124 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9440b17d053dae479fb45b800245856.mp4 12a1299fa95a3e27f9080e02fe75fc08 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9c0b2654b3af899fe83afa88d6966316.pdf 93c5bc9d8a1f27ba8b14813a5f1f2f25 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Eleanor Cameron (00:30:40) Introduction: (:30) Born in Shaker Heights, Ohio. (1:00) She went to school in Miami University school of fin arts. (1:15) Met her husband her freshman year in Miami (1:20)She got a job as a fashion illustrator in a Cleveland department store (1:35) 1941 her husband joined the national guard to do his year of service (2:10) After Pearl Harbor she decided to become a WAVE (2:44) Her husband was in Chicago (3:39) Her husband was on a train to go to California to go the Philippines there was a snow storm that held up the train so he did not go to the Philippines. (4:34) He went to Fort Benning so he went to officer candidate school (5:25) She decided to have a baby instead of being a wave he went over seas and she went home to have the baby. She did not see her husband again for two years. (7:01) She reads a story written by her husband. Her husband was in a firefight in Italy near the Rapido River crossing when he was hit by a artillery shell. The Americans who could move retreated, and he and the other badly wounded men were found in a ditch by a German patrol. The leader of the patrol spoke English, treated the wounded courteously and then moved his men on, only to return later badly wounded himself. The Germans withdrew and Americans eventually found them, so the German became a prisoner. After the war, the Mr. Cameron saw a new story about a German prisoner who had escaped from prison camp and had been living under an assumed name in Chicago, where he ran a bookstore and was raising a family. Mr. Cameron testified on his behalf at his deportation hearing, and the families stayed in touch thereafter. The German, Reinhold Pabel, eventually became a published author, and lived in the US for some time before finally retiring to Germany. �(15:43) She is discussing how they started to correspond with the German solider. Her husband was in the hospital for nine months. (17:07) After healing up he went to the Riviera where he was in charge of the rest and rehabilitation of officers. This was a good job to have. Lived in the Carlton Hotel. (17:55) He came home after this. (19:01) After the War he became a successful businessman. (20:24) She talks about following her husband around before going over seas She says that the war was an adventure traveling all over. (22:48) After going to Fort Benning she lived with all the men’s wives. She did not like living in the south. 25:00) She went back and forth between their two parents’ houses. (25:42) she talks about seeing her husband again two years later. She talks about seeing her husband at the train station. (27:28) Pearl Harbor: She did not even know where Pearl Harbor was in 1941. She was an isolationist, and did not like Roosevelt at the time. (30:40) She thought it was necessary to drop the bomb. She thinks Truman had no other choice. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cameron, Eleanor (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cameron, Eleanor Description An account of the resource Eleanor Cameron is the widow of Malcolm Cameron, 3rd Infantry Div. who served during WW II. In this interview she discusses her life as a military wife, her husband's experience and injury while serving in Europe, and their life together after the war. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Army spouses Military spouses Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-03 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CameronE Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/87f4098d1797ffd860b84dde085813df.pdf 057239aa8cf74ca6c893801af5ba729b PDF Text Text �� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0ecb3a11c67588aed99215339d3ac19b.pdf f05adc05b2124f6ed374d62d3aec5a8d PDF Text Text [?] 20 April ‘62 My dear Sir, I will thank you to direct the ordinance officer to send me without delay to this place, a copy of the contract made with Boker, for [?], with his directions for working it; and also, to find me a copy of Mr. Holt’s report thereon, which I see commented upon to my discredit in the newspapers. Knowing that I did no wrong, I am not willing to leave the country without trying to convince my loyal fellow citizens, of the integrity as well as wisdom of my conduct, in all related to furnishing our soldiers with arms often my predictions had inferred them to be �stolen from the arsenals. Expecting to be in Washington Tuesday morning. If you can allow me an early interview you will expedite my return to my home & greatly oblige me. Very truly yours, Simon Cameron � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-4383 Title A name given to the resource Edwin M. Stanton from Simon Cameron Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862-04-20 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cameron, Simon, 1799-1889 Subject The topic of the resource Cameron, Simon, 1799-1889 Stanton, Edwin M. (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869 Boker, George H. (George Henry), 1823-1890 Holt, Joseph, 1807-1894 United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 United States--Politics and government--19th century Correspondence Washington (D.C.) Description An account of the resource Letter from former Secretary of War Simon Cameron requesting Stanton's assistance in helping to prove his innocence against charges of fraud via mutilation of treasury bills, in relation to the purchasing of arms. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b28fae9db255410e171a5921698048c3.pdf e82dbc8214787946223cb2e659d6a920 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-4382 Title A name given to the resource Autograph of Simon Cameron, Secretary of War Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cameron, Simon, 1799-1889 Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Cameron, Simon, 1799-1889 Description An account of the resource Autograph of Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e9020e0be762834d7d10926988bf15bc.mp4 f3c91846aa4cd47b0a7ba9a93ab1f76b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/56670fb4c6d22c04fa6d8d9cc266a971.pdf 65bedc2bcbe96a9f939a06546a8eba27 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Jim Campbell Vietnam War 1 hour 27 minutes 54 seconds (00:00:15) Early Life -Born on August 26, 1946 in Santa Barbara, California -Family moved to Shreveport, Louisiana shortly after he was born -Grew up there -Father was a doctor -Mother was a housewife -Graduated from high school in Shreveport in June 1964 (00:01:20) College -Went to Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge -Thoroughly enjoyed it -Graduated from there in June 1968 -Majored in political science -Intended to go to law school at the University of Texas -Had been in Army ROTC (reserve officers’ training corps) at LSU -Planned on joining Navy ROTC at University of Texas (00:02:35) Enlisting in the Army -Returned to Shreveport in the summer of 1968 -Found out that a friend had been drafted -Friend wanted him to join the Army so they could be a part of the “buddy system” -They’d be able to train together and possibly be deployed together -Eventually joined the Army -Friend failed the Army physical -He passed the Army physical (00:03:56) Basic Training -Attended basic training and AIT (advanced infantry training) at Fort Dix, New Jersey -Trained with typical recruits -Men from all over the country -Most were in their late teens -Appointed squad leader because of age and ROTC experience -Had some disciplinary problems with draftees -Basic training lasted eight weeks (00:05:54) Advanced Infantry Training -AIT also took place at Fort Dix -Training was more focused on infantry training and weaponry as opposed to discipline -Because of Army ROTC at LSU he was slightly accustomed to military life -Drill sergeants had been to Vietnam -Higher ranking officers had not been to Vietnam -AIT lasted eight weeks �(00:07:57) Officer Candidate School -Took OCS at Fort Benning, Georgia -Course lasted six months -Consisted of daily harassment to break down officers and prepare them for stress -Went out on field maneuvers -Felt that he didn’t learn much -Felt that the OCS program was essentially worthless for the Vietnam War -Didn’t teach officers how to lead soldiers in fighting an insurgency -Training was more focused on how to fight a conventional war against Russia -Graduated from OCS on April 24, 1969 (00:11:15) Fort Lewis, Washington -Assigned to Fort Lewis, Washington as a rifle instructor -Assignment lasted about half a year -Taught AIT companies how to use the M-16 assault rifle -Mostly worked on the shooting range -Worked with sergeants that had been to Vietnam -Got to know them, but they didn’t really open up about Vietnam (00:13:45) Training for Vietnam -Knew nothing about Vietnam or the war prior to going over -Received orders for Vietnam and to be sent to “jungle school” in Panama -Given thirty days of leave before flying out of Charleston, South Carolina for Panama -Felt that “jungle school” was far more practical and useful for fighting in Vietnam -Taught how to read maps and how to set up ambushes in the jungle -Received training from combat experienced, Vietnam veterans (00:15:00) Deployment to Vietnam -Flew out of Travis Air Force Base, California -Landed at Bien Hoa Air Base in Vietnam -Stayed at Bien Hoa for a couple days to go through the 90th Replacement Battalion -Got assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and did orientation training at Bien Hoa -Received training with how to be deployed and extracted by helicopters -He was taken by C-130 to Phu Bai and from Phu Bai by truck to Camp Evans -Assigned to C Company,2nd of the 506th of the 101st Airborne Division -Appointed as a platoon leader -By now it was November 1969 (00:18:11) In the Field Pt. 1 -Assigned to Charlie Company and joined them at Firebase Bastogne -From there moved to Firebase O’Reilly -Troops under his command initially had anxiety due to being led by an inexperienced officer -He was cycled through the company leading each platoon -Had a black sergeant who was tremendously helpful introducing him to leading in Vietnam -Charlie Company stayed at Firebase O’Reilly until the end of December 1969 -Moved out of the foothills so that helicopters could extract them -Returned to Camp Evans for a stand down on January 1, 1970 (00:23:28) In the Field Pt. 2 -At this point Captain Vazquez takes command -No nonsense kind of man and a magnificent leader �-Shaped the company into an efficient and effective fighting force -Under his command they worked in small, tight knit groups in the field -Seldom worked as a full platoon, or as a company -Learned a lot about leadership from Captain Vazquez -Patrolled the Lowlands during the monsoon season -During this time he led the first platoon to enter the mountains -Got stranded for a couple weeks due to bad weather -Had no significant enemy contact during their time in the mountains (00:28:32) Establishing Firebase Ripcord -He was in Charlie Company when Firebase Ripcord was established -Third company to be sent in to establish a firebase there -On April 1, 1970 they established Firebase Gladiator -Supposed to support the assault to create Firebase Ripcord -Strategy didn’t work -Dropped into a landing zone east of Firebase Ripcord -Attacked Ripcord two days after that -His company was finally able to secure the hilltop and begin building Ripcord -Under Vazquez’s leadership Ripcord was designed to be nearly impenetrable -Created modified wire fences that surrounded the entire perimeter -Impossible to get over or go under due to design -Took one month of all day work to build Firebase Ripcord (00:35:46) In the Field Pt. 3 -Went back into the field in May 1970 after completing building Firebase Ripcord -Spent a few weeks in the field -Patrolled the area surrounding Ripcord -Operated as full platoons at this time -Comprised of roughly twenty five to thirty soldiers -During May there was no significant enemy contact -Started finding evidence of North Vietnamese/Viet Cong presence though -Field hospital and bunker complexes -Went to Firebase Ripcord mid-June for a stand down -Returned to the field shortly after that -Noticed a massive spike in enemy activity -Left the field after only ten days due to orders to take an R&R (00:40:43) R&R and Returning to the Field -Took his R&R in Sydney, Australia -Stayed there a week -Thought that after R&R he’d be able to go back to Vietnam and get a rear position -Returned from R&R to Camp Evans on July 6, 1970 and was sent back to the field -Greeted by a jeep that immediately took him back to his unit -His unit had been overrun and sustained heavy losses while he was gone (00:42:40) Working with Jeff Wilcox -Met Jeff Wilcox [new company commander, who replaced Capt. Hewitt, killed on 902] in the field and began working with him -Learned that his unit had taken severe losses at Hill 902 -Soldiers under his command welcomed him back due to this �-The next day they started carrying out maneuvers in the field -Had to move to where Bravo Company had established a mechanical ambush (landmines) -Bravo had returned to Ripcord without retrieving the landmines -Three soldiers from Bravo were sent out to extract the landmines -Got ambushed by the North Vietnamese, wounded, and stranded in the process -His company was responsible for extracting the wounded soldiers from Bravo Company -Worked with Jeff Wilcox during that operation on July 6, 1970 -Remembers that the Vietnamese were taking shots at the medevac helicopters coming in -By the end of all of this his company was down to thirty combat ready men (00:47:52) The Battle of Hill 1000-Insertion and Assault -On July 8, 1970 his unit was dropped into a landing zone near Hill 1000 near Firebase Ripcord -Worked with Jeff Wilcox and Delta Company to assault the hill -He questioned Colonel Lucas’s order to assault the hill -Told that it was to retrieve dead U.S. soldiers -Moved towards the hill under the cover of U.S. air strikes and artillery bombardment -By the time they reached the hill it had been turned into a wasteland -Received cover from gunships as they moved up the hill -Upon approaching the hill and moving up it they began to receive heavy enemy fire -Once he and his company reached the top of the hill he was able to create a battle plan (00:54:16) The Battle of Hill 1000-Retrieval of the Dead -After reaching the top of the hill they received orders from Colonel Lucas to move down the hill [across saddle between the 2 peaks of the hill--D Company was supposed to be coming up the other side] -Ordered to a low position that left them vulnerable was strategically insane -Met with Jeff Wilcox and tried to create a strategy that would allow Delta Company to aid them -Wilcox took charge of his company and led them down the hill -Campbell and his company provided covering fire -Had only thirty men to work with -Started taking rapid losses immediately -His medic was killed almost instantly -Able to retrieve the dead and wounded at the bottom of the hill and pull back to the top (00:59:59) The Battle of Hill 1000-Extraction -A recon helicopter flew over and alerted them of large enemy movement towards their position -Received orders from Colonel Lucas to move to an extraction point -Able to move off of Hill 1000 towards the extraction zone under covering fire -They were late getting back to the extraction point -Most of the troops were wounded, exhausted, and/or dehydrated -Colonel Lucas arrived at the extraction zone and gave orders to assault the hill again -Campbell argued that it would make no sense -Operating with only twenty soldiers and no medic -All the soldiers needed time to rest and regroup -Knew that given twenty four hours of rest they could take the hill -Wilcox exploded at Colonel Lucas for the order -The second assault was called off -Led to Wilcox being relieved of command of his company though (01:08:01) In the Field Pt. 4 �-The survivors were taken back to Firebase Ripcord to rest and provide security -He and his unit were at Firebase O’Reilly when they heard that Wilcox had been relieved -Despite the losses incurred at Hill 1000, company was sent along with D Company to rescue D Company, 1st of the 506th on July 21 -By the end of the Ripcord Campaign the battalion structure had been wiped out -Needed to be rebuilt over the course of a long stand down (01:11:46) Camp Evans -After the Ripcord Campaign he was given a rear position job at Camp Evans -Worked in the Tactical Operations Center there -Stayed there until the end of his tour -Worked as a rear liaison officer -Felt that it was a pretty useless position -Just spent his time waiting to be sent home -Enjoyed being able to eat better at Camp Evans and being allowed to drink beer -Noticed severe morale/race issues while at Camp Evans -He never had any issues with any of the black soldiers in his unit -Only one, but it was under extenuating circumstances (01:16:11) Coming Home -Boarded a plane at Camp Evans and flew down to Cam Ranh Bay -Drank with old friends from OCS at the officers’ club -Had to stay an extra day in Vietnam due to a mix up with the passenger manifest -Flew into McChord Air Force Base, Washington -Was able to go on leave without going to Fort Lewis due to officer status (01:17:47) Fort Polk and End of Service -After leave he was sent to Fort Polk to be a training officer for advanced infantry training -Tried to prepare soldiers for the reality of fighting in Vietnam -Got reprimanded by superiors for not following program guidelines -Demoralizing experience -Got offered to reenlist by a 3 star general from the Pentagon -Given option to be deployed to anywhere he wanted to be -Ultimately declined the offer (01:20:03) Life after the Army -Got discharged from the Army in March 1971 -Went to Europe for the summer of 1971 and relaxed -Went to law school in September 1971 -Didn’t pay much attention to the anti-war movement when he was home -Attended law school for three years -Graduated from law school and started practicing law in Shreveport, Louisiana in 1975 -Had no problem readjusting to civilian life -Credits that to friends back home that provided a support network for readjusting (01:21:45) Involvement with Ripcord Association and Reflections on Service -Didn’t talk about his experiences in Vietnam until later in life -In 1981 he went to the VA (Veterans’ Administration) to deal with issues from Vietnam -Friend from Delta Company gave him an old commander’s number -Got in touch with him and attended the Ripcord Reunion at Fredericksburg -Now an active member in the Ripcord Association �-Credits his success as an officer to the soldiers that served under him -Did their job and followed orders well even in terrible conditions � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Campbell, James (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Campbell, James Description An account of the resource Jim Campbell was born in 1946 in Santa Barbara, California, and grew up in Shreveport, Louisiana. He attended Louisiana State University and graduated in 1968, and then enlisted in the Army. He did his basic training and advanced infantry training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and then went on to Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, Georgia and graduated from the program on April 24, 1969. He served as an instructor at Fort Lewis, Washington until he was deployed to Vietnam in November 1969. He was assigned to the 2nd of the 506th of 101st Airborne Division as a platoon leader in C Company. He and his unit would go on to establish Firebase Ripcord and later participate in the infamous battle in the summer of 1970. After Vietnam he was stationed at Fort Polk until his service ended in March 1971. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-10-12 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CampbellJ1540V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/13ab5577309d13ad17c48111090353cd.mp4 cf1dd5d14ff9e9cd436de10dcebd6f78 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/be1b7c808428284913b9f2468cd47557.pdf 4c7a5d523389bed639f2fa506a912ef9 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Interviewee: Larry Campell Date: June 18, 2021 DD: I’m Dani DeVasto and today, June 18th, 2021. I have the pleasure of chatting with Larry Campbell. Hi, Larry. LC: Hi. DD: Larry can you tell me about where you’re from and where you currently live? LC: Well I currently- I was born and raised in Belding, Michigan, and I attended Grand Valley State for a short period of time. While I was attending Grand Valley State University, I met my wife, and she is from Sparta, Michigan. We eventually married and moved to Belding, Michigan. Unfortunately, through this horrible journey that this PFAS put us through, it eventually led to our divorce and I’m currently living in the Metro Detroit area. DD: And how long have you been in the Metro Detroit area? LC: It’s been over two years now. DD: Okay. Larry, can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? LC: Yeah, you know. This kind of started around 1997-1998. After I met my wife, we lived in the same apartment complex that, when I was going to Grand Valley State University I was also in the Michigan National Guard at the time. I had come off active duty in 1996, off active duty in the Army, and enrolled in Grand Valley State University, where I also played baseball. After my first year at Grand Valley, I had moved to an apartment complex where I ultimately met my future wife. She had two children, and I love kids. And we kind of, you know– We grew closer, and I eventually met her family. One of the strange things about when I first met the family, especially her father, [he was] very stand-offish, not very talkative. Later on, once we had announced that we were going to have a baby together, things had begun to take a strange turn. Her father, my future father-in-law, and I could never have a conversation like you and I are doing now. He was always adversarial, always coming at me sideways, and I could never understand it. I was like, “Look, I love your daughter.” It was a very strange situation. She had two children from previous relationships and none of the fathers were in the picture. I was willing to take them on as well as I wanted to be there for my son, and so on and so forth. None of that seemed to matter to him. It was– It was a bizarre relationship in fact, at one point I became so frustrated that I said, “So, what you’re saying that you’d rather have me ride off into the sunset?” and he was like, “Yep, yep.” It was not normal. It was not normal. At first I thought that they were staunch catholic, and maybe because I wasn’t catholic that I thought that maybe there was some jealousy. I was another father-figure coming into the picture, and which he felt– I 1 �don’t know why he would’ve as he’s the patriarch of the family. There wasn’t anything I had done that would give him the idea that I wasn’t capable of raising a family and being a good protector. My son was born in 1999, and in the following year I was hired by the Michigan Department of Corrections. So, gainfully employed, it seemed barely worthy enough, it was very bizarre. They lived in Sparta, Michigan, which is in northern Kent County. Beautiful area up there, they live on Squaw Lake area, tributary, that feeds from Squaw Lake into the Rogue River. Which, people are following– We know that the river was contaminated quite a bit. You could go to Rockford, Michigan and see the PFAS foaming at the dam; it’s a water wonderland up there. They lived off the beaten path in a secluded [drive]. The father had blazed a two-trail track back into the woods and had built a house. It’s a beautiful area. We lived there for a while as they had a small cabin on the property as well. While his daughter was going to school at the time they said, “Hey stay there while she’s going to school.” I was driving from Sparta to Ionia, where I worked at the time. I just kept pluggin’ along and taking care of the family, building a relationship with their family, but it just never seemed– Something always seemed off. Right after my son was born in 1999, suddenly my wife had to have an emergency hysterectomy. DD: Hmmm. LC: It came out of the blue, we didn’t even get a second or third opinion. It was like, “Nope this needs to be done ASAP.” And it just came out of nowhere. I was kind of–I was pretty disappointed ‘cause I was like, “Well I guess I only get one child.” And you know, so– This was odd. She was probably early thirties, early to mid-thirties, and suddenly she has to have an emergency hysterectomy. If you know any women that have had hysterectomies then you know that it throws the hormones into an imbalance and that was the beginning of all, of all her medical problems. So, it-it was to a point where– Because my son was born in 1999 and we weren’t married yet, it was such an odd situation that I was questioning if I wanted to marry this woman. When you don’t really have the support of the parents, or it’s kind of an odd situation and it didn’t make sense. You could not reason with these individuals. You could not reason with– Interestingly, I started building a house around 2004, started building a house, in the Belding area where I grew up. I had purchased some property while I was in the Army and had sat on it for a while. Once I was well established at my new job, I decided to build a home. Well, 2005 we moved into the home. It seemed that when I got her away from that area, or her family–or you know looking back, it was probably that area, knowing what I know now–things started to get better. I didn’t know what it was at the time. I didn’t know if it was the influence of her parents, that was the only thing that I could come to the conclusion of. It was, you know, the influence of her parents, her dad was such an overbearing type of person. There were times that he would say “If the house isn’t clean by the time I get home, there’s gonna be hell to pay.” And different things like that. So, my wife was a very, meticulous, OCD, and kept a very clean house, and stuff. Basically, kind of had OCD from it. But she was a very good cook, and a great mom, and things like that. But when it came to her parents, there was just– there was, there was no reasoning. It was very disheartening. I always felt like an outsider any time I went over there, 2 �never really had a relationship with her father. It was more or less, you didn’t talk to him. It was– It was– It was strange to say the least. Now we are living in Belding, and we got married in May of 2005. I never even, even at the wedding–I got a hug from her mom–but didn’t even get a handshake or a welcome to the family from her dad. And just, I– You know– Another, just kinda strange, type, you know– I was just like, “Well it what it is.” And I was just accepting the fact that he was a hard worker and maybe that is just the way he is. So, I just kept pluggin’ on and did what I did, and stuff– Probably, not long after, 2006-2007, the wife started having a lot of kidney stones that were one right after another. Had no idea what was going on. I’ve still yet to look up– I haven’t looked up whether kidney stones can be any type of symptom or reaction from PFAS contamination. Now, because her health is being affected, she was losing jobs. And it was putting financial strain on us as well. And then, 2007 or actually 2008, her father comes down with colon cancer. And I guess he had known something was going on for a while and had this ‘didn't’ go to the doctor’ type thing. Unfortunately, it was pretty progressed, and they went into the chemo, and so on and so forth, to do what they could. But interestingly, the property they owned around Squaw Lake, the father’s name was Charles ‘Chuck’ Cockren, but he was drilling the wells lotting off the property. So, here he is digging the water wells, lotting off this property around Squaw Lake, and he was drinking this raw water right out of the ground, basically testing the vein. “That’s a good vein, not a good vein.” When we lived in the cabin that was between the dam and their property, right on the tributary coming right off Squaw Lake, the water tasted horrible. I mean horrible is– The only time I would drink the water is if we ran it through a Britta then would mix it with Kool-Aid or something. It was very horrible tasting, smelled. The weird thing is that their water, at their home, which came off the tributary and Squaw Lake, probably 300-400 yards, their water tastes amazing. DD: Huhh. LC: Like, like the best water I’ve ever tasted. So, we had lived there for a while, but her father was drilling all these water wells, lotting off this property. Well, he suddenly comes down with cancer and we had no clue. And we’re just like, “Oh my gosh.” And the heartbreaking thing about it was he had come down with cancer, and he passed away two days before Christmas. DD: Hmmm. LC: It was heartbreaking because we had put off Christmas shopping for the kids. Kind of, you know, making– I wasn’t able to go shopping with her, my wife, because she was visiting her father as much as possible. By this time, hospice had come in, and I finally said, “Hey is there anywhere we can meet at the Meijer in Rockford, just, you know, we can grab Christmas presents quick for the kids and you can get back?” So, I met her there and after we got done, I don’t even remember if I was home yet, but she called me, and it was like he was waiting for her 3 �to return from shopping, and then he passed away. So, two days before Christmas, that was a pretty-pretty somber Christmas. Still at this point had no clue, it wasn’t even on the radar. So– Wife’s health continued to get worse and worse. She had been diagnosed with Autoimmune disorder. She developed Fibromyalgia. Which it seems Fibromyalgia affects women more than men. It’s just this chronic pain all the time, joints; it's horrible. And so, we were living in Ionia County at the time, obviously in Belding, and the wife goes to a pain management clinic to try-to try to find something to help her manage the pain that she’s going through and dealing with. They prescribe her Opioids. And this was in, probably, oh I would say, I’m just guessing, 2012ish, 2011ish, somewhere around in there, and that just kind of allowed her to function, I guess. It just continued to get worse, the pain got worse– So long story short, it got to the point where she was running out of her medication, my mom who’s got arthritis really bad, she would ask to borrow a few just to get through until her next medication. But the Opioids were never enough. I think she was taking six a day at one point, which is unbelievable. And her pain threshold– I think she was functioning at a six on the pain level while on the Opioids. Which a pain level of 10 you’re crawled up in a ball. It just continued to progress and get worse and worse. I was working in a prison now. I was working at the Michigan Department of Corrections. I had worked third shift for 15 years. I was raising my son, he’s kind of hopefully the next major league baseball player. He’s been scouted and been playing baseball since he was 17. But me working third shift I was able to raise him and coach him. But, working at a maximize security prison, it’s not a nice environment. You know, there’s PTSD and hyper vigilance, it’s just not a good environment. Between that and working third shift where you’re kind of always in a haze you feel like a zombie because you’re always fighting to get enough sleep. I eventually thought that the cause of her health issues was that I was bringing home the environment I was working in. I started trying to find a way to get out because I knew corrections officers have a high mortality rate. Most of them pass away within five years after retiring. I was coming up on 15 years and I sure as heck didn’t want to do another 15. Especially, if I felt that me working there was causing a lot of the stress and other issues for her health. I really thought it was me. I thought I was the big [issue] with bringing my work home. Even though I wouldn’t bring it home, your still affected by it, and that’s projected onto friends and family. I’ll admit I wasn’t a nice guy. I was grumpy all the time, short fused. Unfortunately, it’s the environment you’re subjected to everyday. Being prior military, I was like, hey I’m equipped to work in law enforcement, but really no one is equipped to work in that job. Eventually I was able to get out that job, and get my real estate license, and was actually doing both at the same time. By the grace of God, I was offered a position in real estate and was able to finally able to leave the Michigan department of infractions. Still continuing to deal with the health issues and the doctors had no answers. All they did was give her more opioids and basically appeasing her. At this point this was about the time where the opioid crisis was just beginning and building. I was becoming disheartened, because I’m the hunter and gatherer, and protector, and now I can’t even, I have no answers when the doctors have no answer. This was in 2017 or 2018, and my son has gone to college now, his first year at Arizona. Went down to Arizona and played collegiate baseball for a college in Arizona. I’m very proud of him and things like this that was kind of the downfall for the family. My son is down in Arizona, and we kept a lot of her, my wife’s health issues [hidden]. My son, he needs to focus on school, focus on baseball. He’s 2,000 miles away in Arizona and we had a pact or an agreement between her and I; that we want him to focus on school and everything and that we won’t burden 4 �him with your health issues, we’ll try to figure it out. What was heartbreaking was that I had asked my son, I said look your mom needs to hear your voice and see your voice, whether it’s a text message or voicemail, video chat, every day. You need to lift your mom up every day, and I’m just trying to do anything to try and stay positive to keep her positive in hopes to turn a corner with her health, and he didn’t do that. It was kind of frustrating. In fact, when he got home from college, I’m guessing his mom had mentioned to him or he was asking me why she looked so you know, she lost weight. He’s yelling at me “Why didn’t you tell me that mom was sick?!” I said “I asked you to lift your mom up every day. Whether it’s a message, somehow, someway, some form and you never even did that.” He’s an eighteen, nineteen-year-old kid. I finally convinced her and said this is not sustainable. I went into her room, we slept in two different rooms because I was a third shifter. I had the room blacked out, and she had her little cocoon and oasis that she liked to keep, and it worked out better for us in that sleeping arrangement. I walked into her bedroom one day and she’s crying uncontrollably. She’s like “I can’t take this pain.” I was at my wits end. I was out of answers, I was out of options. She’s already taking six opioids a day. Borrowing from my mom. I knew that this was just not sustainable. Now, her mom lived up by herself in Sparta. By the way, she had, by this time, she had developed heart issues. She has what’s called A-fib, Atrial Fibrillation. She was by herself, she was retired, and basically, I said “Listen, I want you to go stay with your mom for a while. Go see her doctor, get a second opinion.” I felt that she’d love going to her mom’s. It’s an oasis up there it’s a beautiful area up there, away from everybody, where she doesn’t have to worry about two messy boys. “Look I’m mowing lawn, and fixing cars.” So, she wouldn’t have to pick up after us or anything like that. She went to her mom’s. She went to her mom’s doctor, got a second opinion, and what I was trying to do was, I was trying to get her mom to try and take some responsibility for her daughter’s health. Because I couldn’t do everything, I had everything on my shoulders, with no answers. So, she went and stayed with her mom for a week or so. Went to her doctor, got in and she says “Hey.” She didn’t want our son to know that I had drawn a line in the sand with regard to this not being sustainable. And kind of stepping back for minute to when she was crying uncontrollably, she says I can’t take this pain anymore I just want to die. DD: Mmm hmm LC: I kind of went into rescue mood, and I says now look you’re not going to die, that would devastate the kids. I knew just that this wasn’t sustainable. While we lived in Ionia County at the time north of me Montcalm County, one of my good friends was the Deputy Director of the Montcalm ambulance. And a week or two prior to her saying this to me he said, “Larry we had a husband and wife overdose from opioids a day apart in the same house.” So, this was right in the middle of the crisis, and I just finally had to draw a line in the sand and say this isn’t sustainable. I had to force the issue of having her mom come into the picture and take some responsibility for her daughter’s health. So, she stayed at her mom’s, went to her mom’s doctor and she called me and said, “Hey will you pick me up.” She didn’t want are youngest son to know we were struggling as a couple with this whole health issue. So, I go to [the] Grand Rapids area. Pick her up from her mom’s doctor. Through all of this, this PFAS really, it effects men and women differently. For women it brings their emotions down to where they’re very subdue. This chemical subdues any outward inflection. I didn’t know this at the time, but this was just how her mom was. I pulled up next to them. We parked driver to driver. It was close to easter, and she says, “I say hey how’s it going?”-and she just like says- “Hey.” Not like, hey we found some stuff out, hey we’re moving in the right direction. It was nothing, no report, just a hey. That was 5 �kind of par for the course. My wife gets out and gets in the car. I say, “Hey how are you doing?” and she just like “Not good.” I’m like “What did they do?” She says, “They pulled me off of opioids, cold turkey, and gave me pain patches.” They weren’t even touching her. I say, “What’s your pain level at?” She said “12.” So, we leave and were driving home. She did say the doctor filed a complaint with the Pain Management Clinic in Ionia County. As they were over prescribing her opioids. LC: So, we’re on the way home driving back from Grand Rapids. We come to M-44 where we head into Belding, and West River Drive area. We’re driving along and talking more, and I am just becoming more and more disheartened because there are still no answers. No clue [of] what’s going on, why this has become so bad. In hindsight, I wish I would have known how bad, how much pain she was actually in. Especially since she functioned at a six or an eight-pain level on opioids, and here she was off cold turkey. To go from six to twelve like she said, doubling her pain. I have no doubt. I wasn’t thinking. I had never dealt with any pain that severe, chronically, all the time. Because I was out of answers, I was still, I didn’t know what to do I said, “I think it would be best if you stayed with your mom.” Because once again I still thought I was a lot of the cause for pain, and the environment I was working in. She loved going to her mom’s, because like I said, it was an oasis up there. I said “Hey, I think it would be a good idea if you stayed with your mom for a while” and all hell broke loose. Like, all hell broke loose. She thought I was abandoning her. She thought I wanted a divorce, which was farthest form the truth. I was just trying to save her life. I was out of answers. Certainly, going back to the Pain Management Clinic wasn’t the answer. So, her pain and what I said. I didn’t know what to do. I shouldn’t have probably said that I should’ve at least probably waited until we got home to sit down and have a good face to face, what’s are next step type thing. While instead, she completely, I mean lucid is the only word that I can think of. She just went off. Long story short we’re driving down the road fifty-five miles per hour, and she opens the door. She says, “I just want to kill myself.” So, I hit the brakes, like oh my god what are you doing. She jumps out of the car. She’s walking down the middle of the road, so I’m like oh my gosh. So, I dial 911. I’m like, “Get out of the road please.” She’s like, “I just want to die. I hope a car hits me and kills me.” I’m freaking out, I don’t even understand what’s going on. So, I’m driving down in middle of the road to try to stop anybody coming from behind us or to alert anyone coming toward us that she’s in the road. I roll my window down, yell get off the road. So, she finally gets off the road and I’m calling 911. You guys need to send somebody right now because there’s going to be a fatality. I’m on the phone with 911 and they’re sending people this way. Now she’s off to the side of the road and I’m driving along with her so she can’t run onto the road again. I say get in the car, just please get in the car, and she comes up and she gets in the driver side passenger. She gets in and I don’t even know what I’m witnessing. Her emotions are so up, gone through the roof, and now she’s just beating on the back of the seat. I’m waiting for her to come around and hit me. I’m just like please don’t hit me type thing. So, we’re driving along, and I’ve never seen her like this. What it was, was just her pain was out of control. We get back in through Belding and were getting back home. We get to the road and slow down and she jumps out of the car again and what I was worried about was I was like when we turned down our road, I was like crap I don’t want to let her in the house ya know there’s knives and you know other things there that she can hurt herself with, so now I was like trying to go slow she jumps out of the car again, she runs into the weeds- I can’t see her cause the - the switch grass is is way above her height, so now there’s like the main road 6 �and then our road so i'm turning down our road and that’s when she jumps out, so now I’m like im worried that shes going to run back up to the highway, so I'm like staying up by the highway, you know making sure she doesn’t try running out running out up- up on the highway so I’m calling 911 again and I’m like where are you guys? You know, and I said by the way you know please send a female officer because I’m not going to have a male officer you know try to restrain her and say that she’s fighting or- or she assaulted a male officer. I said you guys do not understand what’s going on and, so I immediately requested a female officer and they said that there was a female state police officer that was- farther away then then then than I wanted to hear but, so I’m trying to figure out where she is, I don’t know where she is, so I was like maybe she went back to the house which is just like three tenths of a mile down our road off the main road we live on a dirt road. So I start going down the road toward my house and here she comes out of our driveway kinda like cuts across the yard and she’s in my son's car now. So full size chevy impala and now we're coming right at each other and I’m like oh my gosh so I'm liketrying to like get in the middle of the road but I don’t wanna cause a head on collision either and she gets by me. And now she’s you know driving down the road so I’m like you know asking for an ambulance, I’m asking for you know female trooper and and stuff. Well so I get on 911 again and and they’re you know flying down the- she’s flying down the road so we get to the corner of our Johnson road and M-44 and the ambulance passes us, I’m like hey tell the ambulance to turn around we're right here. So she’s going back into town and, I think the police are finally starting to converge and she pulls into a dollar general store and [brief pause] parks. and she’s got the windows rolled up, she won’t roll the window down the ambulance parks across the street, they can't help in any way until the scene is cleared. so they make sure they're not going to get- be put in harm's way. At some point I picked up my neighbor, I picked him up at my house, but I don’t remember how or when at some point. But anyway, he’s an attorney and I’m- he’s like what’s going on? She came back from the doctor and they taken her off opioids cold turkey and, you know I think just her pain is through the roof right now and she’s just so lucid that she is completely out of it. So the female officer shows up and I just told them I said look don’t be going hands on I said I don’t want her to get accused of you know resisting or fighting a officer or something and she had taken her wedding ring off and she threw it down and somehow it bounced right under the center of her car- of the car that she was in. At some point she had called her mom and her mom came all the way from Sparta and picked her up and they just let her go and didn’t really even question her and I was just- I just wanted to get her help, and you know I told the officers I said listen she’s- you guys are well aware of the opioid crisis right now and I said, you know she just got back and they completely have taken her off opioids cold turkey and and so on and so forth. So, that day literally was- so that was 2018 that day was pretty much the last time we were together kind of officially, and while it hurt to know that you know- and everything went sideways from there. You know I was you know I had abandoned her I- you know so on and so forth. But, I felt like I saved her life for that point. At least she had a full time caregiver there and her mom there every day. To you know, to try and get some answers. Well so now I kinda go into this, I’m still trying to figure out what’s going on and I’m praying, I'm like lord you have got to show me what is killing this family, it doesn’t make sense. Well interestingly, my neighbor who lived right behind me in Belding was a Vietnam veteran. He would come at me sideways just like my father-in-law. I had the epiphany, wait a minute [brief 7 �pause] the Vietnam veteran that lives right behind me was suffering from agent orange, that’s a neurotoxin, PFAS is also a neurotoxin that’s when I made the connection. That was the epiphany that I had, and so that’s when I really started diving into- and that’s when the wolverine worldwide started the PFAS contamination there was really starting to blow up and take off, so then I stared entrenching myself into figuring out what was going on and I knew that had to be it, I knew that had to be it. There was no other explanation. You got all this- you know her father died of cancer, her mom had heart issues, her daughter has all kinds of autoimmune issues, her brother developed lupus, and her brother acts the same way as his dad- as her dad. And so then I went out to the dam that’s right next to their house. The same PFAS foam that is occurring in downtown Rockford was occurring right here at the dam, I called Mark Worell the geologist from Eagle,got them down there, they witnessed it. I contacted Gram Peesley who is a professor from the university of Notre Dame. he used to live in Kent County and he said me these awesome little filter caps that they developed, you just screw them on the end of a the end of a 2 liter bottle and poke a hole in it and let the water drain out. He sent me these filters. I went to the dam, I took the filters he said in one of my samples the fluorine which is the indicator of PFAS was like two thousand parts per trillion, it was off the charts, so I was like finally I’m putting together. But I called- I called Varnum the law firm that is representing everybody in this PFAS lawsuit against Wolverine Worldwide and that said well that’s not a known area. So then I started diving into it more they just completely ignored me and so then the map that I sent you of Algoma township be- that the map of Algoma township Scwall lake buts up right against it and if your going to drop or, your toxic sludge you take it away from as far away from the plant as you can, but still stay in the same township. They could have literally been backing their trucks up to Scwall lake and dumping that PFAS stuff right into it. You know this has been going on 50’s 60’s 70’s and back in the day Scwall lake was such a excluded lake there was maybe a two track to it people walk down to go fishing DD: Mhm LC: So, you know I haven’t been able to prove that, but the health affects the PFAS foam at the dam that runs over from the tributary comes out of Scwall lake. They all witnessed that, I went and testified at the forum for eagle and you know I told- and by the way i've tried to tell my wife at the time were now divorced, but I tried saving our marriage I tried saving- i’m like listen you know stop drinking the water get your blood tested, and it was like it was a joke. Oh, yea that was it is, well how do you explain your dad’s cancer. Oh, just bad luck, you know you can’t reason with them. Look, you have all these health issues and by the way by the grace of God 2019, she’s living with her mom, and she messages her on her way home from work saying I’m on my way home from work do we need anything type thing and I think you know her mom responded to her. She walks in and her mom is unresponsive on the floor, she had had a stroke. And this is yet another you know but by the grace of God, they found her on time my son had come home from college and helped and the paramedics arrived and got her there in time and and she was at my son's baseball game two days later and you know by the grace of God you know her life was saved too. So I, through all this it's just I've been trying to save lives of my own family and try and figure out what’s going on and I finally started connecting the dots and putting two and two together, but I still feel like I have nowhere to go. 8 �DD: Mhm LC: People that I do reach out to they’re like well we haven’t found any proof there you know then I bring Eagle out they see the proof then COVID hits, and nobody has resources to do a further investigation. You know meanwhile I have completely lost the relationship with my son you know and i'll say in all of this. This chemical is the most evil thing that anybody could be subjected to through all of this and all of the research that I have done dealing with my family, what I have learned is to recognize those people who have been affected by PFAS. I can literally go through life and when I meet somebody the bells and whistles go off in my head as indicators of, I think that person has been affected by PFAS. I met two individuals right here in the metro Detroit area and one of them was a firefighter, this guy is probably the worst case of PFAS exposure that I have ever seen I actually had a- I actually had an encounter with him that I recorded and I’m trying to get that to Gram Peesley I’ve reached out to Gram and said, Gram this is another insistence of you know PFAS exposure you know I’ve been wanting to try and get this Infront of individuals but this person is off the charts. They have admitted to having ingested this PFAS foam during training and it’s, I can’t explain it, it’s literally like talking to the devil. I don’t know how else to explain it. This PFAS is such an evil cruel chemical and what it does to the body, what it does to the mind, I coined a phrase and have no other way to explain it but its PFAS dementia. And, my family has it, you can’t reason with them. And it breaks my heart and and ya know and through all of this my faith has grown and there was times when I just wanted to give up and I was like I can’t fight this battle anymore especially alone and so on and so forth. Yeah, know I mentioned earlier, my son has been scouted by major league baseball since he was 17. Now it's 2021 and he is going to be entering major league baseball draft next month. And so, 18+ years of all the coaching and giving him my knowledge as I have played baseball my whole life, he won’t even talk to me. And is getting one side of the story from a mother who has PFAS dementia. And it’s breaking my heart, it's ripping my heart out. I asked his mom and all i said is, please tell our son and reach out to me this fathers’ days and I am sure I won’t hear from him. And, I don’t know, to be honest I don’t know why God has put me on this journey. While he has revealed to me what has caused this, he hasn’t revealed the answer how to get the help, how toand it’s so frustrating it's heartbreaking. And you know I- don’t know. You know unfortunately the corporate lobbying for these corporations that say that this isn’t a bad chemical and it’s not as bad as it you know Rob Ballot has proven that it is and just like in my testimony you know I said look Dark Waters there’s going to be a sequel to that movie and it’s going to be called dark you know darker water right here in Kent county and so my hope is- I hope that through my story you know which is a battle will be someone else’s survival guide because I would not wish this journey upon my worst enemy DD: Can you- can you tell me about any concerns that you have in particular about PFAS contamination moving forward? LC: So one of the big problems in Michigan is, we have allowed industry to build on waterways and discharge their waste water in rivers, lakes, and streams out of sight out of mind. While there is a concerted effort- and by the way 3M who created this or sells this chemical by the way has now gone into the water filtration business. So now they're making money from filtering the very 9 �water they helped contaminate. I mean it is what it is but we’ve got to get tough on this chemical. There is no if ands or buts about it and Michigan has made that step in the right direction, but we need the blood testing we need- you know look this these are human lives these are you know these are lives that are being destroyed and that has to be the focus. How can we help these individuals. Look I would love to be, you know a part of a bigger effort to help identify you know those that have been affected by PFAS. I have been exposed to it so much that I can literally recognize those that have, and if you don’t believe me, hey go get a blood test and prove me wrong. so that’s the big thing. DD: Mhm LC: We’ve got to get the blood test and from what I’ve heard my son’s mom who I still love her dearly I love her with all my heart and I’m glad that I was able to save her life, but our marriage was laid to waste because of this horrible toxin and and her health issues, but she’s finally going to get her blood tested I guess next month and you know i'm scared to see what type of exposure you know she has- you know been affected. And but I’ve tried to contact her brother. I just recently reached out to his wife and him and they won’t even talk to me. It's like wait a minute I have information that you know could help your health and find out what maybe- likely killed you father or caused your fathers cancer. And like I said I’m dealing with this PFAS dementia and its heart breaking it absolutely breaks my heart and [clears throat] I just I can’t express how evil of a chemical this is. Just you know if you see the movie dark waters and the farmer you know that farmer acts just like my father-in-law DD: Mhm LC: Not a happy individual RA RA RA all the time you know that was literally I literally could plug my family member into that movie into different characters in that movie. But we’ve got to get the blood testing we have got to stop letting companies like downplay this chemical, this is no joke. If you watched the documentary on YouTube, the devil we knew it is, it’s the devil. It’s the most evilest toxin and now it’s in our rain water and it's not good, it’s not good. DD: Well, thank you so much Larry for taking the time to share your story today LC: I appreciate it, it feels good to finally tell my story so you know I thank you for providing a platform and you know please if there’s resources that come across that you come across, please send them my way. But I’m in metro Detroit area now and I’m kind of out of the loop with regard to you know Kent county area so please let me know what going on and and if there’s you know someone that can listen to me and listen to my story and and can potentially help, You know please send them my way because you know I’m afraid my sons affected by this too and you know I know all the family member have. Look I’ve lived there for awhile you know I’m certain that I have been affected too. I want to get my blood tested to you know see what type of exposure that I have been in to but I you know thank God. One thing I want to point out too is stress seems to be a big trigger in this PFAS exposure in men more so than women. It seems that stress is a real trigger point in men. In women it really just tends to really subdue them. It’s pretty heartbreaking so we’ve got to do the blood testing. Just like in the movie where they were literally paying individuals to get their blood tested. I would be thrilled if we could do something 10 �like that, because this has got to be taken care of. Look we are in a water wonderland and like I said in my like I said in my testimony in front of Eagle you know if these sights could be illuminated Michigan would be lit up light a christmas tree. DD: Mhm LC: That's no joke, they have confirmed well over 100 PFAS contaminations sites in Michigan so I’m certain it’s just the tip of the iceberg, but we have got to get the blood tests. Throughout the state of Michigan there needs to be a regular blood test. If you feel like you have been exposed to PFAS you should be able to come in and get your blood tested, no if ands or buts. If you know if everyone wants to say how much of a pandemic covid is, PFAS is a pandemic right in our state, and and it’s growing it’s getting worse DD: Thank you Larry. LC: Thank you, I appreciate your time and appreciated your efforts and please keep in touch with me 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0016 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Campbell, Larry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-18 Title A name given to the resource Larry Campbell, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Larry Campbell lived most of his life in Belding, Michigan. In this interview, Campbell discusses the impact of PFAS on the health of his wife and family. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ab51bbbba24af2c248d96915b2bdbdf9.mp4 4ca9a52c0c6d7985b9d476d6f75a68eb https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8fb0131c04d5d07ae1b9b0be2912ac66.pdf e900abf0a5f88a9e55c86cba5b31e17e PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam War Tex Campbell Length of Interview: 52:23 min (00:17) Background Information Born February 20, 1949 in Grand Prairie, Texas (00:20) Father in oil drilling business, moved around frequently (00:44) Father was in World War II, North African campaign (01:45) After high school worked in the oil drilling rigs (00:50) Was working in the drilling rigs when drafted by Army (00:56) (01:20) Draft/ Training Sworn into Army April 10, 1968 (02:25) Drafted at age 20, most drafted straight out of high school (01:25) Sent to Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas for basic training 8-9 weeks (02:00) Training was easy, in good physical shape from rigging and had hunted all life (03:25) Sent to Fort Ord, California for advanced individual training (05:30) Learned how to use M-16, bazooka, mortars, and fire hand guns (07:00) Training didn’t prepare him for Vietnam (09:10) (10:00) Active Duty Flew from Travis Air Force Base, California via Anchorage, Alaska, and Tokyo, Japan, to Bien Hoa, Vietnam (10:35) First impression was that is stunk; had an unforgettable smell (10:55) When the plane landed the base was under rocket attack (11:13) Issued fatigues and jungle boots put in 101st Airborne Division Delta Company (12:00) Received 5 days of preparatory training to get in Vietnam mindset (13:05) Flew to Phouc Vinh where delta company base was located (14:30) When arrived at company referred to as “fresh meat” (15:00) Put as ammo bearer and made friends with a machine gunner (16:00) During night patrol, put on listening post, and claymore went off, thought fired upon (17:10) Patrolled the Cu Chi area everyday rain or shine and sent ambushes every night (19:15) First combat assault, dropped off by helicopter, everybody fired weapons, except him because he couldn’t find the enemy (19:45) (20:00) Transfer to Camp Evans Left Phouc Vinh and transferred to Camp Evans late 1968 (21:20) Booby traps were grenades in a can with trip wires (22:27) While patrolling rice paddies encountered booby traps (23:00) In the A Shau Valley everything was uphill and covered in thick jungle (24:40) Encountered minimal opposition from enemy, sporadic fire-fights (25:45) While in the mountains carried the M-60 machine gun (26:25) Enemy would usually ambush them and then quickly retreat (27:00) �Discovered abandoned enemy training facility with wooden RPGs (28:05) When encountered enemy complexes/ bunkers destroyed them (28:50) When flying into a hot landing zone, had to get off helicopter as fast as possible (29:15) Never had any idea of their location or where to call in medical evacuation if needed (30:25) Usually in field for 90 days at a time and went to base for a 2 day break to resupply (31:41) Fire bases under attack from mortar fire and enemy would reposition target each time (33:45) Received C-rations and sundry pack (cigs, pen and paper, soap, sewing kit) on fire base (34:30) Many soldiers were infected with jungle rot infection, treated with fungicide (35:45) Got fresh water from mountain streams and bomb craters (36:30) (45:00) Post Service Vietnam tour ended in late August 1969 (40:40) Attended Combat Leadership School in Australia while on leave (41:48) Never forget first guy see killed or when best friend dies (44:00) Flew out from Bien Hoa to Okinawa, Honolulu, and Travis Air Force Base, California (45:54) Encountered protestors that spit at them when got off plane (47:05) Sent to Fort Carson, Colorado, and assigned to 50th Ordnance Company (48:02) Assigned to project transition being a carpenter’s assistant (48:45) Went to work in oil rigging after leaving service (50:00) Became emotionally closed off (51:00) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Campbell, William (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Campbell, William Description An account of the resource Tex Campbell was born in Grand Prairie, Texas, in 1949, and was drafted into the Army in 1968. After training in Fort Bliss, Texas, he was sent to Vietnam and assigned to an infantry company in the 101st Airborne Division. His unit patrolled around Phuoc Vinh and Cu Chi for several months, and then moved north and operated out of Camp Evans. His unit spent most of its time in the field, and was involved in actions in the A Shau Valley in 1969. Upon his return from Vietnam, he spent the last part of his enlistment at Fort Carson, Colorado. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-10-04 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CampbellT1454V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b1c7a1da85f30f7327cde8d474975921.pdf a47ea6ce4c617fad544286bc3a5a38bf PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Rafael Cancel-Miranda Interviewer: Jose Jimenez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 11/19/2012 Runtime: 01:21:00 Biography and Description Oral history of Rafael Cancel-Miranda, interviewed by Jose “Cha-Cha” Jimenez on November 19, 2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. "The Young Lords in Lincoln Park" collection grows out of decades of work to more fully document the history of Chicago's Puerto Rican community which gave birth to the Young Lords Organization and later, the Young Lords Party. Founded by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, the Young Lords became one of the premier struggles for international human rights. Where thriving church congregations, social and �political clubs, restaurants, groceries, and family residences once flourished, successive waves of urban renewal and gentrification forcibly displaced most of those Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, working-class and impoverished families, and their children in the 1950s and 1960s. Today these same families and activists also risk losing their history. � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aa308b4d7daa1377b12a5f514985d656.mp4 a922972dba8f3aad0bd4213e876e67e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Rafael Cancel-Miranda vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry La historia oral de Rafael Cancel-Miranda, entrevistado por Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 11/19/2013 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexicano-Americanos--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Mexico-Americanos--Illinois--Chicago--Condiciones sociales Relaciones raciales Conflicto social Identitad cultural Partido Pantera Negra. Illinois Capí­tulo Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Cancel-Miranda_Rafael Title A name given to the resource Rafael Cancel-Miranda video interview and biography Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cancel-Miranda, Rafael Description An account of the resource Oral history of Rafael Cancel-Miranda, interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, on 11/19/2013 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jimenez, Jose, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexican Americans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Mexican Americans--Illinois--Chicago--Social conditions Race relations Social conflict Cultural identity Black Panther Party. Illinois Chapter Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-11-19 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d3b922b4e7c2fafd9089c35573954818.mp4 d8680cec09a83d2feb51ae6fb0bd6108 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d0b4462b7556b5d0259f9a2a79cf90a.pdf 8a20d40af7db324671d7afad98ebe2a6 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans Histroy Project John Canepa (49:02) (00:01) Background Information • John was born in a small town in Massachusetts in 1930 • He went to Catholic elementary and high school for two years and then went to a secondary school at a private military academy • At the time he had been concerned with preparing for college and not the military • His father had been in the Navy during World War I • John was attending college at Harvard and near graduation when the draft went into effect • He decided to join the Navy based on his father’s experience; he would rather enlist in the Navy then be drafted into the Army (2:45) Navy Enlistment • John went through some physical testing in Boston and was accepted into the Navy one week later • He was not able to attend his graduation ceremony at Harvard and received his degree in the mail • He took a train to Rhode Island and arrived at an officer school base • The Navy Waves barracks were right across the street (5:25) Training • Training was a very big change for John; they had to get up every day at 6 am for attendance and march for one hour • They had classes all day long and then did more drilling afterwards • John went through technological training, navigation, and gunnery training • He received a demerit for not sitting up straight in class • John spent 90 days in officer school from May till September • His parents and girlfriend attended his graduation ceremony and he got married two days later (8:15) Selection of Assignment • After graduating, future assignments would be given based on specialties • John chose to join the Amphibious Force because he though it would be exciting working with the Navy, Marine Corps, and the underwater demolition teams • John then traveled to the Naval Amphibious base in San Diego for amphibious training • First he had training for survival at sea, where he trained in a swimming pool all day long, in a full uniform, for three weeks • John was then assigned to a ship in Long Beach • He had amphibious training on a landing ship, working with Marines • John was also working in an underwater demolition area �(13:40) USS Comstock • John was issued a room mate in the living quarters and began bunking with the ship’s physician • He was in charge of the Combat Information Center, or CIC • They were working on sea trials for four weeks and making necessary changes to the ship • John was in the lower part of the ship working with radar equipment • He traveled to Japan, when the Korean war had just ended • They spent two weeks in Japan and then visited Korea (20:05) French Indo-China • The French had just lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu and the Americans were helping to evacuate the French army, which took a very long time • They were also evacuating civilians that did not want to live under communist rule • Many of the French were covered with ringworm and many of them had scurvy • The Vietnamese refugees had been very oppressed and most of them were women and children • John returned to Japan again for six weeks and then traveled to Alaska to pick up some men from the Army (27:30) Transferred • John was transferred to work on a landing ship of Division 2 in the San Diego Station • He was second in command and in charge of eight ships for about six months • The Navy had been in the process of decommissioning many ships • He was transferred again to Virginia where he had a landing ship staff job • John worked with 2 divisions and 8 landing ships • He worked with the commanders of the division and traveled to Cuba (33:30) Discharged • John was discharged six weeks early and continued to work in the reserve for three years • He was promoted to the position of full lieutenant • John continued to grow in his banking position and no longer had time for the reserve • He had become a much more responsible and accountable person while in the service • John learned leadership skills and how to get along with a very diverse group of people � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canepa, John (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Canepa, John Description An account of the resource John Canepa was born in Massachusetts in 1930. He attended Harvard University and enlisted in the Navy near graduation and just barely missed the Korean War. He attended officer school in Rhode Island and was later assigned to work in the Naval Amphibious Force. John traveled to Japan, Korea, and Cuba while in the Navy. After he was discharged he remained in the reserve for three years. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-10-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CanepaJ Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b0e1404e4caf392fd919d764124ac29.m4v 83451062e4469ba7a99cc21e852d6f44 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/323d5f01d45515310478fca54787f43e.pdf af2b90791f44a30bf67835f9114ea9f6 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Tom Cannan World War II 45 minutes 19 seconds (00:00:10) Early Life -Born in Eldorado, Illinois, in 1922 -In southern Illinois near the Kentucky border and the Ohio River -Grew up there -Mother died when he was four years old -Father worked as a car salesman, owned a hardware store, and some plumbing and heating work -Lost everything because of the Great Depression -Eventually found work as a night watchman at a coal mine -Graduated from high school in 1940 (00:01:36) Citizens’ Military Training Camp -Went to Citizens’ Military Training Camp at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin -Received some training with field artillery -One month of training -If you did a month a year, for four years, you were qualified to go to Officer Candidate School -Returned home after completing that -Did that training in 1940 (00:04:10) Start of the War & Enlisting in the Navy -He was in Missouri visiting family when he heard about the attack on Pearl Harbor -Joined the Naval Aviation Cadet School in 1942 -Had originally gone to Marion, Illinois, to try to join the Navy Seabees -Went back and forth for two or three months to get in -Told he didn’t have enough experience to work in construction -Did aptitude testing in Marion and in St. Louis -Needed two years of college to become a pilot, but the Navy had an alternate program -Three months of training, 35 hours of flight time, but no pay -Opted to do that program so he could become a pilot cadet (00:07:36) Training at St. Ambrose College -Sent to St. Ambrose College in Davenport, Iowa, for his pre-cadet training -Had a “ground school” -Learning about aircraft engines, meteorology, and civil air regulations -Got 35 hours of flight time -Upon completion of that course he had his pilot’s license -Learned to fly in a two-passenger, single engine plane -There were about a dozen men in his class -Some washed out, but the majority graduated -Sent home and told to wait to be called for service �(00:10:58) Navy Pre-Flight Training -Sworn in at St. Louis then told to wait for another call to report -Went to the University of Iowa for Navy Pre-Flight Training -Three months of training -Basic indoctrination, radio code training, more meteorology training, and more air regulations -Deeper training than at St. Ambrose (00:12:36) Navy Primary Flight Training -Sent to Naval Air Station Hutchinson, Kansas, for his Primary Flight Training -Worked with larger aircraft and received more detailed training -Flew the Stearman Model 75 biplane -Got 60 hours of flight time -Flew during the day and did two or three nights of night flying -Flew one hour at a time -Started with flying out of the base then returning to it -Moved on to flying from the base, to another base, back to home base -Spent most of his time on the base -One Sunday he went into town and a local family invited him to dinner -Stayed in touch with them (00:16:50) Navy Advanced Flight Training -Went to Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, for Advanced Flight Training -Flew the SNJ (Navy’s version of the T-6) -250 horsepower single engine with retractable landing gear -Started learning how to take off and land on an aircraft carrier -Had the runway marked to be about the same size as a carrier’s flight deck -There were fatal accidents -Bruce Bradford, his former roommate during Pre-Flight Training, was killed in a crash (00:21:20) Discharged from Navy & Enlisting in the Army Air Force -Cadets without two years of college would be discharged or could enlist for six years -Decided to take the discharge -Went to the nearby Army airfield and enlisted in the Army Air Force (00:23:30) Instructing at Parks Air College -Assigned to Parks Air College in St. Louis to train Army pilot cadets -Given one month of instructor training -Served as an instructor for a year-and-a half -Used PT-19s -Low-wing aircraft with fixed landing gear -Taught the cadets maneuvers and basic acrobatics -Rolls, loops, and Immelmann maneuvers -Trained them how to do take offs and landings, and day and night flying -Enjoyed working as an instructor -No cadets were killed during his time as an instructor -Very safe because of strict testing for cadets -The college had been a civilian facility taken over by the Army Air Force �-Had some older civilian instructors -Did six months of instruction before he was sworn into the Army Air Force -Lived with a family in Sikeston, Missouri, near the college -Community had mixed feelings about the military presence -He lived with an elderly couple -Some of the instructors were respectable, and the others were wild -Army eventually closed the training field (00:29:19) Army Cadet Training -Placed into Army Cadet Training at Keesler Field, Mississippi -Did three months of Army basic training -Trained alongside fresh recruits and some instructors from Parks Air College -Basic military indoctrination, and a waste of time for him -Went on bivouacs, did drill, and discipline (00:31:41) Army Flight Training -Sent to various fields around San Antonio for the Army’s version of flight training -Proceeded to Lancaster, California, for more flight training -He had befriended a bomber pilot that led the raid on the Ploesti Oilfields -Helped get Tom into flight training at Lancaster -Did three check rides at Lancaster and was told he was already qualified (00:34:30) Instructing at Marana Army Air Field -Sent to Marana Army Air Field near Tucson, Arizona -Trained returning B-17 pilots how to become instructors in the T-6 -Mix of nice men and cocky men -Remembers a close call when the plane stalled, fortunately, the pilot got them out of it -Some of the men didn’t respect him because he’d never flown a bomber -One experienced pilot was killed when he crashed his plane into a mountain -Escorted the remains back to Atlantic City, New Jersey -Met the pilot’s family -Wife gave birth to a son the day he was killed -Spent two weeks with the family and attended the funeral -By then, Japan had surrendered and the war was over -He saw the Miss America competition (September 8, 1945) (00:41:15) End of Service -Sent to Williams Field, Arizona, for the last couple months of his enlistment -Discharged in late 1945 (00:42:06) Life after the War -Returned to Illinois, got married and lived in Illinois for 69 years -Worked in heating and air conditioning, and owned his own shop -Wife was the bookkeeper and helped at the shop -Consistently worked on the local hospital’s mechanicals (00:43:24) Reflections on Service -Taught him maturity and responsibility -Felt like he did a necessary job during the war, but felt the branch transfer wasted time � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_CannanT2097V Title A name given to the resource Cannan, Thomas (Interview outline and video), 2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-01-24 Description An account of the resource Tom Cannan was born in Eldorado, Illinois, in 1922. Prior to military service, he went to the Citizens' Military Training Camp at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, for a month of training with field artillery in 1940. In 1942, he joined the Naval Aviation Cadet School after receiving three months of preliminary flight training at St. Ambrose College, Iowa. He went to the University of Iowa for Navy Pre-Flight Training, then on to Naval Air Station Hutchinson, Kansas, for Primary Flight Training. Tom then went to Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, for Advanced Flight Training, but was discharged from the Naval Aviation Cadet program due to not having two years of college. He enlisted in the Army Air Force and became an instructor at Parks Air College in St. Louis, training Army pilot cadets. He served as an instructor there for a year-and-a half then went to Keesler Field, Mississippi, for three months of Army Cadet Training. After that training he did Army flight training at Army airfields around San Antonio, Texas, and at Lancaster, California. He was selected to be an instructor at Marana Army Air Field, Arizona, and for the last couple months of his enlistment was at Williams Field, Arizona. He was discharged in late 1945. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cannan, Thomas Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army United States. Navy Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fdb79c53a60152fa610643d3df716c2.pdf 2ec9aab886779b89ee5245ba4335a003 PDF Text Text . . COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Cannon To~nship Planning Commission •· W\ \~ . �DRAFT Fi ure 1-1 Plannin Process whether it supports the planned future land use pattern in the Township, as set forth in this plan. • Review of land subdivision and lot splits: The subdivision of land and associated lot split activities has a profound impact upon the character of a community and future public service needs and tax burdens. This plan provides policies to assist the Planning Commission and Township Board regarding decisions about the appropriateness of proposed subdivisions and lot splits, and the adequacy of public services to address the increased demands associated with these subdivisions and lot splits. Data Collectlon and Mapping • Township stability: This plan is a very strong and visible statement by the Township and its residents, regarding the intended future character of the community and strategies to assure that character. As a formal and tangible document, this plan instills a sense of stability and direction for township officials, township activities, and township residents. Draft Goals and Objectives Goals and Objectives Refined at Town Meeting Appendix H lists all of the goals, objectives, and policies contained within Chapters 3 - 5 and can be used as a checklist for evaluating applications, proposed public improvements, and associated land use issues. Draft Alternative Development Patterns Town Meeting PLAN PREPARATION Draft Comprehensive Plan The Planning Process The planning process used in developing the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan included a combination of Planning Commission meetings with attendance by members of the Township Board, computerized mapping, data analysis, development of alternative development schemes, and four town meetings. The planning process is represented graphicallly in Figure 1-1. Public Hearing on Plan At the first "town meeting," an overview of current economic and demographic trends and issues was presented, and a "futuring" session was conducted in which citizens of Cannon Township were asked to visualize Cannon Township 10-20 years in the future as they wanted it to be. This resulted in citizens articulating their vision and desires for their community. The combined results of the futuring session, an analysis of economic and demographic trends, and mapping analysis, were used to determine the key issues to be addressed by the comprehensive plan. Draft goals and objectives were developed from the public vision statements generated at the first town meeting and were presented at the second town meeting. Following refinement of the goals and objectives with input from the local citizens, alternative future land use development patterns were developed for discussion and presented at the third town meeting. Five principal alternatives were presented. The Soils Carrying Capacity alternative proposed a level of development intensity primarily based upon the ability of soils to accommodate septic fields. The Open Space Protection alternative emphasized the preservation of open spaces and farmland. The Town Center alternative proposed a major development center i:1 the Township to encourage and provide opportunities 1-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �DRAFT Figure 2-1 LAND USE BY PARCEL 1930 1966 1983 1989 Reproduced with permission of Rockford Map Publishers, Inc. 2-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �DRAFT Average Density This Comprehensive Plan utilizes the concept of "average density" in the description of intended land use patterns and intensity of development. Average density refers to the overall density of development within a geographic area, such as that area in a community which may be designated for "low density residential" development. Average density is established by dividing the total acreage within the specified area by the number of dwelling units within the same area. Because this Plan is intended to examine land use impacts on a general scale and address broad land use policies, the Plan treats development densities in the same manner, and not on a minimum lot size basis. Within the text of this Plan, references to a particular "average density" of development, such as one dwelling unit per 10 acres, means an overall density of one dwelling unit per 10 acres-it does not mean a minimum lot size of 10 acres. Accordingly, the average density of one residence on 5 acres plus one residence on 15 acres is one dwelling unit per 1O acres. Development density on a parcel by parcel basis is established in the Township's Zoning Ordinance. The illustrations below show the application of the average density concept. Though both patterns of development vary significantly, including their respective lot sizes, the same number of dwelling units exist in each, thereby resulting in the same average density. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY common natural resources of the Township include its groundwater, its surface water and its air. While these resources should be used to benefit and sustain human activity, they should not be so exploited as to reduce their long term availability, or contaminated so as to present health hazards to Township residents. Special natural resources of the Township include both those resources which are particularly sensitive to degradation from unsound land use and development activities, and those resources which present particularly extreme constraints to land development. Special natural resources include wetlands, floodplains, hydric soils, woodlands, hillsides, and state game areas. Following is a review of the principal components of the Future Land Use Strategy. These components, collectively, formulate the planned future land use pattern in the Township and generally identify the future land use pattern by land use type and include policies regarding each land use type. CONSERVATION OF SPECIAL NATURAL RESOURCES Overview These common and special natural resources r re scattered throughout all areas of the Township and This Plan calls for the preservation of the Township's common and special natural resources. The 4-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �DRAFT Figure 4-1 FUTURE LAND USE 10 Mll~ Nl ..... {) e5 IOD IIT. :•:·· ,:;·!-~:- --- 3 J ......... -,: ..;;-. • ,t.. -· ...::~.'-.· ... ..... . 7 .. -: :· "···· ..:-:........ ·. ·~....· • \ ~..,. 'J. •• ::C .'·.. iG.', MJLI: l'IIJ -~:t: .. :.:::t I ICllruTOI NI . .:S ~ a:Jf ' , ' ~ :.- :·.-· ,.": :.. ,~·--.: ·.... ll-• -···· ... , , ~ • • •• • • - •• •:I > • •• • • ~ ,.; - .•. • • • • .. • : •••• ~ ••• • • ••• >.; • •• ....;•• ~ -. • "... • • • •• • -i· ,. • • • t ....... •• ~ • : • ~ ., .. ~ -- i. :.... • • • ·.a..· . . ... .. . •• . • l'j . . . . . .. . . •;M ..... .. " , . . . . . . ,I· ., . . .... /; ·.: ·... ~ :. _: ·: ... ·:- ·_.;)/·:;:·: .-._.:·. · ·. · .· . - TBN;. F,J10W'; COt--1.S t=-~ VA-n en,..--' ,0... e.E.A A.'1«~~ -Pcv~~el\t 'Del\5.i.½ cir- o?e.t--l :>'P,A,,U:.. . . I PWGll1ni;\ Utu+/zo-"'° (¼.n::.:s ~e..~ \Det--lii t,.,,L,. ,O,..tf:.A A.W-rO.<>j!.., 'D«c.~Mel\+ 'be-1\Sl~ el; \ t)w~~\\~ IJti1\/ Z.-!=,, P.c..T"C-5 L~\<.e.~ '<.ES\DE.1•-.rTlA.L.. J:-.e:.E.A ,._'fe.r-a.~e., ~,c..~tt,-c.,-.+ 'Det\'-i¼ o~ \ "bt.0e\\in13 Ur.,.+/\ A<AG. 4-14 CANNON TOWN SHI P COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ,. . ~- �DRAFT Figure 5-1 PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICTS 10 IIIJLI Ni I) IS·a --- a ,aan. I s 2 .... c::o 3 . ~ i I MILi N>. q ~ 1 S2 "> IZJ,2Jii,.L • e:, W::.'I It.-e, S § > . SIi S3 0 + (> • . ICJIE\ITUI PIO . 2·:1---==.;.;;;.;...--"22 23 24 0 ..,_ ---- .. . 0 29 . I vj 28 \ 25 P~""tllli-L ~ 1=.C" It. I!:.CS, 11 Mll.E NJ . . ,.j > ,.j > . ~ u UL. ; -:,15.~"'t. .; t; .J .J 32 > t -: es > . ,.j > ·1 34 K u j T8N,A10W 5-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ~ 0 . ~ •. • .J 4 MILi: NJ . !I �CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Prepared by: Cannon Township Planning Commission in Cooperation with the Cannon Township Board of Trustees with the assistance of: Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 302 S. Waverly Rd. Lansing, Ml 48917 ph. (517) 886-0555 December 1993 This plan was funded in part by the Kent County Community Development Department with an entitlement grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Community Development Block Grant Program. �Cannon Township Planning Commission Chuck Bloom, Chairman Robert Mack Joel Gordon James Lilley Genn Carwell Erik Olsen Robert McBrien James LaPeer James Alles Cannon Township Board of Trustees John Weiss, Supervisor Bonnie Shupe, Clerk Daniel Barker, Treasurer George Scott, Trustee Thom Longcore, Trustee James Alles, Trustee Richard Davies, Trustee Associates of the Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. who worked on the Plan: Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP Mark A. Eidelson, AICP Timothy J. McCauley Brenda M. Moore, AICP, PCP John D. Warbach, Ph.D. Support Staff Carolyn A. Freebury Kelley J. Gettle Jeanne Esch Lana Atkins ~, • whodidwa.doc �TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter .1 INTRODUCTION PLAN PURPOSE .............................................................................................. 1-1 PLAN CONTENTS and HOW TO USE THE PLAN ........................................... 1-1 PLAN PREPARATION ...................................................................................... 1-2 The Planning Process .................................................................................. 1-2 Growth Management Approach ................................................................... 1-3 Chapter 2 COMMUNITY CHARACTER INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 DEMOGRAPHIC SUMMARY ............................................................................ 2-1 OPEN $PACE ................................................................................................... 2-3 NATURAL RESOURCES SUMMARY ............................................................... 2-3 Topography and Watercourses ................................................................... 2-3 Wetlands ...................................................................................................... 2-3 Woodlands ................................................................................................... 2-3 Lakes ........................................................................................................... 2-3 Agricultural Land .......................................................................................... 2-4 BEAR CREEK WATERSHED ............................................................................ 2-4 VISUAL CHARACTER INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS ...................................... 2-4 Overview ........................................................................... :.......................... 2-4 Vegetation ........................ :........................................................................... 2-4 M-44 Corridor................................. :............................................................. 2-6 Scenic Valleys .............................................................................................. 2-6 Scenic Roads ............................................................................................... 2-6 Nodes: Crossroads, Settlements ................................................................. 2-6 Power Transmission Line ............................................................................ 2-7 EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS ................................................................... 2-7 TRENDS AND CONDITIONS ............................................................................ 2-7 _ Chapter 3 A COMMON VISION: GOALS & OBJECTIVES VISION STATEMENT ........................................................................................ 3-1 DEFINITIONS of GOALS, OBJECTIVES, and POLICIES ................................. 3-1 HOW THE GOALS & OBJECTIVES EVOLVED ................................................ 3-2 GOALS & OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 3-2 Planning & Land Use Regulation ................................................................. 3-2 Growth Management ................................................................................... 3-2 Community Character, Open Space & Natural Resources .......................... 3-3 Water Resources ......................................................................................... 3-3 Transportation/Roads ............. ~ .................................................................... 3-3 Public Facilities & Services .......................................................................... 3-4 Parks & Recreation ...................................................................................... 3-4 Housing ....................................................................................................,... 3-4 Commercial Development ........................................................................... 3-5 Industrial Development ................................................................................ 3-5 i CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE Pl.AN �Intergovernmental Cooperation ................................................................... 3-5 Chapter 4 FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE .................................................................... 4-1 OVERVIEW OF FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY .......................................... 4-1 Basis ............................................................................................................ 4-1 Township-Wide Land Use Pattern ............................................................... 4-1 Relationship to Existing Land Use Pattern and Land Uses ......................... 4-2 Relationship to Neighboring Municipalities .................................................. 4-2 INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY ....... 4-3 Conservation of Special Natural Resources ................................................ 4-3 Residential Development ............................................................................. 4-4 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ..................................... 4-1 O PUBLIC LANDS .............................................................................................. 4-11 RECREATION LANDS .................................................................................... 4-12 SPECIAL LAND USES .................................................................................... 4-12 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................ 4-12 M-44 and Cannonsburg Road Corridors .................................................... 4-12 Bear Creek Watershed .............................................................................. 4-13 Linkages .................................................................................................... 4-14 Chapter 5 PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE .................................................................... 5-1 OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY ............................................ 5-1 Basis ............................................................................................................ 5-1 Township-Wide Public Services Pattern ...................................................... 5-1 INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY ........ 5-1 Service Districts ........................................................................................... 5-1 Roads and Streets ............. .'......................................................................... 5-4 Sewer and Water ......................................................................................... 5-7 Stormwater Management ............................................................................ 5-9 Support Services and Buildings ................................................................. 5-10 Recreation ................................................................................................. 5-11 Intergovernmental Coordination ................................................................ 5-12 Appendix. A LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY ............................................................... A-1 , Appendix B HI STORY .................................................................................................. B-1 Appendix C PHYSICAL PROFILE - NATURAL FEATURES ........................................ C-1 CLIMATE ........................................................................................................... C-1 GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................ C-1 TOPOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. C-1 INLAND LAKES ................................................................................................. C-2 DRAINAGE ........................................................................................................ C-2 FLOODPLAINS ................................................................................................. C-3 SOILS ................................................................................................................ C-3 -· --· . ii CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Limitations for Septic Systems ..................................................................... C-3 Standards for Septic Systems ................................................................ C-4 Basement Limitations ............................................................................. C-4 Hydric Soils ............................................................................................. C-5 Prime Farmland ...................................................................................... C-5 WOODLANDS ............................................................................................. C-5 WETLANDS ................................................................................................. C-5 GROUNDWATER ............... ~ ........................................................................ C-6 Appendix D PHYSICAL PROFILE - MAN-MADE FEATURES ..................................... 0-1 LAND COVER/USE ........................................................................................... 0-1 LAND DIVISION ................................................................................................ 0-1 TRANSPORTATION ......................................................................................... 0-4 DRAINAGE ........................................................................................................ 0-7 POLICE & FIRE ................................................................................................. 0-7 SCHOOLS ......................................................................................................... D-7 COMMUNITY FACILITIES ................................................................................ 0-7 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES & HISTORIC SITES .......................................... 0-7 Appendix E DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ...................................................................... E-1 POPULATION CHANGE OVER TIME .............................................................. E-1 RACE ................................................................................................................ E-5 AGE ................................................................................................................... E-5 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT.............................................................:.................... E-7 HOUSEHOLD .................................................................................................... E-9 HOUSING ....................................................................................................... E-11 ECONOMY ...................................................................................................... E-12 Appendix F BUILDOUT ANALYSIS ............................................................................. F-1 Appendix G MAPS .......................................................................................................G-1 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................G-1 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED MAPPING ............................................. G-1 BASE MAPS ....................................... : .............................................................. G-1 ACCURACY ............... :......................................................................................G-1 MAP DESCRIPTIONS .......................................................................................G-1 iii CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION PLAN PURPOSE • to maintain and moderately enhance employment opportunities and tax base of the area; The purpose of this Plan is to guide policy and decision making for all future land and infrastructure development decisions within Cannon Township. Within the Plan, key planning issues are identified; goals, objectives and policies are outlined; future land uses are described and mapped; public facility standards are established; and specific implementation measures are recommended. • to promote an orderly development process which is paced in coordination with the Township's ability to provide services and which permits public officials and citizens an opportunity to monitor change and review proposed development in a reasonable manner; and • to provide information from which to gain a better understanding of the area, its interdependencies and interrelationships and upon which to base future land use and public investment decisions. This Plan is adopted pursuant to the authority of the Township Planning Act, PA 168 of 1959. This Act provides for the preparation of a •basic plan• to promote community health, safety, and welfare through provisions for the use of land and resources and the assurance of adequate public facilities and services. The Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan is a •basic plan.• 1t is prepared as a foundation for, and depends primarily on, the Township's zoning ordinance, subdivision regulations, and capital improvement program for its implementation. Although this Plan states specific land use development policy and proposes specific land use arrangements, it has no regulatory power. PLAN CONTENTS and HOW TO USE THE PLAN There are three critical components to using this plan as a decision making guide. First, are the goals and objectives in Chapter 3. Second, are the policies, future land use map, public facilities plan and associated descriptive information presented in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Third, is the supporting documentation found in Appendices A-G which draws directly from previous planning and engineering studies. All proposed future land uses and policies presented in this Plan were developed based on a blending of the natural capability of the land to sustain certain types of development; the important natural functions played by unique land and water resources in the area; the relative future need for residential, commercial, and industrial land uses; the existing land use distribution; the relationship of undeveloped lands to existing community character; and the desires of local residents and public officials as expressed through interviews, town meetings, a citizen opinion survey, and public hearings. This Plan is presented to help all elected and appointed officials to make difficult choices between competing interests and to serve as a guide for decision making. It is anticipated that this plan will be consulted in the following situations: • Review of rezonings, variances, and spacial use permits: Applications for rezonings, variances, or special use permits should be evaluated not only in terms of specific zoning ordinance standards, but also in terms of how well the proposed action would help attain the goals and objectives of this Plan and fulfill its policies. This Plan is intended as support for the achievement of the following public objectives, among others: • Public Improvement projects: All future public improvement projects, including the construction of new facilities, utilities or buildings should first be reviewed by the Planning Commission for consistency with this plan, pursuant to PA 168 of 1959. In particular, such projects shOuld be. reviewed to determine consistency with the goals, objectives and policies in the Plan, and whether it supports the planned future land use • to protect public health, safety and general welfare; • to conserve and protect property values by preventing incompatible uses from locating adjacent to each other; • to protect and preserve the natural resources, unique character, and environmental quality of the area; 1-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �R ura 1-1 Plannin Process pattern in the Township, as set forth in this Plan. • Review of land subdivision and lot splits: The subdivision of land and associated lot split activities has a profound impact upon the character of a community and future public service needs and tax burdens. This Plan provides policies to assist the Planning Commission and Township Board regarding the development of subdivision regulations, decisions about the appropriateness of proposed subdivisions and lot splits, and the adequacy of public services to address the increased demands associated with these subdivisions and lot splits. Data Collection and Mapping • Township stability: This Plan is a very strong and visible statement by the Township and its residents, regarding the intended future character of the community and strategies to assure that character. As a formal and tangible document; this Plan instills a sense of stability and direction for township officials, township activities, and township residents. Draft Goals and Objectives Goals and Objectives Ref lned at Town Meeting Draft Alternative Development Patterns Town Meeting PLAN PREPARATION The Planning Process Draft Comprehensive Plan The planning process used in developing the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan included a combination of Planning Commission meetings with attendance by members of the Township Board, computerized mapping, data analysis, development of alternative development schemes, a citizen opinion survey, and four town meetings. The planning process is represented graphically in Figure 1-1. Publlc Hearing on Plan At the first "town meeting, • an overview of current economic and demographic trends and issues was presented, and a "futuring• session was conducted in which citizens of Cannon Township were asked to visualize Cannon Township 10-20 years in the future as they wanted it to be. This resulted in citizens articulating their vision and desires for their community. The combined results of the futuring session, an analysis of economic and demographic trends, and mapping analysis, were used to determine the key issues to be addressed by the Comprehensive Plan. Draft goals and objectives were developed from the public vision statements generated at the first town meeting and were presented at the second town meeting. Following refinement of the goals and objectives with input from the local citizens, alternative future land use development patterns were developed for discussion and presented at the third town meeting. Five principal alternatives were presented. The Soils Carrying Capacity alternative proposed a level of development intensity primarily based upon the ability of soils to accommodate septic fields. The Open Space Protection alternative emphasized the preservation of open spaces and farmland. The Town Center alternative proposed a major development center in the Township to encourage and provide op1-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �number of work sessions open to the public. In May of 1992, the draft Plan was presented at a fourth town meeting. A citizen opinion survey was prepared and distributed to all property owners in the Township. Based upon the results of the fourth town meeting, and the citizen opinion survey, the draft Plan was further refined and presented to the public at a public hearing on·October 6th. Additional meetings were held with residents, business owners, and property owners to make other refinements in the Plan. A second public hearing was held in April 1993. portunities for high density residential development as well as commercial and industrial development. The Community Nodes alternative was similar to the Town Center alternative but proposed a number of smaller nodes to accommodate higher density residential and nonresidential development rather than a singular large "town center" area. The Spaced Interior Clustering With Setasldes alternative proposed that nearly all residential development be accommodated in a manner so as to preserve at least an equal area in permanent open space. It was prepared by a citizens group and considered along with the other four alternatives. Growth Management Approach Growth management planning is different from the traditional comprehensive planning approach in that specific implementation measures for guiding future land development and for upgrading or maintaining public facilities are integrated with the future land use plan. Traditionally, a comprehensive plan provides the necessary background information on which to base planning decisions regarding the location, density and type of future land uses. A growth management plan also establishes public policy on the rate, timing and location of new development, so as to insure it proceeds at a pace which does not overwhelm the ability of citizens and the Township to meet the new public service cost obligations and to ensure its compatibility with adjoining uses of land. This involves careful planning and the establishment of a process to ensure new facilities will be available to meet new development needs. Important results of this third town meeting included: 1) the Open Space alternative received the greatest support, but was followed closely by the Community Nodes alternative and Spaced Interior Clustering With Setasides alternative; 2) the primary reasons for support of the Open Space alternative were not as much rooted in farmland preservation as with preservation of open spaces in general and a desire by some, to limit growth and development; and 3) the most important elements of rural character in Cannon Township, identified by residents during an informal survey administered at the town meeting, included woodlands, naturaJ stream and river banks, ravines, bluffs, hillsides, wetlands, and tree-lined roads. Following preparation of the draft Plan in January of 1992, the Planning Commission discussed and refined the Plan over the following months during a :.. •r• ;, . I \, Vt 1-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN I ; �Chapter 2 COMMUNITY CHARACTER The Township's population is relatively homogeneous, with 98% of the population being white (1990 Census) and the majority of persons being of English or German decent (according to the 1980 Census). Additionally, most of the households in Cannon are comprised of married-<X>uple families with children. INTRODUCTION Cannon Township is situated on the fringe of the rapidly developing Grand Rapids Metro area. Easy access to the metro area makes the Township attractive for development. Between 1980 and 1990, the Township experienced the highest rate of growth in the County (59%). In addition to its location, Cannon Township has attracted growth because of its natural amenities. Rolling terrain, inland lakes, streams, woodlots and wetlands interspersed with agriculture and open space provides an appealing setting for residentiaJ development. (See Appendix A for more information on location and geography). Median age in the Township is higher than that of the County (32.6 years of age vs. 30.7 years of age). Contrary to state and national trends which generally show increased rates of persons 65 years and over, the Township has witnessed a slight decrease in this age group from 6.4% in 1980 to 6% in 1990. With the high percentage of married baby-boomers in family rearing age (basically persons 30-45 years of age) is a corresponding relatively high number of persons under 18. Enrollments in area schools reflect an increase in school-aged children. Increases in enrollments between 1983 and 1990 ranged from 15% for Lowell schools to 50% for Rockford schools. A substantiaJ amount of residentiaJ development has occurred in Cannon in the last decade. In an eight year period (1982-1990) there were an average of 108 new homes built per year in the Township. State equalized value (SEV) attributed to residential development has increased by 168% in that same time; increasing from $53.3 million to $142.9 miUlon. (See Appendix E, Figure E-12 and Table E-6). Commercial land values (SEV) have increased 92%. As may be expected in rapidly developing areas, the SEV of agricultural lands has fallen 14% between 1982 and 1991 . overall, the Township's SEV increased by 147%. As with state and national trends, households are increasing in Cannon at a faster rate than its population. While the Township's population increased by 59% between 1980 and 1990, the number of households increased 64%. The rise in number of households is due to direct population increases, an increase in the number of single person and single parent households and a decrease in extended family households. Because of the Township's high percentage of families, its household size is larger than the county average (3.1 persons per household vs. 2. 7 persons per household). Since 1970, however, the Township's household size has decreased 17% from 3. 7 persons per household. This reflects state and national trends of smaller families. A growing market for residentiaJ development has spurred a large number of parcel splits in the Township. Average parcel size in the Township in 1930 was 80 acres and over. By 1966 most of the large tracts had been divided and a large number of parcels smaller than 40 acres had appeared. By 1990, large parcels (40 acres and over) are clearly in the minority with 1O acre and smaller parcels dominating the land base. Figure 2-1 on the following page illustrates this evolution as it has occurred in sections 16, 17, 20 and 21. Cannon Township's work force commutes primarily to the Grand Rapids metro area for employment. In 1980, manufacturing provided jobs to 28% of the Township's work force (a lower rate than the County average of 35%). However, a larger percentage of the work force was employed by professional and related service industries (24%) than was found in the County DEMOGRAPHIC SUMMARY Between 1960 and 1990 Cannon Township's population more than tripled, going from 2,525 in 1960 to 7,928 in 1990. Population increases affect density and the rural nature of an area. Density is a function of urbanization and its related increase in demand for services. In 50 years (1940-1990), density in the township increased by over 7 times; going from 29 persons per square mile to 211 persons per square mile. (22%). 2-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure 2-1 LAND USE BY PARCEL 1930 1966 1983 1989 Reproduced with p11nnlsslon of Rockford Map Publishers, Inc. 2-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �The percentage of home ownership in Cannon is very high (91 %) when compared to the County (69.7%) and state (74.4%). This pattern, and the fact that the median value of owner-occupied housing in Cannon Township in 1990 was $97,600 as compared to the County average of $68,200 (1990 U.S. Census figures), suggests that Cannon is a relatively wealthy community. Per capita income estimates also suggest this as the average per capita income of a Cannon Township resident in 1988 ($14,738) was 23% higher than the state average per capita income ($11,973) and 24% higher than the County average ($11,883). OPEN SPACE Open spaces are as much a fundamental part of Cannon Township's character as are the residents of the Township. Extensive open spaces exist throughout all areas of the Township, including wetlands, woodlands, agricultural fields, shrub and herbaceous fields, and rolling hillsides. These define a community character rich in visual pleasure, environmental integrity, and pastoral serenity. Though the Township has grown quickly during the past 30 years, degradation of these open spaces has been generally limited. This is due to the pattern of development, the nature of the new land uses introduced into the Township, and individual property owner commitment to protection of these open spaces. nonsburg Road. The northern 6 sections of the Township also contain an upland area which forms an eastwest ridge sloping into a large flat area at its southeastern edge in Sections 1-3. This ridge also contains the highest elevation in the Township. The eastern 1.5 miles of Cannon Township, and the area near Bostwick Lake and Silver Lake, is relatively flat land containing expanses of wetland and agricultural areas. Wetlands Most of the wetland areas of Cannon Township consist of shrub swamps and low-lying woodlands (see Map C-13). Wetlands are concentrated primarily along Bear Creek and its tributaries, especially in the eastern part of the Township (Sections 1, 12, 13, 24, 25, and 36), and near the smaller lakes (Sunfish, Hyser, Austin, and Ratigan). The wetlands near lakes are covered with water for most of the year, while others may occasionally be dry. Most of the wetlands in Cannon Township are interconnected or contiguous, providing a distinctive network of "natural" areas throughout the community. They also contribute to the natural beauty of the Township's watercourses and small lakes. Woodlands The extensive wooded areas of Cannon Township substantially contribute to the picturesque rural character of the area (see Map C-12) . Most are found on the steepest slopes and hillsides of the Township and in wetland areas, primarily in the upland portions of the Bear Creek watershed. Forest cover is also concentrated in large contiguous areas, rather than in smaller fragments. Hardwoods are the predominant type of forest cover, augmented by areas of aspen, and small areas of pine and other conifers. Large tracts of woodlands provide an essential element to rural character in the less developed portions of Cannon Township. However, if recent trends and local regulations continue, the future of these open spaces is in doubt. The provisions of the Township's current zoning ordinance, including the minimum two acre lot size within the agricultural district (which covers the vast majority of the Township), in conjunction with the unregulated lot splits permitted under the Subdivision Control Act (creation of four lots under 1O acres in size every ten years) and rapid population growth, together permit the insidious conversion of these open spaces. Lakes Cannon Township has numerous lakes ranging in size from less than 1 acre to 217 acres, and totaling over, 850·acres (see Map C-2). All of the larger lakes are locafed in the northern 12 sections of the Township, while most small lakes are found south of Belding Road . (M-44). All of the three larger lakes have small lots . surrounding their shores, with little or no public access. Development around the larger lakes is fairly intensive. As might be expected, the visual character of these lake areas has been significantly altered with the onset and expansion of development. The water quality of these lakes has suffered due to septic field leachate, residential fertilizers, and water activities. Most of the land surrounding the smaller lakes in Cannon Township remain undeveloped. NATURAL RESOURCES SUMMARY Topography and Watercourses Most of Cannon Township is characterized by rolling moraines and steep slopes typical of northern Kent County. Steep slopes are generally concentrated in two areas. Bear Creek, the major watercourse in the Township and which runs east to west through the south central portion of the Township into the Grand River, is surrounded by wooded upland areas which slope abruptly downward towards the narrow floodplain of the main channel. The result is a long and picturesque valley which is evident when traveling Can2-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Agricultural Land Cannon Township has relatively few areas which are particularly suitable for fanning or have prime fannland soils present (see Map C-10). The larger concentrations of prime fannland are in the far southern corners of the Township, in sections 31-32 and 3536, which are presently in agricultural use. Another large area north of Bostwick Lake in Sections 2 and 11 has some prime fannlands and is also in agricultural use. Although few fannland areas exist in Cannon Township, they lend significantly to the diverse rural character of the area and provide open spaces to complement the area's rolling wooded hills. BEAR CREEK WATERSHED When discussing the natural resources of Cannon Township, special mention must be made of the Bear Creek Watershed. The Bear Creek Watershed, the largest in the Township, drains approximately half of the entire Township, and its topography and associated resources provide outstanding scenic vistas and capture the rural character of the community. Bear Creek begins in the eastern central region of the Township and flows south into the southern third of the Township, where it then flows east to west across the Township. It feeds into the Grand River at the southwest corner of the Township. Stout Creek and Armstrong Creek feed into Bear Creek from the north, and many small intermittent creeks flow into Bear Creek. trails for off-road vehicles and some public and private roads tend to have large exposed soil areas that can contribute significant sedimentation loads through water and wind erosion. Many soils in the watershed are highly wind erodible, and some of the soils being fanned are slightly water erodible. The watershed is scenic, due to its surrounding hills, its rural, wooded character, and limited development. Commercial activities are limited and concentrated in Cannonsburg. Residential development within the watershed comprises an estimated 1,200 acres, and is scattered along country roads. The importance of this watershed to the Township is evidenced by the fact that at the time this Plan was being prepared, the Township was participating is a special Michigan Department of Natural Resources model study program focusing on the impacts of development upon streams, including Bear Creek. Also, the Township has received the support of the Department of Natural Resources for its application for EPA grant monies to identify nonpoint pollution sources in the watershed. The Bear Creek Watershed and other watersheds of Cannon Township are shown on Map C-3. VISUAL CHARACTER INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS There are an estimated 1,000 acres of wetlands in the watershed. These are primarily located adjacent to Bear Creek and its tributaries, and serve to store and filter runoff. The wetlands are primarily lowland forests and shrub swamps. While narrow bands of wetlands are located at the middle and lower end segments of Bear Creek, wetlands are primarily located at the headwaters. The watershed contains over 3,000 acres of woodlands, and these are scattered throughout the watershed. Woodlands are effective in storing rain and snowmelt, helping to prevent flooding. Overview The visual character of Cannon Township is primarily hilly and wooded. There are numerous small lakes, small valleys, one large valley running east-west along Cannonsburg Road in the western part of the Township, and the relatively more developed M-44 corridor running through the northern-most third of the Township in an east-west direction. At various points there are high points from which there are long views. Following is a description of primary elements of the Township's visual character which are also illustrated in Figure 2-2. Agriculture comprises an estimated 3,500 acres of the watershed. Agriculture can be a scenic and productive land cover/use, but it can also lead to increased runoff, sedimentation, and contamination of waterways with fertilizer and pesticides. Much of the agriculture in the watershed is located along Bear Creek. Nearly 3,600 acres of the watershed can be grouped into shrub land , recreation, or other, non-urban land uses. These land covers/uses may not negatively impact water quality although development upon these lands which could result in erosion does present opportunities for water quality degradation. Areas used for recreational skiing, parking lots for athletic fields, Vegetation As noted earlier, Cannon Township is blessed with an abundance of varied vegetation with a strong and aesthetic visual character. Approximately 60% of the Township is characterized by crop vegetation, woodlands, and shrub and herbaceous vegetation . The woods are primarily deciduous. Oak are the dominant trees, especially on the uplands. There are some mixed maple and basswood stands in the lower areas. There are a few pine stands . 2-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �CANNON TOWNSHIP 10 HILE RO () 5 Kent County, 2 BUSH ORIVE KIES ST. Michigan 2-2 VISUAL CHARACTER Broad Open Landscape ....., * .. 18 . Ill > < + HILE RD. Ill + "< .J ::i:-- ..."' II. z :, Isolated Valley 0 "' a:: C --- .J .J 23 24 l&J C "'%< ii= . '' { { , ' '• ,,,, \\_,- \~ 28 25 Zl I !I MILE RD. ,.j PW/24Wf/4kff/4Lpfl/4WK w/4 twJ/40fl¥ lfM/4&/M/4&/4~ > .,< \ 31 ~ \~ Sc.c.-...\c.. 'lA\\~ ,,,,,,,. .; \ \ _..,... , ' I {I ''-'--.- \\ .( .. . IL Scenic Road UUIU\I KREtfTEJ'l RD. ... __, Strip Residential ' r-· /1 Node -- ,.j > C 32 . ., ." ....... J Scale l&J .J ::J C ........ TBN, R10W A 3, 615 7. 230 10, 845 feet C 35 % ::J a: I o ,.j > MILi!: RD . .,"' u< u X 1 inch• 3,615 feet 1: 43,400 Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S. Waverly Rd . Lansing, pn • Michigan 4B917 (II S 7) fte&-0!1115 Inc. N �Figure 2-2 VISUAL CHARACTER INVENTORY 2-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Along Egypt Valley Road, north of Cannonsburg Road, there is a unique oak woodland, in which mature oaks trees, all of the same species, are scattered across the hills and ravines. In striking contrast, a pine stand crosses the same road, farther up the hill, where the road takes a turn to the west. have a somewhat unnatural skyline , as compared to the surrounding lands, and the recreation area generally is barren of most vegetation. There are other valleys in the Township. Three small valleys form dramatic, open, isolated bowls. One of these is on Egypt Valley Road, just north of Cannonsburg Road. This valley is being developed with larger homes. The other is at the east end of Sunfish Lake. The third surrounds a gravel pit on B.J. Street. Other isolated valleys may exist, but are not obvious because they are filled with vegetation, and are not open. The extensive natural vegetation throughout the Township, including the woodlands and scrublands, is probably the most dominating visual element in the Township. Because it is such a dominating element, disturbances to these areas are that much more noticeable and detrimental to the maintenance of the Township's current character. Scenic Roads While Cannon Township is fortunate to have many miles of roads that are scenic because they are bordered by woods, or have views of lakes, the Township also has segments of road that have special scenic beauty. These roads have special scenic qualities because the vegetation is arranged differently than that along the other natural segments of roads. This usually means that mature trees line the road , through which the driver has views of farmland or natural countryside. In the middle segment on Egypt Valley Road, the combination of unique oak woodland and pine stand makes the segment especially scenic. At the southern end of the same road, it is the passage through a tree plantation and orchards that provides the scenic character. At the west end of Five Mile Road , the segment is uniquely scenic because the road climbs steeply under a canopy of very large trees. Ramsdell Road has scenic segments where the road passes through Townsend Park, and along Pickerel Lake and the wooded, undeveloped shoreline. M-44 Corridor Highway M-44, the backbone of the local roadway network, crosses the Township in an east-west direction, and passes through landscapes of distinct characteristics. From the eastern side of the Township to west of Bostwick Lake there exists a mix of old , new, and historical buildings. The section of M-44 west of Young Road has a prosperous and productive appearance. There are few empty buildings, and undeveloped land is primarily in woodlots. Lake front homes along Silver Lake and Bella Vista Lake are larger and less crowded than around Lake Bostwick. The Bella Vista Lake area is a newer development. The homes cover the hillsides surrounding the lake, and the limited range of architectural styles and materials provide a unified appearance. Wilkinson Road and Wildermere Drive, along the eastern shore of Silver Lake , Bush Drive, and Chauncey Road , in the southwest corner of the Township along the Grand River, have been designated Natural Beauty Roads under P.A. 150 of 1970. From the Bella Vista Lake area to the west side of the Township the landscape is rolling and open. Scenic Valleys Between the community of Cannonsburg and Pettis Avenue lies a scenic valley about three miles long and nearly a mile wide. Bear Creek flows through the valley, but is not visible except at a few points at the bottom of the valley. The valley sides are wooded hills. Single family homes are scattered throughout the valley, but are not an intrusive element. In the middle of the valley there is an area used for recreational skiing, together with an adjacent parking area and an athletic field . These areas provide a popular place for recreation, particularly during the winter months. Many Township residents and those from nearby communities participate in the skiing and other recreational activities available at this location. The skiing area, along with its adjacent parking area and athletic field, does Nodes: Crossroads, Settlements Because of the rural character of the Township, places where there is a concentration of houses or commercial establishments have significance in the landscape as nodes. Nodes help establish the cultural and social pattern of the community and typically include crossroads with one or more stores or other buildings and settlements. Many of the roads do not have nodes of development, separated by farms , woods or less concentrated development, but instead have strip residential development, where the houses are placed on large residential lots, adjacent to each other for a consider- 2-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �If the current rate of growth continues in the coming ten years as it has over the past ten years, the Township could gain an additional 5,000 persons. This increase in population could yield an additional 1,500 dwelling units. Based upon current zoning ordinance provisions, these additional dwelling _units could occupy a total of nearly 3,000 acres if developed as individual lot splits rather than through platted subdivisions. This area is equal to approximately one seventh of the total Township area. This pattern of development could have tremendous negative impacts upon the rural elements of the Township. able distance along the road. The location of strip residential development is located on Figure 2-2. Power Transmission Line A power transmission line with tall towers runs north-south near the east edge of the Township. Although the line passes over one of the highest points in the Township, the area is relatively flat. The impact of the towers is very local, as they can be seen from the adjacent parcels, but not from a distance. EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS The generaJ land use character of Cannon Township is one of open space and residential development. Just over 80% of the Township area is characterized by some fonn of open space, including woodlands approaching one third of the Township area and agricultural land . uses accounting for approximately one quarter of the Township area. Agriculture in Cannon Township is primarily crop fanning, and principally situated in the Township's northeast quadrant and along its southern and eastern boundaries. The continual lot splits and dispersed development will unnecessarily consume large areas of open spaces and the natural resources associated with these open spaces including woodlands, wetlands, and fields. Current land use policy and subsequent development patterns prompt the conversion of open space, woodlots and agricultural lands into single-family development. Development that does not accommodate unique natural characteristics (e.g., retention of native vegetation, slopes and wetlands) will alter the character of the Township over time. Groomed yards will replace native vegetation and wildlife habitat. Water quality in area lakes will decrease as pesticides, lawn chemicals and other artificially introduced nutrients and/or contaminants reach the water. Those open spaces that may be preserved are apt to be fragmented and be far less functional or visually significant in the environment. Eventually, if current trends continue, the Township will take on the appearance of a more urbanized suburb than a rural Residential land uses are scattered throughout the entire Township, approximately haJf of which are situated on large acreage lots (5 acres or more). Concentrated residential development is present and centered around Silver, Bostwick, and Bella Vista Lakes. Strip residential development exists along many county roads in the Township. Commercial and industrial development is limited within the Township. Commercial land uses exist along M-44 near Bostwick Lake and Bella V~ Lake. lndustriaJ development is situated along M-44 approaching the Township's eastern boundary. area. This pattern of land development can be equally devastating to the Township roadway network. The strip residential development pattern which could dominate will increase the number of residences accessing the primary roadways directly and thereby continually shortening the distance between driveways. The result will be increased congestion, traffic hazards, and travel times and a complete transformation of the visual landscape. The Cannonsburg State Game Area, operated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, includes considerable acreage in the far south central region of the Township. Figure D-2 illustrates the existing land use pattern in the Township, and Figure C-6 shows the principal public land use facilities in the Township. TRENDS AND CONDITIONS The population growth of Cannon Township has been steady and, in the past ten years, extremely rapid. Though the growth of the Grand Rapids Metro area can be expected to continue, as well as the attractiveness of the Township as a place to reside, the rate of future growth is in question. The issue is not one of whether the Township will continue to grow but by how much. The increase in density, and lack of public sewer in most areas of the Township, will place greater pressure upon groundwater resources as their vulnerability to contamination through on-site sewage disposal will increase. The introduction of new and expanded services provided by the Township will become a larger issue in the future as the population grows, households increase, and land is further developed. Public protec- 2-7 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �tion problems (police and fire protection, emergency medical service and transportation management) will become more acute. The expansion of services will most likely be accompanied by an increase in local taxes, as recent studies have begun to show that new development often does not pay its way. These trends will continue as long as encouraged by public policy and permitted by existing regulations. This Plan sets forth a new public policy intended to encourage new development in a way which protects public values associated with a clean environment and scenic open spaces. . 2-8 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Chapter 3 A COMMON VISION: GOALS & OBJECTIVES VISION STATEMENT The plaming process followed in the preparation of this Plan identified convnunity attludea regarding the future character ot Camon T ~ and developed a consensus ot ptblic opinion regarding future land use minimized. The permitted intensity of both residential and nonresidential development will be directly related to the presence and type of environmental resources and conditions, with the most environmentally sensitive areas to be developed at the lowest intensities. For M-44 to continue to function as a state highway, offering safe and efficient travel and panoramic vistas of open spaces and rural landscapes, direct access will be severely restricted. Service roads will be used wherever possible to achieve this goal. and community development. This consensus was arrived at through town meetings where the public was given opportunities to identify the preferred future character ot the Township and commen on and shape the evolution of the Plan. Citizens consistentl'f portrayed a common vision for the T ~ ' s fwn which was founded ~ the preservation of the Township's natural resources and current •rura1-1ilce• character. Toe The location of intensive land uses will be linked with adequate public facilities and services to safely accommodate these land uses. Township facilities and services will be expanded in the Township in a well planned, priority based, and coordinated fashion, and in a manner which preserves and reflects the rural components and lifestyle of the Township. Carefully regulated and environmentally sound on-site potable water sources and sewage disposal will predominate and limit the expenditure of- public funds and property taxes for new and expanded public sewer and water. £xpansion of services will occur to the extent that public health, safety, and welfare concerns are adequately addressed, including the accommodation of more intensive residential and nonresidential land uses in limited areas. The development and maintenance of a capital improvement program will assist the Township in providing the desired services in a coordinated and cost-effective manner. following vision statement portrays the prevailing aspirations of Township residents: The rural charactsristics of Cannon Township will continue well into the futurs as woodlands, wetlands, ·open spaces, hillsidss, Jakes, and streams will continue to dominate the /andscapB in the 21st century. These fundamsntaJ community 8/sments will provide for a varied and balanced living snvironmsnt for persons and famillss and will prsvail throughout the Township. The Impact of these resourcss, and the. community character they instill, will be surpassed only by the relentless and coordinated efforts to assure their continued quality and integrity. Growth and development will be accommodated within the Township in a manner which preserves the fundamental characteristics of the Township. Recognition of the Township's natural resources as community-wide assets for an improved living environment will prevail. Residential development will largely consist of single family homes purposefully sited to preserve opsn spaces and the natural resources that abound. In association with this development pattern, a range of housing types and densities will be available, and affordable, to address the housing needs of all individuals and families. Public access to parks and recreation areas will increase and be integrated with residential areas, as will open space corridors, fed by the Township's extensive natural resourcss. Cannon Township government decisions, and the efforts of the public, will reflect a level of land use and growth management which will effectively blend an expanding population and level of development with the special and sensitive natural resources of the community and the needs of both long-time residents and newcomers. This Township-wide vision strongly molded the goals, objectives and policies of the Comprehensive Plan. DEFINITIONS of GOALS, OBJECTIVES, and POLICIES Opportunitiss for limited new commercial and industrial development and redevelopment will be provided in locations where public servicss are adequate to accommodate such development and where adverse impacts upon adjacent land uses will be Goals, objectives, and policies play a fundamental role in the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan. The goals and objectives chart the Plan's direc- 3-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Policies to implement the goals and objectives are presented in the next two chapters (Chapter 4 and 5). tion and form, and the policies present key implementation strategies to assure the Plan's direction is followed. The relationship between goals, objectives, and policies is as follows: Although goals and objectives are grouped under several categories, there are numerous interrelationships among them. Some goals and objectives are concurrent, while others must be accomplished in A GOAL is a destination, a final condition which a community seeks to attain. A goal is the most general level of policy and by itself is not very h~lpful to decision makers. It needs further refinement to assist decision makers to reach their selected destination. It is like saying, "/ want to take a vacation." sequence. Planning & Land Use Regulation GOAL: Plan for and guide new development in a manner which preserves open space, protects environmentally sensitive areas, and maintains the rural character of Cannon Township. AN OBJECTIVE is the route which specifies in general terms the way (route) by which the goal (destination) can be reached. An objective indicates the kinds of actions that could be taken to achieve the goal. It is a "means" to the "end". It is like setting aside "$X"by "Y date"to travel to "Z location." - Objective: Prevent fragmentation of open space through a coordinated land use plan and related regulations. A POLICY is a means of achieving an objective and hence a goal. It's a course of action which, if followed, will achieve an objective. It is to our example above, the form of transportation along the route. A policy is more detailed than an objective and can be readily translated into specific action recommendations or design proposals. Policies are presented in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Objective: Enact standards for residential, commercial, and industrial development which require site design measures be incorporated to protect environmentally sensitive areas, avoid unnecessary disturbance and destruction of open spaces, and preserve the landscape's natural assets and important open spaces. HOW THE GOALS & OBJECTIVES EVOLVED Objective: Identify the significant historical elements of Cannon Township and adopt a land use program which includes a strong historical preservation theme. The evolution of the goals and objectives for the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan involved several steps to identify pertinent issues and address those issues. The initial citizen input component included a "futuring session" (Town Meeting #1 ), where participants were asked to visualize Cannon Township twenty years in the future. Before the first draft of goals and objectives was written, the results of the futuring session were tabulated, key issues were extracted. Draft goals and objectives were formulated to address all of the issues identified and provided the impetus for the second town meeting. A final set of goals and objectives was compiled following the second town meeting, after the public scrutinized the first draft version for language and omissions. Based upon the results of the second town meeting, a refined set of goals and objectives was prepared. Citizen opinion to validate the goals was also achieved by means of a citizen opinion survey which demonstrated very high support for key goals in the Plan. Objective: Establish a periodic monitoring and review process for the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan which incorporates a meaningful element of public participation. Objective: Develop and implement a program of information distribution on planning in Cannon Township to interested citizens and developers, real estate agents, etc. Objective: Periodically review and update the Comprehensive Plan and all related development regulations, at an interval not to exceed five (5) years. Growth Management GOAL: Guide future development in a manner which is consistent with the natural limitations of the land and the planned provision or expansion of necessary public facilities and services. GOALS & OBJECTIVES Following are goals and objectives to accomplish a common vision for the future of Cannon Township. Objective: Guide development in areas where public facilities have adequate capacity to accommo3-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �date growth and where provision of public facilities is cost-effective. harmful effects of intensive and incompatible development through the use of aquifer and watershed management techniques which seek to reduce risks of and quantities of pollution, sedimentation, and flooding. Objective: carefully plan and where necessary limit development in areas not served by ptblic sewer and water facililies, where public roads are inadequate to handle traffic associated with growth, and where prov.sion of pli>lic facilities is not cost-effective. Objective: Identify vulnerable and sensitive arin Cannon Township and limit land division, development densities and land uses in and around them to protect against altering the natural hydrology including the water quality, the intensity and quantity of runoff, and flood control. eas of aquifers and watersheds Objective: Enact a capital improvements plan which specifies timing and cost of providing and expanding public facilities in specif'ic areas of the Township. Objective: Enact a review process for all development in locations identified as sensitive aquifer Objective: Wherever legally pennissible, and other public interests are not of greater significance, local regulations should require that new development pay for both the direct and indirect costs associated therewith, rather ·than having those costs imposed on existing residents. and/or watershed areas. Objective: Maintain protective vegetation strips along rivers, streams, and lakes. Objective: Limit the amount of impervious area (paved surfaces) in sensitive watershed areas. Community Character, Open Space & Natural Resources Objective: Educate the public regarding the Township's fundamental reliance upon groundwater resources for potable water supplies and the potential detrimental effects of land development upon groundwater resources. GOAL: Preserve the rural character and important open spaces of Canr19n Township. Objective:. Document and establish the existing character of the Township to serve as the basis for programs to protect and enhance the positive aspects of that character and rectify the negative aspects. Transportation/Roads GOAL: Develop and maintain a transportation network throughout the Township which moves vehicular traffic in an efficient and safe fashion, functions in a manner consistent with the relative importance of individual roadway segments, and provides safe and functional opportunities for alternative modes of transportation including walking and bicycling. Objective: Identify areas to be preserved as open space. Such areas should consist primarily of farmland, woodlands, wetlands, other environmentally sensitive areas, and land not suitable for development because of limitations on structures or septic systems. · Objective: Evaluate existing speed limits for roadway segments in regard to public health, safety, and welfare, including emergency services, and identify problematic corridors and corrective measures. Objective: Identify and preserve significant historic, archeological, and scenic features. Objective: Ensure that new development protects the naturaJ or aesthetic character of environmentally sensitive areas through responsible and innovative development and site planning techniques. Objective: Identify priority areas for maintenance and improvement and include them in the Township's capital improvements plan. Objective: Encourage clustering of new residen.tial development within a parcel so as to maximize the amount of open space and naturaJ areas preserved. Objective: Adopt regulations which minimize the potential for traffic congestion and safety hazards along adjacent roadways. Objective: Limit the number, size, and shape of new land divisions along county roads to minimize di- Water Resources GOAL: ·Protect the hydrological system, including groundwater, inland lakes, and streams from the 3-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �GOAL: Maintain and improve the Township's fire rect access, using a required review and permitting process. department. Objective: Prevent ·strip• development and control land use intensity along major roads in Cannon Township using land division and access policies and regulations. Objective: Project costs, equipment, labor, and facility needs for future fire fighting capacity, given growth trends over the past 15 years and future projections, and incorporate those elements into the Township's budgetary and capital improvements plans. Objective: Retain the highway functions of M-44 and prevent its conversion to a mini •28th Street. • Parks & Recreation GOAL: Expand and improve the parks and rec- Objective: Develop plans and regulations to expand alternative transportation facilities, including walkways and bicycle trails, and mass transportation (if feasible), to address the varied transportation needs of the Township residents. reation facilities in Cannon Township so area residents can enjoy recreational opportunities presented by the Township's natural features. Objective: Inventory recreational facilities in Cannon Township and identify deficiencies. Objective: Recognize the opportunity for, and encourage, the maintenance of scenic traffic routes through the designation of Natural Beauty Roads where appropriate. Objective: Investigate sources of state and federal funding for parks and recreation facilities and prepare proposals to obtain such funding. Public Facilities & Services GOAL: Expand public sewer and water systems - Objective: Design open space and recreation areas to enhance the character of existing and new in a phased and priority based program. residential areas. Encourage incorporation of such areas into residential development through the use of incentives to developers. Objective: Detennine areas of Cannon Township which are in greatest need of public sewer/water facilities, assign a priority to each site, and determine which routes to serve selected sites are most cost-effective. Objective: Provide for increased public access, to water resources where natural carrying capacity has not been exceeded, through site acquisition, conservation easements and other access tools. Objective: Incorporate sewer/water system expansion areas into the Township's capital improvements plan. Objective: Design and develop a trail system for recreational biking, hiking, walking, and similarly based trail recreational activities. Objective: Explore long range planning considerations associated with alternative public water systems including Township-owned facilities and reliance . on nearby municipal systems. Objective: Coordinate recreation planning efforts with surrounding municipalities and governmental units, including school districts, to provide comprehensive recreation opportunities and minimize unnecessary duplication of services and facilities. Objective: Require any private sewer system serving more than a single family home be designed to easily connect with any Mure public sewer system in the area. Housing GOAL: Provide for a broad range of housing op- GOAL: Maintain excellence of the public school systems serving Cannon Township. portunities which respond to the varying economic, family stage, and lifestyle needs of the community while maintaining high levels of aesthetic and qualitative character. Objective: Project facility needs for future school capacity, given growth trends of the past 15 years and Mure projections, and incorporate those land use needs into the Township's planning program. Objective: Explore measures to assure affordable housing, such as special zoning or other programs in suitable areas of the Township and in concert with related programs in adjoining jurisdictions. 3-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Objective: Identify land, through land use planning and zoning, for multiple family housing but limit height and overall density, wherever appropriate. Objective: Encourage, where appropriate, the development of commerciaVpublic nodes of an historic and pedestrian scale, or •colonial towns,• as part of the overall land use pattern in the Township. Objective: Identify land, through land use planning and zoning, for single family housing. Industrial Development GOAL: Discourage Industrial development and land uses outside the currently zoned industrial areas in Ught of the lack of appropriate locations in the Objective: Provide provisions In the Township's planning and zoning program which will encourage senior-citizen housing opportunities. Township for such development. Minimize the negative impacts of industrial land uses upon adjacent properties, and the community as a whole. Objective: Integrate open space protection with new housing development though the use of clustering and related techniques. Objective: To the extent that future considerations may warrant the expansion of industrial land uses in the Objective: Ensure while meeting the above objectives that detached, site constructed, single family homes remain the predominant housing type. Township, the M-44/rlffany Road area should receive priorily attention as the most appropriate location for such expansion, but the total area affected should not extend beyond existing parcels industrially zoned. This objective recognizes that if it were not for the existence of some light industrial operations in this area, and the fact that Grattan Township is considering promoting industrial use in this area, 'this objective would not be offered. Plainfleld Township, Ada Township, and Rockford all have availab/8 space in industrial areas much better suited for industrial use than this area. Geographic expansion of this area is fundamentally contrary to protection and promotion of residential uses in the Township. However, if this area were to decline in the quality and appearance of the structures present, that would be a negative influence on the Township, right at its eastern gateway. Thus, to foster improvement of this area, it may be necessary to allow expansion of structures and uses in this area, even without expanding the geographic area the zone encompasses. Commercial Development GOAL: Provide practical and functional locations, patterns, and reguJations of commercial development which maximize the utility of these land uses, and minimize their impact upon adjacent land uses. Objective: Identify a limited number of appropriate locations satisfactory to meet the needs of Township residents for small commercial centers accessed from major roads. Objective: Urnil land division and access along major roads to prevent commercial stl1) development. Objective: Ensure that elements for preservation of the Township's rural character are incorporated into new commercial development by establishing appropriate site design and building standards with a special emphasis on height and size. Objective: Ensure through site design and building standards that development of new industrial land uses, or the redevelopment of existing industrial land uses for new industrial purposes, adequately buffer adjacent properties, preserve important open spaces, and preserve the Township's rural character as experienced from area roadway corridors. Objective: Prevent the premature conversion of land planned for future commercial use so as to ensure its long term viability for commercial use. Objective: Ensure that new commercial development does not adversely impact the normat use and enjoyment of adjoining land uses through appropriate buffering, setbacks, landscaping and other techniques, Objective: Ensure that new industrial land uses have adequate provisions for safe ingress and egress, sewage disposal, stormwater management, potable water, and other critical public health and welfare concerns. Objective: Ensure that commercial land uses have adequate provisions for safe Ingress and egress, sewage disposal, stormwater management, Intergovernmental Cooperation GOAL: Encourage uniform or compatible land use planning and zoning across municipal boundaries by coordinating efforts with the surrounding townships and the potable water, and other critical public health and welfare concerns. 3-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �City of Rockford, as well as with regional governmental units such as Kent County, Grand Rapids, and the Grand Valle-/ Metropolitan Council. Objective: Arrange for periodic joint meetings between Camon T ~ officials and officials from adjoining munq>alities to discuss amn Issues. Objective: Develop and maintain a regular, meaningful communication program whereby Cannon Township and all adjoining municipalities regularly convene to discuss public facilities and services needs, identify common needs, and investigate alternative strategies to address those needs in a mutually beneficiaJ manner. Objective: Provide adjoining municipalities with up-to-date copies of the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan and the Cannon Township Zoning Ordinance. Summarize key points of both documents that pertain to new development and land use along municipal boundaries. Objective: Develop and maintain a meaningful communication program with the school districts of Forest Hills, Rockford, and Lowell to discuss impacts of area land use and development upon the school districts including economic, capacity, and quality of education considerations. Objective: Coordinate proposed future plan and zoning changes with adjoining jurisdictions with mutual review and comment opportunities before changes are made on lands near the borders. Objective: Develop and maintain a meaningful communication program with the Kent County Road Commission, Kent County Public Health Department and other county agencies to discuss existing and proposed land use and land development projects within the Township in regard to the particular expertise and insights of each agency. GOAL: Enhance the feasibility, coordination, and effectiveness of providing public facilities and services through cooperation and sharing of costs with other municipalities. 3-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Chapter 4 FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY tives presented in Chapter 3 are the foundation for the principles on which the Future Land Use Plan is based, including: INTRODUCTION and PURPOSE The growth management program for _Cannon Township consists of coordinated planning and regulatory components. The principal planning components are embodied within the Comprehensive Plan's Future Land Use Strategy, as discussed in this chapter, and the Public Services Strategy described in the following chapter. The Future Land Use Strategy is a plan which identifies the desired pattern of land development throughout the Township through the establishment of land uses and densities for areas with common characteristics. The Future Land Use Strategy also establishes policies regarding the intended character of each land use area. The principal guidelines upon which new land uses can be introduced are specified. • Woodland preservation • Historic preservation • Protection of public health and safety • Conservation of natural resources • Environmental protection • Minimizing public service costs • Insuring compatibility between land uses • Lake and stream preservation. The Public Services Strategy in Chapter 5 specifies policies regarding future infrastructure improvements and decisions to assure future public services are coordinated with the planned future land use pattern in the Township, and that the goals and objectives of this Plan can be achieved. - The future land use pattern was established based upon an analysis of the Township's natural and cultural characteristics, community attitudes, the existing roadway network, soil conditions, existing and nearby public infrastructure, environmentally sensitive areas, neighboring municipal land use conditions, and other associated characteristics. These characteristics, both as individual elements and in a cumulative fashion , present opportunities and constraints toward land uses and land development in each area of the Township. These opportunities and constraints were evaluated within the context of the goals and objectives of Chapter 3 to arrive at a future land use pattern which responds to the principles noted above. The regulatory elements of Cannon Township's growth management program-those elements intended to implement the Comprehensive Plan, including the Future Land Use Strategy-will consist primarily of the regulatory ordinances of the Township including its Zoning Ordinance and Subdivision Regulations. The Township's Zoning Ordinance generally regulates the type, location, bulk, and intensity of land development throughout the Township. The Subdivision Regulations establish the standards under which land in the Township can be subdivided into multiple lots (a plat). Standards regarding street alignments, circulation, utility easements, emergency access, grading, and erosion control are addressed, among others. Other related ordinances and a capital improvement program, may, from time to time, be adopted or amended to further carry out this Plan. Township-Wide Land Use Pattern The text in this Chapter establishes the policies to guide future land use change so as to accomplish the desired geographic land use pattern illustrated in Map 4-1, the Future Land Use Map. The Future Land Use Strategy calls for a land use pattern in the Township characterized by low density residential development and a variety of open spaces including farmland, woodlands, and wetlands. The primary differences between the planned and current land use pattern are founded upon an increased concern for protection of the natural environment and those elements more synonymous with a rural community, retention of significant visual resources, and the provision for denser development in specific and limited areas of the Township. OVERVIEW OF FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY Basis The Future Land Use Plan establishes the planned future land use pattern throughout the Township for approximately 20 years. The goals and objec4-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �The Future Land Use Strategy calls for the establishment of four principal land use areas in the Township. The Conservation Area is intended to protect the most sensitive natural resources of the Township and those that present the greatest limitations to development. The Open Space Residential Area, which covers the vast majority of the Township, is intended to provide opportunities for residential development in association with significant areas of pennane·ntly protected open spaces. The Lakes Resldentlal Area identifies land use and development policies regarding future development and redevelopment along the Township's numerous lakes. The VIiiage Area identifies those community nodes intended to accommodate the highest densities and intensities of development within the Township and within which public services are, or will be, available to accommodate such development at the time the new intensive land uses become operational. The Village Areas are intended to be comparatively small scale urban community nodes, supportive of the overall character of the Township. intergovernmental coordination, continuity, and compatible land uses. The Future Land Use Strategy in this Plan proposes low to very low density residential and/or conservation (open space) uses along the entire periphery of the Township. This pattern of land use is very compatible with those existing and proposed patterns in neighboring communities. While the abutting land uses may not be identical in nature, their general character and impacts are closely related. Except for a small area at M-44 and Tiffany Avenue which is designated for industrial use, Grattan Township's 1989 Land Use Plan proposes agricultural land uses along the entire eastern boundary of Cannon Township. The area designated for industrial land uses abuts that area in Cannon Township where industrial land uses currently exist. The 1985 Ada Township Comprehensive Plan designates the vast majority of lands abutting the south boundary of Cannon Township as "Rural Preservation" and provides for agricultural land uses and very low density residential development. The limited areas along the southern boundary of Cannon Township which are not included in the Ada Township "Rural Preservation" area consist principally of park and recreation lands and floodplains. Relationship to Existing Land Use Pattern and Land Uses The Future Land Use Strategy calls for a future land use pattern which is generally similar to that which currently exists throughout the Township. The principal differences between the proposed and existing land use pattern are that the Future Land Use Strategy provides for a stronger open space and environmental resource protection program, recognizes the limited long term economic viability of farming in the Township, and consolidates nonresidential development within two Village areas and redevelopment in the existing commercial and industrial areas rather than in the emerging strip pattern along certain segments of M-44. Plainfield Township, to the west of Cannon Township, proposes numerous different land use designations along Cannon Township's western boundary in its 1988 Comprehensive Plan. The majority of Plainfield Township's eastern periphery along Cannon Township is designated for low density residential use, although there does exist a mile of shared boundary which Plainfield Township proposes for residential densities up to 6 dwelling units per acre. The limited area of the City of Rockford which abuts Cannon Township in its northwest comer is planned for office and high density residential use. Courtland Township, to the north of Cannon Township, was in the process of formulating a new Master Plan at the time the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared. Draft policies of Courtland Township, at the time the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared, proposed low density residential development along its southern boundaries, with the exception of a small neighborhood convenience center at the 1O Mile Road/Myers Lake Road intersection where there is an existing gasoline station/party store. A major emphasis of the Future Land Use Strategy is to limit the previous trend of continuous lot splits and dispersed development which has negatively impacted the rural quality of the Township and the efficiency of the roadway network (see "Trends and Conditions" discussion in Chapter 2). Relationship to Neighboring Mun lei pall ties The Future Land Use Strategy was based, in part, upon existing and proposed land use patterns in those municipalities sharing borders with Cannon Township. Such considerations were fundamental in the interest of 4-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY Privately owned lands within the Cannonsburg State Game Area are classified within the Conservation Area in order to preserve the wildlife and environmental integrity of this resource, and preserve the Game Area's long term viability. The Conservation Area is situated primarily in the south central region of the Township where the Cannonsburg State Game Area, and associated wetlands, are located. The Cannonsburg State Game area is administered by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources for the purpose of managing wildlife resources and providing public hunting recreation opportunities. Increasing residential development within the boundaries of the Game Area will decrease land for wildlife habitats, increase public satety concerns between hunting and residential land uses, and limit the area available for hunting due to expanding buffer zones between designated hunting areas and residences and boundary lines. If because of land use conflicts hunting no longer remains feasible in the Cannonsburg State Game Area, the area could be closed and the public lands sold. The Township would then lose a tremendous open space and wildlife habitat "Jewel" that is central to the ecology and biological diversity of the Bear Creek Watershed. Following is a review of the principal components of the Future Land Use Strategy. These components, collectively, forrrulate the planned future land use pattern in the Township and generally identify the future land use pattern by land use type and include policies regarding each land use type. Conservation Of Special Natural Resources Overview This Plan calls for the preservation of the Township's common and special natural resources. The common natural resources of the Township include its groundwater, its surface water and its air. While these resources should be used to benefit and sustain human activity and wildlife, they should not be so exploited as to reduce their long term availability, or contaminated so as to present health hazards to Township residents. Special natural resources of the Township include both those resources which are· partia.i larty sensitive to degradation from unsound land use and development activities, and those resources which present particularly extreme constraints to land development. Special natural resources include wetlands, floodplains, hydric soils, woodlands, hillsides, and state game areas. - The Conservation Area also includes the many wetlands and hydric soils along the eastern periphery of the Township, along Bear Creek, and the Grand River floodplain area. These areas should only be used for residential and recreation land uses. Development densities within the conservation areas should not exceed one dwelling unit per 5 acres of developable land. This would result in an average density of one dwelling unit per 5-20 acres. Whenever possible, alteration of the natural landscape and development of new roads and structures in these areas should be avoided. These common and special natural resources are scattered throughout all areas of the Township and provide important environmental benefits including habitats for wildlife, flood control, groundwater recharge and discharge, and surface water and air purification. In addition, they provide special opportunities for passive recreation and play a critical role in the Township's rural character so strongly desired to be retained by residents. In addition, lands abutting the Cannonsburg State Game Area, Townshed Park and the new County Park at Pickerel Lake should be carefully developed so as to provide a low intensity buffer area around these public lands. A conscious effort should also be made to retain existing trees and other vegetation as a greenbelt. These measures will help ensure the existing public investment in these lands is protected, that the quality of the resources is preserved, and that existing public uses, including hunting in the State Game Area, are maintained. The Future Land Use Strategy calls for the conservation of all of these natural resources through both designated conservation areas in the Township and through conservation policies linked to other geographic use areas. Conservation Area A Conservation Area is depicted on the Future Land Use Map (Figure 4-1). It includes those areas of the Township characterized by floodplains, wetlands, hydric soils, resource-based County park facilities, and all lands, both publlcly and privately owned, within the boundaries of the Cannonsburg State Game Area. Future land use decisions must recognize the significance of these resources to the Township. Any loss in the quantity or quality of these resources must be considered permanent and, as such, sound and practical land use and site development practices aimed at 4-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �preservation of these resources must prevail. In the alternative, and only when no other practical alternative exists, mitigation measures may be authorized where other public benefits of the land use are great enough. A principal consideration guiding residential development within the Township is the intention to allow for a variety of single family residential housing options, consistent with the character of the Township, in order to better address varying lifestyle preferences, economic considerations, and family orientation options including the elderly and young. Very few properties lie wholly within Conservation areas. In most cases there are significant amounts of upland, or other areas outside of the Conservation Areas. Development should occur on these portions of the property, rather than in Conservation Areas, where the option exists. Open Space Residential Area The Open Space Residential Area covers the vast majority of the Township and provides opportunities for residential development within an open space, rural character setting. An overall low, open spaced-based average development density of one dwelling unit per 2-5 acres will be encouraged throughout the vast majority of the Township due to the lack of extensive public sewer and water, and the generally poor soils for septics in much of the Township. Where open space zoning concepts are employed and large amounts of open space are protected through permanent deed restrictions or conservation easements, development density could increase, provided special zoning standards were met. These standards would focus on protecting the public from potential negative impacts associated with denser development. POLICY; Average development densities should not exceed one dwelling unit per 5 acres of developable land. Alteration of the natural landscape and development of new roads should be avoided. Land development in Conservation Areas should proceed only after receipt of appropriate Township and/or state or federal permits, and according to any mitigation measures required through the administration of federal, state, county or Township ordinances. Land uses requiring state and/or federal permits (especially for wetland or floodplain alterations) should not receive final Township approval until satisfactory evidence has been submitted verifying the acquisition of all other necessary permits. If the land can be reasonably used without alteration of the special natural resources (at densities otherwise permitted by local, state, or federal regulations) then it should be used in this manner. Anticipated average development densities (not necessarily minimum lot sizes) are expected to range from one dwelling unit per 2 to 5 acres, depending upon the particular conditions present and whether, in appropriate cases, the dwelling units (or lots) may be clustered. (See illustrations on next page). For example, where there are extensive woodlands, wetlands, steep slopes and other sensitive environmental features, a development density in the lower range per acre would be suggested . However, with proper site design to protect open space, and clustering of units on the areas without steep slopes, a higher range density could be appropriate. A special emphasis on site design should be placed on development along main roads and especially along M-44 in order to better preserve the rural attributes of this heavily traveled corridor. Residential Development Overview Residential development will continue to be the predominant developed land use throughout the Township. Permitted density of future residential development as established in the zoning ordinance, will be based upon the natural limitations and suitability of - the soils in the area for residential development (as represented by an applicant obtaining the necessary permits from the County Health Department), preservation of special natural resources, preservation of important open spaces, the compatibility with adjacent land uses, and the availability of adequate support services including, but not limited to: safe and convenient access, healthy water and septic waste disposal, and sufficient police and fire protection. The lack of public sewer in most of the Township dictates a low density residential development pattern. That extensive areas of the Township have severe limitations for septic disposal where development occurs on small lots, according to the Kent County Soil Conservation Service, further suggests such a development pattern. The Open Space Residential Area includes those lands in the Township currently being farmed. This Plan recognizes that farming plays an important role in the history and character of Cannon Township. It also recognizes that farming, as an industry, is a particularly difficult challenge in Cannon Township due to the limited extent of prime agricultural soils and the lack of extensive contiguous expanses of those prime soils which do exist. 4-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Average Density This Comprehensive Plan utilizes the concept of •average density• in the description of future land use patterns and intensity of development. It is a concept establishing a target density for large areas. It is not a regulatory threshold to be applied on a lot by lot basis. Development density at the parcel level is established by the Zoning Ordinance. Average density refers to the overall density of development within a geographic area, such as that area in a community which may be planned for •1ow density residentiar development. Average density is established by dividing the total acreage within the specified area by the number of dwelling units planned for the same area. Because this Plan is intended to examine land use impacts on a general scale and address broad land use policies, the Plan treats development densities in the same manner, and not on a minimum lot size basis. Within the text of this Plan, references to a particular •average density• of development, such as on an average of one dwelling unit per 1O acres, means the density that results by dividing the total acreage of the large area (including many lots) by the number of dwelling units planned for that area--it does not mean a uniform minimum zoning lot size of 1O acres. Many zoning districts may cover the area in question, each with their own density standard. The sum of the permitted dwelling units by zone should generally correspond to the average density targeted in this Plan. That is how the targeted average densities will be achieved. Development density on a parcel by parcel basis is then to be established in the Township's Zoning Ordinance. The illustrations below show the application of the average density concept to a square mile of land. Though both patterns of development vary significantly, including their respective lot sizes, the same number of dwelling units exist in each, thereby resulting in the same average density. Many different zoning patterns could give this result, as illustrated. 40 QCrH --- -- ,'~ L-----------~ s OCt. . 40 acres 40 acres 40 oc,es 40 acres ... . .. . .... .. ...___ ,,,,,,\ .. . .. ... .... ... ... .. . ... . .. . .. .. . ... . .. . .. .... .-. . .... . . .. 10 OCtft ' ' ' ' ' ' - SOClet r - - ~ - 1 0 unil apollfflenl bulldlnQ on 2 ocres OS 5 -4 4-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ;?., UM CondOminU'n devetopment on 00 ocres �This Plan encourages the continuation of all current farming activities irrespective of their location as long as it is economically viable to do so, adequate public services for higher density development are not available, and especially where the land is characterized by prime agricultural soils. All typical farming activities , including the raising of crops and use of stables, silos, and barns, but excluding intensive livestock activities, would be recognized as legitimate land uses provided that they met Department of Agriculture requirements as ''generally accepted agricultural and management practices." Livestock operations of such intensity that the extent of animal waste and odors presents excessive impacts upon adjacent and area land uses and resource systems are not consistent with the current or future residential character of the Township. permitted gross zoning density is one lot per 2 acres) and to make each lot smaller in size, clustered into three to five groups to take advantage of the natural characteristics of the site. This will result in conversion of only 20 to 40 acres, thereby leaving 40 to 60 acres available for agricultural or other nondevelopmental open space use. In some situations, it may be desirable to require development via open space or cluster zoning (such as property exclusively in sensitive environmental areas), but in most cases this would be a voluntary option. The following guidelines are a framework for a new set of subdivision and site development (zoning) regulations for rural clustering for all of the land in the Open Space Residential Area. The intent of this Plan is that the conversion of farmland to residential use occur in a manner which: 1) consumes only portions of the farmland area necessary to accommodate new residential development; 2) provides for the continuance of adjacent farming activities; and 3) maintains a strong pattern of open space previously associated with current farmlands. 1) Disturbing areas adjacent to floodplains, stream buffer areas or wetlands. 2) Developing on steep slopes. 3) Building on hilltops and ridges when development will be highly visible. 4) Placing numerous houses with access drives along local and primary county roads or local collector roads. Open Space or Rural Cluster Zoning Guiding future residential development in an appropriate manner is the primary challenge of successful implementation of the Plan. The strategy proposed is the addition of a new option to both the Township's Zoning Ordinance and Subdivision Ordinance to permit and encourage carefully designed small open space developments to be established anywhere in the residential areas of the Township according to standards established in each ordinance. This will allow the creation of small lots (or alternatively, if done under the Condominium Act, to site new residential - structures) in a cluster, or series of small clusters, leaving the bulk of the property in permanent open space (achieved through a permanent deed restriction) . Careful regulation of development will ensure that the open spaces and other desirable features of the Township are retained. 5) Backing houses directly or visibly onto local and primary county roads or local collector roads. 6) Destroying existing tree stands or hedgerows, especially along rights-of-way and between housing and active agricultural areas. Reguice 1) Substantial buffering and screening for development near all public right-of-way on collectors and arterials. 2) Preservation or enhancement hedgerows and wooded areas. of existing 3) Appropriate setbacks and/or buffering between housing and existing or proposed active agricultural areas. This option would permit, for example, a landowner to create 40 lots from an 80 acre parcel (if the 4-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Protection and Use of Open Space Created by Clustering Use of open space zoning or cluster zoning in Cannon Township offers a very good opportunity for accommodating residential development while simultaneously preserving the quality of the environment, the natural features of the rural landscape and working agricultural land. However, when an open space zoning development is completed and its permitted density has been exhausted, there remains the question of how best to ensure that the remaining open land is permanently and viably preserved. When clustered lots are recorded, the remaining parcel would be identified on the plat or recorded with the County Register of Deeds as limited to agricultural, recreationaJ or related use. Covenants detailing restrictions on the clustered lots and the remainder could also be recorded at the same time. However, these remainders, permanently stripped of any future development rights, may not legally be the equivalent of the "open space" defined in the Zoning and Subdivision Regulation, although some of their purposes-most notably environmental and landscape protection-may be similar. · 1) The open space created by rural clustering will, in almost all cases, remain private property, whereas "open space" created by subdivision of a parcel is usually dedicated to the public or a homeowner's association and becomes a public responsibility. 2) The size of the open space created by rural clustering will result from application of performance standards to be Included in the zoning ordinance. · 3) The permanent stripping of development rights on the remainders created.by rural clustering means they can never be used for additlonal housing. Such land can be actively famied, used for woodlots, nurseries, pasture, or other uses related to farmland, or it may be used for certain recreation uses described in the Zoning Ordinance. These remainders must be recorded as lots or common lands whose uses do not include future homes, stores, offices, or other buildings unrelated to the principal use of the designated open space. 4) Remainders which meet the qualifications for such programs could be donated to an Agricultural Land Preservation Program, a local Environmental Trust, Historic Trust, or other custodians of environmental and landscape resources. The remainders would then be subject to the restrictions of these programs, giving them an even stronger degree of protection than exists me.rely by the absence of development rights. 5) In some cases the Township might wish to acquire the remainder as part of a public park, greenway or greenbelt. However, the Township is under no obligation to accept as dedicated open space any of the remainders created by rural clustering. Indeed, it is the Township's preference to see these remainders stay privately owned and managed in ways consistent with agricultural preservation and environmental purposes that are the prime reasons for encouraging clustering. 6) Remainders to be designated for local recreation or common green space can be entrusted to the responsibility of a homeowner's association. · 7) Unlike public open space which becomes a permanent responsibility of government agencies, the re- mainders created by rural clustering can be rented, leased or transferred to new owners, but such leases, rentals or sales cannot restore any _development rights. 4-7 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �4) Safe location and design of common sanitary systems and storm water management structures that do not create nuisances. 5) Homeowner-managed recreation areas and common spaces within larger clusters. 6) Covenants or easements to permanently protect the undeveloped open space areas that remain after clustering is accomplished. land uses could be equally threatening, especially if surface runoff from adjacent areas is laden with pesticides, fertilizers, oils, and other polluting impurities. Reduced development densities are recommended along the lake shore areas as redevelopment occurs to better assure adequate on-site sewage disposal, minimize overuse of and safety hazards on the water, and to limit the disturbance of important aesthetic and ecological landscape elements. The present character of the land surrounding Cannon Township's inland lakes is nearly wholly residential. The Plan encourages the continuation of these uses but in a manner which more effectively recognizes the sensitive environmental qualities embodied in these resources. The Plan provides for future residential development along the remaining undeveloped portions of the Township's inland lakes at average densities not exceeding one dwelling unit per 1/2 acre. Such densities are more compatible with both abutting nonlakefront lands and the sensitive water resources than the development densities of existing lakefront lots. Most of these undeveloped lands are low, in or adjacent to wetlands, or otherwise sensitive to development and not suited for the higher density of existing lakefront lots. The Plan recognizes the higher density of many lots around the Township's inland lakes. It is the intent of the Plan to encourage lower density lakefront development where either: 1) currently vacant land is developed for residential purposes; or 2) existing developed land undergoes redevelopment, such as where several contiguous, developed , lots are purchased and razed, and a new structure constructed. POLICIES: Residential development should be limited by appropriate zoning to an average density of one dwelling unit per 2-5 acres with the variation based upon the extent that special conditions may prevail and the quality of the open space character of the site plan. For example, on flatter, well drained, "perkable" land, development density would not exceed 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres "by right. • Actual permitted lot size would be established in the zoning ordinance based on the presence or lack of sewers, type of road access, number of lots, amount of open space, and related factors. Residential development should not occur on a strip basis and should be appropriately sited, landscaped, and setback from all roadways. Opportunities and incentives should be provided within Township ordinances to encourage residential development according to the open space/cluster ~?nin_g principles discussed in this Plan and as specified m the zoning ordinance. Minimum lot sizes should be adequate to accommodate septic systems (where sewer is not available) as required by the Kent County Public Heafth Department. Residential development within the Open Space Residential Area, should be based upon ordinance provisions which limit the fragmentation of open spaces and Township-wide natural resource systems. The Plan encourages the renovation and/or redevelopment of those lakef rent residential areas which are characterized by deteriorating conditions of both a visual and/or structural nature. These conditions do not support the intended character of the Township, threaten the public health, safety, and welfare, and negatively impact the use, enjoyment and value of surrounding development. Redevelopment of these _acres should be particularly sensitive to the preservation of open spaces, provision of a "naturalized" shoreline, and compatible architectural styles. Wetlands and sensitive natural areas adjacent to the inland lakes should be maintained as part of the natural lake ecosystem. This Plan does not recognize commercial or industrial land uses in excess of those already present as being compatible uses along the shores of the lakes of Cannon Township. Inland Lakes Area Inland lakes in Cannon Township are both natural resources and sensitive areas which present particular challenges in regard to adjacent land use management. Lakes, to a large extent, act as magnets for a variety of land uses, most particularly residential. These highly attractive resources and their aesthetic, environmental, and recreational values are sensitive to degradation through shoreline erosion, septic field leaching, sediment discharge, and excess use of surface waters by water craft. Most of the lakes in the Township are already intensely developed and the carrying capacity of the lakes for safe surface water use and a nondegraded water quality are at risk if the remaining undeveloped adjacent shoreline areas a~e over developed. However, residential development 1s not the only threat to these lakes as both agricultural activities and more intensive commercial or industrial Keyhole , or funnel development, should not be permitted. Keyhole development is the use of a waterfront lot as common open space for waterfront access 4-8 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENS IVE PLAN �for dwelling units located away from the waterfront. This results in potentially greater lake use than would "normally" occur if the lot were used for its intended use, such as a single family residence. As surface water use increases, so does the potential for shore erosion from speedboats and water-skiers, loss in property values, oil and gas spillage from powerboats, increased noise, conflicts between lake users (sailboats, fisherman, swimmers, etc.), and increased lake maintenance costs. Such threats become that much greater when keyholing occurs with the digging of canals to increase lake frontage access to back lot residences. This form of development should be prohibited in the interest of preserving the water quality of the Township's lakes, protecting the public health, safety, and welfare, and preserving the lake and shoreline character of the Inland Lakes Area. goals and objectives within the Plan, as well as this location does. This area presents a very significant opportunity for quality development. A mixture of residential and limited neighborhood commercial development linked to the public land owned by the Township should be carefully planned. There is an exciting potential for this Village Area to evolve as the community services center of the Township and serve as the focal area for Township public services. Properly done, the Township could have a village center which helped give a clearer identity to the unique area known as Cannon Township. The Cannonsburg Village Area is also proposed to accommodate increased residential development and a small amount of commercial development. However, a greater emphasis will be placed on redevelopment and/or historic rehabilitation rather than the expansion of this existing community node. Expansion of the current limits of the urbanized area of Cannonsburg for residential land uses is not suggested over the next 20 years due to the lack of public sewer and water and the extensive special natural resources surrounding this area, including the Cannonsburg State Game Area and the Townsend Park Facility. Without existing public sewer or water, this node is limited as to the development densities that can be adequately accommodated. Redevelopment densities will be limited to the opportunities presented by area soils for septic systems. Still, the Cannonsburg Village area has established itself, historically, as an important community center, has evolved into a small urban node, and is provided access by three primary county roads. This Plan suggests the continuation of the role this area has adopted and the preservation of its unique historic character. POLICIES: New development and redevelopment along the Township's inland lakes should only be permitted according to development standards which address, at a minimum, consideration of a potable water supply, safe disposal of septage, water and land carrying capacities, water quality protection, preservation of open space, minimal additional intrusion upon the natural environment, and the provision of adequate public access where applicable. Village Area The Future Land Use Strategy establishes two Village Areas to accommodate residential development at average densities greater than those recommended elsewhere in the Township. Though the maximum average density of development within the Village Areas is anticipated not to exceed four dwelling units per acre, maximum net densities permitted will be based upon the adequacy of roads, sewers, water, stormwater, police and fire services. The portion of the Township surrounding Rockford is characterized by higher density residential development. It is the explicit intent of the Plan that this area not become an avenue for the continuous expansion of urbanization from the City of Rockford into the more interior areas of the Township, nor that it be used as a vehicle for annexing Township lands. The locations established for future residential development within the Village Area context include: the area in the vicinity of M-44 and Myers Lake Avenue, and the Cannonsburg community. M-44, a state highway, and Myers Lake Avenue, a county primary road, provides the transportation element necessary to support this higher intensity of residential development and associated emergency services needs. The relative appropriateness of this location for the Village Area is further supported by the current availability of public sewer, limited existence of significant special natural resources, predominance of accommodating soils, and the existence of both higher intensity development in the immediate vicinity and large tracts of undeveloped land. No other location within the Township supports this intensity of development, and the POLICIES: Residential development in village areas should be limited, by appropriate zoning, to an average density not more than 4 dwelling units/acre, provided the public facilities present, are adequate to accommodate the increased public service demands from new development or redevelopment. Specific needs to be considered should be sewer, water, road infrastructure, and emergency services. Paved roads must be present and private, on-site, ''package" sewer 4-9 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �systems are not an acceptable substitute for public sewer if public sewer is accessible. Residential development within the Village Areas should recognize the current rural-like character of the Township and complement this character through building scale, materials, and style. Buildings and support facilities should be sited and designed to provide a village atmosphere which balances the denser development pattern with a sense of community, human scale, and the rural roots upon which it has evolved. Residential development in the Cannonsburg Village Area should be sensitive to the historic character and elements of the community. New development and land uses should recognize and respond to the particularly extensive natural resources in the area and the physical constraints and opportunities they present. Similarly, new residential development should not interfere with, nor be negatively impacted by, nonresidential activities and patterns in the area. Residential development in the Myers Lake Avenue/M-44 Village Area should recognize the traffic patterns in the area and the high visibility profile associated with traffic flows along M-44 and not exacerbate existing traffic movements. Residential development in the Rockford Village should be compatible with both the City of Rockford's small town character and the more nearby rural areas of the Township. Table 4-1 AVERAGE DENSITIES BY USE AREA AVERAGE DENSITY* USE AREA 1 unit/5-20 acres Conservation 1 unit/2-5 acres Ooen Soace Residential Lakes Residential 1 unit/1/2 acre M-44/Myers Lake Village 4 units/1 acre Area 3 units/1 acre Cannonsburg Village Area • Minimum lot size is established in the Zoning Ordinance and could be substantially less than this average density (see sidebar on page 4-5). COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT The residents of Cannon Township have clearly voiced their general satisfaction with the limited extent of commercial and industrial facilities within the community and do not care to see indiscriminate expansion. The Village Areas, at the intersection of M-44 and Myers Lake Avenue, and the Cannonsburg commu- nity, are the only areas within which new commercial land uses are encouraged. There are no areas well suited for new industrial development and no areas are proposed . There is only one all-weather highway (M-44). and any industrial development would involve routing heavy trucks across the entire Township, increase the already high congestion level along M-44, and interfere with the intended rural-like character of the M-44 corridor. As discussed previously under "Residential Development," the M-44/Myers Lake Avenue node, and support services available in this location, supports the intensity of development characterized by commercial land uses. The Cannonsburg Village Area is not characterized by the infrastructure and services available to currently support extensive commercial development. This area has evolved within a village environment and establishes a foundation upon which future commercial land uses may be established, provided adequate on-site potable water and sewage disposal facilities are presented. These nonresidential land uses will co-exist with permitted residential development proposed for these Village Areas as well. In addition, new businesses will have to provide for an improved level of stormwater management. Measures should be implemented to address the increased quantity and rate of runoff and its impacts upon area flooding and degradation of the natural environment. Site development must also recognize and respect sensitive environmental areas and impacts on groundwater through measures designed to minimize impacts on these resources. The commercial development within these Village Areas is intended to be of a convenience and neighborhood services character. The symbols on Figure 41 denoting the Village Areas are intended to identify the general areas where nodes would develop, but are not necessarily tied to the exact spot upon which the symbols fall. Nor are they necessarily of the size or shape that may occur. This Plan does not foresee the need for these combined Village Areas to include more than 100,000 square feet of new commercial leasable area within the time frame of this Plan. This Plan calls for the Township's new commercial development to occur within these Village Areas. The Plan does, however, recognize that commercial development has occurred in other areas of the Township, most particularly along M-44 in the Bostwick Lake area, and discourages continuation of this pattern of strip development. While the Plan discourages this pattern of development, it recognizes the significance of this activity center within the Township both for its historic flavor and the resources in- 4-10 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �vested in many of the commercial establishments. The Future Land Use Strategy supports the continuation of the existing Bostwick Lake area businesses. The Future Land Use Strategy does not support the expansion of exisiting strip commercial development on M-44. The long term continuation of these uses in their particular locations support the undesirable pattern of, and potential expansion of, strip development, as well as jeopardize the function and safety of M-44. POLICY: New commercial development should be permitted only in the identified Village Areas, and the limited existing commercial area just north of M-44 along Bostwick Lake, and where the following conditions exist: 1) there are adequate public services; 2) roads are paved: 3) access is regulated and designed to prevent traffic hazards; and 4) stormwater runoff is adequately controlled as to quantity and quality. Furthermore, it should be linked to public sewer and water where available. Private utility systems may be constructed if they meet all Township, county, state, and federal requirements; can be linked to a future public utility system; and their location does not conflict with the Public Services Strategy as presented in Chapter 5. No commercial development should occur except in commercially zoned districts unless it qualifies as a special land use and meets all requirements therefor in the zoning ordinance. Commercial development within the Village Areas should recognize the current rural-like character of the Township and complement this character through building scale, materials, and style. Buildings and support facilities should be sited and designed to provide a village atmosphere. Critical considerations in this regard should include limiting the height and bulk of buildings, encouraging traditional architectural styles, siting parking facilities - behind (possibly to the side of) building facilities, provision of strong pedestrian amenities and circulation pattern, provision of open spaces or "village squares," and similar fundamental ''village" components. All new commercial development should be designed so as to preserve open space and minimize intrusion upon the natural landscape. It is not the intent of this Plan to increase the commercial area of the Village of Cannonsburg. All industrial development must be sited in an industrially zoned district unless permitted as a designated special land use in another zone in the zoning ordinance (this may be a desired way to regulate future changes to existing nonconforming industrial uses). Public services and roads must be adequate to meet service demands before any existing industrial area could be expanded. New industrial uses must be designed so as to preserve open space and minimize intrusion upon the natural landscape. It is the intent of this plan that no new industrial areas be created beyond those already in use and appropriately zoned. PUBLIC LANDS Acquisition and development of lands for public use is typically a function of the extent to which a community provides its own public services. The provision of public services is dependent upon the availability of land resources from which the services originate, are maintained, and administered. The absence of extensive public services provided by the Towns hip including public sewer (provided by Kent County) and water, minimizes the need for Township-owned land. At present, public lands administered by the Township are limited to three cemeteries, two fire stations, the Cannon Towns hip Center and Historical Society Museum. Except for recreational needs which will be discussed below, this current and limited Township-owned land appears reasonable and adequate at this time. However, this need may change as the Towns hip grows. The Towns hip recognizes that purchase of public lands can involve high acquisition costs, impacts upon adjacent land uses, and public welfare issues associated with providing selected services and infrastructure on a site. POLICIES: The Township should only acquire and develop public lands where the proposed acquisition or development meets the following circumstances: 1) addresses the maintenance or enhancement of the public heahh, safety, and welfare; 2) is based upon the analysis of current and projected conditions and the resulting implications upon the quality of life and welfare of the Township; 3) the site characteristics accommodate the proposed public use; 4) the use will not unreasonably impact adjacent land uses and waters; and 5) measures are taken to minimize negative impacts upon adjacent land uses and waters. RECREATION LANDS Recreational lands in Cannon Towns hip are presently limited to several private facilities including ski areas and a goH course, the Cannonsburg State Game Area, and Townsend Park and Frederick Meijer Pickerel Lake Park, two county facilities. The small and scattered population of the Township creates difficulties for most private recreation facilities from a marketing standpoint, particularly when opportunities may be more promising in the more central areas of the Grand Rapids Metro Area. Local schools provide additional recreation facilities though they are not always as accessible to the public on a day-to-day basis during the school year. 4-11 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �At the present time the Township does not operate any park or recreation facilities. As the Township and the Grand Rapids Metro Area continues to grow, the demand for recreation opportunities can be expected to grow as well. Such a scenario could have a direct impact upon Cannon Towns hip which is rich in untapped outdoor recreation resources. 1) Assure that the design, construction, operation and maintenance of land uses are in a manner harmonious with the character of adjacent property and the surrounding area. 2) Avoid inappropriate changes to the essential character of the surrounding area. 3) Avoid interference with the general enjoyment of adjacent property. While Cannon Township fully supports the value of having recreation opportunities within the community including the importance of individual and family quality leisure time and community image, the Township also recognizes land used for recreational purposes can impact adjacent and area-wide land uses as significantly (and in some cases more so) as other land uses. As a result, new public or private recreational land uses must be designed and operated so as to minimize negative impacts. 4) Improve the use or character of the property under consideration and the surrounding area in general, yet also be in keeping with the natural environment of the site. 5) Avoid negative impacts upon adjacent property or conditions which will be detrimental to the health, safety, or welfare of persons or property through the excessive production of traffic, noise, smoke, odor, fumes or glare. POLICIES: Cannon Township should strive to provide for increased recreational facilities, as funds may be available, through independent actions and/or through cooperation with the private sector, and adjoining municipalities, where new facilities are compatible with area land uses and the proposed facility is compatible with the natural site characteristics. 6) Assure availability of adequate essential public facilities and services, or evidence that the person responsible for the proposed special land use shall be able to continually provide adequately for the services and facilities deemed essential to the special land use under consideration. 7) Avoid demands on public services and facilities in excess of current capacity. SPECIAL LAND USES There are a growing number of land uses which, though they may be largely residential, commercial, or industrial in character, present unique or special circumstances in regard to land use management. These are typically regulated as special land uses in the zoning ordinance. Special land uses are uses which have characteristics which make them inappropriate in one or more zoning districts without being scrutinized through a review process according to standards to protect the integrity of permitted and adjacent land uses. These unique or special circumstances may be a result of traffic, noise, or visual or operational characteristics, which if unmitigated could result in significant public or private nuisance. Special land uses may include (but are not limited to) such land uses as day care facilities, junkyards, airports, gravel pits, or mobile home parks. Special land uses should be permitted in appropriate locations pursuant to specific standards and review procedures established in the zoning ordinance. Approval should not be indiscriminant and conditions should be imposed to minimize impacts on surrounding lands. These standards should help to accomplish the following: 8) Assure consistency with the intent and purpose of the Comprehensive Plan and Zoning Ordinance. POLICY: Special land uses in Cannon Township should be permitted only as provided for in the appropriate provisions of the zoning ordinance and pursuant to both general standards (like those above) and specific standards unique to that land use. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS The Future Land Use Strategy described up to this point establishes policies regarding the planned location of land uses throughout the Township within the planning period of this Plan, and policies regarding conditions upon which site development should occur in support of the proposed future land use pattern. There are, however, several critical considerations, as part of the Future Land Use Strategy, which are not specific to particular land uses but rather to particular areas of the Towns hip: the M-44/Cannonsburg Road corridors, the Bear Creek Watershed, and pedestrian/bicycle linkages. M-44 and Cannonsburg Road Corridors M-44 and Cannonsburg Road are fundamental elements of the Cannon Township fabric. Their signifi- 4-12 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �cance within the Township is inescapable for four reasons: 1) these transportation corridors are the most heavily traveled roadways within the Township; 2) these corridors will continue to be the most traveled corridors in the Township throughout the time frame of this Plan and most likely well beyond; 3) these corridors, and the landscapes through which they pass, formulate the principal visual image of the Township among Township visitors and nonresident travelers; and 4) the vast majority of residents of the Township use one or both of these corridors on a regular basis. Because of both the critical functional and visual role these corridors play within the Township, the preservation of their rural and scenic qualities is paramount to successful implementation of the Future Land Use Strategy. Future growth and development within the Township must be guided by measures which will assure the efficient movement of traffic in a safe manner. An increase in the number of access points along these corridors, both for individual property access and for intersecting roads, will result in a corresponding increase in the potential for congestion and traffic hazards and interfere with the intended function of these corridors-the safe and efficient movement of traffic between population centers. It would also undermine the significant existing public investment in these roads. Limiting direct access upon these corridors, spacing access points at appropriate distances, and providing acceleration and deceleration lanes will be necessary to insure the functional integrity of these corridors as new land uses are established along these corridors. Similarly, future growth and development within the Township must be guided by measures which will preserve, if not enhance, the landscape's visual quality along - these corridors. To the extent that a sense of rural character is to prevail throughout the Township, it is, in large part, derived from the sense of rural character experienced when traveling along these principal corridors. The transformation of these existing "rural" corridors to urban corridors as a result of a lack of safeguard measures would impact the character of the Township well beyond that which is visible from these roads. Assuring that development along these corridors, to the extent that it may occur, is appropriately set back from the roadway and screened from view, is essential if the present character of these corridors is to be preserved. priate spacing between access points is assured, acceleration and deceleration lanes are provided, structures and parking facilities are screened from view, structures and parking facilities are set back an adequate distance to preserve and enhance the current character of these corridors, and the existing natural landscape along these co"idors is preserved. Bear Creek Watershed Cannon Township is committed to the preservation and enhancement of the integrity of Bear Creek and its associated watershed. As discussed in Chapter 2, the Bear Creek valley is one of the most dramatic features in Cannon Township. The valley embodies all of the special natural resources which capture the rural character of the Township including woodlands, wetlands, streams, hillsides, open spaces and scenic panoramic views. Development within the watershed has the potential to dramatically change the character and appearance of the watershed, including the water quality of Bear Creek and the rolling hillsides which frame this watercourse. Improper development practices can lead to the erosion of hillsides and the deposition of sedimentation into Bear Creek. Increased stormwater runoff can lead to flood conditions and the alteration and degradation of existing ecosystems. Improperly functioning septic fields within the watershed and the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides by new residential and nonresidential uses presents additional serious threats. Degradation of the watershed and Bear Creek is not limited to the effects on new "development" only. Agricultural activities within the watershed pose equally devastating threats as nutrient loading through fertilizers and livestock production can greatly impact the Creek's water quality, as can the use of agricultural pesticides. The value of the Bear Creek Watershed resource to the current and future residents and visitors of the Township is matched only by the Township's unique opportunity to protect the future water quality of the watershed and the ecosystems which exist throughout the valley. The majority of the Bear Creek Watershed area is within the boundaries of Cannon Township and, as such, provides the Township with the means to aggressively protect the future integrity of its components. POLICIES: New development and redevelopment along M-44 and Cannonsburg Road should only be permitted according to development standards which address, at a minimum, conditions whereby direct access onto these roads is limited and controlled, appro- POLICIES: All development within the Bear Creek Watershed, including new residential and nonresidential development and redevelopment, should be permitted only when a proposed project, at a minimum, clearly establishes measures which will: 1) greatly 4-13 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �minimize erosion of the soils on-site both during and after construction; 2) prohibit increased sedimentation into Bear Creek and its tributaries; 3) preserve or enhance the vegetative cover on the site in accord with the dominant character of the watershed; 4) prohibit any increase in flood potential within the watershed, 5) prohibit changes in hydrological characteristics of the watershed's water courses; 6) prohibit the introduction of fertilizers and pesticides which, due to management practices, would be expected to have a significant, or cumulatively significant, negative impact upon the watershed; 7) preserve the natural vegetative cover along all drainage courses, including permanent and intermittent streams; and 8) prevent any thermal pollution of the creek. Also, the Township should develop regulatory programs to assure the necessary special review of proposed projects in the Bear Creek watershed. Linkages Pedestrian and bicycle linkages within and between residential neighborhoods, activity centers, and recreation facilities are important in fostering a unified community fabric and an atmosphere of cohesiveness and vitality. This is particularly true within Cannon Township where community facilities and population centers are not already situated in a compact fashion. New development within the Township should incorporate pedestrian and bicycle linkages between related land uses in the interest of convenience, enjoyment, energy conservation, and unification of dispersed land uses. These linkages should originate from residential neighborhoods and extend to existing and future recreational facilities as well as to commercial and community services centers. The Kent County Parks and Recreation department is planning to create a linkage between Townsend Park and its new Pickerel Lake facility. Strong consideration should be given to extending this linkage further north to M-44 and the Bostwick Lake area in light of the importance of the Ml-44 corridor and the M-44/Bostwick lake activity area. POLICY: The approval of all new land uses shall be based in part on the provision for pedestrian and bicycle linkages from and to adjacent and area-wide land uses to facilitate convenient and practical access. In addition, the Township will work with other public and private entities to provide other linkages as the opportunities present themselves. 4-14 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �~~@~ lJ@W~0fX1DfP Kent County, Michigan 6 uu .-r. Figure 4-1 FUTURE LAND USE 0 Conservation ~ Lakes Residential Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. -• Village (Black clrcle1 show / gene,ollzed areas and not fixed boundorle.,) Bear Creek Watershed Boundary Open Space Residential SCALE February, 1994 302 South Wavertv Road 1:55,096 1 Inch • 4590 feet Lanalng. Michigan �Chapter 5 PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE individual public services components in response to existing conditions and anticipated needs. The Future Land Use Strategy discussed in Chapter 4 describes the desired pattern of land development throughout the Township through the establishment of land uses and densities for areas with common characteristics. The Public Services Strategy described in this Chapter identifies the manner and degree to which public infrastructure and services are to be provided within the Township to support the planned future land use pattern. Public services and related infrastructure include sewage disposal and potable water, roads and highways, police and fire protection, recreation, and general government services. Township-Wide Public Services Pattern The Public Services Strategy calls for a future public services pattern not very different than the current pattern in the Township. The vast majority of the Township is proposed to receive limited expansion of those services currently available. The extensive paved roadway network will continue to be the most developed and township-wide public service (though principally operated and administered by the County Road Commission). The Cannonsburg Village Area and the Myers Lake Avenue/M-44 Village Area will be the general focus of future public service improvements, although the entire M-44 corridor will receive future improvements as may be necessary to assure a continued level of service adequate for a state highway. As the character and feasibility of land development is directly impacted by the extent to which urban or public services are available, the Public Services Strategy works hand-in-hand with the Future Land Use Strategy and is a critical element of the Township's growth management program. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY Following is a review of the principal components of the Public Services Strategy. These components, include both policies regarding services by geographic area and policies which address particular public services. Collectively, they formulate the manner by which, and conditions upon which, future improvements should be made regarding public services. Basis The Public Services Strategy is based on the principle of new development occurring concurrent with or after the public services necessary to serve it are in place. It is the specific intent of the Public Services Strategy to minimize the opportunities for urban sprawl and the leapfrogging of more intensive urban _ development into the areas of the Township planned for less intensive land uses. Service Areas The Public Services Strategy identifies the future limits of urban services, and associated urban development, within the Township at least until 2010. The Township is divided into three service areas, as illustrated on Map 5-1. Each service area prescribes a particular intended level of public services available to land uses within the area. These service areas have the following characteristics: The Public Services Strategy consists of two policy levels. One set of policies identifies, by geographic areas, the relative level of planned new or expanded services. To this end, the Public Services Strategy is based upon the intended future land use pattern in the Township. The expansion or introduction of public services is given greatest priority in those areas of the Township where the intended future land uses are to be of such intensities or densities that the availability of adequate public services is particularly crucial. Three levels of public services are established: 1) primary utility service area; 2) a future utility services area; and 3) a rural services area. 1) The Rural Services Area includes those areas characterized by a lack of public capital facilities (public sewer, water, etc.), which are planned for low density development that doesn't need these public services, and are intended to remain as such. In addition, they provide opportunities for rural and semi-rural living. The Rural Services Area covers the vast majority of the Township. The second level of policies addresses future decisions regarding improvements to the Township's 5-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• ~~~ lJ@X'fiYJ~[}[] [P Kent County, Michigan 0 6 5 t<C • 4 ST. --c;;. 3 2 0 12 . 18 17 ! 13 16 0 0 <> I + ~u ~½ I\, ~ + ! ii ~ 0 2!CE .... • 24 0 .. -- . · 25 28 29 .30 # 0 ,· 0 0 + 0 ......c "°· t ~ ~ i VI 1; .31 32 ~ t) 33 ~ i 34 i ~ ... ~ N). Paved roads, public seNer. (possibly public water) are generally available or planned in the next five years. Mostly paved roads. possibly a 'package" or plamed by 2010. Planning & Zoning Center. Inc. sewer or water system. may be available Primarily paved country roads. no public sewer or water. Rural Services Area: -- ~ N ~ SCALE 1:55,096 Septemoor. 1993 302 South ~ . , t o ( Rood !ii Figure 5-1 Utility Service Area Future Utlllt~ Services Area: ~ ! TSN,R10 Primary UtUlty Service Area: 36 ~ 35 -- llnc:h•Mi90fMt l.onalng. Michigan �2) The Future Utility Services Area is a transitional area intended to accommodate only a small degree of urban growth and, as such, does not require extensive public capital facilities, and those that are required will be provided as the Township has the ability to do so and as a need for higher density development in this area is evident. The degree of urban growth anticipated within the Future Utility Services Area is not expected to exceed development densities of three dwelling units per acre. As such, development within this Area would not be contingent on the provision of both public sewer and water, although public sewer or a "package" treatment system would most likely be necessary. The Future Utility Services Area is planned to apply only to the area around Cannonsburg. boundary, and might otherwise be considered east of Ramsdell Drive along M-44 to the Township's eastern boundary, the Future Public Services Strategy discourages the extension of the Primary Utility Service Area to the Township boundaries. An intent of the Future Land Use Strategy is to preserve and enhance the rural aspects of the M-44 corridor. As primary entry points into the Township for residents and visitors, the initial M-44 experience, along the eastern and western Township limits, becomes that much more significant. Of course, the lack of designation of these areas as part of the Primary Utility Service Area does not prohibit a landowner from connecting to public sewer infrastructure if such infrastructure is present or were to be expanded. In fact, the Township encourages connection to public sewer. However, densities of development are determined by the respective zoning area. 3) The Primary Utility Service Area contains, or is anticipated to contain, all the necessary public capital facilities to allow opportunities for urban development. Development within the Primary Utility Service Area may be characterized by development densities not exceeding four dwelling units per acre in the Village Area and less elsewhere in the area, but still great enough that public sewer, water, and perhaps stormwater services are necessary. The Primary Utility Service Area is centered at the M44/Myers Lake Avenue intersection in association with the proposed Village Area. Present and future residents in the Rural Services Area can have confidence that it is the intent of this Plan that the rural attributes of their immediate surroundings will not be disrupted by urban type land uses and development densities, and their attendant infrastructure needs, at least during the planning time frame of this Plan. Projects approved via PUD, rural clustering or open space zoning procedures with large open spaces are not considered to be "urban type land uses and development densities" except as noted in the following paragraph. This Plan is premised upon no new development (more intensive than that previously described in the Rural Services Area) requiring any new public infrastructure in the Rural Services Area. Likewise, new development which offers to install and maintain its own on-site sewage treatment or community well on a "package system" or other basis approaching or exceeding levels of treatment achieved by municipal systems is not acceptable in the Rural Services Area. The cumulative impact of such development on roads and the pressure to convert nearby lands to similar more intensive use does not support the goals and objectives of this Plan, nor is it consistent with the intended future land use pattern, and is greater than the Township, County Road Commission, or related service agencies are able to accommodate at the same level of service as is provided to other areas of the Township. Development served by private "package systems" would be considered in the Future Utiltty Services Area if public sewer was not accessible, the "package system" was in compliance with all other policies in the Plan, the project is to be connected to a public sewer if it ever became available, and the development was consistent with zoning regulations of the area in which it is located. The boundaries of the Primary Utility Service Areas and the Future Utility Services Area are based upon a number of considerations. The Primary Utility Services Area boundary is established to include those lands which: 1) are currently characterized by extensive urban development; or 2) are directly adjacent to - extensive urban development and offer opportunities for additional urban development within a compact pattern; or 3) are currently characterized by, or are considered to be priority areas to receive, extensive public services. An intent in the identification of the Primary Utility Service Area boundary was not to include an excess of land which might then encourage urban development at an undesirable and less manageable rate. It is for this reason that the Primary Utility Service Area does not extend to 9 Mile Road to the north. In the northwest corner of the Township the Plan recognizes the current provision of public sewer from the City of Rockford. However, it is not the intent of this Plan to see this area of urbanization extend further into the Township. Though public sewer currently exists west of Blakely Road along M-44 to the Township's western 5-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �It is important to note that the Primary Utility Service Area boundary around the Township's three principal lakes is not nearly as encompassing as the North Kent Sewage Disposal System's (NKSDS) Ultimate Service Area in the Township. The NKSDS's Ultimate Service Area covers the entire north half of the Township while the NKSDS's Initial Service Area corresponds more closely with the Primary Utility Service Area proposed by the Plan in the area of the lakes, though the Primary Utility Service Area is still more limiting. The Plan proposes a Primary Utility Service Area somewhat smaller than the NKSDS's Initial Service Area, and far smaller than the NKSDS's Ultimate Service Area, in order to better control and manage the rate of growth and development in the Township. The unplanned extension of public sewer can lead to tremendous development pressures and create a serious financial burden on the Township. The Plan takes a more conservative approach, knowing the service area boundaries can be amended if and when the need arises. If these circumstances exist, appropriate changes to this Comprehensive Plan should be made first. Such change must be managed so that the rate of land use change does not overtax the ability of the Township and County Road Commission to make the necessary improvements. The Road and Streets component of the Public Services Strategy seeks to assure that land development does not occur in a manner which will sacrifice the public health, safety, and welfare due to inadequate roadway infrastructure. Analysis The present roadway network of Cannon Township is fairly well developed. The roadway network generally follows the traditional section-based grid pattern although there are numerous sections, primarily in the middle third of the Township, which are not bounded by roads on all sides. See Figure D-8 in Appendix. Though the Township's roadway network is fairly well developed, continuous north-south movement across the Township is impossible due to the absence of particular road segments or the presence of water bodies including Silver Lake, Lake Bella Vista, and the Grand River. The Public Services Strategy recognizes the need for new zoning standards to assure that urban land uses located at the periphery of the Primary Utility Service Area provide adequate buffering to preserve the character and integrity of land uses in the adjoining Rural Services Area. M-44, a state highway and also referred to as Belding Road, is the backbone of the Township's roadway network and provides continuous east-west movement across the Township while also serving as a regional corridor. Cannonsburg Road, a county primary corridor, also provides continuous east-west movement across the southern third of the Township. Roads and Streets As growth continues in the Township, the M-44 corridor is particularly vulnerable to the loss of its primary function: the safe and efficient movement of traffic on a state highway. Land development, if not adequately regulated, will increase corridor congestion and safety hazards due to an increasing number of driveways, turning patterns, and associated access issues. These conditions will become exacerbated by the anticipated increases in traffic volumes as a result of growth in Cannon Township and area municipalities. No other road is traveled so heavily in the Township. This corridor, and its associated views and character, is the primary roadway experience for many in the Township and the only insight many travelers have of Cannon Township. Maintaining and enhancing the corridor's current character in the face of Township growth and development is critical. Overview - As the intensity of land development increases, so does a community's need for a roadway network able to accommodate the increased traffic demand. Commercial land uses attract retail and service trade and new high density residential areas house many more individuals and families with daily needs. These impacts are obvious. What is not so obvious is the enormous impact rural residential development has on rural roads. The additional rural residential development anticipated in this Plan, despite its low density, will result in higher traffic levels and will eventually increase the impact on these roads, ultimately requiring some improvements. Roadway infrastructure must accommodate this increased traffic demand at acceptable levels of service or risk congestion, vehicular and pedestrian hazards, and a general decrease in the public's health, safety, and welfare. Conversely, it must be recognized that an improved roadway network may well attract new or expanded intensive land uses which, in turn, place additional demand on the infrastructure network. Of the approximately 100 miles of County roadway within the Township, more than 80% are paved. Of the approximately 16 miles of gravel roadway in the Township, 1O are situated along the south and east Township boundaries. The balance includes mile 5-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �segments throughout the Township, with a concentration in the Cannonsburg State Game Area. These gravel roads are particularly vulnerable to regular and persistent maintenance and repair. They are not intended to accommodate levels of traffic beyond the lowest service levels. The Township has been paving, on average, approximately one mile of gravel roadway per year. If this pattern continues, all public gravel roads within the interior areas of the Towns hip will be paved during the following five to ten years. roadway can accommodate, 10,000 vehicles per day is an often used guideline by the Kent County Road Commission. Thus, there appears to be excess capacity along all of the Township's principal roadway segments. However, merely a doubling of Township dwelling units, in association with an expanding regional population which uses the Township's roadway network, could use up much of this excess capacity. In summary, much of the Township's roadway network appears to be adequate for the current conditions in the Township. As the Township continues to grow and develop, however, additional pressures will be placed upon the roadway network. While many of the Township's roadway segments can easily accommodate this additional demand, other segments are more at risk, including M-44, Myers Lake Road, and Cannonsburg Road. Congestion and public welfare concerns are apt to increase and be further exacerbated by the future land uses proposed in this Plan, unless carefully designed to minimize transportation impacts. All of the paved roads in the Township which were constructed during the past 15 years were paved according to primary county road standards. These road segments include: 1) 1O Mile Road, west of Myers Lake Avenue; 2) Myers Lake Avenue, between M-44 and 1O Mile Road; 3) Cannonsburg Road; and 4) 5 Mile Road. The adequacy of the subgrade conditions of the other paved roadways in the Township is not assured. Aside from routine maintenance, particular concerns of the Kent County Road Commission in regard to future improvements to the roadway network in Cannon Township include: 1) improvements to the M44/Wolverine Boulevard intersection; 2) 10 Mile Road repaving; 3) Cannonsburg Road repaving; and 4) Myers Lake Avenue repaving, between M-44 and Cannonsburg Road. Pollcies The following policies are intended to guide Cannon Township officials on future decisions regarding improvements to the Township's vehicular circulation network and in response to new traffic demands associated with proposed land uses: 1) Cannon Township will strive to improve the Township roadway network, as financial resources become available, based upon the following guidelines: As of 1991 , traffic counts documented by the Kent County Road Commission do not identify road segments in the Township which have excessive counts in relation to the design capacity of the roadways. As might be expected, the most heavily traveled roads are the principal east-west corridors, including Cannonsburg Road, M-44, and 5 Mile Road. Of the northsouth corridors studied, Myers Lake Avenue, Ramsdell - Road, and Blakely Drive receive the largest traffic, with Myers Lake Avenue clearly the most traveled. However, all of the traffic counts taken in the last several years along principal corridors, except for Cannonsburg Road, have yielded traffic counts of approximately 3,000 or less in a 24 hour period . Cannonsburg Road is experiencing traffic counts of 6,000 vehicles per day or greater in some locations. While there are no established standards regarding the maximum preferred number of vehicles a two lane paved rural a. b. c. d. Protecting public safety. Roadway level of service. Functional classification of roads. The degree to which the improvement is needed to protect public health and safety or preserve or achieve full use of existing facilities. e. The degree to which a project represents a logical extension or improvement of existing roadways within an area of the Township according to its fntended use and services level. 5-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• @ & ~ ~ lJ@W~D{] [P Kent County, Michigan () 5 6 r----,----!i l<•s ST. r l 2 4 10 12 1 ~ 18 ~ 0 16 0 15 <) 1.3 0 3 g ~ + 20 e- • "' 2 0 ~ ICJIC~ .. '90. ""'~ -:- 3 0 22 1(1111[!,Jn:llt "'°· 2.i. ! J 0 .. ,. - 0 + s ~ t RO. :~ 28 27 ..o. 0 i \0 ~ ':l ~ .31 ~ J 29 .30 1: 8 32 ~ ~ .33 ~ .34 ! 35 .3 6 '; il"' T8N,R 10 . . . . . . I[ o------ LOS Unclasstffed • • • Pla"""'O 81 ·zo,,"'<I c-tw, Inc. ' 1 Y\ 'ii "°· Figure 5-2 All roadway segments are classffled as LOS A, except as noted below: - ·r 1 lll ,j ROADWAY LEVELS OF SERVICE LOS B .. - 1: N I - I ! ·.A I I SCA1E • • - Mo,,. 1992 J02 '°"'" ~ ~oad -- 1 1:55.096 nc:n • 4690 fMt ~ . MICNQcn �2) Each roadway segment within the Township shall be classified according to level of service standards, LOS A representing the most preferred condition and LOS F representing the most congested condition (see Figure 5-2). Cannon Township will rely on the most current standards established by the Grand Rapids Environs Transportation Study (GRETS) Long Range Transportation Plan to define individual levels of service. Standards established at the time of this writing are included in Table 5-1. LOS LOS A-C 8) All future structures along M-44 should be setback an appropriate distance from the road right-ofway, as defined in the zoning ordinance, to preserve the Township's rural character as experienced from the Township's primary transportation corridor. 9) All future structures fronting along a county primary or county local road in Cannon Township should be set back an appropriate distance, as defined in the zoning ordinance, from the road right-of-way to preserve the Township's rural character as experienced from these roadways. Table 5-1 LOS STANDARDS V/C Ratio* Characteristics 0 - 0.99 Free flow conditions LOS D 1.00 -1.24 Stable flow, considered acceptable level of congestion LOSE 1.25 - 1.49 Unstable flow, identified as a capacity deficiency LOS F minimize negative impacts of such development including but not limited to poorly sited and/or designed access, too many points of access, and the impact of new development upon the visual character of the roadway corridors. 1.50 + Sewer and Water Overview To a large extent, rural communities rely upon onsite sewage disposal, via septic systems, and private wells where soils are accommodating and groundwater resources are accessible and of adequate quality. Where area soils present significant limitations to onsite sewage disposal, septic systems may still be appropriate when specifically engineered to negate the site limitations or where development densities are minimized. However, improperly operating septic systems can contaminate potable groundwater resources, inland lakes and streams, and pose public health threats to those using the contaminated surface. Saturated, identified as a capacity deficiency 'Number of vehides using road segmentlcapaaty of road segment 3) The maximum recommended levels of traffic for each roadway segment will be based upon the level of traffic which a roadway segment can comfortably accommodate according to LOS C. The Township shall coordinate with the Kent County Road Commission and Grand Rapids and Environs Transportation study to periodically update the level of service applicable to each roadway segment. As land development densities increase, so does the need for public sewer and water. Industrial, commercial, and higher density residential land uses generally have greater sewage disposal and water (potable and otherwise) needs than can often be met by traditional on-site facilities. Failure to provide adequate sewer and water facilities to these land uses can lead to severe health and environmental consequences while the premature provision of these services can lead to land development before other necessary public services are available and in locations where it may be inappropriate. 4) Proposed land uses and site development projects larger than a single family home on an individual lot will be analyzed in regard to traffic impacts and roadway improvements. 5) No new land uses (other than single family homes or individual lots) or site development shall be permitted which will reduce the level of service on adjacent roadways below LOS C, except with regard to State Highway M-44. 6) The Township shall strive to achieve a balanced transportation/land use system which includes an adequate number of roads and streets of appropriate capacity to accommodate land use traffic patterns. The Sewer and Water component of the Public Services Strategy provides policies and standards to guide the use and applicability of on-site sewage disposal and potable water sources and the provision of public sewer and water facilities to selected areas and land uses of the Township in conformance with the Fu- 7) The Township will develop standards to regulate new development along roadway corridors to 5-7 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �ture Land Use Strategy and in the interest of the community's health, safety, and public welfare. sewage. Of the contracted 2 million gpd, the Township has sold approximately 350,000 gpd to Courtland Township to the north and approximately 450,000 gpd to the Lake Bella Vista development. Of the remaining 1.2 million gpd capacity, approximately 450,000 gpd are placed into the system by area residences and businesses. Based upon a standard of 350 gallons of sewage produced each day by the average residence, the remaining unused capacity balance of approximately 800,00 gpd would accommodate approximately 2,250 new residences with public sewer. This number would be lower to the extent that commercial development were to use some of that capacity. The draft Master Plan for Metropolitan Water and Sewer Services, prepared for the Grand Valley Metro Council in October of 1991, notes that the average 1990 wastewater flow in Cannon Township was approximately 260,000 gpd, suggesting a far greater existing capacity (by contract) to accommodate future development. Analysis According to the Soil Conservation Service, more than 95% of the Township's surficial soils present moderate to severe limitations to septic systems. Those soils which are more supportive of on-site sewage disposal are generally fragmented throughout the Township except for the south central area of the Township where such soils are nearly nonexistent. Despite these natural limitations, if the parcel is large enough, the Health Department can usually find a place that will pass a ''perk" test. Additional engineering measures may be needed on the system design to meet existing standards (such as a mounded system and/or areas for several replacement drainage fields, etc.) . These conditions highlight the critical relationship between land use, development densities, and on-site sewage disposal and potable water. Because of the considerable Township-wide limitations toward septic systems and the Township-wide use of this type of sewage disposal process, the public health, safety, and welfare is always at some degree of risk. - However, while there is considerable contracted sewer capacity, it is uncertain as to the extent which individual sewer lines, and segments of lines, including those in the Myers Lake Avenue/M-44 Village Area, have additional capacity to accommodate future new demands. Similarly, it is not clear what limitations may exist due to the characteristics of the pumping stations in the Township or with the infrastructure in Plainfield Township, through which the sewage from Cannon Township flows on its way to the City of Grand Rapids sewer treatment system. This threat to the public health will only increase as the Township grows and develops unless specific measures are taken. These measures must address the assurance of adequate on-site sewage disposal practices and must extend further to the provision of public sewer and water in certain areas. Public sewer within the Township is primarily situated along M-44 and associated lake residential developments, and Myers Lake Road north of M-44 which provides sewer service to abutting properties and Courtland Township. Most of the Myers Lake Road sewer is a force main. While hooking up to a force main requires special engineering practices, such hook-ups have generally been permitted throughout the County by the Kent County Department of Public Works. Public water service does not exist within the Township. However, in the areas in which higher density residential and commercial development are anticipated, availability of potable water and adequate sewage disposal becomes a principal planning consideration. The potential for higher density development within the Primary Utility Service Area, within which the Myers Lake Avenue Village Area is situated, is fundamentally dependent upon the availability of public sewer and eventually public water. In order to accommodate future development along the existing sewer lines without exceeding contracted for capacity and so as to permit some measure of equity in access to the system, it will be important for Township Engineers to more specifically establish present and excess capacity per line segment of the sewer line. This must be done before any significant development occurs in the Myers Lake Avenue/M-44 Village Area, and depending on the extent of that development, the amount of capacity along other line segments may be diminished. Such an engineering analysis could be done incrementally as each new tapin or project proposal were analyzed, or system-wide in the near future. It should include an inventory of line characteristics and conditions as well. A master inventory of users and excess capacity should be maintained as each new project comes on-line. It would seem most practical that the provision of public water in the Township, within the planning period of this Plan, must evolve from within the Township. Up to this point in time, there have been no discussions between the Township and area municipalities regarding the extension of water service into the Towns hip. Further, Cannon Township is part of the North Kent County Sewage Disposal System and is a service contracted with Kent County, through the Department of Public Works , for up to 2 million gallons per day (gpd) of 5-8 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �such an extension, possibly from Plainfield Township or the City of Rockford, would be both geographically and perhaps financially impractical as the area of most need is central to the Township-the Myers Lake Avenue/M-44 Village Area. Also, as of 1991, Plainfield Township is operating under a Michigan Department of Public Health moratorium on additional public water system hook-ups. Two private association water wells have been constructed in the general area of the Myers Lake Avenue Village Area (Silver Lake and Lake Bella Vista residential developments) and suggests the appropriateness of this alternative for consideration at the Myers Lake Avenue/M-44 Village Area as well---or perhaps a new public/private water system could be constructed in this area. eluding locational factors, cost considerations, administration, and project phasing. 7) All future proposed developments which are intended to receive public sewer service should not be approved if clear documentation has not been prepared demonstrating adequate capacity, within the infrastructure and Township sewer service contract, to accommodate the increased demand. Stormwater Management Overview As the land surface is covered by buildings, parking lots and other impermeable surfaces, the quantity of stormwater runoff increases. The soils and vegetated landscape which previously absorbed and slowed much of the water associated with storms are gone. Unless specific preventive measures are taken, these conditions encourage increases in runoff flow, soil erosion, sedimentation and pollution of area water resources, and increase flood potential. Though these conditions originate from site-specific circumstances, their impact can extend to the entire community and communities beyond if within the same watershed. Inadequate management of stormwater produced due to land development and urbanization, threaten the public health, safety, and welfare through life threatening flood conditions, contamination of groundwater resources, deterioration of water-based recreation facilities, and damage and loss of property values. In contrast, stormwater management aims to minimize flood conditions, and ensure the quantity and quality of runoff which is collected and ultimately discharged into the watershed system (streams, rivers, wetlands, lakes, etc.) is adequate. Policies Cannon Township will be guided by the following policies in striving to assure adequate sewage disposal and potable water in the Township: 1) All on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the requirements and standards of the Kent County Public Health Department and Michigan Public Health Department as well as those of other applicable local, county, state or federal agencies. 2) No land uses or land development projects will be permitted if any applicable regulations regarding on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities can not be met and public sewer and water services are not available. 3) Private water systems shall be constructed according to applicable Township regulations and ordinances to assure compatibility and minimal inconvenience, with future possible interconnection with a Cannon Township or other municipal system. Analysis Though stormwater management should be a concern of all communities (and increasingly is because of federal and state regulations), Cannon Township presents particular challenges in this regard. Though quite rural in character with limited intensive development, conditions exist which put the Towns hip at a higher stormwater risk than most rural communities. One such condition is the anticipated growth and development to occur in the Township in future years. If the Township were to grow in the next ten years at a rate equal to haH the growth rate it experienced between 1980 and 1990, it will result in an additional 750 dwelling units. This and the additional commercial development which may occur in the coming years has the potential to threaten existing hydrological systems in particular areas of the Towns hip. Alteration of such systems may have public health, 4) All land uses and land development projects within the Primary Utility Service Area must be serviced by public sewer and water infrastructure if the infrastructure is present. 5) The provision of public sewer and water shall be based upon conformance with level of service standards adopted by Cannon Township and/or where adopted by those municipalities individually or jointly providing the service to Cannon Township. 6) Upon adoption of the Comprehensive Plan, the Township should consider a study to determine the preferred option regarding the limited introduction of public water into the Township, in- 5-9 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �safety, and welfare implications. This is particularty true in the proposed Village Areas of the Township where a more intensive land use pattern is provided for (Primary Utility Service Area) and where there are areas of erodible soils and steep slopes. The generally rolling topography in the Township, while scenic, greatly facilitates soil erosion and sedimentation when soils are exposed. Sedimentation threatens the wetlands and inland lakes in the Township. as the demand for these services increase, so does the need for support services administration and capital and the need for property and buildings from which these services are administered. The Support Services and Buildings component of the Public Services Plan is intended to assure that fire and police protection services, and associated land and buildings, are available to provide for both the existing and future welfare of residents and property within Cannon Township. Policies The following policies will guide the Township in adequately controlling the quality and quantity of stormwater runoff associated with the introduction of new land uses. 1) Proposed land uses will not be permitted if and where the level of service currently provided by existing stormwater management infrastructure and/or existing drainage patterns is decreased (increased threat of flooding, erosion, etc.) unless necessary improvements to such infrastructure or satisfactory alternatives are first made. 2) The current level of service may vary from one site to another but will be generally defined as the rate, total volume, and quality of redevelopment stormwater runoff. 3) All new and existing land uses must comply with all local, county, state, and federal regulations regarding stormwater management and soil erosion, including those regulations of and administered by the Kent County Drain Commission. Support Services and Buildings Overview Support services, as referred to within this Plan, includes all the public services a community may provide to its residents above and beyond sewer, water, roads and streets. In particular, these services include police and fire protection and general government services such as tax assessment, cemetery care, and governance services. The reference to these services as support services is not intended to suggest that they are of secondary importance but simply that they are of a different type than sewer, water, and roadway services. As community growth and land development increases, so does the demand for support services. In particular, police and fire protection must be extended to more individuals, families, and properties. Similarly, Analysis Cannon Township currently relies on the Kent County Sheriff's Department and the State Police for police protection. As the Township relies on other agencies for police protection, the Township itself does not maintain any land or capital facilities for these purposes. The extent to which the Township can rely on the Sheriff's Department and State Police for adequate police protection in the future will be dependent upon the Township's future growth. In light of the close proximity between the existing fire stations and the proposed population centers, as part of the Future Land Use Strategy, additional fire stations do not appear necessary. However, due to lack of public water in the Township, additional pumper/tanker vehicles may be needed to provide for an improved fire rating and increased public health, safety, and welfare. Future growth in the Township may jeopardize current levels of service as emergency conditions will arise more frequently, placing additional demand on the offices and agencies providing these services. However, there are actions the Township can take to better assure adequate future police and fire protection. For the population size and density of Cannon Township, existing levels of service for fire protectior:i are substandard for some areas of the Township. The exception is the Lake Bella Vista and Silver Lake Condominium areas. A special effort should be made to increase level of service for fire protection particularly in the rest of the Primary Utility Service Area as new development occurs. Better service to the more rural areas should also be a priority. Policies The following policies will guide the Township in its pursuit of maintaining, and as necessary, improving 5-10 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �the level of service for general government, police, fire and emergency services: crease with population growth and available land resources for recreation decrease as residential and other land uses consume greater amounts of what was previously open space and potential outdoor recreation land. Recreational lands must be purposefully pursued and planned for, as with any other principal land use, if these uses are to be appropriately located within the community and provide the services in demand. 1) All new public and private water systems should be constructed according to standards adopted by Township resolutions and/or regulations to assure that fire protection infrastructure is provided and designed according to a uniform set of standards to assure ease of use of such infrastructure during emergency conditions. 2) The Township should ensure through new public facilities and/or regulations that future project approvals in the Primary Utility Service Area (and especially in the proposed Myers Lake A venue/M-44 Village Area) receive fire protection services at least at the ISO fire rating 5 level or better. 3) The Township should consider the development of a system of wells, water storage facilities, and additional fire fighting equipment to improve the current fire rating in the Rural Services Area areas of the Township. 4) The Township should continue to monitor police protection needs and service provided by the County Sheriffs Department, and State Police and if necessary, explore the development of a service agreement with one or more area police protection agencies for a higher level of service. 5) The Township should continue to monitor other emergency services needs, such as ambulance assistance, and explore the development of a service agreement with one or more area agencies for a higher level of service. The Recreation component of this Comprehensive Plan charts a basic strategy for identifying and addressing the recreation needs of the Township. This strategy becomes the tool for identifying future recreation lands and the recreation services associated with these lands. However, it is recognized a more detailed analysis and plan is necessary to qualify for state or federal assistance with future recreational facility development. Analysis Cannon Township is limited in the area of varied recreational resources within its municipal limits. Townsend Park, a County facility of approximately 150 acres, is the only free, year-round, public facility in the Towns hip that otters a range of activities to area residents and visitors. While recreation facilities within the Township include the Cannonsburg State Game Area, a private golf course, and commercial ski facilities, there are no public recreation lands administered by the Township for the particular needs of area residents. Township residents do have limited access to the most fundamental of public recreational facilities, school recreation facilities. 6) The Township should continue to meet the basic governance needs of its citizens in existing facilities, until there is a demonstrated need for more service or a larger meeting facility, and adequate financial resources are available to meet that need. Recreation Overview Cannon Towns hip recognizes that the health of its residents is, in part, impacted by the quality of opportunities available for spending available leisure time. The Township further recognizes that a critical consideration in this regard is the type of recreational facilities nearby and their availability to the residents of the Township. Demands for recreational opportunities in- While the extent of recreational facilities in the Township is limited, the degree to which the lack of these facilities reflects a condition of inadequacy is unclear at this time. The reason for this lack of clarity is that adequacy is, in part, determined by the attitudes of the Township residents in regard to their particular recreation needs and likes. Up to this time, a survey of resident attitudes on the amount of recreation opportunity in the Township has not been pursued. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has developed standards which identify the minimum number of suggested recreation facilities, by facility type, based upon a community's population. These standards are presented as guidelines and not as absolute "hard and fast rules." Standards applicable to a community the size of Cannon Township suggest that, on a Township-wide basis the recreation opportunities in the Township are generally adequate for the current population, the amount of local park land acreage is 5-11 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �far below what is recommended; 1O acres of local park land for every 1,000 people. This standard suggests the need for approximately 80 acres of local park land for the Township's current population. While the Township includes two County park facilities, they are programmed for natural resource based passive activities and do not necessarily meet the day-to-day needs typically addressed by locally administered park lands (playgrounds, ball fields, basketball courts, tennis courts, etc.) particular recreation needs expressed by its residents. 3) To the extent that specific recreation needs are identified, the Township should pursue the development of a MDNR-approved five year action plan which will provide a specific action plan aimed at expanding needed Township recreation facilities and enable the Township to compete for state and federal recreation development monies. The Township should apply for state and federal recreation grant monies provided the Township has the necessary funds to maintain such facilities after their construction. While these standards suggest inadequacies, the public's view is not clear. The rural character of the Township may address recreational needs at individual homes, or many current needs may be met through Grand Rapids Metro Area recreation programs. However, not all Township residents live or have access to large land parcels, woodlots, and similar potential outdoor recreational opportunities. What is most clear is the difficulty in accessing facilities in the Township. Townsend Park, the facility offering the widest range of year-round opportunities, is far from the principal population centers in the Township. Access to this facility is not convenient for the majority of Township residents; either a vehicle is required or bike transportation on nondesignated bike routes (roads without proper bike transportation facilities) is required. The major recreation issue facing Cannon Township today may well be one of accessibility, or "close to home" facilities, rather than the scope of facility types available. Of course, as the Township continues to grow, the latter concern will also become more of an issue. 4) The Township should adopt incentives to encourage the provision of open space and recreation areas within future development projects. 5) The Township should consider, as part of its recreational needs program, the development of a system of pedestrian trails and walkways, and bicycle paths, to link various recreation and residential areas. 6) The Township should encourage ease of access to future recreation facilities though the pursuit of a linked open space system, siting recreation lands with recognition of existing and future primary population centers, and facilitating movement to and within future recreation facilities for motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and the physically disabled. 7) The Township should improve and coordinate recreation efforts with all levels of government (especially schools), with the quasi-public sector, and the private sector to provide expanded and coordinated recreational opportunities. On the whole, the Township may not be meeting a significant degree of its citizens recreational needs and actions should be initiated to find out, and, if so, to identify opportunities available to the Towns hip to ad- dress the condition. Policies Intergovernmental Coordination The following policies will guide the Township in its pursuit of an improved recreational environment: Overview 1) The Township should develop a recreation needs program designed to identify the recreation needs of the community, based upon a number of considerations including public input by area residents, anticipated population growth and population centers, and recreation planning standards. 2) The Township should strive to provide recreation facilities in a manner which recognizes the recreation standards of the MDNR and the One-hundred years ago, travel between communities took several days by stagecoach. The activities of one community had little impact upon the quality of life of other communities. In contrast, we now live in an environment of microcomputers, vehicular and mass transit, telecommunications, and urban sprawl. We often live in one community, work in a second, shop in a third, and our children attend school in still a fourth (and we travel between these places all in the same day). Roadway corridors, employment centers, and retail trade centers link the activities of one community to the next and beyond . Similarly, the growth and de- 5-12 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �velopment patterns of an individual community can easily and directly impact growth and development in adjoining and nearby communities. As a result of this regional pattern of daily life and interconnected activities, a community does not exist unto itself but is intrinsically linked with the activities of communities beyond its borders. This dictates the need for communities to cooperate and coordinate community planning and public service endeavors if maximum benefits are to be realized. Community planning is a public service and the Intergovernmental Coordination component of the Comprehensive Plan establishes the framework within which Cannon Township will realize the benefits of coordination with area municipalities and agencies as part of its day-to day and long range planning efforts. Plainfield Township, one of the most urbanized townships in the County. 6) Numerous day-to-day activities of the Township are directly impacted by non-township offices including the Kent County Road Commission, Drain Commission, and Public Health Department. Policies Analysis While intergovernmental coordination should be a goal of all communities, this is particularly true for Cannon Township. Due to the Township's geographic location, the Township exists within a web of regional forces which must be recognized and addressed through coordinated planning with area municipalities and agencies. The following circumstances illustrate the regional forces and implications which face the Township: 1) Cannon Township is within the Grand Rapids Metro Area and is directly impacted by Area patterns of transportation, employment, and housing. 2) Cannon Township is a bedroom community, relying on area urban centers for employment and retail services. 3) Cannon Township is directly in the path of expanding urban sprawl from the Grand Rapids Metro Area. 4) The rapid Metro Area growth and inter dependencies between city and suburb have spawned the state's first and very innovative Metropolitan Council to address these issues and to help ensure the entire Metro Area remains strong. 5) Cannon Township is surrounded by communities experiencing strong growth, including 1) Cannon Township should develop a program whereby all adjacent communities and the County are provided the opportunity to comment on amendments to the Township's Comprehensive Plan, Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision Ordinance, capital improvements plan, and related ordinances and programs of the Township which may have impacts on services or land use decisions of adjoining jurisdictions. 2) Cannon Township should provide the opportunity for comment by adjoining jurisdictions on any development project within one half mile of the edge of the Township and should formally request area municipalities to permit Township comment on any development project within one half mile of their borders. 3) Cannon Township should pursue the development of a intergovernmental coordination committee, composed of area municipalities and county agencies, aimed at addressing comprehensive planning issues including the impacts of land development and coordinating planning and zoning programs. 4) Cannon Township should pursue the coordination of public serves to serve the Township and surrounding areas in the most practical and economically feasible fashion and in accord with the policies previously set forth. 5) Cannon Township should continue to monitor the development of Grand Valley Metropolitan Council and should assist with information sharing on any of its planning projects and formally consider membership as its role and function are more clearly identified. 5-13 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix A LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY Cannon Township is located in Kent County, Michigan on the northeast fringe of the Grand Rapids metro area. Plainfield Township lies to the west, Ada Township to the south, Grattan Township to the east, and Courtland Township to the north. In addition, the City of Rockford abuts the northwest comer of Cannon (see Figure A-1 and A-2). Figure A-2 The Township is typified by rolling and wooded terrain interspersed with open, agricultural areas and surface water resources. Bella Vista, Silver, and Bostwick Lakes are popular residential and recreational areas. A large portion of Cannonsburg State Game area is located in the south-central portion of the Township. Bear Creek traverses the Township in a generally east/west direction, providing a natural greenway through sections 20 and 27-30. The Grand River cuts across the southwest portion of the Township in sections 30 and 31 (see Figure A-3). Residents of Cannon have relatively easy access to the Grand Rapids metro area, where much of the work force finds its employment. Highway M44 runs east\west and nearly cuts the Township in half before it turns southwest toward Plainfield Avenue which runs into the heart of the metro area. U.S. 131 lies approximately 3 miles from the Township's northwest comer. Figure A-3 Figure A-1 A-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix B HISTORY Note: The following information is derived directly from the Cannon Township's Historical_ Society publication, Cannon Township: 1837-1983. again secretly buried, and to this day has not been found. In 1889, fire struck Cannonsburg Village. Despite valiant efforts from residents, almost the entire village was destroyed. The fire was believed to have started in a faulty chimney, then it quickly spread through the wooden structures of the day. Because the village was isolated (no telegraph or train) and far from Grand Rapids, no help was available from neighboring communities until it was too late. The majority of historic Cannonsburg Village was destroyed by this ·oevil fire. • Prior to the influx of Caucasians into Cannon Township, the area was populated with Chippewa and Ottawa native Americans. Even then, the area's natural amenities-woodlands, rolling terrain and water resources-were a great attraction, as evidenced by the abundance of native American artifacts and trails in the area. In addition to natural amenities, local waters were thought to have mystical power. Native American legends tell of magical healing powers in the springs which are the headwaters of Bearcreek. Another small settlement in the Township centered around Bear Creek and the Imperial flouring mills in the southwest comer of section 30. This area was called Buena Vista and had its own post office (Chauricey). Because of fires and its relative isolation, however, Buena Vista never developed into a village. As with many communities in Michigan, Cannon Township was settled by hardy travelers migrating west in search of fertile land and abundant natural resources. Earty settlers gathered near Silver and Bostwick Lakes for fishing, planted orchards on the rolling terrain, and tilled fertile soils for row crops. The first formally recorded farm was entered in the books by Andrew Watson in 1837. In 1850, the Township boasted churches; a store; grist, carding, saw and cider mills; cooper shop; two wagon shops; three blacksmith shops; and a hotel. By 1861, a two-story school building was in place, employing two teachers. By 1876, a cattle dealer, lumber dealer, shoe and boot stores, hardware and two doctors were added to the complement of Village businesses. Despite economic activity and the aspirations of the community, land surveyed and platted in the area for a railroad never developed as such. Instead, the railroad line went through Ada Township. Cannon Township was originally part of Plainfield Township but sought separation in 1845. The first official town meeting was held in 1846. Residents formally adopted the name Cannon in honor of its priricipal village. The legislature needed to be corrected, however, because they thought of the area as Churchtown Township. Earty on, the land provided timber for the developing Township. Homes, bridges, roads, schools and businesses began to assemble into the village of Cannons-burgh (Cannonsburg), founded in 1842 by L.G. Cannon. New development centered around the main thoroughfare which was previously a native American trail. Development would come to Cannon despite the loss of the railroad line. Resort development around Silver and Bostwick Lakes began around 1915 and eventually evolved into significant year-round residential neighborhoods. Agriculture remained as a major element of township life. Most of the earty settlements existed primarily to serve farmers, each having their own feed mill or country store. Farming in the early 1900's was still done with oxen and horses until the introduction of tractors in the early 1930's. When the Village was dedicated, its namesake conferred a cannon to the town's people. The cannon was frequently used during celebrations until village fathers decided to lay it to rest, secretly burying it. A group of young men, though, insistent that it be used again, found the cannon and brought it to the next traditional 4th of July celebration. When its use resulted in a tragic accidental death, the cannon was Industrial automation effected the development of Cannon Township, as it did with nearty every other community in the nation. By the late 1950's, agriculture was almost completely automated, small farms of the late 1800's and earty 1900's consolidated to larger 8-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �operations. Services were provided to the area at a more centralized location (Cannonsburg) and residents of Cannon Township became less economically and geographically isolated from the Grand Rapids area. lation grew like never before from migration into the area by people seeking country living. In 1950, the Township's population was 1,600; made up primarily of people involved in agriculture, or serving agriculture. In 1990, the population was 7,928; made up primarily of persons who lived in the township, but worked elsewhere. The last of the rural school districts closed around 1951 when the current school districts took over educational services. Cannon Township has a rich history tied to its churches, farms and businesses. More detailed historical accounts of specific families, businesses and farms can be found in the Historical Society's 112page document. As time passed, improved transportation routes and outward development of the Grand Rapids metro area spurred growth in Cannon Township. The popu- B-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix C PHYSICAL PROFILE - NATURAL FEATURES croppings of bedrock. The proximity of the bedrock to the surface of the ground does not impose limitations for normal excavating or construction. CLIMATE The effect of the Great Lakes on weather in Kent County is considerable and more noticeable than in most other parts of Michigan. Parts of the County receive significantly more snowfall than the central and southeastern parts of the state. Snowfall averages 76 inches per year. Precipitation averages 36.37 inches per year, and 58 percent of the annual total is received during the April-September period. Cloudiness is most prevalent in the fall and early winter months, and is least during the late spring and summer. Average daily maximum temperatures range from 28.8 degrees in January to 82.8 degrees in July. Below in Table C-1 is temperature and precipitation information for Kent County. The surface geology of Cannon Township resulted from glaciation. When glacial retreat was uniform, rocks were deposited in an even fashion across the landscape. Gently rolling till plains, which make up most of the Township, was the general landform produced by that process. Three more distinct landforms resulting from glaciers are moraines, outwash channels, and kettles. Moraines are hills which divide the drainage basins, or watershed areas, of Cannon Township. In addition to defining drainage patterns, moraines are highly porous and provide natural intake points for water to percolate into the groundwater table. Table C-1 - Climatic Information Temcerature Month Januarv FAhruarv March Anril MM, June Julv Aunust Seot October November December YEAR Avenqa Daily Maximum t• Fl 28.8 30.7 41 .8 56.5 69.3 78.5 82.8 80.6 72.7 Average Daily Minimum 1• Fl 14.4 14.3 24.7 35.3 45.3 55.1 59.8 57.7 60.0 50.8 39.8 45.6 33.5 58.I 30.9 20.4 37.4 Preci citation Average Monthly Total llncheal 2.03 1.39 2.79 3.68 2.88 4.33 3.11 3.49 3.46 2.75 3.26 3.12 31.37 Average Outwash channels were once watercourses resulting from glacial meltwater. The valley along Bear Creek is an example of an outwash channel. Snowfall (lnchn) 22.8 10.9 12.0 3.4 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 Following glacial retreat, large blocks of ice occasionally broke from the glacier and became embedded in the depositional debris. As those ice blocks melted, depressions called kettles were formed. Kettles which form small lakes are natural reservoirs for the containment of surface water. Because they are usually shallow water bodies, they are easily susceptible to water pollution caused by development adjacent to their shores. Cannon Township has numerous small kettle lakes. 8.8 . 17.6 7fl.O TOPOGRAPHY GEOLOGY The relative elevation of an area has an impact upon drainage patterns, private costs of development, and public costs. Substantial areas of Cannon Township have slopes of 12 percent or more. These slopes place limitations on development. Generally, slopes exceeding 7% should not be developed intensively. while slopes of 12% or more should not be developed at all because of increased soil erosion and surface water sedimentation. Careless hillside development can also lead to increased costs for providing various public utilities and services. Roads, sewers, and water lines require special engineering and construction in such areas. Cannon Township is located on the boundaries of two bedrock formations; Marshall, and Michigan; which are the first to be encountered beneath glacial deposits. Approximately half of the Township (northeast) is underlain by the Michigan formation, while the remainder (southeast) is undertain primarily by the Saginaw formation. The Michigan formation appears again under Section 36 in the southeast comer of the Townsh~. The thickness of glacial deposits overlaying the sandstone and shale bedrock ranges from 50 feet in the southwestern comer of the Township, to 375 feet in the northeastern comer. Glacial deposit thickness increases from southwest to northeast across the entire Township. There are no outC-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �The absolute topographic relief in Cannon Township varies from a maximum elevation of 1,000 feet in Section 1 to a minimum of 605 feet in Sections 30 and 31, at the Grand River. Preservation of the existing character of steep sloped areas in Cannon Township is especiaJly important because of the proximity of those areas to watercourses, especially Bear Creek. Excavation and removal of vegetation for development would significantly increase runoff and sedimentation of lakes and streams and woukf ultimately undermine the attractive and distinctive character of the Township. Steep sloped areas are shown in Map C-1. conveniences such as garbage disposals, clothes washers, and detergents were introduced. In addition, lawns were fertilized and mowed, and more roads and driveways were built near the lakes, exposing bare ground surfaces. Use of detergents, removal of vegetation from the landscape, use of fertilizers, and increased densities near lakes has ultimately resulted in diminished lake water quality. Most inland lake water quality problems are largely the result of inappropriate land use practices. Dense lakefront development often results in contamination of groundwater from · septic systems located in high water table areas, which are commonly found on the shores of lakes. This groundwater often migrates into the surface water, resulting in an acceleration of aquatic weed and algae growth. Though the three biggest, and most populated, lakes in the Township are characterized by public sewer service, the numerous smaller lakes are particularly susceptible to this type of degradation. Lakes that have steep slopes adjacent to them usually have problems with erosion and sedimentation on their shores rather than problems associated with high water table. INLAND LAKES A list of the lakes of 5 acres or more in size in Cannon Township appears in Table C-3. The combined surface area of these 9 lakes is nearly 780 acres. The largest lakes are found in the northern portion of the Township. Bostwick Lake, which covers 217 acres, is the largest lake within the Township. Inland lakes in Cannon Township are shown on Map C-2. Table C3 - Lakes 5 Acres or Larger I.aka Locaaon Ara (acreel Bostwicl< Lake Silver Lake . Lake Bella Vista Pickerel Lake Ratlaan Lake Sunfish Lake Hvser Lake Little Bostwicl< Austin Lake Sections 11 14 Sections 9 10 Sec:tlons8 9 Section 14 Section 38 Section 15 Sections 28 33 Section 14 Section 34 Dredging and filling activities along most lakeshores are regulated by the Department of Natural Resources through the Inland Lakes and Streams Act of 1972. The County Drain Commissioner, through the provisions of the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act of 1972, has authority to review land development and land uses regarding soil erosion and sedimentation issues, and prescribed conditions, to minimize such conditions. 217 215 203 56.9 56.0 10.6 8.5 8.8 5.0 The shores of lakes, especially in Kent County, are very popular for land development. They attract new development more than any other natural feature and often have a very high market value. Consequently. lakefront development is often built at a high density. Many lake lots in Cannon Township were created decades ago and are less than 50 feet wide. Faulty septic system siting and storm water runoff are major concerns because small and shallow lakes are susceptible to pollution from runoff and migrating groundwater that has been contaminated. DRAINAGE Cannon Township lies entirely within the major drainage basin of the Grand River. Within this area are several smaller sub-watersheds including Bear Creek, Rum Creek, Barkley Creek, Egypt Creek, Seely Creek, and Waddell Creek. Watershed boundaries are shown in Map C-3. Two areas of the Township do not contribute to stream watersheds except in periods of heavy rainfall. One area drains into Bostwick, Little Bostwick, and Pickerel Lakes. The other drains into Hyser and Austin Lakes. The lakes in these non-contributing areas are very susceptible to deteriorating water quality resulting from intensive development. This applies to development in the entire non-contributing area and not merely to activities along the lake shorelines. The cumulative effects of lakeshore development have intensified state-wide since the 1950's. Lakeshore homes previously were used only for weekends and vacations. After interstate highways were built, the lakes became more accessible and lakeshore homes became desirable as permanent homes. Significant wetland areas can be found along Bear Creek in the eastern part of the Township. Bear Creek Along with new lakefront homes and existing lakefront homes being converted to permanent residences, C-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �would likely be profoundly impacted by alteration of the associated wetland areas. The ability of the wetlands to store floodwaters and filter sediments is critical to maintaining water quality and minimizing flood damage along this stream. Each soil type has unique characteristics which pose opportunities for some uses and limitations for others. The most important characteristics making the soil suitable or unsuitable for development are limitations on dweUings with basements, limitations on septic tank absorption fields, and suitability for farming. The degree of soil limitations reflects the hardship and expense of developing the land. Soil limitations can be classified into three categories: Natural drainage systems perform important drainage and water storage functions that would otherwise have to be provided by costly public works projects, and thus they should be preserved. Streams and watersheds having flow characteristics that have been adversely altered can also contribute to flooding or flow problems downstream. Additionally, increased runoff and sedimentation from adjacent development can cause irregular flow and choke a watercourse's connection with groundwater formations, adversely affecting groundwater resources. Slight: Relatively free of limitations or limitations are easily overcome. Moderate: Limitations need to be considered, but can be overcome with good management and careful design. Severe: Limitations are severe enough to make use questionable. A modern soil survey was completed for Kent County by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in 1983. The soil types present in Cannon Township are shown on map C-5 and Table C-4. Soil types found in Cannon Township are essentially glacial deposits acted upon by soil formation processes such as wind and water. As a result of glaciation, soil types vary substantially from site to site in Cannon Township. This, coupled with the fact that soil depths on soils maps in the USDA soil survey range on the average of 3-5 feet, make conclusive and accurate delineation of areas with severe limitations difficult. FLOODPLAINS Areas adjacent to creeks, streams and rivers are susceptible to periodic flooding that can cause extensive damage to buildings and can pose a substantial threat to public health and satety. The Federal Flood Insurance Program has established guidelines for use and development of floodplain areas. Those regulations indicate that development in floodplains should be restricted to open space, recreationa_l or agricultural uses. Installation of public utilities and permanent construction for residential, commercial or industrial uses should not occur in floodplain areas. Limitations for Septic Systems 100 year flood boundaries have been mapped for Cannon Township by the National Flood Insurance Program. Those boundaries are denoted by the shaded areas on Map C-4. Those areas would likely be inundated during an Intermediate Regional Flood (100 year flood}. The floodplain areas in Cannon Township are relatively small because the Township is not traversed by any major watercourses, and has hilly terrain which facilitates runoff drainage. According to the USDA Soil Survey of Kent County, substantial portions of Cannon Township have surficial soils that impose severe limitations on septic tank absorption fields. These soils are generally concentrated in large groups, with some smaller units scattered, and comprise 54% of the Township's total land area. Soils with moderate limitations for septic systems comprise 34% of the Township's land area, and soils with slight limitations cover 8%. Soils pose severe limitations for a variety of reasons, including steep slopes, wetness, and slow or excessive permeability. SOILS The resource use or development capacity of a specific parcel of land is largely dependent upon the characteristics of the soils present on the site. This is especially true of an area such as Cannon Township. The Township was initially a sparsely populated agricultural community and is now a rural residential community which relies upon groundwater and on-site wastewater treatment-public sewers service only a portion of the Township . Substantial areas of soils in Cannon Township have severe limitations for residential and urban development. Some parts of Cannon Township that are likely to experience future growth, especially south of Belding Road, have moderate to severe limitations for on-site septic systems. Map C-6 shows the septic system limitation areas for the Township. This map suggests that municipal sewers are necessary to accommodate intensive development in certain portions of the Township. Surficial soils with moderate and slight limitations also appear on Map C-6. C-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �The degree of soil limitations reflects the hardship and expense of developing that land for a particular use. Those soils classified as severe have varying degrees of development potential based on the nature of the limitation. Soila with severe limitations for septic systems can be broken down into the following cate- to prevent wastes from reaching water supplies. For most soil types that means densities of more than one and one-half dwellings per acre. With less dense development and soils without extreme limitations for septic systems, sewage can be disposed of safely by individual private systems. gories: Standards for Septic Systems A. Sandy, moderate to rapid penneability. The Kent County Health Department has established standards for septic systems. These standards apply somewhat different site characteristics when determining the degree of limitations for septic systems, compared to the Soil Conservation Service approach, which focuses on soil types and slope. Applications for a septic permit will be rejected by the Kent County Health Department if: B. Rapid permeability, wetness and high water table. C. Wet, ponding, heavier (clay) soils, slow permeability. 0. Very wet soils, organics, wetlands, floodplains, unable to support septic fields. • The estimated percolation rate is less than 60 minutes per inch of fall. Soila in categories B, C and D are not able to support septic fields because of extreme wetness. Soils in category A are classified as seYere by the Soil Conservation Service, but in most cases, sites with these soils can be modified to make septic systems feasible, depending on specific local conditions. • Where there exists less than 4 fe·et of soil from the bottom of the system to the seasonally high water table. Variances may be granted for existing structures where sewage disposal system repairs, corrections, and/or alterations are necessary (in the opinion of a Health Officer). Because of the diversity of soils found within most areas in Cannon Township, conditions on a particular site may be completely different from what the soil maps indicate. Even though the site may appear to have severe limitations for development, there may be small areas where development is suitable because the soils with severe limitations are undertain by suitable soils within 12 feet of the ground surface. Such an occurrence would be an important consideration in determining site suitability for an on--site wastewater disposal system. Therefore, the limitations maps are meant to serve only as a guide, and on-site inspection will be necessary in most cases to establish site-specific information. Where the upper soil profile is considered unsuitable for the installation of a sewage disposal system, a •deep excavation• or •cutcJown system• may be acceptable if: • Permeable soils encountered are within 12 feet of the ground surface and are not confined to an area less than 2400 square feet, except when the site is oth~rwise unsuitable. • Water-bearing formations found within the 12 foot range are not artesian. Some densely developed areas of Cannon Township have experienced problems resulting from soil characteristics. Densely populated lakeshore developments pose some very difficult problems for on-site wastewater treatment systems. In some cases, soils have high permeability and groundwater levels, so human waste does not have adequate filtering prior to contact with surface and groundwater sources. Other lakeshore developments have been built on low, poorly drained soils rich in organic materials. Bostwick, Silver, and Bella Vista, and Sunfish Lakes are served by public sewers, but other smaller lakes in Cannon Township are not. • There is sufficient information to substantiate that contamination of existing or future water wells will not occur. • No less than 3 feet of permeable soils exist below the unsuitable soils. • The unsuitable soils above the permeable soils are not saturated (muck, peat, marl, etc.). Basement Limitations Limitations for dwellings with basements are shown on Map C-7. Some surficial soils are rated by the Soil Conservation Service as having severe limitations on basements because of excessive Municipal sewer systems are necessary when residential densities exceed the inherent ability of soils C-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �wetness, low strength, excessive sk>pe, or shrink-swell potential. Severe limitations are not concentrated in any particular areas, but are scattered throughout the Township. Soils unsuitable for construction of dwellings with basements cover 38% of the total land area of the Township. the question as to the appropriateness of stringent farmland preservation measures. WOODLANDS The wooded areas of Cannon Township are predominantly hardwoods, with several large areas of aspen and birch, and some small areas of conifers. There are .several large (800-2000 acres) contiguous tracts of woods in the Township, particularly along the uplands surrounding Bear Creek. In addition, wooded areas are scattered throughout the Township in patches of 150 acres or less. Woodlands are shown in Map C-12. The most suitable surflciaJ soils for development, with respect to both septic system and basement limitations, are depicted in Map C-8. Hydric Soils Hydric soils are another limitation on development. They are very poorly drained, saturate easily and retain large quantities of water. They are generally unsuitable for structures. The Soil Conservation Service defines hydric soils as : The importance attached to woodlands is a function of their demonstrated ability to stabilize slopes, retard erosion, conserve water quality and quantity, maintain local micro-climates, filter the atmosphere, decrease noise· levels and provide wildlife habitats. Mature trees represent a valuable resource in maintaining the aesthetic character of Cannon Township. Future development should recognize the importance of existing tree . cover. Wooded areas in Cannon Township should be managed to insure their long term existence and t_o help preserve the rural character of the Township. •A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.• If artificially drained, hydric soils can be suitable for farmland use. Map C-9 shows where these soils are. In Cannon Township, most of the hydric soils are found near watercourses and conespond to present or former wetlands. Hydric soils represent 13. 7% of the Township's total land area. Residential, commercial and industrial development in areas containing hydric soils should be discouraged. WETLANDS _ Prime Farmland Prime farmland soil types have been identified by the Soil Conservation Service as those best suited for food production; they require minimal soil enhancement measures such as irrigation and fertilizer. Some soils are considered prime farmland only if they are drained. Unique farmlands are based on certain soil types as well as other factors, such as landscape position (proximity to water supply, orientation to sunlight, slope, etc.), moisture supply, and present management practices. Prime. farmland soils are shown on Map C-10. Unique farmland and lands enrolled in the Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program (PA 116 of 1974) as of August, 1991 , are depicted on Map · C-11. A total of 1,054 acres in Cannon Township is enrolled in the PA 116 program. Prime farmland soils comprise approximately 15% of the area of Cannon Township, and they exist in several large contiguous areas as well as in small pieces. Though they are concentrated in several areas of the Township, expansive and contiguous areas of prime farmland soils do not generally _exist and raises Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and the areas between dry land and open water. These are areas typified by poor drainage and standing water. They are important community resources for several reasons. Wetlands provide a filter to keep inorganic materials out of the water supply, act as a sponge to retain water during dry periods and hold water during floods. One acre of marsh is capable of absorbing 300,000 gallons of water. Wetlands provide this holding capacity inexpensively. If destroyed they can be replaced only with expensive structural public improvements. Wetlands also function as critical wildlife habitats. A small portion of Cannon Township (8.7%) can b4tt characterized as wetland. These wetland areas are primarily associated with the river channels and lakes located within the Township. Some of the wetlands exist in a relatively large, contiguous area along Bear Creek in the eastern mile of the Township. The remainder are found in small areas. Some wetlands, such as fens or meadows, do not look very wet and may not be wet a large part of the year. Most of these areas are seasonally flooded-usually in the spring and fall, and in the summer they are often without standing water, although the organic soil usually stays near saturation. · C-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Because wetlands are a valuable natural resource, they are protected by Public Act 203 of 1979, the Goemaere Anderson Wetland Protection Act. PA 203 requires that permits be acquired from the Michigan Department of NaturaJ Resources (DNR) prior to altering or filling a regulated wetland. The Wetland Protection Act defines wetlands as: •land characterized by the presence of water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support and that under normal circumstances does support wetland vegetation or aquatic life and is commonly refe"ed to as a bog, swamp, or marsh and "is contiguous to the Great Lakes, an inland Jake or pond, or a river or confined glacial drift aquifer, which is separated from the ground surface by a ·confining• layer of clay or rock. Some wells draw from the unconfined aquifer, which is more vulnerable to contamination from the ground surface. Map C-14 identifies water well locations and the static water level of unconfined glacial draft aquifers. The static water level is the distance (in feet) below the ground at which the acquifer begins (the bottom of the acquifer). Map C-15 identifies the relative risk of groundwater contamination throughout the Township. The numbers representing the relative risks were derived from the Aquipro groundwater model developed at Western Michigan University. Vulnerable areas do not seem to be concentrated in any one location, but are scattered throughout the Township. stream.• Groundwater is an unseen resource and is therefore particularly vulnerable to mismanagement and contamination. Prior to the 1980's, little was known about groundwater contamination in Michigan, and some important facts have recently been revealed. Regulated wetlands include all wetland areas greater than 5 acres or those of any size contiguous to waterways. Wetlands which are hydrologically connected (I.e., via groundwater) to waterways are also regulated. Activities exempted from the provisions of the Act include farming, grazing of animals, farm or stock ponds, lumbering, maintenance of existing nonconforming structures, maintenance or improvement of existing roads and streets within existing rights-of-way, maintenance or operation of pipelines less than six inches in diameter, and maintenance or operation of electric transmission and distribution power lines. The leading causes of groundwater contamination in Michigan are from small businesses and agriculture. More than 50% of all contamination comes from small businesses that use organic solvents, such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and heavy metals, such as lead, chromium, and zinc. The origin of the problem stems from careless storage and handling of hazardous substances. On paved surfaces where hazardous materials are stored, substances can seep through or flow off the edge of the pavement. Materials can also get into floor drains which may discharge to soils, wetlands or watercourses. Permits will not be issued if a feasible or prudent alternative to developing a wetland exists. A map of wetlands based on the DNR's land uselcover inventory are illustrated on Map C-13. Some areas of hydric soils not shown as wetlands would likely be classified as wetlands if they were not artificially drained. Many common materials used by homeowners are highly toxic and can also contaminate groundwater supplies, even when used in small quantities. Groundwater protection is everyone's responsibility, and prevention of contamination is the most effective way to protect groundwater supplies. GROUNDWATER Wells within Cannon Township supply all of the water for residential, commercial and industrial uses in Cannon Township. Most of these wells draw from the C-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan STEEP SLOPES • • Over C-1 127. slope 6-12" slope Data Source: USDA Soil Survey of Kent county, Michigan August, N Scale 1: 43, 400 1 inch ... 3, 615 feet Planning & Zoning Center , 302 S . Waverly Ad . Lansing, Michigan 48917 11n . 111171 aae-o!!ae I nc. 1991 �MAP C-1 STEEP SLOPES Explanation and Key Points: Areas in gray are ve_ ry steep hillsides (over 12% slope) which pose substantial limitations to safe development and typically should not be built upon or exposed because of extremely high erosion potential and high public service costs. They represent a significant portion of the Township's land area. Substantial concentrations of steep slopes are found near Bear Creek, where upland areas slope down towards the channel. The patterned areas are hillsides with moderate slope (612%). These areas also pose moderate to severe limitations on buildings, septic systems, and public services. Some of these areas provide visually attractive sites for residential development, however development should occur only when adequate measures are taken to protect the hillsides from erosion and other negative effects of development. Both slope types shown on Map C-1 combined comprise approximately half of Cannon Township's total land area. Methodology: The Soil Survey of Kent County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its slope. Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Cannon Township, soil map units defined as having steep slopes were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Cannon Township �MAP C-3 WATERSHEDS Explanation and Key Points: _ A watershed is an area which drains into a particular river, lake, or stream. Thus the Bear Creek watershed is the area where ail rain falling within its bounds ultimately flows into Bear Creek. The boundaries between different waters~eds are called divides, and typically fall on ridges or high points. Map C-3 shows that Cannon Township is dominated by the Bear Creek watershed. There is also an area in the northeast quadrant of the Township, containing Bostwick, Little Bostwick, and Pickerel Lakes, which does not drain into any river or creek watersheds except in periods of high water. This area is called a non-contributing area because most of the water it receives remains within its boundaries. This is especially significant because all runoff produced in this area from rainfall, fertilizers, parking lots, farms, or businesses will go into the lakes. The water quality of lakes in this area is thus highly dependent on land use and development. Methodology: Planning consultants met with personnel from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MONA). The Lakes and Streams Unit, Land and Water Management Division, maintains a file of watershed areas in the state. Following a brief discussion of the watersheds in the Township, the information was transferred to a computerized mapping system and a pattern-filled map was generated. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land and Water Management Division, Lakes and Streams Unit �) + CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan C-3 WATERSHEDS + + 0 18 17 15 ,-- ,/ + ,,,,," I I ,-' 2011:!.,...........,. . . . ( ,~ ' 2f',,., '' ',,......... I I \ \0 I I ___ , ' - I I •~ • • •~ Bear Creek Barkley Creek Rum Creek Seely Creek Grand River Egypt Creek ~ Waddell Creek m Non-Contributing - ---,... ' ... ... 3CI I I 29 •,,.. . ,--:. ,-, I ',,\ - ~-\,, _____ ,_ , I I I ',.._, __ .. -t - I I I I '• ;28 ''"---, I I I I ,,' I ,' '\ i,-, I ~~ ' ,_ ', + ~~ ~ -~ """ ~ - ' ' __, -- ------... ,, .., "" """" -.. \ ~:>OOOC ,A, ~ I (".)( ~ ~ .r.,r,.. 'VYY 0 >< )0( ,Y ' :)0 ·~ """ :)0 (J ">('l,j ~ I I A.1') w 26 '• ··-.,·, I I ,I I I I I I . I ~ + ~-, ' ,• ,-, ,.... :,""'' """tl -......... J I I ' ~t:::) ,/ 38 :_ I + --... , .. Cata Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources pW/4W/4¥r;w/4¾MlffNM/4W'd4PtMt ~HHUHUHH&/4'/4~ o 3. 615 7, 230 10, 845 feet { \ + Scale 1 inch• 3,615 feet 1: 43, 400 Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S. Waverly Ad. Lansing, ph. Michigan 48917 (817) 888-0SM Inc. August, N 1991 �CANNON TOWNSHIP 10 MILE All [) .... , ... , 4 Kent County, 1 2 BLISH DRIVE Michigan I I I C-4 FLOODPLAINS '---, '- ... , ' \ 9 MILE RD. I I 0 I \ ,.j > < Q I ~ I J co ...>IC n '-, ',I ... 10 9 .,. \ > < • Area inundated year flood by 100 ,. 'I • I ,1 I I I :,, ,' 118,) :,,,,' I 16 17 I Ill > < . ,,--- ,,,,,,- Ill , ,,, I "' J I ]: Ill i t----------• 22 , ,-' 20/L,----,,, ,.,.,""(./' KREUTER RO. ... I KREUTER RO. 23 I 24 I I 'O I I I I ---...---,.-, I I 29 ',, ', --:. ,_ I '', \ I - ', ... ~ a.. I I I I ' I r -,_ ............ -- -, I I !I MILE ...... _---- ..... ·- RD. } . ... ' 1 _, ... - ... ,_,.. __ > < :I< 32 > ~ Data Source: I I ",-. -,'........ I I . ' i 35 Ill I I ., : > > .............. .. '· 33 z ~ "'w -- .................. _. National Flood Insurance Program , : I : ... : ~ 1 ., ,I II• , ,' 4 MILE RO. '• 36 I : : ', u g - p*W///J ¼#4 ,-,_"tl ___ _ ,,, I ~ ,,,, , / <[ .. TBN, R10W FEMA, August, I I •Ill I ,, ) --- ... ,_ I I Ill E ... /28 ,,' I &i/24 o Scale fM4@¾ ~ 41/4Wl#AfMMw/4'#/4'/4'//4 7, 230 3, 615 1 inch= 3,615 feet 1: 43, 400 Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S. Waverly Rd. Lansing, Michigan 48917 ph. 10, 845 feet (!117) 8811--0!la!I Inc. N 1991 �MAP C-4 FLOODPLAINS Explanation and Key Points: The shaded regions on Map C-4 are floodplain areas associated with rivers, streams, and lakes. These regions represent areas that would be inundated by a 100 year flood (happens approximately every 100 years). The map shows that Cannon Township has very little floodplain area beyond the shorelines of water bodies. However, some areas west of the shoreline of Silver Lake and west of the shoreline of Bostwick Lake are subject to flooding, as well as areas along Bear Creek. Methodology: The floodplains in Cannon Township are mapped by the Federal Flood Insurance Program. A map was obtained from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the information was transferred to a computerized mapping system (digitized), and the pattern filled map was generated. Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) �MAP C-5 SOIL NAMES BY TYPE Map s I I oll Soil name I I I 2B 3B 4B 5 6 7 9B 10 llB llC 12B l2C 13A 14 15 16 17B l7C 17D l7E 18B l8C 19A 19B 20 22B. 22C 23A 24A 25B 25C 25D 25E 26 27B 28 29B 29C 29D 29E 30B 30C 30D 31 32 36B 36C 36D 36E 36F 37B 38 39B 39C 40B 41B 42B 43 44 45B 45C 45D 45E 45F 46B 47 !Oakville fine sand, moderately wet, 0 to 4 percent slopes-------------------------lCovert sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes------------------------------------------------lPerrin gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes---------------------------------~lgansee loamy fine sand----------------------------------------------------------J-Glendora loamy sand---------------------------------------------------------------lCohoctah loam---------------------------------------------------------------------!Rimer loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes--------------------------------------,Landes loam-----------------------------------------------------------------------lOwosso-Marlette sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------lOwosso-Marlette sandy loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------lTustin loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------lTustin loamy fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------------------lMetamora sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------lShoals loam-----------------------------------------------------------------------lSloan loam------------------------------------------------------------------------lCeresco loam----------------------------------------------------------------------lChelsea loamy fine sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------lChelsea loamy fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes-----------------------------------lCbelsea loamy fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes----------------------------------!~~;!!~~l~=.f~n~osr~r~=n~os!~~::~~=-~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: lGlynwood loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------------------lBlount loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------------------------------------------------lBlount loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------------lHoughton muck---------------------------------------------------------------------lOshtemo sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------lOshtemo sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------------lThetford loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------lAbscota loamy .s and, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------lOakville fine sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------~---------------IOakville fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------------lOakville fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes---------------------------------------lOakville fine sand, 18 to 45 percent slopes---------------------------------------lAdrian muck-----------------------------------------------------------------------lWasepi loamy sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes------------------------------------------lGilford fine sandy loam-----------------------------------------------------------lPlainfield sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------------lPlainfield sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------------------lPlainfield sand, 12 to 18-percent slopes------------------------------------------lPlainfield sand, 18 to 45 percent slopes------------------------------------------lSpinks loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------1S,Pinks loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes-----------------------------------------/'Spinks loamy sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes----------------------------------------1-Wallkill silt loam----------------------------------------------------------------lPalms muck------------------------------------------------------------------------lMarlette loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes----------------------------------------------iMarlette loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes---------------------------------------------iMarlette loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes--------------------------------------------lMarlette loam, IS to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------------------!Marlette loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes--------------------------------------------(capac loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------lParkhill loam---------------------------------------------------------------------lArkport loamy very fine sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------lArkport loamy very fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------------lMatherton loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes------------ ---------------------------------lKibbie loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes------------------------------------------------t'l'edrow loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes-------------- -----------------------rGranby loamy fine sand------------------------------------------------------------iEdwards muck----------------------------------------------------------------------iPerrinton loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------iPerrinton loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes--------------------------------------------lPerrinton loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes-------------------------------------------iPerrinton loam, 18 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------------------------iPerrinton loam, 25 to 40 percent slopes-------------------------------------------i'Ithaca loam, l to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------------iPewamo loam-----------------------------------------------------------------------1 I �.J ) S~il Map Units Southern 1/2 C-5 �Soil Map Units Northern 1/2 C-5 14 I 2~C �MAP C-5 SOIL NAMES BY TYPE Continued Map s I I Soil name 01: I I 488 48C 480 49B SOB soc SOD 518 SlC 52 548 54C 568 56C 560 58 598 59C 590 62A 62B 62C 620 62E 63 648 64C 668 66C 660 66E 678 67C 670 688 68C 69 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 818 81C 810 828 82C 820 838 848 85 868 87B 89E I iMetea loamy sand, 2 to 6 .percent slopes-------------------------------------------lMetea loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------------------------lMetea loamy sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes-----------------------------------------lSelfridge loamy sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes---------------------------------------iWoodbeck silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------~----iWoodbeck silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------------lWoodbeck silt loam, ·12 to 18 percent slopes---------------------------------------iOakville fine sand, loamy substratum, Oto 6 percent slopes-----------------------lOakville fine sand, loamy substratum, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------l8elleville loamy sand-------------------------------------------------------------iTuscola silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------------------------------------------iTuscola silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes-----------------------------------------:scalley sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------:scalley sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------------jScalley sandy loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes---------------------------------------iNapoleon muck---------------------------------------------------------------------lOkee loamy fine sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------lOkee loamy fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes--------------------------------------iOkee loamy fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes-------------------------------------lTekenink fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes-----------------------------------iTekenink fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------~--lTekenink fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------lTekeninlt fine sandy loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes---------------------------------'Tekenink fine sandy loam, 18 to 40 percent slopes---------------------------------!urban land-Cohoctah complex-------------------------------------------------------lGrattan sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes-----------------------------------------------iGrattan sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes----------------------------------------------iBoyer loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes-------------------------------------------iBoyer loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes------------------------------------------lBoyer loamy sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes-----------------------------------------lBoyer loamy sand, 18 to 40 percent slopes-----------------------------------------lKalamazoo loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes---------------------------------------------lKalamazoo loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes--------------------------------------------iKalamazoo loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes-------------------------------------------:saylesville silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes--------------------------------------lSaylesville silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes-------------------------------------!Colwood silt loam----------------------------------------------------------------lSebewa loam-----------------------------------------------------------------------lDumps-----------------------------------------------------------------------------IUdorthents, loamy-----------------------------------------------------------------lUdipsamments, nearly level to steep-----------------------------------------------lPits, gravel----------------------------------------------------------------------lUrban land------------------------------------------------------------------------rHoughton muck, ponded-------------------------------------------------------------lUdorthents, nearly level to steep-------------------------------------------------lUrban land-Spinks complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------iUrban land-Spinks complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------iUrban land-Spinks complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------lUrban land-Perrinton complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------iUrban land-Perrinton complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------lUrban land-Perrinton complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------------------lMarlette loam, moderately vet, 1 to 5 percent slopes------------------------------lDixboro loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes------------------------------------iLaason fine sandy loam------------------------------------------------------------iTeasdale fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes-----------------------------------lPipestone sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes---------------------------------------------lMarlette-oaJtville-Boyer complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes--------------------------1 Water, less than 40 acres in size--------------------------------------------1 Water, greater than 40 acres-------------------------------------------------1 I I I I Total-------------------------------------------------------------------- I * Less than 0.1 percent. Source: Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan �MAP C-6 LIMITATIONS FOR SEPTIC SYSTEMS Explanation and Key Points: The map graphically represents soil limitations for residential septic systems. Limitations from slight to severe are shown, with severe limitations having the darkest pattern (heavy grid pattern) and slight limitations having no pattern (white). Lakes are shown in black. Areas with severe limitations for septic systems comprise approximately haJf of the Township's land area. These areas are considered to have severe limitations because of high water table, excessive slope, wetness, very high penneability, or very slow penneability. As a result, significant portions of Cannon Township may be unsuitable for development on parcels smaller than one and a half acres without public sewer systems. Areas shown as having moderate or slight limitations are suitable for devetopment at somewhat higher densities without public sewer systems. Methodology: The UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its limitations for septic tank absorption fields. The soil survey table was used directly, although local health department policies for issuing septic system permits vary considerably within Michigan. The USDA soil survey is only used for general purposes by the Kent County Health Department. The soil survey has some serious drawbacks for specific applications; first, being that it only accounts for the soil that is within the top five (5) feet of ground surface. The Kent County Sanitary Code, which is very similar to the regulations of the Michigan Department of Public Health, allow for more flexibility; soils as deep as twenty (20) feet can be utilized. An example of this is a recent development near the intersection of Young Avenue and 1O Mile Road. The map has this area designated with severe limitations, but on-site field evaluations revealed the area to have sand at fourteen to fifteen feet, which meets the requirements for on-site sewage disposal. For an overall picture of the Township, use of the USDA Soil Survey can be helpful, along with any other applicable infonnation. However, when it comes to specifics, each lot needs to be evaluated on a case by case basis. Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Cannon Township, soil map units defined as having slight, moderate, and severe limitations for septic systems, with respect to the classifications in the soil survey, were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan Digital UOSA Soil Survey map of Cannon Township Kent County Health Department �CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan LIMITATIONS FOR SEPTIC SYSTEMS D Slight B • • C-6 limitations Moderate limitations Severe limitations Unclassified Water Data Source: USDA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan ~m% 7w'dfWmL tW/4 4fml#/4wMWK *ff#ll,M'lll?Mlw~ o Scale 3, 615 7, 230 1: 43, 400 1 inch - Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S. Waverly Rd. Lansing, Michigan 48917 pll . (!117) 885-0= 10, 845 feet 3, 615 feet Inc. August, N 1991 �CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan LIMITATIONS FOR BASEMENTS D • • • C-7 Slight limitations Moderate If mitations Severe limitations Unclassified Water Cata Source: USDA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan August, N Scale 1: 43, 400 1 inch - 3, 615 feet Planning & Zoning Center , 302 S. Waverly Rd . Lansing, Michigan 48917 pn. !:t17l sse--o= I nc. 1991 �MAP C-7 LIMITATIONS FOR BASEMENTS Explanation and Key Points: Map C-7 graphicaJly represents soil limitations for basements. Limitations from slight to severe are shown, with severe limitations having the darkest (heavy grid) pattern and slight limitations having the lightest pattern (white), and lakes are shown in black. Areas with severe limitations for dwellings with basements COl11)rise a significant portion (approximately 38%) of the Township's land area . These areas are considered to have severe limitations because of high water table, excessive slope, wetness, shrink-swell potential, and the tendency of the soils to cave in. In the case of Cannon Township, soils with severe limitations for dwellings with basements are found primarily in steep sloped areas, with others in wetland areas. The latter could be considered generally unsuitable for development. As limitations increase, so do construction costs. Methodology: The Soil Survey of Kent County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its limitations for dwellings with basements. Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Cannon Township, soil map units defined as having slight, moderate, and severe limitations for basements were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Cannon Township �MAP C-8 MOST SUITABLE SOILS Explanation and Key Points: Shaded areas on Map C-8 represent areas most suitable for residential development with respect to limitations for basements and limitations for septic systems. The areas represented are places where limitations for both septic systems and dwellings with basements are considered moderate or slight. These "suitable" soils comprise approximately 40% of the Township's total land area. See Map Descriptions for Maps C-6 and C-7 for more detail. Methodology: Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Cannon Township, soil map units defined previously as having moderate or slight limitations for both septic systems and dwellings with basements were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Cannon Township �CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan C-8 MOST SUITABLE SOILS • ~ ~ ~ Oeta Source: ~ ~ ~ W i 31 ~~ ) Soils most suitable development ~ ~ . ~ "... .; . > .J ~ ~ ~ ~~LE AD . Michigan P&14w,f)X~Ay#M'tfM~llm'/4'/4ffflltf/4 W/4 wWdW4 ~ o 3, 615 7, 230 10,845 feet ~ a • co l&J ~ ~ USDA Soil Survey of Kent County, for .." ~ ~ ~ I"' j? k~ Scale 1: 43,400 1 inch• 3,615 feet Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S. Waverly Rd. Lansing, M1cn1gan 48917 pn . (817) ee&-oaaa Inc. August, N 1991 �10 MIL! All CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan " ~~ill---a:--J~~~ ~r iS • f HYDRIC SOILS II , -''--,, ,,,' • _,a' .,tott ', C-9 Hydric soils Water I I ,/ 17 I 29 8 MILE RD • Ill > • .......---- ..., -. • eta Source: USDA Soil Survey f 32 33 , __ I ,,' I :,, I Michigan W///7//////A E I Kent County, pw/4tW%Wff/4W'@fe&Hnr ~tw/4'HdwH4W#e~ a, ~ of -- .....-.... Ill > •:z 0 "' ~ Scale 3. 615 7, 230 10, 845 feet ::J 1: 43,400 1 inch - Planning & Zoning Center, TBN, 302 S. Lansing, pr,. Waverly Rd. Michigan 48917 (817) 888-0M!I 3,615 feet Inc. August, N 1991 �MAP C-9 HYDRIC SOILS Explanation and Kay Points: Shaded regions on Map C-9 represent areas covered by hydric soils. Hydric soils are very wet organic soils which in their natural state are poorly drained, saturate easily, and retain large quantities of water. In Cannon Township, these soils are found near watercourses and wetlands. Hydric soils always have severe limitations for both basements and septic systems. They are generally unsuitable for any type of structural use. Areas with hydric soils are often a home for wildlife and may have a variety of recreational uses. If properly drained, they can be suitable for fanning. Methodology: The USDA Soil Conservation Service publishes a list of all hydric soils in Michigan. Hydric soils in Cannon Township were identified from that list and input into the digital soil map of the Township. Using a computerized mapping system and the digital USDA soil survey map of Cannon Township, soil map units designated as hydric soils were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County, .Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Cannon Township USDA Soil Conservation Service Michigan hydric soils list �MAP C-10 PRIME FARMLAND SOILS Explanation and Key Points: Shaded areas on Map C-1 0 represent two types of prime farmland soils. The lighter of the two patterns is prime farmland soils, while the darker pattem represents areas that are considered prime farmland only if drained. Area$ not requiring drainage comprise approximately 20% of all prime farmland soils in Cannon Township. Prime farmland soils cover a small portion of Cannon township; approximately 5-10% of the total land area. Concentrations of prime farmland soils are found in the southeast part of the Township, in Sections 25, 35, and 36, and in the southwest area in Sections 30, 31 . and 32. Except for those areas, prime farmland soils are often discontinuous and are not well related to parcel boundaries. This reduces the likelihood of profitable farming activities. Methodology: The UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its ranking as prime farmland . Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Cannon Township, soil map units defined as being prime farmland were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Kent County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Cannon Township �CANNON TOWNSHIP 10 MILE RQ [) Kent County, Michigan _,MixvE PRIME FARMLAND SOILS C-10 9 MILE RO . ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ 0 ~ II. II. H 13 0 • • Prime farmlands Prime farmlands , if drained ~ 1. ~ ~4 ,,_ 1'£ ~" IP 0, KREUTER RO . 24,-~~;__ _ 20e, it- . _J 22 0 ~ 0 29 ~ ~ - !I ,. 0 MILE RO. 0 28 ~ Cate Source: !:I MILE~ USOA Soil S urvey of Kent County, August, Michigan t%?MWAW1"1"@?2?,:I wMIfWH///////A p&@ffHH#/2¼~ ~w,f,L l 3f"\ 111 :, i. > 33 z ::, ID a: a \ ~ O 10, 845 feet 7 • 230 3, 615 < Scale 1: . 43, 400 1 inch - 3,615 feet Planning & Zoning Center 302 S. :,; Lansing, pn. Waverly Ad. Michigan 48917 (!117) BB!I-OS!le • I nC • N 199i �CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan PA 116 FARMLANDS • Land enrolled C-11 •,n PA 116 August, Data Source: Kent County EQualization Department pWef W4f W/4L ~ / / Awu&fa'@lf"M##/////4'#/H/4~ .VP/4f o Scale 3, 615 7, 230 1 inch - 1: 43, 400 Planning & Zoning Center. 302 S . Waverly Rd. Lansing, Michigan 48917 I ph . (!11 7) 885-0S!I!! 10,845 feet 3,615 feet Inc . N 1991 �MAP C-11 PA 116 FARMLANDS Explanation and Key Points: Tois map shows land enrolled in the Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program (PA 116 of 1974), managed by the Michigan Department of Commerce. Methodology: Tax parcel maps were obtained from the Kent County Equalization Department and entered into a computer mapping system. In addition, each parcel was labeled with its tax number. Following input of parcel boundaries and numbers, information from the Township's tax roll .was added using database management software. Parcel numbers served as the link between the digital map and the remaining tax roll information. The end result is a "geo-database"; a map with all tax parcel information attached to each parcel. Data for parcels enrolled in the Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program was obtained from the Michigan Department of Commerce and verified by Township officials. Using a computerized mapping system and the digital tax-parcel map, a map was automatically generated using the parcel numbers for PA 116 land and printed. Source: Livingston Kent Equalization Department Michigan Department of Commerce �MAP C-12 WOODLANDS Explanation and Key Points: The shaded regions on Map C-12 represent six different types of wooded areas. The three general types of woodland cover are hardwoods (broadleaf trees), Aspen/Birch, and conifers (needle-leaf trees). Most of the woodlands in Cannon Township are hardwoods, some of which exist in very large contiguous areas along with Aspen and Birch. Conifers are found in small patches scattered throughout the Township, often contiguous with large tracts of hardwoods. The large tracts of woodlands tend to be located in upland areas on both sides of Bear Creek and surrounding Pickerel Lake. Methodology: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, which contains land cover/use information for the entire state. The land use/cover information is based on interpretations of color infrared aerial imagery taken in 1978. The land use/cover inventory for Cannon Township was revised by the consultant based on 1989 aerial photographs from the Kent County Equalization Department. · Each polygon area on the land/use cover inventory map has a unit label. This label is a three or four digit number which corresponds to the State's land use/cover classification system. To generate the map, a digital map was "downloaded" into a computerized mapping system from the MDNR's computer. All map units with woodland numbers were automatically l9eated, filled with patterns, and printed. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Resource Inventory Program 1989 aerial photographs of Cannon Township �w~·~ /, ~ CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan 5 KIES ST. WOODLANDS C-12 ~ Upland hardwoods lillllll Aspen/Birch flj Lowland hardwoods Ill Pine/Conifer mm Lowland con if er ) Christmas tree plantation Data Source: MDNR, Michigan Resource Inventory Program ~WA WMW/1/4wff/4 ~ ~ 4U&&My¥/4&¥'ffff//HUl/4 o Scale 3, 615 1: 43,400 10, 845 feet 7, 230 1 inch a Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S . Waverly Rd . ) Lansing, pn . Michigan 48917 sse-oses (Si7l 3,615 feet Inc. August, N 1991 �CANNON TOWNSHIP 10 MILE RQ --- -, , ........ \ KIES ST. --- I I 1 -- -- Kent County, './• 4 Michigan 2 C-13 WETLANDS -- ..,.....,, I ~/~ \ II Lowland woodlands ~ Wooded swamp ~ Shrub swamp ,,· ' I ,, I ,' \\ 18 I I ,, ' -- -,, • • ', I I i I , ,' . . > < >< < .J .... :,: ca 5 KREUTER RD. ,-~=.:.::.:...:::::~-_J 22 t!J~-1 I I 1 1 1 $ t Emergent Aquatic Bed Water ,,,~ I I I I ' ', \ ,,,--' I I I , '-,, -......... I I I 29 I I 1 I 1 I I ,/28 I 1 '1I I I 1 ,I 1 \ '' -, I ', 1 II MILE RD. ...... _---- ... , __ , I I ?:] 1 I ', '\ . ,, .' --- ------- -~ ~ ,' ~ . _,,-__ _ li: ' . August, ' I :l>< •c:, MONA, Michigan Reeource Inventory Program N I i>✓~ • 32 Cate Source: I 33 35 ~~ v~~~✓-~✓ I , -, ' 1 ,, 1 1 I ) ---, ' -, 1 < a, a. - ,_ > ? .t: . ,' ,' l1 TBN, A10jj ..,. u u ,,•' -4 MILE RO. X Scale 1 inch =- 3,615 feet 1: 43, 400 P1anning & Zoning 302 s. Waverly Lansing, pn. Center Ad . Michigan 48Si 7 11117) sse-o~ee ' Inc· 1991 �MAP C-13 WETLANDS Explanation and Key Points: The shaded regions on Map C-13 represent wetlands. There are a variety of wetland types found in Cannon Township, including surface waters, swamps, and lowland woodlands. All of the areas shown on Map C-13 are wetlands, based on vegetative cover. It is likely that they are protected by the Wetlands Protection Act of 1979, provided they are larger than five acres in size or are contiguous to an inland lake or stream. Most of the wetlands in the Township are greater than five acres in size and are found near watercourses. The largest wetlands in the Township are located in Sections 1, 12, 13, and 23, east of Bostwick and Pickerel Lakes and along both sides of Bear Creek. Methodology: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, which contains land cover/use information for the entire state. The land use/cover information is based on interpretations of color infrared aerial imagery taken in 1978. The land use/cover inventory for·cannon Township was revised by the consultant based on 1989 aerial photographs from the Kent County Equalization Department. Each polygon area on the land/use cover inventory map has a unit label. This label is a three or four digit number which corresponds to the State's land use/cover classification system. To generate the map, a digital map was "downloaded" into a computerized mapping system from the MDNR's computer. All map units with wetland numbers were automatically located, filled with patterns, and printed. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Resource Inventory Program 1989 aerial photographs of Cannon Township �Appendix D PHYSICAL PROFILE-MAN-MADE FEATURES 2,000 additional acres, or approximately three square miles, of residential land. Much of this reduction in other classifications is due primarily to single family home development. Land classified as recreational increased because holdings of recreational properties increased since 1978. LAND COVER/USE Cannon has a typical Michigan township_ configuration of 36 square sections. The Township is 36.95 square miles (23,650 acres), the majority of which retains a certain level of rural character. General categories of land cover/use for the Township are as follows: The relative amount of urbanization in a community (i.e., number of acres devoted to urban uses) can be deceptive in that a relatively small amount of acreage devoted to a use can still have significant impacts on the character of an area (e.g., strip commercial development or an abandoned gravel pit that was not properly reclaimed after operations ceased). Placement, design and timing of development can greatly affect visual quality, accessibility, cost of service delivery, perceived, and real quality of life. • 32.2% forest cover (7,614.1 acres). This includes upland and lowland hardwoods, upland and lowland conifers, and Christmas tree plantations. • 25.8% agriculture (6,090.3 acres) devoted to agricultural operations like cropland, orchards, confined feedlots and pasture. • 20.2% in open shrub or herbaceous areas (4,765.6 acres). Concentrated residential development in Cannon Township is centered around Silver, Bostwick and Bella Vista Lakes. More dispersed "strip" residential development is located throughout the Township along county roads among agricultural uses. Agricultural uses are located primarily in the northeast corner and in sections 30-36 (southern third) of the Township. The amount of land devoted to traditional commercial uses is small and located along M-44 south of Bostwick Lake and Lake Bella Vista .. Recreational uses include a golf course, sportsman's club and ski area. Note that the state land is classified as woodland and open land for the purposes of land cover information. • 14.0% in residential uses including single family, multi-family and mobile home parks (3,302.5 acres). • 3.4% in surface water (818.7 acres). • 2.7% in wetlands (642.6 acres). This includes forested, shrub, aquatic bed and emergent wetlands. • 1.1% recreation (261.1 acres). • 0.38% open pit extraction (91.5 acres). • 0.26% commercial, institutional or industrial development (63 acres). Figure 0-3 presents parcels according to their tax classification. Note that while the golf course and ski area are land cover/use classified as recreational, they are taxed as commercial. The majority of land in the Township is taxed as residential. In 1991, Cannon Township had a total State Equalized Value (SEV) of $156,447,200 (this figure includes real and personal property). Commercial development accounted for 2.3% of total SEV; industrial, 0.1 %; residential, 91.4%; and agriculture, 1.9%; the remaining SEV can be attributed to personal property. See Figure 0-1 . A more detailed account of specific land uses can be found in Table 0-1 and Figure 0-2. Figure 0-2 illustrates existing land use and cover according to the geographic boundaries of the uses/covers and is not specific to parcel boundaries or the principal use of a parcel. Analysis of natural features such as slopes, woodlands, wetlands, prime farmland, soils and other soil limitations can be found in Appendix C. Between 1978 and 1990, the most significant change in land use was in the residential land use classifications. Land devoted to single family use increased over 150%, while most other land use/cover classifications had small losses. The rapid growth of the Township in the 1980's resulted in approximately LAND DIVISION In 1930, large tracts of land primarily devoted to agricultural use prevailed in Cannon Township. By 1966, many of these large parcels had been subdivided into smaller parcels for residential uses. In 1983, parcels of 3-10 acres were the dominant parcel 0-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �manage these uses on small parcels. Further, this lot split pattern impedes the efficient use of the Township's land areas as well as increases congestion and traffic hazards along area roadways . size and, in 1990, very few large tracts remained. The result of land divisions like this are that land uses requiring large areas of land (agriculture and forestry) are virtually squeezed out because it is not feasible to Figure D-1 TOTAL LAND USE COVER CANNON TOWNSHIP 1990 Im Residential ~ Open 1111 Water []] Recreation ITllD • §§ Forest Ill Wetlands Commercial Agriculture D Extractive Source: Michigan Resource Information System, Land & Water Management Division, DNR D-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Table 0-1 TOTAL LAND USE COVER CANNON TOWNSHIP 1978 Acres 1990 Acres % Chanae High Rise Multi-Family Low Rise Multi-Family Single Family Mobile Home Park Commercial Services Central Business District Shopping Center, Mall Strip Commercial Institutional Open Pit Extractive Underground Extractrive Wells Outdoor Recreation Cemeteries 0.00 10.38 1284.16 10.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.47 36.60 54.92 0.00 111.09 123.23 3.96 0 28.1 3263.7 10.7 0 0 0 22.4 40.6 91.5 0 0 257.2 3.8 0.00 170.71 154.2 -0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.31 10.93 66.61 0.00 -100.00 108.66 -4.04 Cropland Orchard, Ornamental Confined Feeding Permanent Pasture 6307.4 319.57 5.1 306.48 5452.1 343.9 10.8 283.5 -13.56 7.61 111.76 -7.50 Herbaceous Shrub 1959.12 3439.65 1778.6 2987 -9.21 -14.03 Upland Timber Harvest Upland Hardwood (North Zone) Upland Hardwood (Central Zone) Aspen, Birch Lowland Tree Plantation Pine Other Upland Conifers Lowland Conifers Christmas Tree Plantation - 0 0 4371.5 1462.23 1356.95 906.6 0 43.44 111.23 0 0 4051.6 1347.1 1274.6 815.6 0 43.4 81.8 0.00 0.00 -7.32 -7.87 -6.01 -10.04 0.00 -0.09 -26.46 River Lake 56.58 752.48 56.5 762.1 -0.14 1.28 35.64 510.94 12.58 82.44 23697.46 35.4 511.6 12.4 83.2 23649.2 -0.67 0.13 -1.43 0.92 -0.20 URBAN AGRICULTURE OPEN FOREST WATER WETLANDS Forested Shrub Aquatic Bed Emeraent TOTAL AREA "1990 data derived by PZC staff via modem aerial photography. Source: Michigan Resource Info System, MDNR 1978 0-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �TRANSPORTATION Michigan Department of Transportation classifies roads in Michigan communities for the purposes of state funding . M-44 (Belding Road) is classified as a state trunkline. Primary roads in the Township include: • Wolverine Blvd. on the northwestern edge of the Township • 10 Mile Road on the Township's northern boundary. • Cannonsburg Road, which runs generally easvwest until it heads south towards 5 Mile Road. • Myers Lake Road, which runs north of Cannonsburg Road. • Ramsdell Road, which runs generally northeast from Cannonsburg Road. • Honey Creek Avenue, which runs south of Cannonsburg Road • Pettis Road, also running south of Cannonsburg Road. All other roads in the Township are classified as local. Figure D-4 identifies Act 51 roads. PA 51 of 1951 provides for the classification of all public roads, streets and highways for the purpose -of managing the motor vehicle highway fund. Funding is provided to counties, cities and villages for street maintenance and construction based on the number of miles of streets by class, within each community. Most roads in the Township are managed by the Kent County Road Commission. - The Kent County Road Commission has performed 24-hour traffic counts along most of the principal corridors in the Township and are listed in Table D2. Table D-2 identifies, for each principal intersection in the Township, the following information: 1) the street name where the count was taken and the associated cross road; 2) the date the count was taken; 3) the number of cars counted over a 24-hour period traveling in each direction; 4) the maximum recommended capacity of each road at the intersection (LOS C); 5) the ratio of vehicles counted to the LOS C capacity (V/C); 6) the designated LOS for each road ; and 7) road classification (minor arterial, regional arterial, arterial, collector). Levels of service (LOS) may range from A to F; "A" represents the most preferred traffic flow condition, "F" represents the most congested condition. Level of service C represents the maximum recommended capacity for rural roads. Cannonsburg Road and M-44 are the two most heavily traveled east-west corridors while Myers Lake Avenue is the most heavily traveled north-south corridor. There are only approximately six miles of gravel roadway dispersed throughout the interior of the Township, three miles of which is situated within or adjacent to the Cannonsburg State Game Area. However, Tiffany Road, along the Township's eastern bounds, and 4 mile Road, along the Township's southern bounds, are all gravel. The vast majority of County Road rights-of-way are 66 feet. However, platted subdivisions along county roads must provide for a 120 foot right-of-way along primary roads and 86 foot right-of-way for local roads. Roads within platted subdivisions must have a minimum right-of-way of 66 feet. Where the Kent County Road Commission purchases land for new roadways, a 100-foot wide area is purchased. Although easVwest and north/south routes through Cannon wander to a certain extent, access is relatively good throughout the Township. A proposed project in Plainfield Township-the development of a new bridge across the Grand River-may increase access opportunities to the Township. Transportation access, patterns and frequency of use greatly impact land uses in a community. In fact, they often drive land use decisions. An issue that is getting increased attention in the Township is that of private roads. Private roads that are not properly marked or constructed can cause serious problems in emergency situations. If a drive is too narrow, not properly maintained or marked, then emergency vehicles (ambulance, fire trucks) may not be able to find and/or properly access properties in need of assistance. School bus service can also be greatly effected by private road development. At the time of writing, no major road improvements were scheduled within the Township aside from routine maintenance and the probable paving of one mile of gravel road per year, as has been the general schedule in past years. Though not formally scheduled as future projects, the Kent County Road commission is giving increasing consideration to improvements at the M-44/Wolverine Boulevard intersection and the repaving of Cannonsburg Road and portions of Myers Lake Avenue and 1O Mile Road. . D-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Table D-2 TRAFFIC COUNTS - EAST/WEST STREETS - STREET NAME 10MILE 10MILE 10MILE 4MILE 4MILE 4MILE 4 MILE 4MILE 4MILE SMILE SMILE SMILE SMILE SMILE 5 MILE 5 MILE 6 MILE 6 MILE 6 MILE 7MILE 7MILE 9MILE 9MILE 9 MILE 9MILE 9MILE 9 MILE BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BELDING /M-44 BUSH CANNONSBURG CANNONSBURG CANNONSBURG CANNONSBURG CANNONS BURG CANNONSBURG CANNONSBURG CANNONSBURG ELDRED KIES KIES KIES KREUTER KREUTER KREUTER RAMSDELL CROSS ROAD TIFFANY BUSH YOUNG EGYPT VALLEY GILES PETTIS HONEY CREEK MCCABE DURSUM HONEY CREEK MCCABE DURSUM TIFFANY GILES PETTIS EGYPT VALLEY TIFFANY GILES RAMSDELL BLAKELY DUNN RAMSDELL YOUNG BLAKELY MYERS LAKE WILKINSON NORTH PORT MYERS LAKE COURTLAND TIFFANY RAMSDELL EGYPT VALLEY YOUNG SUNFISH LAKE BLAKELY KITSON WOLVERINE YOUNG JOYCE SUNFISH LAKE MYERS LAKE EGYPT VALLEY HONEY CREEK PETTIS RAMSDELL B.J. YOUNG COURTLAND BLAKELY MYERS LAKE SUNFISH LAKE RAMSDELL GREELEY GREELEY DATE TAKEN 01-Aug-91 05-Aug-91 01-See:88 14-Jun-89 26-Jun-90 26-Jun-90 12-0ct-88 09-Jun-89 01-Aug-91 16-Aug-90 16-Aug:90 16-Aug-90 15-A~-90 15-Jul-87 14-Jul-87 26-0ct-89 15-Aug-90 30-0ct-89 26-0ct-89 20-Jun-91 15-Aug-90 28-Mar-89 05-Dec-88 30-Nov-88 05-Dec-88 08-Aug-90 09-Aug-90 03-Aug-90 31-Jul-91 07-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 01-Aug-91 03-Aug-90 03-Aug-90 03-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 08-Aug-90 10-Aug-90 26-Aer-88 15-Jul-87 10-Aug-90 28-Mar-89 10-Jul-87 01-Nov-89 15-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 30-Nov-88 30-Nov-88 09-Jul-87 10-Aug-90 09-Aug-90 09-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 EAST COUNT 1,930 4,050 1,650 258 84 76 192 60 138 902 3,152 104 2,897 2 2n 491 178 111 212 941 268 74 0 370 696 767 411 567 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,432 4,473 4 815 5,950 3938 6648 907 2,185 381 1 469 456 0 0 417 237 272 WEST COUNT 1,880 3,436 2,170 59 65 0 212 83 190 152 2,909 106 2,903 2 272 141 269 119 210 207 436 132 412 334 0 469 724 666 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 190 4,869 4,364 5915 6,443 0 6671 2,019 2,190 0 0 1 469 537 179 0 276 0 CAPAC. LOS C 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8500 8500 8500 8500 8,500 0 1500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8 500 8500 EAST VIC 0.227 0.476 0.194 0.030 0.010 0.009 0.023 0.007 0.016 0.106 0.371 0.012 0.341 0.268 0.058 0.021 0.013 0.025 8,500 8 500 0.111 8500 0.032 0.009 8,500 8 500 0.000 0.044 8 500 8500 0.082 0.090 8,500 0.048 8,500 0,soo 0.067 0.000 9,000 9000 0.000 0.000 9,000 0.000 9,000 0.000 9,000 0.000 9,000 0.000 9,000 0.000 9,000 0.000 9,000 9000 0.000 0.000 8,500 9,000 · 0.492 0.497 9,000 9000 0.535 0.661 9,000 9000 0.438 9000 0.739 0.101 9,000 0.243 9,000 8 1500 0.045 8 500 0.173 8 500 0.054 8500 0.000 0.000 8,500 0.049 8,500 0.028 8,500 0.032 8,500 8 500 8,500 0-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WEST VIC 0.221 0.404 0.255 0.007 0.008 0.000 0.025 0.010 0.022 0.018 0.342 0.012 0.342 0.267 0.017 0.032 0.014 0.025 0.024 0.051 0.016 0.048 0.039 0.000 0.055 0.085 0.078 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.541 0.485 0.657 0.716 0.000 0.741 0.224 0.243 0.000 0.000 0.173 0.063 0.021 0.000 0.032 0.000 EAST LOS A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B A B A A A A A A A A A A WEST LOS A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B A B B A B A A A A A A A A A A ROAD CLASS MIN. ART. MIN. ART. MIN. ART. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. REG. ART. COLL. • ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. ART. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. C'OLL. �Table D-2 TRAFFIC COUNTS - NORTH/SOUTH STREETS STREET NAME BLAKELY BLAKELY BLAKELY BLAKELY B.J. BUSH COURTLAND COURTLAND DUNN DURSUM DURSUM EGYPT VALLEY EGYPT VALLEY EGYPT VALLEY EGYPT VALLEY GILES GILES GILES GREELEY GREELEY HONEY CREEK HONEY CREEK HONEY CREEK JOYCE KITSON MCCABE MCCABE MYERS LAKE MYERS LAKE MYERS LAKE MYERS LAKE NORTH PORT PETTIS PETTIS PETTIS RAMSDELL RAMSDELL RAMSDELL RAMSDELL RAMSDELL SUNFISH LAKE SUNFISH LAKE SUNFISH LAKE TIFFANY TIFFANY TIFFANY TIFFANY WILKINSON WOLVERINE YOUNG YOUNG YOUNG YOUNG YOUNG CROSS ROAD 7MILE 9MILE BELDING /M-44 KIES CANNONSBURG 10 MILE BELDING /M-44 KIES 7MILE 4MILE SMILE 4MILE SMILE BELDING /M-44 CANNONSBURG 4MILE 5 MILE SMILE KREUTER RAMSDELL 4MILE SMILE CANNONS BURG CANNONS BURG BELDING /M-44 4MILE 5 MILE 9 MILE BELDING /M-44 CANNONSBURG KIES 9MILE 4MILE 5 MILE CANNONSBURG 6 MILE 9MILE BELDING /M-44 CANNONSBURG KREUTER BELDING /M-44 CANNONSBURG KREUTER 10MILE SMILE SMILE BELDING /M-44 9MILE BELDING /M-44 10 MILE 9MILE BELDING /M-44 BUSH ELDRED DATE TAKEN 20-Jun-91 30-Nov-88 03-Aug-90 30-Nov-88 15-Aug-90 05-Aug-91 31-Jul-91 30-Nov-88 15-Aug-90 01-Aug-91 16-Aug-90 14-Jun-89 26-0ct-89 01-Aug-91 10-Aug-90 26-Jun-90 15-Jul-87 30-0ct-89 09-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 12-0ct-88 16-Aug-90 28-Mar-89 10-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 09-Jun-89 16-Aug-90 05-Dec-88 03-Aug-90 15-Jul-87 09-Jul-87 09-Aug-90 26-Jun-90 14-Jul-87 10-Jul-87 26-0ct-89 28-Mar-89 07-Aug-90 01-Nov-89 09-Aug-90 03-Aug-90 26-Apr-88 10-Aug-90 01-Aug-91 15-Aug-90 15-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 08-Aug-90 01-Sep-88 05-Dec-88 03-Aug-90 08-Aug-90 07-Aug-90 NORTH SOUTH COUNT COUNT 316 259 1 445 995 306 2,448 o· 1 445 0. 220 0 278 812 0 1 282 620 0 89 240 0 0 22 118 232 251 262 685 0 0 590 24 32 56 239 175 76 256 0 11TT4 1.730 1.783 1.783 1.752 2.282 0 1,340 367 0 879 0 302 305 699 0 2,807 3.085 1,987 4.281 493 0 3 360 3 256 0 227 1 746 1 645 1 320 1 281 0 1 410 1,913 2,339 715 833 3,945 1,588 1 023 0 2,247 2,092 0 587 870 0 651 678 0 130 0 205 173 156 246 238 0 488 0 0 453 638 698 756 426 1.734 700 ns 855 1,162 DAILY CAPAC. 01000 8000 01000 8000 8,000 0,000 01000 8000 01000 01000 01000 8000 01000 0 1000 0 1000 8000 8 000 8 000 0,000 01000 01000 8,000 8,000 8,000 01000 01000 8.000 01000 0,000 8 000 8 000 8,000 8000 8000 8000 8,000 8000 8,000 8 000 8,000 8,000 01000 01000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8,000 8000 01000 8000 8.000 8,000 8.000 NORTH VIC 0.032 0.181 0.306 0.000 0.028 0.000 0.000 0.160 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.015 0.031 0.000 0.074 0.004 0.030 0.022 0.032 0.222 0.223 0.219 0.000 0.046 0.110 0.038 0.000 0.351 0.535 0.062 0.420 0.000 0.218 0.165 0.000 0.239 0.089 0.199 0.128 0.262 0.000 0.109 0.085 · 0.000 0.026 0.022 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.087 0.217 0.087 0.107 SOUTH NORTH V/C LOS 0.040 A 0.124 A 0.038 A 0.181 A 0.000 A 0.035 A 0.102 A o.on A 0.011 A 0.000 A 0.003 A 0.029 A 0.033 A 0.086 A 0.000 A 0.003 A 0.007 A 0.009 A 0.000 A 0.216 A 0.223 A 0.285 A 0.168 A 0.000 A 0.000 A 0.038 A 0.087 A 0.386 A 0.248 B 0.000 A 0.407 A 0.028 A 0.206 A 0.160 A 0.176 A 0.292 A 0.104 A 0.493 A 0.000 A 0.281 A 0.073 A 0.000 A 0.081 A 0.016 A 0.000 A 0.019 A 0.030 A 0.061 A 0.000 A 0.080 A 0.095 A 0.053 A 0.097 A 0.145 A Source: Grand Rapids and Environs Transportation Study (GRETS) D-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SOUTH LOS A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ROAD CLASS COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. COLL. �DRAINAGE The County drainage system in Cannon is relatively small, consisting of six short drains. Four are located on lakes: Bella Vista (Grass Lake Drain, a lake level drain established in 1970, and East Bella Vista Shores Drain, established in 1989), Silver Lake (Silver Lake Drain, also a lake level drain, established in 1974), and Bostwick Lake (Northport Drain, established in 1975). The other two county drains (Bowen Drain, established in 1938, and Cannonsburg Drain, established in 1907) are in the southern half of the Township near Bear Creek. See Figure D-5. As of 1991 , no additional drains are pending. Since activities to upgrade or repair existing drains and develop new drains must come from a petition to the County Drain Commissioner, it is difficult to determine future activities of the County Drain Commission in Cannon. Although Cannon is served by three public school districts (Lowell, Forest Hills and Rockford), Rockford Schools serve the vast majority of Township residents. See Figure D-7. Three Rockford elementary schools are located in Cannon: Lakes School near Young and Belding; Crestwood on Courtland Drive; and Cannonsburg on Cannonsburg Road near the Village. POLICE & FIRE COMMUNITY FACILITIES Cannon Township gets fire protection from a volunteer fire department. There are two stations located in the Township, one on Belding road and one on Cannonsburg Road. See Figure D-6. Police protection is provided by the County Sheriff's Department and the Michigan State Police. The nearest state police post is located in the City of Rockford. There are three cemeteries in Cannon, all operated by the Township. They are located on Belding Road (2.12 acres), Ramsdell Drive (1.85 acres), and Sunfish Lake Avenue (3.6 acres). The Belding and Sunfish cemeteries are still taking interments. Other public buildings include the Township halls-the new facility on Belding Road and the old hall, now a museum on Cannonsburg Road. See Figure D-6. Also depicted on Figure D-6 are private recreational facilities open to the public. Fire protection is provided by the Township's volunteer fire department which includes a station in Cannonsburg and one at the Township Hall on M-44. The fire department currently includes a part time paid fire chief and assistant chief and 15 Hon cal/H volunteer fire fighters, all of whom are Michigan certified fire fighters. - surance agencies then use these evaluations, or ratings, to establish fire insurance protection rates. ISO has rated all of Cannon Township a "9," on a scale of 1 (best) to 1O (worst), except for the Lake Bella Vista and Silver Lake condominiums areas, which have been rated a HS." The lack of easily available water for fire protection in the majority of the Township is the principal condition resulting in the 9 rating. SCHOOLS The Township is currently served by sanitary sewer along Belding Road, which serves developed areas around the Lakes. See Figure D-8. Except for two private water towers owned and operated by condominium associations (at Silver Lake and Lake Bella Vista), residents rely on private wells for water. Many of the private wells in Cannon are relatively shallow (less than 40 feet deep). This should be a critical consideration in planning efforts. High density development or residential development near commercial or industrial land uses can lead to contamination of shallow wells. The Cannonsburg Station includes: 1) a 1985 pumper/tanker with a 2,000 gallon storage tank and 1,000 gallon per minute pumper; 2) a 1977 pumper/tanker with a 1,000 gallon storage tank.and 1,000 gallon per minute pump; and 3) a 1984 four-wheel drive grass rig with a 250 gallon storage tank and 100 gallon per minute pumper. The Township Hall station includes: 1) an 1988 pumper/tanker with a 1,000 gallon storage tank and 1,000 gallon per minute pumper; 2) a 1973 pumper/tanker with a 750 gallon tank and 750 gallon per minute pumper; 3) a 1963 pumper/tanker with a 1,250 gallon tank and a 250 gallon per minute pump; and 4) two 4-wheel drive grass rig pumper/tankers, one including a 100 gallon tank and the other a 200 gallon tank. RECREATIONAL FACILITIES & HISTORIC SITES Cannon Township has impressive public holdings for recreation. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources manages 864 acres of land in southern Cannon Township as part of Cannonsburg State Game area. The MONA acreage that falls in Cannon alone was valued at over a half-million dollars in 1991. Townsend Park is a large county facility (144 acres) located at Ramsdell and 6 Mile Road. The county has recently acquired a 235-acre marsh and wooded site, which includes Pick~rel Lake, and intends to program The Insurance Services Organization (ISO) evaluates communities with regard to fire protection and inD-7 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �the facility for passive outdoor recreation activities such as hiking an cross-country skiing. Cannon also holds several small easements and lots around the lakes which are supposed to provide access for back lot holders. Currently, these holdings are the source of controversy as adjoining property owners try to lirr,it access and erect fences. In turn, back lot holders still expect access. • Pando Ski Area, southwest of Bostwick Lake in Sec. 14 • Cannonsburg Ski Area, Sec. 28 • Sportsman's Club, Sec. 18 (82 acres) • Camp Rogers (a Christian youth camp) southwest of Bostwick Lake in Sec. 14 (154.4 acres). While Cannon Township has several historic resources (see Appendix B), only one site appears on the state register of historic sites-the old Township Hall at 8045 Cannonsburg Road. Private recreational facilities in the Township include: • Silver Lake Country Club, east of Silver Lake in Sec. 10 0-8 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �HI§ I I~. ~ I I I 10 MILE A• ·I ~ ,,, ~ ~m ... !Il ,- II -Jfi -- '"= CANNON TOWNSHIP Kent County, Michigan ~ r IS =l LAND USE/COVER D-2 Ji Residential Commercial Ill • ~ --: ~IW • .~ 0 ~ ;lii I Agricultural ~ Institutional ~ Recreational • .,,~ Industrial/Extractive Wetlands lll] Woodlands iii Open Data Sourc~ pit§ J u @ -I:~ C--~ MON~ land Michigan Resource Inventory Program ~¥4WY4WIL w'/4j"!Pi'c:f1"/4pf&/4&¥1'M¾ w>JPdwf ~ o Sea le 3. 615 7, 230 1: 43, 400 1 inch - Planning & Zoning Center, 302 S. Waverly Rd. Lansing, Michigan 48917 pr,. (!U 7) 88&-0~!!.!I 10,845 feet 3,615 feet Inc. August, N 1991 �MAP D-2 LAND USE/COVER Explanatlon and Key Points: The land use/cover map shows land use according to the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). Detailed land use/cover classifications have been generalized for Map D-2 into agricultural, commercial, residential, etc. Methodology: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, which contains land use/cover information for the entire state. The land use/cover information is based on interpretations of color infrared aerial imagery taken in 1978. The land use/cover inventory for Cannon Township was revised based on aerial photographs of the Township taken in the spring of 1989 by the Kent County Equalization Department. Each polygon area on the land/use cover inventory map has a unit label. This label is a three or four digit number which corresponds to the State's land use/cover classification system. To generate the map, a digital map was "downloaded" into a computerized mapping system from the MDNR's computer. All map units were automatically located, filled with patterns, and printed. Sources: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Resource Inventory Program, and 1989 aerial photographs of Cannon Township �MAP D-3 LAND USE BY PARCEL - TAX CLASS Explanation and Key Points: Toe land use by parcel map shows land use according to how parcels are taxed in Cannon Township. It is evident from the map that most of the land in the Township is taxed for residential use. There are also significant areas jn agricultural and developmental categories. Most of the acreage taxed as commercial consists of commercial recreational uses (Cannonsburg Ski Area, Pando Ski Area, Silver Lake Country Club, Sportsmen's Club). Approximately half of the land taxed for commercial use is located along M-44. The Cannonsburg State Game Area consists of 864 acres of land not taxed by Cannon Township. Methodology: Tax parcel maps were obtained from the Kent County Equalization Department and entered into a computer mapping system. In addition, each parcel was labeled with its tax number. Following input of parcel boundaries and numbers, information from the Township's tax roll was added using database management software. Parcel numbers served as the link between the digital map and the remaining tax roll information. The end result is a "gee-database": map with all tax parcel information attached to each parcel. a Contained in the tax roll information is a code which specifies how (for which use) the parcel is taxed. Using a computerized mapping system and the digital tax-parcel map, a map was automatically generated using the land use/tax_code and printed. Source: Kent County Equalization Department �CANNON · TOWNSHIP 10 MILE All Kent County, • Michigan 2 KIES ST, LAND USE BY PARCEL 9 MILE RO. D D-3 Residential Commercial ., + >C < J ., X ~ Agricultural ~ H ~ :::, 20 19 Industrial • 16 17 11111 Developmental Institutional 1111 State /,I/ • ~ 8 RO. , , Land Water ~ • eta :::=::!I MILi!: RO. -~ • ~ 1111 111111 August. source: Kant County EQuelizetion Depertmant ~ N > < . ~ a: u ., •., . > z < 0 :r: D 36 Scale 1: 43, 400 Planning & 1 inch - Zoning Center. 302 S. Waverly Rd. Lansing. Michigan 48917 RD . Ph . 111171 ee&-o!lee 3,615 feet Inc. 1991 �Appendix E DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE East Grand Rapids to a gain of 40.2% in Gaines Township (the second fastest growing community in Kent County). Changes in population in neighboring community's are not nearly as great as the change experienced in Cannon. In the same 1o year period, population increases for surrounding communities were: Grand Rapids Township, +15.8%; Plainfield Township +21%; Ada Township, + 17.1%; Grattan Township, + 11 .7%; Courtland Township, +20.7%; and the City of Rockford, +12.8%. The County experienced a 12.6% increase in its population while the state only gained 0.3%. See Figures E-1 through E-3 and Table E-1. POPULATION CHANGE OVER TIME In the last four decades, the Township has experienced significant growth. From 1950 to 1960, the population rose 58%; from 1960 to 1970, 46%; from 1970 to 1980, 35%; and from 1980 to 1990, 59.1 %. The most recent increase is the largest and becomes more significant when you consider that as population grows, it takes proportionately a larger numerical increase to affect the base population. Exclusive of Cannon Township, between 1980 and 1990 percentages of change in population within the County ranged from a loss of 0.98% in Figure E-1 POPULATION GROWTH TREND FOR SELECT KENT COUNTY COMMUNITIES 8,000 7,000 0 1960 • 1970 ~ 1980 6,000 [TI 1990 5,000 4,000 3,000 1,000 0 Camon Algoma Twp. Twp. Cour11and Twp. Grattan Oakfield Twp. Twp. Source: Decennial Census E-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN City of Rockford �Figure E-2 POPULATION GROWTH TREND FOR KENT COUNTY Kent County 600000 500000 C 0 400000 ~ 0 "'3 Q. 300000 0 a.. 200000 100000 0 1960 1980 1970 Source: Decennial Cansua E-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 1990 �Figure E-3 PERCENT POPULATION INCREASE 1980-1990 FOR SELECT COMMUNITIES AND KENT COUNTY cannon Twp. Algoma Twp. Ccutland Twp. Grattan Twp. City of Rockford Grand Rapids Twp. Ada Twp. Source: o.c.nnia/ Census E-3 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Oakfield Twp. Kent County �Table E-1 POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS CANNON AND AREA COMMUNITIES Cannon Twp. Alaoma Twp. Courtland Twp. Grattan Two. Oakfield Twp. City of Rockford Plalnflald Twp. Kant County 1960 1970 1980 1990 2525 2887 1 555 1346 1 471 2074 11 680 363187 3,690 4,479 2.196 1 893 2,159 2,428 16,935 411.044 4983 6472 3.272 2.575 2,983 3,324 20611 444 506 7928 5496 3950 2 876 3842 3750 24957 500 631 Plainfield Township's was approximately 211 persons per square mile in the mid-1950's. Although Cannon Township is generally considered rural, it has urbanized significantly since 1960. See Figure E-4 and Table E-2. Density (the number of persons per square mile) in Cannon Township as of 1990 was over 7 times what it was 50 years a99. In 1940, there was an average of 29 people per square mile; by 1990, this figure had grown to an average of 211.4 persons per square mile. For the sake of perspective, Figure E-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP POPULATION DENSITY 250 -·e ~ 200 ...cu 0 ::::, r:::r 150 ......... C: en .2 0 "5 a. 0 100 ~ .?:·.;; C: cu CJ 50 0 1940 1950 SOUIC9: Population ffgun,•; 1960 1970 1980 1990 cannon Township 1978 t:;ompre/H,nsivtl Plan, and Decennial Censuses. Density dMivtld by PZC staff. E-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �RACE Table E-2 CANNON TOWNSHIP HISTORIC POPULATION & DENSITY Year Population 1 088 1940 1600 1950 1960 2 525 3690 1970 4983 1980 1990 7928 • persons per square mile With respect to race, Cannon Township is relatively homogeneous, with 98.4% of its population being white. In the last decade, small minority populations have become a smaller percentage of the total population. In 1980, 60 blacks represented 1.2 % of the population. By 1990, 55 blacks represented 0. 7% of the population. likewise, in 1980, 47 Asians represented almost 1% of the population and by 1990, 48 Asians represented 0.6% of the population. American Indian/Eskimo/Aleuts represented 0.2% of the populations in 1990 (14 persons), doubling in number from 1980. This may be due to the trend of persons of Native American decent identifying with that group more readily than in the past. Density* · 29 42.7 67.3 98.4 132.9 211.4 Source: Population ffgurN; CMnon To'Mlahlp 1978 Comprehensive Plan, and Dec»nnitlJ CMl.uses. Density derived by PZC 81116. AGE While population projections are somewhat speculative due to a multitude of unpredictable variables, they can provide valuable insight. Numerous projection techniques can be used which lead to a range in projected growth, and this range can be most useful. The age structure of Cannon Township suggests a high percentage of families with children, and a relatively low percentage of persons 65 years and over. As of 1990, nearly one-third (32.8%) of the population (2,597 persons) was 18 years or younger. The County's percentage of persons 18 years and younger was 28.3%. The percentage of persons 65 years and over in the County was 10.8%. Cannon Township's percentage of persons 65 years and over was less at 6%. Additionally, median age of the Township (32.6 years of age) is slightly higher than that of the County (30. 7 years of age), which suggests the presence of "baby boomers• who are now raising families that pull up the median age vs. an increase in the number of persons over 65 years of age. If Cannon Township's growth were to continue at the rate of growth it experienced between 1980 and 1990 (59.1%), its population in years 2000 and 2010 wouJd approximate 12,613 and 20,067, respectively. This is an exceptionally high rate, and it is questionable as to whether this high rate will continue. However, if the Township's growth rate over the next 20 years were to reflect the historical rate of Township growth, say over the past 30 years, its growth would still be strong (46.6% every ten years), and populations in years 2000 and 2010 would approximate 11 ,622 and 17,037, respectively. Age/sex pyramids present a more detailed profile of a community's age structure. See Figures E-5 , E- 6 and E-7. The average of these two projection techniques yields an approximate population in year 2000 of 12,117 persons and 18,552 persons in year 2010. At the time of this update, neither the State of Michigan, county or regional planning agencies had prepared population projections for the Township based on the 1990 Census data. E-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure E-5 CANNON TOWNSHIP AGE/SEX DISTRIBUTION 1960 PERCENT OF POPULATION • Female [ill Male -10 -20 -30 20 10 0 30 Source: o.cennia/ Census Figure E-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP AGE/SEX DISTRIBUTION 1980 PERCENT OF POPULATION • Female (] Male -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 Source: o.cennia/ Census E-6 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 10 15 20 �Figure E-7 CANNON TOWNSHIP AGE/SEX DISTRIBUTION 1990 PERCENT OF POPULATION :-:•·•:•:•:•:• :•···•:•:•:•···•:•:•·•:•:•:•: -15 -10 .5 0 5 10 15 Source: Decsnnia/ Cansus In 1960, the single largest age group in the Township was represented by people 5-14 years of age; while those 15-24 and 25-34 years of age comprised a comparatively smaJI percentage of the overall population. It can be sunnised that in 1960, Cannon Township had a relatively large number of families in its population. with state and national trends that show an aging population. • An increase in percentage of those under 5 years of age (from 8.1 % of tne population in 1980 to 8.8% of the population in 1990). • An increase in percentage of persons 25 to 44 years of age (from 31.4% to 37.1%) · The 1980 age/sex pyramid displays a tighter range in age distributions. The percentage of persons 514 is still quite high, but the number of persons in the 15-24 and 25-34 age groups have increased (those previously in younger age groups moving through the pyramid). • A small decrease in the percentage of persons 5-17 years of age (from 25.4% to 23.9%). SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Three school districts serve Cannon Township: Lowell, Rockford and Forest Hills. All three school districts are experiencing increases in enrollment. Generally, high school enrollments decreased during the mid-1980's but have begun to rise in recent years for Forest Hilis and Rockford Schools. The majority of new enrollment has been experienced at the elementary level. Between 1983 and 1990, enrollment for elementary grades had increased 75.1 % for Rockford Schools, 39.0% for Forest Hills and 34.2o/e for Lowell Schools. Rockford Schools serve the vast majority of Township residents. Note that the data source for Rockford schools does not present data specifically for the middle school. See Figures E-8 through E-1 O and Table E-3. By 1990 the middle of the pyramid has grow ( •baby-boomers• moving through time) and the lower and higher age brackets represent a smaller portion of the population overall. The pyramid still suggests many families in the Township, but they are smaller than in previous decades. Some of the more significant trends between 1980 and 1990-for Cannon Township include: • A decrease in the percentage of persons 65 years and over (dropping from 6.4% to 6%) which is opposite of state an national trends that show and increase in persons 65 years and older over the last 20 years. • An increase in median age (29.4 years of age to 32.6 years of age). This is consistent E-7 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Flgure-E-8 SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 1981-1990 ROCKFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Source: Rockford Public Schools Figure E-9 SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 1981-1990 FOREST HILLS PUBLIC SCHOOLS [I] 9-12 • 6-8 §I K-5 6000 5000 "' ·ga.. 3000 2000 1000 0 1~1~1~1*1~1~1ffl1~1~1~ So/JICII: Forest HIiis Public Schools 1, ,st E-8 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure E-10 SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 1981-1990 LOWELL PUBLIC SCHOOLS rm 9-12 • s-a 51 K-6 3000 ..!!l ·a. 1500 ~ 1000 500 O~iiiiii=iii 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Sourr:e: Lowell Publlc Schools Table E-3 SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 1981-1990 LOWELL Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 K-6 6-8 9-12 1192 1137 1138 1176 1235 1309 1375 1458 1511 1527 670 654 625 573 575 604 559 566 585 670 861 828 843 873 871 868 872 802 836 788 ROCKFORD K-6 7-12 1839 1844 1787 1873 2043 2252 2505 2703 2964 3129 1905 1792 1799 1816 1856 1964 2018 2049 2120 2249 FORESTHIUS K-5 6-8 9-12 2007 1925 1910 1964 2063 2184 2339 2449 2569 2654 1246 1200 1185 1110 1066 1055 1110 1157 1209 1238 1621 1504 1601 1649 1640 1709 1666 1595 1551 1584 Source: Lowell, Rockford, rOffltlt Hills Public Schools national trend of increases in single-person and single parent households, in addition to a general decrease in the size of households. See Figure E11 and Table E-4. HOUSEHOLDS In the 1980's, Cannon Township's population increased 59.1%. The number of households increased by 63.8%. Households are increasing faster than the population because of a state and E-9 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure E-11 CANNON TOWNSHIP NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 3000 2500 en 2000 ~ 0 = en <U ::::, 0 1500 ~ 1000 500 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 Source: Decennial Census tween 1980 and 1990, while the Township re- Table E-4 CANNON TOWNSHIP NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 mained stable. # of Households 676 986 1.562 2558 Married-couple families represent 79.1 % of all households in the Township (this was also the case in 1980). This is significantly higher than County and state percentages of 56.8% and 55.1 %, respectively. Further, the percentage of marriedcouple families fell for the state and County be- As would be expected, because of the high percentage of married couples and families in the Township, the number of persons per household is higher than state and County averages. In 1990, the County average number of persons per household was 2.69; Cannon Township's average number of persons per household was 3.10. State and national trends of smaller households have effected Cannon, however, in that the average household size has decreased (1970: 3. 73; 1980: 3.16). The decrease of 0.06 between 1980 and 1990, however, is marginal. See Figure E-12 and Tab1e e~s. E-10 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure E-12 CANNON TOWNSHIP PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLDS 4 3.5 -.:::, 0 .J: [] 1970 3 Cl> ::::, 2.5 "' 0 :c ... Cl> Q,. 2 1.5 C "' ... ~ Cl> a. 1 0.5 0 Cannon Twp. Kent County SOUl'Cfl: State c.nsu• Bureau Source: C.nsua Bureau Table E-5 HOUSING CANNON TOWNSHIP PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD Year 1970 1980 1990 Cannon Twp. Kent Countv State 3.73 3.16 3.1 3.32 2.86 2.69 Source: C.nsua Bureau 3.35 2.45 2.4 Between 1980 and 1990, the number of housing units in Cannon Township increased from 1,754 to 2,769. Over the last several years (1982-1990) , the Township has had an average of 108 new single-family homes built per year. See Rgure E-13 and Table E-6. Only 38 multifamily units were recorded in building permit records in the same 9year period. The Township also averaged 2 demolitions per year in that time. The 1990 Census reinforces the building boom in Cannon reflecting that 41 % of all housing units in the township werebuilt between 1980 and March of 1990. Further, almost 60% of all housing units in the township were built after 1970. ,I E-11 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure E-13 SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ACTIVITY IN CANNON TOWNSHIP 160 'i 140 -~ 120 8cn 100 en C = C :) ti cCD :2 en CD a: 0 z 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Soclce: Michigan Housing development authority Table E-6 SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ACTIVITY CANNON TOWNSHIP Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 ECONOMY The Cannon Township work force is, for the most part, a commuting work force, as indicated by the 1980 Census statistic that the average travel time to work for Cannon Township residents is 24.8 minutes. The majority of the work force at that time also indicated that they worked in Kent County, reporting to employment centers in the Grand Rapids metro area. The 1990 mean travel time to work was very close to the 1980 figure at 23.9 minutes. It is evident that the majority of Cannon Township's work force continues to report to work in and around Grand Rapids. # of Permits 37 113 156 99 131 112 133 109 82 As d the 1990 Census, 97.3% d all oc:c~ied housing l.llits in the T were single-family homes. Of aJI th9 housing units in the Townsll.,, 91% were owner~ied. This is meaningful considering County and state averages d home at the ownsh., ownersh., same time. Michigan has a home ownership rcita of 74.4%, the County 69.7%. Median value of ownerocct4)ied housing in Cannon was $97,600. Comparatively, mecfsan value of owner~ied housing in the County was $68,200. The number of vehicles available for use is another indicator of the population's mobility. In 1990, of all occupied housing units, 60% had two cars: another 27% had 3 or more cars. So, 87% of all housing units in the Township had multiple cars available. Of the 13% without multiple cars, only 33 housing units had no car, the remainder had one car. The percentage of persons employed in manufacturing in Kent County decreased considerably between 1980 and 1990. In 1990 manufacturing (of both durable and nondurable goods) followed the service industry in terms of the number of jobs provided in the county. In 1980, 35.2% of all E-12 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �tor. On a percentage basis, the county has about four times as many people employed in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and mining than the Township does. Cannon has higher percentages of its workers employed in the finance, insurance and real estate, and construction sectors than the county. See Figures E-14 and E-15 and Table E-7. employed persons worked in manufacturing, by 1990 the percentage dropped to 26.2%. The number of workers employed by the service industry increased from 21.7o/o in 1980 to 29.7% in 1990. Cannon Township 1990 employment by industry closely parallels the county figures. The largest differences are found in the agriculture, forestry, fisheries and mining sector, and the construction sec- Figure E-14 PERCENT OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY KENT COUNTY 1990 Public Administration Services Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation, Commw,ication & Public Manufacturing Construction Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries &· Mining 0 5 10 15 20 Sourt»: County Busineu Psttem~. Bureau Of. Cllnsus 1980 ·lL!lOB1 -lol te ; "9orm, 1 •. E-13 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 25 30 �Figure E-15 PERCENT OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY CANNON TOWNSHIP 1990 Public Administration Services Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation, Communication & Public Manufacturing Construction Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries & Mining 0 5 10 15 20 Source: County Business Patterns, Bureau Of Census 1980 E-14 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 25· 30 �Table E-7 PERCENT OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY 1990 Kent Cannon Countv TownshiD INDUSTRY Agriculture. Forestrv. Ftsheries & Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation, Communication & Public Utllltln Retail Trade .. Wholesale Trade Ftnance. Insurance & Real Estate Service• Public Administration numbers may not total 1.4 4.8 26.2 4.7 0.36 6.9 26.8 4.5 19 6 5.9 29.7 2.3 16.9 5.7 5.8 30 3.1 100% due to rounding Soun:a: 1990 CMsus ~ In 1980, the percentage of Cannon Township's work force employed in manufacturing was 28.4%, by 1990 it dropped to 28.6%. In 1980, Cannon had 23.9% of its work force in the services sector. By 1990 this sector provided employment for 30% of Cannori's work force. · · In 1980, the Township's ~ rate was higher than the County's. Regardless, Kent County and Cannon Township consistently have a lower - -= . - unemployment rate than the state. Since the Michigan En1>1ovment Security Commission calculates subsequent employment figures from the 1980 census ratio, this trend is reported for remaining years in the decade. Because the Township grew so rapidly between 1980 and 1990, MESC expects that when they recalculated unemployment rates based on 1990 data, this trend might in fact have reversed because of underestimations in the Township's labor force. See FtgUr& E-16 and Table E-8. E•15 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �\ Figure E-16 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES CANNON TOWNSHIP, KENT COUNTY AND STATE ~ Cannon Twp. -----------1 • 16 0 14 -M ~ g a: Kent County State 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Soc#m: Michigan Employment Security Commission Table E-8 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES CANNON TOWNSHIP AND KENT COUNTY Year Cannon Twp. Kent Countv State 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199iJ 9.7 10.4 12.9 12.9 10.4 9.7 8.3 7 6.1 5.8 8.9 9.4 12.3 11.9 9.6 9 7.6 6.5 5.6 5.3 6.1 12.4 12.3 15.5 14.2 11 .2 9.9 6.7 . a.a . 8.2 7.6 7.1 7.5 Source: Michigan Employment Security Commission Cannon To~ nship has a relatr. et hlg per · capita income. Betwesn 1979 and 19 ,1 the Township's per capita ir.come ioo:-sased 127 o (as opposed to an increase of 84. % for th state overall). Sincli per capita income flgu: ,· are derived by taking tvtal income and d iding- it by every adult and child, it is esp0c:'" I · ign ~nt that Cannon's per capita income remains high, because of a higher than average median house · Id~size. Note: adjustments are currently being made to Census data with rasped ti0 p· r capita Income. Cannon's per capita lnc:10mG flgur :!las not been ftnallzad, although st ta nd- ettumy figures have. See Figure E- 7 and Tab ,,e~ i .. -5 '-1 E-16 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PL.AN -~ =-·- ~) �diploma or higher (i.e., some college, but not a bachelors degree) the county's figure was approximately 80%. As might be expected, Cannon Township residents have a relatively high education level. Nearty 26% of all person 25 years and over have a bachelor's degree or higher (the county's figure is about 21 %) and about 89% have high school Figure-E-17 PER CAPITA INCOMES 1979 & 1989 [J 1979 25,000 -- • 20,000 1989 Q) ..,0E 15,000 .E 0 .-t:: c.. 0 10,000 ... (..) Q) a_ 5,000 0 Cannon Twp. Kent County Rockford State Source: U.S. CM1sus Bureau Table E-9 PER CAPITA INCOME 1979 & 1987 Cannan Rockford Kent County State Twp. 1979 1989 8.824 20013 7397 12,987 7522 14,378 7688 14,154 Source: U.S. Cansus Bureau By looking at Cannon's State Equalized Value . portiona~ely industrial development accounts for (SEV) OV8f time, its suburban "bedroom• com~uonly~. small portion of Cannon's SEV. The Townnity image is reinforced. A bedroom community is .. ·~hip presently has limited services to support large characterized by limited commercial and industrial scale commercial and industrial development. development with residential development being ...... comparatively dominant. Residents of a bedroom In the same time period, the value of the agri;;.':!: ,. community tend to work and shop outside the ~.. c~ltural classification fluctuated, but decreased in ~.:w community proper. , ·, value overall by 11.9%. A portion of this decrease ?; rH,. ·· . be attributed to an economic downturn in the _r,,y;..,,;:. In just a 9-year period, residential development agricultural economy in the earty 1980's. Another Jo in•-Cannon Township increased in value by 168%, factor contributing to the decline in agricultural vtouwbile commercial and industrial development in- '. we>rth ~Jhe 9onversion of agricultural lands to resicfeased 92.1 % and 7 .1 %, respectively (see Table dential development. E-10 and Figures E-17 and E-18). Note that pro- may -..--~. E-17 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Table E-10 STATE EQUALIZED VALUE BY CLASS FOR SELECT YEARS CANNON TOWNSHIP Year 1982 1984 1986 1988 1991 Total% ChanQe Industrial 156100 167600 173600 146300 167 200 · Commercial 1 912.700 2 030.300 2 271 300 2.474600 3,675 200 Residential 53361.800 62 535 800 75 861 800 95.940 700 142.921 600 7.1% 92.1% 168% Source: Mlchiglln Dept. Agriculture 3 366,250 -3 529 750 . ··3 309 100 ~···~ 2 587100 2 965 600 of Treasury Annual Reports, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988 & 1991 Figure E-18 PERCENT CHANGE IN SEV CANNON TOWNSHIP 1982-1991 180.00% 160.00% . •,. ::: 140.00% 120.00% 100.00% 80.00% 60.00% 1111111111111111111 ·111111 40.00% 20.00% 0.00%4-~==11:m:;:1...a:.;.;;==....-::;==1==:,;,.;,.;.a:::::;::~ Industrial Commercial Residential Agriculture Source: Michigan Dept. of treasury Annual Reports, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988 & 1991 E-18 CANNON 70WNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN -11 .9% .. ' �Figure E-19 STATE EQUALIZED VALUES BY CLASS - .... • '"' ·- f ., . ,. 160,000,000 t""'-::::-··-, . ~--=-----.. ·;___ _ ! •--:::-.. l '--· ~ I Industrial IIIII Commercial . _ .......... I • 140,000,000 ~ Residential 120,000,000 D Agriculture 100,000,000 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 1982 1984 1986 1991 1988 Soun»: Michigan Dept. of Treasury Annual Reports, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988 & 1991 ;: . -~-- .:. :: •..: _... ··--· -:, -·-·---~- ··-·- - -- · _.,. __ --- -· ...... .,,..... ., . ,· '1p,1 ·~-~,~;. ' ?! . ~, ··t· ,' y.._ • -~- - ' , ,---------.----~----------~:----~:----~--------E-19 CANNOI'\! TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix F BUILDOUT ANALYSIS A build out analysis involves caJculatlng the total number of dwelling units that could be built in the Township, based on it's current zoning. The purpose of this analysis is to estimate what the population of the tgwnship would be if it became fully developed under present zoning policies. Lands that are •unbuildabJe• because of such things as environmental limitations or dedicated easements and/or roadways are not included in build out calculations. Once unbvildable lands are removed, the number of remaining acres open for development, by land use Zone R-1 Low 1,016· - R-2 Med. '' R-3 High Lot size 15,000 sq ft (.34 acres) 1/2 unit 10/12,000 sq ft (.23 & .27 acres) 3 or more units 20,000 (.46 acres) 80.2 density Aaricultural PUD The following table provides an explanation of Cannon Township's buildable acreage by residential zone. Acres of land available in the Zone densltv density zone are determined. Existing developed land is assumed to be built at pennitted ordinance densities since more detailed information on land use is not readily available. Of course, if the density of existing development is higher, then the overall population permitted will also be higher. - 2 acres 2 acres 16.503 443 TOTAL UNITS AT BUILDOUT (w/o PUO densities) • less 20% for road right-of-way - presently, no land is zoned for this district - based on the largest lot size and an average of six units per site If the number of persons per household where to remain stable (persons per household in 1990 Census was 3.10), Cannon Township's build out population would be 35,380. Of course, if existing land was developed at a higher density than undeveloped land, then the population could be higher. This number may seem large, but it is lower than many suburban township buildouts are; primarily because of the Township's larger unbuildable areas held in st.1rface water or public lands. How quickly buildout may come to pass is the most difficult issue. In the Number of Units at buildout 2,988 174 8.251 11,413 past decade growth has been rapid in the Township. The Township has averaged over 100 new housing units per year since 1980. When reviewing historical plat maps it can be seen that there is a rapid increase the division of large parcels of land (40/80/120 acres) into smaller divisions of land (2/4/5/1 O acres). This proliferation of smaller divisions of land promotes sprawt, creates access and transportation problems, increases the cost of community services (e.g., police patrol and fire service) and can undermine the rural . character of an area. Planning efforts can be designed to address these and many related issues. F-1 CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix G MAPS PVEAVIEW different sources. All of the land cover and use information is keyed to the DNR/USGS base map. All of the soils related data Is keyed to the soils base map. The existing land use (by parcel) and sewer line maps are keyed to the parcel boundaries base map. Except as otherwise noted, al of the full page maps 1)1'868flted in this Plan were produced. using C- Map sottware. C-Map is a PC based computer program developed by William Enslin and his staff at the Center fot Remote Sensing, Michigan State University. Many Of \he maps were digitized by Tim McCauley at the Planning & Zoning Center, inc. Others were A transparent copy of the DNR/USGS base map and the lot line base map follow. These can be overlaid on any of the maps in this Plan, but the fit will be best when overlaying infonnation that it was used as the base for. A transparency can easily be made by photocopying any of the maps in the plan in order to overlay several levels of information. Using C-Map on a color monitor, up to twenty levels of inforrnc;ltion can be overlaid on the screen at once, including zooming in on -any area (e.g., as would be desirable when examining a specific parcel). downloaded from the Michigan Resource Inventory Program (MRIP) database maintained by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land and Water Management Division, or were obtained from the Water Resou~es Institute at Grand Valley State Univer·sity. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED MAPPING Several advantages are realized by computerizing maps. Usually, geographic infonnatlon for a community ,is only available on assorted maps at widely varying scales, making difficult the comparison of various data,sets for planning purposes. With C-Map, all of the maps can be viewed and printed at any scale via a variety of different media (color plotter, laser or ink jet printer, or dot matrix printer). lnfonnatlon can also be combined (or overlaid) so that composite maps can be created and compared in a fraction of the time and expense nonnally required to obtain the same results. Another major advantage of computer mapping is the ability to update maps quickly and continuously, so that an up-to-date map is always available. ACCURACY While the accuracy of this data is satisfactory for land use planning purposes (especially when contrasted with traditional techniques), none of it is sufficiently detailed to be absolutely reliable at the parcel level. As a result, detailed site analyses of soils, topography, drainage, etc. are still necessary any time specific site designs are being prepared. All computerized data is on file locally and accessible via C-Map for local use and updating. Contact the zoning administrator or clerk for further information. MAP DESCRIPTIONS BASE MAPS Some of the maps in the various sections of the Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan are acCOl"rl)anied by text on the back of the map. This text provides an overview of the respective map, along with information on how the map was made, the data source, the manner and methodology in which the data was interpreted, and key points which the map co~eys. Maps without description pages · ·are explained in the text of the Plan. Three different base maps have been used in mapping the infonnation for cannon Township: 1) a ~ ~ prepared by the Michigan Department of -~t_iµat. Resources which was digitized from the United SW~ ·.Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map setjes •!91' the area; 2) a parcel boundary map created by ::~git_lzing the parcels used for assesalng purposes ini~ e Township; and 3) a soils base map derived from t~_l/JSOA Soil Survey of Kent County. None of these ~ -maps are exactly identical as they originate from G-1 }..I'•,.. . CANNON TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Cannon-Twp_Comprehensive-Plan_1993 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cannon Township Planning Commission, Cannon Township, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993-12 Title A name given to the resource Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the Cannon Township Planning Commission in cooperation with the Cannon Township Board of Trustees with the assistance of the Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. in December 1993. Includes earlier draft excerpts. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cannon Township Board of Trustees (consultant) Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Cannon Township (Mich.) Kent County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7392f975f9ce1f738eb52c68dd2d2c60.mp4 898dd4fba5f738e8024dd620417afe2a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c12cfa2a4272cd3908f647a2afcfe5b0.pdf 28ae55d345b19ad69e74d07095ad6c5c PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project World War II Richard Cannon Interview Total Time: 34:45 Background  (00:11) Born in Gary, Indiana, in 1925 o Went to high school here also, graduated in 1943  (00:24) Dad was a custodian, mom worked in hotels  (00:42) Grew up in a ghetto-like neighborhood o Mostly Hispanic people and blacks; just a few whites  (1:10) Mentions that most people had jobs here, some people migrated from the south  (1:23) His parents came to Gary in 1922  (1:36) Remembers hearing about Pearl Harbor o In 1941, they were in an auditorium and heard the president speak about it o At that age, Mr. Cannon says he was eager to go into the war, only 17 at the time o Didn’t say anything to his parents about it Drafted/Training  (2:28) Was drafted after high school  (3:00) Worked in steel mills on weekends in high school  (3:16) Got drafted and went in sometime in July of 1943 o Reported to the Gary Armory o It was a processing station here, then he was sent to Indianapolis and inducted  (3:53) The group he was drafted with from Gary were all black men from his neighborhood, and In Indianapolis they were segregated from the white recruits  (4:28) Assigned to the Navy at Indianapolis to Company 1082, 14th regiment, 16th battalion � (4:56) Went from Indianapolis to Great Lakes, Illinois, for training  (5:30) Got a good reception at Great Lakes, it was an all black unit with a white commander o Black drill instructors  (6:16) Mr. Cannon didn’t have a problem obeying orders  (6:28) There were a lot of physical training o Calisthenics o Basic training included a lot of climbing up barriers, ropes, etc.  (7:00) Taught how to leave the ship when it was on fire  (7:16) They were taught how to firefight  (7:30) Exposed to poison gas o They were taken to a little house and had gas masks on  (7:54) Didn’t go out on the lake during basic training  (8:10) Boot camp was 6-8 weeks  (8:23) They were sent to a receiving station at Burlington, Washington o Left on a train o Remembers stopping in Butte, Montana o Missed the train after they left the stop, but a sheriff helped him catch the train o It was scary because Mr. Cannon didn’t want to be AWOL o Here, they were also segregated o Mr. Cannon mentions that he saw signs that said “No blacks allowed” o Was here a week and a half o A lot of black seamen came through First Assignment  (10:38) Then went to Whidbey Island, stationed here for quite awhile o It was mostly for PBY’s; planes that landed in water o These planes were used a lot during this era �o Taught how to signal, recognize certain planes, how to navigate small and medium sized boats  (12:44) He had a crew of 4 men, talks about a seaplane that crashed  (14:00) At this point, black men had regular Navy jobs  (14:25) During a torpedo retrieving mission o They used 30-40 ft YP boats o Torpedoes were dropped o They picked them up with ropes and brought them back to the base o One time the torpedo surfaced and hit a YP boat o They got the 4 guys off the boat before it sank o YP’s were wooden boats  (16:25) He was the only one from Gary that was assigned to the boathouse, not sure where the others came from o Mixture of whites and blacks o Wasn’t a problem here  (17:25) On Whidbey Island, nobody cared about race, but Mr. Cannon said it was bad at Burlington  (17:50) Mentions that his last 6 months of service were in Pearl Harbor  (18:00) Probably on Whidbey Island for a year  (18:18) He mostly stayed on the base o Sent money home to his wife  (18:48) Mentions that guys went into town when they weren’t supposed to; got in trouble for drinking, etc.  (19:10) Wrote letters back and forth with his wife  (19:48) They got newspapers which allowed them to keep track of the war  (20:02) They showed movies on base, including newsreels  (20:22) Learned how to splice cable ropes o Went aboard ships, scraped the deck, etc.  (20:44) Said there was a swimming test they passed at Great Lakes �o Most of the guys passed it Next Assignment  (21: 45) Went to Schumacher, California and then to Pearl Harbor  (22:07) Went on a troop transport ship to Pearl Harbor  (22:33) Ethnic mix  (22:53) Went here for maintenance, saw the USS Arizona o The oil was still coming up  (23:15) Got to go along the beaches of Hawaii o Hawaiians were very friendly  (23:31) Stayed here for a few weeks Third Assignment  (23:34) Mr. Cannon was stationed in the Marshall Islands; Eniwetok  (23:54) Mentions that going to Pearl Harbor, they went through a very rough storm o He was on the bottom bunk, the guy above him was heavier and Mr. Cannon got seasick  (25:27) Eniwetok was a big rock; lots of white sand o 120 degrees o A lot of rain o They had to desalinate the water  (26:19) Mr. Cannon was on standby here; they trained on certain boats  (26:57) He was on Eniwetok when Japan surrendered  (27:22) Life on Eniwetok was laid back; they went to church, movies, regular work, etc  (28:07) They unloaded ships here also  (28:36) After the Japanese surrendered, Mr. Cannon got to go home earlier because he was married, had more “points” �Home  (28:54) Landed in California  (29:54) He says the most challenging part of being in the Navy was being away from home, he was still very young at the time  (30:17) Wife lived with her family while he was gone  (30:39) Mr. Cannon didn’t really experience negativity because of race o This was when they started having more black officers o Mentions that there were more on Eniwetok  (32:05) Got a job with auto parts after being discharged o Worked at a Ford dealership in the parts department o A couple years later he was the manager o This has been his job for the last 50 years  (32:40) Didn’t feel any different by the time he was done in the Navy o He did feel more mature, though  (33:18) Says that while he was stationed on the boat, he was his own boss  (33:55) At the time he wasn’t encouraged to stay in the Navy, possibly because they wanted to make the armed forces smaller � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cannon, Richard (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cannon, Richard Description An account of the resource Richard Cannon was born in Gary, Indiana in 1925. He was drafted after high school in July of 1943 as part of a group of black draftees from his neighborhood. Mr. Cannon was assigned to the Navy. After training at Great Lakes Naval Station, he was sent to Whidbey Island, Washington, where he commanded a small boat used to retrieve torpedoes from training missions. Later on, he was stationed at Pearl Harbor, and then at Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-11-11 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CannonR1323V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bfca2aa0acf45efb5ebf83a6325191fb.pdf 18232c7c6f894e4481f8662fe9fefa86 PDF Text Text .... THE CITY OF GAYLORD STRONGLY ENCOURAGES THE USE OF THE SWISS ALPINE MOTIF IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND/OR RENOVATION OF ALL COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN THE CITY OF GAYLORD TO MAINTAIN, ENHANCE AND TO PROMOTE "GAYLORD, THE ALPINE VILLAGE" AND TO SYMBOLIZE THE CITY'S RELATIONSHIP WITH ITS SISTER-CITY, PONTRESINA, SWITZERLAND . • PREAMBLE, CITY OF GAYLORD ZONING ORDINANCE OAYL0R'D G ~a,@t MUNICIPAL STANDARDS FOR THE CITY OF GAYLORD OTSEGO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1992 EDITION PREPARED BY: CAPITAL CONSULTANTS, INC. P.O. BOX 1398 GAYLORD, Ml 49735 TELEPHONE: (517) 732-8131 FAX: (517) 732-•2 714 CITY OF .GAYLORD 225 WEST MAIN STREET, ROOM 109 GAYLORD, Ml 49735 TELEPHONE: (517) 732-2815 FAX: (517) 732-8266 CITY MANAGER; DAVE SIEGEL �TABLE OF CONTENTS MUNICIPAL STAJ\1)ARDS FOR THE CITY OF GAYLORD OTSEGO COUNTY, MIClilGAN GENERAL Introduction Definitions Regulatory Constraints Subdivision Control Act of 1962 Inland Lakes and Streams Act of 1972 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act of 1972 State and Local Building Codes State Construction Permits Subdivision Control Ordinances Administrative Procedures and Fees G-1 G-1 G-2 G-3 STANDARDS OF DESIGN Streets and Roadways Driveways Sanitary Sewers Storm Sewers Water Distribution Systems Site Grading Table of Standard Castings and Valves SD-1 SD-4 SD-22 SD-26 SD-29 SD-32 SD-34 STAl\TJ)ARDS OF CONSTRUCTION - UTILITY COMPANY CONSTRUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY GAYLORD MS-I 91527.12 UC-1 B-1 TOC-1 �11111 1111 1111 1111 1111 • 11111 Ill 111 Iii 1111 -•Ill Ill 1111 • STANDARD OF CONSTRUCTION - SPECIF1CATIONS SECTION NUMBER PAGES SOILS COMP ACTION M1D TESTING • SPECIAL CONTROLS SITE PREPARATION SHEETING M1D BRACING ROADWAY EARTHWORK EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDING AND BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BORING, JACKING & TUN1'.TELING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS AGGREGATE BASE COURSE BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK.S WATER MAINS CONCRETE UTILITY MM1HOLES & CATCH BASINS RAW SEWAGE FORCE MAINS STORM SEWERS SANITARY SEWERS RESTORATION AND CLEANUP TOPSOILING AND SEEDING SODDING CONCRETE MORTAR M1D GROUT 01410 01560 02110 02161 02211 02222 02223 02227 02231 02512 02513 02525 02528 02665 02715 02717 02722 02732 02901 02936 02938 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-2 1-4 1-4 1-6 1-4 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-2 1-2 1-8 1-3 1-7 1-4 1-8 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-2 03001 03600 STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION - STAND ARD DETAILS TRENCH BACKFlLL DETAILS STANDARD SANITARY MANHOLE STANDARD DROP PIPE DETAIL SANITARY SERVICE CONNECTIONS SM1ITARY SERVICE LEAD DETAIL STANDARD STORM MANHOLE STANDARD CATCH BASIN STANDARD MANHOLE - 24" TO 48" PIPE HYDRANT DETAIL WATER SERVICE CONNECTION DETAIL PEDESTRIAN RAMP DETAIL CONCRETE DRIVEWAY OPEN1NG SIDEWALK DETAILS STANDARD STREET AND UTILITY LAYOUT TYPICAL ROADWAY CROSS-SECTION STANDARD CURB & GUTTER DETAIL BORE & JACK DETAILS GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 TOC-2 SC-1 SC-2 SC-3 SC-4 SC-5 SC-6 SC-7 SC-8 SC-9 SC-10 SC-11 SC-12 SC-13 SC-14 SC-15 SC-16 SC-17 �ill 111 Ill Ill 111 Iii Iii Ill Ill INTRODUCTION The design and construction standards for subdivision and land development contained in this publication are intendecl as guidelines to be used by the Developer in the preparation and final plats, development plans, and final construction documents. These standards should be utilized in conjunction with local zoning and subdivision ordinances, the State of Michigan Subdivision Control Act, and other applicable State and local regulations to produce residential and commercial developments which conform to the City's requirements. DEFii'\TfIONS (1) OWNER OR DEVELOPER- A natural person, finn, corporation, association, partnership, or other entity who proposes subdivision or other land development and/or municipal improvements and who either has an ownership interest therein or is authorized to act as an agent with respect thereto for an entity having such ownership interest. (2) MUNICIPALITY - The City of Gaylord. •Ill (3) ENGTh1EER OR CITY ENGINEER - The person, firm, or corporation empowered by the City of Gaylord to provide the required engineering review and inspection services. (4) DESIGN ENGTh1EER - The engineer engaged by the developer to prepare platting documents and plans and specifications for subdivisions or plans and specifications in unplatted land developments. Ill (5) CONTRACTOR - The person, firm, or corporation engaged by the developer for construction services in conjunction with the proposed land development. Ill (6) MUNICIPAL STANDARDS - The minimum standards for design and construction for all work related to subdivisions and land development. (7) MDOT - Michigan Department of Transportation (8) MDNR - Michigan Department of Natural Resources (9) MDPH - Michigan Department of Public Health •Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill GAYLORD MS-1 9152?:12 G-1 �ill • • • • • • •II II II Ii Ii II 11 REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS Subdivision Control Act of 1967 In 1967, the Michigan Legislature enacted Public Act 288, the Subdivision Control Act of 1967, which gives the local units of government in Michigan the authority required to assure that new subdivisions conform to sound subdivision practices, retain their beauty and value and that they remain an asset, not a liability, to the community. A Manual of Instructions of implementing Act 288 is available from the State Department of Treasury, Bureau of Local Government Services. The Manual of Instruction includes step by step regulations for preparation of the preliminary and final plats as well as the rules and regulations of the Departments of Treasury, Transportation, Natural Resources and Public Health. Inland Lakes and Streams Act of 1972 The Inland Lakes and Streams Act (Act 346) was enacted to control construction operations in flood plains. A construction permit may be required and can be obtained from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) . Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act of 1972 The Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act (Act 347) was enacted to control soil erosion and sedimentation which could enter the State's watercourses through public or private construction operations. Any construction involving an "eanh change" as defined in the Act, must obtain a construction permit from the County enforcing agency. The agent for Act 347 is the Otsego County Building and Zoning Department Developers are directed to contact the Building Department for permit applications and additional information. Also refer to Section 01560 "Special Controls" of the "Standards of Construction - Specifications" section of these standards. State and Local Buildini Codes The City of Gaylord has adopted the State of Michigan code for basic building. The state code will be enforced by Otsego County for mechanical, plumbing and electrical work. State Construction Permits Upon receipt of approved plans and specifications from the Developer, the City will make applications for permits to the Michigan Department of Public Health for the water main construction and to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources for the sanitary sewer construction. All other required permits shall also be secured by the Developer prior to construction. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 G-2 �• 1111 91 Iii -II II II II II -II II II II II II II Subdivision Regulation Ordinance In addition to these Municipal Standards, the City of Gaylord has a comprehensive subdivision ordinance in effect which outlines the subdivision procedure, design layout standards, improvements, review ' fees, and penalties for violation of the ordinance. Developers are encouraged to review the requirements of the subdivision ordinance at the outset of their planning and design work. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES A~TJ) FEES General All correspondence, verbal requests, submission of plans, and related information exchanges shall be directed to the City Manager of the City of Gaylord during normal business hours or by mail. Appropriate distribution of information, plans, etc., shall be ma.de by the City. This applies to information received from developers for the Engineer and information from the Engineer for the developer. The intent of this section is to maintain, in the City offices, a copy of all correspondence and related information for City use. The Owner is directed to reference Article VIII "Review Fees" of Section 8108 "Jurisdiction and Procedure" of Ordinance 17.00 "Subdivision Ordinance of the City of Gaylord" of the City of Gaylord Compiled Ordinances for infonnation regarding plat review fees. The Engineer shall provide an estimate of field inspection charges at the time of street and utility plan approval. The estimated amount shall be deposited with the City by the Developer prior to construction. The City shall disburse the funds to the Engineer. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 G-3 �STA1"1DARDS OF DESIGN - STREETS AND ROADWAYS Scope These standards establish the minimum requirements for the design of streets and roadways in the Municipality. Plans and Specifications Ill II II II II II II • 1. The plans and specifications shall be prepared by a professional engineer registered in the State of Michigan. 2. Plans shall consist of a cover sheet showing a location map and site plan of the proposed project, plan and profile sheets covering all the proposed street and roadway construction, and a standard detail sheet Plan sheet size shall be 24" x 36" or 22" x 34". Plan scale shall be either 1" = 40' or 1" = 20' horizontally and l" = 5' vertically. 3. Elevations shall be based upon U.S.G.S. datum. Elevations based upon assumed datum will not be approved. 4. Plan profiles shall indicate existing and proposed ground levels, U.S.G.S. elevations, and stationing. 5. Four sets of plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for preliminary approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. Modifications required to meet the municipal standards, if any, will be noted on two sets, with one such set returned to the Developer for final corrections within 90 days of receipt 6. Six sets of final plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. 7. The Developer will be responsible for securing all State and local construction permits required for street and roadway construction. 8. One (1) set of reproducible "as-built" tracings, on mylar or polyester film, shall be submitted to the Municipality upon completion of the construction. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-1 �Ill II • • • • • • •II -• • • •ii • -II Subsurface Soil Conditions The Developer shall provide sufficient soil borings and other information to accurately describe the prevailing soil conditions under the proposed streets and roadways. The minimum soil boring depth shall be ten feet below the plan road grade, unless unstable soil conditions are encountered. If such conditions are found, the boring depth shall be extended until stable soil is encountered . Curb and Gutter All streets and roadways shall include concrete curb and gutter of the cross-section indicated on the standard detail. Bituminous curb v.ill not be allowed. On local streets the minimum street width shall be 31' back to back of curb. Concrete curb and gutter width on major streets shall conform to the "uniform Criteria for Major Streets" as adopted by the Michigan Department of Transportation and the Municipality's Master Plan. At all intersections, the minimum curb radius shall be 25', unless otherwise approved. Sidewalk Concrete sidewalks (where required) shall be five feet wide and shall be located one foot inside right-of-way line. At all intersections of sidewalks and curb and gutter, appropriate pedestrian ramps shall be constructed. Unless otherwise approved, the ramps shall be Type 1 as designated by MDOT. The maximum allowable sidewalk grade shall be seven percent and the minimum allowable grade shall be 0.50 percent Sidewalk shall have a cross slope of 1/4 inch per foot away from the property line. Sidewalks shall project one inch above finished grade. In cut sections, the maximum sidewalk elevation shall be one foot above the street centerline elevation. In fill sections, the sidewalk elevation shall be no lower than 0.5 feet below the street centerline elevation. Sidewalks shall be 4 inches thick except across residential driveways, which shall be 6 inches thick, and across commercial driveways, which shall be 10 inches thick. Grade, Horizontal and Vertical Ali enment The minimum vertical grade on any street or roadway shall be 0.50 feet per 100 feet and the maximum grade on any street or roadway shall be 5 feet per 100 feet of length. In general, the minimum length of a vertical curve shall be 100 feet, unless otherwise dictated by site topography. In general, all intersections of streets or roadways shall be ma.de perpendicular to each other. However. intersections ranging from 75° to 90° from perpendicular may be approved. Additional information concerning street geometrics right-of-way v.idths, block length requirements and other relevant requirements are available from the Municipality . Driveway Approaches All driveway approaches between the curb and gutter and sidewalk shall be paved with either concrete or bituminous leveling or wearing course. Bituminous pavement shall consist of a minimum of 330 pounds per square yard (3 inches) of MDOT No. 1100. Concrete driveway approaches for residential sections shall be 6 inches thick and 10 inches for commercial GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-2 �• • - approaches. The maximum grade on driveway approaches shall be 14 percent The width of the driveway shall conform to the standard detail . Rie:ht-of-way Width • Right-of-way width shall be a minimum of 66 feet for all public streets. Utility Location \Vithin the Street Rie:ht-of-way The utilities listed below shall be constructed in the designated location within all street right-ofways as follows: Sanitary Sewers on the centerline of the street Storm Sewers south or each side, 8 feet from the centerline of the right-ofway. \Vater Main north or west side, 23 feet from the centerline of the right-ofway. Gas Main south or east side, 23 feet from the centerline of the right-ofway. 0th er Utilities as approved by the City Manager. Street Surface Materials and Pavement Thickness The following pavement design are minimum requirements for local streets with restricted wheel loads. Pavement design for major streets shall reflect the increased traffic volume and higher axle loads and shall be subject to approval by the Municipality. The base for local streets shall consist of either 8 inches of compacted MDOT 22A gravel or 4 inches of MDOT No. 5 bituminous base constructed on an approved subbase. If the bituminous base is selected a bond coat shall be applied to the bituminous base prior to the construction of a minimum of 2 inches of MDOT No. 1100 L & T, 20AA. If the gravel base is selected the pavement thickness shall be 3 inches of MDOT No. 1100 L & T, 20AA. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-3 �-II • • • •II • •.. STANDARD OF DESIGN - DRIVE\VAYS These standards establish the minimum requirements for the design of driveways m the Municipality. Driveway Pennits Application for driveway pennit shall be required for all driveway construction and shall be filed with the City of Gaylord. The driveway application shall be filed on a form provided by the City. The driveway application shall contain information as required by the Michigan Department of Transportation Driveway Pennit Rules R.247.221 through R.247.224 unless otherwise waived by the City. Desirn Standards All driveways shall meet the Michigan Department of Transportation (MD01) Standards for Driveway Construction contained in Rules R 247.231 through R 247.267. All references to the "Department" shall be changed to the "City of Gaylord" . II II II II •II GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-4 �• • • • • • "• • • • • •II PART 2. R 247.221. DRIVEWAY PERMITS Applications • Rule 21. (1) An application for a driveway permit shall be accepted fro:n a property owner, goverrunental agency, lessee, or its legally authorized agent. (i) An application for a driveway permit shall be submitted in the ~anner prescribed on forms supplied by the department. The application shall contain or be accompanied ' by a certification of either legal o~~ership or agency authorization. The application shall be accompanied by plans or drawings containing the information required by rule 22 and shall include the applicable design features required by part 3 • R 247.222. Plans or drawings. Rule 22. Copies of a driveway permit application shall be accompanied by plans or drawings clearly indicating the following features of the site and abutting highway as the department may require: (a) Existing highvay pavement, ditches, right-of-way and property lines, highway appurtenances, utilities, medians, if existing, and dimensions thereof. (b) For cOm.tilercial driveways, buildings, both proposed and existing, and appurtenances and dimensions thereof, including a notation as to present use of the buildings and details of internal traffic circulation, parking and traffic signs. (c) Design features in accordance with part 3 of drive·ways,. tapers and right-turn lanes to be cons true ted, reconstructed, relocated, surfaced, resurfaced, operated, used or maintained including the following dimensions and features: (i) Widths of driveways. (ii) Radii of driveway returns and other points of curvature. (iii) Driveway grades or profile view of drive, when necessary. (iv) Angle of the driveway relative to the highway centerline • (v) Dimensions of traffic "islands adjacent to the highway. (vi) Driveway surface material and traffic island surface material • (d) Distance from each existing and proposed driveway on the site to: (i) Nearest intersecting street, road or highway. (ii) Nearest driveway on adjacent properties • (iii) Street, road, highway or driveways opposite the site • I 4 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 . SD-5 �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •II II (iv) Property lines and pr o pe rty l i~e s extended to the highway centerline. (v) Buildings and business appurte~ances on the site. (e) Features in addition to drive~ays to be constructed within the highway right-of-way including traffic control islands, curb, sidewalks and authorized traffic signs. (f) Existing and proposed drainage structures and controls to include: (i) Size of drive culvert • (ii) Type of culvert. (iii) Type of culve~t end treatment. (iv) Grade of culvert • (v) Direction of surface water flow on or from adjacent property. (g) North directional arrow • R 247.223. Specifications and design standards. Rule 23. The design, location, construction and operation of driveways and related construction within the highway right-of-way shall meet requirements of the current department Standard Specifications for Highway Construction and the design standards required by part 3 of these rules. A deviation therefrom shall be consistent with current and projected traffic volumes on the highway a·nd on the driveway, adjacent development, equivalence of materials and methods, and safety requirements of persons using the driveways and highway. The deviation shall be authorized only by the department. R 247,224. Conditions and limitations in permits • Rule 24. A driveway permit is subject to the following conditions and limitations: (a) The department reserves the right of inspectio~ by its authorized representatives of a driveway constructed within a highway right-of-way. The permittee shall reimburse the department for the services of an on-the-job inspection which may be required for I:1ajor commercial developments or other special cases. (b) The department or its representative may require that it be given at least 5 days notice before commencement of an operation covered by the permit. (c) The permittee shall have a copy of the permit available at the site during construction. (d) The permittee shall take, provide and maintain necessary precautions to prevent injury or damage to persons and property from operations covered by the permit and shall use warning signs and safety devices which are in accordance with the current Michigan Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices • 5 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-6 �• • • • (e) . The per:::i ttee shall surrender the permit and all rights thereun~er when notified to do so by the department because of its need for the area covered by the permit or because of default of any provision of the permit. The department may grant the person a new permit. (f) Altered natural drainage shall not be permitted to flow onto the highway right-of-way unless special provisions are approved by the department. (g) The perwit holder shall remove all surplus materials , to an area outside of the highway right-of-way unless the permit provides for disposal at locations within the highway right-of-way. Excavated material shall be stockpiled so it does not adversely affect the safety of traffic. (h) Work authorized by the permit shall be completed to the satisfaction of the department on or before the completion date· specified in the· permit. A request for an extension of time for cornpletion•of this work shall include reasons for the request. Approval of extension of time shall be based on extenuating circumstances and absence of neglect by the permittee. (i) The property owner or his agent shall maintain the driveways set forth in the permit. R 247.226. Indemnity and Insurance. Rule 26. A permittee shall save harmless the department against any claim for damages arising from his negligence or his contractor's negligence in operations covered by the permit. Certificates of insurance may be required in case of a commercial driveway to insure claims for damage or personal injury. General liability . insurance carried by an applicant or contractor is acceptable. R 247.227. Performance bonds. Rule 27. (1) A performance bond shall be required by a permit which is issued for construction or reconstruction of a commercial driveway to protect the department against the cost of completing construction or correcting deficiencies. A reaso:1able a::;cunt c-f coverage cf the bond shall be determined by the department. A bond shall not b.e required from a governmental agency. (2) Acceptable types of bonds may be a certified check or money order payable to the department or a surety bond executed on forms obtainable from the department~ 6 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-7 �ill ill ill • • "• "I II II II • • • PART 3. R 247.231. DRIVEWAY DESIGN STASDARDS Driveway locations. Rule 31. (1) A driveway shalt be so located that no undue interference with the free movecent of highway traffic will result. A driveway shall be so located also to provide the nost favorable vision and grade conditions possible for motorists using the highway and the driveway consistent with development of the site considering proper traffic operations and safety. ' (2) A driveway, including the radii but not including the right-turn lanes and tapers, shall be located entirely within the area between the permittee's property lines extended to the centerline of the highway. A driveway radius may extend outside of that area only if the adjacent property owner certifies in writing that he will permit such extension. (3) If the driveway is to be located adjacent to a highway intersection, the following shall apply: (a) If the intersecting highway is curbed, the point of curvature of the driveway radius shall be at least 20 feet from the point of curvature of the in~ersecting highway radius. (b) If the intersecting highway is uncurbed, the point of curvature of the driveway radius shall be at least 50 feet from the edge of pavement of the intersecting highway. (c) ~~en an existing highway or driveway is reconstructed or the requireme1its in paragraphs (a) or (b) cannot be applied, the driveway radius shall not encroach upon the intersection radius unless such encroachment is physically unavoidable. (4) A driveway shall not be constructed along the acceleration or deceleration lanes and tapers connecting to interchange ramp terminals, unless no other reasonable' access point is available. R 247.232. Clear vision and buffer areas. Rule 32. (1) At an intersection or railroad crossing where the department owns li~ited access right-of-way to provide a clear vision area, a driveway shall not enter or cross that clear vision area. At an intersection or railroad crossing where the department has an easement for a clear vision area, a driveway shall not enter or cross that clear vision area if another reasonable access point is available. 7 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-8 �(2) Adjacent to and on bot~ si~es of a drive~ay, a b ffer area between ~he r!ght-cf-way line and the pavecent edge shall be used, as deterr:~~ed by the departnent, to provide a physical barrier bet~een highway traffic and activity on private property. A buffer area is needed to provide an unobscured vision area and to prevent potentially hazardous movement of vehicles, especially at undesirable angles of approach, from and to the highway. The b'.lffer area shall consist of a lawn area, a low shrub area, a ditch or equivalent.• Where encroacl:r.,ent of vehicle parking on the buffer area takes place or may take place, the department may require the buffer area to be established by guardrail, guard posts, curb or equivalent. R 247.233. Design Features. Rule 33. The design features described in this rule and illustrated in figure ], . shall be used by the applicant in dimensioning a proposed drive~ay or driveway system on plans accompanying the driveway pe:-r:i t application. The dir:ens ions to be used for various dri ve,.-ay design features, sho,.-n as a standar wi t:i a -.:;orking range of di:censions, are given in tables to 7, rules 37 to ~9. 'rnese sta dard dicensions shall :,e used •nless co:iditio:is ,;.·arrar.t a c.evia~ion, The depart:e~~ =ay s_ecify pari::c :ar c:.::.e::siocs so a ~a.::-tic lar cri ·e-.ay s;s:e= -;,il accc::.::.o · a~e ve icle .::.OYe=en·s i:::o::-=ally ex?ecte ~i-~o · t creating ·~·~e co~gestion or r.azar o ~ the ::igb•~ay or to pro·.•:~e reaso,.a· _e access. .e let•en; i.:1 the :ollo-·ii:g design feat res re:er o :ea~ res i::i figu.::-e l: (a) Intersecting a:.g_e, A, ,:. e c_oc-;...-,:,ise angle f.::-o::i. a l:Jigllway centerl'ne to a drive;.ay reference line ...-~ich :s the centerl ne or the edge of the drive~ay. (b) Driveway width, B, the distance between drive~ay edges of pave □ ent or edges of the gravel surfa~e weasured at the point where the edges of the driveway beco:ce parallel, point b in figure 1. If the right-of-way line is so close to the pavement that point b falls on the applicant's property, then the widt!J of the crive ..·ay at the right-of-way line shall be based on the projected driveway width. (c) Entering radius, C, the radius of a driveway ecge curve on the right side of a vehicle entering the applicant's property. (d) Exiting radius, D, t e radius of a driveway edge curve on the right side of a vehicle leaving the applicant's property. (e) Curb ending, E, the length of the height transition of the driveway curb from gro nd level to full curb height along a:-1 u curbed h igh"'ay. Th is curb transition may be 10 feet raini.J:lu::i. (f) Right-turn lane length, F, the length of an auxiliary lane constr•cted receding the drive~ay to accorr~odate rightturn traffic entering the i:.pplicant 's proper_~Y·,· 8 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-9 �ill ill IJI • •II • • • - (g) Right-turn lane width, G, the width edge-to-edge of a right-turn lane, or the width edge-to-edge at the full width of entering and exiting tapers. (h) Entering taper, H, the length of a pavement widening, preceding the driveway for a right-turn lane - or taper. (j) Exiting taper, J, the length of a pavement narrowing, following the driveway. (k) Entrance drive width, K, the wijth of the portion of a divided or a directional driveway that is used by a vehicle entering the a_pplicant 's property. (1) Exit drive width, L, the width of the portion of a divided or a directional driveway that is used by a vehicle leaving the applicant's property. (m) Island width, M, the edge-to-edge distance between an entrance drive and an exit drive. (n) Island length, N, the distance between ends of the island, measured parallel to the entrance drive. (p) Nose offset, P, the distance between the edge of pavement and the traffic island of a divided or directional driveway. (r) Curb cut, R, the length of the opening along a highway curb for a straight-sided residential driveway. (s) Distance between driveways, S, the inside distance between 2 adjacent driveways measured along a highway rightof-way line. · R 247.234. Commercial driveways, permits. Rule 34. A permit application for a commercial driveway shall specify the driveway system requested, including the number and type: two-way, one-way, divided, dual service or directional. The department may approve the requested system or may require changes in it to insure safe conditions and necessary spacing between driveways, based on anticipated traffic volumes on the driveways and on the highway, type of traffic to use the driveways, type of roadside development and other operational considerations. R 247,235. Commercial driveways, consolidation. Rule 35. Adjacent property owners may consolidate their commercial driveways by using either a frontage road or a joint driveway system. If the department approves such a system, a driveway permit shall be issued to all property owners concerned and shall state that there is an agreement that all properties shall have access to the highway via the frontage road and the joint driveway system, 9 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-10 �Design Features Figure l I t\ t i ,. E E I ~ H l ~-::- ,: ~ ----c..-- Single Twc-wcy Comm,rc;af Driveway Uncurbed Hi~hwcy e Exit Drive Entrcnce Drive l F ------t.--Divided Cammercicl Driveway ~9!l.!.:...£.!.·~--•-y I \ le It Driveway ~ - - -- ---- Right . Driveway - ~'};~_!---------~------~-Duel Service Drivewcys Curbed Highwcy l--Ll f-'Y ~\~ ~~~~~~~~~~~;~ Ruidenticl Driveway Curb-return Typ• Curbed Hig_hwcy Residential Drivewcy Curb-cul Type Curbed Kighwcy SICETCHES J..RE NOT DRAWN TO SCALE 10 II "II ( E Single Two-wcy Ccrr.rr, ercicl Drivewcy Curbed Hi hwc • -II "II •II t l t.- l I 9 I e GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-11 Ruidenlicl Driveway Paved or Greve! Surlace Uncurbed' Highway �• -Iii •II 1111 Ill " "• II II R ·247.236. Commercial driveways, alteration of dimensions . Rule 36. If the highway carries one-way traffic, the dimensions given in rules 41 and 42 may be altered so that the prohibited movements are discouraged. If the driveway system is on the left-hand side of a o~e-way highway, the dimensions·used shall be based on the same principles as used on right-hand side driveways. R 247.237. Corunercial driveways, right-turn lanes. Rule 37. The applicant shall provide right-turn lanes or tapers as part of a commercial driveway system if the department determines that such ·right-turn lanes or tapers are required to minimize congestion or hazard on the highway caused by vehicles ent~ring the applicant's driveways. A right-turn lane shall be preceded by a taper. The design feature di~ensions of a right-turn lane and taper shall conform to those given in table 1. TABLE1 COMMERCIAL RIGHT•TURN LANE AND TAPERS Curbed Highway Design Features Stondord Curb Ending Enfcrini F G H Toper Exitin~ J Toper Stondord Ronge 10 ft no range os determined by the Geporfmenl 12 ft 150 ft • 10 to 15 ft 12 ft 10 to 15 fr 50 to 150 ft 150 ft 50 to 150 ft so 50 to 150 ft not opplicoble ft • If a right•tvrn lone is used, the Entering Toper stondcrd shell be 50 ft. Without a right-turn lone, the Entering Teper stcndcrd shell be 150 ft. The standard shell b~ used un/eu engineering iudgmenf determines that another <Hmension within the range is more suitcofe for c porliculor site or specie/ con• dition ond is approved by the deportment. R 247 .241. Two-way commercial drive~·ays. Rule 41. The design feature dimensions of a two-way coI!llllercial driveway shall conform to those given in table· 2. II II • -~ not opplicoble E Ri~t-tvm Lone Len Qin R i ght-tvrn Lon• Width Range Uncurbcd Highway 11 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-12 �•ill (2) Adjace~t to and on both sides of a driveway, a buffer area between the right-of-way line and the pavement edge shall be used, as determined by the department, to provide a physical barrier between highway traffic and activity on private property. A buffer area is needed to provide an unobscured vision area and to prevent potentially hazardous movement of vehicles, especially at undesirable angles of approach, from and to the highway. The b'1ffer area shall consist of a lawn area, a low shrub area, a ditch or equivalent. Where encroachment of vehicle parking on the buffer area t~kes place or may take place, the department may require the buffer area to be established by guardrail, guard posts, curb or equivalent. ill II • • -II .. • • • • • R 247.233. Design Features. Rule 33. The design features described in this rule and illustrated in figure l shall be used by the applicant in dimepsioning a proposed driveway or driveway system on plans accompanying the driveway permit application. The diraens ions to be used for various driveway design features, shown as a standard with a working range of dimensions, are given in tables l to 7, rules 37 to 49. These standard dimensions shall be used unless conditions warrant a deviation. The department may specify particular dimensions so a particular driveway system will accommodate vehicle movements normally expected without creating undue congestion or hazard on the highway or to provide reasonable access. The letters in the following design features refer to features in figure 1: (a) Intersecting angle, A, the clockwise angle from a highway centerline to a driveway reference line which is the centerline or the edge of the driveway. (b) Driveway width, B, the distance between driveway edges of pavement or edges of the gravel surface measured at the point where the edges of the driveway become parallel, point· b in figure 1. If the right-of-way line is so close to the pavement that point b falls on the applicant's property, then the width of the driveway at the right-of-way line shall be based on the projected driveway width. (c) Entering radius, C, the radius of a driveway edge curve on the right side of a vehicle entering the applicant's property. (d) Exiting radius, D, the radius of a driveway edge curv.e on the right side of a vehicle leaving the applicant's property • (e) Curb ending, E, the length of the height transition of the driveway curb from ground level to full curb height along an uncurbed highway. This curb transition may be 10 feet min imwn • (f) Right-turn lane length, F, the length of an auxiliary lane constructed preceding the driveway to accommodate rightturn traffic •entering the applicant's property • 8 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-13 �TABLE 2 TWO·WAY COMMERCIAL DRIVEWAY II "'• • • " " "II • • "II 1ntctsecting An~lc O, i vc-oy WiC,h Entcrin~ R0Cius Ex i t i ng Rod i us Uncurbed Highwoy Curbed Highwoy Design Fecfures Stondorcl Rohge' Stondord Ronge 90° 60 to 120° 90° 60 lo 120° B 30 ft 12 lo 50 ft 30 ft 15 to 50 ft C 2!) ft 5 to 50 ft 30 It 5 to 50 ft D l S ft 5 to 50 ft 20 ft 51050ft A The stondord shcll be used unless engineering judgment determines thot cncther dimension within the ronge is more suitable for a por1icufor site or specie/ con• dition end is opproved by the deporlment. 247.242. R One-way commercial driveways. Rule 42. Tue des·ign feature dimensions of a one-way commercial driveway shall conform to those given in table 3. TABLE 3 ONE·WAY COMMERCIAL DRIVEWAY Curbed Highway Design F eotures Stcndord Ronge Stondord Ronge s not opplicoble 40 to 500 ft no, cpplicoble 40 to 500 ft An~le A 90° 60 to 120° 90° 60 lo 120° Driveway Wic!lh B 16 ft 16 to30 ft 16 ft 161030ft c, o, 20 ft 15to50ft 2!) ft 15 to 50 ft 10 ft 5 to 15 ft s ft 5tol5ft Co. 10 ft 5to15ft 5 ft 51015ft Do Z) 15to50ft 20 ft 15 to 50 ft Di,tcnce- Between Driveways l ln1crsecting ! >-. 0 ~ ~ C, C: >-0 ~' :, ~o 0 Ent,ring Rodi us Exiling Rodi us 0 Uncurbed Highwoy Entering Rodi us Exi1ing Rodi us ft The stondord sha/l be used unless engineering judgment determines that onother dimension within the range is more suitable for a parliculor site or special con• dition and is approved by the deporlment • 12 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-14, �• • • • -.. ".. -II II II II II II II II R 247.243. Divided cor.unercial drive,;.·ays. Rule 43. A divided commercial driveway shall have a curbed island separating the entrance drive and the exit drive. The radii forming the edges on this island_shall be designed to accommodate the largest vehicle that will normally use the driveway. The min iir.u.-:i area of the is land shall be 50 square feet. Toe design feature dimensions of a divided commercial driveway shal~ conform to those given in table 4 • TABLE 4 DIVIDED COMMERCIAL DRIVEWAY Un curbed H ighwoy Curbed Highway Design F eolures Intersecting kngle Orivewcy Width Entering Rodi us Exiling Rodi us Entrance Drive Width Sionclord Ronge StOfldord Ronge A. 90° 75 lo 105° 90° 75 to 105° B 48 ft 42 to 90 ft 48 ft 42 lo 90 ft C 25 ft 5 to 50 ft 25 ft 5 to 50 ft D 25 ft 5 to 50 ft 20 ft 5 lo 50 ft K 16 ft l6to30ft 16 ft 16 to 30 r, Exit Drive Width L 22 ft 16 to30 ft 22 ft 16to30ft I I lond Width M 10 ft 10to30ft 10 f1 10 lo 30 ft Nose Offset p 8 ft ft Utt 12 lo 17 ft is lend Leng1h N 35 ft 35 ft 20 lo 1.50 ft 2 to 10 20 to 150 ft The stondord shall be vad vnfess engineering ·jvdgment de.termines that another dimension within the range is more svitobfe for a porlicvfor site o< specie/ condition ond is approved by the deportment. R 247.244. Dual service driveways. Rule 44. To facilitate vehicle movements between a highway and private property when the major vehicle movement at a commercial establishment is approximately parallel to the highway, such as at a service station or drive-in bank, the department may permit dual service driveways. The design feature dimensions of dual service driveways shall conform to those given in tables. 13 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-15 �ill ill TABLES DUAL SERVICE DRIVEWAYS • "_ _; "- l n1c,sec ti n9 ,._ - 0 Angle t En,c ,i ng er .; Rccfh.,s ~ "'C> 0 Exit i n9 Re di v s ,._ .:: ~ C> C> _J -~ 0 ln t crse-ct i ng S10nd0rd Ronge 90° 60° 45 lo 90° AR 60° CR 15 ft 5 lo 50 ft 20 ft 5 to 50 ft DR 10 ft 5 lo 25 ft 5 ft 5 to 25 ft 45 lo Ang l e AL 120° 90 to 135• 120° 90 lo 135• CL 10 ft 5 lo 25 ft 5 ft 5 lo 25 ft Ex i t i ng · Rod i u s DL . 15 ft Wi C, h O i s tonce Between O ri vcwcys 5 lo 50 ft Z) ft 5 lo 50 ft 8 30 ft 12 t o50ft 30 ft 151050ft s 20 ft 10 lo 150 ft 20 ft 10 lo 150 ft The slondord shol/ be used unless en9ineerin9 judgment determinu thot another dimension within the ron9e is more suitob/e for a porliculor site Ol' specie/ con• dition ond is approved by the deportment. R 247.245. Directional commercial driveways. Rule 45. A directional commercial driveway is a special case and the driveway shall be designed individually to facilitate the desired turning movements and to discourage prohibited movements. Radii shall be as ·approved by the department, based on the driveway intersecting angle and on the turning path of the largest vehicle that will normally use the driveway. R 247.247. Residential driveways, number and separation. Rule 47. The number of residential driveways permitted shall be determined as follows: (a) One residential driveway shall° be permitted for each platted lot or for unplatted residential property with less than 100 feet of frontage • (b) One additional residential driveway may be permitted for residential property for each 70 feet of frontage in excess of the first 100 feet of frontage. (c) Two residential driveways may be permitted on the same property, in lieu of the requirements . of paragraph (b), to . serve a circle driveway if the frontage of the property is 80 feet or more. 14 II II II Slondcrd Ronge En t er i ng Rod i v s Or i vcwcy = II • •II II Uncurbed Highway Curbe<l Highway De sig n Feolures GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-16 �"II "II II ~ (d) Residential driveways. on the sc..:::e property shall be at least 45 feet apart, center-to-center. R 247,248, Residential driveway dimensions. Rule 48. The design feature dimensions of a residential driveway shall conform to those given i~ table 6. TABLE G RESIDENTIAL DRIVEWAY Range Stondcrd Ronge Stondord A 90° 70 to 110° 90° 70 to 110° Orh•ewcy Width B 10 ft 8 to 24 ft 12 ft 8 to 24 ft Entering Rcdius C 15 ft 5 to 15 ft 15 ft 5 to 20 ft Exiting Rcc!ius D 6 ft 5tol5ft 10 ft 5 to 20 ft Curb Cut R 26 ft ,fnters•cting Angle I Un<:urbed Highwoy Curbed Highwoy Design Feotures 20 lo not applicoble 40 ft The standard shall be used unfess engineering jud9menf determines that another dimension within the range is more suitabfe for a porlicufar site or specie( condition orid is approved by the deportment: R 247.249. Field entrances and utility structure driveways. Rule 49. (1) One field entrance may be permitted for each 1000 feet of frontage of cultivated land, timber land or undeveloped land. Additional driveways may be permitted when a single driveway will not provide adequate access due to topographic conditions. (2) The design feature di~ensions of a field entrance and of a utility structure driveway shall conform to those given in table 7. is GAYLORD MS-1 ,. 91527.12· .SD-17 �• • • • -II TABLE 7 . FIELD ENTRANCE AND UTILITY STRUCTURE DRIVEWAY l t"ltersec 1i n9 0 An~ 1e • O rive• c y W;e ,h En 1e rin 9 Uncu rbed Highwoy Stondcrd Range Stcndcrd Ro ng e A 90° 7010110° 90° 70 to 110° B 20 ft 15 to LO ft 20 ft 15 to LO ft C not o ppli co b le 20 ft 5 l o 40 ft D not oppl icoble Z) Rod i u s ft 5 t o LO ft C ur b Cu r R Ro <! i v s E xitin g 26 ft 20 to 50 ft not oppl ico b le T f. e s tandc rd shell be used ur:less engineering judg ment determines thot an other dirr:er:s ion ..., ;th in th e ronge is mere su i table for o por1 icufar si te or spec ie/ co~d i tio n a nd is a p p ro ved by t he department. R 247.251. Surfacing and curbing along curbed highways. Rule .51. If a highway is curbed, the following driveway surfacing and curbing requirements apply: (a) A comoercial driveway shall be paved and curbed to either the right-of-way line or to the point of curvature between the driveway edge and the larger radius, point bin figure 1, as determined by the department. (b) A residential driveway shall be paved between the edge of the pavement and the existing or proposed sidewalk. If there is no existing or proposed sidewalk, the surfacing shall extend at least 10 feet from the edge of the pavement. For a residential driveway, either curb cuts or curb returns shall be required as determined by the department, based on the current department standards for curb and gutter. Ill " ='. -· II · R 247.252. Surfacing and curbing along uncurbed highways. Rule 52. If a highway· is uncurbed, the following driveway surfacing and curbing requirements apply: (a) A co~~ercial driveway shall be paved and curbed to either the right-of-way line or to the point of curvature between the driveway edge and the larger radius, point bin figure 1, except a commercial driveway may be uncurbed where there is a proper ditch and other adequate roadside control or delineation, as determined by the department. The curb ·ending adjacent to the highway shall be located at least 13.5 feet from and parallel to the edge of the pavement. (b) A low volume commercial driveway along a low volume highway shall be paved, but the paving may be delayed as mutually agreed upon by the applicant and the department. II II •-- Curbed Highwoy Des ign F e-c tur es 16 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-18 �• • • • • •II " " " " "II (c) A residential driveway may be ~aved or surfaced with stabilized gravel and may be curbed or uncurbed. R 247.253. Surfacing and curbing of field entrances and utility structure driveways • Rule 53. A field entrance or a utility structure driveway may be surfaced with stabilized gravel or with sod over a stable base and may be uncurbed, as determined by the department. R 247.254. Surface materials and thickness • Rule 54. The surface of a paved driveway, excluding right-turn lanes, shall be concrete, bituminous or equivalent surfacing material. The thickness of the surface and the base to be used shall be sufficient to provide the bearing capacity needed to carry the proposed traffic loads. A 2 1/2 inch, 250 pounds per square yard, bituminous mix on 8 inches of compacted gravel, 8 inches of unreinforced concrete or equivalent surfacing material which ceets current department Standard Specifications for High~ay Construction is acceptable for normal driveway traffic loads over stable soil. R 247.255.· Right-turn lanes and tapers. Rule 55. (1) The pavement of a right-turn lane and accompanying taper~ shall ma~ch the highway pavement, unless the department permits the use of an equivalent pavement. (2) The cross slope of a right-turn lane and tapers shall be: (a) A continuation of the cross slope of the highway if the highway is curbed. (b) Equal to the shoulder slope if the highway is uncurbed. R 247.256. Shoulders. Rule 56. (1) The surface of the shoulder adjacent to a right-turn lane and tapers shall be of the same material as the highway shoulder and conform to the current department Standard Specifications for Highway Construction. (2) If the distance between 2 paved commercial driveways serving the same property is less than 100 feet, measured between adjacent ends of the curb endings, the applicant shall pave the shoulder between the driveways. R 247.259. Driveway curb details. Rule 59. (1) The driveway curb shall either match the existing highway curb or shall conform to the current department standards for curb and gutter. II II II -II 17 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-19 �-"• • • • " (2) The driveway curb height shall be constant if there is no existing or proposed sidewalk or if an inclined sidewalk is permitted by the department. (3) The dr i ve.:ay curb height rnay be tapered to zero height at the si~ewalk if the driveway grade meets the grade of an existing or proposed sidewalk • R 247.261. i II !I ! .i Drainage. Rule 61. (1) A driveway shall be constructed so that it ~oes not adversely affect the highway drainage. The drainage and the stability of the highway subgrade shall not be altered by driveway construction or roadside development. (2) Drainage fro~ adjacent parking or storage areas on private property in excess of existing drainage shall not be discharged into the highway drainage system. (3) Culvert pipe shall be of a size adequate to carry the anticipated natural flow of the ditch. The culvert shall be no smaller than the nearest upstream culvert nor less than 12 inches inside diameter. A culvert, catch basin, drainage channel and other drainage structure required within the highway right-of-way shall be manufactured or constructed and installed in accordance with the current department Standard Specifications for Highway Construction. The minimum length of the culvert may be determined as the sum of the distance between driveway edges, measured along the ditch line, plus the distances needed to accommodate an embankment slope not to exceed 1 foot vertical for 6 feet horizontal on both sides of the driveway. R 247.263. Profile. Rule 63. A driveway profile shall be determined using the following criteria: (a) If the highway is uncurbed, the grade of the driveway between the highway edge of pavement and the edge _of the shoulder shall conform to the slope of the shoulder. (b) If the highway is uncurbed or if the sidewalk is more than 10 f~et from the edge of the pavement or if there is no sidewalk: • (1) The grade of a two-way, one-way or divided commercial driveway shall not exceed 1.5% for a minimum distance of 25 feet from the edge of the pavement. Beyond this distance, the grade shall not exceed 8% . (ii) The grade of a residential or utility structure driveway or field entrance shall not exceed 10%, (c) If the highway is curbed and if the sidewalk is 10 feet or less from the edge of pavement, the grade of a driveway, except a directional driveway, shall be the grade required to meet the sidewalk elevation; but if that grade would exceed the maximums specified in paragraph (b), the sidewalk shall be either tilted or inclined. =r "'" II II " "Ill - 18 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-20 �(d) The grade of a directional dri\'eway shall be designed so to provide vision of the highway edge of pavement and the driveway surface for a distance of 100 feet along the driveway. For a driveway on an upgrade towards the highway, a grade of 1.5% for a distance of 100 feet from the e~ge of the pavement is acceptable. Beyon~ this distance, the grade shall not exceed 4% and the difference in grades where there is a change of grade shall not exceed 3%. (e) Vertical curves, with a minimur.i length of 15 feet, shall be provided at a change cf grade of 4% or more. (f) If the sidewal~ elevation has to be adj~sted to meet the driveway, the department may require that the sidewalk be inclined at a rate not to exceed 1 foot vertical for every 24 feet horizontal. R 247.265. Parking and storage. Rule 65. Adequate storage for vehicles parking or waiting to be serviced shall be provided so as not to interfere with pedestrian movements, vision requirements or traffic operations on the highway. R 247. 267. Traffic signs and markings.- Rule 67. A permittee shall provide and properly maintain traffic signs and pavement markings which the department determines necessary, subject to local ordinances, for proper operation of the driveway. Only those traffic signs and pavement markings approved by the department may be used within the highway right-of-way. Signs and pavement markings shall conform to the current Michigan Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. · 19 GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-21 �• • • • ~ " STANDARDS OF DESIGN - SANITARY SEWERS These standards establish the minimum requirements for the design of sanitary sewers in the Municipality. Plans and Specifications 1. The plans and specifications shall be prepared by a professional engineer registered in the State of Michigan. 2. Plans shall consist of a cover sheet showing a location map and site plan of the proposed project, plan and profile sheets covering all the proposed street and roadway construction, and a standard detail sheet Plan sheet size shall be 24" x 36" or 22" x 34". Plan scale shall be either 1" = 40' or 1" = 20' horizontally and 1" = 5' vertically. 3. Elevations shall be based upon U.S.G.S. datum. Elevations based upon assumed datum will not be approved. 4. Plan profiles shall indicate existing and proposed ground levels, U.S.G.S. elevations, and stationing. 5. Four sets of plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for preliminary approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. Modifications required to meet the municipal standards, if any, will be noted on two sets, with one such set returned to the Developer for final corrections within 90 days of receipt. 6. Six sets of final plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. 7. The Developer will complete the Act 98 Sanitary Sewer Construction Permit from the DNR. The City will sign the pennit and submit it to the DNR after City review and approval. The Developer will be responsible for securing all other pennits required for the sanitary sewer construction. 8. One (1) set of reproducible "as-built" tracings, on mylar or polyester film, shall be submitted to the Municipality upon completion of the utility construction. The location of all tees, manholes, and the intersection of the service lateral and the respective property line shall be witnessed from at least two permanent topographic features. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-22 �• •II • •II II II II -II II " " "II Location The location of the sanitary sewer within the street right-of-way shall be on the centerline of the street Minimum Grades and Velocities Sanitary sewers shall be designed to maintain a minimum velocity of two feet per second; maximum velocity shall not exceed ten feet per second. Suggested minimum grades for various size sanitary sewers are listed below: 6" (lateral) 8" 10" 12" . 15" 18" 24" 1.00% 0.40% 0.30% 0.22% 0.15% 0.12% 0.10% Minimum Diameter The Developer shall install the appropriately sized sanitary sewer system to serve the proposed development and shall submit · supporting documentation and calculations to the City to demonstrate adequacy. The minimum diameter of collected sewers shall be eight inches and the minimum diameter of the service lateral shall be six inches. The municipality may desire to increase the size of certain sewers for their own purposes, in which case the municipality shall pay for the difference in sewer pipe and manhole construction material costs over and above the Developer's proposed diameter sanitary sewer and manhole structures. Sewer Pipe Sanitary sewer pipe shall be PVC conforming to ASTM D3033 or ASTM D3034. Minimum wall thickness shall be SDR-35. Joints shall be of the elastomeric gasket push-on type conforming to ASTM D3212. Manholes Manholes shall be constructed at all changes in gr-ade, size and alignment of the sanitary sewer. The maximum run between manholes shall be 400 feet All manholes shall be precast concrete with rubber "O" ring at joints; block or brick sanitary manholes will not be approved. All pipe · openings shall be cast in the precast section or cored in the finished wall. Manhole pipe connections shall be furnished with an integrally cast seal system, equal to "Press Wedge II", "Kor-N-Seal", "Lock Joint Flexible Manhole Sleeve", or equal. Sanitary manholes shall have GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-23 �• •II II •,i Ill • • • • •II II integrnl concrete manhole bottom. A drop pipe shall be constructed for all sewers entering a manhole at a height of 24 inches or greater above the proposed manhole invert. The minimum inside diameter of a sanitary sewer manhole for sewers through 21 inches in diameter shall be 48 inches. For sanitary sewer 24 to 36 inches in diameter, the minimum inside diameter of the sanitary manhole shall be 60 inches. A minimum of three rows and a maximum of six rows of concrete adjusting bricks or rings shall be constructed on top of the precast cone section. The interior and exterior of the adjusting bricks or rings shall receive a ½ inch thick coat of plaster. All manholes shall be provided with approved manhole steps. Service Laterals Connection of the service laterals to the collection sewer shall be by means of a sewer pipe wye or tee fitting. The service lateral shall be constructed to the property line of all lots and marked in accordance with the sanitary sewer standard of construction included herein. In addition, the Developer shall be required to furnish to the Municipality a map indicating the precise location of all sanitary sewer laterals at the property line intersection. The location should be witnessed from two recoverable reference points. All service laterals shall have a minimum 4" diameter cleanout pipe connected to the lateral with a wye fitting. The cleanout pipe shall be extended to the surface and equipped with a threaded cap set flush with the ground surface. The cleanout cap shall be located six inches (6") inside the right-of-way line. For service laterals of extended length, cleanouts shall be constructed at 100 foot intervals. Where sanitary sewers are deeper than 15 feet, 6 inch diameter risers shall be constructed such that the service lateral is 11 feet below finish grade at the property line. All changes in direction, materials, or pipe size shall be done with proper fittings. Subsurface Soil Conditions The Developer shall provide sufficient soil borings along the sanitary sewer route to accurately describe the prevailing soil conditions. The borings shall be constructed to a depth of four feet below the proposed invert elevation of the sanitary sewer. Manhole Casting Refer to the table of standard castings and valves for the municipalities standard manhole castings. Lift Stations Unless otherwise approved lift stations shall be of fiberglass enclosed suction lift type station. Each station shall be equipped with an adequately sized wet-well, duplex pumps, suction and discharge plug valves, discharge check valves, high and low water level alarms, ventilation and heaters. Stations shall have provisions for accepting portable emergency generator service compatible with the City's generator. Pump stations shall be similar to the City's existing station and shall be subject to the approval of the Municipality. Lift station design shall conform to the guidelines contained in the Recommended Standards for Sewage Works, Great Lakes-Upper GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-24 �II II II II II • •II .. II II II Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers (fen-States Standards) unless otherwise noted or approved. All submersible pump lift stations shall be provided with intrinsically safe electrical control systems. The electrical system shall have provisions for accepting portable electrical generator service. Lift station design shall be subject to the approval of the municipality. Inverted Siphons Generally, the use of inverted siphons will not be approved unless specific conditions warrant their use. Ille!!al Connections The connections of footings drains, roof drains, sump pump discharge, or yard drains to the sanitary sewer are strictly prohibited. Connection Elevations Plans submitted for approval shall note the elevation of the sanitary sewer service lead at the building foundation line as well as the invert elevation of the service lead at the collection sewer in the street. Minimum cover over the service lateral shall be four feet. Trench Load.in!? Design All sanitary sewers shall be designed so as to resist all trench backfill and construction load or anticipated superimposed loadings utilizing a factor of safety of 2.0 of the pipe's resistance to failure . .. II II II II II II II GAYLORD MS-1 91527.i2 SD-25 �•II II • ••• .. II II ; " "• • • • • STANDARDS OF DESIGN - STORM SEWERS Scope These standards establish the minimum requirements for the design of storm sewers in the Municipality. Plans and Specifications 1. The plans and specifications shall be prepared by a professional engineer registered in the State of Michigan . 2. Plans shall consist of a cover sheet showing a location map and site plan of the proposed project, plan and profile sheets covering all the proposed street and roadway construction, and a standard detail sheet. Plan sheet size shall be 24" x 36" or 22" x 34". Plan scale shall be either 1" 40' or 1" 20' horizontally and 1" 5' vertically. = = = 3. Elevations shall be based upon U.S.G.S. datum. Elevations based upon assumed datum will not be approved. 4. Plan profiles shall indicate existing and proposed ground levels, U.S.G.S. elevations, and stationing. 5. Four sets of plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for preliminary approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. Modifications required to meet the municipal standards, if any, will be noted on two sets, with one such set returned to the Developer for final corrections within 90 days of receipt. 6. Six sets of final plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for approval All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design . 7. The Developer will be responsible for securing all State and local construction pemuts required for storm sewer construction. 8. One (1) set of reproducible "as-built" tracings, on mylar or polyester film, shall be submitted to the Municipality upon completion of the utility construction. The location of all tees, manholes and catch basins shall be witnessed from at least two permanent topographic features . GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 �• • • • • • •II " Location Location shall be within the street right-of-way 8 feet south and 8 feet east of the centerline of the right-of-way. Minimum and Maximum Velocity All storm sewers shall be designed to provide a minimum velocity of three feet per second and a maximum velocity of ten feet per second when the pipe is flowing full . Minimum Diameter The Developer shall install the appropriately sized storm sewer system to serve the proposed development and shall submit supporting documentation and calculations to the City to demonstrate adequacy . The minimum diameter for all storm sewer, including catch basin leads, shall be 12 inches. The Municipality may desire to increase the size of certain sewers for their own purposes, in which case the Municipality shall pay for the diffe/ence in sewer pipe and manhole structure material costs over and above the Developer's proposed diameter storm sewer and manhole structures. Manhole Storm sewer manholes shall be constructed at all changes in grade, size and alignment of the storm sewer. The maximum run between storm sewer manholes shall be 500 feet Manholes may be either precast concrete or concrete block construction. The minimum inside manhole diameter for storm sewers through 21 inches in diameter shall be 48 inches. For storm sewers from 24 to 36 inches in diameter, the minimum storm manhole diameter shall be 60 inches. For storm sewers 42 inches and larger, "tee" manhole riser sections shall be used. Should a change in grade, size or alignment of the pipe occur in a manhole where one or more of the sewers are 42 inches in diameter or large, the manhole section shall have a minimum inside diameter of the largest pipe diameter plus two feet All manholes shall be provided with approved manhole steps. Storm Sewer Design Storm sewer design shall be consistent with engineering practice and shall utilize a minimum storm flow generated from a 10 "year, 24 hour storm event Catch Basins Storm sewer catch basins shall have a minimum inside diameter of 48 inches and shall provide a minimum sump depth of 24 inches below the lowest pipe invert elevation. Catch basins shall be constructed at all low poin~ in the curb and gutter and shall be located so as to limit storm water travel in the gutter section to a maximum distance of 250 feet GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-27 �Standard Castine:s Refer to the Table of Standard Castings and Valves for the municipalities standard castings. Trench Loadin e: Desi e:n All storm sewers shall be designed so as to resist all trench backfill and construction load or anticipated superimposed loadings utilizing a factor of safety of 2.0 of the pipe's resistance to failure. Pipe Materials Storm sewers shall be constructed with reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) or high depsity polyethylene corrugated pipe with an integrally formed smooth interior. Corrugated metal pipe (CMP) may be approved for service leads off the public R.O.W. and culverts. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-28 �• • • • • " " STA1\1DARDS OF DESIGN - "\VA TER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Scope These standards establish the minimum requirements for the design of storm sewers in the Municipality. Plans and Specifications 1. The plans and specifications shall be prepared by a professional engineer registered in the State of Michigan. 2. Plans shall consist of a cover sheet showing a location map and site plan of the proposed project, plan and profile sheets covering all the proposed street and roadway construction, and a standard detail sheet Plan sheet size shall be 24" x 36" or 22" x 34". Plan scale shall be either 1" = 40' or 1" =· 20' horizontally and 1" = 5' vertically. 3. Elevations shall be based upon U.S.G.S. datum. Elevations based upon assumed datum will not be approved. 4. Plan profiles shall indicate existing and proposed ground levels, U.S.G.S. elevations, and stationing. 5. Four sets of plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for preliminary approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. Modifications required to meet the municipal standards, if any, will be noted on two sets, with one such set returned to the Developer for final corrections within 90 days of receipt 6. Six sets of final plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for approval All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. 7. The Municipality will apply for the water main construction permit from the Michigan Department of Public Health. The Developer \\ill be responsible for securing all oL~er permits required. for the. water distribution system construction. 8. One (1) set of reproducJble "as-built" tracings, on mylar or polyester film, shall be submitted to the Municipality upon completion of the utility construction. The location of all valves and curb shutoffs shall be witnessed from at least two permanent topographic features. . II II II II . II Ill Ill GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-29 �• • • • • • • • • • •Ill • •II Ill II II II Location Location of the water main within the street right-of-way shall be 23 feet north and 23 feet west of the centerline of the right-of-way. In no case shall a water main be constructed within ten feet (measured horizontally) from a sanitary sewer. Minimum Size The Developer shall install the appropriately sized water main to serve the proposed development and shall submit supporting documentation and calculations to the City to demonstrate adequacy. The minimum size of water main shall be six inches in diameter. The municipality may desire to increase the size of certain mains for their own purposes, in which case the municipality shall pay for the difference in water main and valve material costs over and above the Developer's proposed diameter water main and valves. Valves AWW A approved gate valves shall be placed throughout the distribution system in accordance with the following regulations: a. On straight runs, valves shall be spaced at maximum intervals of 800 feet b. At tees, a minimum of two valves are required. c. At crosses, a minimum of three valves are required. d. At the end of dead end mains, valves shall be construct to facilitate future connections. e. A valve shall be installed at the intersection of water mains and easement lines. The municipality intends to maintain water main within legal easements . Valve Boxes and Manholes Valves shall be placed in valve manholes as directed by the municipality. Generally valve manholes will be required in State Highway right-of-ways, paved surfaces, berms, sidewalks, and any other location where re-excavation may be difficult Valves not placed in valve manholes shall be provided with adjustable screw type valve boxes. Valve Extension Stems Where valves are used with valve boxes, the depth to the top of the valve operating nut shall not be greater than 5½ feet \Vhere the water main is buried at a depth where the nonnal valve operating nut will be at a depth greater than 5½ feet, a valve extension stem with operating nut GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-30 �• • • • •II •II ""• • •II • • • shall be provided and mechanically attached to the valve to provide an operating nut at the 5½ foot depth . \Vater Mains Water mains shall be constructed of ductile iron or PVC with a minimum cover of 6 feet The use of cement-asbestos water main \\ill not be approved. In general, water mains shall be designed in a network with sufficient looping to eliminate "dead end" runs. Any other pipe material shall be subject to the approval of the municipality. Hydrants The minimum size for fire hydrants shall be 5 inch diameter and the hydrant shall have connections and special construction as noted on the Table of Standard Castings and Valves . Hydrants shall be spaced along the water main network such that all residential and commercial establishments are within 400 feet of a hydrant (measured along the street right-of-way). Threads on the connections shall be National Standard Threads (NS1). The hydrants shall have plugged drains. The pumper connection shall face the street Hydrants shall be constructed at all dead end mains. Hydrants shall be constructed from the main by use of a standard tee and . gate valve. A concrete thrust block of sufficient area shall be constructed to resist _the thrust. Service Connections I Connection to the existing main shall be made with a corporation stop with a minimum diameter of one (1) inch. Service lead shall be type K annealed seamless copper water tubing with flared type fittings. Service lead shall be constructed to within six inches of the property line and shall be terminated with a curb valve. The open end shall be capped and protected during backfill operations. An adjustable curb box shall be provided for each curb box. The size of water service connection shall be approved by the Engineer. Each service connection shall be provided with a minimum of 6 feet of cover. Refer to the Table of Standard Castings and Valves for acceptable makes and model numbers . Water Meters Water meters together with the necessary setting equipment are to be furnished by the City upon payment of the necessary fee as establishe4 by the City. (This fee is subject to change by the City Council). The meter and appurtenances shall remain the property of the City and shall be maintained by the City in accordance with the City Water Ordinance. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-31 �• • • • • • • • • • -II • •II II II II II STANDARDS OF DESIGN - SITE GRADING Scope These standards establish the minimum requirements for the design of storm sewers in the Municipality. Plans and Specifications 1. The plans and specifications shall be prepared by a professional engineer registered in the State of Michigan. 2. Plans shall consist of a cover sheet showing a location map and site plan of the proposed project, plan and profile sheets covering all the proposed street and roadway construction, and a standard detail sheet Plan sheet size shall be 24" x 36" or 22" x 34". Plan scale shall be either 1" = 40' ·or l" = 20' horizontally and l" = 5' vertically. 3. Elevations shall be based upon U.S.G.S. datum. Elevations based upon assumed datum will not be approved. 4. The site plan for street and lot layout shall indicate both existing and proposed contours at a two foot contour interval Individual lot drainage patterns shall be indicated on the plan. 5. Tirree sets of plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for preliminary approval. All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. Modifications required to meet the municipal standards, if any, will be noted on two sets, with one such set returned to the Developer for final corrections. 6. Six sets of final plans and specifications shall be submitted by the Developer to the Municipality for approval All plans and specifications submitted for approval shall be sealed by the registered engineer in charge of design. 7. The Developer will be responsible for securing all State and local construction permits. Grading Site grading shall be designed to allow for drainage of storm water away from residential or commercial buildings. Grades shall be such as to minimize earth settlement problems, avoid concentrating run-off onto adjacent properties, prevent creation of water pockets or pools of standing water and to minimize erosion. The grading design shall incorporate natural drainage courses where possible. In areas where natural drainage is not present, sutface (ditches) or GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-32 �• • • • • •II •II •II • • • • • • subsurface (storm sewers) drainage shall be provided for collection and disposal of storm run-off. It is the intent of these regulations that the grading design minimize the need for banks, retaining walls or terracing. Minimum grade away from structures shall be two percent On slopes of 3.5 horizontal to 1 vertical or greater, Class A sodding with pegs must be provided to minimize erosion. The maximum aalowable slope shall be 3.5 horizontal to 1 vertical. Site grading shall conform to the applicable sections of the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act Where mulch is required, a mulch adhesive shall be used. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-33 �CITY OF GAYLORD TABLE OF STANDARD CASTINGS AND VALVES SEWER SYSTEM SANITARY MANHOLE CASTINGS EJIW lOCX) A STORM MANHOLE CASTINGS EJIW lOCX) B CATCH BASIN CASTINGS CURB TYPE (C-4) CURB TYPE (ROLLBACK) DITCH TYPE (BEElllVE) INVERTED CROWN, ROAD EOOE PARKING LOTS (CONCAVE INLET) EJIW 7045 Ml EJIW 7065 Ml EJIW 1OCX) TYPE 02 GRATE EJIW 5105 M2 WATER DISTRIBUITON SYSTEM FIRE HYDRANTS EAST JORDAN IRON WORKS MODEL 5BR WITH 2-2½ HOSE CONNECTIONS AND 1 STANDARD PUMPER CONNECTION. NATIONAL STMTDARD THREADS. GATE VALVES RESILIENT WEDGE TYPE WATERO US SERIES 500, KENNEDY KEN-SEAL. CORPORATION STOPS :MUELLER H-15008 OR APPROVED EQUAL. CURB STOP MUELLER ORJSEAL MARK III OR APPROVED EQUAL. CURB STOP BOX MUELLER OR APPROVED EQUAL WITH ARCH PATTERN BASE, STATIONARY ROD AND LID WITH PENTAGONAL BRASS PLUG. SERVICE LEAD TYPE K MTJ\TEALED SEA.111.ESS COPPER VALVE MANHOLE CASTINGS EJIW lOCX) A GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SD-34 �STAI\TDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION - UTILITY CONSTRUCTION \VITHIN MUNICIPAL STREET RIGHT-OF-WAY General This specification covers the requirements of all gas, telephone, cable television or other public utilities, and private pers@ns or corporations in conjunction with construction operations within Municipal Street rights-of-way. All new utility installations including electrical service, telephone and cable t v. shall be installed underground. All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. No street may be closed without prior permission from the authority having jurisdiction. The utility shall be responsible for providing, installing, and maintaining traffic control signs, lights and barricades as required by the MDOT Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Whenever reference is made to specifications other than those contained herein, said specifications shall apply and be binding as if fully repeated herein. Unless otherwise specