern lower Michigan. I3y comparison of the· other . columns, Cheboygan County is either first or second in the total miles of the various road classification. Additionally, Ch~boygan County is well abo~~ ~verage in these same categories when compared to all northern Mi.c higan counties. Railway service is available through the Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad which operates two lines in Cheboygan County. One line traverses the Lake Huron shoreline along U.S.-23 and the other parall els 1-75. nate at Linwood, a community just north of Bay City. Both of these lines origiService is received once a day from the coastal line which comes from Alpena, and three times a week on the inland route. once a week. purpose. Rail service from Cheboygan to Mackinaw City is scheduled An engine is located permanently in the City of Cheboygan for this Additionally, rail cars from Cheboygan County can be transported to �MAP 6 PRH-\~RY ROAD SYSTEl~ CHEB'lYGMJ COU!'JTY ... ' Beaugrand Benton Inverness -----" I Ellis Mentor -i ---,Walker M-33 GB I. I I I l Wolverine f Wilmot I [ --- I Nunda Forest l I I I \ ___ ll_ - - _ l -70- �the Upper Peninsula by the ferry "Chief Wawatum". This ferry operates through the Straits of Mackinac from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace. Passenger service was discontinued several years ago and presently freight service is the primary rail business. However, the D & M did reinstate passenger service in the · form of excursion runs in November 1977, but its future is uncertain. Air transportation in the County is limited to samll passenger planes. Some jet planes have landed but are relatively small by comparison. currently three airports in operation in the County. There are Cheboygan City-County Airport, located near the City of Cheboygan, has a paved runway of 3,500 feet --_-;.,,;_- "'::"''~~~: ~!,-.7"-i --;: and is maintained year-round. Expansion to a runway of 5,000 feet, capable of handling small cargo planes, is a future expectation. Calving Campbell Airport, immediately east of Indian River provides fair weather flying. It has two gra- vel runways of 1,575 and 3,000 feet. Kirchoff Air Field is a private airport with a 1,800 foot grass runway. It also offers engine repair work, including overhauls and rebuilding. The closest commercial airport is Emmet County Airport located at Pellston. Both commercial passenger and cargo services are available here through North Central Airlines. At the present time local airports seem to be oriented to- ward "ple.a..6U.Jte.-fi-f.ying". As the needs of commercial, industrial, and tourist- recreational businesses increase with the growth of the County, the demands on local aviation are expected to increase. Local public transportation services are nvailable under a federally _ funded program known as 16(b)(2)*. This program is operated by the Cheboygan County Council on Aging, and almost exclusively serves senior citizens and the handicapped. There are two vehicles used to deliver this service, one of which is wheelchair equipped. * The. "1 6 ( b) ( 2)" p11.og11.am 11.e.c.e.iv e.d il name. 611.om and ..u 6unde.d by .:the. Fe.de.11.al U11.ban-MM~ Tll.anJ.ipo.tc;la,t,.ton Adm..[n..u.:tll.a;t..{.on - Se.c..:t..[on 76(6) (2). �Cheboygan County has direct access to commercial navigation as well, with the location of a federal port at the mouth of the Cheboygan River. However, this facility is not heavily used with general cargo being the major commodity. A private dock is maintained in Mackinaw City which im- ports fuel oil to be distributed throughout the area to homeowners • ..: Energy · SupplY, Electrical energy is available from three utility companies. Consumers Power Company supplies electricity to residents on the eastern half of the County _as does Top-of-Michigan Co-op, an REA financed rural ~lec~r.i~=-utility _ . headquartered in Boyne City. ~-~~~-~---- - . - ---- Another REA utility, Presque Isle Co-op, serves residents on the western side of Cheboygan County. Natural gas is also available from two utilities. Michigan Consolidated operates a main . gas transmission line which parallels I-75, and Great Lakes has another which extends along the County line in Emmet County. County _residents do receive natural gas from this line. Some Cheboygan Although service does expand east and west of these lines, gas s e rvice is limited to areas which are devel9ped at higher densities in close prox imity to the main transmission line. Fuel oil and prop a ne are also a vailabl e at various locations throughout the County. Water Supply Most homes in the County depend on indiv idua l wells for their source of . safe drinking water. Howe ver, public water syst ems are available to residents of the City of Cheboygan and the Village of Mackinaw City. • Sewage Disposal 1 Currently, most homes rely on individual on-site treatment systems such as septic tanks, mounds and drain fields for sewage disposal . -72- Public waste- �water collection and treatment systems are available to residents of the City of Cheboygan and the Village of Mackinaw City. Additionally, Indian River is presently studying the possibility of a public facility to alleviate disposal problems. '· Solid Waste CHART 36 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITES IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY (a..o o 6 J anu.a.Jty 1978 ) LOCATION LAND OWNERSHIP Aloha Twp. CONFORMS * TYPE ACREAGE Aloha Twp. MD 40 Burt Twp. Burt Twp. MD 40 NO NO Burt T-fP· Burt Twp. MD 5 NO NO Grant Twp. Benton Twp. MD 10 NO NO Benton Twp. State of Mich. MD 10 NO NO Benton Twp. City of Cheboygan SLF 90 NO NO Grant Twp. Grant Twp. MD 5 NO NO Inverness Twp. Inverness Twp. MD 21 NO NO Koehler Twp. Koehler Twp. 10 NO NO Mullett Twp. Mullett Twp. MD 5 Mullett Twp. Private MD 2 NO NO Munro Twp. Univ. of Mich. MlJ 5 YES YES Munro Twp. Charles Bonnett MD 14 YES NO Tuscarora Twp. State of Mich. MD. 10 YES YES Waverly Twp. State of Mich. MD 10 NO NO Wilmot Twp. State of Mich. MD 20 NO NO . I - closed - MD - Modified Dump SLF - Sanitary Landfill ;'< LICENSED Whe;theA OIL not the opeAau.on c.on601r.n1.o to P.A. 87 06 1965 and M.,<,.c.ru.gan Ve.paJr..tmen.t 06 Pu..blic. Hea,Uh 1tu..f.e..o. iiI I I �Cheboygan County is presently working with the Michigan Department of Natural Re~ources towards an approved sanitary landfill loca~ion. The County Planning Commission has recently been working very hard with severi townships in evaluating alternative locations for a county-wide· system • .. The possibility of a resource recovery and recycling ha~ . also been given serious consideration. Once an approved site is located and put into operation, existing sites listed in Chart ' 36on the previous page will be closed. P·ublic· Safety Cheboygan County has several law enforcement agenc~ies':°!Eh~f gid with the responsibility of the public's safety. The Chart below is an inventory of police facilities within the County. CHART 35 · CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT - 1978 FULL-TIME OFFICERS OTHER FULL-TIME EMPLOYEES PATROL VEHICLES R.. BUDGET R 21 11 7 .$171,186 Cheboygan City Police Department 7 2 2 303,000 Mackinaw City Police Department 5 0 2 110,000 4 Tuscarora Towns hip Police Department 5 1 2 78,000 2 17 1 6 500,000 Appx. '77 1. Cheboygan County Sheriff's De partment Michigan State Police Cheboygan Post There is continuous cooperation and flow of information between all five of these agencies and each department uses the Cheboygan County jail facility. A comparison of these figures above to previous years show a t . _, -74- $2 �significant increase in law enforcement activities in Cheboygan County. The Cheboygan County Sheriff's Department added ten full-time officers and eight other employees in one year. 1974 and 1978. The Department's budget nearly doubled between By comparison, the City of Cheboygan's Police Dfpartment lost , two officers and two other employees during 1977-1978, but its budge·t experenced a 114% increase between 1974 and 1978. Mackinaw City and Tuscar·ora Township Polic Department also had substantial budget increases during this same period and both brought on one additional officer during 1977~1978. There are six fire departments located within the County. These facili- ties are located at Alverno o·n Black Lake Road, in the City of Cheo_gygap.;--:.rd'--·-·- ·. -· Mackinaw City, Indian River, and Wolverine. The sixth, Inverness on Woderski Road, takes care of Beaugrand, Hebron and Munro Townships. While all rely heavily on volunteers, several of the departments have one to four full-time employees. Education Nearly all of Cheboygan County is within the Cheboygan - Otsego - Presque Isle Intermediate School District (C.O.P.J which is headquartered just north of Indian River on U.S.-27. Additionally, there are five school systems which are entirely or partially located within the County. These school systems in- clude Cheboygan Area Schools, Inland Lakes Community Schools, Mackinaw City Public Schools, Onaway Are a Community Schools, and Wolverine Community Schools. The Pellston School District is partially located along the western side of Cheboygan County. The map on the next page illustrates the boundaries of these various districts. Higher Education There are two community (2-yeaJL) colleges and one 4-year college located within a reasonable distance of Cheboygan. North Central Michigan College is ~ �MAP 7 CHEBOYGAN-OTSEGO-PRESQUE ISLE INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL DISTRICT . ... ~~ _EMMETT ~j • .-·, ... I : PRESQUE ISLE "'"--•, CHEBOYGAN I ~-----l1 I I • -- - - .. - - - - - 419 . . ,--. _, • ,. - - - - - _, --·' I , ·, I I I '• •• 1 OTSEGO • ~ONTMORENCY I . •• ._ _____ .,, ,. ... , ALPENA ••' '-----, ,I __ , I MAP 8 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SCHOOL SYSTE: PRESQUE ISLE OTSEGO MCNTMORENCY -76- ALPENA �one of the 2-year colleges, located in _ Petoskey, about 42 miles from Cheboygan and only 23 miles from Indian River. about 79 miles away. Alpena Community College is located Lake Superior College is a 4-year instituti6n located in Sault Ste. Marie which is about 55 miles north of the Mackinaw Bridge . Health and Welfare There are several physicians located both within and outside of the County which attend to the medical needs of County residents. - These general practices are located in Cheboygan, Indian River, Petoskey, Onaway and Gaylord. City has a clinic with one physician available. Mackinaw The most used medical care -......----=--=-==== _..,.~-.:.l~":•',< :.--O"l facilities by County residents are the Community Memorial Hospital--in~Cheboygan and the Little Traverse Hospital in Petoskey. Dentists are located in Cheboygan, Indian River, Petoskey, Onaway, and Gaylord. The County is part of District Health Department No. 4 with Presque Isle, Montmorency, and Alpena Counties. It is also part of the Northern Michigan Community Mental Health Services Board with Emmet, Otsego, and Charlevoix Counties. These Health Districts, shown on the .:·.<i. ps on the next page, provide ser- vices to the political subdivisions with tl1eir jurisdictions. The services are fairly comprehensive and coordinated through the Districts' headquarters. Welfare services are administered by the State via facilities and personnel in Cheboygan County. Some programs offered through these facilities include supervision of foster hqm,;:s, financia l an'..! ,.,arriage co unseling, juvenile delin- quency counseling, Aid to Dependent Childro11, anJ other general assistance programs. -77- �MAP 9 DISTRICT HEALTH DEPARTMENT NUMBER 4 ·• ':.. If? EMMETT ... ~~, .. PRESQUE ISLE CHEBOYGAN ---~ ~ CHARLEVOIX OTSEGO ALPENA MONTMORENCY MAP. lG NORTHERN MICHIGAN COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES BOARD EMMETT ;,: PRESQUE ISLE CHEBOYGAN ~~ - OTSEGO ·. MO?-;1'MORENCY -78- 7 ALPENA �i Many other specialized agencies and non-profit organizations provide specific services to the public. Several are listed below : * Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (NEMCOG) * Cheboygan and Wolverine Area Alcoholics Anonymous * Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts * Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service * Parents Without Partners, Inc. * Cheboygan Area Association For Retarded Citizens .. . ,,.l :i :Ji , I �,J ENVIRONMENT The ultimate quality of the physical environment depends u~on how well people, activities, and service systems are placed with the environment. Those natural resource elements which compose Cheboygan Count~'s environment and to be discuss·ed here include such things as air, land, water: and others. Air would include items such as climate and air quality; land being the soil, topography, geology, etc.; water dealing with rivers, watersheds and the Lake Huron coastline; and natural resources which provide products like fish, wildlife, forest cover, minerals, and others . --..i-,~'"".""'-~ · - - ---~-·- - The environment of Cheboygan County provides residents - and- visitors with pleasant scenery, abundant wildlife and water resources, a beautiful Lake Huron coast, and easy accessibility. economic and social framework. This environment defines the County's Families and individuals from other parts of Michigan as well as other states are attracted to Cheboygan County for summer recreation and vacation activities and many seasonal residents own cottages in the County. The major issue facing residents and government is how to preserve and protect the County's natural environment including the retention agricultural, open space and ( urost land, and still provide the necessary services to the growth in the As the County. County's population and activity increases, it becomes harder to maintain desirable characteristics. Residents ~nu officials can control the County 1 s future and optimize its i1Uma il :i.nd natu1:al ecology if they realistically assess current and potential problems .:end commit themselves to careful planning for the futu1· 0 . -81- �A complete inventory of the total natural environreent in Cheboygan County will serve to pinpoint its fucure environmental concerns and potentia Climate C~eboygan County is a land of long cold winters and· short cool sumhiers. Spring is generally cold and late, while autumns are mild. Differences in temperature and precipitation exist becween the northern and southern portior of the County. This is generally attributed to the moderating influence of the lakes in the northern portion of the County. The local weather condi- tions in the southern portion are similar to those in the Gaylord and -·----- -·--··- ----~· ·- . - ~·-·--·· :..?•• Vanderbilt areas. ~">i;.;;;ef"_:.-,t.~__:~~~~-..:5o.-a--~7...:.,J _-c l- _.,. .. ·.,;•- ..--_;~ The Great Lakes also tend to keep temperatures warmer during winter months and cooler during summer months and this also affects the length of the growing season. Along the Lake Huron shoreline it may be as long as 140 days, whereas in the southern portion of the County it is easily limited to 70-80 days. Average annual precipitation is 2/.22 inches at Che boygan. However in the southern port ion of the County thi s is closer to 32 inches. The mean snowfall is 75 inches at Cheboygan with close to 120-130 inches falling in the southern part of the Coun~y. Ice usually forms on lakes and ponds after November 1st and l0aves by che end of Ap ril. The Cheboygan County area has a reputation for having a healthful clima l Many of the earli e s t tourists to the area were those seeking relief from sue t ailments as hayfever and asthma. Air Pollution Not unlike the other environmental problems that exist in Cheboygan Cou1 air pollution is generally not regarded as a threat to their well-being by \ -82- �80 0 l\2 "O /_ 18° 42 0 - 90 100 110 0 I _lj 57 ° J/\NUAfff ME:\N TEMPERATURE (° F) \ JULY MEAN TEMPERATURE (°F) AVERI\GE ANNUAL SNOWFALL (IN INCHES) ANNUAL ~U:AN TBIPER,'\TURE ( f) 0 30" tvll\P 11 CI IEBOYGA1\J COUNTY CLH1ATIC DATA (1940 - 1969) 32 11 ~-10~ .l\NNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION (IN INCHES) . '' I AVE RAGE ANNUAL GROWING SEASON (TN n~Y~1 1n~1 1nAn �i•;= ~ ., ' ! :: ; HAP l 2 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN THE AIR • i. : ... _ / < ' -J ··-.................. '~· V: > l J ·. . ' .............. ~ ·o 0 j ·· .) I- r"° :'.,':· =.•;·•:j •,v ·l ., -'· 0 11 \I 1..~ /.r. 9 " ~I\ ') ;:i ') ) · -~ " I ... ~ ;, ;;.! ,, -/i<~1~_-:;i}i: ~~~\~~j }·:~-.)<v·r., ! ;,\II \ 0\J II. '1 ~ > -. ' ,j : ·- __ r ·-· .., ,: i "" o 1 .~ J' :) <L CUBIC METER :... . . -1'"' ,,I r- - ._, _'T '' - - -.- . /•~;-;;-::1 .' . . <: I I 69 so 59 40 49 30 39 . :tJ. .. , J:) . :) ., :-(~;: \, !- . '"' r1 ·: :;--:-;· ~: w· · · ·· - 60 ., I) e u :) ~ Q rtd,iQ~ ~ 1 ! o ,., ~ '):::.:· :-: :1' . ~.~-~-- (-1 Q Q 70 or more j ... !} ., . . ,\ )3't>r~·< -·->;--'?._/? . :: .. .i. ·-· -----r·- / ·.-:,: e l f) ./ / ."; ., .,- \~.~-.. ~ '..~ ,i -~ • : -; __ I MICROGRAMS PER -r, I') "J •) ., ¼) 1 ,, ~ 0 a: ~ e -1 ,.:, r, ,-.: ., "'· 29 or less 1•.1 SOURCE: A '.1' LA ::5 u .e Michigan: "/ . If .-\ \.' I\ ~-.~~4.-:,;_. ~;_:. ~:..:!---• 1974 Data ivj I I CA 1v· • East Lansing, L aw r en c e l"i • S om me r s , e ct p. 91. Michigan State University Press, _p, { C ti �most of the area residents. Yet the potential for damaging effects resulting from air pollutants does exist. As of July 1971, there were two major air pollution offenders in Cheboygan County -- Charmin Paper Company (now known M P~cto/'L a.nfl Gamble. Pa.pe/t.} and the asphalt batching plant. sulfur dioxide and particulates. Principal pollutants were fly · ash/ ' In the past, the Michigan Air Pollution Control Commission of the Michigan Department of Health, handled violato~s~ However, the enforcement and monitoring duties have been transferred to . the Michigan Department of Natural Resources - Air Quality. .....c...--- ··----- . Air pollution also results from other small businesses, homei; vehicle exhaust emissions, fuel dumping, :fores_t fires, and other various sources. - Geology The surface features of the Cheboygan County vicinity can be traced to geologic activity. Geologic time is · measured in terms of an "eJt.a!' which . c.o nsists of many hundreds of thousands of years. In Michigan, the bedrock formations are primarily a .result of~the Palezoic and Mesozoic Eras. Briefly, during these two time periods, this area had a climate quite different from that which we know today. For some time, the area was covered by a warm tropical sea, then a dense tropical swamp, and finally it was covered by great glaciers. Sediments from the warm seas settled to the botton and formed layers or strata of sedimentary rock. As the seas began to dry up and become smaller, many strata were deposited in a layered pattern, somewhat re s embling a stack of saucers. The bedrock in Cheboygan County consists of the middle and upper Devonian and Mississippian series of the Paleozoic Era. face strata are indicated on map 11 and chart 38. The various subsur- �MAP l3" CHEB.OYGAN COUNTY s·uBS1JRFACE GEOLOGY CNAltll'4. .... ,.~-... ' . LEG.END ~ ' .., Dm Dd ·~ Db Dll .ifil ~ Da Dtb Ma I WOlrilTWO"(~CT ~- ... co -86- �CHART 38 DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE STRATA SYMBOL FORMATION STATE, MEMBER, BED Dm Mackinac Limestone Gray to buff limestone, Breccia and limestone . Limestone for cement, flux soda ash, chemicals, sugar manufacture, etc. Crushed stone for ballast, concrete, macadam, petro, gas, fresh mineral waters, chemical brines. Db Bell Shale Blue, ·black or giay bl~e shale with thin beds of fossiliferous limestone. Thickness 30-80 feet. Shale and clay-for cement, brick and tile products, and pottery. · Dd Dundee Limestone Gray buff crystalline limestone locally cherty bituminous fossiliferous. Oil in upper part and sulphate waters and highly mineralized brines iµ lower. Dolomite beds near base and also occasional sandy beds, nodules and seams of chert. Locally a clear white to buff sa~dstone up to 20 feet thick; beds of quartz grains; or sandy cherty limestone .. and golomite ma~k the con~act' of the Dundee with lower beds. Thickness 50-350 feet. Limestone for cement, flux soda ash, chemicals, sugar manufacture, etc. Crushed stone for ballast, concrete, macadam, petro, gas, fresh mineral waters, chemical brines. ECONOMIC RESOURCES DESCRIPTION ... 0 -I 1~ l ·l! ¼i' ,i·,~ :i I~ 111 :~_I 'fl1 1:, ,, �DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE STRATA continued FORMATION STATE, MEMBER, BED SYMBOL DT ~z 0 :> ECONOMIC RESOURCES DESCRIPTION Undifferentiated traverse gray blue limestone and calcareous shales. In deep wells that traverse shows gray shales, then limestone and lime shales; dolomite limestones 10-60 feet thick porus to compact; shale up to 100 feet thick; massive limestone, fossiliferous local shale lenses, chert beds from cherty streaks to bed~ 100 feet .thick; shales and shaly limestones, blue, gray shales. -i> µ:j I (X) (X) DII A Gray and dark gray thin bedded limest_ones and shales, locally very fossiliferous and bituminous. Black bituminous limestone filled with masses and heads of coral and stromatopora at base. Also, a locally shaly and very siliceous, persistent l imestone bed at base for formation with a dark or black bituminous matrix. Thickness 190-200 feet. I Da White, gray, buff, brown, or black limestones, locally very fos.siliferous . ·t, chertv, bituminous, coral re'e fs, thin • I' shales, fresh water .near outc'rop 1· margin, brines below 1000 feet. Thickness 126 feet. l_;:_ ; Limestone for lime; cement flux, soda ash products, soda manufacture, agricultural lime, crushed stone .for concrete, madadam, railroad ballast, fresh water, petroleum gas. (Same as above) 1 1:y1 ,,',) h ·~ -- T..,. - �DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE STRATA concluded FORMATION STATE, MEMBER, BED SYMBOL Dtb z ::> µl i:::i ,, - z Antrim Sahl:: ~ H P-. P-. H (/) ::fl H (/) (/) H ~ t ·ECONOMIC RESOURCES Alternating sequence of thin bluish gray to brown, locally cherty limestones; shaly limestones and calcareous shales; bluish gray to buff limestone weathering to a blue gray; folliliferous. Thickness 140 feet. Limestone for lime; cement, flux, soda ash products, soda manufacture, agricultural lime, crushed stone for concrete, macadam, railroad ballast, fresh water, petroleum gas. Cinnamon brown to black and dark grey bituminous shales; thin bedded to fossile shale locally within tarry brittle coal seams and inclusions; 1J~n 1 l y very hard black crystalline 1i,~ ~tone (concretions) fossiliferous. Cor,.::.ecions of siderite and dolomite and ·nodules of pyrite. Thickness 100-450 feet. Shale for cement, brick and tile . "Shale Gas" z ~ H 0 Ma DESCRIPTION :-::: ~~ - ·----- --- ---·--· -·--· - ~ - • ·-• -·-- --- - •·- -• -·•--··· -- - :::..:iai2ic.·-~ ~ ~ r - 1 " " ' : , • · · - - -.- - - - - - - - - .. - �During the latter stages of the Paleozoic Era, the northern hemisphere was invaded by four tremendous glaciers. The landscape and terrain were altered each time the giant glaciers moved into the area. . · The last glacier advance, which is principally responsible for the \ development of present-day features, occurred about 11,800 years ago. This was part of the Winconsin Continental glacier which made several advances and retreats over northern lower Michigan. As it moved, the glacier picked up most of the soils and loose rocks and carried it along. The last advance of this Continental glacier was known as Valders Ice. By a series of periodic advances and retreats the Valders Ice snaped·:..the- · surface of the County. These advance and retreat motions deposited debris to form the moraines seen in map 14 As the glacier melted, hills were formed when the debris that had been embedded in the glacier came to rest on ground surface. Some . areas in the southern portion of the County were subjected to the onslaught of rapidly melting waters. This melting water carried with it much debris as it spread in sheet-like formation away from the glacier. This material shows areas in the southern portion of the County where these were formed. When the glacier stopped advancing and began to rapidly melt, channels were formed through, on, and under the ice mass. The rushing water carried with it debris of all sorts which eventually filled the channels. As the glacier continued to melt, the rubble wa s deposited in long, narrow channels which spread and settled once the retaining w2l ls ,)f the channels had raelted. Such a formation is called an "<¼k.eA" and is approximately seven miles in length in Koehler and Waverly Townships. -90- �MAP 14 SURFACE GEOLOGY CHEBOYGAN COUNTY ,;. -.1 i .;. Hebron ___ ,.,-_ I '1 MULLE:TT LAKE Moraines Ground Moraines (fill Plains) Outwash and Glacial Channels • • Lake Beds (Clay) Lake Beds (Santi) Eskers Glacial Lake Shorelines --N~N-1p1ssmg .. ~ Algonquin �contrasts to the northern portion of the County which was once covered by Lake Algonquin and has elevations ranging from 600 to 750 feet above sea level. The contour lines of 750 feet and above, seen in map 15, designate the outline of this lake which established its level at approximately 740 feet. The island areas are designated by these lines as is the shoreline of Algonquin in the southern portion of the county. Awareness of topography is imp•o rtant since it can affect development. Steep hills are poor development areas. Septic system failures, soil erosion, and winter driving up and down steep roads and drives are problems incurred in steep areas. Extreme flatland too, may have the disadvantage of p_QQr__ - . . -~ • --;._::-,~=-:-?:_- .~·~ ~~:. ::-- -- - drainage which could leave standing water in low-lying areas. dependent on the types of underlying soils that. are present. -94- This is also �Soils Probably the most important factor affecting development within an area are the soils. The use of the land must take into account the capacity of the soils on which they are to occur. If these are not considered, building foundation and septic problems may result in residential areas and erosion, siltation and water pollution could occur in areas of intense human activity. Therefore, this plan must seriously consider the relationship of Cheboygan County's soils to the existing land use activities and to any futu're activities. There are many different soil conditions found in Cheb9yga,nJ~_ounJ;:y._ The 0 __ . • 4" ___ _...... .."'---·£~~::-.:--t~ . -~._-- - ~ - ,_,_. -;, following page illustrates the general soils map for the County which identifies 13 different soil associations. These associations vary as to their limitations for development and to their value for agricultural croplands. As can be seen on the soils map, the Emmet-Leelanau-Minominee, the Leelanau-Emmet-Kalkaska-Mancelona, and the Carbondale-Lupton-Tawas-Roscommon Associations are the dominant soils in the C::ounty. Emmet-Leelanau-Menominee compose approximately 17 percent of the County or about 79,000 acres. soils are well-drained sandy and loamy scils. several large tracts in the County These These soils are located in the Munro-Douglas Lake area, the central portion of the County in Waverly Township, and a large tract of land in the southeastern corner of the County. These soils are generally rated good to fair for general farming and having slight to moderate limitations :or onsite sewage disposal. Drought and erosion are problems associated '.;ith these soils for field-cropping and the steep slopes associated with this soil type can cause sidehill seepage from on-site sewage facilities. The Leelanau-Emmet-Kalkaska-Mancelona Association comprises 16 percent of the County or approximately 74,500 acres. -95- These are well-drained sandy �Large blocks of ice buried by outwash were left behind o·n ce .the main ·.:- portion o~ the glacier was melted. lakes and bogs. These eventu~llf melted too, to form Douglas, Burt and Black Lakes wer~ all formed in this manner . As the ice receded further north into the Upper Peni?sula, the melt~ waters flooded the area of Cheboygan County~ . The higher_ elevations were ' above water and formed islands. ,\ '' These isl~nds a_nd the .. sbuthern boun9-ary · of these flood-waters are designated in map 14 ., by _.the· dotted . line with the . small A. This lake, formed by meltwaters, was known as -Lake A:-lgo~q~in. ~- - ··-- The Algonquin shoreline was generally:i. e stablished . ~-.•.t · an elev~tion of .. · .· . •' . ' . - .-_ :.i;:; . . ~, ~~- - . 740 feet. The topographic map 15 shows those -~,rea -which were-above_the &, •. water line denoted by the 750 foot contour lines. were not submerged. Areas aboye -these lines During this period the clays and sands of th~ _northern part of the - C<?unty were deposited on the lake bed o_f. A],gonquin: ·:. •··, ·., As the glacier melted further to the north, a low .- outlet valley caused a drastic dip in the elevation of the l a ke s . ~inallJ: t 'he lakes rpse again . ' and a new l'ake l evel was established. This lake was called Lake Nipit~ing. Nipissing covered the present shoreline of Cheboygan County and raised the level of · the inland lakes. letter Nin map 10. The Nipissing level is denoted by the smali - Nipi s sing cut into the old Algonquin lake bed· and formed the terraces on which US-23 was built. The City of Cheboyga~ and Village of Mackinaw City were built on the floor of Lake Ni~issing. this time period, the Cheboygan River did not exist. During ihis was formed iq post-Nipissing years by the action of a tributary of the Black River. As discussed earlier, the southern portion of the County is predominantly rolling or hilly. This high plat e au-like area formed from moraines and outwash ranges in elevation from 800 to over 1000, but above sea level. - 92- This �MAP 15 50 FOOT TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOUR LINES CHEBOYGAN COUNTY .( j �MACKINAC SOUTH CHANNEL AREAS DOMINA TEO OY NEARLY LC"C.L TO HILL,. W[LL-LJ. i..\. 1,'~G~ SANDY SOILS. 1. Rub,con·G,aylrng Assoc,ation AHEAS OOJ,UNAT[O OY NEARLY LEVEL TO ROLLING , ~ELL ·O H~I" TO SOMEWHAT POORLY DRAINED LOAMY SOILS. nearly level to unl'Julil\mq. 2. Kalkas1'a-Eas1 Lake-Manrelona Assoc,;,1,on 6- nearly level to unoul:rnno, Emme1-Leelan.au-Menom1nee A,soc,a11on s . Lee1.,.nau-Emme 1-K.ah..1si-.a Assoc,a1100 10 rolling . 8, Ona•ay-Lon9t1e-Mack1nac Assoc1411on : nearly level 10 undula11ng. AREAS OO MtNATEO BY UNDULATING TO STEEP , ~ELL·ORAINEO SANDY ANO LOAMY SOILS. .c. Emme1-0naway-losco Assoc,a11on . unovlat,no 7. Bohem,.1n•Brimley-B,uct! Assoc1a1,on. nearly level 10 undulating , J. Aub1con-Graycalm-Mon1caln: Assoc,J11on : i..naula11t19 10 hilly . AREAS OOMINATEO BY NEARLY L(VEL TO UNDULATING , MODERATELY V.ELL DRAINED TO VERY POOHLY DRAINED LOAMY ANO CLAYEY SOILS . undulallnQ 10 10111119. undul.at1n9 10 hilly. 9. On1onagon•Rudyard•Ber9land Assoc1a11on 10 . Oe1our-Hessel·Munuscono Assocu111on neatly level 10 undul.>1m nearly level 10 un,lulal1 nq. AREAS DOMINATED BY SOMEYI-HAT POOAL Y DRAINED , POORLY DRAINED. AND VERY POORLY ORAINEiJ SANDY SOILS ANO MUCK ~ 11. AuGrcs• Aoscommon·Brevor1 Assoc1a1,on 1:? . CarbOndale-Lupton••Ta..,.as Assoc,a11on nearly level. nearly level. Roscommon-E.is1 Po1'1-Aub1con Assoc1i111on . nearl)' level 10 rolhn Q T 38 N L LEGEND ~ z ::, COUNTY BOUNDARY 0 u D INCORPORATED TOWN 0 UNINCORPORATED TOWN __ _:~~ - -- ~~ - a ~ DRAINAGE .. • • •. '4 - -,..,,...-- INT(RSTATE HIGHWAY U.S. HIGHWAY STATE HIGHWAY ·N" OTHER PAVED ROAD FRONTAGE ROAD GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD RAILROAD r G.L.0 TOWNSHIP LINE 35 N SECTION LINE CIVIL TOWNSHIP LINE 1111•_ '."li.P, ,.n:vti..OIJEO flY Tott! SO IL CONSEf• ',I fH.,1•.r :.,IQ\'/~CLNCnALIZLO $OIL INFOn•. A,.;;·~· r.OT !.Ul TArJLC FOn DFTli.ll.EO 1-'LAr-<·. IT 1•1,ov:cts U!:ilF'U\.. l~lr'Qfll.t,I TION Fon Gl' ~L,'NNlNG O'ILV 34 N ... "':is :is "' ...>-z ,,r''. ::, 0 u I T 33 " >< 0 > "'0:_, "',: u I t~' f- w ::, 0 V, n: "' '. _:_d_ OTSEGO COUNTY Q7 w COUNTY " •N "' ,. IJ,IILT 0~ 1r,u,-s ~.P-)1,nJ I IR£v 10-2 J .iq !fOJI MATl01'1 ntow fl[\..D T[C>O.itCIA1'1S l"Oi,.TCOMC Pli!OJ[CTIO N ' SCS LINCOLN NB 19 76 SCALE SCALE 1125' O 3 [ .un ~==~=====s.-.. . .=~=~= I 0.. 7 MILE S �and loamy soils on complex rolling areas and hills. They are generally located as part of the high plateau-like area in the southern half of the County. Drought and erosion problems cause these to be rated as fair to I1, poor for general farming purposes. /I The steep slopes of up to 2~ percent \ I on the Leelanau soil series create severe limitations for residential development. , II Sixteen percent or close to 74,500 acres of the County is composed of the Carbondale-Lupton-Tawas-Roscommon Association. These are level, po9rly .' I ,:;, ,!,, ·,i ' drained sandy and organic soils, which primarily occur in stream beds and swamps. Limitations are severe to very severe for residential deve_lc:>"pm"e~!_':?~"E°...:.-e=-.: . ;/ on these soils. High water table and unstable materials are obstacles to development in these areas. In fact, these soils are categorized as poor I' ,I to severe to very severe for all types of land use activities. Chart 39 is a brief interpretation of the general soil map, while chart 41 provides a more detailed interpretation. These interpretations '' are illustrated in maps 17 through 20 as to soil suitability for forestry, agriculture, residential development &nd intensive recreation. i i These maps represent broad areas and are not specific to on-site evaluations. I More I: detailed study must be done before a specific site decision is made on any given parcel of land. I r] 'I I I , I I, I,I U I Ii j! I',: 'Ii _07_ II �CHART 39 TAKEN FROM: INTERPRETATIONS OF GENERAL SOIL MAP SOIL SUITABILITY FOR: Soil Ass. # 1 2 3 4 5 I 6 I.D (X) I 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Major Soil Series Rubicon, Grayling Kalkaska Kalkaska, East Lake, Mancelona Rubicon, Graycalm, Montcalm Emmet, Leelanau, Menominee Leelanau, Emmet, Kalkaska, Mancelona: Emmet, Onaway, Iosco, Brevort Bohemian, Brimley, Bruce:; Onz.,,iay, Long ;:: ie, Mackinac Ontonagon, Rudyard, Bergland Detour, Hessel, Munuscong AuGres, Roscommon, Iosco, Brevort Carbondale, Lupton, Tawas, Roscommon Roscommon, Eastport, Rubicon General Farming Forestry Recreation Residential Poor Fair Fair Good Fair Fair Fair Good Poor Fair Fair Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Fair Fair Fair Good Fair Good Fair Good Fair Fair Fair Good Fair Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Fair Poor (very) Poor (very) Poor 't .. c.)}ery) Poor •I (very)Poor '' ,t\l :i,I Poor Fair W' ' ;;:..:1 I \! Fair Fair 1~::\ GOOD Soils have properties that are favorable or perform well for the kind ,,·: of soil-use being rated. FAIR Soils have properties that are moderately favorable or perform satisfactory for the rated use, but special planning and management are needed. • 1 " �.LI SOIL SUITABILITY FOR RESIDENT/AL DEVELOPMENT* / / / /'; f/// I'/// i ' / / /" [] .J GOOD FAIR I I I I: . ,, '' ' I POOR il I ' ... : : : ! !' -N- i ' /. _qq _ �,·1 n 1 u~ FOR SOIL SUITABIL;~~REA TION INTENSIVE 13 • • .·1 . 'I I I ll �MA L, I '"! SOIL SUITABILIT Y FOR FARMING GOOD ~[]·•• .:/ ; •, ... (.... FAIR ,I l i\ I:\: I' :jl l .\; .\l ,rj I' I I N- ~ • :i I 12 :i !· '· I I , ;, '\ �,'l!\ l' ~Il SOIL SU/TAB/LIT)/ F0/1 FORESTRY Ll // ~;.,;, :, // /L << t·, :~....:. :.: 12 �INTERPRETATIONS a, GENEB.ll, SOIL Mil' Cl{g1!()YCAN COONTY, MICHIGAN 'lJ : 40 . CHART SUI'.l'AllILITY FOR Mil' SIMOOL E.RIEF IlESCRIPl'IOl/ OF SOIL ASSOCIATION IXJ;.<.TIH.l,T MA.JOR SERIES&: l.PPROXDIATE PER- SLOPE G.EliERAL 1· .FORESTRY DEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR fil.'CREATI ON FAllK[~ RESIIENTIAL FIELD RESIIlE.NTliL DEVELOPME:IT CROPPlllG llEVELOPY.ENT §/ CENT EACH ~/ ,. The'lP. ..re nearly ldvel to u:1duRubicon - 5(J}l la-:.ing, well drained sandy aoils, .lreeo of t:heae noi lo ,a.r" por.uGruyl ing - )0% 1 .. t'ly a.,~!i:;,,ulc,,1 !>ll ... I 0 - 6~ Poo= !'air Y10derata Slight ,l - (f)(, Poor Pcor Motlorr,tu 0 - &J{, Fair Fri.ir Mode:::a+.e s::.1g1it Foor FairPoor Moderate Slight 6?6 Fair Fair Moderate 0 - 6% Fair Fair 0 - €1:l, Fair Fair 1. Dro\lt!'htineee, 2, I,,,, w natural fertility. ja•ok 1'1"" plaine, They l.ave 10~ nati.;_-al fertility, low llluist=e holding ~apacity, and ::-npid permeability, Th.is '3011 a.srJociatior. co~rr!sea abcut 11 pe=c:n-:. of the c.:-UI,t:, er eppzvJx:i::,,,:tP.ly 51,000 acres, 2. MA.TOR MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS '. Ill THE SOIL ASSOCIATION Theee :u:e n~arly l~vcl to undulating, well d.nti11ed aand,y Aoilu of t ~e cutwaeh plains. Soila in this aaeocia~ion a:i:e slightly more fertile a.no store slightly greater a=unts of moisture th:!n thosa in Soil A.ssociation 1 above. T!lia soil aeaociaticn co~pris~s about 5 percent o! the county or 1.pproximately 2),500 acre •, (&ting for Soil Ae~ociation) Kalkaska - 40)6 faot Lake - JC';'6 Mancelona - 15?6 0 - Fair Fa.ir (fuiting for Soil J.ssociation) 1. Poeeible pollution of ground vat • r ouppliq • b7 e!'!luent. ). Soll bloving, 2. Difficult to maintain aod vi ~ut irrigation, Slight 1. Dro~htinese. Moderate Slisht 2. Soil blowing. 1. Possible pollution of ground water suppli~a b7 effluent. Slight Slight SlightModerate 2. Di!ficul t to maintain eod without irrigation, Slight ;,....---+-----------------+-------+-----t.,_----+------+-------1~-----w----------+----------t ). l 4°" The • e are undulatil'l8' to hilly, Rubicon well drained sandy no i l e on upland •• Enclosed valleys, benchen, and plateau-like areas are inGraycall!I - 25% clud.ed. These ac!ls have modera tely :!.ow to low r.a trra.l fercillty ar.d moisture r~ldi:1g Mc:1tcalm - 2t~ capiicity. PeJ."lt~abili ty is rapid, 'i'his soil aaso'ciation accounts for approxi11>&tely 7 percent or the county or )2 ,500 acres. (Rating for Soil Ae8ociation) ___.____~ _ Fuir foor 2 - 12'J' Mc:derate Slight- 6 - 2~ FnirPoor Poor I 2 - i~ _...._______. Fa.tr SoaerateSevere ModerateSevc:;.:e SlightModt>:t:ate Sllght!10derate 1. Sloping areas. 2. low natural fertility. 2. Erosion and sediment damage, ). ',later erooion. ). Sidi:! hill seepap from onei te Be'i1~ facilities. I ~ r ·- Fair t·• Slight-. SlightModerate Moaerate _ , _ _ __..._ _ _ _ _.....,__ ·r_i. __ _ _...,.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- ' :fII I See Footnotes on page 1, Dro~tine • -. Moderate ~; I I ' II I �CHART 40 (can't.) SUIT.lBILITY FOR BRIEF IlESCRIPrION OF SOIL ASSOCIATION 4. 5. These are undulating to rolling, well drained sandy and loamy soils on uplands. Major soils !n thio asecciation haYe medium to mcderat~ly low p.:,.~ural fertility and moi~ture holding capacity. PErmeabi li ty is moderate to moderately rapid. This soil association occupies approximately 17 percent of the county or 79,000 acres. These are undulating to steep, well drained sandy and loamy ~c il$ o~ co~ple~ ~~llir.g a=eaR ~-'-" ~ills. They r:u,ge frc:m :t£'1iur. to molierd tely low er lcw in r.~t~=al l'a:-til ~ t~I a:-:.~ ~oieti;::e hold:t~g •.·?.p:i~i ty. r'e=e:ib; li ty -::a;cgns frr::: m::<l~mte t.:i :-apid. 'fh~a soi.1. a~:;c,i:iat1.o:1 -; ·,c_:-:ri..1eo ar;,r•n.i:-.;,t.e,y Hi ;:err::c:.t '.)f the Go,.nt·:r or 74,500 MAJOR S-,:JlIES & lXlMINANT APPROXIMATE PERSLOPE CEl-iT EACH g/ Emmet - 4°'6 2 - 12% GENERAL ?ARMDG .FORESTRY Good- RECREATION BESIIJENTI.A.1 FIELD DEVELOPMENT CROPPING Slight}loderate Slight- Moderate SlightModerate SlightModerate SlightModerate Moderate Slight- Moderate SlightModerate ModerateSEJvere ModerateSevere w J/ Good .Fair MAJOR M.UU.GEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE SOIL ASSOCIATION IlEGREE OF LDUT.lTIONS FOR RES IDE!:T ll1 liE\'ELOPMENT §I 1. Water erosion. 1. Erosion a."ld sediment d.a.m86e. 2. Soil blowing. 2 - Menominee - 2o,6 12% 12% Goe<! GoodFair GoodFair 6 - :C5% FairPoor Fair 1~~ F,,ir- Mocerate- !-\ovr SHvere MoJerateS,•vere SlightModer~te Slii;htlfodcrate SlightModerate Sl:i.ghtModerate Association) 35¾ Fair Fair 2 - (Rating for Soil Leelanau - Fa.i.r ). Drollghtinese. 2. Sidi.hill see~ fro:n onei te se'IA18e facilities. 1. ~ater erosion. 1. Erosion and sedi••nt cia.mei;e. 2, Droughtineee. 6 7 - M.:uicelona - 1 :-% 1~-~ 2 - 1C:'6 fair fair fair. 2. Sidehill seepage • from onP.i t~ oew~ facilities. · J. Sloping &..rCaB. ~.-:re~. 6. 1 u·.dulat.i;,g t::, rolli:ig. well drair,ecl. aoile fo-.i:tec. in ea..,c.? l'.Ja.n::.a a.?uj lo.:.1..m~ on U!1du:'.:it.:.1:g till plair.s. 'fh~ roughly p1rall&l lnte!""Ver.jr1g d:-ainae:e·ea.yo ar" o::cupied by so:oewhs.t. poorly dc·:dned a."lci poor1y dra i.r.ed aa.r:dy r..r,<l lOa.Jll,)' soils. Ma.jor eoile i·· this association lJ£.ve medi= to moderately high :.:i~ural fertility :,i,ci u:oist=e hcldi~g capacity. Permeability :?:"ar,ges fn,m moderately rap:.d to noderately olow. Thie eoil aaeociation accounta for approxi111&tely 5 percent of the county or 2),000 acres. 'T~!e2-.? ari:! ( P.£. ti1~g for 8oil Ass:iciaticn) FP.irPoor GoodFa.!.r SlightSevere SlightSevere E~et - Jc;-; G:.iodFa:r Good Slii;htModeratc Moder«te Goodi-':i.ir Good SlightModerate Sligl::tModerate Fair Poor Moderate Severe Fair Poor Severe Severe GoodFair GoodPoor Slight- . Moderate ModerateSevere Onaw:iy - 30¾ 1. Erosion a."ld 3o:d1ment damage. 2. 'wet spots. 2 - 12% 2. Restricted percolation. (Onaway) Iosco - 20:,t ). Wet spots. Brevort - 1~ (Rating for Soil A!isociation) 0 - 2'}~ .t .,:.1 1\{: ' I ' See Footnotes on page 1, water eroAion. I �SUITJ.llILITY FOR BRIEF IlESCRIPTIO!I OF SOIL ASSOCIATION MAJOR SERIES & IXlMINANT APPROX IM.A.'i'E PER- SLOPE CENT EACH 7. a. ::, Jl I y GENERAL FARMING FORESTRY DEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR RECREATION w JI 'ii §/ 0 - 6% Good Good Slight Slight 0 - 2% Good Poor Severe 0 - 2% Good Poor ModerateSevere Severe Severe Good GoodPoor SlightSevere Slight-:Severe Thee• are mainly nearly level to undulating, well drained t o somewhat poorly drained soils. Soils for.ned in loai:iy material that is high in lime. They occupy the broadly undulatin& till plains, Local areas are ur,derlain by fractured limestone bedrock. These soils have moderately high natural fertility and high moisture holciing capacity. Permeability is moderate to moderately slow. This soil association accounts for about 9 peroent of the county or 44,500 0 - ff)(, Longrie - 20}6 , Mackinac - 20}6 FIELD CROPPn:G . 1. Water erosion. RESIIENTI!.L DEVELO.!'MENT 1. Erosion and eed.i- ment ~ e . 2, Wetnesa, (Brimley, Brlloe) 2. Poor bearing capac.:. ty. J, Heatricted percolation. 4. Seasonal high \later ta.bl<!, (Briuuey, Bruce) Good Good SlightModerate Moderate 1. Water erosion. 1. Ero11ion and eed.i- me11t ~ . 2, Wetness, 0 - ff)(, 0 - "JI, ~ssocia~ed poorly drained soils - Fair Fair SlightModerate Moderate J. Stoniness, 2, Restricted percolation. Good Fair ModerateSevere Severe J. Good Poor Severe Severe 4. 15% Ar.gelica Linvood Ill THE SOIL ASSOCIATIOI! RBSillENTllL DEVELOPMENT Theae nearly level to undulating iBohemian - 60}6 soils formed in very fine sand and silt in bench-like areas Brimley - 20}6 bordering the Black and Cheboygan Rivera, Riverbanks and -t.e=ace Bnice - 1$96 escarpments are included, These soils are principally well drained or somcwh.r. t poorly drain- (Rating for Soil ed. They ara medium in natural Association) fertility and water holding capacity. Per.neabili ty is moderately slow. This soil association occupies approximately 1 percent of the county or 4,500 acres. Onavay - 40}6 MAJOR MANAGEMENT rROBLEMS 0 - ?% 0 - ;'It aorea. Moderate depth to bedrock. Seasonal high vater table, (~,ackinac, Angelica (Linvood) (Rating for Soil C-ood GoodSlightModerate.A.uooiation} Fair Moderate Seven - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - • - - , - - - - - - ~ - - ~ ~ ~ -.. ,... 1r---'"'·--- -.....~ - - - , - - - - - - - , . . . . - - - - -• . - - - - - - - - - ...- - - - - - - - -... 9, Theae are neiJ.:-ly level to undu- Ontonagan - 35% 2 - 654 Fair Fair SlightSevere 1. Water ero • ion. 1. Poor beu-inc lating, l!?OdeI·.:tely "ell drabed Moderate capacit7, to very pcurlj dr~ined ~layey 2, Tilth Minhnooils on old l .\ e plainL, Theue Rudyard - 35% Fair Poor 0 - 6¾ Severe Severe anoe. 2. High shrinksoils have high 11 • ,=al fE:revell potential. tili ty and mclature holding Bergland - )()}6 Fair 0 - 2'}t\ Poor Severe Severe J, Wetness. capacity, They are high in lime, (Rudyard, llergla.nc J, Restricted percoPer~eability is slow to v~ry (Rating for Soil Fair FairModerateSevere latiou, alov. Thia aoil association co111Association Poor Severe priaes about 4 percent of the 4, S-80n&l hlch county or 18,500 acre •• water table, See Footnotes on page l ,: i~ ' ' I �CHART 40 (can't.) SUITABILITY FOR MA.P BRIEF DESCRIPl'ION OF SYMBOL SOIL ASSOCIATION HA.JOR SERIES & DOMINANT APPROXIMATE PERSLOPE CENT EACH GENERAL FARMING FORESTRY DEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR RECREATION RESIDENTIAL IlEVELOFMENT 6/ MA.JOR Mil!AGEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE SOIL J.SSOCI.A.TION FIELD CROPPING RESII!ENTIJ.L DEVELOPMENT y J/ lJ 5J t'----~----------------+---------"''--....:.,.._---~---IL...4----.....-4-------'-4-------~µ,_--------4----- ·~---~·~·-· ---~10. These are nearly level to unduDetour - 30')6 lating, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained loamy soils on eto11y anJ. cobbly lake benchea. He1rncl - 20% Ra:1ciom di~continuoue lo.,, sandy ai:d gravelly ridi;ee are included. Major soils i~ this asMunuecong - 20% sociation have moderately !ugh natural fertility and moisture holding capacity. Pe=eability Associated well is a:oderate to moderately slow. ldrained and Thie soil association occupies moderately well about 5 percent of the county ldi-ained soils -20)6 or 20,500 acres. Alpena Kiva 0 - ~ 0 - 0 - 2% 2% I t-,J 0 °'I 12. These are nearly level, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained sandy soils u.~de=lain by finer textured material at a depth of 3 to 5 feet or more. They occupy the borders of lakes and swamps. Random narrow ridges occupied by .,,ell drained sandy soils are included, Soila in this aseociation have low natural fertility and moisture holding capacity. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper l?..yers but mocerately ~low in the finer textured underlyin6 material. Thie soil association accounts for approxim.~tely 2 yercent of the county or ~,OCO Deres. Thia soil association con~ists of level, poorly drained sandy and organic soils. Thes~ soils ccc= mainly in stream channels !IJld S\12Jllps. Thi?y h,we low natur;;,_l fertility. Mcisture hol~ing capaci iy l9 high in tlie orisani c soils aiid low in the e.i."'ldy a:ir,tr.il soils. Permeabili tr in ~oderaiely rapid to ra~id. This S8Sociaticn comprises appwxic.ately 16 percent of the county or 74,500 acres, Au Gres - 50% Roscommon - 2()% Iosco-. 15'% Brevort - 15'% Poor Fair Poor ModerateSevere Severe Severe Se·1ere 1, Numeroua cobble and atone • , 2, Wetness, 1, Numerous cobble and stones, 2. Restricted peroo- lation. Severe 3, Seasonal Severe high Poor Slight Slight Fa.irPoor Poor SlightSevere SlightSevere 0 - ~ Fair Poor Moderate Severe 1, Wetne •• , 2% Fair Poor Severe Severe 0 - ~ 2, Dro\18htiness. (when drained) Fair Poor Moderate Severe 2% Fair Poor Severe Severe Fair Poor ModerateSevere Severe Pcor Poor Poor 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 35?6 Fai rPoor Fair- 6% 6% (Rating for Soil Association) Carbondale - Poor \o'ater table. (Rating for Soil J.aeociation) 11. FairPoor 0 - 2% 1. Possible pollu- tion of ground vater l:levere- • upplies by effluent 2, Seasonal high water table, 1. Soil blowir~. 1. Unstable material, 2, Frost hazard, 2. Uneven settling, 3, Wetness. :' 3, High water table, 'lery Severe Lupto:i - 2596 0 - ~ Poor Poor Very Severe SevereVery Severe 4- Low natural fertility, Tawas - 15% 0 - ~ Poor Poor Severe Roscommon - 15% 0 - ~ Poor. Poer Severe Severe Poor Poor SevereVery Severe Very Severe (Rating for Soil baociation) I' • I Severe Severe- L-----4------------..L...-------'-----!L----'-----'-----..L.----- --- �LiiAR T 40 tH (co n c .lu dcd ) I MAP S'YKBOL , ). See BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOIL .lSSOCUTION mllTABILITY FOR MAJOR SE.RIES & OOMINA.1,"T APPROXIMATE PERSLOPE CENT EACH y Thie eseociat:o~ ie comprlsedof Roacoa:mon - 40"/4 the mlacellaneous sandy soils on the lake bor<!cr. Hearly :!.evel, East Port - 20¾ poorly draine<! eoilo i?l B'llales comc:o~ly occur in a net'llork with Rubicon - 2(% better drained, more slop! ng soils on the interven.ing ridgeo. Nearby sandy, gr-dvelly, and (Rating for Soil cobbly bea~hes are i~cluded. Aseocia tion) These soils all have low natural fertility, lo~ moisture holding caracity and rapid permeability. Thie soil association accounts for about 2 percent of the county or 9,000 acre9. GE:t-.'E RAL F.tJl-!ING MAJOR MANAGEMENT PROBLD!S I N TEE SOIL ASSOCIATION IEGREE OF LIMITATIONS FOR FOilESTRY RECRE.AUON RESIDE::fl'IAL DEVELOPMENT lJ SJ §) JI RESIJEh"TIAL DEVELOPMEUT FIELD CROPPING 0 - 2'¾ Poor Poor Severe Severe 1. Droughtiness. C - 6~6 Poor Fair Moderate Slight 2. Soil blowing. Poor Fair Moderate Slight ). Wetness. (Roscommon) 0 - 12% Poor FairPoor McderateSevere 1. High water table. (Roscommon) 2. Possible pollution of ground water supplies by effluent. SlightSevere Footnotes ~ow .... I 0 -...J 1'00'l'NOTES I TO T,Wi t l, Thia map, developed by the Soil Conservation Service, show generalized Roil infonn.,tion and is not suitable for detailed planning, It provid~s useful informati on for general planning only, 2. Soil names are subject to change upon co=elation and publication of detailed soil au...--veys. Thia column may not total 100 percent, as on.ly major ooile in each association are rated. ), Refers to farming operations that may vary in land. use, ll,egroe of mechanization or intenoity of production, 1 4, Refers to eusta.ined productidn of marketable timber. 5.' Emphasis on intensive recrea,ion activity. and golf ooursee. 11 ,3 6. Refers to intensive develoi-,ent oo-,n to aubdivisions, faoilitiea are aa.,_.d, 'I 11'! ';! ~ Example: Playgrounds, picnic areae, Onsite sew~ �Surface Water Much of Cheboygan County's strength and appeal can be attributed to the variety, distribution, adequacy and development of its water resources. The importance of water resources to recreation, residences, agriculture, wildlife, commerce, and industry cannot be overemphasized. Cheboygan County contains some of the largest lakes in the State and has a total of 344 inland bodies of water covering 51,358 acres. The County has 420 miles of streams; .•:· 118 miles of which are designated trout waters. , Inland lakes cover 10.0 percent (.51, 358. a.cJU¼ l. of the total surface area, higher than any other county in Michigan. Added to this are 38 miles of Lake Huron shoreline_ma1dng the development pressure on waterfront property extremely great. The largest bodies of water in Cheboygan County include Black Lake (9,997 a.CAU - 7,887 ht Che.boyga.n County a.nd 2,104 a.C/l.e/2 ht PJLeiique. I.tile. County), Burt Lake (17,335 a.CAUi, Mlc.hlga.n'.6 6oWl-th lair.gut htl.a.nd l.a.ke.), Douglas Lake (3,745 a.CAU,) and Mullet Lake (16,744 a.C/l.e/2). Of the 182 miles of inland shoreline, 46 are public. The inland water route is an important asset for Cheboygan County. Once used tor its transportation capabilities, it is now a major recreational pathway. The inland waterway winds for 36 miles through a scenic area of forests and meadows. Starting at the City of Cheboygan on the Lake Huron shore, it passes through four inland lakes, Mullet, Burt, Crooked and Pickerel, and four connecting waterways, the Cheboygan, Indian and Crooked Rivers and Pickerel Channel, to end at Conway in Emmet County. Also considered part of the present Inland Water Route is the nine mile stretch from Black River to Black Lake and the Upper Black River to the dam at Kleber Pond. -108- �., MA CK/ . ~· N-4 C ~ ·-.. MAP 21 0 -.__ O' /' CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SURFACE WATER -SYSTEM ~ ..CH .AN ·. NeL I ··. j ~- 1 1 ! J : J l , ll~"tlf I >t· -109- �Due to the extensive recreational opportunities in Cheboygan County, tourism has grown to become one of the primary industries. of all housing in the County is seasonal. Over one-th_ird The population often swells by a factor of 2 or even 3 times during periods of high recreational use. The seasonal influx is greatest in areas surrounding the C.<_?untr' s -lakes and streams. This transient population is vital· to the area's economy. However, tourism can also exploit Cheboygan's natural resources to the point where they are polluted and nearly exhausted. A lesson can be learned from the early loggers, fishermen, and fur traders, so that history will not repeat itself again. Cheboygan County is mostly within the Cheboygan River Drainage Basin. The drainage from this wa tershed flows into Lake Huron through the City of Cheboygan. The remaining northern sections of the County are in the Coastal Watershed which drains directly into Lake Huron. Cheboygan County citizens have identified the following water resource related problems and concerns: 1. In many portions of Cheboygan County, conventional wastewater treatment is not practical due to environmental, social, and economic reasons. Therefore, alternatives should be investigated such as l and treatment, less expensive engineering design, and the Clivis-Multrum system. 2. The Cheboygan Cattail Marsh is a valuable wetland area and should be protected and managed. 3. The wood product industries must use more appropriate environmental practices. Draining of wetlands should cease. 4. Environmental as well as aesthetic considerations should be applied t o all development, especially river a nd lakefront development. SoUJtc.e/2 : NEMCOG . Ale.on.a. County P.la.n., Noltthe.a.1i.t M.lc.h,i,ga.n. Wa..te.Jt Qu..aLUi A.6-0 e.6-ome.n:t., a.n.d Cle.an. Wa..te.Jt P1tog1tam I nte.Jt.lm Ou...tpu...t-6 • -110- �According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Water Quality Division: 1. There is possible leakage from the State Park sewage lagoons when they overflow during high seasonal loads. 2. The Cheboygan River has polluted sediments. Septic tank seepage is specifically reported in the Middle Cheboygan River Basin. 3. Some near-shore areas of Lake Huron have water of a lower quality than off-shore. Cheboygan Harbor has been identified as one of these areas, due in part to the wasteloads contributed from its tributaries. Commercial shipping can, and in some .instances ' has, · caused · pollution ·problems '. in Cheboygan Harbor. 4. Proctor and Gamble Paper Products has been identified as a major discharger into the Cheboygan River (NPVES PeJUnlt NwnbeA MI 0002496 a.nd 160033). This company discharges an average of 1.0 mgd of process waste boiler blowdown and . 0.19 mgd of non-contact cooling water to the Cheboygan Rive~ --'=--=-"-"---<--~ -: • ":"",:C - - - ~ ...... Groundwater The scattered residential development throughout most of the County presently requires a drinking (potable) -water source close by. dual wells or a central water supply system is necessary. Hence, indivi- Potable water of excellent quality is presently found in most areas of Cheboygan County. Conditions in the following areas of Cheboygan County indicate that health and sanitation problems either presently exist or may arise in the.near future: 1. Indian River - high groundwater maintained by flowing wells, small lot sizes which limit isolation distances between wells and septic tanks, evidence of direct wastewater discharge to the Indian River, and documented septic tank failures. 2. North end of Mullet Lake - documented failures of septic systems; no commercial building permits allowed and only limited residential permits due to clay soils, high groundwater and high density shoreline development. 3. Elmhurst area of Burt Lake - potential problems exist due to high groundwater and clay soils. -113- _, �CHART 41 ACREAGE ANALYSIS FOR CHEBOYGAN COUNTY OriSlin of Surface Water 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. l"I. 18. 19. Number of Water Bodies Natural lakes and ponds Natural lake with · a dam Artificial lake ArtificiaJ pond Hydro-electric reservoir Municipal water s upply res~rvoir Fish and wildlife flooding Mill pond Gravel pit or quarry pond Marl lake Fish hatchery pond Underwater borrow pit Recharge basin Settlir.g pond Beaver pone Sewa ge disposal basin Fish breeding pond Flood control reservoir Bri n e storage basir. Source : 288 4 l 31 5 0 4 0 7 0 1 Area in Acres ~- 7 ,082.2 , 33,972.0 350,0 6.7 8,323.0 C 1,465.5 0 46.-:3 ' 0 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 =7,:~g~ 0 o. 0 0 3 109.0 0 0 344 51,357.6 Cheboygan County Lake Inve ntory, Department Resource Developnent, Michigan State University, 1962 -114- �I I l Additionally, large hunting clubs account for a large amount of forested I land in Cheboygan County. I Today, the .State land in the County is 'managed by the Michigan Depar/ ment of Natural ~esources - Forestry Division. The management policy 1 ..._: I followed is the "mul,t,,lple.-u..6e." concept and involves the following: To allow commercial tree cutting on a sustained yield basis for the lumber and wood products industry. To provide ~arks, campgrounds and scenic areas for the recreation/tourist industry. To improve wildlife habitat. To protect the environmental quality of the forests. To protect the ~uality of watersheds and streams. I Forest resources significantly contribute to Cheboygan County's ecoj Industries in the City of Cheboygan and scattered throughout the County depend upon trees for their continued operation. Cellulose insulation,< 1 posable diapers, lumber, wood souvenirs, etc. are a few of the finished products. The forest lands also offer a wide variety of opportunities tourist/recreation activities such as hunting, camping, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, etc. Cheboygan County has great recreational pote but little has been developed. Both the timber harvesting and tourist/recreation activities have c measurable impact on the volume of business and commercial activity in County. All necessary steps should be taken by County residents and of: to properly manag e their valuable forests. -118- �and largest freshwater biological station in the world. Douglas Lake, due to its closeness to the station, is one of the most studied lakes in the world, ranking along with Lake Mendota in Wisconsin and . Lake Geneva in Switzerland. .' Recently, the station received a National Science Foundation Grant to study the effects of increasing human impact on the environmental quality of northern Michigan. Particular emphasis has been given to the lakes and watersheds of the County in order to better understand the effects of human impact, through growth and development, on the environment. Results of this study, soon to be available, will provide a Natural Resouce :;:-I-nventory ....,.... •-!_=:-_..::;,~~...:. --'-' on the waters and related lands of the Cheboygan County environment. Included in the results will be water quality information, a general description of the natural features of the County's lakes and streams, population , land use characteristics, and a ranking of lakes in Cheboygan County based on sensitivi ty to change by human impact. Project CLEAR (Commu.n.Lty La.k.v., Env..{Jtonr11e...v1,t'.1..l Awa11.e.nV.,-6 Rv.,e.aJtc.h), which - - - - - addresses wastewater treatment, lake water Q!lality, and land use practices, began in the summer of 1977 and has worked c losely with the Clean Water Pro.' gram of NEMCOG. Working together, these two programs have great potential for achieving public awareness of the · need for clean water and thus, preservation of water quality in northern Michigan. There hava been financial constraints, however, which have prohibited the publication of these studies. People of Cheboygan County have generally been r2ceptive to the DNR's suggestions concerning fishery management. Ab0ut t.h 2 0:1.ly complaint voiced is that fishing isn't as good now as it used ta be However, the DNR main- tains that fish catch is better than the "good ale. da.y-6", but that more people must divide up the catch. -122- �All in all, Cheboygan County has been blessed with a diverse, and plentiful wildlife and fish population. Care should be taken to insure that these populations continue to thrive because they play an important role in Cheboygan County's economy. ,. .:.123- �Minerals Cheboygan County has a few sand and gravel pits, and two companies that deal in crushed limestone. The County is not a significant min~ral producer and during 1973-1975, there was only $154,000 worth of minerals produced*. The southeatern part of Cheboygan County is part of the~Traverse Limestone formation that extends from Manistee northeast to Rogers City and Alpena. · There is an on-going intense search for petroleum resources in the Niagara formation with Otsego and Crawford Counties producing the most oil in the Northeast Region. Currently, twenty-two dry oil/gas wells have been drilled in Cheboygan County, with one actively producing well located in section 14 of Forest Township (T.33N,R.1E). Even though most of the County lies - north- of the main limestone ·formation, it is possible that oil or gas will be found in an offshoot lobe of the formation, so some ·drilling will possibly occur outside of the Niagara formation. However, all DNR drilling permits in the near future are for wells being drilled within the southeast portion of Cheboygan County. The possible development of the area's petrole um resources will affect land use. Each well will require about one ac~~ for t he well site, along with one acre for the production facility, and a 20 foot roadway for access. Pipe lines will be needed to move this resource and will, as much as possible, follow existing utility corridors for r. he least visual impact on the area. It is expected that the present policy of one well per 80 acres will be continued. The more recent leasing of State land has restricted oil and gas drilling to a reas at least one quarter mile back from lake s and streams, Each location for a proposed drilli::g op e ration on State land is caref uJ.. ~.y revi ewed by the Michiga:.·:n Department of NatJral Resources before it is allowed to begin. * Mic.lu.gan S:t.a.wtic.al Ab1.i:tJr..act, 12th EdW.on, 1977 - p. 7 57. -124- �MAP 26 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY .•, ... OIL & GAS WELLS • Dry Hole Oil Wel .l ., co -125- �CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Few land forms possess the unique strength and quality where water and land meet. The shore is an amalgam of both, yet has a distinct character of \ ... , its own. The coast is also dynamic, always changing, and this -. activity some- times causes problems for the people who live there. High water levels on the Great Lakes and man's continued encroachment along the coast have resulted in damages to property and life. But the coast also offers many benefits. It provides us with recrea- tional, as well as economical opportunities, with a history: ancf re·sc::,urces which make living near a Great Lake more enjoyable. Some of the ~reat Lakes features which attract recreational use include: * The. Gtte..a:t La.k.e.1i 1te..ptte.1i e..nt .the. laltg e.1i.t. body o6 otte/2 h wa.teJL in .the. wottld, and .the. c..llma:te.. o6 .the. fund adj ac.e..n.t. .to .the. Gtte..a:t La.k.e.1i -U modi6ie..d by :the.. wa.teJL. * The. GJr.,e.a:t La.k.e/2 c.o nne.c..:t,i.o n!.> • * The. wa.teJL ).,6 -6e/l.Ve. a.-6 a ma.June. lughwa.y wdh woJt..ld W-lde. c.1.e.M and v ~ y w1.p0I.i..ute.d. * No dangeAOU-6 fi-Uh QI(_ p.f..a.n.:t-6 e.u~,t, a.nd .the. wa.te/l. e.n.:tiJLUy 011.e.e. fiJr.,Om ino e..c..:t,i.oU-6 O,'l.g r.rn.. :..-6m-6. * * The. .ou.mmeA c..llma:te. 6011. ba.:tlung. ).,6 ,<_,6 a.bno-6.t. c.oo.f.., a.nd :the. uu-te,'l. .:te.mpeJta..:tulte.. ).,6 idea.,l ,/.,Ja.bJJt..cu g e..ologic. p11.o c.e..M e.,,.) ha.v e. p,'Lovide..d e.xc.e.£.1.e..nt be.a.c.he...o 6oJLJna.tio Y~o a6 lug It )U?.c.11.e.a.tio n.o.1, vctfue... and o.:theA * The. .:te.mpeAe.d .u:.iz.e c.Luna,te. and .:th.12, c,i~Q.,1.1t , 1.>-ti.mu.£..a..ung ail1. a..f..ong :the. .ohc.:..eL-<..ne. p11.e.1ie.n.t. a. 11.e. 011.e..1.ilung c.ha.nge. 611.om :the.. c.ommo n.p..t'.Ctc. Q_. * Sc.e.1uc. :Li~d (·.2,o .:the..:tic. vai.u.e...o Me.. 11/.L'71eAOU/2' 6or. example., .o.:ta.:b....c.:- ~u. 2, dlr.,.i.6 .:tJ.vo ad, 1., oa.JUn.g -6 e.a.gu.f.1..6,. ~c:1.i.; 1..teA/1.u.p.:te.d ho,uz.o n. view, 011.e. 611..e..ig h.:te!L-6 and o.:theA -6 hA.p.o , b.f..a.zin.g .owu w, :the.. 11..oma.nc.e. o 6 a luo.:to11..y a 6 c.o;nmeAc.e. a.nd -6 hipwtte..c.k.-6 and o:th V1./2 • · -116- �Cheboygan County has approximately 32.5 miles of Lake Huron coastline, beginning at the famous Mackinaw Bridge and extending easterly to the Presque Isle County line. There are two municipalities; the City of Cheboygan and the Village of Mackinaw City, and three townships; Mackinaw, Beaugr~rtd and • 1· Benton situated on the County's shoreline as well. The shore is mostly residentially developed with scattered commercial development. Harbors are located in Mackinaw City and at the mouth of the I I Cheboygan River in Cheboygan. Duncan Bay. A State Park is located east of Cheboygan in II The Cheboygan River drains into Lake Huron from six northern I Michigan counties including the lakes of Burt, Mullet, and Black. This water- shed also composes the Inland Water Route which provides many miles of travel for thousands of recreational watercraft each year. iI, '\ Other drainage along :1 the Cheboygan County coastline is provided through small coastal watersheds. It is because of these valuable coastal resources Cheboygan has recognized their importance to the I .I that the County of County. Additionally, through documentat i on of this coastal section , C~etoygan County is also recognizing the value .of its coastal rescurc 2: . Coastal Boundary It is important to identi fy c'.,c,; e lc:.nd and wate-::- resources which will be focused upon in t hi s coastal ~a n ag~~2nt plan for the Co unty. By identiI ' fying the coastal bou~tary , no a ddit i onal State or Fed eral regulations will be imposed on land u;:es within this area. It i. s ir,t,!,J.C:ed to identify that area where the pr c g~a m can con c entrate future se~~~c ~= ~; both local and State goverrun :;::~ts. II �By federal definition, the coastal area must extend lakeward to include all islands, submerged lands and waters of the Great Lakes to the state or international boundary line. Although Mackinac and Bois Blanc · Islands are within the jurisdiction of Mackinac County in the Upper Peninsula, these ~' islands are included in their entirety within the coastal area. Landward, various criteria has been used to identify the boundary including: ~ * MeM ha.vbig dJ.Jr.ec;t and <>igru.6,foan.-t: ,i_mpa.c;t upon. c.oM.ta.1.. ---- wa:t.eM. * EMay ,i.den,t,i.nie.d phy<iic.al 011., c.u.Uu!ta.l 11.,oad/2, <> e_c;t,i.o n. Une<i, etc.. * Ew-thz.g £.a.n.d U<> e_ oe.a.:twz.e<i <iuc.h aJ.:, ~ . _ ,o . - ..-" · -~-_,,,. - pat:te_11.,M. Additionally , t he one thousand (1000) foot limit has also been recommended in St at e ~egi s lation. The following writt en c e finition describes the landward bounda ry of the coa stal a r ea in Cheboygan County . Map 27. provides visual interpretat i on of th"' boundary a s well (:the. boi ,.!~Lt-'1.i! wUhbi .the W!f ~ 06 Che boygan. ha,o be.e.n. e.x,:. c"!-i..:'.c.J ) • Beg-lnnhig a.:t f-fwwn Av e.nu.e. a nd -the ;i.icLc.ma.iJJ Btudge., ptc..oc.ee.d ;?..a..,~. ;c c:.:id lo u.tft oj_m:J /!u.t:.c:;,r Av e.nu.e. wheJLe. U futz.no -liuo !:S-- 23. Fo.UcM ?<glmi-..'l.tj US- 23 in a lou..the..M.tC/u.JJ M/1..C:..c:.,t !..G n. bi.ta Aictc.iuna.LJJ TOWn-6 hip u.vi,.U ,,t , ·" ,, "<~" , 1; ::fJ •, 1 ·t / ·., , . ,,t,~'<'.A,,~ .? an· ' .,Le_a.C,,UJ.9 r. ,~ . JJ-r ~,l..r. .',.,', ~J.1:'.. CU,.. .. Uu , l,{,:, ),U./ a c.on.-ti.n.u.c. c,)on!:: US - 2 3 rm UY-. tc..e.c:.c.hJ..'11.g :!J,.~~ C.CA.teJtn. Chi:.bv ygc:.;: :,.:,L~: -~.C.."',;:t.,,s . On :Uie. WC,;).t0"~r,. J!..,Ln,i,;Lj ;;:1.0 c.e.<?.,d a.ga..i.n c'...t:mg u.;- Z3 u ntil tc..e.a.c.iung .t he. Cf,E!J c y~; an.Piu:.. !iq tte. I,~f':.. ,· -,,u1.,ty .ej_y1.e_ . Spec ial Coa s ta l ___~:_:: One of i.: ,.:. of Con cern ,,-v,s t impor t a nt asp ect s of Michigan's Coc1s ;-al Management Prograt' is the identificition ~E specific coa st a l l a nd~ a nd wa ters which experience - 128- �CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COASTAL BOUNDARY CHANNEL J. ... .,. I l l [. HURON ... ., t 0 u i l7 N T. 37 N T ,a N. �MAP 23 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY SHORETYPE . NAME OF BEACH SHORETYPE Wilderness Park ~~d cobbles with some sand and bo ulders with no bluff. Slope ! -0xfmately one foot in 20 feet. ~~~ r Cecil Bay .-·3." ,=- and cobbles at waters edge and ·,:-:y ,and rvith some gravel on dry .. -~,· .. '., No blu.ff, just a small sand r: :..,'. '· Arbutus J~ .\. l, Waugoshance ~ith fi ~A a nd coarse gravel . 35 •.!:_~ · ·· c ; :_ tff composed of gravel) .. :· ·_:: ,·. d2.~1ge r. .. .L J_ (r .- - , - ·'= Duncan Bay ·Jo ·>o Grass Bay :-c::.• ·, ;.:_. 1. . p~at-like material. ·_•)!)e o:1e foot in 80 to tds. ' '.,·!::ti. ·,r s :t:•.1 •..- •_;_ 3cac:2red gravel. 35.J,_ b _· ,~ :,an,.1 .:,11-es .Li1 some areas . ·,;, ·: ' ,, ; th ·.- ,,:- ;_r.Lt;, 1.mounts of gravel. t:,, ,_ ~ ~ .2c) '. nd high bluffs . 1:-2j f~eL; ,r~s~n~, ~omposed of sand Nine Mile Poi:1t i.,~·, ;_ ·. u..:. SouJtc.e.: ·,' n.:.: bluff . Slope approx•· c:~ in 25 feet. i ·. De.p:.L't.:or. e.} 1,,:t 795g. " ' .: ,: \. ' ,__v - - . ·.::.': ~ 1 / \ 1• - 'l �These areas~ called Mea.l:, 06 problems or which offer opportunities. PaJC.;t,i,.c.u..laJL Conc.eJtn (APC'S) - merit special consideration in the aspirations of private citizens, and in the actions of state, federal, and · local governments. As such areas and their management concerns are identified, the coastal program will bring APC's to the attention· of people · or agencies which have the ability and authority to take helpful action. : ;( An A/tea. . . , 06 PaJC.;t,i,.c.u..laJt Conc.eJtn is a formal statement of interest in a specific coastal site which recommends a course of action to protect or develop the site's special value. Each APC nomination consists of a specific description of an important coastal land and/or water area, plus a ·__ statE:Illent of how that area could best ·~e used. also be added in the nomination form. .J l ! 1 Ownership and other information may Additionally, each AP,C is categorized according to their character into one of the following: Mea.l:, on Na.twc.a.l HazaJtd to Vevel.opme.nt -- includes the various types of erosion or flood prone areas; Mea.l:, Sen.tiilive W A.Ue1ta;tlon 0/t V-l6.twibanc.e -- includes ecologically sensitive areas, natural areas, sand dunes, and islands; Mea.l:, Fui.6,U,Un.g Re.Mea;tlonal. 0/t Cu.ltwutt Neecu. -- inc;l.udes areas which are or sho~ld be managed to recognize recreation, historic, educational, archaeologic or other. cultural values; A/tea.):, 06 In.:ten.tiive o/t Con6U~n.g U~e -- includes coastal lakes, river mouths, bays, and urban areas; A/tea.):, 06 Na.twc.a.l Ee.anomic. Pote.n:tlal. -- includes water transpor.1 tation facilities, mineral and energy resource areas, prime industrial sites, and prime agricultural areas; and Me,o.,/2 06 P/te6e1tva;tlon. 0/t Ru,to~on. -- a special category made up of the highest priority areas of all kinds, especially those needing immediate management attention for acquisition, preservation or restoration. Any citizen, public official, interest group or agency can nominate a coastal site as an AFC and any given site can be nominated more than once. �.,. In 1977, the Cheboygan Water Resources Advisory Committee was organized, and reviewed all APC nominations within the County and provided input into _Michigan's Coastal Management Program. County residents, local officials, . interest groups and resource pe~ple from the Cheboygan area composed the ' ,,; membership on this Committee>. Additionally, · the Cheboygan County Planning Commission· reviewed, nominated·, .. 'and · supported these APC' s. · As a result· of the Committee's and Planning Commission's efforts, the following Meo.,!, 06 Pa/L.tlc.u..f.aJr. Conc.eJtn haye been . identified along Lake Huron in Ch~boygan County. Additional information such as the location, classification, County priority and management reco~endation appears with each APC. - :.·.:- ..~----:-,-~-- ;! ;.. AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN 1. Mackinaw Bridge location - T.39N.-R.3W., Section 7 primary classification - Water Transportation county priority - High management recommendation ,- Identify and inventory as such with no further action. Sufficient state authority to regulate and control use. 2. Mackinaw Point Lighthouse , location - T. 39N. -R. 3W., Section 7 primary. classification - Historic and Archeologic county priority - Undecided management recommendation - Identify and inventory as such. Sufficient state authority to preser ve site. 3. Mill Creek Site location - T.39N.-R.3W., P.C. 334 primary classification - .Historic and Archeologic county priority - High management recommendation - Develop and implement a restoration plan f or this historic industrial site by Mackinac Island State Park Commission. Encourage program funding _ for this purpose. 4. City - State Harbor (MaQ/una.w City) location - T.39N.-R.3W., Section 8 primary classification - Water Transportation county priority - High management reconnnendation - Identify and inventory as such with no further action needed. Sufficient state and local control to manage site. -132- ,. �MAP 29 CHEBOYGAN COUNTY 11 '. AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN l ~- n MACKINAW LAKE HURON ---------I I I HEBRON ~ I I I .Jl I· I I BEAUGRAND 9 I ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - .1- - - - - - - - - - .... J CHEBOYGAN L--r-- ' ,, I I I I I .J BENTON I I ✓ ., I 'I ________________________________________________... ..:---~· �·, AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN concluded 5. 6. Cheboygan River location - T.38N.-R.1W., Sections 29,31, and 32. Extending upstream to Cheboygan Dam.primary classification - River mouth county priority - High ~management recommendation - New bridge construction should alleviate major traffic problems at US-23 crossing of drawbridge. Complete construction of new marina downstream of drawbridge to completely eliminate water and road traffic problems. Support improvement of DNR boat launch facifitf. Cheboygan Marsh location - T.38N.-R.1W., Sections 28,29, and 30 , primary classification - Ecologically Sensitive county priority - Undecided .• - -management recommendation - Encourage -continued good management practices by City of Cheboygan in · this wetland area·. Support efforts by city to · receive coastal prog~am funding to continue proper management. · . - ·.. -· .. Cheboygan State Park' location - T.38N.-R.1W., Section 27 primary dlassificat ion - Recreation county priority - Low management recommendation - Identify and inventory as such. Sufficient state authority to manage area at present time. _ 7. ' ", 8. Duncan Bay Wetlands location - T.38N.-R.1W., ~ections 22 and 27 primary classification - Ecologically Sensitive county priority - High management recommeridation - Support a~d encourage efforts fo r public acquisition through state supported program of those areas privately owned. Present state owned land will ensure preservation of coastal ¥etlands. 9. Grass Bay location - T.38N.-R.1W., Section 25; T.38N.-R.1E., Sections 19 and 30 primary classification - Natural county priority - Low management recommendation - Support efforts by state agencies to acquire land into public ownership. 10. Cheboygan County High Risk Erosion Areas location - see map primary classification - High Risk Erosion county priority - High managemertt recommendation - DNR Land Resource Programs Division should provide technical assistance to local units of government to improve management in these areas. -· •, I::,;,,. ,1: ,i'- 1 i1: I' l r �··- __..,,. CHEBOYGAN COUNTY , _ COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PART II CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN '- · --.... August 1979 The Cheboygan County Comprehensi.ve .Plan is divided into several parts for convenience of publica·tion and use. The Table of Contents includes all of these parts. Part i, Cheboygan County Description, Data and Goals gives an overview of the county, its people, economy, acti vi.ties·, services, environment and goals. Part II addresses the goals established in Part .I for land use planning and recommends polici es, zoning districts and standards for attainment of those goals • .. ·,. ·:'. ·\.·.• ·.:. · ·.·. ·. ~': .· �\ TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I CHEBOYGAN COUNTY DESCRIPTION, DATA AND GOALS Introduction The Comprehensive Plan • Planning In Cheboygan County ; The Planning Approach • • • ~ Regional Setting • • • • • - • - • ·- • - • . • • - .. - '9 - • - ~ - • ... ~ .. .. . .. . .• . .• .• • .. .,I • _ _ _.. / ! : • . People • . History • • • • • • Population • • • • : 1 • • Growth Patterns . ,. • Migration Patterns • • /. • • _Age Distribution •• • /· • • Race and Origin •• , / • • • Population Density and Geographic Population ~rejections .,. • • • • • Activities Residential Commercial Industri al Recreation . Agriculture Fores t/Open • •• . '. 5 8. i • . 159 .. . . 15 • v 29~.cc- ... -~ .~ . 29 • J6 . . • JS 41 • 4J • 44 • 47 50 • 53 • • 57 • 57 . . 59 • 60 62 • • Space Services Communication Transportation Energy- Supply Water Supply Sewage Disposal Solid Waste Public Safety • Education Higher Education Health and Welfare . . 2 4 4 17 • • • 18 • • • 20 Distribution22 • • • • 26 Economy • • • • •• I • Economic Structure • • • Income • • • • •. Family Income • • Personal Income. • • • • Labor Force • • • .' • Employment and Unemployment. • Education. • • . l . • • . . .. 64 . 66 . 67 72 72 .• 72 . .. . . . .• . 73 . . .• .• . • . • .• •• • • 74 . • • . • . 75 . 75 . .• • .• , • • 77 . .. �. . .. . . ... . 80 !nvirorunent . . • Climate • . . • • • . • • • . • . . • • • • • 82 Air Pollution • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • 82 Geolog:y- . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • 85 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Surface Water • • . . • • • • • . • • • . . • 108 Ground Water . • • • • . . . • . • . • . . llJ Vegetation • • • • . • • . • . . • • • • . 116 Wildlife and Fish • • • • . . • . . . . • • 119 Minerals . • • • • • • • . . • . • . • • • 124 Coastal Management • . • . . • • • . . • . 12&·. 138 tand Use . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 139 Economic Development . . . • • . . . • . • 140 Recreation • • • . . . . . . . . . . • • . -140 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 140 Government and Infrastructure . lajor Goals for Cheboygan County . . . • • . •• .... PART M CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN ::§'itroducti.o n . . • . . . • • . • . • . • . . . • 1 ?olicies for Attainment of Goals • • • . . • • . 1 :and Use/Zoning District Concepts and Standards • 3 :lrotection Districts • . • • • • . . . • . . . . 4 ~nagement Districts . • • • . . . , , , . . . • 8 Jevelopment Districts . , • • • . . . . . . • • . 10 furrent and Proposed Future Land Use . . . . . . 15 lPPENDIX A. Land Use Definitions PART fil CKEBOYGAN COUNTY WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN PART 11: CHEBOYGAN COUNTY RECREATION PLAN PART T CHEBOYGAN COUNTY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN �CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE PLAN A . . INTRODUCTION. This land use plan addresses those goals which in PART I of the Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan were considered applicable to land use planning. During preparation of this plan, steps have been taken to obtain public participation and input, including a public hearing. Officials and plans of adjacent counties and of incorporated areas have been consulted to assure compatibility. The plan is now considered appropriate for Cheboygan County and has a great potential when impl~mented for improving the quality of future development, improving the health, safety and welfare of the people and for restraining undesireable land uses. B. POLICIES FOR ATTAINMENT OF GOAIS. The policies presented here for attainment of goals are considered a minimum. After implementation of the plan, periodic reviews and further experience may result in amended or additional policies. _... _ 1. To provide for proper protection, management and -enhancement of natural resources. , a, Maintain and improve air quality and discourage activities which would have a detrimental · impact on airz·qu-a-Jd..;ty:.-=-·( l) Require compliance with all state and federal air quality standards. · · b. Maintain high water quality standards. (1) Regulate the use of all land and water areas that · influence water quality (including wetlands, shorelands, flood prone areas and ground water supplies) to ensure that water quality is ' not adversely affected. (2) Regulate dredging, filling, draining and alteration of shoreland areas so as to prevent water pollution, prevent destruction of wildlife habitat and minimize change in the water table or water level. (J) Limit development on lakes, ponds and rivers in accordance with their capabilities. Consider recrea-t ional potential, trophic state, distance from public access and size of the lake or river in determining capability. Recognize that the higher the quality of the waters, the more susceptible they are to · degradation from development and the greater their value for water oriented recreation. (4) Encourage the relocation of development presently in the flood prone areas and susceptible to flodd damage, to nonflood prone areas. Prohibit new buildings in flood prone areas, (5) Encourage the cooperative use of docks, access sites and boat launching facilities on lakes and rivers. Encourage public access via these points whenever possible, c. Soil resources. (1) Determine development suitability, using soil capability as a major determinant. (2) Regulate structural development in areas with identified topographic hazards, (J) Encourage timber harvesting and agricultural practices that reduce the possibility of soil erosion. (4) Establish performance standards for the operation and restoration of gravel pits and other extraction operations, 1 �d. Fish and wildlife habitat. (1) Protect areas and ecosystems demonstrated to be necessary to maintain and enhance species of fish and wildlife. Regulate land use in those habitats judged to be essential to -- the _!5pecies • . (2) Regulate land uses to protect fish . spawning -and nursery areas. e. Recreational areas. (1) Conserve existing recreational areas. (2) Regulate development in remote and/or undeveloped recreational areas to ensure conservation of natural values~or such uses as canoe routes, hiking/cross country skiing trails and trailside camping. (J) Encourage diversified, non-intensive use of most natural recreational resources. (4) Provide opportunity for well planned recreational developments for _w hich demand, along with minimum impact on the natural environment, can be adequately demonstrated. -- - -f. Shorelands, scenic vistas and scenic areas. g. Resources and areas of scientific or historic value. h. Resources identified as being rare, unique or endangered. ( 1) Regulate lan_d use activities to prevent-:- degr,,i-da tion -J or loss of such areas or resources. / . 2. Cm.To promote orderly, effici"entsl and econ_omical future growt h and development. a. To preserve and improve agricultural ·and forest activities in areas which are currently or potentially highly productive. (1) Limit development that will interfere with continued agricul ture and forest activities. (2) Encourage multiple use of forest resources for t i mber harvesting, outdoor recreatiori, wildlife habitat and enhancement of water quality • . (J) Restrict creation of new public roads in forest areas to preserve traditional character and quality of the woodland areas. b. To provide healthy, safe, orderly and pleasant living · and working conditions . (1) Promote orderly, balanced growth by limiting new _ high density residential construction to existing developed areas where adequate public facilities a~d services are available. (2) Allow opportunity for secluded single unit residential construction set apart from the - existing patterns of development. Mandate low densities for such structures to maintain the character of the area and ensure that such de ·,,elopment will not cause deterioration of productive agriculture and forestry sites or identified natural areas. (J) Limit the total amount of all residential and recreational development permitted on lakes, lake shores and rivers in accordance with such factors as the availability of access, trophic state, soil conditions and existing development. (4.) Establish minimum standards for residential construction. (5) Establish standards and designate areas for mobile home sites. 2 ,--- �(6) Establish standards and designate areas for new industry and commerce. (7) Encourage the development of the Cheboygan City central business district as the service center for all of Cheboygan County. c. To encourage high quality of development. (1) Require that new construction fit harmoniously into the existing environment. (2) Carefully consider the quality of site planning and building layout before approving development proposa~s outside desi~ated development areas. (J) Require the use of buffers and/or landscaping to conceal conflicting uses from each other and to improve the scenic quality of shorelines and roadways. · (4) Require that all recreational, commercial and industrial developments provide for adequate loading, parking and circulation. Limit the number and size of outdoor signs. (5) Require that new utility lines, pipelines and public transportation right-of-ways and their associated facilities be located away from scenic areas or be landscaped so they do not de~rade a scenic area. ( 6) Deny development proposals that would ~excecce'd~ ~- · known water supply capabilities. (7) Regulate the disposal of all sewage, solid waste, manure and septic sludge. Prohibit their disposal in flood prone areas or on excessibely wet or permeable soils. (8) Encourage development that is energy efficient and that incorporates the best practical technology to conserve energy and prevent air and water pollution. (9) Encourage building developments that utilize the grouping of buildings to provide common space and a village-like character. Discourage random, unplanned developments along highways that disrupt traffic flow and/or destroy scenic values. (10) Update and revise Cheboygan County Zoning Ordinance No. 100, establish subdivision regulations and establish development standards to guide future development. ---e-. LAND USE1ZONING DISTRICT CONCEPTS AND STANDARDS. Proposed Districts. The proposed districts for Cheboygan County are described here in concept. To satisfy the requirements of a zoning ordinance, spec-ific and more detailed regulations and standards will have to be developed. These districts are recommended for the unincorporated areas of the county. In mapping areas to define land use/zoning districts, the prime concern should be identification of resources needing protection. Protection districts, once established, will not be subsequently reduce by the delineation of management or development districts. Whenever districts overlap, the standards of the more restrictive district will apply. Once the proposed districts hav e been admpted, they should be reviewed at least ~v~r~~~ years. At these reviews, revisions suggested by new da. -rs-;- experience and new resource information should be reviewed at public hearings. 1. J f �Cheboygan County Zoning Ordinance No. 100 now establishes five zoning districts. This land use plan proposes seven more, for a total of twelve. With the additional districts, more flexibility is provided to the administrators and they well be better equipped to make and defend rational decisions and to maintain the continuity of this plan. Figure 1 on page 5 presents the rationale for the proposed districts. 2. Protection Districts. Protection districts should be . established where development would jeopardize significant nautural,' recreational and historic resources, including but not limited to flood plains, precipitous slopes, wildlife habitat and other areas critical to the ecology of the county. The protection districts do not prevent new development. They identify the areas where a degree of protection is necessary and indicate how development will be regulated to achieve the protection required to conserve the resources. Four protection districts have been proposed. - Some districts which define areas where development can cause severe consequences are fairly restrictive as to the land uses which can be permitted. Others, like the Lake and Stream Protection Overlay District, allow a broader range of development acti vi ties-:- as -:. .;long as they meet the standards of the underlying district. In all protection districts, permits requiring compliance with minimum standards will be required for all development. NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION DISTRICT (P-NR) PURPOSE: The purpose of this district - is to protect, preserve and enhance those natural, recreational, historic and other scenic resources including such resources as wetlands, aquifer recharge areas, flood hazard zones, fish spawing areas, wildlife habitats, parks, campgrounds, swimming areas, historic structures, archeological discoveries, sc i entific and educational facilities, open spaces and similar resources which are deemed to be a significant contribution to the character of Cheboygan County. Certain land use controls are required to protect the county against natural and man-made - hazards which if left unregulated, may result in water supply contamination, flood damage to property, malfunctioning on-site waste disposal systems, loss of fish and wildlife habitats, destruction of historical structures or archeological remains, loss of recreational opportunities and many other problems which can be pr~vented. Development in these designated areas of Cheboygan County must be closely observed and regulated to prohibit those activities which may threaten the above listed qualities which this district is designed to protect. · DESCRIPTION: This district will include: 1. All coastal and inland wetlands, whether natural or man-made. 2. Aquifer and aquifer recharge areas indentified as important for water wupply to present and future development. 3. Areas which ha v e ·a history of flooding and areas where seri ous flooding can reasonably be predicted. 4 _, �4. All important wildlife and fishery habitats including, but not limited to: deer wintering areas, lakeshore and island nesting areas, significant fish spawning, nursery and feeding areas, and habitats of state .and ._i'ederally_listeQ_ endangered or threatened fish and wildlife species. -5. Soils and terrains which might be subject to accelerated erosion, mass movement or damage from development. 6. Trail systems, canoe streams and other remote areas which afford p assive outdoor recreational opportunities. 7. Man-made or natural features which provide special historic, scenic, aethetic, educational, archeological, architectural, or scientific values to the county or state. STANDARDS: The following regulations apply to this district: 1. Sanitary land fills, mineral extraction and other filling, draining and dredging operation are prohibited. Such activities for demonstrated transportation or utility projects may be permitted as a conditional use. ·----=-- ~--~·- __ 2. Industrial, commercial and residential development on steep slopes are prohibited. 3. Silbicultural and agricultural operations must submit management plans to address potential problems (such as erosion and s e dimentation) caused by such activities. 4. The manufacturing, use and disposal of flammable substances, p e sticides or other harmful, toxic materials are prohibited. 5- Moving of dirt or other earth materials which divert or speed the flow of surface waters is prohibited. 6. Any use which endangers or degrades historical structures or archeological remains is prohibited. 7- New development in areas with a defined natural or certain architectural character must enhance or be compatible with those e x isting qualities. 8. Passive outdooi recreational facilities or activities are permitted by right, provided they do not require public services o r utilities. 9. Redistricting the lands within this district to developmentoriented districts is discourag~d. 5. �RATIONALE FOR PROPOSED CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LAND USE DISTRICTS i , -u r . MAJOR I OALS & OBJECTlYES PROPOSED LAND USE DISTRICTS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL 0.-NEED FOR PROTECTION :, t 'rotect and nhance NaturaJ, :esources l'., -NR -RR -CA *P-LS I 1aintain Chara~ter if Certain Lar'ge ·. reas I 'reserve & Imppove { ·' orest and ~griculture ' .ctivities J; PROTECTION • • 11 Natural Resource Recreation Cultural Area Lake & Stream Overlay MANAGEMENT ii'v1-NC Natural Character *M-FO Forestry *M-AG Agriculture •' >romote Orderly ~uture Growth and )evelopment '/ I D-PD *D-RS D-MR *D-CM D-IN DEVELOPMENT Planned Unit Dev, Residential Dev, Mixed Residential Commercial Dev, Industrial Dev. I Very limited potential for development. Development is closely regulated. · only development permitted is that which is forest or agriculture related, All other development is limited and regulated. Development permitted which is forest or agriculture related, Low _density residential permitted on large lots, Development permitted in accordance with zoning regulations for each district, Needs the most protection due to hazards of flooding, erosion, sedimentation, and potential harm to water quality, 'wildlife habitat & recreational resources. Needs high degree of protection to ensure preservation of natural character, Needs intermediate degree of protection to ensure that resources continue to produce a sustained yield! Needs least protection because only those most suitable for development will be so zoned, I * Zoning ·districts which are already established by Chebo ygan County Zoning Ordinance No, 100, -t-Protection Districts, P-NR; P-RP; P-CA and Management Districts M-NC are discused individually _ in the text. However for developing & Zoning Ordinance and establiching Zoning Districts~ it is . proposed that they will be : combined into a single zorting district with designati~on P-NR (Natura~ Resource District) ,/ •~ I I , .,' • \0., ' �RECREATION PROTECTION DISTRICT (P-RR) The purpose of this district is to provide a degree of protection from development and some recreational uses to those areas that support significant primitive recreation activities. By so doing, the natural enviroment that is so essential a part of the recreational experience will be conserved. · DESCRIPTION: This district includes, but is not limited to, trail systems, remote ponds, canoe streams and other bodies of water that are removed from major access routes and are currently not developed for other than primitive recreational activities. The district shall include the resource and a buffer area large enough to protect it from the intrusion of development and to assure _that the natural character of its surroundings is retained. _-__ STANDARDS: No structural development other than that essential t-6'-=-f -fie"' enjoyment of a particular primitive recreation activity or activities (such as tent sites for camping) will be permitted in this district. Timber harvesting and mineral extraction (including ~ravel or borrow pits) essential to land management and roa~ maintenance will be permitted provided these activities conform to minimum standards designed to ensure the continuity of the recreational pot;,;:, 1 L-lal. CULTURAL AREA PROTECTION DISTRICT (P-CA) PURPOSE: To protect historic, educational, scientific, archaeological and other resources identified as being susceptible to undue degradation and that cannot be prot ected by other districts. Other resources would include the direst watersheds of those lakes or ponds especially susceptible to degradation by man's activities. DESCRIPTION: This district shall include all those areas of significant value in conserving structures, sites, objects, phenomena or natural systems of special historic, scenic, aesthetic, educational, archaeological, architectural, natural or scientific value to the region or the state. STANDARDS: Only those uses that would endanger or degrade such designated areas or resources will be prohibited. All other permitted uses will be regulated to conform with standards formulated to protect the special values of each area. The standard will ensure that new uses are compatible with the nature and/or architectural styles of the district. · 7 �LAKE AND STREAM PROTECTION OVERLAY DISTRICT (P-LS) PURPOSE: The shorelands of the lakes and streams in Cheboygan County are, generally, more sensitive and have wetter soils than other areas of the county. By establishing this type of district in the zoning ordinance, the county will recognize the fragile nature of these environoments and the importance of protecting them. It is not the intent of t his district to exclude development from waterfr6nt 1 property, but rather to place certain guidelines on this development so as to minimize its impact upon the environment. DESCRIPTION: While the exact boundary of this district will be established by the Zoning Commission on the official zoning map, the district shall extend inland from the normal high water mark for 500 feet except whe re it is demonstrated that this is impossible. It shall app ly to all sensitive shoreland property in the county~ This dist ri ct will not regulate what types of land uses.:; -c.arE;;;;::to ·J? e allowed or prohibited on the shore, but rather increases structural setbacks, widens greenbelts and simialar controls so that development in these areas will not pollute the water or destroy the shoreland environments. As the district's name implies, it is overlaid (or superimposed) on top of the regular zoning district, such as residential or commercial, and does not affect the controls which must be adhered to under those districts . This district should only a pply to those waterfront properties where the natural environment is too fragile or sensitive for development under normal conditions . 0 STANDARDS: Any proppsed development on waterfront property in this district shall require a special use permit issued by the Zoning Commission. However, before the Zoning Commission issues such a permit, the developer will be required to submit a site plan which shows all property lines, shoreline, location of all structures to be built, and other appropriate information _ . The Zoning Commission shall review this site plan to ensure that the development meets the waterfront setback requirements, density, placement of septic systems or other waste disposal methods, as well as suitablity of the soil, constraints on removal of vegetation, placement of docks, boathouses, and boat launching sites, and other requirements as stipulated in the ordinance. Approval by the Zoning Commission shall be required before construction is allowed. ·· - •, 3. MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS. Generally, management areas are those which are appropriate for production of commercial forest or agricultural products where there are no plans for additional development and additional development is not anticipated.Standards .to be established for management districts shall.not limit the right, - - - --···•~ ---~ -~- - - - --- 8 ·. -·· - .. - --- �method or manner of cutting or removing timber or crops, the construction and maintenance of hauling roads, the operation of machinery or the erection of buildings and other product purposes, including tree farms. The difference between the Natural Character Management District and the Forestry and the Agricultural Management Districts is that the former prohibits any development not directly related to forestry and agriculture or primitive recreation, while the latter permits some development not related to forestry and agriculture. NATURAL CHARACTER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (M-NC) PURPOSE: To maintain and preserve some of the areas that characterize the natural outdoor flavor and spirit of certain undeveloped areas of the county and to permit only forestry and agricultural practices and primitive recreation. Unrelated development that might interfere with these activities and natural values will not be permitted. DESCRIPTION: This district will encompass areas identified as being significant because of their remoteness, lack of development, incidence of special recreation resources and opportunities for primitive recreation such as hunting, fishing, canoeing, hiking, skiing and camping. The district may include different protection districts and/or existing developed areas within its boundaries. It shall be large enough to ensure the conservation of the above mentioned values and may in c lude g r oups of remote lakes, ponds, hills, valleys, wetlands and other natur a l features. STANDARDS: Forestry and agr i cultural practices will be permitted except that when pr o tection districts are included in this district, they shall be regulated by the standards of the districts that are stricter. Primitive recreational activities will be permitted without commi ssion r e vi e w. No other development will be allowed except that which is essential to the support of primitive recreation activities such as trailside camp sites anq remote camps that are associated with traditional seasonal uses and require no public services. Development districts within this district shall not be expanded into it nor shall Planned Unit Development be permitted. FORESTRY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (M-FO) PURPOSE: To permit forestry practices to occur with minimal interference from unrelated development. A secondary purpose is to permit individuals to reside in relative seclusion apart from developed areas. 9 �DESCRIPTION: Forestry Management Districts being used, or appropiate for and other forest products and development are not presently ment anticipated. will consist of those areas already use, for the production of timber for which plans for additional formulated nor is additional develop- STANDARDS: Farm settlements and all other residential uses will be controlled through the special use permit procedure. A special use permit will be required to use areas within the forestry management district for single family or mobile homes, private parks, campgrounds, recreational camps, resorts, boat liveries, mines, quarries, graval pits and similar uses not directly connected with production of forest products. Minimum lot sizes, frontages and generous setbacks from public roads will be established. Single family dwellings shall be permitted only on lots of 20 acres or more. Subdivisions as defined in this plan will not be permitted. Any use which would require an increase in public facilities and services shall be carefully reviewed by the ·zoning commission prior to approval. AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (M-AG) PURPOSE: To ~rovide for agriculture uses and practices with minimal interference from unrelated development and to encourage the maintenance of productive farm and agricultural land for the production of food. DESCRIPTION: Agricultural Management Districts are areas currently used predominantly for production of agricultural products and undeveloped areas with a ~igh potential for agricultural use even though they ar e not being used for that purpose. STANDARDS: Construction or establishment of residential buildings, not related to Agricultural activities, commercial or industrial buildings and activities, utility services and public roads will require . approval by the zoning commission. Uses which would have a negative impact or influence on the maintenance of agricultural activities will not be permitted. The conditions that apply to residential and ot h er building development in the Mixed Residential Development District shall apply to development in this district except that the following shall also apply: -Subdivisions as defined in this plan shall not be permitted. -A minimum living area per single family residence shall be established. -Minimum lot sizes and frontages shall be established. -A generous setback from any public road shall be required. 10 �_ 4. D2Yelou::-:e!lt Districts. /ill of tr;e .::evelo:v~.ent dis.:.ric-::.s ex cent the Planned Uni -E Devel o::,:nen t Dis t.r i ct a 11 ow for c eve 1 o:p:,,en t acti~ity in a broad r2.nge of circi..:..,:s"t.2.nces. 'l'r1ey will be are2.s disc2rnible as having patterns of intensive residential, recreational, commercial or industrial use, or of co~mercial re~oval of minerals or other natural resources, and areas appropriate for c.esignation as development districts when ;;,e2.sure age.inst the purpose, intent and provisions of this land use plan. ~ost boundaries will encompass existing developed areas and those adjacent areas where eno~gh infor~ation is available to cake a dee is ion in accordance with this plan. "Adjacent areas" shall mean areas or land parcels within the vicinity of existing patterns of building development. In deter-mining adjacency, the COIT:.;"!Ji ssion shall endeavor to create homcgenous development areas wh~re the benefits of shared community services can be enjoyed. Spr~ad out linear patterns of development will be avoided and discouraged, Adjacency to non-structural development, such as a coffimercial gravel pit or stone quarry shall not, - however, by itself be sufficient reason for the extension of that district for unrelated co~mercial or industrial uses. Most land development activities will require a site specific permit. The Planned Unit Develop~ent District differs from the other develoument districts in that it is not mapped until ·after an acceptable application for a site development is submitted by' · a landowner to the commis§_,i9,l}~ Tbe . purpose of the PUD district is to provide for flexibility~ iri - the regulation of land development. Unpredicted development proposals or site development distant from existing develop~ent can be regulated by stanc.ards established in advance in the zoning ordinance. Site develoument plans prepared by the person or persons e~~}~in% to_devel?pe the property will be reviewed and evaluated, •. uo_ic nearings will be held and explicit information 2.bout e-ch cevelopill en~ application will be required. The intent of this a ?rocedur~ ~s to ensure quality development, design flexibility 7 nd a 1:1-~ifie_d . . . approach to planning in any district where the integri~y of Lhe area should be protected and minimally affected by new aevelopment. PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPJV:ENT DISTRICT (D-PD) PURPOSE: !~n dprovi~: for_flexib~lit~ in the re~Jlation of land develon~ent encou.-' age innovation in land ·u se. The intE:nt is to uermi t 0 aevelopment apart from existing develonment areas as wpll-~s development ~hich is not clearly defin~d in the other districts Such propo~e? development must be shown to be of high quality · and not deLrimental to the other values established in . . . he l~nd u se plan.~ P:rmit will be granted only after a public ~eari~g ~~dta!ter it n~s been . . . esta?lis0ed by a preponderance of. evidence L,a Lhe loc~tion of Lhe site is well suited for the use. Wher~ ~ P~anned Unit Development is approved, it shall not provide the asis for subsequent rezoning of the Planned Unit Development to another development district. · DESCRIPTION, Planned Unit Dev~lopment can be almost any use of land rovided the develop~ent is compatible wit0 adjacent uses of lan~, the ~at:1- 1r~l_environment and the capacities of public services and aci ities affected by the proposed land use. 11 �STAJ-:DARDS 1 All Planned Unit Developments will be required to meet the standards established for the Mixed Residential, Commercial and/or Industrial Development districts. In addition, all applicants shall provide a site plan. Procedures and requirements, specifying amount of detail required, for submission and approval of site plans shall be specified in the zoning ordinance. Applicants will also provide evidence that, -Public services and facilities will be capable of accomodating the increased load which will be caused by the proposed land use or activity. -Where public services and facilities will not be adequate or available, the development will be self sustaining in terms - _o f needed services such as sewage disposal, water supply, road maintenance, snow removal, policing and fire control . . -The development will be such as to protect natural resources, the health, safety and welfare and the social and economic well being of those who will use the land use or activity under consideration, residents and land O½~ers immediately adjacent to the proposed land use or activity and the community as a whole. __ . . . , r 12 ---- - --=-: --- . -...:.,; --• .,;;..,-~- - . �RESIDENTIAL DEVELOP~~NT DISTRICT (D-RS) PURPOSE: To designate certain areas for single family residential uses only, so as to provide for residential development that is separated from co~mercial development. Concentration of residential develop~ent in and adjacent to existing developed areas will be encouraged. DESCRIPTION1 This district will include existing single family residential areas that are inappropriate as locations for commercial uses. Similar residential development in this district and adjacent areas will be encouraged, However, where single family residential uses occur in the Lake and Stream Protection Overlay Districts, the standards for that district shall apply. STANDARDS 1 Uses permitted in this district, after a permit is given, ~~ shall include all single family residential uses, and those uses commonly associated with residential neighborhood,,such as churches, day nurseries, schools and cemetaries. Customary home activities and occupations will also be permitted providing they conform with standards. Those factors that are considered when reviewing development applications in the Mixed Residential Development District shall also apply in this district. MIXED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (D-MR) PURPOSE, This district will recognize existing patterns of development in appropriate areas and encourage patterns of compatible development in those areas. It is the commission's intent to promote development in and adjacent to existing developed areas rather than in separated locations. These areas shall be the future growth centers because new construction there will fit with existing development and will be more likely to share facilities and lessen the cost of community services (such as police protection and snow removal). The intention is to encourage concentration of new development and avoid the fiscal and visual costs of sprawl and to provide a better sense of community. DESCRIPTION, The Mixed Residential Development District will encowpass patterns of existing development which are primarily residential and/or recreational in aharacter. Irncompatible non-residential development will be separately zoned or treated as a non-conforming use. 13 �The origianl zoning of these districts will include appropriate existing developed areas and adjacent areas where sufficient infor~ation is available concerning their suitability for development. Adjacent areas will be rezoned for development as the resource data is s ade available, either by ,the comJTiission or the land owners. Such rezoning shall be dependent upon a showing of the need for expansion of the existing Mixed Residential Development District , the soil suitability, and the availability of water supply and other services. The commission will also consider the compatability of the proposal with existing local and regional plans and with the principles of sound planning . STANDARDS: Uses permitted in this district, after review and approval, shall include single · and multi-family residential units, subdivisions and other uses wholly compatible with these activities, such as schools, churches and neighborhood stores. Automobile r elated uses, large stores, commercial recreational, entertain8ent or eating establishments, light industrial uses and other c ommercial uses will be treated as conditional uses. The following factors will be considered when reviewing development applications. -State air and water pcillution standards. === -Federal air and water pollution standards -Solid waste disposal. -Water supply. -On site provision for parking, loading and circulation. -Safe entry and exit from and to roads and streets. -Harmonious fit with the environment. -Plumbing requirements. -Recommended minimum and maximum lot sizes. -Soil suitability. -Erosion control and storm water drainage. -Landscaping and buff er areas. -Noise. -Sign control. COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (D-CM) PURPOSE: The intent of Commercial Development Districts is to serve as business orie n ted focal points throughout the county. This designation will apply to lands already used for businesses as well as those lands likely to be developed commercially . It will contain such uses as, but not limited to , auto sales, banks, food stores, motels, bars and similar activities . These and similar activities are compatible with each other and are most· efficient in delivering services to the residents of Cheboygan County when they are grouped together. 14 �~his district is intended to includ~ those land uses within the county which are co~mercially oriented. This would include all areas where such activity is presently occurring as well as t~ose arEas li~ely to be ~eveloped in the future. In addition, areas close to essential public services such as sewer, water, air and rail tr2.~sportation, electricity and others should be seriously considered for ~ses within this district . Any co~mercial activities which are not per:nitted, or are conditional, in the Residential or Mixed 2esidential Develop~ent Districts, belong in th~ Co:-:-_-::i2rcial :Je,'elo:;:,;;;ent Districts. /;ddi tior,al co;:r.:nercial d2velopr:-,ent will be e:r!co·c1r2. 5 ed in existing cor,,rr,ercial districts r .at:her than cr2ating new commercial districts. Co~• ercial strip developm2n ts 2 long ~a j or hi g:-_ ways and :ua j or hi g): v.-ay in te rc~ane;;e s a re ~ndesir2able and shall be avoided. The conditions to be established for activities and construction in a corn.rnercial district shall have as their goal the protection of adjacent and surrounding residential areas from undesireable impact. The zoning ordinance shall specify greenbelt ~nd _buffer _ zone require~ents at the boundaries of commercial districts. In addition to the regulatory requirements of the Mixed Residential Development District, Ehe following requireillents and factors shall be considered in reviewing proposals for development in a Cmr,Jnercial Development District, -Noise, ai r and water pollution. -Adeq~acy of parking, traffic routing and ingress/egress. -Buffer areas of fencing or shrubbery to conceal unsightly activities such as junk yards. -Properly constructed highway ne-twork. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (D-IN) PURPOSE: It is the intent of the Industrial Development District to accomodate the necessary and desirable industrial activities which provide for employment of gounty residents. This district shall incorporate areas of existing industrial uses as well as identifying other areas best suited for development of new or expanded facilities. These future industrial sites would be most appropriately located near existing commercial centers where public utilities and services are available. These areas should also be somewhat removed from exjsting residential, recreation or other conflicting land uses so as to minimize disruption of · surrounding environments. 15 �This dis~rict will contain uses usually associated'with light .3.:;;d }-,e2.·,,·y industrial operatio:;;s, including such acti~ities as w2.reho-~s2s, tnick -'c.er-:-r.inals , fuel y2.rds, r:iachin8 shops, ~anufac~~ring , ?ro~essing and ~ac~2.ging plants, assembly plants, lu~~er s~orage and sales and similar activities. New or expanded operatio~s should be encouraged to locate within this district and disc0uraged from all other districts, including the Co;-;i;:iercial Develop;:-;ent District. Areas adjacent to this district should be zoned for districts allowing less objectionable land uses or ~o act as a bu_ffer area between conflicting land uses. S T_4.NDARDS z The zoni~g ordinance sr.211 spec11y greenbelt and buffer zone req__1-:ire:::~::!ts at the DOi...i...'lC:c.ries of Ind'--lstr-ial Develop:.1ent Districts. j-,\ini • ~un lot s2..ze as a ratio to building size will be specifies to assure t~at adeq__~ate space is provided for such such bu1fer zones and for ?arking and transportation needs. Industrial activity . which produces glare, noise, vibrations, smoke, dust, odors and similar nuisances shall be - regulated so as to confine these nuisances to the Industrial Development District and sh9-).. . l ~~ ---=" conform ~o state and federal environ.mental regulations. Require~ents for proper storage or raw rr,aterials and disposal of industrial wastes s~all be established. Transportation routing shall be required to avoid or minimize passing through residential districts. Existing and proposed gravel or mineral extraction, mining or quarrying operations will be zoned as industrial districts. ?rcposals for development of new extracting and miriing operations shall include plans and committments for reclamation and restoration of the area upon termination of those operations. D. CURR=:NT AND PROPOSED FUTURE LAND USE IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY. This portion of the land use plan will contain maps of the county and townships, accompanied by narrative , legend and boundary designations as necessary to clearly describe the current and proposed future land use and activity for the county. The land use/zoni~g districts which have been proposed in this plan will be used with the maps to describe current and proposed future land use. �. ,. .•, CHE3OYGAN COUNTY COT-,i?REHENSIVE ?Lt:..N PART II, CHEBOYGAN COUNTY h4ND USE Ph~N APPENDIX A, DEFINITIONS Agricultural Activities, Land clearing, tilling, .fertilizing, including spreading and disposal of manure and manure sludge , liming, planting, insect, weed and disease control, harvesting of cultivated crops, pasturing livestock and similar associated activities . .4q_ui.fer1 A stratum or zone below the surface of th.e earth in bedrock or unconsolidated material which is capable of providtng water for wells or springs. Aquifer Recharge Area, An area overlying or adjacent to an aquifer through which ground water percolates and contributes to recharge of th~ system. Borrow Pit, An excavated area where material has been removed for use as fill at another location. '-,,._c~:, ~Buffers A designated area within a land use district and along the perimeter (or one or more of the edges) of a particular land use area, where all land use is regulated so as to screen that use and/or protect it. In most cases a buffer will be in the form of a well vegetated or landscaped strip of land that acts to ensure tha t a development activity fits harmoniously into an existing natural environoent. Building, Any structure having a roof, partial roof supported by columns or walls used or intended to be used for the shelter or enclosure of persons, animal or objects regardless of the materials of which it is constructed. Commercial Activities1 Of or connected with the buying and selling of goods, or services or the provision of facilities or activities for a .fee. Conditional Uses A land use other than that· usually permitted in a designated land use district. Such use can be approved when that use is considered to be generally compatible with the resources and other uses o.f the district. It is subject to conditions n ~t nonr.ally applied to similar land uses . Such conditions are designed to protect adjacent land from loss of value which might occur i.f newly permitted conditional use were allowed without restraint of any kind. Erosion, The detachEent and movement of soil from the land surface by wind or water. Ero ~ion, Accelerated, Culturally induced erosion in excess of geologi c erosion; 1 �Farms A tract of land constituting a management unit on which agricultural activities occur and including associated nonagricultural tracts. Ylood Prone Areas ' Area adjacent to the channel of a river, stream, ocean, lake, or other body of surface water, which has been or may be covered by water. Generally areas that flood at least once every one-· hundred years are defined as flood prone. Flowing Wateri Surface wc.."ter within a stre2.m channel that has a perceptible flow and is relatively permanent in nature. Such waters are commonly referred to as riveri streams and brooks. Forest Management Activitiess Timber cruising and ot~er forest resource evaluation activities, manage~ent planning activities, insect and disease control, timber stand improvement, pruning, timber harvesting and other forest harvesting, regeneration of forest stands, and other similar associated activities. Groundwaters Water within the earth that supplies wells and springs. Historic Resourcess Sites, areas, districts, settlement patterns, natural features, structures and objects associated with the history, tradition or cultural heritage of state or local interest and of enough significance because of their characteristic, unusual or symbolic qualities to merit preservation or restoration. Home Occupations, Work which has been traditionally carries on in the home (e.g. arts, crafts and professional services) and which is capable of being conducted on a scale and in a manner which is not objectionable in a residential area. Housing, Structural development for human habitation, including houses, camps, mobile homes, apartments, condominiums, groups of rooms or single family rooms occupied or intended for occupance as separate living quarters. Im p oundment 1 Any body of water created by man through the construction of a dam, usually with a head of water of at least two feet. Industrial Activity, Activity of or connested with the manufacture or assembly of goods or the extraction of minerals. Land Use District, - An area of land, water or.::::.air within horizontal or vertical boundaries delineated for distinct categories of use. Minerals, Commercial Extraction, Removal of mineral resources with the intent of selling for profit. 2 �Farms A tract of land constituting a management unit on which agricultural activities occur and including associated nonagricultural tracts. Ylood Prone Areai ' Area adjacent to the channel of a river, stream, ocean, lake, or other body of surface water, which has been or may be covered by water. Generally areas that flood at least once every one- · hundred years are defined as flood prone. Flowing Water i Surface wc-ter within a stre2.Ill channel that has a perceptible flow and is relatively permanent in nature. Such waters are commonly referred to as river 1 streams and brooks. Forest Management Activitiess Timber cruising and ot~er forest resource evaluation activities, manage~ent planning activities, insect and disease control, timber stand improvewent, pruning, timber harvesting and other forest harvesting, regeneration of forest stands, and other similar associated activities. Groundwaters Water within the earth that supplies wells and springs. Historic Resources, Sites, areas, districts, settlement patterns, natural features, structures and objects associated with the history, tradition or cultural heritage of state or local interest and of enough significance because of their characteristic, unusual or symbolic qualities to merit preservation or restoration. Home Occupations, Work which has been traditionally carries on in the home (e.g. arts, crafts and professional services) and which is capable of being conducted on a scale and in a manner which is not objectionable in a residential area. Housing, Structural development for human habitation, including houses, camps, mobile homes, apartments, condominiums, groups of rooms or single family rooms occupied or intended for occupance as separate living quarters. Im p oundments Any body of water created by man through the construction of a dam, usually with a head of water of at least two feet. Industrial Activity1 Activity of or connested with the manufacture or assembly of goods or the extraction of minerals. Land Use District: - An area of land, wa·ter or-=:.air within horizontal or vertical boundaries delineated for distinct categories of use. Minerals, Commercial Extractions Removal of mineral resources with the intent of selling for profit. 2 �... Multiple Use : The judicious management of all the various resources for timber production , outdoor recreation , watershed protection , fish and wildlife protection, mineral extraction , and othe r private and public purposes . MULTIPLE USE may involve : (1) different uses of adjacent ar e as, (2) alternation through time of different uses on the same area , or (3) more than one use of an area ~tone time . Where there are several uses of an area at o~e time , conflicts between resource uses may occur . Such forms of multiple use are more correctly interpreted as a DOMINANT USE with secondary uses integrated insofar as they are compatible with the first and all uses are consistant with the major policies of the Land Use Plan . Normal iiigh Water Mark : That line on the shores and banks of waters which is apparent beca1· _ of the contigous different character of the soil or the vegetution due to the prolonged action of the water . Relates to the area where vegetation changes from predominantly aquatic to predominantly terrestrial . Public Services : Those services related to filling the need for water supply, waste disposal , fire and police protection , public utilities , hospital and health services , transportation and education . Recreational Facilities : Forms of devel opment that are essential to conduct particular recreational activities, e . g., ski lifts , golf courses , sporting c a mps, hiking/ski trails, and campsites . Also included are facilities which support, but are not essential to , the performance of the recreational activity , e.g . , access roads and parking lots. Recreational Resources: Natural areas, such as bodies of water , shorelands , forest , fish and wildlife, and areas of historic , scenic or scientific interest which provide a means of refreshment and diversion to µ eople during leisure-time activity . Routine Permits: Zoning Commission permits for all types of activities , except zoning amendments and variances, which involve no newsor first time interpreta t ion of the established standards , rules and regulations and for which a decision of the commission exists as a percedent . Seasonal Sawmill: Any mill ~h~(l) does custom sawing .only , (2) saws only wood cut by the mill owner- operator , or (3) con d ucts sawing operations less than a total of four months out of t he year . Scientific Resource: An area containing unique or rare landforms , water resources , Yegetation, animal s or archaeological sites which are of special interest for scientific research or educational purpose s . 3 �Shoreland, Iw~ediate Area: That part of the shoreland influence area that is immediately l2ndward of the normal high water mark, and in which 12nd use activities will significantly influence the use and quality of the surface water. This ~rea is generally considered to be 250 feet or more landward from the normal high water mark. ~Shoreland , Influence Area: Areas landward of a normal high water mark in which certain land use activities will influence the use and water quality of the surface water. The depth of an influence area can vary form a uniform strip to the boundaries of the watershed because of differences in natural resources, character and land use activity. Site Plan Review: A procedure for evaluating proposed development or conservation projects based on the quality of and/or concept incorporated in the proposal and designed to meet general performance standards for such projects. Site plan review should allow more flexibility and innovation in development or.conservation proposals than traditional zoning regulations. Subdivision: The partitioning or dividing of a parcel or tract of land for the purpose of sale, or lease of more than one year, or of building development, where the act of division creates five or more parcels of land each of which is ten acres or less in area; or five or more parce~s of land each of which is ten acres or less in area are created by successive divisions within a period of ten years. (Subdivision Control Act of 1967, Act. No. 288 of Public Acts of 1967 as amended . ) Surface Waters: Bodies of standing or flowing waters on the earth's surface. These waters include lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. Trophic State: Characterization of a body of water in terms of position on ,ia scale of organic content or biologic activity ranging from oligotropic to - eutrophic . Oligotrophic - low biological productivity, clear and deep waters which are well supplied with oxygen . Mesotrophic - moderately well supplied with plant nutrients and supporting moderate plant growth. Eutrophic - high biological activity, turbid and shallow waters with deepest waters exhibiting reduced levels of oxygen . Watershed: The area contained within a divide above a specified point. on a stream. In water supply work it is termed a Watershed and in river control work it :is termed a Drainage Area, Drainage Basin or Catchment Area. Wetlands: Areas enclosed by the normal high water mark of flowing or standing waters and/or areas otherwise identified on the basis or soils, vegetation or other criteria as wetlands including but not limited to swamps, marches or bogs. (May be redifined shortly when Michigan Legislature completes action on a Wetlands Bill) 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Cheboygan-County_Comprehensive-Plan_1979 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cheboygan County Planning Commission, Cheboygan County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-08 Title A name given to the resource Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan Part 1 Description An account of the resource The Cheboygan County Comprehensive Plan Part 1 was prepared by the Cheboygan County Planning Commission and the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments in August 1979 with financial assistance from a Coast Zone Management Act of 1972 grant. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Cheboygan County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e984161708d9a6b9d73a76a1ba8967de.pdf 48eaf12ee0b91678371237749d1f4a1d PDF Text Text CHEBOYGAN COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN UPDATE TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE Chapter 1: History Location Brief History Planning & Zoning in Cheboygan County Chapter 2: Population & Housing Characteristics Population Population Projections Seasonal Population Housing Residential Construction Activity Population by Residence Findings Chapter 3: Economy and Employment Income Poverty Status Income Type Educational Attainment Unemployment Employment Mining & Construction Manufacturing Retail Services Government Other Total Employment Commercial Activity Commercial Construction Activity Agriculture Forestry Findings Chapter 4: Natural Resources Climate Air Quality Surface and Subsurface Geology Physiography Wetlands Surface Water Groundwater PAGE# 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-4 2-1 2-1 2-10 2-12 2-13 2-16 2-17 2-18 3-1 3-1 3-4 3-7 3-9 3-11 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-26 3-27 3-29 3-31 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-6 �Chapter 5: Water Resource Impacts Surface Water Impacts Impacts to Lakes and River Systems Burt Lake Watershed Burt Lake Mullett Lake Watershed Mullett Lake Black Lake Watershed Black Lake Ground Water Impacts Potential Contamination 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-5 Chapter 6: Community Facilities & Services Roads Public Transportation Bus Service Air Service Rail Utilities Water & Sewer Solid Waste Public Services & Facilities Public Safety Health Services Schools Public Libraries 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-6 6-6 6-9 6-11 6-13 Chapter 7: Existing Land Use Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional/Recreational Agricultural Lands Non-Forest Lands Upland Forests Lowland Forests Wetlands Beaches Surface Water Land Use Changes 7-1 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-4 7-4 7-4 7-4 11 �LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE # FIGURE 1-1 : FIGURE 2-1 : FIGURE2-2 : FIGURE2-3 : FIGURE2-4: FIGURE2-5 : FIGURE 3-1: FIGURE3-2: FIGURE 3-3 : FIGURE 3-4: FIGURE 3-5 : FIGURE3-6: FIGURE3-7 : FIGURE3-8: FIGURE3-9: FIGURE 3-10: FIGURE 3-11: FIGURE 3-12: FIGURE 3-13 : FIGURE 3-14: FIGURE 3-15 : FIGURE 6-1: FIGURE 6-2 : FIGURE 6-3 : TITLE Cheboygan County Location Cheboygan County Population: 1990-1997 1990 Population by Age for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Population by Age: 1970 to 1990 Cheboygan County Population Actual and Projected: 19702020 Cheboygan County Residence in 1985 1995 Median Household Income for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Poverty Status - 1995 for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Income Type - 1989 for Cheboygan County & State Educational Attainment - 1990 for Cheboygan County & State Unemployment Rate: 1986-1997 for Cheboygan, Emmet, Montmorency, Otsego Counties & State Cheboygan County Wage & Salary Employment- 1988 & 1997 Cheboygan County Mining & Construction: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Manufacturing: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Retail: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Services: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Government: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Other Employment: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan County Total Employment: 1988 - 1997 Cheboygan & State 1992 Per Capita Sales by Business Group Cheboygan & Surrounding Counties 1995 Sales & Use Tax for Tourism & Recreation Cheboygan County Major Roads Cheboygan County Crime Rate: 1992 - 1996 Cheboygan County Jail Inmate Population: 1995 - 1997 111 PAGE# 1-1 2-1 2-6 2-6 2-10 2-17 3-1 3-4 3-7 3-9 3-11 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-24 6-1 6-6 6-7 �LIST OF TABLES TABLE# TABLE 2-1: TABLE2-2: TABLE2-3: TABLE2-4: TABLE 2-5 : TABLE2-6: TABLE2-7: TABLE2-8: TABLE2-9: TABLE2-10: TABLE 2-11: TABLE 2-12: TABLE 2-13 : TABLE 2-14: TABLE 2-15: TABLE2-16: TABLE3-1: TABLE3-2: TABLE3-3 : TABLE3-4: TABLE3-5: TABLE3-6: TABLE3-7: TABLE 3-8 : TABLE 3-9: TABLE 3-10: TABLE 3-11: TABLE 3-12: TABLE 3-13 : TITLE Population Change 1980 - 1997: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Population 1990 - 1996 Cheboygan County Population by Race & Hispanic Origin: 1980 & 1990 Median Age - 1980 & 1990: Cheboygan & Surrounding Counties & State 1990 Population by Age: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County: 1990 Population by Age Cheboygan County Population by Age: 1970 - 1990 Cheboygan County Population Estimates by Age: 1996 Cheboygan County Population Projections: 2000-2020 Cheboygan County Projected Population by Age: 1990 - 2020 Percent Seasonal Housing Units: 1990 Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties and State Cheboygan County Housing Characteristics (1970-1990) Cheboygan County- 1990 Housing Units by Minor Civil Division Age of Housing Structures in Cheboygan County Cheboygan County Building Permits: 1993 - 1997 Cheboygan County Residency in 1985 Median Household Income Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State: 1989 and 1995 Per Capita Income for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County 1989 Per Capita and Median Income 1995 Poverty Status: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State 1989 Poverty Status: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County 1989 Poverty Status by Municipality Income Type in 1989: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State 1990 Educational Attainment of Persons 25 Years & Older Unemployment Rate 1988-1997 Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Unemployment Rate Per Month: 1990-1997 Number of Employed Persons in the Mining & Construction Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Manufacturing Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Retail Sector in Cheboygan County IV PAGE# 2-2 2-3 2-5 2-5 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-9 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-15 2-14 2-16 2-17 3-2 3-2 3-3 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-8 3-10 3-12 3-12 3-14 3-15 3-16 �TABLE# TABLE 3-14: TABLE 3-15: TABLE 3-16: TABLE 3-17: TABLE 3-18: TABLE 3-19: TABLE 3-20: TABLE 3-21: TABLE3-22: TABLE 3-23 : TABLE 3-24: TABLE 4-1: TABLE 6-1: TABLE6-2: TABLE6-3 : TABLE6-4: TABLE6-5 : TABLE 7-1: TITLE Number of Employed Persons in the Service Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Government Sector in Cheboygan County Number of Employed Persons in the Sector "Other" in Cheboygan County Total Number of Employed Persons in Cheboygan County Cheboygan County Retail Trade: 1982, 1987 & 1992 1995 Sales & Use Tax Collection for Tourism & Recreation Based Businesses Categories for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Cheboygan County Building Permits: 1993 - 1997 Cheboygan County Number of Farms & Total Acres in Farms: 1974 - 1992 Cheboygan County- 1982, 1987 & 1992 Number of Farms by Value of Product Average Size of Farms for Cheboygan County & State: 1974 - 1992 State Rank of Saw-Log Production of all Species in 1994 Description of Cheboygan County Subsurface Strata Cheboygan County Well and Septic Permits Issued Cheboygan County Utility System Crime Rates Cheboygan & Surrounding Countess: 1990-1994 Hospital Facilities & Doctors Availability: Cheboygan County & Surrounding Counties in 1992 Cheboygan County Area School Enrollment 1989/1990 to 1996/1997 School Years Cheboygan County - 1998 Land Use V PAGE# 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-23 3-25 3-26 3-27 3-27 3-28 3-29 4-3 6-4 6-5 6-8 6-10 6-12 7-2 �CHAPTER 1: HISTORY LOCATION Cheboygan County is located at the northern tip of the lower peninsula. It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Mackinac and Lake Huron, on the east by Presque Isle County, on the south by Otsego County and on the west by Emmet and Charlevoix Counties (see FIGURE 1-1). CHEBOYGAN COUNTY LOCATION FIGURE 1-1 Centrally located at the tip of the northern region, Cheboygan County is 10 miles from Lake Michigan and its northern boarder runs for 32.5 miles along the Straits of Mackinac and Lake Huron. Cheboygan County has a total land area of 715. 6 square miles. The county is comprised of 19 townships, one incorporated city (Cheboygan) and two incorporated Villages (Wolverine and Mackinaw City). BRIEF HISTORY As with all of the United States, Cheboygan County was originally the homeland for Native Americans. In the early 1600's, the French explored the area and established a profitable fur business and missions. In the mid l 700's, both the British and French courted the friendship of the Native Americans. Control of the Michigan territory was in a state of flux between the three nations for about 100 years. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the region between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes into the first organized territory. However, there was little land development due to insufficient land surveys, disputes with the native population and unstable governments. In 1828, the area that is now Cheboygan County was part of Michilimackinac County. It was transferred to Mackinac County in 1840. In 1856, Cheboygan County was vastly enlarged to include most of Northeast Michigan. At one time, Cheboygan County was divided into the two counties of Cheboygan and Wyandot. From 1860 to the present, Cheboygan County's boundaries 1-1 �have remained essentially the same. The area was first surveyed from 1840 to 1843, by State surveyors Messrs. Burt and Mullett. Burt and Mullett Lakes are named in their honor. The name Cheboygan has many spellings and meanings. One possible meaning is from the Chippewa Indian word Cha-boia-gan, meaning "place of entrance, a portage or harbor" . This could refer to the Cheboygan River mouth, which was a favorite harbor of refuge for those who sought shelter behind Bois Blanc Island from the fierce winds which swept Lake Huron. Other pronunciations and meanings are Che-pog--an, which is an Indian word for "pipe", or a corruption of Che-boy-ganning, which means "the place of the wild rice fields" . The earliest industrial site in the county, as well as the upper Great Lakes Region, was located at Mill Creek. Although the exact year in which the Campbell saw mill was constructed is not known, records indicate that it was built between 1784 and 1793 and supplied lumber for both Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Mackinac. This mill was located about 4 miles southeast of the present Mackinaw City, along the shores of Lake Huron. The mill has been reconstructed at its original site and is open to the public for tours. The county's earliest settlement was the present site of the Village of Mackinaw City. The first settler in Cheboygan County was Jacob Sammons, who left Chicago in the spring of 1844. He came to Mackinac Island and stayed until autumn, when he sailed over to the Cheboygan River mouth in his sailing scow called the "Bunker Hill". Mr. Sammons, a cooper by trade, was enchanted by the area's beauty and easy river accessibility to the Great Lakes. He built a shanty for building and selling barrels. On his return visit, Mr. Sammons was accompanied by his friend Alexander "Sandy" McLeod. Together they built a log cabin. The following spring, Mr. Sammons brought his family to the area to live with him. Mr. McLeod eventually built the first dam at the site of the present one, which he used to operate a primitive water-powered upright saw. Cheboygan and Duncan were the two settlements near the Cheboygan River mouth that prospered and grew. Duncan, later referred to as "Duncan City", was really a company-owned lumbering town of about 500 people, who worked for the Thompson Smith family. Cheboygan and Duncan were the logical places for settlement because early communities depended mostly upon boats for travel and supplies. The "Inland Water Route" has been important in the early development of the Cheboygan area. The route consists of the Cheboygan River, Mullett Lake, Indian River, Burt Lake, Crooked River and Crooked Lake. This connected waterway provides access between Lake Huron at Cheboygan and Conway (a village nine miles north of Petoskey). The route has always been heavily used. At first the Native Americans paddled canoes through the water systems, then early crews used the route for commercial transportation of the great log booms of the late l 800's. It was later dredged and dammed to facilitate water travel. This water route is still heavily used to this day, mostly by small pleasure crafts. One early industry in Cheboygan County was commercial lake fishing. The Cheboygan River offered easy access to the Straits and to the Great Lakes, and many fisheries flourished along the 1-2 �Cheboygan River. Many families made their living from harvesting tons of lake trout, whitefish, walleye, perch, herring, menominees and chub. At the same time, the lumbering era began in Cheboygan County (around 1845), as the seemingly endless supply of white pine was rafted down the rivers. Lumber mills sprang up all over the county, causing Cheboygan and Duncan to grow rapidly. In 1871, Cheboygan was incorporated as a village. During the lumber boom peak, the Michigan Central and the Grand Rapids and Indian Railroads laid track to Cheboygan. Roads were opened to surrounding communities as new settlements began in the county's interior. The present site of the Village of Wolverine was platted in 1881 and called "Torry". Up to this time, various persons had tried in vain to revive the abandoned Mackinaw City settlement. In 1882, the area was incorporated as the Village of Mackinaw City. Other settlements which developed during this period were Indian River, Topinabee, Freedom, Afton, LeGrand, Burt Lake, Cold Springs, Aloha, Manning, Alvemo, Mullett Lake, Indianville, Elmhurst, Haak-wood, Trowbridge, Rondo and Wildwood. Many of these settlements were stations for the various railroads. Freedom was so named because the train engineer would slow down in this area so that escapees could jump off the train before reaching the checkpoint station at Mackinaw City. In 1889, Cheboygan Village had grown enough to be incorporated as the City of Cheboygan. The city was more populous than it is today, because of the extensive lumbering which was taking place. The Detroit and Mackinaw Railroad moved into the area in 1904, as did the paper mill. After five decades of prosperity, however, the seemingly endless forests were logged off In 1898, the Duncan City mills burned, leaving 400 men jobless. Other mills and businesses burned or moved out as Cheboygan became an unprofitable place to stay. The Phister and Vogel Leather Company, located in Cheboygan, was once the world's largest shoe tanning mill. Large quantities of hemlock bark were needed for the tanning process. Many people were hired to cut hemlock for its bark or to work in the mill. Later, a new tanning process and other considerations caused the mill to leave the city. The last big mill in Cheboygan burned on November 15, 1928. Cheboygan County's economy was hit hard by the loss of jobs from the lumbering industry. Many of the area's residents left in order to find work in southern Michigan and elsewhere. At about the same time, however, the region began to become a popular recreation and resort area. Resorts were built in Cheboygan County on the "Little Great Lakes", as the lakes of the Inland Water Route were often called. This surge in the resort business helped the economy, but largely only during the summer months. As with all of the nation, Cheboygan County was devastated due to the Great Depression in the 1930's. A reawakening of the economy took place, however, in response to the need for goods and materials during World War II. With the advent of modem automobiles and the construction ofl-75 through the Cheboygan County area, the region has grown into the community it is today. 1-3 �PLANNING AND ZONING IN CHEBOYGAN COUNTY The responsibility of planning in Cheboygan County is delegated to the County Planning Commission. In July of 1969, the Cheboygan County Planning Commission was formed . The creation of the County Planning Commission is authorized by the State of Michigan under Act 285 of the Public Acts of 1931 and its amendments under Act 282 of the Public Acts of 1945. It is the duty of the County Planning Commission to make and adopt a plan for the development of Cheboygan County. This Plan's updated recommendations will apply to all of Cheboygan County, except Burt Township, the Village of Mackinaw City, the Village of Wolverine and the City of Cheboygan. While these municipalities are within Cheboygan County's boundary, each maintains its own planning and zoning authority under their respective State of Michigan Public Acts. The county cannot plan for incorporated areas (such as a city), unless those areas act to adopt the Plan. Also, the county has the authority to plan for its townships, unless such townships act on their own behalf (i.e. Burt Township). The Cheboygan County Zoning Commission and Board of Zoning Appeals were formed in December of 1969, as authorized by Act 183 of the Public Acts of 1943. In that same month, the county's first zoning ordinance was adopted. The zoning ordinance has been revised numerous times since its enactment. Although the county's first zoning ordinance was established in 1969, the first County Comprehensive Plan was adopted in August 1979. The County has utilized the 1979 Comprehensive Plan since that time, until the adoption of this document. 1-4 �CHAPTER 2: POPULATION & HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION Cheboygan County, along with most of northern Michigan, has experienced growth in total population over the past 70 years (see FIGURE 2-1). Population growth rates, in many northern Michigan counties, over the last decade, have been among the highest in the entire State. It is estimated that between 1990 and 1997, the six counties which surround Cheboygan had a growth rate of 13.4% (see TABLE 2-1). The official population count of Cheboygan County according to the 1990 Census was 21 ,398 persons. This was only a 3.6% increase from 1980, but part of a continuously increasing population base over the last seven decades, illustrated in FIGURE 2-1. Between 1990-1997, however, Cheboygan County's population growth rate ( 10%) began to increase again to nearly double that of the State's rate (see TABLE 2-1). Cheboygan County Population: 1900-1997 25000 U'I 20000 C 0 fa, 15000 ....C.0 10000 =It 5000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 FIGURE 2-1 : Cheboygan County Population: 1990-1997 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Nearly all the local units of government within Cheboygan County grew in population from 1990 to 1996 (see TABLE 2-2). The greatest percentage increase (15.9%) between 1990 and 1996 occurred in Beaugrand Township. The City of Cheboygan experienced the greatest numerical increase during that time period, with the addition of2 l 7 persons. 2-1 �TABLE 2-1 : Population Change 1980-1997: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Unit of Government •• ••• 1990* %Change 1980 to 1990 1997 Estimate•• %Change 1990 to 1997 1990-97 %Change by Rank••• Charlevoix 19,907 21,468 7.8% 23,630 10. 1% 26 Cheboygan 20,649 21,398 3.6% 23,535 10.0% 27 Emmet 22,992 25,040 8.90/o 28,339 13.2% 17 Mackinac 9,246 10,674 15.4% 11,113 4. 1% 52 Montmorency 7,492 8,936 19.3% 9,868 10.4% 20 Otsego 14,993 17,957 19.8% 21,800 21.4% 3 Presque Isle 14,267 13,743 -3.7% 14,392 4.7% 50 9,258,344 9,295,297 0.4% 9,773,892 5.15% NIA Michigan • 1980* Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census - actual counts. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census & Michigan Department of Management & Budget, Federal-State Program for Population Estimates. Population estimates are approximations, and are not accurate to the last digit reported. Number denotes ranking of each county's population change, as compared to all other Michigan counties between 1990 and 1997. County #1 experienced the largest percent increase; county #64 had the largest population loss. The population of Cheboygan County is relatively homogenous, with minorities composing a very small percentage of the population. In 1996 Cheboygan County's population was made up of97% white persons (see TABLE 2-3). The median age of residents within the county increased from 31 .4 years of age in 1980 to 37. 1 years of age in 1990 ( see TABLE 2-4). This trend is similar to that found in all of the surrounding counties, the rest of the State and the nation. In 1990, Cheboygan County's population by age revealed that less than 400/4 of the population was under the age of 25 years old. The County's population by age groupings resembles that found in surrounding counties. When compared to the State, these northern Michigan counties show lower percentages of younger persons and higher percentages of older persons (see FIGURE 2-2 and TABLE 2-5). When examining the 1990 age distribution of Cheboygan County's communities, one finds that none of them had greater than 10% of their population between the ages of 18-24 ( see TABLE 2-6 and FIGURE 2-3). The largest percentage in this classification was found in the City of Cheboygan (9%). Burt Township had 57% of its population over the age of 45 years old and only 22. 1% of its population under 25 years of age. Cheboygan County's age distribution, according to the 1990 Census, was similar to its surrounding counties. The two smallest classifications were those 0-4 years old and 18-24 years old. When compared to state figures, northern Michigan counties had a smaller percentage of their population between the ages of 18-24 years old and a greater percentage over the age of 45 years old (see TABLE 2-5 and FIGURE 2-2. ). 2-2 �TABLE2-2 Ch eboygan County popu at1on 1900 - 1996 Unit of Gov. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1970 1960 1980 1990 1996• 15516 17872 13991 11502 13644 13731 14550 16573 20649 21398 22993 %Change .. NIA + 15 .2% -21.7% -17.8% +18.6% +.6% +6.0% + 13 .9% +24.6% +3.6% ~ 7.5°·o Aloha Twp. NIA 332 275 276 330 259 274 530 726 707 763 %Change .. NIA NIA -17,2% +.4% +19.6% -21.5% +5.8% +93.4% +37.0% -2.6% +7,9% Beaugrand Twp. 506 446 360 312 454 541 578 850 1023 1004 1164 % Change•• NIA -11.9% -19.3% -13.3% +45.5% + 19.1% +6 ,8% +47.1% +20.4% -1.9% +15.9% Bc:ntonTwp. 1063 1011 803 750 732 787 919 1430 2017 2388 2577 %Change•• NIA -4,9% -20.6% -6.6% -2.4% +7.5% +16.8% +55 .6% +41.0% + 18.4% +7.9% Burt Twp. 404 557 197 187 236 179 203 212 520 533 575 %Change .. NIA +37.9% -64.6% -5.1% +26.2% -24.1% +13.4% +4.4% + 145% +2.5% +7.9% Cheboygan City 6489 6859 5642 4923 5673 5687 5859 5553 5106 4999 5216 %Change .. NIA +5.7% -17.7% -12.7% +15.2% +.2% +3.0% -5.2% -8.0% -2. 1% +4.3% Ellis Twp. 326 341 237 229 302 228 189 165 298 345 373 % Change .. N/A +4.6% -30.5% -3.3% +31.9% -24.5% -17.1% -12.7% +80.6% + 15.8% +8.1% Forest Twp. 622 1064 525 406 622 605 617 675 971 929 1002 % Change•• NIA +41.5% -50.7% -22.7% +53.2% -2.7% +2.0% +9.4% +43.9% -4.3% +7.9% Grant Twp. 542 462 312 245 377 345 296 431 579 686 740 % Change•• NIA -14.8% -32.5% -21.5% +53.8% -8.5% -14.2% +45.6% +34.3% + 18.5% +7.9% Hebron Twp. 379 394 311 334 313 190 191 143 188 202 218 % Change•• NIA +3,9% -26.7% +6.9% -6.7% -64.7% +,5% -25.1% +31.5% +7,4% +7.9% Inverness Twp. 1589 1647 1317 854 1055 1084 1222 1675 2179 1952 2120 %Change•• NIA +3 ,7% -20.0% -35.2% +23.5% +2.7% +12.7% +37.1% +30.1% -10.4% +8,6% Koehler Twp. NIA 433 283 263 307 275 345 427 755 722 779 %Change•• NIA NIA -34.6% -7.0% +16.7% -10.4% +25 ,5% +23.8% +76.8% -4.4% +7.9% Mackinaw Twp. 606 706 641 657 659 686 687 553 550 604 644 %Change•• NIA +16.5% -9.2% +2.5% +.3% +4,1% +,!% -19.5% -.5% +9.8% ~6.6 Mackinaw City••• NIA NIA NIA NIA 922 970 934 810 820 875 941 %Change•• NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA +5.2% -3 .7% -13 .3% + 1.2% +6,7% +7,5% Maple Grove •••• 1909 63 33 10 •••• •••• •••• •••• •••• •••• % Change•• NIA NIA -96.7% -47.6% -69.7% NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA Mentor Twp. 463 425 553 165 198 176 202 246 462 518 559 •• Change•• NIA -8.2% +30.1% -70.2% +20,0% -11.1% +14.8% +21. 8% T87.8% +12.1% +7.9°'o Cheboygan Co. 2-3 �Unit of Gov. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1950 1940 1970 1960 1980 1990 1996• Mullen Twp. ••••• ••••• 195 263 273 341 489 719 934 1056 1131 % Change•• NIA NIA NIA +34.9% +3.8% +24.9% +43.4% +47.0% +29.9% +13.1% +7.1% Munro Twp. 418 543 495 346 361 345 332 321 459 512 552 %Change .. NIA +29.9% -8.8% -30.1% +4.3% -4.4% -3.8% -3.3% +43.0% + 11 .5% +7.8°0 Nunda Twp. 967 1238 716 460 538 517 465 520 690 725 785 %Change•• NIA +28.0% -42.1% -35.8% +16.9% -3.9% -10.0% +11.8% +32.7% +5.1% +8.3% Tuscarora Twp. 711 650 376 439 510 832 1048 1340 1952 2297 2480 %Change•• NIA -8.6% -42.2% +16.8% +29.8% +46.0% +26.0% +27.9% +45 .7% +17.7% +8.0% Walker Twp. NIA 153 206 100 205 212 185 227 260 256 276 %Change•• NIA NIA +34.6% -51.5% +10.5% +3.4% -12.7% +22.7% +14.5% -1.5% +7.8% Waverly Twp. 115 321 292 220 275 239 238 285 456 371 400 %Change•• NIA +179.1% -9.0% -24.7% +25.0% -13.1% -.4% +19.7% +60.0% -18.6% +7.8% Wilmot Twp. 316 290 202 140 154 203 211 271 524 592 639 %Change•• NIA -8.2% -30.3% -30.7% +10.0% +31.8% +3.9% +28.4% +93.4% +13.0% +7.9% Wolverine NIA 614 413 300 257 318 292 303 364 283 309 %Change•• NIA NIA -32.7% -27.4% -14.3% +23.7% -8.2% +3.8% +20.1% -22.3% +9.2% Vi)•••••• Source: • •• ••• •••• ••••• ••••• U.S. Bureau of the Census 1996 data are estimates. All other figures are actual population counts. Number shows percentage difference from previous census year shown. Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in both Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion of Mackinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. Maple Grove Township was formed from a portion of Forrest Township, but was later rejoined with Forrest Township . Mullett Township was formed from a portion of Burt Township in 1920. Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numbers . 2-4 �. bIV RaceandHi span1c . 0 ngin: . . 1980 and 1990 TABLE2 -3 Ch eboygan County Popu 1at10n 1990 1980 1996*** # % # % # % Total Population 20,649 100% 21,398 100% 22,993 100.0% White 20,347 98.5% 20,837 97.4% 22,390 97.4% Black 13 0.1% 15 0.1% 15 0.07% 240 1.2% 478 2.2% 513 2.2% Asian 32 0.2% 57 0.3% 75 0.3% Other Race 17 0.1% 11 0.1% NIA NIA Hispanic Origin* 60 0.3% 80 0.4% 96 0.4% 302 1.5% 561 2.6% NIA NIA American Indian Total Racial Minority** Figures are not available until 2000 Census People of Hispanic Origin may be of any race. * Does not include Hispanic Origin ** Estimated population as of July 1, 1996 *** Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census NIA TABLE 2-4: Median ~e- 1980 & 1990: Cheboygan & Surrounding Counties & State 1980 Source: 1990 Charlevoix 30.3 34.6 Cheboygan 31.4 37.1 Emmet 30.1 34.5 Mackinac 32.3 32.5 Montmorency 36.4 41.5 Otsego 29.1 33 .7 Presque Isle 32.4 38.5 Michigan 28.8 32.6 U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-5 �Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State: 1990 Population by Age 100% 065 Yrs. & > 80% l!JJ45-64 Yrs 60% 11111 25-44 Yrs 40% o 18-24 Yrs • 5-17 Yrs 20% 0% O0-4 Yrs FIGURE 2-2 : 1990 Population by Age for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Cheboygan County: Population by Age 1970 to 1990 100% 90% D65 yrs. & > 80% 70% 11!145-64 yrs. 60% 11125-44 yrs. 50% • 40% 20-24 yrs. 30% • 5-19 yrs. 20% • 10% 0% 1970 1980 1990 FIGURE 2-3 : Cheboygan County Population by Age 1970 to 1990 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-6 0-4 yrs. �TABLE2 -5 1990Popu1at1on . biy A,ge: Ch eboygan Count:v, Surroun d'tnjl Counttes & stat e 0-4 Yrs 5-17Yrs 18-24 Yrs 25-44 Yrs 45-64 Yrs 65 Yrs. Total &> Charlevoix(#) 1,621 4,171 1,696 6,602 4,293 3,085 21,468 Charlevoix(%) 7.6% 19.4% 7.9°/4 30.8% 20.0% 14.4% 100.0% Cheboygan(#) 1,444 4161 1597 5830 4650 3716 21,398 Cheboygan(%) 6.8% 19.5% 7.5% 27.3% 21.7% 17.4% 100.0% Emmet(#) 1,880 4,797 2,013 8,143 4,676 3,531 25,040 Emmet(¾) 7.5% 19.2% 8.0% 32.5% 18.7% 14.1% 100.0% Mackinac (#) 729 2,037 749 2,940 2,403 1,816 10,674 Mackinac (%) 6.8% 19.1% 7.0% 27.6% 22.5% 17.0% 100.0% Montmorency (#) 520 1,580 564 2,107 2,121 2,044 8,936 Montmorency (%) 5.8% 17.7% 6.3% 23.6% 23 .7% 22.9°/4 100.0% Otsego(#) 1,387 3,731 1,484 5,427 3,495 2,433 17,957 Otsego(%) 7.7% 20.8% 8.3% 30.2% 19.5% 13.6% 100.0% Presque Isle (#) 854 2,649 962 3,485 3,077 2,716 13,743 Presque Isle. (%) 6.2% 19.3 % 7.0% 25.4% 22.4% 19.8% 100.0% Michigan (%) 7.4% 22.3% 13.6% 27.5% 19.4% 9.9% 100.0% Note: (#) = Number of persons in the age category shown. (%) population. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-7 = Age category as a percent of total �. b>V A,Re TABLE2 -6 Cheboygan County: 1990 Poou lat1on 0-4 yrs. 5-17 yrs. 18-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs. 45-64 yrs. 65 yrs & > Total 1,444 4,161 1,597 5,830 4,650 3,716 21,398 Aloha Twp. 34 122 53 199 180 119 707 Beaugrand Twp. 75 184 92 289 231 133 1004 149 517 140 744 497 341 2,388 27 63 28 107 169 139 533 391 969 453 1,380 906 900 4,999 Ellis Twp. 19 83 21 99 68 55 345 Forest Twp. 67 205 68 247 201 141 929 Grant Twp. 32 119 47 153 182 153 686 Hebron Twp. 11 50 12 65 36 28 202 Inverness Twp. 119 387 169 573 433 271 1,952 Koehler Twp. 59 138 48 195 149 133 722 Mackinaw City* 51 157 67 254 191 155 875 Mackinaw Twp. 43 122 35 176 146 82 604 Mentor Twp. 29 91 40 130 145 83 518 Mullett Twp. 66 188 68 249 228 257 1,056 Munro Twp. 29 106 34 151 109 83 512 NwidaTwp. 48 161 58 185 162 111 725 149 392 150 574 539 493 2,297 Walker Twp. 16 61 19 75 51 34 256 Waverly Twp. 23 69 18 79 96 86 371 Wilmot Twp. 58 134 44 160 122 74 592 Wolverine Vil.** 24 68 17 76 46 52 283 Cheboygan Co. Benton Twp. Burt Twp. Cheboygan City Tuscarora Twp. Source: • •• U.S. Bureau of the Census Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in both Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion ofMaclcinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numb.:rs . 2-8 �The county's population and average age are increasing. In 1990, the largest age classification in the county was in the 25-44 year old bracket (27.2%), illustrated in TABLE 2-7. A decade earlier the largest classification was 5-19 years old (26.2%). And 1996 estimates show that the 25-44 year old classification remains the largest followed by those 45-64 years old, illustrated in TABLE 2-8. The county's age distribution continues to increase in those over 25 years of age. Over the past three decades, the county's population under 25 years old has continued to shrink (see FIGURE 2-3). In all of the units of government within the county, greater than half of their population was 25 years or older, with an ever increasing population greater than 45 years of age (see TABLE 2-5 and FIGURE 2-2). t P ODU It' a 10n b1y A.ge: 1970 - 1990 TABLE 2 - 7 Che boygan C ounty 0-4 yrs. 5-19 yrs. 20-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs. 65 yrs. & > 45-64 yrs. Total 1970 1,497 5,317 1,008 3,495 3,297 1,959 16,573 % of total 9.0% 32.1% 6.1% 21.1% 19.9% 11.8% 100% 1980 1,510 5,405 1,477 5,172 4,201 2,884 20,649 % of total 7.3% 26.2% 7.2% 25.0% 20.3% 14.0% 100% 1990 1,444 4,676 1,082 5,830 4,650 3,716 21,398 % of total 6.7% 21.9% 5.1% 27.2% 21.7% 17.4% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census . E st1mates . b,y A ~e: 1996 TABLE 2 -8 Ch eboygan County P opuIat10n 0-4 yrs. 5-17 yrs. 18-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs. 45-64 yrs. 65 yrs. & > Total 1996* 1,424 4,540 1,456 6,112 5,317 4,144 22,993 % of total 6.2% 19.7% 6.3% 26.6% 23.1% 18.0% * Estimates of population as of July 1, 1996 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-9 �POPULATION PROJECTIONS Three sources of population projections presently exist, based on 1990 population figures. All three sources, NEMCOG, the University of Michigan and the Michigan Department of Management and Budget, project increases in the county's total population until 2010. The University of Michigan then projects a slight decrease from 2010 to 2020, but the State's figures show an increase in growth during that time period (illustrated in FIGURE 2-4). Cheboygan County Population: Actual & Projected 1970-2020 30000 25000 20000 15000 --+- NEMCOG -a- Univ. of Mich. Dept. of Man. & Bud. --M-- Official Census Counts -b- 10000 5000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 FIGURE 2-4: Cheboygan County Population Actual and Projected: 1970-2020 Sources: Official Census Counts: U.S. Bureau of the Census Dept. of Man. & Bud: Mich. Department ofManagement and Budget (1996) Univ. of Mich: Regional Economic Models, Inc. by the U. of M. for MDOT (1994) NEMCOG: Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (1992) Faced with these three somewhat contradictory population projections, it is difficult to know which one will prove closest to the future reality. A comparison between population projections and population estimates can measure how accurate these projections may actually be. The Census Bureau estimates that between 1990 and 1997, the county's population grew from 21,398 to 23,535, for an increase of 10% (see TABLE 2-9). If the county's population continues to grow at that rate, it will have a population of 24,448 by 2000. This figure is higher than all of the projections sited for that year, with NEMCOG's projections being the closest (see FIGURE 2-4). If this population trend continues beyond the year 2000, it would seem that all 2-10 �of the projections are too low, and that U of M's projection of a population loss between 2010 and 2020 is not likely to occur. What the county's future population becomes is, of course, difficult to know for certain and is dependent upon many factors that are impossible to predict. Barring any major economic set-back, however, it is safe to say that the county's population will continue to grow each decade at a rate somewhere in-between the projections sited above. Population projections from the Michigan Department of Management and Budget are the only ones which predict future population by age (see TABLE 2-10). Age distribution projections predict the county's 45 years of age and older age classifications will continue to grow, while estimated numbers of those under 25 years of age will continue to dwindle. . P ro1ect1ons: . 2000 -2020 TABLE 2 -9 Cheb oygan Countv Popu Iatton Source % Change 1990-2000 2000 2010 % Change 2000-2010 2020 % Change 2010-2020 NEMCOG 24,054 +12.4% 26,859 +11.7% NIA NIA UofM 23,100 +7.9% 25,110 +8 .7% 23,117 -7.9% DMB 23,728 +10.9% 25,097 +5.8% 26,119 +4.1% Source: NEMCOG - by Northeast Michigan Council of Governments; U of M - Regional Economic Models, Inc. by University of Michigan for the Michigan Department of Transportation; DMB - Michigan Department of Management and Budget, Office of the State Demographer. . d P opulatlon . b,y A,ge: 1990 - 2020 TABLE 2- 10 Cheb oygan County p ro1ecte AGE * ** 2000** 1990* 2010** 2020** 0-4 years 1,444 1,416 1,451 1,356 5-19 years 4,676 4,612 4,231 4,193 20-44 years 6,912 6,679 6,184 6,112 45-64 years 4,650 6,128 7,069 6,354 65 years & over 3,716 4,893 6,162 8,104 Total 21,398 23,728 25,097 26,119 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census - actual counts. Source: Michigan Department of Management and Budget, Office of the State Demographer. 2-11 �SEASONAL POPULATION Obtaining accurate numbers of seasonal residents and tourists is difficult. Because the U.S. Census is conducted each decade in April, the numbers only reflect those persons who live in the county on a year-round basis. In 1990, the Census demonstrated that 34.3% of the housing units in the county were seasonal, illustrated in TABLE 2-11 . This means that over one third of the county's total housing stock are owned by seasonal residents. The percentage of Cheboygan County's housing units that are seasonal is roughly comparable to the surrounding counties and reflects the importance of northern Michigan counties as a tourism and recreation center, and retirement community. s . &S tate . - 1990 Cheboygan, urroundin1g Counties TABLE 2- 11 P ercent S easonalHousmg Uruts Unit of Government Percent Seasonal Housing Units* Charlevoix 29.5% Cheboygan 34.3% Emmet 29.7% Mackinac 43 .6% Montmorency 55.4% Otsego 34.8% Presque Isle 34.1% Michigan 5.8% * The percent of seasonal housing units as compared to each county's total housing units. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census A rough estimate of the number of county seasonal residents can be calculated by multiplying the number of county seasonal housing units (4,831) by the county's average number of persons per household (2.6), for a total of 12,561 persons. Seasonal residents, therefore, added another 59 percent to the county's year-round residents, for a total of approximately 33,959 persons, compared to the actual 1990 Census figure of 21,398 persons. This figure does not include those seasonal visitors or tourists staying in area motels, campgrounds or family homes. It is impossible to obtain accurate count of the number of the tourists who visit the county. However, the influence that tourists have on the local economy is easier to quantify. This topic will be discussed in Chapter 3 "Economy & Employment". 2-12 �HOUSING The number of residential housing units in the county has been increasing at a rate greater than the population. This reflects the trend toward fewer persons per household. TABLE 2-12 shows that between 1970 and 1990, Cheboygan County's total number of housing units increased by 57. 9%, while the population during that same period increased by only 29.1 %. TABLE 2-12: Cheboygan County Housing Characteristics (1970 - 1990) Housing Characteristics 1980 1970 % Change* 1990 % Change* Total Housing Units 8,924 12,488 +39.9%, 14,090 +12.8% Total Occupied Units 4,944 7,277 +47.2% 8,201 +12.7% Owner-Occupied (#) 4,090 5,994 +46.6% 6,522 +8.8% Owner-Occupied(%) 82.7% 82.4% Renter-Occupied(#) 854 1,283 Renter-Occupied(%) 17.3% 17.6% Total Vacant Units 3,980 5,211 +30.9% 5,889 +13 .0% Seasonal Units 2,898 2,821 -2.7% 4,831 +71.3% Owner(%) NIA 2.6% 2.1% Renter(%) NIA 12.1% 8.4% Persons Per Household 3.3 2.8 2.6 79.5% +50.2% 1,679 +30.8% 20.5% Vacancy Rate:** * ** Number shows percent change from preceding Census. Vacancy rate includes those housing units which are vacant, for sale or rent and are not seasonal housing units. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census The percentage of owner-occupied housing units in Cheboygan County has decreased over the past three decades. In 1970, owner-occupied housing units made up 82.7% of the county's total occupied units, while in 1990 they made up 79.5%, for a decrease of 3.2%. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of owner-occupied housing decreased by 2.9%. The county's vacancy rate, both owner and renter, has continued to decrease over the past two decades. Vacancy data is one measure of the availability of housing in a community. Sufficient housing stock, for both owner-occupied and renter-occupied, must be provided to accommodate an expanding population base. According to the Census, Cheboygan County's housing market vacancy rate was remarkably low in 1980, at 2.6%, and even lower in 1990, at 2.1% (see TABLE 2-12). Typical normal vacancy rates of owner-occupied housing are nationally about 5%. Cheboygan County's low percentage indicates a tight housing market and an inadequate supply of available units for new residents. This situation indicates that the demand for housing 2-13 �is not being met through the existing housing stock. More will be discussed concerning this issue, later in this chapter. The greatest numbers of housing units are found, naturally, where the population centers are located. In Cheboygan County, population and housing units are most numerous in the City of Cheboygan, the two townships east and south of the City, and in Tuscarora Township, mostly within and south of the community oflndian River and along the Burt Lake shoreline. The City of Cheboygan contains 23.6% (1,939 units) of all the occupied (year-round) housing units within the county (see TABLE 2-13). Tuscarora Township contains the second largest percentage (11.8%) and number of units (964), followed by Benton Township and Inverness Township. Tuscarora Township has the largest number of seasonal housing units (737) within Cheboygan County due to the presence of Burt Lake. Seasonal housing units make up 41. 6% of all housing units within Tuscarora Township. Burt, Grant, Mullett, Munro and Waverly townships all have a greater number of seasonal housing units than occupied (year-round) housing units. Most notably, Munro Township has 330% more seasonal than year-round occupied housing units. When analyzing the age of the county's housing stock, it was found that 45.6% of all the housing units in Cheboygan County were built between 1970 and March 1990. The largest number and percentage of housing units within the county were constructed between 1970 and 1979, as illustrated in TABLE 2-14. Nearly 29°/o of the housing units in the county were constructed before 1949. . Ch eboygan County TABLE2 -14 A,geo fHousmg structures m Year Structure Built Number Percent 1980 to March 1990 2,521 17.9% 1970 to 1979 3,900 27.7% 1960 to 1969 2,211 15.7% 1950 to 1959 1,443 10.2% 1940 to 1949 944 6.7% 1939 or earlier 3,071 21.8% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-14 �TABLE 2-1 3 : . b>V Mi nor C'1v1·1 D1v1s1on ... Che bov~an Countv- 1990Housm~ Units Unit of Government Total Housing Units Occupied Housing Units %of County's Total Housing Units Seasonal Housing Units Seasonal Units as% of Municipality's Total Occupied Housing Units 14,090 8,201 100% 4,831 58.9% Aloha Twp. 535 278 3.4% 220 41 .1% Beaugrand Twp. 550 386 4.7% 128 33.2% 1,272 877 10.7% 349 39.8% 657 224 2.7% 419 191.3% 2,215 1,939 23.6% 67 3.5% Ellis Twp. 219 119 1.5% 87 73.1% Forest Twp. 559 338 4.1% 178 52.7% Grant Twp. 714 275 3.4% 409 148.7% Hebron Twp. 148 74 0.9% 63 85.1% 1,037 738 9.0% 229 31.0% Koehler Twp. 636 264 3.2% 234 88.6% Mackinaw City* 261 167 2.0% 76 45.5% Mackinaw Twp. 444 235 2.9% 172 73.2% Mentor Twp. 319 206 2.5% 90 43.7% Mullett Twp. 1,049 405 4.9°/o 478 118.0% Munro Twp. 591 193 2.4% 363 305.0% Nunda Twp. 513 259 3.2% 230 88.8% 1,770 964 11.8% 737 76.5% Walker Twp. 117 78 1.0% 32 41.0% Waverly Twp. 372 143 1.7% 209 146.2% Wilmot Twp. 373 206 2.5% 137 66.5% Wolverine Vil.** 136 105 1.3% 23 21.9% Cheboygan Co. Benton Twp. Burt Twp. Cheboygan City Inverness Twp. Tuscarora Twp. * ** Mackinaw City data is included in that shown for Mackinaw Township. Village of Wolverine data is included in that shown for Nunda and Wilmot Township. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2-15 �RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION ACTMTY Cheboygan County residential building permits indicate construction activity within the county for the past five years. The number of building permits issued per year for the construction of new single-family residences has averaged 172, as illustrated in TABLE 2-15. The largest number of building permits (193) issued for the construction of new single-family residences occurred in 1996. While no building permits were issued for the construction of multi-family residences for the past five years, many permits have been issued for the placement of mobile homes and HUD low-income modular housing units. Between 1993 and 1997, an average of 154 building permits were issued each year for these types of housing units within Cheboygan County. It should be noted that modular homes meeting BOCA Code standards, which are erected on site are considered to be single family residences, while those not meeting that standard are considered to be mobile homes. TABLE 2- 15 Cheboy:"'an County BUl·1d·mg P erm1ts - 1993 - 1997 Construction Types 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Pennits Pennits Pennits Pennits Pennits 162 172 161 193 172 0 2 0 0 0 Mobile Homes** 139 150 157 157 169 Misc. Residential*** 557 600 575 665 650 TOTAL RESIDENTIAL 858 924 893 1015 991 Single-Family Residence* Multi-Family Residence * Includes modular housing units meeting BOCA building standards. ** Includes HUD low-income modular housing units, as well as mobile homes. *** Includes additions and alterations, carports and garages, and storage bldgs. Source: Cheboygan County Building Department The construction of an average of 326 new single family dwellings per year in Cheboygan County (the average of both single-family and mobile homes) indicate that there has been construction of a significant number of new housing units within the county over the past few years. More significantly, the large number of mobile home placements indicate that a great number of affordable housing units are being erected. This activity should be helping to fill the gap for more housing and for affordable housing, which was identified earlier in this chapter. 2-16 �POPULATION BY RESIDENCE Surprising evidence is revealed when analyzing former residency of Cheboygan County's citizens. FIGURE 2-5 and TABLE 2-16 shows that of residents living in Cheboygan County in 1990, nearly 20% lived in the county in 1985 but in a different household. This figure indicates that one-fifth of the county's households moved into a different house within the county, some of which was caused by households splitting up, due to children leaving home, divorce and other reasons. This number is confirmed through data showing the decrease in the number of persons per household during the time period. Popular belief is that the increase in the number of households is mostly caused by migration to the county from outside the boundary. These figures show, however, that only about half of the county's growth in numbers of households between 1985 and 1990 was caused by inmigration from outside of the county. CHEBOYGA.N COUNTY RESIDENCE N 1985 Persons 5 yrs & > 111 Same rouse 14000 , - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12000 10000 111 Dif. rouse/same • ~Lrty/same state • Dif. state &XX) 6000 4000 2000 mAbroad 0 San-ehouse Df. Df. house/sarre couty/sarre couty state Df. state Abroad FIGURE 2-5: Cheboygan County Residence in 1985 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census TABLE 2-16: Cheboygan County Res1.dency m 1985 Total Number of Persons Over 5 Years Old Type 12,016 Same House Different House/Same County 3,959 Different County/Same State 2,914 Different State 1,001 64 Abroad Source U.S. Bureau of the Census 2-17 �FINDINGS Cheboygan County's population is on the rise and is predicted to continue to increase into the next century. Although its growth rate has not been as high as some neighboring counties, it is much higher than the State's rate. Plans to accommodate this projected growth need to be undertaken in advance in order to provide adequate services and infrastructure to the area's future residents. A further exam of the county's stat1st1cs shows that like most of the rest of the nation, Cheboygan County's population is aging. Over the past three decades, the county's age distribution continued to increase in percentage of those over 25 years of age, while shrinking in those under 25 years. Shifting population bases create new demands on community services. While communities with a high concentration of children need to plan for the construction of schools and recreational facilities, communities with a larger elderly population need to concentrate more on plans for expanded health care and emergency services. In addition to the county's expanding and aging population, Cheboygan County's statistics show that there are now fewer persons per household than has been found in the past. Between 1970 and 1990, Cheboygan County's persons per household decreased from 3.3 to 2.6 persons. This is a trend found throughout the region, state and nation. If the county's population continues to increase, there will be a need for additional housing units to be constructed. Assessing the age and condition of the county's housing stock is an important planning tool. After a house is fifty years old it is typically in need of rehabilitation or replacement, depending upon the construction quality and history of continued maintenance. As of March 1990, the average housing unit in Cheboygan County was constructed in 1967, or over 30 years old. Nearly 29% of the total housing units in the county were constructed prior to 1949. These should, in theory, be in need of rehabilitation or replacement. The county is already actively involved in programs through the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) in order to provide local home owners with funding necessary for housing rehabilitation. A regional organization is currently being formed which will help to address the problem of housing shortages, especially that to be made available to lower income residents. Additionally, building permit data indicates that over 300 new single family dwellings are being erected per year in the county, many of which are affordable housing units. At least some of the county's increased housing demands, therefore, are already being addressed. As indicated, many of the housing units in the county are seasonal, meaning they are second and even possibly third houses of persons with primary residency in other vicinities. Many people, upon reaching retirement, spend a greater amount of time and often permanently move to houses that were previously secondary, seasonal homes. This scenario could result in an increase in demand for various human and public services in Cheboygan County. 2-18 �CHAPTER 3: ECONOJ\'IY AND EMPLOYMENT INCOME FIGURE 3-1 and TABLE 3-1 illustrate that Cheboygan County's median family income ( 1989 figures) was considerably lower than the State, but comparable to Mackinac, Montmorency and Presque Isle counties. The northwestern counties and Otsego County have higher median family income averages than the northeastern counties, including Cheboygan County. The northwestern side of the State tends to have higher incomes, due to greater economic diversity and a younger (wage earning) population base. Median Household Income for Cheboygan and Surrounding Counties & State: 1995 $40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 FIGURE 3-1: 1995 Median Household Income for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Source: Michigan Department of Management & Budget Estimates: 1999 By comparing median household income data between 1989 and 1995, one finds that while northern Michigan ' s income levels are still below that of the State as a whole, incomes in this area are rising at a much faster rate than the State's. While the State's median household income rose by nearly 16 percent, between 1989 and 1995, all of the counties surrounding Cheboygan (except Presque Isle County) rose at a rate in excess of30 percent (see TABLE 31). Another way to measure income is to look at per capita income data, which is the average amount of income per person within an area. Cheboygan County's 1996 per capita income of $18,330 was 7.7% below the average of the surrounding counties. The State's nonmetropolitan area per capita income (1996 figures) of $18,594 was only l .4% greater than Cheboygan County's per capita income of $18,330 (see TABLE 3-2). 3-l �TABLE 3-l : Median Househo d Income Che bo1y_gan Countv, Surrounding Counties & State: 1989 and 1995 Unit of Government Charlevoix Cheboygan Emmet Mackinac Montmorency Otsego Presque Isle Michigan Source: 1989 Median Household Income $24,738 $21,006 $26,015 $19,397 $17,819 $26,356 $20,941 $31,020 1995 Median Household Income $34,406 $27,622 $34,480 $27,567 $23,765 $35,935 $26,383 $35,940 % Difference +39.1% +31.5% +32.5% +42 .1% +33.4% +36.3% +26.0% +15 .9% 1989 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census; 1995 data - Michigan Dept. of Management & Budget TABLE 3-2 P er C ap1ta . I ncome tior Che boygan, surroun d.m~ Count1es & Sate t Unit of Government 1988 1992 1996 Charlevoix $13,685 $17,547 $22,881 Cheboygan $12,106 $14,628 $18,330 Emmet $15,997 $20,441 $24,159 Mackinac $12,785 $16,299 $20,913 Montmorency $10,947 $12,718 $14,830 Otsego $13,512 $16,093 $19,847 Presque Isle $12,262 $14,180 $15,783 Michigan, non-metro. portion $12,725 $15,350 $18,594 Source: Regional Economic Infonnation System, U.S . Dept. of Commerce, Economic & Statistics Admin, Bureau of Economic Analysis Average income figures for Cheboygan County's municipalities show that although most of its communities have income close to the county's 1989 average, some are considerably higher or lower (see TABLE 3-3). For example, Burt Township, located in the west central portion of the county, had the highest per capita income in the county at $12,317, which is 28.7% higher than the county average. The Village ofWolverine had the lowest per capita income at $6,791, and the lowest family median income of $17,375, each being 2go1o below the county average. The highest median family income ($30,980) was found in Benton Township, east of the City of Cheboygan. That township's median family income was 27% higher than the county's average. Incomes are generally found to be higher in the Cheboygan County communities located near lakes (including Lake Michigan) and rivers. Since water front properties are considerably more expensive than other lands, only those individuals with higher incomes can afford to live there. The other more rural portions of the county, which are not near lakes, (i.e. the Wolverine area) tend to be populated by lower income families. This is largely a function of the distance from the major employment centers, such as Cheboygan City. 3-2 �TABLE 3-3 Cheboygan County 1989 Per Cap1ta an d Med'1an Income Municipality Per Capita Income Median Family Income Cheboygan Co. $9,568 $24.396 Aloha Twp. $10,056 $24, • 23 Beaugrand Twp. $10,020 $26.635 Benton Twp. $11,093 $30,980 Burt Twp. $12,317 $26.797 Cheboygan City $8,567 $22,816 Ellis Twp. $8,521 $20,000 Forest Twp. $7,893 $18.393 Grant Twp. $9,048 $23 ,264 Hebron Twp. $9,969 $26,250 Inverness Twp. $9,969 $26,356 Koehler Twp. $8,620 $24,732 Mackinaw City* $10,904 $29,688 Mackinaw Twp. $11 ,046 $29.063 Mentor Twp. $7,851 $19.018 Mullett Twp. $9,481 $21 ,389 Munro Twp. $10,094 $29,167 Nunda Twp. $8,013 $21 ,167 Tuscarora Twp. $10,666 $22,940 Walker Twp. $7,169 $25.833 Waverly Twp. $11 ,021 $23 ,333 Wilmot Twp. $8,989 $22,813 Wolverine Vil.•• $6,791 $17,375 • Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in both Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion of Mackinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. •• Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numbers. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 3-3 �POVERTY STATUS Poverty data estimates from the Michigan Department of Management and Budget ( 1995 figures), indicate that Cheboygan County had the second highest percentage of its population fall ing below the poverty line when compared to its neighboring counties (see FIGURE 3-2 and TABLE 3-4). In 1995, 14.3% of the county' s population (all ages) and 21.2% of persons age Oto 17 years fell below the poverty line. Only Montmorency County' s figures were higher than Cheboygan' s for that year. Interestingly, however, Cheboygan County' s poverty figures were not much higher than the State' s data. In 1995, 12.6% of the State's population as a whole fell below the poverty level, which was only 1.7 points lower than Cheboygan's figure. Also, when comparing 1995 poverty statistics with 1989 Census poverty data (see TABLE 3-5), one finds that many of the subject counties' poverty rates have improved greatly over that time period, including Cheboygan's figures. From 1989 to 1995, Cheboygan County' s poverty rate (for all ages) fell from 15.6% to 14.3% (-1.3 points). Other surrounding counties also fell by a significant amount, including Mackinac County (-3 .9 points), Montmorency County (-1.8 points) and Presque Isle County (-1.5 points). The State's poverty rate only fell by .5 points during the same period. The data seems to indicate, therefore, that while many of the subject counties, still have high rates of poverty, there has been a marked improvement in recent years. 1995 Poverty Status for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% .....-.================== ·.·.· ·-·-•-·,·-· ·········•:•·······~---.·,:····;1:;;r;;~:-:·:t···,::,•····•~r~~:;t~;:~v-;····~·-v.~w.•.;v·~v·:··w···:;··~-::::i·"·;r;··~~{;f;:·· -Effi•- • % Population Below Po\€rty Ages 0-17 yrs . 6~ ;::.0~ 0x:.-1> im % Population Below Po\€rty All Ages rl>~ w cl)j ,,#~~ ~~ G v ~'l>v c,-\ rl>c, ~~ ~o &0~ ,,...,C:Jq) ~o ~~ v 9:J~ ~~ q-0 rl>~ ~0" .~C)j ~ FIGURE 3-2: Poverty Status - 1995 for Cheboygan, Surrounding Counties & State Source: Michigan Department of Management and Budget-1999 3-4 �Poverty data for persons 65 years and older is only available for 1989 (1990 Census figures) . Cheboygan County had 15.8% of its residents 65 years or older living in poverty, during that period, making it second to Presque Isle County at 17.8%. The county's poverty rate for persons 65 years or older was 5.0% greater than the State's average of 10.8%. Generally speaking, poverty statistics for Cheboygan County's municipalities are what would be expected after studying its per capita and median family income figures. When analyzing the poverty rates in the county's municipalities, it is not surprising to find that Burt Township had the lowest percentage below poverty ratings for all categories. Walker Township's poverty figures were the highest in the county within the categories of "all ages" and "persons 65 yrs and older" (34.3% and 58.5% respectively) (TABLE 3-6). That township's poverty rate for persons 65 years and older was 42.7% higher than the county's figure. Within the county, the Village of Wolverine had the highest percentage of persons with related children reporting incomes below the poverty level (44.2%). TABLE 3-4: 1995 Poverty Status: Cheboygan County, Surrounding Counties & State Income in 1995 Below Poverty Level All Ages(#) All Ages(%) Ages 0-17 yrs. (#) Ages 0-1 7 yrs. (%) Counties 2336 9.9% 908 Charlevoix 14.5% 14.3% Cheboygan 3314 1275 21.2% 2567 9.2% 950 Emmet 12.7% 1408 12.5% Mackinac 538 19.0% 15.7% Montmorency 1562 599 26.0% 8.9°/o 761 Otsego 1902 12.5% 13 .2% Presque Isle 1919 681 18.6% Michigan 1225586 12.6% 517850 20.1% Source: Michigan Department of Management & Budget - 1999 TABLE 3 -5 1989 P overty status: Che boygan Caunty, surroun d'mg Caunties &S tate Income in 1989 - Below poverty level All Ages(%) Counties Persons with related children < 18 yrs. (%) Persons 65 yrs. old & over (%) Charlevoix 10.4% 12.8% 12.7% Cheboygan 15.6% 20.8% 15.8% Emmet 8.5% 9.9°/o 11.9% Mackinac 16.4% 21.8% 14.1% Montmorency 17.5% 26.5% 13.2% Otsego 9.5% 11.2% 11.4% Presque Isle 14.7% 16.3% 17.8% Michigan 13.1% 18.2% 10.8% Source: U.S. BureauoftheCensus-1990 3-5 �.. r1ty TABLE 3-6: Ch e boygan Countv 1989 P overtv status b1y Mumc1pa Income in 1989 - Below Poverty Level Geographic Area All Ages(%) Persons with related children < 18 yrs. (%) Persons 65 yrs. old & over(%) Cheboygan Co . 15 .6% 20.8% 15.8% Aloha Twp. 8.9% 8.7% 10.6% Beaugrand Twp. 8.9% 11.9% 8.1% Benton Twp. 8.8% 13.2% 5.9% Burt Twp. 4.0% 4.1% 3.8% Cheboygan City 19.1% 24.1% 23.2% Ellis Twp. 13.6% 18.2% 0% Forest Twp. 17.3% 19.3% 9.7% Grant Twp. 19.0% 24.6% 18.1% Hebron Twp . 12.4% 17.3% 21.7% Inverness Twp. 13 .8% 19.7% 18.1% Koehler Twp. 20.2% 24.1% 10.6% Mackinaw City* 8.9% 12.4% 4.1% Mackinaw Twp. 8.4% 12.7% 8.8% Mentor Twp. 20.6% 28.1% 27.8% Mullett Twp. 17.4% 23 .1% 14.4% Munro Twp. 13 .1% 16.9% 29.3% Nunda Twp. 14.8% 19.4% 5.5% Tuscarora Twp. 15.9% 19.7% 13 .8% Walker Twp. 34.3% 42.3% 58.5% Waverly Twp. 22.3% 40.8% 28 .0% Wilmot Twp. 27.9% 42.3% 21.9% Wolverine Vil.** 24.1% 44.2% 0% * Mackinaw City figures include those portions of the Village located in Cheboygan and Emmet Counties. The Cheboygan County portion of Mackinaw City's figures are also counted in Mackinaw Township's numbers. ** Portions of Wolverine Village figures are also counted in Nunda and Wilmot Township's numbers. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 3-6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. 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Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1990s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000464 Title A name given to the resource Check from the Grand Rapids Foundation for the Grand Rapids campus Description An account of the resource Check from the Grand Rapids Foundation marks a succcessful fundraising campaign for the Grand Rapids campus. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Events Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/40b3e86f1293b7043bad0753abe2cd84.jpg 05e5bac538a236cae77ffc6d2d43a0b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001014 Title A name given to the resource Cheerleader pyramid Description An account of the resource Cheerleader pyramid. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/42f331569d9ddb3ed9e07c7cc7326884.jpg bc9e91471661ec86250a9bc049c3b16b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001016 Title A name given to the resource Cheerleader with megaphone Description An account of the resource Cheerleader with megaphone. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/35c74dacd0d69bcc91354e7208186c23.jpg 29e2a9a8d8f84993617122da868d3d7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1980s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001015 Title A name given to the resource Cheerleaders at Homecoming Description An account of the resource Cheerleaders at Homecoming, October 28, 1989. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e6a47df9562a7fce1e61d9f40acb49f5.jpg 89eaf0b469ba5e3ddadb4ba1475646dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000931 Title A name given to the resource Cheerleaders in the Field House Description An account of the resource Cheerleaders in the Field House. Subject The topic of the resource Students Events Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cf585f35011953e89d48589d89b63737.jpg 0c818acfcfeb67e8b735672a2835b92e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1990s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000264 Title A name given to the resource Cheerleaders on the football field Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dostie, James M. Description An account of the resource Cheerleaders on the field at a Laker's football game. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Sports Football players Cheerleading Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3b4d5ba82af9b33b4da9293f2581551.mp4 ecd2fdc8ccae5834d31eec7e38986476 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8b5fa1877d1e276246d1a54d51d19e1d.pdf c57a7f2114c1284ee2a5e2a0a01d58ef PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam Era David Cheeseman Length of interview (0:01:31 – 1:25:31) *Interview begins at 0:01:33 on screen (0:1:33- 0:03:40) Background         Born in June 1946 and raised in Wixom, Michigan Wixom was a rural area at the time, he served as the town paperboy delivering papers when he was young (0:02:07) Lived in a blue collar community, father began as a farmer then worked as a mechanic Went to Walled Lake High School, graduated in 1964 (0:02:42) Had a part time job running a hunting and fishing store owned by a friend of his mother His employer had served in the Navy, and talked fondly of that, and the local Navy recruiter was a fisherman who visited the store regularly (0:03:30) Wanted to fly airplanes from an early age, he was in the civil air patrol (0:03:34) First real job was as a line boy at a local airport (0:03:40) (0:03:40 -0:19:21) Enlistment Motivation for enlistment (0:03:52- 0:04:41)  Found out that there were few opportunities for enlisted people to fly in the Air Force, so he chose to enlist in the Navy (0:03:52)  The influence of the recruiter and his boss helped to motivate him  Parents supported his decision, despite his father’s wishes that he go to college (0:04:41) Basic Training (0:05:10 – 0:11:00)  After enlistment, took a train from Detroit to Chicago, and completed basic training at Great Lakes Naval Station (0:05:10)  He was a member of Company 507, with about 65-70 men, mostly from the Midwest and New York, and a few “bridge runners” from Virginia (0:05:35)  He knew that the Vietnam conflict had started before his enlistment in 1964 [but not in terms of direct American intervention], but he “wasn’t aware of it” (0:05:55)  While he was in boot camp, the Lieutenant Commander informed them that the U.S. had just started bombing North Vietnam (0:06:18)  He was told that training would be shortened, and they would soon be going to war (0:6:27) �  While he was in high school, the only memory he has of foreign relations was the missile crisis in Cuba during 1962 (0:6:51) Training was not shortened, and he was selected to be an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician (0:07:13) Daily life in boot camp (0:08:00 – 0:11:30)         While in boot camp, did a lot of marching, fooling around with the rifles, very little shooting, and practicing discipline (0:08:12) He also learned military discipline and the structure of the Navy, basic firefighting skills (0:08:43) Speaks of an experience where they had to undergo being gassed while in a room as part of training (0:09:30) Did not experience difficulty while in training, he thought it was very simple, “do what they tell you” (0:9:51) Talked of recruits who had difficulty adapting because they “were always scheming to beat the system, rather than joining the system” (0:10:15) Was given a job while in boot camp of being the education petty officer, in the evenings he would work with guys teaching them to read (0:10:45) Not being able to swim would set a lot of guys back (0:11:10) Finished boot camp in January 1965 (0:11:23) Military Job Training (0:11:30 – 0:13:30)      Sent to military school in Memphis, Tennessee for his training as an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician (0:11:32) Stationed at Naval Air Station in Millington, Tennessee, the world’s largest inland Navy base (0:12:30) The station taught all of the aviation trades (0:12:40) His specific training included aviation electronics, specializing in ASW equipment (0:12:58) He trained for nine months (0:13:09) Daily life during training (0:13:30- 0:19:30) �           Daily life included eight hours in the classroom, where he learned to build radios (0:13:40) Felt he received quite complete training (0:13:59) Evenings consisted of homework or inspections (0:14:00) Spent his time off in Memphis with “someone old enough to buy booze” (0:14:30) Discusses how segregation still existed quietly, and he states that all the black men in his service company were held back because they could not swim (0:15:57) There were very few blacks in training (0:16:08) Became honor man of his class (16:47:18) His first lessons while at the training center involved mathematics studies (0:17:20) Training lasted nine months (0:17:54) Describes military “saltiness”: enlisted men who had been around awhile became “salty”, he describes the nice feeling of being more salty then others by the end of his training (0:18:21) Spent a total of about one year training between basic training and specialization training (0:19:11) (0:19:20 – 1:21:00) Active Duty  Total enlistment was for four years (0:19:21)  After training, went to San Diego (0:19:30)  Went home on leave for 30 days, arrived in San Diego in October (0:20:03)      Took a "nickel snatcher" commercial ferry boat to NAS North Island in the bay (0:21:06) Was stationed at ComFair Diego (Commander Fleet Air of San Diego- Fleet Airwing 14) (0:21:15) Was assigned to ASCAC (Anti-Submarine Classification and Analysis Center) (0:21:20) His first training was as a sonar man (0:22:26) He was then trained to operate equipment used in anti-submarine planes (0:21:47) �   He and his crew were considered to be experts in anti-submarine aircraft electronics; his crew would brief aircraft operators. His job was to sort through data the anti-submarine aircraft retrieved (0:22:28) In 1965, he did not notice much activity off of the coast (0:23:38) Does not recall tracking a real Soviet submarine in all three years of service (0:23:55) Daily life while stationed in San Diego (0:24:00 – 0:29:20)  Lived on the base in 2-story barracks, which “had a Spanish feel to it” (0:24:49)  Got to travel to San Diego and Tijuana (0:25:44)  Felt that the majority of the civilian population was pro-military (0:27:45)   Recognized a large faction of younger people that were anti-military, whom they had run-ins with on a regular basis (0:28:10) Did not know what the Vietnam War was about, but wanted to support his country because his government thought that they should be in it (0:28:50) Ranks (0:29:25 - 0:30:25)    Moved up to Petty Officer quickly, started in October 1964 as an E-1, promoted to E-2 after boot camp, promoted to E-3 airman six months later, did a minimum of year as an E-3, was promoted in January 1966 as E-4 Petty Officer Third Class, in October 1968, promoted to E-5 (0:29:20) Re-upped before the end of his enlistment, took advantage of a program that offered $10,000 bonus to reenlist for 6 years After completing the tour in San Diego, applied for and was accepted to the Advanced Electronics school in Memphis, October 1968 (0:31:50) Reenlistment (0:32:00 – 0:34:30)  Learned about transistor radios while training for nine months (0:32:25)  Had different responsibilities as a Petty Officer, oversaw the barracks (0:32:50)  Married in 1967 (0:33:00) � On the one year anniversary of Martin Luther King’s death, the base shut down, and there was a small uprising (0:33:20) Deployment to Japan (0:34:30- 0:39:00)         At the end of training was sent back to the fleet, then stationed at the Marine Corp Air Station in Iwakuni, Japan, and brought his wife and car with him (0:34:49) Iwakuni was 25 miles from Hiroshima (0:35:30) Was assigned to night watch the first night he arrived in Japan (0:36:00) Supervising Chief asked him to work on a project with him, to localize submarines (0:37:00) Built an electronic circuit in a cigar box, connected it to a Simpson 260 which was the standard military multimeter and this project was able to localize submarines (0:37:25) This later became an ambient noisemaker which was later installed in all P3C aircraft (0:38:25) Did not sleep much in Japan, was common to work for 30 hours straight (0:38:45) His job was to keep track of Soviet submarines (0:39:00) Daily life while in Japan (0:39:30- 0:51:00)  Lived off base for 6 months, and then lived on base (0:40:45)  Lived on a hill in a new house that was built for western style occupants (0:41:00)       Living off base he experienced good relations with Japanese neighbors and business people (0:43:40) Was in Japan for 26 months (0:44:12) Adopted a Japanese baby (0:44:30) Birth mother wanted her child back, and at the end of a simple trial he and his wife were awarded custody. He made plans after that to have his daughter and wife leave the country (0:44:40) There was a lot of racial tension on the base between blacks and whites (0:45:12) Speaking about morale in the Navy, notes how FTN (“Expletive The Navy”) was a common term; “a term that everyone used, all day every day” (0:48:43) � Returned to the United States in October 1971 (0:49:55)  Assigned to a unit and was an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician (0:50:25)  Had made First Class in June 1970 and was offered a First Class job (0:50:38) Tour in San Diego (0:51:00 – 0:56:10)  Stationed again in San Diego for a tour that lasted from 1971- 1975 (0:51:55)  He was a mechanical repairman (0:52:00)   He became supervisor of the repair shop that worked on communications and navigation equipment for 3 ½ years (0:53:25) Experienced difficulty supervising “draft dodgers” who were unreliable for work and used drugs (0:56:09) Experience with women in the Navy (0:56:12 – 1:03:30)  In 1971 or ’72 they opened up naval aviation operations positions for women (0:56:30)        He, along with others struggled with incorporating the women, many women were unprepared for dirty and strenuous jobs (0:56:25) Most women ended up working telephone operator positions, and at times the women did not know how to refer the incoming calls (0:57:05) Was going through a nasty divorce, and his work performance declined (0:58:40) At one point he received a supervisor evaluation. Two of the things he remembers the evaluation stating were that he had difficulty accepting women’s roles in the Navy and that he tended to procrastinate (0:59:00) Felt that after this evaluation he was at the end of his advancement in the Navy (0:59:30) His evaluation was put into his service record (0:59:45) Commander who oversaw his evaluation was a woman, yet she was sympathetic to him and reviewed his record and found it to be perfect (1:01:00) �  She said she was not “going to let the Navy destroy a career over something that everyone deals with” (1:02:30) Was selected as a Chief Petty Officer after this event (1:03:00) Post San Diego tour (Bermuda, Maine, Spain, Iceland) (1:03:30 – 1:11:25)  Went to Naval Air Station in Bermuda (1:03:40)  Homosexuality was a huge problem in the barracks (1:04:30)  Floors were segregated by sexual orientation (1:04:40)         Cites that integration of women became easier over time, as the military adjusted and trained the women more thoroughly (1:05:15) After Bermuda went to a patrol squadron, and was the first patrol squadron to deploy with women, and half of them came back pregnant (1:06:55) The patrol squadron was stationed in Maine, and deployed to Spain and Iceland (1:07:08) Bermuda has only 21 square miles of land, so at times the size was a limitation (1:07:50) AIMD in Bermuda was a P3 facility. He was there for 3 years (1:09:08) Went to Maine afterwards, and deployed to Rota, Spain (1979) (1:09:28) Worked 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 6 months (1:10:18) By the time he was deployed to Iceland (1981-82), he was a Senior Chief (1:11:25) Last four years of active duty (Memphis) (1:11:40 – 1:17:00)  Spent last 4 years in Memphis, became course supervisor for AVA school (1:11:45)     Had many external activities while in Memphis, bought a home, played in a band (1:12:49) Did not notice any racial tension in the mid 80’s (1:13:01) Left the Navy after 22 years (1:14:20) Was due to retire in 1985, but he was offered a one year extension in Memphis (1:14:40) � Cites it as an enormous mistake, due to a terrible boss (1:14:45)  He asked his boss to fire him (1:15:35)  Was made battalion adjutant, ran the barracks side of the training, in charge of 18 year olds (1:16:20) Thoughts on military service (1:17:00 – 1:21:00)        Incorporating women and having them be useful, productive and proud sailors was one of the biggest changes in the Navy (1:17:30) While the military had become softer, it wasn’t worse (1:18:00) During Desert Storm, he and others thought the U.S. would get their (expletive) kicked, however was impressed with the job of the military (1:18:30) The aspect of respect has stayed the same (1:19:00) The idea that the mission has got to get done has also stayed the same (1:20:00) If he had to do it over, he would have signed up for the Navy again (1:20:22) He feels proud, met a lot of interesting things, got to do a lot of interesting things (1:21:00) (1:21:00 – 1:25:31) Life after the military  Worked at a lumberyard in Greenville, Michigan for two years (1:21:30)  Worked as a carpenter for 5 years doing remodeling (1:22:40)     Attended the Memphis State Technical Institute on the G.I. Bill for building and construction technology, did not graduate (1:22:45) Moved to Interlochen, Michigan (1:23:20) Built houses for nine years, retired in 2005 (1:24:15) Moved to Martin so they could be close to their daughter and granddaughter (1:24:45) End of interview (1:25:31) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cheeseman, David (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cheeseman, David Description An account of the resource David Cheeseman, of Martin, Michigan served in the Navy for 22 years, rising in ranks throughout his enlistment to become a Chief Officer. He enlisted in 1964, during the beginning of the Vietnam conflict. David trained as an aviation anti-submarine warfare technician in Memphis and spent his first four years in the Navy stationed at the Commander Fleet Air of San Diego. After reenlisting in 1968 with the rank of a Third Class Petty Officer, David spent time in Japan before returning to San Diego as a First Class Petty Officer and completed a tour from 1971-1975 in which he served as a mechanics repair shop supervisor. After being deployed to Bermuda, Spain, and Iceland, David returned to Memphis to spend his last four years in the Navy as an AVA course supervisor. By this time, he had earned the rank of Senior Chief. David shares extensive insights on racial relations in the south, anti-warfare sentiments on the west coast throughout the 1960's, and the integration of women in the Navy in the 1970's. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Navy Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-09-20 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CheesemanD1255V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f4529bf6f02a5f11ccd331c084de2f8a.jpg 24a2b02ba39e9c2dd653dca8d3c966df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000956 Title A name given to the resource Chemistry student Description An account of the resource Chemistry student. Subject The topic of the resource Students Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7c0295b618886ba5062c8ef82c573953.jpg 9e6ab73c6de0b75202f69b135daac23b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000957 Title A name given to the resource Chemistry student Description An account of the resource Chemistry student. Subject The topic of the resource Students Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f341dfd39ed34f06b2ae49559cd47d59.jpg 6560c3b5da438f03c088d4d0fb105b60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000254 Title A name given to the resource Chemistry students in lab Description An account of the resource Chemistry students performing a lab experiment. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Classrooms Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/43df1e4dc3a853984844b5072f7f5dec.jpg 691a88d12f9962680dffd0903a4ca85a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChenChini-Chin Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Chen, Chini-Chin Description An account of the resource Chen, Chini-Chin, Director of Music Technology Center Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c21418d69fa2e9ce3a93d1a1f08b8e35.mp4 9e89a6b8e19eb47d462664b38a6ae4f0 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/abc193d55758172a69e264b6bb275814.pdf c7fd78aa81a2ca2749fe87fcab2d69fd PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Hello my name is Steve Hammond and I represent the Grand Valley State University veterans history project today we have the privilege of interviewing Mr. John Chenard and he was a Vietnam War veteran. He has quite a story to tell but first before we get into your military service John tell me when you were born and where you were born. John: I was born in Chicago Heights Illinois in 1948 Steve: Um could you tell me about your parents? John: well they're both dead now but I I had great parents my dad was a barber his entire life had a gigantic barber shop 13 chairs at one time my mother was just a dedicated housewife she was just a beautiful fantastic woman Steve: um trying to think any brothers and sisters? John: I have an older sister and a younger brother. Steve: Yeah well what did they do for a living? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: My older sister is retired she's up here in the Grand Rapids area and my younger brother he's down in Florida trying to survive. Steve: Hmm okay all right um how was a life growing up in that area? John: it was good it was good many activities from programs for kids growing up there and bought my first second third house down there and it was just good living. Steve: What uh where'd you go high school at? John: Crete Monee high school. Steve: Mm-hmm how was that? John: Yeah little redneck little little town high school about it and it's still that way now. Steve: You were born in 48 right? John: Yes. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay now when did you decide to go into the military? Were you drafted? [0:00-2:01] John: I really had no choice I was drafted okay and I went in in 67 didn't take long to draft was held on January 1st I believe or December. Steve: Of what year? John: Although every year they had a lottery. Steve: Okay. John: And mine the number I drew for June 23rd was number 8 so I think was the first of January they they did the draft draft. Steve: Mm-hmm. John: And I was in the Army by February 8th I believe it was. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay did you explain more about this lottery draft because a lot of people don't know about that. John: they drew numbers they people who qualified to be drafted was drafted by the way the numbers came up versus their birth date of birth so what if they had 365 balls in the basket and they draw one first one would be January 1 second ball regardless of what month or year or month was and it would be January 2 I had February 8th so it didn't take too long for them to get to me. Steve: Um where was your basic training at? John: Fort Polk Louisiana. Steve: Ok how was that, how was the training? John: Well it's a rude awakening from civilian life to military life but it was okay it was okay and took it down there in the spring so it wasn't too bad. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: now maybe next military they told us years later in the mid-80s when I took my basic training that if this was wartime they would cut from eight weeks to four weeks is that what they did with you? John: No, no at all. [2:02 - 3:57] Steve: How long was basic training? John: Eight weeks. Steve: Okay. John: Eight weeks. Steve: Okay they must have changed it after that then that's what they told us but anyway uh your advanced training what did you do? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Fort Polk I was in the infantry. Steve: Okay so you 11 Bravo. John: 11 11 Bravo yes. Steve: Okay how was that? John: It was a little harder a little bit more aggressive training. Steve: Mm-hmm. John: A little bit more anti- enemy training. Steve: Yeah. John: Teach you how to eliminate the enemy in several different ways. Steve: Yeah, could you describe that just briefly or. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Oh bayonet training we fired 50 caliber machine guns nothing everybody gets a chance to fire 50 caliber machine-gun I went through 2 live hand grenades climbed up rope towers walk through swamps with snakes. Steve: Poisonous? John: Bugs oh yes we're in Louisiana yes. Steve: Did anybody get bitten? John: No. [3:58 - 5:10] Steve: Okay. John: No snakes are afraid of us it just as much as we were them. Steve: Yeah that's what I've heard I've never I've been down south I never lived down there but my relatives and friends have always told me that. John: Yeah they wrote they there won't be no human contact. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Right what about Gators? were they they down there? John: Never saw a gator. Steve: Okay all right so well this is still 68 or or 67 is it gonna be or is it close to 68 now? John: No it's still 67. Steve: Okay now after that uh your MOS training military occupational specialty after that training where'd you go? John: To Fort Benning Georgia for Airborne training. Steve: Hmm tell us about that? John: Well you learned how to jump out of a perfectly perfectly good airplane and I still wonder why I did that not quite sure but no they teach all the facets of learning how to jump out of a plane properly with a static landing no freefall. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: How was that doing it for the first time? John: Uh everybody had to get pushed out of the airplane okay once he get up 1,500 feet you're going along a couple hundred miles an hour you you look at things differently and the guy behind you he's just told to push you. Steve: Oh so wow so everybody behind pushed each other. John: That's right. Steve: And what the last person wasn't one of the… John: There was somebody at the door for survival. [5:10 - 6:41] Steve: So when you were out I never was an airborne but when you when you went off when did you know how to pull the cord for you know? John: You didn't. Steve: Oh you didn't? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: You were hooked on with a static line. Steve: Okay. John: When you jumped out of the door the static line would pull your chute out and open it for you. Steve: Okay oh okay that's interesting it solves basically I was right away. John: Yep. Steve: Your chute open and stuff. John: Yeah you're flying about 1,500 feet so the chute opens very quickly and you're on the ground in five six seconds. Steve: What has it ever been where there are some kind of mix-ups there that nobody's dead or…? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No. Steve: Okay. John: No, everything is those chutes are all packed under strict supervision and no everything's nobody gets hurt if you don't roll when you hit the ground you might sprain an ankle or something they teach how to land also. Steve: Oh so training was pretty good in Airborne School? John: Yeah it fun. Steve: Well what after that after you're airborne trained? John: Well while I was an Airborne School they approached me about Ranger School because my basic and AIT[6:42 - 7:55] Steve: Mm-hmm. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: -Scores were so so high so I signed up for Ranger and I went through the Ranger training program that was 12 weeks at that time and there you jumped out of helicopters at 15,000 feet and there are you your free fall then you open up a halo shoot and for the new people they had an altimeter that they wore that started beeping when they got so low on you then that's your cue to open your chute otherwise the older guys they just knew how to do it. Steve: They had that much experience so they could know... John: Oh yeah. Steve: Wow. John: I've had about a hundred jumps total so I don't need an altimeter anymore. Steve: Okay. John: But I don't jump out of perfectly good helicopters or airplanes anymore either. Steve: Yeah well that's pretty nice so after your Ranger training that was that still Fort Benning there? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Uh that was all over those Panama, Costa Rica Air Force Base in Florida… that was 45 years ago I can't remember the name of the base. Steve: You're good. John: It's on the Panhandle. Steve: Probably either Tyndale or Pen… I can't remember but it's there's a Navy Air Force Base right there. [7:56 - 9:15] John: Yeah. Steve: Yeah anyway um how was the countries of Panama Costa Rica did you get to see any of it? John: No. Steve: Did you get to interact with anybody there? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No, we had special camps down there military reservations. Steve: Hmm. John: And that's where we did all of our training and had no contact with the locals at all no. Steve: You think that was good? John: Probably yeah it wouldn't interfere with our training. Steve: Yeah, so you're talking about 1968 now pretty much? John: yeah well 67 I'm still 67. Steve: Okay did you have to see the Panama Canal? John: No. Steve: Okay. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Yeah. Steve: How close were you? John: You know probably 75 80 miles. Steve: Okay you're quite a ways actually. John: Yeah. [9:16 - 10:08] Steve: Alright so after all that training when did you get the orders to leave the country to go overseas? John: Mm-hmm when I was done with my Ranger training. Steve: Okay alright. John: Didn't uh yeah well let's backtrack first of all I was sent to Washington DC not overseas. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Uh-huh. John: But I was assigned to the First Ranger Battalion that went overseas every couple weeks went back and forth. Steve: Mm-hmm, and then you got picked for one of them? John: Yeah. Steve: Okay alright uh how was that when you were chatting over there when you first what Vietnam how did you feel? John: Nervous they never know what you're expecting you're always heard all about the terriblest atrocities and the war stories from people come back but it was a was a chilling experience because you didn't know what to expect really. Steve: Sure. John: We did notice the first thing we got off the plane the heat the heat was just terrible in the humidity. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Hmm. John: But we had we we went back and forth to do one specific mission it wasn't a black op or wasn't anything like that we were hand-picked to go do one specific job and that was it when that job was done we'd come back come or come back to the base come back to the United States go right back to Fort McNair U.S.. Army Headquarters, that’s that was my duty assignment. Steve: And that's in DC right? John: DC yes. [10:09 - 11:54] Steve: okay could you tell me about those what do you call those missions or whatever? John: They were just specific search and seizure missions we were assigned to go extract POWs. Steve: Okay, American or…? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: American. Steve: Or South Vietnamese? John: No any well basically American. Steve: Okay. John: The fighter pilots they were flying over wherever they were dropping bombs they had cameras going all the time and they would pass over an area or close to an area that could have possibly been a POW camp and another pilot would go go by and take another picture and they decided well yeah that probably is definitely a POWs camp so then they would stick a ranger squad go in there and determine whether it is or not and if it was if they could take control of it or go back get more help there was no radio contact no radio contact at all well we were out there on our own but we were trained for that. Steve: Did you uh run into the enemy at all? John: Very very seldom we ran into more villagers and common people non-combatants as they would call it and we just tried to avoid everybody. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: yeah did you ever have to interact with any and locals when you did that or you just guys just went in and around them. John: We tried to avoid them. Steve: Okay. John: If there were if we actually were detected or intertwines and our paths actually cross there there are other ways that we rather not talk about that one. Steve: No problem no problem so in other words you just avoided them? [11:55 - 13:52] John: Yes. Steve: At all cost. John: At all cost. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay how many each time you had a mission there did you get how many POWs did you get out on an average? John: On an average about 20. Steve: That's pretty good. John: About 20 and that was on four different occasions. Steve: Mm-hmm. John: We brought back 20, 28 I think was the most and I think the least was 21 I think yeah. Steve: Those are pretty good numbers. John: Yeah. Steve: So they were in these camps right these POW camps so you would actually have to would you sneak in or would you have to actually have a small firearms combat or. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: It wasn't a small firearms combat we would detect the camp we would encase the camp we would they have no contact they did not know we're there we were just watching their movements. Steve: Mm-hmm. John: And then at a certain time specified time that we all agreed on we all hit we were all in our position, we knew where all the enemy was and we just shot them one by one we knew exactly where they were in ten seconds it was all over. Steve: And then you just went in and. John: Got them all in and got them out and started heading it back. [13:53 - 15:13] Steve: now of course I hear all kinds of stories too and the public sees all kinds of movies to where the action, what kind of cells were they in were they bamboo type things or what were they in, our POWs. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Yes there they were very primitive most done were taking over villages and they were grass huts most of them were on with most of the POWs were on leaders so they couldn't run off either way you could had things around their necks or things around their ankles. Steve: Mmm. John: And fifty foot cable enough to hit the latrine enough to move but that was it there was no concrete cells it was far from being a prison. Steve: Bamboo bars and all none of that stuff? John: Yes, oh their perimeter fencing was made of sticks. Steve: Okay. John: Sticks tied together that. Steve: Was the bamboo stuff kind of Hollywood type stuff. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Yeah we see sticks trees branches leaves it wasn't it wasn't I'm not sure what I'm trying to say. Steve: Whatever the environment there was? John: There were no concrete walls they don't… were very primitive. Steve: Okay. John: Very primitive people. Steve: So when you took when you did your took the guards out will say it was easy going there and getting them out. John: Yes it was. Steve: Okay. Very easy. [15:14 - 16:46] John: Very easy. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: The Americans the POWs when you saw them I know that what their reaction would be but were a lot of them abused were they or can you say malnutrition? John: More malu- you malnutrition and lack of medical. Steve: Okay. John: But I don't I don't think any of were really abused they weren’t beaten. Steve: Not tortured or nothing? John: No no. Steve: Could you tell me the reaction of the first ones that saw you? John: Oh they were just totally ecstatic they knew who we were right away that there's such a different sound of the rifles we were used in comparative our enemy combatants and they knew they didn’t even see us they know we were there. Steve: Wow, so would you have to identify yourself to them when you come up to. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No. Steve: Okay. John: They know who we were. Steve: Alright yeah that's good. John: What took you so long shut up or we’ll leave yeah. Steve: How long were some of them there was someone there longer than others? John: Yes some were there longer than others they traded a lot of people off throughout the throughout the whole war but some of them died some of them died in custody but they were they were they were alive their spirits weren't broken and they wanted to go home we brought them back. [16:47 - 18:20] Steve: how far did you have to go before you got to the nearest base? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: About 200 miles and we did that all on foot. Steve: So did you have to carry some of them? John: most of this was done in Laos and we were never in Laos. Steve: Hmm so did you have to carry them at all or get a stretcher? John: Some um we did we had carry no no no stretchers or anything like that they two people helping them with walking out. Steve: Well well did you run into the enemy at all going back? John: Very seldom we ran into the enemy we ran into more village people villagers, common people and how we did what we had to do to get to keep going. Steve: Sure I understand. John: There was one time we ran into no we didn't run into but you remember who Pol Pot was? He was.. or the Khmer Rouge �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: I've heard of that yeah. John: Okay that's like a left-wing army of the North Vietnamese Army renegade guerilla type type type type tactics and if the leader was Pol Pot and our paths cross their paths one time never had contact with them no battle contact but we knew they were there and they didn't know we were there so we just laid low waited for them to leave down there they're an army of 150,000 people and. Steve: The Vietcong. John: Yeah apart Khmer Rouge. We were six, see I've got Steve: Just six in one platoon? John: Six six people is quiet there's flying well six seven or eight people who go in and extract these POWs no more. [18:21-20:14] �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Why was the six a good number to get them in and out and how do people know that there would be so successful was six instead of like fifteen or twenty. John: Our training less number less detected our cover would have been a lot better the lesser numbers you are and we were trained to take out a lot of people and didn't need anymore. Steve: Hmm yeah you still average between 21 and 28 American POWs out of there and were- John: The six of us could take out twenty to thirty guards in just a few seconds because we knew where they all worked. Two o'clock in the morning we knew where everyone was and just pew in one shot and take them out. Steve: Did you ever have to use any like grenades or anti-tank weapons or anything like that just all small arms. John: Small arms we carried M14s rather than 16, they’re… they were more accurate most of what muzzle velocity was greater more accurate as we used it more like a sniper what this my sniper rifle we had Twilight scopes. Steve: Hmm okay. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Just there was something new. Steve: Tell me about that or tell us about the Twilight scopes. John: Well you you could pick up heat signals at night you look through the lens since it's green and you can the heat from the… Steve: Body. John: People's body is warmer than the tree or the ground around them and you could see their outline so you knew exactly where they were you tell if they were taking a shower they were sleeping you could you could see it you you could pick up the heat signal through grass huts you can see them sleeping there so we just aim for that. Steve: Now how did you know all the grass huts that they were sleeping in compared to the POWs. John: Oh the POWs are always out there they were always out in the open. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock [20:15 - 22:21] Steve: Can you tell us more about that? John: Of the sub some of them some of the pens that they had they herded them in things like pig pens some of the Pens were and had covers on them but the sides were always open and people the enemy in the guard towers around but they really weren’t guard towers they were trees with platforms on them and very crude but they would they they saw they could see the POWs at any time there weren't any building. Steve: Hmm so what the kind of animals did you run any you've gone there back that would be like hurtful to you like it was it was there Cobras over there, poisonous snakes? John: Threy were poisonous snakes but they we never had any problem with snakes our biggest problems were leeches if we had to walk through a creek or a river you always came out full of leeches all over you and you just walked through this Creek waist deep for 30 seconds and he'd come out and you know leeches all over you you know really terrible but spiders not spider bites but nothing - nothing deadly a big problem with wild boars wild boars would detect you and they would they come snooping and they felt threatened they would they would charge you. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Sharp teeth sharp tusks. John: Tusks teeth I'm pretty sure they had pretty good teeth we never ran across any but I've heard nightmare stories about people who have and you got to get the boar otherwise the boar is going to get you. Steve: Now say like did you run any on your way to a POW camp that would give your position away at all? John: No, no we didn't run into any boars no I didn't other other members of the the group did I no I never ran in any any boars. Steve: So 200 miles you average between 21 and 28 POWs just the six of you. John: Yes. Steve: How long did it take you to get back to an American base? John: Three to four weeks. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: What did you do for food and water? [22:22 - 24:43] John: We were we learned how to scavenge there's there's rice everywhere out there rice everywhere so many good vegetable plants that grows in the wild we also had lurps, concentrateded meals in a squeeze packet to go on that they have they call it something else now I'm not sure what they call it now back then they called them Iurps and we survived. Steve: Water did you get it from the streams? John: Water was everywhere. Steve: Was it. John: Water was everywhere. Steve: Were there any plants that were actually not good for you that you ate from or? John: No we knew what plants we could eat from but wild vegetables grew everywhere out there and you just have to learn how to eat a sweet potato raw. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Yeah um what kind of vegetables besides a sweet potato were there? John: Uh Tomatoes you know the the local people they grow they grow everything that they eat and we could pilfer pilfer their gardens. Steve: Well you gotta do what you got to do to survive especially bringing POWs that many through and I'm sure they are probably glad to get something to eat. John: Yeah determination and willpower with far more important than putting food in your stomach they well we did to no there are times when we'd just eat one piece of food all day long but we just had the willpower to keep on going we're gonna get back home. Steve: Now when you got them to a base what was the reaction of the your commanding officers and NCOs at the base and the reaction of your POWs when you first came on to the base? John: They were all very they welcomed everybody with open arms we were like a Suicide Squad when once we left that base they thought they'd never see us again you know then a month later here we come back with whole bunch of people and they were just very very thankful they rushed them right off to medical medical before they were even debriefed we went �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock in we had to turn over our cameras we took a lot of pictures and we had to turn over our cameras we were debriefed then we got a chance to clean up and eat ourselves and we sometimes we had a chance to say goodbye to the POWs sometimes we didn't put us back on a c-130 and back to the States. [24:44 - 27:40] Steve: So how much time did you have between each mission? John: Maybe a month month and a half so I had a 30-day leave every 30 days. Steve: Was it enough for you to go to the next mission? John: Yeah. Steve: Was it? John: Yeah it was two weeks was out on our own two weeks for back at the base for not extensive training but refreshing training refresher training. Steve: Sure now did you have some of the same soldiers with you during the whole time or or you have different ones each time? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: People did come and go but normally this the squad was made up of the same people one person might leave and another one would join but as they got a rule there you went out there with more people that you've gone on missions before with then new people and if this this assignment was strictly voluntary strictly voluntary you were brought to Washington DC and then they explained everything to and you could say yes or no and you'd be surprised how many people said yes. Steve: Really, what made you decide to do this did you feel like you had to do it did you want to do it did you feel like it was something you should do when you put on the uniform for the first time or what. John: I'm real that's a question I really don't think I could answer I have always been helpful to other people that needed help I have all been that way my entire life and I just figured boy these people really need our help right now and they know our government picked me to go do this so I went yes I have no regrets well that was crazy when I'm on these missions you you you change your personality changes you go in there as a young man you come back as a crazy person you really do. Steve: Well you've seen a lot of stuff normal people that just live regular lives don't see. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Yeah. [27:40 - 29:59] Steve: Yeah that thought will change anybody. John: Yeah I didn't I didn't come back as a drug user as an alcoholic I don't use those for excuses this post-traumatic stress syndrome I'm sorry but I just I'm old school I just don't have pity for those people I don't they’re just using that as an excuse because they saw something that that wasn't pretty okay that's war that's war and they didn't have any PTSD when we came back we weren't even welcomed with with bands you know we were booed we had bricks and bottles and stuff thrown at us. Steve: Mm-hmm well we can we can go over that a little bit later. John: Okay Steve: I want to back it up a little bit more. John: Okay. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: So you said they found out the camps there with when they were dropping bombs. John: Well when they're evacuating area when they were after they drew succeeded with their mission they were on high tailing it out of them but they had cameras going on the bottom of their planes all the time and just reconnaissance that's all and they put together these series of pictures and they determine maybe that could be a POWs camp. Steve: Now when you guys got your mission did anybody have a map at all they just just go? John: No we were all briefed back at the Army War College before going there we we knew what path we were basically gonna take what we're gonna take with us how far away it was and every time they were right there right but we do all that before we've left. Steve: Okay, so you know pretty much which way to go what direction to go in. John: Yeah we knew where the swamps the creeks the rivers the villages we do all that. Steve: So basically they just assign you to one camp to go to? John: Yes. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay did they sign if you know us did they assign other groups to different camps? [30:00 - 32:24] John: Yes. Steve: Okay did you ever run any other Americans that would go to that? John: No. Steve: Okay so they pretty much separate just as much as they could in different areas to go to that's very smart yeah. John: Our paths never crossed. Steve: Okay now did you any of you ever get hurt injured or anything or wounded in action going to and from any of you six that was going to these POWs? John: Yes, yeah I got shot several times. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay I mean do you want to saying about or don't want to say anything? John: Well I'm still here I just have a couple extra holes in my body and luckily enough nothing hit vital organs and most of the time when we came under fire we were far enough away from the from the sniper or the enemy combatant to him by the time the rounds hit us the velocity had been cut in half so just when it just went into us and buried itself in the muscle but I I got I got several holes different new holes in my body but nothing serious. Steve: Now you said the bullets were still in you right? John: I still have fragments in me. Steve: Um did you have to have surgery right away when you got to the bait like a base or just? John: You know if it wasn't life-threatening they'd put a bandaid on it and take care of it at Walter Reed Army Hospital when you got back. Steve: Okay I see and obviously it wasn't life-threatening to you. John: No. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Was any of the other six life threatening or. [32:25 - 34:10] John: Well we did lose one of our people one on one occasion and another one we had to carry out. Steve: Okay along with the POWs? John: With the PO- POWs. Steve: So that's just five of you to take them. John: Actually there were seven of us on that that when there eight of us all together depending on where we're going and where we were travel and what type of terrain we’re traversing dependent whether it was six seven or eight. Steve: It's quite a mission. John: Yeah. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: But all together do you have a rough idea first of all how many times you go in and out of these POW camps? John: I went in and out six times. Steve: Six times so then do you have I got average how many you got out altogether you think over hundred probably. John: I would say right around 100 I don't know for sure I don't remember. Steve: Yeah that's fine. John: I go to a reunion every year down in Indianapolis. But, so many of us are dying and so many of them are dying. I don't even keep track I just... I don't know plus I'm so old Alzheimer's, I think, is setting in I can't remember anything else. Steve: Well you remember pretty good now so I don't think you have Alzheimer’s. Al right well okay so you went back and forth to Vietnam about six different times? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Six different times over a period of 14 months. Steve: Okay, well. So basically you're looking at 1969 pretty much right now. [34:11 - 35:52] John: 68 and 69 yes. Steve: Okay yep and of course as a lot of people know 69 was the height of the war or 68 excuse me not 69 68 was where we had the most troops over there and we had the most casualties too and stuff like that too um when they when you guys got the POWs to the to the American bases or camps wherever you went to were they pretty much taken back to the States after they were…? John: After they were checked out medically and after they were debriefed yes they came back to the States. Steve: And then they're probably discharged from there if they wanted to or…? John: I don't know what happened to them after that. Some of them were under longer military obligation, some of may have expired or turn past their expiration date. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Sure, now we're these enlisted guys or officers that you pulled? John: They were both. Steve: Both okay. John: They were both. Most of the enlisted were ground troops most of the officers were… Steve: Pilots? John: Pilots. Steve: For the helicopter or for..? John: Both yeah we lost a hell of a lot of helicopters over there. Steve: Yeah I think I still read stories today of a lot of helicopter crews and pilots that are still unaccounted for. John: Still unaccounted for. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: So, well I'm gonna say this during this whole- John: I would love to be able to go back there and traverse some of these paths that I took just to just to help locate. [35:53 - 37:24] Steve: Sure, I want to say this throughout this whole interview here John. Thank you very much for all you've done okay that's fantastic this story even so far and we got more time to go. John: I was crazy back then I was. Steve: Well it doesn't sound like you're crazy because you got Americans back home from a war that wasn't very popular in a war that a lot of young men were killed unnecessary it really is and you know thank you very much. John: This was the first war that we were really in where politics had a major major factor not the sake of winning the war politics. Steve: We'll get into that in a little bit here too. Alright so your last time you were over there did you do anything after that over in ‘Nam? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No. Steve: That was it? John: That was it. Last time I came back I was injured I got shot three times nothing lifethreatening but needed some- some reconstructive surgery and they took care of that at Fort Belvoir Virginia and then they released me to Fort Myer Virginia it's right across the river from Fort McNair but I was still in an infantry capacity but more of a honor guard status. Steve: Okay. So, back to Vietnam have you ever been in the cities like Hue or Saigon or any of those? John: Nope never had time. Steve: Never had time. John: Never, never around any of those cities I never had time we were dropped off there and the next day we were out on our mission and we came back and sometimes we were gone the same day. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Oh. So then basically when you by- by 69 of course we had a new president Richard Nixon course you know did you guys ever hear anything about what’s going- anything going on in the states when you're over there? [37:25 - 39:49] John: No we all we really knew was well what we knew when between the trips going back and forth we we did know that Westmoreland lost the command and Creighton Abrams took over but that was about it. Steve: How did you feel about Westmoreland being relieved of command? John: Actually he was he was commander for troops in Vietnam for four years and I think it was a mistake changing him from a long-term combat warrior to a stateside non-combat general [note: Abrams had commanded armored units in WW II]. Steve: Right, desk job in other words. Now, some Vietnam vets they they don't think too highly of him they always call them waste-more-men that's what they called him. John: No... I, I never looked at it that way I never did. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: I was just curious about okay half of them said this half of them said that but it's the same a lot of veterans I've I've talked to a high generals like World War two Vets say the same thing about their high Admirals and Generals too and the same with later later ones too like Afghanistan and Iraq and all that stuff but. John: I know he did things a little differently it was a time of war we needed things to get done people had to do it people are going to get lost. Steve: Oh one question to you don't have to answer this but I always asked Vietnam vets this did you ever have any civilian especially children come up to you that had bombs. John: No. Steve: Okay. John: No. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: I'm sure you've probably heard all kinds of stories. So but anyway thank you for answering that. That's a hard question that I asked Vietnam vets but I always ask because some will say they'll tell me a little bit others won't. John: There's a second half to that “no” though. Because when we were on a mission and we came across any friend- any friendly people non-combatants they were dead when we left. Steve: Well like I said but the stories in history books and veterans have telling me and other people you probably wouldn't have been out of there alive. [39:50 - 42:28] John: Yeah well it's true. Steve: If you would uh some soldiers never came back that that hug the children but anyway we’ll leave that alone right now thank you very much for your honesty okay all right now so you came back to the states what 70 71? John: 71. Steve: 71. Uh, you mentioned- �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No, no. 70. Steve: 70 okay so when you came back you're headed back to DC right? John: Yes. Steve: Okay, when you came back to the states did you stop off in California or? John: No. Steve: Just straight okay. John: Straight over. Steve: Of course you probably had some stops obviously to fill up fuel and stuff. John: Two, just to fill up the bird, that was it. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Yeah, we didn't have the supersonic jets we do now we’d probably fly start for that but yeah so anyway um you mentioned earlier about how you were treated stuff being thrown at you where was this at? John: Well one of them was one of our missions coming back we did stop at Fort Lewis Washington and we were pelted with all kind of anything that could be thrown most of mostly, it was glass bottles, cans that were still full, not had been opened, rocks, stones. Steve: Were you guys in uniform was that how they could tell? John: We were still in our in our combat fatigues. Steve: Okay and they were I'm sorry they did was that at the airport or…? [42:29 - 44:07] John: This was that the Fort Lewis Washington airstrip. This was they have loaders right right near the fence so anybody that came in they were within stone's throw of the fence. Steve: So didn't the security of the base trying to stop them or…? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: They- they would go up to up up to the fence but it- they wouldn't go inside the fence they would just sit there and talk to them. Steve: Did anybody get hurt with a glass bottle or ro- rocks whatever? John: Somebody got a couple bumps on the head maybe good stitch it to but nobody really got hurt. Steve: Well basically you guys pretty much ignored as much you can. John: Oh yeah. Yeah we just turned our backs on them. Steve: Probably the best way right there. John: Luckily we didn't have rifles with live ammunition so probably would have shot them too. Steve: Well the thing about that is they don't have the real store they only go and by what they saw in the news and what they've been hearing so they're they based a prejudice against you unfortunately. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: They had a prejudice against anybody that was in any military. Steve: Yep I mean if I was old enough back then if I wore a uniform they'd probably throw rocks me even if I hadn’t been to Vietnam you know and that's I know that's a sign of the times it's gotten better but it's no it's still no excuse for this country to do that no matter who they are that's how I've always felt and I was really young during that time but. John: Look at how they- what they did during this past presidential election. Steve: Yeah, yeah that's I know what I know. John: And this was 40 years ago 45 years ago you know it's just terrible it really is I don't know where some of these people get their.. [44:08 - 46:00] Steve: Right and that for everybody to know right now for future use the past presidential election was between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump with Donald Trump of course winning and that's all we're gonna say about that that's for future use for people that listens to this interview anyway. John: Yeah I've put in my two cents on that one no I'll leave it alone. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: You’re good you’re good this is the this is the United States of American you can- my way I'm just letting people know so you know the time frames and stuff like that too but you are right people get- John: And these are educated people. Steve: I know, anyway so you come back to the states and then did you want to continue with the army or are you done with it or. John: I was going to be done with it but I had two years of college under my belt I was a half a credit down in the end of my second semester second year second semester that's why I was drafted and the army came out with this program for every year that you extend we’ll give you a year's college education so uh I took that first year I'm in Washington DC now I meant now I'm in Arlington Virginia now I’m at Fort Myer Virginia and I can go to Northern Virginia Community College or University of Maryland in College Park so I extended for a year the army gave me the time off to go to school and yet I could still carry out my army duties and I extended a second year and got my degree. Steve: And where did you go to school at? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: University of Maryland College Park campus. Steve: Okay that's basically the Terrapins right their nickname okay yeah. How was it like there? John: It was I I thought it's fine I thought was just great that was just great I was a couple years older than everybody else there but everything worked out just fine. Steve: Um what was your major what was your degree? John: I got a degree in business accounting and management the worst thing I could’ve ever done. Steve: Why's that? [46:01 - 48:19] Steve: Because in 72, 73, and 74 the the personal computer came about and they didn't need a a degreed accountant anymore they just needed a computer operator with bookkeeping experience because a computer would categorize and keep all the records I got out and I did work for Sheraton Corporation as a hotel Auditor I would travel around and audit franchise hotels but that lasted a year then they didn't meet me anymore well now they're all the hotels �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock are setting up satellite dishes and like I said bookkeepers could take care of everything they didn't need an accountant. Steve: So let's let's back up just a little bit before the war before you went and drafted were you going to Maryland then or was it- John: No no I was going to college in uh Illinois. Steve: Okay. What was the name of the college? John: Prairie State College. Steve: Okay, Prairie State. and you were half a credit shy of two years if you had the extra half a credit- John: I wouldn’t have been drafted. Steve: So you know the terms of stay in school, it's just a joke. John: Yes I know yeah. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: So then when you get out when you were still in the military when you went to University of Maryland? John: Yes. Steve: Okay now of course we've heard all the college protests and stuff were they still protesting against the war when you were there? John: Not there anyway not there there were they were protesting a lot of other places but I didn't see any of it at university University of Maryland. Steve: Um did they treat you any different because you were a veteran the professors or the students. John: No no not really I was considered the old person in the class but no not really nobody yeah. [48:20 - 50:24] �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Nobody called you any names or anything that's good you know I've really impressed with I'll be a Terrapin fan for a little bit for that one yeah even though I'm a big Michigan State fan. John: oh no I wasn't treated any any differently. Steve: Well that's that's that's good to hear I'm I'm really glad to hear. John: There is so much military all around Washington DC all five services have major installations just around Washington and so much of their support live just around Washington nobody's gonna bad-mouth any any military around Washington. Steve: So obviously they had an effect of where it was at. John: Oh yes. Steve: Pretty much not like some places like California or even where the unfortunates that happen with the National Guard at Kent State they're in Ohio and they even had some here Michigan at MSU and U of M and even up at Ferris State where my brother went to school at the ROTC buildings and stuff like that but um anyway that's that's fantastic I'm glad to hear that �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock I'm sure a lot of people are glad to hear that too um no as far as Maryland goes by the way where's University of Maryland at? John: College Park. Steve: And where's that at? John: North east, northeast Washington DC. Steve: Okay I've been to Merrill many times but I've never been by the area for some reason John: North-East quadrant. Steve: Okay been to D.C many times too but I've never to[50:25 - 52:03] John: DC's set out or set up like Grand Rapids Northeast Northwest same thing. Steve: Alright, as far as of course a metal in service award you want to you you said you earned a Silver Star. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Yeah. Steve: Tell me how you earn that or can't you say? John: We can’t. Steve: That's fine. John: We can't discuss that. Steve: Same with the Bronze Stars right earned three Bronze Stars same thing okay. John: Actually all my works don't say what I did where I did it at it's just work services rendered in Southeast Asia. Steve: Understandable, congratulations thank you for them too they’re well deserved. John: Thank you. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: And course four purple hearts. You've mentioned a couple of them it's up to you if you want to talk about that. John: Got shot in my mouth, got shot in my ankle, got shot in my knee took one in the calf two in the back one hit my spinal cord one in the shoulder one here and one in my chest over here. Steve: The, the one that hit you in your mouth that's not life-threatening? John: No, it didn't enter anything except my mouth cavity but it did break off all my teeth at one time so yeah. Steve: Did you have the bullet in your mouth was it or…? John: No it wedged itself between two teeth and there was no place for the teeth to go so they just went sideways and broke them all off the gum level the the bullet wreckage ricochet ricocheted up and hit my jaw right here and same thing went between two teeth no place to go broke all the teeth off but one and stopped its forward momentum at that point. [52:04 - 54:01] Steve: Now, did you have to have reconstructive surgery on your mouth or just… �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Nothing reconstruct nothing reconstruct and just have to pull out all the roots and give me a false teeth but they took care of all that and they still take care of all of it. Steve: Oh really? That's good yeah. You mentioned your spinal cord. John: That one I had big problems with. It took many many years to catch up with me but I mean every problems with that now. Steve: Okay doesn't seem like you do because you you work pretty good and stuff but. John: As long as I stay active it's okay but as soon as I stop- Steve: You feel it. John: I feel it yes. Steve: And then your shoulders you said too, and then your ankle you still feel them too? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I feel the one in my knee but the rest of them don't bother me at all the spinal cord one does the one in my right knee that there again 40 years later it's starting to I had an injury that wasn't really taken care of good 45 years ago. Steve: I've heard that a lot even World War two and Korean vets say the same thing that their injuries catch up to him 40 sometimes 50 years later you know Wow of course technology now is obviously much different. John: Yeah the back one is starting to bother me. Steve: Okay yeah you want us to stop for a minute or you're good? John: No I’m fine just got to reposition myself a little. Steve: Okay Alright um obviously Good Conduct Medal well deserved your special duties were assistant army aviator Pathfinder. John: Uh that's what the award is I was an aviation crew member. I was part of a helicopter crew. [54:02 - 55:56] �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay and you earned your combat infantry badge. John: Yes. Steve: Congratulations that's a very hard badge to earn. John: Yes they come in combat. Steve: They don't just hand those things out. John: They don’t even hand them out anymore. Steve: No I know, that's too bad I have some friends of mine that are Vietnam vets that I served in the National Guard that had that too and I was very proud to stand next to them and dress greens or dress blues in the air air army or Air Guard stuff like that too and believe it or not when we have an inspection by a lieutenant colonel or full-bird colonel they look at their medals say they say thank you very much for what you did in Vietnam that's very good some of them officers like that didn't even go over to Vietnam or got in after Vietnam so… John: I have a very good friend that retired as a full-bird colonel and I still address him as sir. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Alright obviously you earned your National Defense medal you're in the 82nd airborne okay how's that does that make you feel proud or does it do anything for you that you were in the 82nd second airborne? John: Well most Rangers are go through 82nd airborne hundred first most Rangers are eighty second it was just another duty station do the assignment that's how I got my airborne nothing to brag about but nothing to be ashamed about it's just a stepping stone in my ladder it's all it was. Steve: Hmm my medals are those are units that not the average service member belong to. John: They have to be airborne well I look more than orange Ranger tab bit more more important to me than the 82nd airborne. Steve: And why is that? John: There aren't that many Rangers. Steve: Okay well there's a lot of airborne, �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: There's a lot of airborne but they didn't go Ranger. [55:57 - 57:58] Steve: Of course you earned your Southeast Asia campaign medal and your public of Vietnam medal and then you showed me a patch earlier of the Washington Monument with a sword by it. John: Military District of Washington. Steve: Could you tell us about that a little bit? John: Well when I came back I was assigned to Fort Myer Virginia that's part of the Military District of Washington all army that's that's in the military around the Washington area wear that patch as their home patch. Steve: And you told me that you're very proud of that why? John: I was in a unit that very very few people have ever been- been in I don't know if you know this but like I said I walked the tomb of the unknown soldier number three months and I have a patch I have a badge that's a tomb guard patch it's made of sterling silver and you know that less tomb guard patches have been handed out than patches that have given to the astronauts that have gone up in space. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Actually be honest with me that doesn't surprise me but the people who would be viewing this interview it would. John: There have been less tomb guard patches or medals awarded than patches for going into outer space. Steve: Well I know it's quite a not just an honor but a quite a lot of restrictions you have to follow well for that because for obvious reasons because it's very sacred. John: When I did it it wasn't as sacred or it was sacred but not as many restrictions but ever since they identified the remains of the Vietnam unknown I don't know I just look at that whole system a little bit different now. Steve: Sure so you are you saying that you didn't want them to identify? John: I didn't want them to open up that tomb and do a DNA I didn't want I was against that. Steve: Why is that? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: He- he was part of he was the selected Vietnam unknown and they should’ve left left it that way technology caught up with the times the times didn't catch up with the technology and I just don't think… [57:59 - 60:40] Steve: They shouldn’t have done that? John: I don't think they should have done it because now we don't have a Vietnam unknown but we have unknown from all the other wars it will probably never have another unknown. Steve: See I thought they had another unknown in there but he was the only one? John: Oh they had unknowns from World War one, Korea. Steve: Yeah I knew that. John: They have a couple different grave sites it's not all one tomb okay. Steve: But see I thought there was another Vietnam unknown at the tomb. John: I don't think so I don't know. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Okay sure yeah I don't I don't know myself be honest with ya I'd have to look that up sure I've been to the tomb many times to stop there so you were the sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier the assistant commander for the second relief just go ahead and tell me about that. John: Well I was I was hand picked for that position also go through an extensive training period before they even put you out on the mat, and most honorable you're guarding the most honorable sacred thing that are all the military all the mili- military forces look as sacred that is sacred that's just how I looked at it. Steve: I mean it's that's good I mean a lot of people look at it that way and you were also a member of the army drill team for three months? John: Yes. Steve: What's that about? John: It's just a lot of performance gun rifles showmanship the guns around flipping them unison everybody doing thing in perfect unison or the ripple effect today. But that was fun we traveled a �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock lot with that they did a lot of presentations different places football games basketball games yeah. [60:41 - 62:49] Steve: Well that's still quite an honor to do that really and you were the honor guard at Fort Myer too right. Okay, what's that about? John: Everything that I just described the tomb the drill team that's all part of the honor guard company. Steve: Does it? Okay, same thing yeah okay alright. John: I was one of the few infantry personnel that still rode a horse almost in the caisson platoon for three months. Steve: Okay and what's that all about? John: They're they're the white horse squad or the black horse squad that carried that pulls the caisson with the casket in the flag on the flag draped casket for burials in Arlington National Cemetery I rode one of those horses so I was part of the cavalry. I had a very very very nice military career. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: You sure did, and I want to thank you for it again very much. John: They really didn't want me to get out but I had to go. Steve: Did yah? what it- was one of those things were it's time to go. John: Yes yeah it was time for me to go. Steve: Yeah yeah um okay well back up later and a few things but right now I want to bring up to the present time so when you got all the military what did you do? John: Well I went to work for Sheridan Corporation because I had that degree in accounting that lasted a year and Sheridan told me months in advance look we're gonna lay you off because we don't need this position anymore you've been been been replaced by electronics and back then a computer needed the whole room with air-conditioned floors [Unintelligible] operators but it was the start it was the start so I I went to operating engineer school became became a crane operator and did that for 40 years. Steve: What did you do as a crane operator was a part of construction? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Construction. I would hang steel lift concrete. [62:50 - 65:13] Steve: One of those big tall things that you see? John: Well that was the second 20. The first 20 years was in a big hydro crane they're portable and you can set them up in at any job- jobsite set them up on a daily basis second 20 I went tower crane those are the big ones that goes straight up and I did that for the second twenty more money the higher up you got you got more money for every five floors you went up. Steve: it's almost like more combat pay almost. John: Yeah I like to working for a hundred dollars an hour. Steve: Yeah I don't blame you. John: It’is nice it's not like very comfortable for me. Steve: So obviously you didn't have no fear Heights. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No, well I jumped out of airplanes perfectly good airplane afraid of a crane that's a three four hundred feet tall. Steve: So fit right in. Now did you ever get married? John: Yes. Steve: Okay you have any children? John: Yes I have three girls. Steve: Okay tell me about them? John: Uh they're scattered all over the country right now yeah I think I have on in New York one in Florida one in LA. Steve: You certainly do yeah. John: They they're all professionals and they're all doing well and I talk to them see them all time. my wife passed back in 1990. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Sorry to hear that. John: I had[65:14 - End] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_ChenardJ2115V1 Title A name given to the resource Chenard, John (1 of 2, Interview transcript and video), 2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-26 Description An account of the resource John Chenard was born in Chicago Heights Illinois in 1948. He grew up with a barber father, and a stay at home mother, he also had a brother and a sister. He went to Creek Moni High School. He was drafted through the draft lottery in 1967. He was shipped off to Fort Polk, Louisiana. He did 8 weeks of basic infantry training, and then is advanced training there as well. After Basic and Advanced, he went to Fort Benning Georgia for Airborne training. After that, he signed up to be a Ranger, that training consisting of 12 weeks, which was near the Panama Canal. After that, he was hand picked for a small operation, search-and-rescue. He was based in Washington D.C, but would fly into Vietnam and rescue POWs. In 1970, he finished that tour in Vietnam, received surgery for bullet wounds he had acquired throughout his time in Vietnam, and was given an "Infantry/ Honor Guard" status. His return to the states was rocky, a crowd of being throwing things at him and yelling at him. He went to University of Maryland College Park campus for 2 years while extending his military contract for two years as well. For his service as well, he earned a variety of metals, including 4 Purple Hearts. He became a soldier at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Also, he was apart of the Army Drill Team, and would go around to public outings and do shows of gun maneuvers. After that, he retired from the military and did accounting for a year. He was let go from that job, and was a crane operator for 40 years before he retired. He had a wife, who has since passed away, and has three daughters. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chenard, John Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hammond, Steve (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, RHC-27 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3b2403f8fd28bba1a8721695de97cb3.mp4 476343e5141e47a0f3d4217efc30951e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8ff81399d0fc08b4dad81b34fef03baf.pdf 36098770bcbabe5ce62396d7ee102529 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: -Girls by myself but it worked out. Steve: Was it? Obviously it sounded like it's pretty rough. John: Well you must like the only man in a mother-daughter banquet for Girl Scouts they want me to go on their overnight camping trip to their Girl Scout camp no no no no no yes it was hard sometimes. Steve: Did you have a sister or sister-in-law or some other cousin that would fill in for you? John: I had my parents they live about five miles away they helped out a lot but my brother and sister they were we're scattered all over the country too. Steve: Right so um what are- what do your daughters do for a living you said they- John: One’s a veterinarian. Steve: Well okay. John: One's a doctor an MD and one is a special education teacher for NASA. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Oh wow hmmm, works at Cape Kennedy huh. John: Yes yes I really hate the tugs to put it this way but she has a master's degree in special education and her husband is one of the deputy director of safety for NASA but all the brightest most intelligent people on this earth work for NASA all their kids are a mess. All their kids are screwed up in the head I did I'm sorry I got to say that but they they are. Steve: So do you have grandchildren from her? John: Oh yeah I got grandchildren. Steve: From all three daughters? John: No I got a couple grandsons but no uh I'll get grandchildren also [Unintelligible] I see them all the time, keep in contact with them. [0:00 - 1:58] Steve: Oh that's good. John: I'm up here all by myself in Grand Rapids right now. Steve: Why why Grand Rapids? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Well when I retired I had a place in on camp hall lake for years I was part of that big migration on Friday night from Illinois that would tie up on the expressways eat all the food out the grocery stores that all Michiganders hated well I retired up here and my sister is is lived up here for the last 35 years so I'm close to my sister we will always always been close. Steve: well it sounds like you raised your daughters right being a single parent. John: It was hard two went to the University of Illinois and one went to North Carolina State and they were all smart enough to get into the good schools but they weren't smart enough to get scholarships so uh we had a look at different different avenues and dad made too much money to qualify for grants I didn't like the terms of student loans because it was like a fifty year mortgage so I decided I was making good money well pay as I go and that cost a lot of money but there was only one year when I had all three in school it's several years where I had two but it worked out. [1:59 - 3:34] Steve: Did it all get paid off eventually? John: They were paid as we went. I paid cash every month as it went through school. Steve: Uh-huh that's good. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I was making money then. Wish I was making that kind of money now but I retired and it's too late now but. Steve: So nowadays what are you doing? John: Oh I paint. I paint just to keep myself occupied. Steve: It keeps you pretty busy don’t it? John: If you- very busy too busy busier than that wannabe. Steve: Alright did you ever help anything out with a Vietnamese refugees at all towards the end of the war or even when you were there? John: We evacuated my squad evacuated a family of Cambodians and okay we we evacuated them out we took them under our wings and got them over to South Vietnam turned turned them over to the refugee people at the fire base we littered them for two and a half almost three weeks we carried their babies and just help them they helped us with a line of food and we said our good-byes at the base and the refugee people took them away and we went our way and we just did we felt like we did something good during the war to save these people from the khmer Rouge Pol Pot. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Now was this between your your missions that you have? John: This was at the end of one of our missions. Steve: End of it okay. John: Yeah at the end of our last mission Oh second-to-last mission. But we we went our separate ways and eighteen years later I bump into these people. Steve: Where at? [3:35 - 5:49] John: I was taking my crane to a place on the west side of far West suburb of Chicago and I bumped into him and in Downers Grove Illinois I parked my crane went and had a cup of coffee and a doughnut because I knew once I get the crane set up I'm going to be there all day and I walked in and people are looking at me I'm looking back and that felt like pins are sticking me all over and on and I and I I left put the coffee and donut down and I went back in and the guy behind the meat meat counter goes yak from Illinois and I knew who they were right away those were that same Cambodian family that we evacuated and turned over to the refugees they were sponsored by a Baptist Church in Downers Grove and they're alive and doing well otherwise �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock they would have been dead by the Khmer Ruth so that's one good thing that I feel I've done out of all that out of that entire war. Steve: Even more so than American POWs? John: It's a close call that's a close one the POWs were military they knew the consequences these poor people were running for their lives. Steve: Right yeah I don't blame you for that that's… [5:50 - 7:26] John: Okay but I bumped into him 18 years later and reason why I said yak from Illinois's there is no J in their vocabulary so they replace it with a Y so it's yak yeah Jack and Illinois I don't know how they got that rather than Illinois but had an S on the end so it's Illinois but I still talk to them I still see them. Exchange Christmas cards and it's here these are Cambodian people's then all speak English they’re all American citizens now they celebrate Thanksgiving they don't know what they're celebrating because everybody else's. Steve: Are they still like Buddhist or whatever religion they were there? John: I think they're all Baptist now. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: They’re all Christian okay yeah. John: Well Christian brought over- they were brought over by a Baptist Church at downers grove yeah they sponsored them and just beautiful people no different than you and me. Steve: And it was a restaurant that you were at? [7:27 - 8:31] John: Oh it was a 7-eleven store. Steve: 7-11 store okay. John: And after after talking with them they owned the Phillips 66 gas station the dry cleaners the laundromat the 7-eleven store they owned the whole city block they really prospered. Steve: I've heard that for a lot of refugees from Southeast Asia. John: Yeah they really prospered. They had a little help but the whole family runs it. Family works everything. Steve: They've given a lot to this country and West Michigan too because I when I did a paper in a foreign relations class like I told you about earlier at Grand Valley my last semester under �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Gerald Ford [Unintelligible] loved West Michigan refugees they they got from Arkansas and I saw a picture of a family that runs the first walk right on out by down the street and I go to them we go to them a couple times a month and here I talked all the time but they were part of the group when they were young children but anyway you said they called you Yak huh? [8:32 - 9:38] John: Yak. Steve: And this because a jack is it? John: Well jack is short for John everybody calls me Jack. Steve: Ok alright so. John: No there is no J in their vocabulary. Steve: So they noticed you right away how they called you Yah. John: yeah they were looking at me you know they were giving me I thought I was getting hit with pins and needles and I left and no I gotta go back in there's something about those people Steve: Oh all right now all the time you were in Vietnam did you rely any faith with God or to get you through this to help people out like you did or. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I've always been a religious man Roman Catholic and I'm true Christian true believer I just relied on faith for my for my own inner well-being. [9:39 - 10:40] Steve: Sure but it definitely helped you over there. John: Yes. Steve: And and probably afterwards too. John: Yes. Steve: Now when you were over there in 68 that was quite a thing over here too there's two assassinations that year one of them was Robert Kennedy did you hear about that one when you were over there? John: Yes. Steve: How? John: I was back here as much as I was over there. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: How did that make you and the rest of your unit feel? John: Didn't. I just felt sorry for the family I just think it was a terrible thing to happen but it happened nothing to do all I can do is give them my prayers. Steve: Yeah and of course the other one was Martin Luther King the same- John: The same same same thing just felt sorry something like that should’ve never happened...never happen. Steve: Back when you in the service obviously you had known black soldiers did you ever have any with you that went on these missions or..? John: Yeah, several. Steve: Okay so you became- John: Maybe a third of our unit was black our unit consists of 120 people that's all we called ourselves a battalion but we were actually company size okay. [10:41 - 12:07] �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: So yeah it's uh years ago of course before 1947 they were all segregated and of course there you trained with them stuff like I did too and I think that was one of the best things that this nation can do is integrate the armed forces you know and so obviously they're a big contribution what you were doing over there without a doubt and they got hit hard too with Kennedy and King's assassination too and some Vietnam vets they comforted their friends that were black on especially with King's assassination did you have any black friends that you talked to that we're really down about it or didn't you guys even talked about it? John: We talked about it but these were people that we- we relied on each other for sole survival okay so we just gave our condolences and said prayers and that's all we could do. Steve: Yeah that's true. John: When Robert Kennedy died oh I was depressed I could you know he was our Attorney General and but everybody consoled everybody else every time something happened I think anything any death in family. [12:07 - 13:29] Steve: Now as far as women in the military did you see any women nurses a lot over there in ‘Nam? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Oh yes there were a lot of women nurses a lot of them they weren't allowed in the combat areas they were back in the major cities well protected but they were never in there never in the combat zones never in the fire bases. Steve: Right but they were definitely some some something that was needed over there for the for the troops and I'm not just saying that because they were women either understand why they did their job. John: They they played a very important job they kept a lot of people alive yeah yeah. Steve: So um so in 69 when Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin got on the moon the first time were you still over ‘Nam when that happened? John: I was stateside when that happened. Steve: How did you feel about that? [13:30 - 14:24] John: I thought it was wonderful I thought it's just great we made it to the moon we actually made it to the moon and Kennedy said you do it in ten years and he did it. Steve: Yeah he did. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Even though he was long gone but. Steve: Well he set it in motion him and his brother and a lot of other people too of course but um John: But I thought I was glued to that TV set really glued to it. Steve: See it a lot a lot of people in the armed forces including myself even years later because all those astronauts were former military. John: Yeah some of them were still military. Steve: yeah they were yeah yeah they were. John: They were most of them were Air Force they're all Colonels or general no Colonels I think there were Lieutenant Colonel's. Steve: Or Navy somewhere Navy pilots you know but uh. John: Oh no I was I was ecstatic over that I thought that was a great thing that ever happened made it to the moon Wow. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Does it pretty uplifting for the whole US Army all the troops and stuff? John: Yes it was yeah it was. Steve: And this country definitely needed it for the war and not just for the war before I just mentioned the assassinations in 68 we definitely needed it as a country that's for sure and I feel like it brought us together a little bit too it really did but anyway moving on here the president's that you served under and didn't serve under I normally go through this if you don't want to come in on this you don't have to but how did you feel with each president I go through how they were to the military first of all Johnson you don't want to answer you don't have to. [14:25 - 16:12] John: Johnson inherited a mess with the military that's all that's- he inherited a mess about- he didn’t have much to work with. Steve: Mm-hmm, what about Nixon? John: Nixon I thought was was pretty good he actually got us out of Vietnam the only thing Oh No different wrong person Oh Nixon Nixon was okay he just got it got caught up in Watergate otherwise I think he was a great person except for Watergate. Steve: Mm-hmm Gerald Ford? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: That's the one that I have bitter feelings about is what was his first presidential what he called declaration or action. Steve: Action wasn't it pardoning Nixon? John: No it was giving amnesty to all the people that ran to Canada. Steve: That's right yeah we'll get into that later but- John: I resent that because I was drafted and I went I didn't run in these guys got a free pass and they come back with nothing nothing held against them no didn't like that but as for being Gerald Ford I understand he's from Greene from Grand Rapids but… Steve: How do you think he handled the end of the Vietnam War in the military he was only in almost the same time Kennedy was just under his time. John: I don't know I don't know it was a little after my doing my my time I I don't know can't answer that one. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: See a lot of presidents before and after Johnson were affected by the Vietnam War I know if you knew that or not. How about Jimmy Carter you don't have to get anything else I'm just talking about them in the military that's all you know. John: Jimmy Carter was just a nice man okay I'm not going to say anymore you know he was a nice man he was, he still is. [16:12 - 18:18] Steve: He still is yeah. Ronald Reagan? John: He was Pro military pro-military go Ronald. Steve: Yeah do you think he brought this nation back up to respectability. John: Yes I think so. Steve: Mm-hmm from the Vietnam War the scars from the war and yeah. John: Yeah I think he he did wonders there. Steve: He was my favorite commander-in-chief when I was in the military uh George Bush Senior? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I think I think daddy Bush was pretty good too. Steve: When the Desert Storm happened he made a promise that this wasn't gonna be another Vietnam did you think it was gonna be one or did you think he was gonna follow his promise or what did you think? John: Actually I think he followed his promise after the fifth day cause he pulled our troops back wasn't our objective objective was to get Saddam and we didn't we didn't find him in five days so he pulled the troops back. Steve: His main objective was to free Kuwait. But if they could get Saddam Hussein was… John: No they did that yeah I was thinking the second Bush. Steve: Yeah we'll get him later okay yeah. John: Yeah Kuwait was a NATO country and Saddam invaded and that was the main objective but he was also going to get Saddam and he backed that off of that because he couldn't find him in the first five or six days. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Well something like that and also it would have ruined the coalition or the allied thing with the other Muslim nations that was part of it too you know we all know about Bill Clinton okay um I served under him you know in in the military myself in the National Guard I feel that without saying anything bad bottom you know I felt he served this country like he he wanted to serve it and he didn't you know beat around the bush too much you know regardless of anything that happened in his administration as far as military goes how do you think without even thinking about Vietnam how do you think he actually handled the military without even bringing anything up about Vietnam we all know that he didn't go to Vietnam we all know that. [18:19 - 20:47] John: I guess he did an job okay I think he could have used the military a little bit more in certain events or something I think he did okay. Steve: Okay George W Bush? John: I think he was a pussy through the whole thing but he was relentless on making Saddam abide by the agreement that he made like the Iraqi people or the Iraqi air force or whatever it was left of it flying into Saudi air space or the no-fly zone and he did go after them and other than that I think he was a pushover he did that much. Steve: How do you feel he handled the the whole thing after 9/11 do you think he did right by military aspects? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Don't know because nobody knew, okay nobody really knew. Steve: It's a different type of war terrorism it's not going after one nation like we've been used to doing and he even said that you know it's… [20:48 - 22:17] John: that's that's an area of politics and I just never never really got interested in. Steve: We all know that Barack Obama's administration's the one who got Osama bin Laden just briefly what do you think Obama was as far as running military? John: Terrible. Steve: Okay that's all well say okay he did make the authorization to get Osama bin Laden and we'll leave it that okay but he did serve eight years just like any other president well some some served less than that but he did serve the way he wanted to serve and stuff like that so i feel in that aspect people who voted him in he did good for them same with clinton and anybody else that has been elected so anyway now back to all the the movies about vietnam we'll get to the fake ones first and we have we have a good laugh me and some vietnam vets have good laughs and other people service about the rambo the chuck norris movies what did you honestly think about those movies when they came out? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I thought they were very comical really i I couldn't just very comical very untrue they're just trying to build Chuck Norris or Sylvester up to being some superhero superhero or Arnold Schwarzenegger he was in a couple war movies just claude van damme. Steve: Yeah Kung Fu the whole nation down. [22:18 - 24:10] John: It's a thousand gun shooting at them not one bullet hits them why do you take that one bow and arrow and go 500 people or you throw a hand grenade and this big explosion of fireball okay grenades don't do that but people don't know that, they don't know that. Steve: Now the first movie I feel most people feel that gave a true depiction of Vietnam was the Oliver Stone movie platoon. John: Yes very true. Steve: Tell me. John: Very more just more accurate. Steve: Was it emotional did you see the movie? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I saw the movie. Steve: Was it emotional for you to see it the first time. John: it wasn't emotional it's just that I came out going that that was a good movie it showed how things really were no that was I think that was the first one that ever had napalm and napalm explosions or how they dropped it you know and I was wondering how in the hell did he get a hold of something to do that. Steve: Yeah it's a Hollywood mistake but I think for the most part of this book but more the first not just Vietnam movies but any war movies that told the real star instead of having a one-man John Wayne type Armia you know it's the John Wayne movies I still watch them you know and I still they're entertaining but let's face it they're not realistic and obviously the Rambo Chuck Norris movies are even worse they can’t even be realistic but anyway the latest movie that remember the Vietnam is we were soldiers by Mel Gibson did you see that? John: That was great that was good. Steve: Do you think the movies are getting better as far as not just Vietnam but as far as any movie like Saving Private Ryan I don’t know if you've seen that or. John: I've seen that. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock [24:11 - 25:56] Steve: Okay do you thinkJohn: I thought that was an excellent movie excellent. Steve: So do you think the movies that Hollywood portraying gets better to more realistic events instead of superhero type movies? John: Yeah I really good trying to make it more more realistic. Steve: So do you think that the Morris this time for Chris's they'll get even better you think? John: I hope so. Steve: Yeah alright let me see. John: Yeah it's not as good as lost in space but. Steve: Oh speaking of which back during that time when you were you know during the late 60s and stuff what was your favorite TV shows of the time? John: Oh wow. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: That does that kind of set the tone for the whole decade too with Vietnam war and everything. John: Smothers Brothers, just like that they were very political oh wow Oh laughin laughin. Steve: A lot of Vietnam vets like that laughing. John: Yes you're researching brain cells that haven't been touched in many many years here. Steve: It doesn't bother you does it? John: No no no no I just kind of think of some of these fellas. Steve: You mentioned lost in space you like that all? John: I just it does not compute Will Rogers and dr. Smith oh yeah and I was so realistic. Steve: What about like funny sold besides laugh and like say Gilligan's Island Beverly Hillbillies. [25:57 - 27:45] �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I used to watch Beverly Hills I don't know why I think it was Ellie Mae no she was so sexy to me back in the 60s Wow. Steve: Now what about like it still comes on today while still come back on, still they make movies about Star Trek. John: I like the I like Star Trek as the TV series I like the first couple of movies but I've I've been drawing away from that Steve: You think shows like that and laughin and the other shows you mention too you think they were significant at the time to helped a lot of you soldiers out over there that for entertainment wise you know the genre or whatever you know. John: We did have a lot Oh especially over in Vietnam there weren't that many normal TV shows there they were they're all comedy all the shows that were that they sent over there were comedy just and I think it's just still uplift the humor of the people. Steve: Did it? [27:46 - 28:53] �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: I don't know I was never there long enough to see any other shows but they would talk about all the time you know Dean Martin had a a good fellow with a lot of comedy in it I watched it back stateside but boy they're rampant and ravin about it over there yeah. Steve: I have to stop you just for a second here. [Brief Pause] hello we're back again with Mr. John Chenard and we're just gonna finish up this interview here I've learned a lot thanks to John here telling us very much about part of Vietnam a lot of us don't know about us and stuff and just a few more quick questions and we'll be done thank you very much for that answering all these questions too I appreciate it and so is Grand Valley and so do everybody else is gonna watch this the refugees the Cambodian refugees that you talked about that you helped and some were Vietnamese were they. John: No they're all Cambodian. Steve: Cambodian okay you mentioned a little bit earlier that they doing great and stuff like that how do you feel towards uh how did you feel the time when they got over here did you did you think they were gonna make a living over here or did you think they were gonna make it being away from a strange in a strange country or. [28:53 - 30:24] John: I really can't answer that I didn't know because we left them in South Vietnam and I did they were turned over to the refugee people and I did not I had no idea what was going to �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock happen to them we just got in this a safe territory and long and behold 20 years later they're here in the United States a happy ending for them and me. Steve: Mm-hmm um do you feel the US government at the time could have done more to get more refugees out to help the United States out over there what do you think they did all they could do? John: I think they did all they could do their hands were tied to a point everybody's hands were tied I think they did a good job they probably could have helped more but they had they did help a lot they did a lot of people came over. Steve: You know who was behind all that? John: No. Steve: President Ford. John: President Ford. [30:25 - 31:27] Steve: Yep I found out for my research in my paper I did on Vietnamesse refugees that he pushed Congress to get it going to get the money for the refugee camps and stuff. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Well sorry gerald I might look at you a little different now. Steve: That's okay that is true I found out from his library and everything that it did research on I I didn't either um. John: I love this library. I've been there several times. Steve: Or do you mean the museum or- John: The Presidential Museum. Steve: Yeah see the library the museum are in two afferent spots oh yeah see- John: First down here on- Steve: Yeah that's the museum yeah it's a great museum yeah and it's good spot where him and his wife Betty are buried too the library is down ann arbor at University of Michigan where he went to school played football and stuff um that one right there is the only Presidential Library Museum that's separate all the others like Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton FDR Eisenhower Truman all them their libraries are right by each other but Ford wanted that �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock separately done at the University of Michigan so anyway basically he had to fight Congress to get it going because they were gonna deny that but believe it or not there was two senators leading the way against that one of his Patrick Leahy I don’t know if you ever heard of him the other one you know he was just left our vice president Joseph Biden really yes that is a fact he did yeah but there was a lot of animosity back then towards Vietnam for obvious reasons I'm not saying that Mr. Biden did or Leahy did and stuff but they that is a fact they were leading the way that no we can't spend any more money over there but then Ford brought it up like what we spend a lot of money for the Jewish people to get them over here from the Holocaust in World War two and the Cuban refugees when they became communist to in the late fifties early sixties you know so then okay that's that help get it going money which helped the camps here in America for it and stuff and but overall you think it's a good thing that what we did for the refugees yes it is I feel myself were a better nation for that myself and that right there we mentioned earlier to about I know being a VFW member myself the VFW magazine shows former Vietnam vets going over to Vietnam and you mentioned earlier you would like to do that. [31:28 - 34:02] John: I’d like to go back over there. Steve: Sure how would you feel towards the Vietnamese people if they welcomed you over there ? John: No animosity against that no none, I’d feel fine. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Most Vietnam vets I've talked to they want to make the journey back there even though I know one of them they took to a memorial towards there they call it a victory over the Americans they got their pictures right there like you said no animosity a big deal you know I said you know but it was quite a I guess closure for them it's what it looks like. John: Closer it was something that happened 40 years ago it's time you get over it. Steve: Yeah how did you feel about the Vietnam wall when it came up in DC have you ever been to it? John: Yes I've been to the one in DC I hadn't been to the traveling wall. Steve: I've been a traveler once but what do you think about the the wall in DC? John: I think it's I think it's wonderful it's a beautiful thing. Steve: You do know that a Vietnamese woman designed that don't you? John: No I did not. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Mya Lim. John: You're telling me things I didn't know. Steve: Matter of fact if she did the Rosa Parks Circle down here too. Now I don't know if she was a refugee or if she's former Vietnamese I'd have to look that up but. John: You know whether their former Vietnamese or that that doesn't make a difference don't no difference to me there's still a human being we got to get along with everybody and if she's making a not a political statement but a something for the good of all I'm for it. Steve: Yep um how do you feel towards the whole thing happened 40 years ago do you think you mentioned political stuff I mean our hands were tied they're real was there any real rate we could have actually even done anything over there besides get the refugees out or what do you think as far as political stuff goals in that whole situation over there? [34:02 - 36:22] John: If we would have gone all balls out we could end it very quickly our government just didn't want to do that for some political reason I don't know but when we get what every time we get into wars it's just a little shove and push match we don't go in there to win. Steve: You think it started with Korea? �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: No I don't think no Vietnam didn't start with Korea. Steve: No I'm talking do you think little pushing and instead of going all out do you think it started with Korea that we went like halfway or whatever you're talking about? John: I don't I don't know when we dropped the bomb that's when we let the whole world know we mean business I'm not saying dropping the bomb again but let them know we mean business. [36:23 - 37:27] Steve: Right one quick question John F Kennedy I don't I'm sure you remember him obviously this is actual fact on CBS News you can look it up on YouTube on the computer he said a month before he was assassinated soon before he was assassinated that the Vietnamese people are going to have to do this themselves we can't go in there full force and and do this has to be their fight do you think if Kennedy would have lived on this is just speculation nn your part and stuff he wouldn't have escalated as much. John: I don't know I don't don't remember that statement I'm not sure he said it but I'm not doubting your word but wasn't it the French that got us into. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock Steve: Yeah it goes all the way back actually I did another research paper in American history Vietnam goes back to Franklin Roosevelt and on that the whole Vietnam mess was and he was going to try and keep the French out after the Japanese surrendered and stuff like that after was gonna get him cuz he died before the Japanese or even the Germans surrendered FDR did and but of course we never know that either like Kennedy what would happen and then Truman basically let the French go back there because they were our allies during World War two and you know I guess Ho Chi Minh sent him letters to help get the French out but he ignored him because it's you know they’re our allies like thing so it goes yeah it did get started by the French. [37:28 - 39:01] John: I was gonna say it goes back years before that. Steve: Sure yeah but anyway um thank you very much for this interview anything else you'd like to add on that you'd like to say or not say or? John: No no if anybody has any kind of question I'll gladly answer if I can I'm not afraid to talk about any of my experiences over there some people don't wanna relive their past it doesn't bother me it doesn't bother me it was just something that I had to do at the time whether I did good or bad it got done. Steve: Well from my perspective you did good. �Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: John Chenard Interviewed by Steve Hammond Transcribed by Chad Hitchcock John: Thank you. Steve: You did good with American POWs and with a Cambodian refugees. John: The Cambodian refugees sends chills up and down my spine because I I can actually see something good of what we did and we weren't supposed to bring them back that was a no-no we did we got our asses reamed for that and but they're doing well. Steve: That's right in the long run it worked out and I want to thank you very much for your service again and thank you very much for this interview okay thank you very much. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_ChenardJ2115V2 Title A name given to the resource Chenard, John (2 of 2, Interview transcript and video), 2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-26 Description An account of the resource John Chenard was born in Chicago Heights, Illinois, in 1948 and was drafted into the Army in 1967. Chenard attended both basic and advanced infantry training at Fort Polk, Louisiana, before being sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, for Airborne training as well as Ranger School near the Panama Canal. For his first deployment, he was selected to run small search-and-rescue operations in and out of Vietnam, recieving several bullet wounds during this action. Chenard's return to the United States was rocky, as crowds threw things and yelled at him. For his service, he earned a variety of metals, including 4 Purple Hearts, became a guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and was a part of the decorated Army Drill Team. He also mentions crossing paths with several Cambodian refugees in the United States he had not seen since his service in Vietnam. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chenard, John Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hammond, Steve (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, RHC-27 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c9f4b0f4ec82367f42580c072deab7df.mp4 79981b33148e49ac704d0b2de87f9506 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Shu-137 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource P.Y. Shu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942/1943 Title A name given to the resource Chennault Decorated, 1942-1943 Description An account of the resource Color film taken by Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu (no sound). The footage was recorded by Shu as he traveled with Col. Claire Chennault to aid the Chinese Air Force in training and establishing the American Volunteer Group (AVG). The footage documents Shu's travel and family as well as Chennault's and the AVG's activities during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Time-stamped scene list: 00:00 Shu family affairs. Woman and child. 00:29 "Tiger" Wang Shuming talking with man and group of women and children. 00:47 Wang walks in front of saluting Chinese soldiers. 00:57 Family affairs and recreation. 01:48 Visit to pagoda. 2:00 Twin-engine planes in the sky. Mountains in Kweilin. American soldiers inspect a place. Chinese mark on AVG jacket. 02:37 Aerial shot clouds. Tiger Wang and others (American and Chinese officers) stand around an American planes. 03:46 (black and white film) Family affairs. Aerial shot of mountains and river. 04:54 Hap Arnold, Bissell, Chennault and the other American officers stand by an American cargo airplane. 05:25 "Tiger" Wang Shuming with his wife and son. Chinese dragon dance. 06:28 Wang and others see off American officers at an airport. A cargo plane takes off. 07:34 Chennault gets out of a car. American soldiers at an airfield. A succession ceremony (?) 08:26 General Joseph Stillwell talks to Chennault. Stillwell, Chennault and American soldiers at an ceremony. 08:56 Chennault receives a medal from Stillwell. 09:19 Shu family affairs. Mrs. Shu and daughter in P.Y. Shu's war time house in Chunking. 09:45 Ground crews work on a plane. Chennault and American soldiers in front of a building. 10:20 An American training plane. P-40s lined up on ground. 10:39 Chinese officers walk in front of soldiers. Chennault among the crowd. 10:56 White smoke rises into the sky. Chennault and Chinese officers at an airfield. P-40s take off. American plane, P-40 in the sky. 11:35 Chennault and other officers walk on an airfield. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chennault, Claire Lee, 1893-1958 Subject The topic of the resource China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945 Chennault, Claire Lee, 1893-1958 Wang, Shuming Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp22 Language A language of the resource eng chi Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bad05797000f9490e4ee748e1ceaf561.jpg 24ad6c150403da7b61d4423aeb103e69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M225-0021a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Chepstow Castle, Wales Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring an exterior view of Chepstow Castle, located along a limestone cliff above the RIver Wye in Chepstow, Wales, and dating back to 1067. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Castles Wales Chepstow (Wales) Wye, River (Wales and England) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f74e09cd363a14476cea61572bfd7f59.jpg b133cde1b1149d1d1ead999a81074c37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M237-0031 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Cherbourg House, Malvern, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring an exterior entrance view of Cherbourg House, the preparatory school located near Malvern College where author C.S. Lewis was enrolled as a student in 1911 in Malvern, England. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Malvern (England) Preparatory schools--England Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/705546a1b9575cff607ed0309c5e58cc.jpg 69c5e1de1747550ff4514cd58076d6fd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M237-0033 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Cherbourg House, Malvern, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring an exterior entrance view of Cherbourg House, the preparatory school located near Malvern College where author C.S. Lewis was enrolled as a student in 1911 in Malvern, England. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Malvern (England) Preparatory schools--England Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d871821d38066ce21dfe35f3d01e1829.jpg 032ed554f774b24819419bae6ddc928b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M239-0001a Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Cherbourg House, Malvern, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring an exterior roadside view of Cherbourg House, the preparatory school located near Malvern College where author C.S. Lewis was enrolled as a student in 1911 in Malvern, England. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Malvern (England) Preparatory schools--England Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8cad4b9c35cd28bb30cee7e92eb88e0a.mp4 c11f0eb07195e0202bbb51a16ba17cdd https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/456a4271ea2d57ecdf9b43053446264e.pdf b66af25b96a668749d9de45e6e5c1278 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Milford Cherington World War II Total Time: 26:06 Pre-War (00:00) • • • Was drafted, but was put on 4F because he had a hernia. He was living at home when he was drafted. He picked the Air Force because he wanted to fly. Training (01:08) • • • Attended basic training, where he learned the general shills needed for the Air Force. After basic training, he ad to go to school to become a gunner on a B-17. He was then transported to Utah to gather a crew, and then to Sioux City, IA for more training, and then to Europe. Active Duty (03:42) • • • • • • • • • Worked on a B-17 stationed in England. They made bombing runs into Germany. (04:30) They crossed the Atlantic Ocean by plane, stopping in Greenland. He worked as a gunner in the bottom of the plane. There were very few injuries on his plane. His bomber was part of the first group to bomb Berlin in the daylight. Stayed in touch with his family by writing letters. They always had ample supplies for their bombing runs. During leave, they would do various activities, including traveling around England. (20:40) He was sent to Texas after the war was over and was discharged there. Post War (21:45) • After the war, worked in Grand Rapids, MI � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cherington, Milford (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cherington, Milford Description An account of the resource Milford Cherington Served in the Air Force during World War II. He joined the Air Corps after being classified 4F by the Army draft board. He wanted to train as a pilot, but wound up as a gunner on a B-17 bomber and flew numerous bombing missions over Germany. He was also part of the first group to bomb Berlin in daylight. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Timmerman, Andrea (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Air Force World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-04-18 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CheringtonM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2598c58412dc7d9122e74a7bd8860206.jpg ac83765c7343d4253a19eddef533d707 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_HotelItza_3_1930_006 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930-02-21 Title A name given to the resource Chi-chi Hacienda Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of two women in front of a stone wall and palm trees. Subject The topic of the resource Mérida (Mexico) Mexico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/990cd75f4db7bc202ee221fc14d19f9e.mp4 6b1071f9eb854dac3bac32f0fb609ae1 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fc08a7267309c6272646845654435f1a.pdf 7a2f266c1e3344374c4958f1e89e3bee PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Mike Chiarelli Interview Length: (1:24:52) Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Chloe Dingens Interviewer: We're talking today with Mike Chiarelli of Lavon, Texas and the interviewer is James Smither of Grand Valley State University. Okay Mike can you start us off with some background on yourself and to begin with where and when were you born? Okay I was born in Brooklyn, New York, 1949 and then my parents when I was about eleven or twelve they moved out to Long Island for the suburbs to raise their children, at a- at a better place and then I stayed on Long Island, I worked, I went to barber college, I got my draft notice, I sent in I was still in school, they let me finish, after I got out and went to work I got the draft notice again. (1:09) Interviewer: Okay now to back up a little bit, what- what did your family do for a living when you were growing up? Oh, okay well both my parents were born in Palermo, Sicily and they came over and my mom, she had enough education to at least take a driver's test and get her license. And my dad was a longshoreman, and I didn't know till a little bit older that he was pretty much illiterate, he could just sign his name, but we didn't know that. My wife, I mean my mom, was a seams- seamstress where she would let's say sew on the sleeves all day long and she got paid according to piece work, this is back in Brooklyn. And every now and then there wasn't work with my mom and my dad so they put us on welfare, but it wasn't for long, it could have been a week, a few days, ten days. And I remember standing in lines and being embarrassed that my friends see me, that were, but it was there just to help out and when it was over, they went back to work. �Interviewer: Yeah. (2:10) So that was- that- that was good. So, really education wise I think my mom made it to the sixth grade, I don't think my dad made it to even the fifth grade. So, other than that we moved out to Long Island, and he used to commute back and forth from the Long Island Railroad. Interviewer: Now was he with a union, I mean did he get decent pay? Yeah, he was and the sad part of it, I was, he- he was killed when I was fifteen. He was, the Long Island Railroad back and forth, he was mugged at the train station. Interviewer: Wow. And there was those cops there nearby, the transit police, they recall four guys running from a situation and the cops said that they threw my dad on the tracks but the train that he crawled underneath and they think he died then when he was underneath so he wasn't mauled or anything like that. (3:05) Interviewer: But still, it’s… Yeah, yeah, I was only fifteen and it was really sad not to have your dad, I was always jealous of people that were older than me and still had their dad. I just, I wished I had my dad when I was drafted, I wish I had my dad when I came home but it’s okay. Interviewer: Yeah, and how many other kids were there? I have three brothers and one sister, I was in the middle, two above, two below. The girl came at the end number, five. Interviewer: Alright and then your older brothers, had they gone into the service or got? My- my older brother Sal he went to Germany and Korea but during pit- peacetime. �Interviewer: Right. And then the one right under him, he never went in or whatever because he was married with kids at the time. Interviewer: Okay. So, he was I forgot what they called that that you don’t… Interviewer: Now did you finish high school yourself? Oh yes, I did- I did finish high school and I continued on to get a business associate degree, a two-year degree. Interviewer: Okay and so now where does barber college fit into that? (4:09) Okay, that was of course I finished before I went into service. Interviewer: Right. I finished bar… well I came back afterwards, and I got a job barbering and I was with it ever since 1971 on I didn't stop, I- I've owned a salon here and there, small business, two or three chairs, more headaches than anything else and I just found it better that I just found my niche where I would just go rent a room and that's all I had to worry about was pay rent for the room. Interviewer: Right. And everything else was there. Interviewer: Okay so that comes a little later, okay now you did the business degree after you got back from Vietnam? Yes. Interviewer: Okay, okay so you just go to barber college after high school, you finish barber college and then Uncle Sam takes you. �Takes me. Interviewer: So, so when do you start basic training then? Okay I was, it was in New Jersey where we were… (5:04) Interviewer: Fort Dix? Yeah, Fort Dix where we were, what’s the word, indoctrinated. Interviewer: Inducted yeah. Inducted and from there they put us on a plane I remember it left from Newark, Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Interviewer: Okay. Yeah, and so we were there, and basic training started, and it was really intimidation at the time, you know forty years ago they just got right in your face and just scared the heck out of you and just would tell you things like at night if you're not awake Charlie is gonna come and cut your throat. And they just- just harassed us and made us hard I guess and any little thing you know, “drop give me ten, drop give me twenty, you know run, run, jump, why'd you come down, I didn't ask you to come down, get back up there,” you know. Peel- peeled potatoes in the mess room for hours and hours. Interviewer: Did your older brother tell you anything about what to expect? No, no, he- he never said a word, he never said a word and we really never talked, and I don't remember why, I think he might have been living in California I think maybe that's why. (6:08) Interviewer: Okay now what time of year was it that you went down to South Carolina? At the spring of ‘69? �It probably was the spring yeah, May/ June maybe. Interviewer: Yeah, okay so in ’69, now at the time you went in, how much did you know about the Vietnam War and all of that? Very little because I remember in junior high, even in high school I remember saying to myself, “oh I’m sure it'll be over by the time I graduate, I don't have to worry about that,” but no, no it wasn't. And I remember at the induction area over there there were guys that were dressed up like women, guys that were acting like they were crazy, you know guys that were taking off their clothes, just whatever and walking around, they were just doing anything and everything not to get… Interviewer: Right. Inducted, they were just doing it and I don't know. Interviewer: Were you not prepared for that? (7:00) No I wasn't, I really wasn't it was- it was just kind of funny in a way and- and then afterwards they had us up in a platoon formation, you know so many rows and then they just randomly, they went Army, Air Force, Navy, Marines, Army, Air Force, Navy, each row, I happened to be in the row that was Army so I- I had said to myself I remember because I don't really like the water, I don't really know how to swim that good and I don't really like getting on airplanes I figured not the Air Force, not the Navy, so the Army was good. So, I was happy with that, but they harassed the heck out of you. Interviewer: Yeah. �And they took everybody, even if you were 300 pounds plus they took you and you were slim trim when it was all over. And after the eight weeks, it was eight weeks I believe of basic they sent us to AIT which I believe stand for Advanced… Interviewer: Advanced Individual Training. Individual Training, yeah. Interviewer: Okay with the- the basic training there at- at Fort Jackson you said they were, where there people who just couldn't do it, or did they basically keep everybody? (8:02) You mean couldn't go through the… Interviewer: Yeah. The basic training? Interviewer: Yeah. Well, there might have been a couple or three that we didn't see, they- they were gone, they weren't there, but then also maybe they were gone and maybe one came back. So, I guess some of them would just they couldn't make it I guess they just mentally couldn't make it. Interviewer: Well, I'm asking because in other times you might wash out a lot of people who really aren't fit, but if they really need the people. Yeah, they take everybody. Interviewer: They take everybody. They still took people that were very overweight, but these days forget about it, you're three pounds overweight they're gonna have you lose that before you sign up. Interviewer: Right, okay now what kind of shape were you in when you went? Oh I was really pretty good I was kind of really skinny, I was five foot six, 118 pounds, twenty- �four-inch waist, so I was- I was okay I mean I never really exercised I guess it was just my makeup, I was just thin, skinny. Interviewer: And were you able to handle the physical training okay? (9:02) Oh yeah, I was fine, I did it you know there was that fear, that intimidation that you did things that you didn't think you could, and you did them anyway so. Interviewer: Alright and then how easy or hard was it for you to adjust to the discipline part? Well, you know really under my breath when we were in formation and the drill sergeant would walk up and down, I would try to keep a smirk off my face because I'd be telling myself that this is not, they're just doing this to us. That I shouldn't get to them and a couple of times the drill sergeant would say something to me about, “what- what's going on with you, what are you doing?” “Nothing,” I- I don't know, “yes sir, no sir, yes sergeant, drill sergeant.” Interviewer: Yeah. “Okay well you just drop give me a number ten, twenty, I don't know just do it and get up again.” I guess he caught the expression in my face because I just tried to tell myself this isn't real, they're not gonna hurt us. Interviewer: Now did the atmosphere change as you got to the end of the training or were they the same to you the whole time? (10:07) No, same the whole time. Interviewer: Alright. The whole time. �Interviewer: Okay now when you, so you finish the- the eight weeks of basic now you go down to AIT and where do you do that? It was Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Interviewer: Okay. Also, the AIT and I did the, well they trained me for infantry I was- I was a grunt. The M16, they put me in mortars also, all I call them war games in a sense because it wasn't real, but they were preparing us, they were war games, we had to do this or we had to do that, we had to fire a certain amount hit the targets, just different things. Introduced us to different things like a 60caliber machine gun, a 50-caliber anti-aircraft weapon, they even brought in a- a- an attack helicopter the, I can't think of the name of what- what it was then, they were, I think they're Apaches these day. (11:09) Interviewer: But were they Cobras? Cobras, they were Cobras and they were giving us a demonstration that it was so far off and it put a round ta ta ta ta ta like that and it even landed and we got to look and do whatever, so that was, little did I know that one day I'd be in the bush and there with the Cobras shh shh shh helping us, you know, without- without all of that air support artillery I don't know, there would be more than 58,000 names on the wall. Interviewer: Yeah. There really would be, it was- it was really a terrible war. It shouldn't have happened, it was terrible there wasn't a line to where you say you're not in enemy lines, you're here, you're safe here, so you don't have to pull any guard duty you could sleep all you want and everything— there was nothing like that. Nothing whatsoever I mean it. �(12:00) Interviewer: Alright. I’m jumping but after- after AIT was crazy, they sent me to Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. Well anyway they had me shoot and qualify with a .45 for three weeks, we were out there, me and about six other guys from nine to five and you were there ‘til six or seven at night if you didn't qualify that day and we shot at silhouettes all day long. And I don't know after the first week or so I think we were there three weeks, I asked the Sergeant I said, “why did they send me here? What's going? Why did- are they doing this to me?” He goes, he said, “you must have scored something somewhere on the test and they just don't have an opening yet, so they're just kind of moving you around.” Interviewer: Alright I want to back up a little bit back into the AIT part of things, so they're having you do sort of field exercises where you’re kind of going out in the woods or whatever and pretending it's Vietnam? Yes. Interviewer: Okay did you have instructors who had been to Vietnam? (13:04) I would say yes, yes most definitely I think they all were, in fact at the very end of the training it was something we had to go on a course and we had a compass with us, two or three guys together, and then they had us low crawling, really you got to stay down like that and crawl with the sixteen like this, and because right up above you was wire, barbed wire you didn't want to lift up and these rounds would be going and they would tell us that you don't lift up your head, they're real, the rounds are real so don't. And I don't know if they were or they weren't, but of course no one lifted up their head you know, it was, I don't know what was more frightening than �that, to see all these things shh shh shh and machine gun fire ta ta ta ta ta, you know so it was like we called it low crawl like this, flat low crawl and of course that really came into play when I was in the jungle a number of times, it taught me how to stay real low and do a little bit of this that we could because certain areas were open a little bit, otherwise it was triple canopy jungle, it was unbelievable. (14:13) Interviewer: So at least some part of what you got in training wound up being useful later? I believe so yes, most definitely and even to be able to shoot my M16 at, to be decent at it and to feel comfortable with it. You know they taught us in training how to take it apart and put it back together in a matter of, you know I don't know under a minute you could probably do it maybe under 30 seconds and all of that came into play when we had that down time. Really all of us, we cleaned our weapons, took it apart and cleaned it. I- you know they said the M16 was inferior, it was inferior to the AK-47, it really was but we never had a jam problem with it whatsoever, I think if everybody kept it clean it would have been okay but that AK-47 I believe it was from Russia, it was a superior weapon and ‘til today you know I could hear that crack it made ‘til today certain, they have me diagnosed with 70 percent PTSD. It's okay you can leave it on. Interviewer: Okay. (15:25) It just, just no one, no one really knows, you know you're scared, no one knows, you just don't know until you've been there. And it is very frightening and the whole time I was there I never saw one group or… Interviewer: Yeah. �NVA body even though we were being fired upon and they would tossing in RPGs and then when we approached the hill from the LZ, this was after the Cobras were entered, we still approached it with care and there was one guy he was dead and he was by no mean Asian whatsoever, the man was tall, broad shoulders, and he looked Russian. And we heard through the grape vine that the captain said, “it did help he had some papers on him,” but I don't know why they didn't take him away, maybe he was just too heavy to carry. Interviewer: Yeah. (16:30) And- and- and I was kind of one of the new guys, myself and this other guy and the Sarge, you know whatever said, “you Chiarelli? and you, grab ‘em by the ankles and you grab ‘em by your shoulders.” And I said, “we're gonna need three people, this guy is huge,” and they just you know toss ‘em in the foxhole and it just seemed so sad, it was a body, it was a human being. Interviewer: Right. And I just- I just felt so hurt by it and I thought to myself, why are we even here? I just don't understand it all this bloodshed. I- I just didn't understand it. Interviewer: I mean some part of it there is you- you kept some part of who you were in your own humanity and you're still using it at that point, which makes it harder to be a soldier. Let's go back and kind of follow you sort of in sequence. Alright so- so… Interservice: So, you’ve done, you've kind of… .45 where I was… Interviewer: Yeah, you got to .45 in Aberdeen. (17:26) �So, after that three weeks then they sent me to Fort Knox, Kentucky. I thought what the heck are these guys doing? So, I go there, and everybody was a Vietnam returning vet and I thought to myself, oh my god they're going to make it so hard for me, but they were the nicest guys- guys ever. And I even, because you got a day off if you volunteered to give blood, they said it was for the Vietnam veterans, you would get the day off, and I did do that one day. And like I said they were very nice to me, we played war games with tanks and APC’s, APC’s: Army personnel carrier. Interviewer: Yeah. And in the APC’s sometimes there was a platform where they had the mortar tube, okay and tanks and I drove tanks and it was fun. And it was even got the snow one day and doing this and we were skidding, and but it was fun, all the guys were really, really nice to me. And then I finally got my orders to go to Vietnam and I remember telling the guys and I didn't think much of it but when I got to Vietnam, I realized their expression on their face when I told them I was going to Vietnam. I- I said to myself, that's why they looked that way because they knew, they knew it was terrible. You get off the plane and honestly it smelled like feces, feces, it really did, a lot of guys said the same thing. So, I don't know from there they put me on a bus and the bus had bars on it, so this way they couldn't throw grenades and whatnot in there and it was terrible. Interviewer: Now do you know where you landed? Were you at Tan Son Nut or? Could it be…? Interviewer: Or Long Binh or Bien Hoa or one of those? Could it be Phu Bai? �Interviewer: You could have landed in Phu Bai, sure, I mean it's less, Phu Bai is probably, you norm- most people fly into Vietnam and they would land usually at Cam Ranh Bay or Tan Son Nhut or… I think it was Cam Ranh Bay. Interviewer: Yeah, and then they would have flown you from there up to Phu Bai. To Phu Bai, right. Interviewer: Yeah. (19:27) That's when I was on the C-130 for the first time. Interviewer: Okay, I want to, just to fill out the story a little bit, you do three weeks in Aberdeen proving grounds then you're at Fort Knox and now were you just… were you actually assigned to a regular unit or were you just waiting or training or? No, no I was assigned, I- I forgot the actual name I was in the motor pool I believe possibly and no I was assigned there to a unit there. Interviewer: Okay, so they weren't sending you, so you but you to this day you don't really know what they thought you were supposed to be doing? No. Interviewer: Okay. Even though I put down an application I wanted to be a cook. Interviewer: Yeah, okay and do you, how long were you at Fort Knox? Probably, oh probably three months, yeah three months and then I got my orders. Interviewer: But late enough into the year that there was snow on the ground one day when. �Yeah, there was. Interviewer: Yeah so, you’re out there. Now, so went to Vietnam now is it, now gonna be, you think so in early 1970 now that you actually go over there or is it still…? Yeah, it was because I was there ‘70- ‘71. Interviewer: Right okay so you go over there okay, and they've taken you and you go up to Phu Bai and that's the base for the 101st Airborne Division. (20:39) Just I don't know if everybody, if it was a mixture but that's where you were transit. Interviewer: Yeah. ‘Till they got orders to go wherever. Interviewer: Right. Because every morning in formation the Sergeant would call out. And I remember when I called out my name and he signed me to 101st Airborne, after formation broke, I went up to him and I said, “sergeant,” I says, “I never was trained to jump out of an airplane. I never did this,” I said, “I’m gonna be a POW, my legs are gonna break or something.” “Take it easy, soldier take ittake it's- it's airborne, air mobile you're fine, airborne air mobile.” Air mobile, being we made assaults with the Huey we were under Huey choppers that- that took us to different hilltops and some of them were hot LZ as we called them, hot landings zone and some of them weren't. But I believe most of the time we knew when they were hot, the captain kind of knew so and- and- and the choppers, the Hueys barely, they- they wouldn't hit ground, they just hover real low. And I remember the door gunner would tap me on the head you know, go, go and there was another scary situation when it was a hot LZ because you could see bullets around hitting the dirt that you're gonna jump into and you're going, oh my god you're dead, you know. But then there was a �situation with the same thing there was some clearing, I jumped, and I stayed low, and I low crawled right up to behind a big tree and so did the other guys do the same thing, they all did that. And we were putting down fire with the M-16, but you really weren't sure if you were really hitting anything or anybody because it was a thick jungle and it was like it's like pray, I even said to myself, “what- what am I shooting at?” I says, “I really don't want to kill anybody anyway,” that's kind of how I felt. And it was triple canopy jungle, you- you couldn't until the- the Cobras came in and they did their thing back and forth you know shh shh shh shh you know do do do, and hopefully by then you say it was pretty clear and then they gave orders to advance up to the hill, the hilltop and that's what we did with caution and we got up there and it was fine, it was safe at that point. It was safe, we were- we were up there, oh yeah that's right on that Hilltop 805 when we first got off and laying down fire to 60- to 60 gunner machine gunner and he had an assistant with him always and all the other grunts we would carry two or three bandanas so we could pass it down the line. I don't know how but they hit him, he was wounded the 60 gunner because he was laying down fire so I don't know how the heck he got shot but he got CAed right away and then the assistant gunner took up and someone right next to him helped the assistant gunner. I don't know how he got hit unless it was shrapnel from an RPG or something I don't know. But they took him away and he was- he was okay, we knew he was okay. So, anyway we're at 805 and we were there at least three nights, it might have been four nights but every night we got hit, every night. And then at night they'd call in artillery also and they're calling, we call it a Puff, Puff the Magic Dragon because they had these, I think a 55-millimeter rounds that run this round thing that would just keep rotating. (24:14) Interviewer: A mini gun was what we called it. �Yeah, and it looked like a dragon with fire, and they would do that just about every night, everyevery night. But every night we also had it, we called it LP from that perimeter, outside the perimeter maybe 25 yards you would go out you and two or three other guys because you would you know share the guard duty to stay awake and we were out there with a radio and you wouldyou would hit the button as if to talk and that would mean you would squelch it so I don't remember what it was, one for no movement, two for movement you know if we heard anything to make them aware of it so I remember and- and the biggest thing was they said, “don't take your weapon with you,” and I remember this guy my- my- my dearest friend was killed. He- he liked me, and he was there before me and he said, “it's okay Chiarelli, don't, it's fine, don't take your weapon, you're okay,” he says, “because you're going to be running.” He says, “and that with the weapon is only going to hinder you. So, we're out there on LP and eventually that's the most scariest thing, we were starting to hear movement until that movement went into RPG’s shooting and that's when we all got up and we ran and we're running towards the perimeter. Then we're yelling and stuff like Yankee Stadium, Empire State Building, Statue of Liberty just to let them know it was us breaking for the perimeter and not the NVA. Interviewer: Okay. That- that I don't know what's more scarier than that to be on LP listening post. (26:02) Interviewer: So yeah okay, let's, to kind of go back and help the outside people kind of follow your story, so you get out to Vietnam, and I think you thought it was probably, so it's early 1970 but it's not too early because you joined- you joined what- what specific unit did you join within the 101st, which company? I was with 2nd, 506 B Company. �Interviewer: Okay the 2nd battalion, 506th. Infantry B Company, second platoon. Interviewer: Now do you remember, now because you and I, let's see I think you told me this off camera but how did you, how did they get you out to your unit? When you first, you come into Phu Bai and then your… Oh, oh with a Huey chopper. Interviewer: Okay. A Huey chopper yeah, it- it come in and that's when RPG’s came by and the 60 gunners opened up and I was the only one on the thing and I'm going “I want my mom.” Interviewer: Yeah. And so, they brought us to an LZ, a landing zone and I remember someone came right to the chopper and got me off he said, “you go over there,” there were like three other guys in the woods. And they were like, I don't know what they were but of course they were very, very nice and they said, “take off your rucksack,” because it wasn't done properly, I didn't do it or whatever you think they would have taught us to- to that but they didn't. But they fixed it up for me that made it more comfortable for me and the rucksack, yeah, the rucksack... I forgot what I was going to say. Interviewer: Well basically you're, so you- you actually got some help right away from the guys in the squad that you joined. Oh yeah, I did. (27:39) �Interviewer: Yeah so, they're looking at, because some- sometimes in some places they just didn't say much of anything to the new guy and sometimes they did, but so you had guys who had been there a little longer who were going to show you the ropes and what to do. They were very nice, yes, they were, they really were. Interviewer: Alright. They had empathy for you they really did. Interviewer: Okay and do you, let’s see do you remember like who the squad leader was, or your platoon leader was at that point? No but months into it, I don't know what happened to my squad leader I don't- I don't remember, but all of a sudden I was in charge and I was a spec four, but then this sergeant came in, he was, we called him Shake and Bakes, you know he was, he came in and he was assigned, he took over, we talked to him and I remember that first night in the foxhole, of course you take turns pulling guard duty to stay awake and that morning into late morning he came out there and he said, “you- you pushed the clock ahead to so this way you could go back to bed,” and I was meaning it was and I said, “no I didn't, I would never do anything like that. I don't know why you're saying that.” So I went right to my lieutenant- lieutenant hand and he knew who I was and he goes, “Chiarelli, don't worry about it wherever you want to go, which squad you want to go in.” So, I did it and I was there with that squad ‘till, until I left. And there was this guy, Roberto Flores and- and he really turned out to be really my- my best, my best of friends. And he's the one that helped me when- when about going out to the listening post, just, not that he didn't help everybody else, but you know he goes, “are you Spanish?” “I don't know,” I said, “I’m Italian American, but that's okay they take me for Jewish, Greek, whatever,” and my hair was black, �Middle Eastern really. And I thought he was, and he says, “no,” he says, “I’m Mexican.” I don't think I heard the term Hispanic ‘till we moved to Texas. (29:56) Interviewer: Yeah. But he was real nice with me and for the longest time he told all the guys, he said, you know if in- in- in few words or less, you know I don't want to curse, he said, “whoever blank, blank with Chiarelli, they're going to blank, blank with me.” So just don't mess and he was just, he was- he was really, really nice, he… it's okay. He was killed on Ripcord. Interviewer: Alright now you're joining your unit and this is probably kind of sometimes after the Ripcord base has actually been established so there's a base on a hilltop and the companies of your battalions would take turns patrolling around the hills in the jungle, around the base and you've been talking a little bit about some of what that was like, about when you were being on the Hill 805 at a certain point and there you actually stayed in the same place for several days which is dangerous because the enemy knows where you are. Exactly. (30:57) Interviewer: Alright now most of the time would you stay in a different place each night as you were patrolling? No, no not really, we was probably for like two or three nights really but Hill- Hill 805 was the worst. I believe we were there four nights and every night we got hit but then there was also Hill 1000, and they would get hit also. I can't remember the other one if it was 900 or what I don't remember. Interviewer: Well, there was one called 902 and that's where C Company got hurt bad. �Oh, that's it then. Interviewer: Early, early in the battle. Now when you're out in the field, kind of for an extended period, how long would you be out in the jungle before you go back to a base camp? It's terrible at- at least 60 days, at least. And you would hope to go back, and you could take a shower and you have a hot meal and what was I gonna say, yeah formation, what we wanted out in the field for supplies was extra socks, just even if they were dirty, they'd be dry for your feet because then we would hang the wet ones on our rucksack to dry. But they keep ordering them and ordering them and they never get them, they never send them out. And after maybe the second time I went back in the rear I had enough nerve to go up to the lieutenant and say, “you know what's with the socks?” “Well how many do you want?” I said, “well just one, because I have these.” So, he got me two pairs and I gave one pair to somebody else and just so you could keep your feet dry that's all you wanted, you didn't want wet socks all the time. And somebody said the supply sergeant was not found or heard of after a while because he was giving stuff to the enemy, he was giving it to them, selling it or doing what I don't know. And here our guys in the boonies needed was something so basic and we couldn't have it to make it a little bit better for us out there, just a little bit. I hated it, I mean every night you know we had to pull, stay awake for guard duty every night. You know, rained whatever you could go to sleep, you know in the rain or wake up in the rain or go to sleep wet and for some reason our fatigues would dry by the morning, I don't know why but they would dry at that material or the body heat, but it was something somebody says, “well don't you have a poncho?” I go, “no its war, a poncho would hinder you with the weapon and whatnot, no it was nothing.” You know you, some places there �wasn't even a foxhole at night we didn't even dig in, you just slept on, right on the ground, right on the ground. (33:36) Interviewer: Now would you not dig in because you couldn't dig in or just, they, just didn't get orders to? You know I don't remember, but I’m sure it was “don't dig in tonight,” and we didn't and for some reason or another those nights where we didn't dig in, we never got hit. Interviewer: I mean it may be that they, at least the commanders had at least some intelligence for kind of where the enemy might be or what was going on yeah. It's, yeah, it’s very possible. Interviewer: Or maybe you just got lucky, but I guess also there could be a lot of tree roots in the soil or just be rock. Yeah, Interviewer: Yeah, so who knows, anyway now when things were not too hot and there wasn't a lot of contact, what's a typical day like out in the jungle? Well of course you know you weren't battling every second, every minute of every day. There was down time you know, obviously and that was the time where we would just kind of do nothing, we knew it was kind of secure, we'd take off our boots and socks and make sure our feet were dry. Clean our weapons, there might be a- a package from home, a care package and we allwe all shared it whoever got it and I remember when I got, my mom sent me some, a can of mushrooms and at the time it must cost under a dollar I'm sure for a can but this- this forward observer lieutenant just got assigned to us and I got the care package and I opened it up and a can of mushrooms and he said something like, I think he said “oh I’ll give you fifteen dollars for �that.” I said, “no, no, no.” I said, “we just will share and then he I believe he went to twenty and I said, “no honestly we just all share, everybody has a plastic spoon and just pass it around and luckily for him a lot of the guys didn't like the mushrooms so he had a bigger portion but he wanted the whole can, but he got quite a bit of it and like I said whoever got a care package we all divided it up, we all shared it. There might have been a letter in there, photos were passed around, and anybody who you were with if they were just even from the same state as you, you felt the closeness to them you know, you felt the closeness. That would be it because most of the time we were hopping the boonies, we were just going, it felt like a forty-five-degree angle. And I remember one time we needed water and there was, we called it the blue line water running down and this captain had the medic handout water purification tablets and I didn't know any difference, you put it in, you put the water, but you know from that point on I think all of us had dysentery after we drank that because come to think of it who knows what was in that stream, I mean it was terrible. I mean after a while we didn't even bother asking for any- any boxer short underwear we didn't want it anymore it was just too much trouble, we didn't wear it anymore, it was just easy to do without it. And I remember that I mean when you get that feeling that you got to go at one time I was taken up to rear, we were on- on a squad going in and pretty much I was probably that far away from the next guy or maybe a little further it hit and I had to drop my pants and I thought to myself, oh my god please I hope I don't become a prisoner because I couldn't see them, I couldn't yell, so I did it as quick as I could and I ran. But I thought, oh my god am I going to be captured you know so that dysentery boy. Interviewer: How long did you have that? (37:29) It felt like all year on and off. �Interviewer: Okay, alright. A lot of the guys the same thing, you know just like the- the- the jungle- jungle rot or nail fungus from your feet being wet and even the jungle rot comes back every now and then. I don't know why after all these years you just start scratching somewhere and then it festers and you big whatever and it goes through its cycle and then it scabs and then it's done, but why that still comes back I don't know. Interviewer: So, I mean you didn't get malaria. No. Interviewer: But you got a lot of other things instead. Yeah, yeah, we did. Interviewer: Now what would you normally eat out on the field? Well, we had to the C-rations, and it ranged from ham and eggs, to beef with potatoes, to franks and beans, which everybody of course wanted the franks and beans, especially to new guys. You I mean to open up eggs in a can like that and you're oh my god, but you know after a while I guess, after a while everybody started eating everything, we just- we just ate everything and then occasionally we would have a Kit Carson scout come out with us and he was a- a- a South Vietnamese I guess, yeah and he would carry bags of rice and he wanted the meat and we wanted the rice so we exchanged and we would just make our own dishes with rice and throw the beef in there with a ham or whatever it is and make our own dishes, but it was- it was good I mean it tasted good after a while it tasted really good. Interviewer: Well, you needed the food. (39:07) You definitely needed the food. �Interviewer: Because you’re burning off a lot of calories while you’re out there. Yes, yes, we were, we were. Interviewer: Alright, okay now do you remember who your company commander was when you joined the company? Yeah, it was Captain Williams. Interviewer: Okay what sort of character was he? Well ‘till today he comes to the reunions, he isn't here this time because he had a hip replacement, and he was- he was very nice. I mean he was referred to as the old man, you know he was about 27/ 28 and we were 19/ 20/ 21. So, but he I guess really, he knew, I always said hehe brought us home, you know he- he made us safe. Besides everybody else under him you know they took his direction and a lot of times when we get to a- a site to dig in you know our first superiors whoever they are they could be a spec four or a PFC it was passed down Captain said, “do like zero silence as much as you can,” so you know try to make the littlest noise as possible even when you're digging to dig in a little bit more. And usually those with the times that we'd get hit believe it or not it was crazy and I thought to myself, they know we're here because we're not completely silent and I remember one guy that he was supposed to go out on LP that he was and he refused to and he refused an order and he didn't want to go, well everybody was scared so he didn't go and I don't know, he was a different culture but I didn't know why, but the next day he got a CAed out to, back to the rear. We never saw him after that, somebody said he probably would have gotten an Article 15, which was kind of like a, you might say a traffic ticket or something, they would take some of this pay but I could understand, we were all scared I mean everybody was scared it was just- it was just terrible. And- and on Ripcord where my friend he was killed July 21st, he used to volunteer to, for do these assignments throughout the- the Hill �and he always did too much, he always and I think only two people know this, but like I said he took care of me and he said, “no, no you don't go Chiarelli I’ll- I’ll- I’ll go this time.” I said but you do more than me, it's… “no, no, no it's okay you stay.” And that's the day he got killed and the lieutenant came down to let us know, and I was in my foxhole with a couple other guys. I wanted to run out to go see him and the lieutenant says, “get back in that hole, don't leave without your M16, get back in there.” But for some reason it was really quick, they already had him wrapped up and a chopper took him away and it just happened like that, sometimes a body could be there for days, but I guess it was just timing that that chopper was there, and he took him away. So, I- I didn't get to see him and I try up ‘till today to contact somebody, his wife, his uncle, his brother but- but nothing, I don't and it's really funny because I was from New York then and he was from Texas which I didn't even know he was from Brownsville. So, I looked up his information and it said Brownsville, Texas and then I said to myself, “well it's the holy spirit,” you know that we moved to Texas that I’m close to Brownsville. I says, I don't know maybe one of these days we might find somebody I- I don't know. Interviewer: Yeah, and it’s got to be tough because Flores is a fairly common name so… (42:53) It's like John Smith. Interviewer: Yeah, yeah, it's really kind of tough there but do you- do you feel like you know any sort of, that that should have been you? Yeah, I live- I live with guilt. Interviewer: Yeah. I really do. Interviewer: And that's a very, very direct case. �I live- I live with guilt and we know he went to Hawaii on his R&R to go meet his wife with his infant child that he didn't see. Interviewer: Yeah. And when he came back, he was so happy he showed his pictures and everything and it was either that day or the next day he was killed. I don't remember but it was July 21st, I knew it was July 21st because July 23rd we evacuated. Interviewer: Okay now in the campaign that you were part of, Ripcord campaign it's already going in April when you get there so there's a base on the hilltop and the companies take turns. Yeah. Interviewer: Doing base security and your company was doing security in the last couple of weeks of the battle. Yes. Interviewer: Now had you- had you been up there earlier? No. Interviewer: Have you been? Okay, so let's talk about that the time that you're spending and patrolling around on the different hills did you get a stand down? Did you go back to Camp Evans at some point before the… No. Interviewer: Later battle, not that you can remember? (44:07) Nothing because from Hill 805 after the three/ four nights the captain said, “I’m gonna hump over to Ripcord, it's a firebase, it'll give you guys a little bit of a rest.” �Interviewer: Right. “And we would be securing the perimeter of Ripcord.” And to us that was like almost going on vacation because it would be some place stationary that all we had to do was, you know take care of the guard duty at all times out, there was the concertina wire and- and we would at night you know any movement we would fling grenades, anything. And some of us were able to, they called it a starlight telescope where you saw images and you swear you saw images and you heard noise and you fling grenades and but the next morning nothing was there and in fact the day before or the two days before another sergeant was assigned to my squad, Dale Faulkner and he was in the hole, it was his first day and he was a shake and bake, and he goes, “well what do we do?” I said, “well they want us to get rid of as much of this as possible so we're just going to fling grenades just randomly out there.” And him and I were in the hole standing and right behind us was a bunker where you could fall in to sleep when it was your turn and I don't think anybody else was in there at the time but all of a sudden, he- he says, “Chiarelli, Chiarelli get out of the hole, get out of the hole.” So, you know instinctively I just put my hands like that, and I got out I went like this because I thought I was gonna hear an explosion and I did and then he goes, “Chiarelli, Chiarelli help me, help me.” He didn't jump out for some reason, this guy's over six feet and he tried to go in the hole, he had dropped a grenade, dropped a grenade right in the hole. So, it was so dark to probably try and do this was nothing, but he tried to go in and he got in up to his waist and the grenade went off and he had it all in here, all in here. And even back in ‘04 you know I put out the word if this guy comes in that I brought up to top I helped him and then he was looking for me and we finally met and the first thing he said to me was, “thank you for saving my life.” And I never thought I saved his life, all I ever thought was I helped him but we both said that at that particular time when he pulled me over and I had to help drag him out �because he was six feet and he had his arm over my shoulders and we’re going like this and we remember we both said I think at the same time, “we could both be killed,” and we both said, “yeah, I know.” So, I went all the way up top to headquarters or somebody was having, “yeah what the blank, blank are you doing?” I said, “he's hurt.” “Oh okay, okay go ahead, go, we got him.” I said, “okay,” and then on my way down to the hill and I don't know why I kicked myself that I didn't take my 16 with me as I’m on my way down I thought oh my god I’m dead- I’m dead and then they were, you know the perimeter foxhole but then up a little ways there were more foxholes more like a bunker that the lieutenant was in and would be a little space and their rifle would go in there and he saw this person out and I remember him yelling, “so do you get the blank- blank in that foxhole. What the blank- blank are you doing out of the hole? You're gonna get it tomorrow blah blah blah blah,” and that was Lieutenant Hand, but he didn't know no I don't think, I’m not sure who eventually found out that I helped Dale and you know what's going on with him today, he's- he's has, he's in hospice with brain cancer you know it's been eleven months now. They only give him four months, but you know and- and I met him every year anyway we, I always found him, and he found me and we just kind of hugged and talked a little bit. He was really a nice guy, but I would have never known it was him, he would have never known it was me but this reunion kind of brought us together. Interviewer: Right. (48:18) And that was nice, and he told me, he said that they really took care of him and that he wore a colostomy big for a little bit and he says back then they- they automatically gave him a thirty percent service connection disability. I didn't even know what that was to tell you the truth, but he was- he was okay, he was fine, and I guess maybe he was supposed to be saved or helped to �live his out because he married, I’m not sure if he has any children. But we all know him and most of the people know the story because they were all looking out for me, and they were all looking out for him to find one another. Interviewer: Right. (49:01) Yeah, and as it turned out one reunion, I was there I was sitting and there was a back of another chair and a guy sitting that way and I asked Bob Judd I said, “Bob any news on the guy that I helped?” He goes, “here, he's sitting right behind you.” Yeah, so that was something, I’m just soI’m just so and you know I never knew that I saved his life, I never looked at it that way but that's the first thing he said to me, the first thing, all I really did was help him. I- I just did my job, I believe anybody else would have done the same thing. Interviewer: Now a little bit of broader question, there's a lot of stereotypes and stuff about morality and this in Vietnam and that kind of thing. Now in your case within your- your platoon or your company that you served with is it your impression that most the guys just did their job? (49:54) Oh definitely, now I- I hate to bring up you know African Americans but back then and not all, but a good part of them they- they made complaints that they needed to be on profile, if you weren't profiled you can’t go out in the woods and they said that we were discriminating against them because they had put all the black people out in the boonies, and it wasn't so. I mean in- in our company with four platoons, each platoon, 30 each you know if there was one or two black guys it was a lot and the black guys that were out there, they were okay, they were good with us, we were good with them. It's the other ones because when we came in the rear for stand down, �they were in the chow line waiting, you know to eat a hot meal and what they did during the day was they- they did whatever, filled sandbags or did KP duty, they just, busy work they didn't want to deal with them anymore so they just- they just put them in the rear. And- and back then those black guys they used to, when they used to meet, they you know do this, this, the… (50:57) Interviewer: Yeah, the whole black power thing. Yeah. Interviewer: All the time. And you'd see them on the chow line doing that and you just shook your head, you shook your head. Interviewer: Yeah, and that seems to be stuff that came over from the States because by then they, at home they were convinced that you know they were sending all of the black guys out to do the fighting and stuff and so that's what they know when they take in with them. And- and so that was peculiar at the time but the guys who were in the field with you were… They were fine. Interviewer: They didn’t do anything else. They were fine, the one black guy, he was a sergeant, he was great, he was great, and I just always remember my friend Roberto, Roberto M. Flores, I just, I guess I’ll see ‘em up there. Interviewer: Yeah, alright so you had spent you know extended time, couple of months’ worth of time out in the field, out with your- with your company and now you get is early July when you go up to the hill? It was, I want to say July 4th. �(51:52) Interviewer: Okay. Yeah. Interviewer: Alright so you guys, your company's turn now to do security for the top of Ripcord? Right. Interviewer: Alright and describe a little bit just what the base looked like in terms of in how- how things were laid out for you. Well the- the outer perimeter is what we did company big, we did the outer perimeter and in front of the perimeter maybe 30 feet there was barbed wire, concertina wire which I didn't know the term concertina wire until I went there and it was like all around the whole thing and then closer into the top they'd be also dug out bunkers that sandbags on them and you were well- well protected you're just able to stick out your whatever. And usually that would be for the officers, the lieutenant, the, we called the CP, command post would be always be in the inside, just like we were out in the boonies and we dug a perimeter, CP would be right in the middle and that was the captain, the RTO, whatever and they also stood watch for guard duty too, they had to, they had to stay awake. It was so frightening that Hill 805 with those RPGs coming in and small arms fire and guys screaming and yelling and “help me,” and “help me, please help me.” I remember two or three guys I was in the hole with because when I ran from the LP, I just jumped in the first hole and they go, “you're fine, you’re fine, Chiarelli you're okay, it's okay. Are you hit?” I said, “no, no I’m not.” They said alright, “just stay down just…” And I remember just sitting inin the underground like this and looking and things going over my head and… (53:49) �Interviewer: Yeah. And I really thought I was going to die but they were “Chiarelli, it's fine just stay there we got it.” And I don't even remember those guys names or anything. So, then there was the second perimeter closer to the top and then it was the TOC which was called Headquarters. Interviewer: Yeah. And Headquarters would be all the Officers or the Military whatever, the artillery was there and I always thought that artillery had it easy but- but no this artillery did not have it easy because they would get shelled a lot because that's where a lot of the artillery was shooting out into the boonies to help the guys and they wanted to get that artillery you know knock it out of commission and believe me that last day, and I go to the last day or I go to the- the night before the Lieutenant came down to the perimeter in the foxholes and he says, “we are going to evacuate at first light.” And there are these Navy ships out there that could shoot these big guns and we're just hoping they're going to be close but not hit the perimeter. So, when he said we were evacuating as soon as he left, I remember turning around to the guys I says, “we're running.” And we were, we were running because that that morning when we did evacuate you know it was like my- my foxhole was the next to go, I don't know why but the two guys I was with got out before me and they were going- they were going, “Chiarelli, Chiarelli hurry up, hurry up they're coming through the wire. Hurry up.” And I just said to myself I don't even want to turn around; I don't want to turn around. But it was you know it was pretty steep so they weren't you know, they weren't that close, but we made it to the top and there was somebody up there that- that way, wait to the chopper and you know sometimes the chopper will come in but then it take off again, you know because it was getting hit too much and then it was, you know, “go, you guys go.” And I just remember running and I remember dropping my M16 and for a �split second I thought to stop and pick it up and I just, I said no- I said no, I’m gonna pick it, no. And I remembered in training they said something like you know if you lose it, I remember 175 dollars. Why that’s stuck in my head I don't know, but no they gave me another one. Interviewer: Yeah. (56:17) You know it was no big deal but we- we evacuated. The choppers came in, they went back to Camp Evans and then they- they totally B-52’d the whole thing, they just flattened it all out, there was nothing. They said that later on people went back and there were some bunkers, three foot bunkers that were closer to the hill where you were able to stand up in them and there were American’s that were burnt, they used flamethrowers. And they said that these are the guys that for some reason had a fear that didn't want to come out and you know, and I always said to myself, whoever was their superior probably should have been aware of that and dragged them out or something. I’m not blaming it on them, but I would think that if this other guy you know is with you, you need to help them come on. (57:15) Interviewer: Of course there's no reports of any missing in action out of the companies, everybody was accounted for in one fashion or another so it may be that that's a story that got passed at some point, for I mean if you were just hearing it from other guys and weren't sure where they heard it from, it could be, it was like the you mentioned that when you're leaving they're telling you there's people coming up the hill and as far as we can tell there wasn't anybody coming up the hill yet. No not really. �Interviewer: At least not by the aerial observation, but in the middle of all this because when you're in your fighting position you can't see very much. No. Interviewer: Of the perimeter or anything else. It's dark. Interviewer: Yeah, it's dark and you know you don't really know what's out there, but even during the day you only would have a limited field of view. Now in your fighting position where you were now the Ripcord is a hill, now are you part way up the slope or you're right at the base of it or? (58:05) Pretty much just about on the bottom, pretty much, yeah. Interviewer: Okay and did you, and then you had there were other hills around and would the enemy try to fire? Did you ever take direct fire at you or was it mortar fire and rockets that came in? No, no I- I don't recall any direct fire no, mortars, rockets, I guess the RPGs were rockets. Interviewer: Well yeah rocket grenade, but there are the bigger rockets. Yeah, they- they are, well the bigger ones yeah those were the 110s I think. Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah, the Scud missiles or something. Interviewer: Well not- not -not that big but yeah but the bigger miss- big, bigger rockets. Yeah, yeah. Interviewer: That get launched. Now when you first went on there, I think the officially the way they do the history of the battle, sort of the 1st of July is when you begin to get a �regular bombardment that slowly got worse, now on July 4th or so when you came in waswas there more… did you come in helicopters, or did you walk in? No we walked, we humped from 805 to Ripcord and we came up in it and we thought it was the greatest thing that ever happened to us, we really did and we were just assigned foxholes and we all thought oh this is so nice, this is great, but then we started hearing the rounds the round, that's why they wanted, that's why that that lieutenant yelled at me because I was out of the foxhole I was coming down. (59:24) Interviewer: Yeah. From Ripcord and- and my friend Roberto, Roberto he, they had us wear flak jackets, okay and the lieutenant would always tell him to make sure you, you button it and he never really wanted to button it and he had a round came in, a piece of shrapnel hit his heart that that was it. Which is, but I guess it- I guess it was meant to be, it really was. And then up top where headquarters was, they had hot meals, there was a- a cook up there. Interviewer: Yeah, there was a cook up there. Yeah, so they had hot, we never had them, well I take that back I think we did get them once in a while where somebody brought something down to us or one of us went out and brought food for the guys. I- I take that back we did have some of that, yeah, we did. But so it was a lot easier with our C-Rations we had you know more area, more whatever and we used to use C-4 and even though the cap they said, “you can't do that.” He let us use it, we used it to heat up our food. (1:00:30) Interviewer: Because this is the plastic explosive, and you can break off a little piece of it and light it. �Exactly, yeah, I think today is on TV, in Hollywood they use a C-4 a lot yeah. Interviewer: Well yeah, special effect explosions. Okay this tape is about out… So okay now we were talking about sort of the situation on the Ripcord firebase in- in July and particularly as we're getting close to the point where you were talking about evacuating and getting off, but the whole time you were there, the place was under bombardment now… Oh, every day. Interviewer: Now from your fighting positions did much land around you or did it normally land up on top? Well we had this saying when we were over there, if you could hear it, it's going over you and you don't hear it, it could be in the front or whatever and you might not be there, but I would say, no not necessarily on the tippy top. Well yes there was but it also was going throughout randomly and never, I remembered in front of my foxhole or to either side but behind us, but it was still scary to hear that, I mean I’m certain tones I- I’m jumpy and I jump. I mean I am diagnosed with PTSD and I just, it just doesn't go away. Interviewer: Yeah. (1:01:46) And the biggest thing is sleeping at night. I you know even though I sleep for seven/ eight/ nine hours, I wake up and I feel like I need to go to sleep, I never went to bed because my mind doesn't rest. I feel like I need to have a perimeter around my house with- with guards. It would make me sleep better it’s just it’s crazy. Interviewer: Well, you get conditioned to something. Yeah. �Interviewer: In that situation. And what I didn't say was after the evacuation and whatnot and- and I was healed, I don't know how many days it took to do that, then they sent me out to another firebase which I don't remember it might have been Katherine, and I thought to myself why are they doing this to me? I am just so scared. Why are they… “Chiarelli, Chiarelli we're going to put you in mortars. Remember back in the states we also trained you for mortars so this will be a little bit easier, it won't, you won't be hopping the be- boonies you'll be permanent you don't have to hop the boonies. And you could take a shower every now and then it might be an outdoor shower and you'll get an occasional hot meal.” So, I wasn't in the mortar pit, I was in a bunker that I could sleep, I could stand up, I was in, it was called FDC: fire direction center. Yeah, so they put me, I did have training and the guy on the- on the radio talking to the guy in the field that needed mortars, he would give me some sort of numbers and a thing that turned it around and I would give him the accordion then you do it, and he'd give it back out to the mortar pit, they would fire one. And then the guy out in the field called back, “no do twenty meters this way.” And then fire one, we did that three times and then after three times the guy on the field would say, “okay fire for effect.” And they dropped maybe half a dozen rounds, you know and of course they didn't necessarily end in same spot all the time, but and then of course if he needed more, we started it over again. But when those guys called in everything was dropped, you did it immediately they needed your help. Interviewer: Yep. (1:03:54) Yeah so I was in, it was 81 millimeters we had. It was really funny because the- the- the NVA had 82 millimeters, and from what people tell me our 81s could go in their 82s. �Interviewer: Right. And we had a 50-caliber machine gun, they had a 51 and they were able, where, how did all this happen, you know. Interviewer: That's very simple, it's an old trick the Soviets did. Russians. Interviewer: Even the Germans in World War II because that way they could use the German ammunition, the Germans couldn't use theirs because it was too big. Yeah. Interviewer: And that just stayed as- as a tradition. Okay so now when you were talking about getting off of Ripcord, you had told me off camera and you sort of referred to it in passing here, at some point on Ripcord you actually got- got wounded, you got burned on the face. Oh yeah. Interviewer: How did that happen? I- I did that was the day we evacuated, that morning for, two other guys with me or three I don't remember, but we had a supplies, mostly grenades. I don't know what else, could be a bunch of C-4 or whatever, but one of them poured the gasoline all over it and I had the trip flare. And they started going up and I started walking back out to toss it and that's when they were saying, “Chiarellli hurry up, hurry up, hurry up.” So, I do, there was this big explosion, this big puff, but I didn't think anything of it. I went up to the top we managed to, got on the chopper, went back to Evans, got off and that's when the guy said, “you, go into the medic now.” And I said, “why?” He says, “your face, left side is all burnt.” And I didn't know it but then I remember feeling a sting on my face when that poof went. I felt the sting and I guess that's when I got burnt, and of �course I don't know I said, “I don't care,” I don't even remember looking in the mirror, I don't even know what it looked like, but I told the doctor, “I don't care I just want to go home.” He said, “well we're not sure if it's going to heal.” I said, “okay.” And it healed and then they sent me to mortars which was like being on vacation almost, you know of course I had to still stay awake and pull guard duty in the- in the- in the bunker because I had to listen for the guys out in the field if they needed us. Interviewer: Right. (1:06:18) You know, so somebody had to stay awake, so we took our turns there. Interviewer: Now were you still in the mortar platoon for your original battalion? So, were you still with 2/506 or did they switch you to something else? No I believe it was the same. Interviewer: Yeah, because they had their integral mortar platoon and they were- they've been based on Ripcord most of the time, but now they're in Katherine or whatever base you were on at that point. Okay, so you're, that's probably part of E company which was the support company. Yeah, yeah, yeah right, yes. Interviewer: Okay alright so you're with them now, now once, now how- how long did you actually spend in the hospital before they let you out? Maybe three weeks. Interviewer: Okay. Yeah, maybe three weeks. Interviewer: And do you remember how you spent that time? �(1:07:03) You know I don't recall and I don't recall how my face looked and maybe I’m supposed to not remember but what I didn't bring into the picture was out in the field I would do haircuts for the guys, yeah and they would just be on a, maybe an ammo crate that we brought supplies in and in fact it's in- in the book I think on page 95. The author in the year 2000 it’s the first reunion I went to, he was signing books and that's when the book came out. Tell him what, and he goes, “you know Mike,” he says, “I’m really sorry I couldn't put your name in there but your captain he said ‘Biarelli, Chiarelli,’ he says but if- if it wasn't sure, I wasn't going to put it in there.” But he made reference to it, so I was happy for that, that was pretty neat you know a little bit of history. You know, he made- he made guys feel as though they were human again for the first time since they were back for some. And I remember just, and it was just fun because I remember packing up to go to Vietnam when I had my orders I left home and my mom telling me in Italian which I kind of remembered, I- I don't speak Italian, but I knew what she said when she called me by Miguel, you know, “why are you taking these tools? You are going to war.” And I just felt the closeness to it and- and here it panned out I guess it was supposed to happen. And here now at the reunions every year I cut hair and they make donations, and it goes to the association, but a lot of guys timed their haircut for here because they have to pay anyway so they make a donation, and they don't have to some guys they don't have to pay it’s fine. (1:08:42) Interviewer: Well, I’ve seen you cut General Harrison’s hair, there wasn't a whole lot to cut there. No, no, yeah General Harrison yeah. �Interviewer: Basically, you do, so basically so you- you have a barber, basically just a little, how big was the kit that you took? Just a little case or? Oh, it was a scissor and comb, basically. Interviewer: Okay. Or a scissor and two or three combs yeah, yeah that- that's it just rolled up in a towel. Interviewer: Alright and then you just do this when you had down time someplace? Yeah, you're doing down yeah, the guys, “yeah, cut my hair,” because when they had us go back to the rear to Camp Evans there was just, I don't know these people there were VC, I don't know what the, know, Vietnamese. Interviewer: Right. And they would cut hair and- and it didn't matter what you told them everybody got the same haircut; you know they just used the clippers and just took it all off basically. And think it was 35 cents we paid for it, and it was in MPC, it looked like monopoly money, military payment certificate it looked exactly like monopoly money. Yeah, but those were okay those, those were happy times because I did that on when I was in mortars also for the guys. (1:09:43) Interviewer: Alright now when you were with mortars did you spend the whole time on one firebase? Would they move you around? No, the whole time, the whole time. I felt like I was on vacation. Interviewer: And while you were there did the base get hit with mortars or probe by sappers or anything like that? Nothing never. Interviewer: Okay. �Never, it was like in support, that's what they did, we supported the guys out in the field, that's what they did. Interviewer: And about how long do you think you were there? Probably for six, seven months. Interviewer: Okay so really just the whole rest of your tour? Just about yeah, yeah eleven months and nine days, at the time Nixon was- was having us come home so I got a like a 21 day early out. Interviewer: Right. So, I did eleven months, nine days. Not twelve months, so that I think one day, anything, one hour, doesn't matter, get out of there. Interviewer: Right. Yeah. (1:10:38) Interviewer: Now did you get an R&R while you were… Oh yeah, I did, I did, and I went to Bangkok, Thailand I was there for I guess a week or five days and it was okay, if I had to do it over again, I should have went to Australia. But the guys come back, and they said you gotta go because of the women and so I should have never went. I should have went to Australia, but I wasn't married at the time so it was good, it was. Interviewer: But it was- it was a place where they were not shooting at you. No, they weren’t, and they were very nice to people, and I remember I went somewhere, got a picture of me with a snake around my neck. A lot of the guys had it, probably the same snake, you know. �Interviewer: No, it was kind of one of the tourist kind of things that they had going there. Yeah, alright now were you one of the people who kept a- a calendar for how long you were there or? Well we- we called it a short timers calendar and it was, it started from 100 days and you mark off each day and you know you were short when you got to two digits 99, but we realized you really weren't short until you were on the plane back home to the “World” as we refer to the U.S. as the “World” and I remember that incident on the tarmac everybody was lined up and they said, “okay nothing would be said, please if you have anything, any kind of contraband drugs, weapon, whatever, please empty out your pockets.” And I was just so taken back that some of the guys that had live grenades, C-4, blasting caps, trip flares, and most of these guys that had that stuff they weren't in infantry, they were taking it back as a souvenir. Interviewer: Yeah. And I thought to myself, this was gonna go on that plane, if something ever happened. Interviewer: Yeah. But also, people had bags of marijuana, but they just scooped it all up and nothing was said. So, I guess I'm here, so thank God nothing happened. (1:12:35) Interviewer: Yeah, now did you observe much by way of drug use while you were there? Very little you know my platoon, my squad, we knew that we had to be sane. We- we didn't do it- we didn't do it, no one did it. And I guess that was a good thing, new guys coming in, they did what we did, they didn't do it. Interviewer: Yeah. �You know we- we heard about it a lot when we were in the rear you know I saw it, it was there, it was out in the open, but I- I never messed with it I really never did. I mean my- my son one day we were watching something and- and there was this guy smoking this stuff with this big jar of something over here. Interviewer: Yeah. And I don't know what it was and my son “Dad, you don't know what that is?” I don't, no. He goes, “Dad that's a bong.” I didn't know what it was, I didn't know what it was. Interviewer: Well, you wouldn't, you couldn't have something like that in the field. No, no, no. Interviewer: What about on the firebase, I mean did you have people who smoked there that you ever noticed or? Not that I know. Interviewer: Now would you get a beer ration if you're on a base somewhere? (1:13:38) I don't, you know I don't recall beer; no, I do recall cans of soda though which was really good even though it was hot it was good. No, no, no beer rations, no I believe in the rear at Camp Evans I think they were, might have been able to get a beer. Interviewer: Yeah. Yeah. Interviewer: Sort of but you pretty much spent all, almost all of your time out in the bush someplace you know whether it's a small firebase or actually in the field. I did, I did. �Interviewer: All that, alright now when they, you got your orders to go home, I mean did you, had you put in for an early out, so you knew it was coming or did they just offer it to you? No, they offer it to me their 21 day early out, if I wanted to sign up for six more months they'll give me buck sergeant stripes, but like I said I don't believe I would have done it even for a million dollars. Interviewer: Yep. (1:14:30) I just, I just wanted back to the “World.” Interviewer: Alright so you were talking about not going back and you're- you're lining up and the guys are unloading at the tarmac, there they've unloaded the contraband; you get on the plane and then what was it like to take off and fly out of Vietnam? Well yeah it was, it was you know, and it was taxiing to fly and kind of like when it was off the ground and rising everybody screamed and yelled and I couldn't believe it and yay, and now we're short, this is short, you know not 99 days or nine days, this is being short, you'll be back in the “World” in, in hours, yeah. And we were at Washington state where I, finished where they processed me out. Interviewer: Right so Fort Lewis probably. I don't know what it was, but I remember one guy standing in line and we were in line for something and for the process and he fell to the ground, and he was kind of shaking and happen to be a medic. He was having an epileptic fit, but he was fine, they knew what to do, they put something under his, above his tongue and I guess, he was fine he came out of it, but he had an �epileptic fit, so I don't know if they, he was out in the boonies and they took him or was he in the rear that he did his job that he, I don't know. Interviewer: That was kind of strange. (1:15:57) Yeah, yeah it was. Interviewer: Alright, okay so you do now let's see and then today once you were there, once you're back in Washington there, when they're processing you out did they make another offer to get you to re-enlist or anything like that? No, no nothing we're going through some processing, and they gave us clean clothes and stuff and I think they said something, they gave me a card or something they said, “you've earned this and this, but we ran out we don't have them, but when you get back home, just mail this.” And I did and then whatever it came in the mail with whatever medals I had which I wasn't sure what really, they were for other than the one that was obvious, a purple heart, but the other ones I- I wasn't sure I really didn't know what they were, I really didn't. Interviewer: But you wound up with a couple of bronze stars for merits. For merits. Interviewer: Not sure how that happened, but somebody wrote you up somewhere. (1:16:58) Yes, they did. Interviewer: So- so, some officer was doing his job. Yeah. Interviewer: Alright so you get there, now but you're actually discharged there in Washington as part of the out processing now? �Yes, I was, I was done. I was- I was out. Interviewer: Alright and now did you fly back home then? Flew back home, yeah. Interviewer: And did you do that in uniform or in civilian clothes? No I did it, they for some reason they had us wear our dress greens, and I remember in the airport, either Washington or when I landed at Kennedy, and like I said I thought we were supposed to be proud and all of that and then I remember people just walking in front of me and spitting on the ground. What's going on, and then I hear in back of me, “baby killer.” And I thought, I just got the goosebumps, I thought I can't wait to take this off, I just and I didn't think, you know years later I thought I said, I could have went in the men's room, I had the luggage I could have taken off my uniform and put on civilian clothes. Why I didn't think to do that, I don't know but I remember when I got home, I couldn't wait to take it off and it went in the back of the closet, I did not see it or whatever. And even I had three brothers and one of them that was- was in the service career, Germany and I talked about, tried to talk about my experiences but it was like it was- it was nothing, I was like and I just I could, then I just shut up, I just clammed up 1971 and then I didn't do anything, you know 1971, then 1991, I- I started crying. My mother-inlaw had passed away and I was continually crying on and off for weeks and weeks and my wife said, “you're not crying for my mother are you?” I go, “no, I don't know why I’m crying.” So, my sister who worked for the IRS, my wife called her, she said I’ll see what I find out. She called back the next day she said tell him to go to V.A. hospital he probably has PTSD. And yes, I did, I was diagnosed with PTSD twenty years later comes out and you know I don't think you ever get cured of PTSD. Interviewer: No. �(1:19:12) I really don't think so but again certain noise, I try to explain to people that how I would jump or react to noise, you know a noise is generic you know it's just, the noise could be jingle bells, it could be a car screeching, those are noises, but they produce different things, produce different tones and it's the tone that causes me to jump, it's the tone of that noise. So, and I can't tell you exactly what it is and what combination, but it could be silverware clinging, it could be boxes falling, and it's just I guess it goes back and- and I- and I jump. It's really crazy up to all these years. Interviewer: Yup. And I still do that, but someone told me that in World War II, Korea it was either battle fatigue or shell shock. Interviewer: Yup. (1:20:00) But they didn't know then it- it was PTSD. Yeah, like they didn't know it was PTSD, yeah andand my one- my one sergeant, the black sergeant that I asked to get out of his platoon- patrol, a few nights later we're out in the bush and he's out there with his squad, not me, and then we hear this huge explosion, he was setting up claymore mines, as we weren't allowed to say booby trapping, their pre-warning devices. Interviewer: Right. But heck you know they did it to us we need, and he was setting it up with trip line or whatever and what from what the other guys told me they said he did it, he didn't want to listen he thought he was done, he walked, he tripped it himself, it blew his bottom of his legs off they said. And that same night it wasn't dark yet, they planked him out and took him out and wrapped him up �and I don't know what it was, poncho,I don't know what it was. And I could still see his body doing this as the chopper was leaving and taking him out and all those other guys that were out there, they came, a helicopter the next day and they took them out. Their- their hearing was just, they, ringing and so they just and I don't know what happened to them and maybe it was bad enough that they- they didn't send them back but I also tell myself that if I was still in his squad, maybe I would have seen something that I would have said to him but then again he might not have listened. Interviewer: Yep. (1:21:29) He might not have listened it’s sad, and the first time I went to the wall, the only one time I ever been I went to his name on the wall and I just knelt down and I was crying and I had this bracelet that we used to pass on to everybody and I just left the bracelet there under his name and my counselor at the V.A. hospital, I told him I was going, he says, “from past experience,” he says, “what are you gonna take with you?” I says, “I don't know maybe I’ll take my boots or my medal,” he says, “Mike from past experiences from other vets, don't, they're sorry they left all of that, so don't just take all of it,” and- and I didn't, I still have my boots, I still have my boots. Wow. Interviewer: Alright now you got back, and you said, okay you just went into, you just were a barber. (1:22:23) Yeah. Interviewer: And then- and then did you do that in New York for a long time or did you move or? �No, I was Long Island, I got a job right away and I- I started working and I did that all for the past 30 years I did barbering, and I don't know, I don't know what else that's all I did. Interviewer: Well, how did you wind up in Texas? Well my wife, she just wanted to come here for something, she always wanted to come here. Interviewer: Okay. And I said to her, I says “I’m scared to get on a horse,” you know that stereotype- stereotype it's just like they stereotype New York that everybody's walking around with an Uzi. Interviewer: Texas ?? And I really, I don't like to get on a horse you feel like you're really high. And she goes “no not that, oh I just want to go.” We came for a visit, we rented an apartment, went back to Long Island, packed up and moved. Yeah 1977 we moved, I can't- can't get over all those years, but I believe it was a good move for both of us, it really was good, yeah it really was. (1:23:24) Interviewer: Alright, now aside from the- the PTSD experience and so forth, how do you think your- your time in the service affected you or what did you take out of all of that? Well, you know I didn't know I was anti-social ‘til probably about three months ago, my son who's 29 he's the youngest, he just went, we went, and he just said it right out, “Dad, you're antisocial.” And I never knew I was, and I looked at my wife and I said she goes, “yeah you are Mike.” And I says, “well tell me why?” “Well, you know you don't like to be with people you're in company, you go off, sit in a corner by couch/ recliner all by yourself, you're looking at a magazine or you're flipping tv and you'd rather just be alone.” And I didn't realize, and I guess I was, and I am. I guess because I’m- I’m hurting. Interviewer: Yeah. �(1:24:19) I really am, I’m just hurting, I just. Interviewer: Connecting maybe costs too much. Yeah, yeah, I don't- I don't know I just. Interviewer: Well, I- I very much appreciate the fact that you're willing to come in and share the story today because you tell your story well, you did a good job, so. Well thank you. Interviewer: Thank you very much. I appreciate that, I was kind of nervous I didn't know what to expect. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ChiarelliM1685V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chiarelli, Mike Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-10 Title A name given to the resource Chiarelli, Mike (Interview transcript and video), 2014 Description An account of the resource Mike Chiarelli was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1949, to parents who immigrated from Sicily. In 1969, he got a draft notice while attending barber college, but he was allowed to finish school before being inducted into the Army in Fort Dix, New Jersey and sent to Fort Jackson, South Carolina for basic and advanced training for the infantry. After advanced training, he was sent to Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland because he had not received orders to go to Vietnam yet. After three weeks at Aberdeen he was sent to Fort Knox, Kentucky, and, three months later, to Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam to be shipped to Phu Bai Combat Base. Chiarelli was assigned to the 2nd Batallion, 506th Infantry B Company of the 101st Airborne Division and served in Vietnam for eleven months from 1970-1971. He went to Bangkok, Thailand for R&R. While fighting in Vietnam, his friend Roberto Flores got killed and Chiarelli still lives with the guilt. After spending most of his deployment out in the field for the Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord, his Company was assigned to do security for the perimeter of the base. At the end of the battle, he got burned on the face from an explosion the day they evacuated the base. He spent three weeks in the hospital to recover, after which he was flown back to Fort Lewis in Washington state, where he was discharged. He returned home in New York to work as a barber and later got a business associate’s degree. In 1977, he and his wife moved to Texas. Chiarelli still suffers from PTSD and often spends time alone to cope. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f86ecfbb234a52508546fed85b380dbb.jpg 8a7ce9a34392997d21e1e57ad2a33b45 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-08 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource Chicago's Most Famous Hamburger Chains Description An account of the resource A collage of 12 images of "Chicagos [sic] most famous hamburger chains that serve Lloyd J. Harriss pies exclusively." Such restaraunts include White Hit, the White Palace, Wimpys and P.K. Libby, among others. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives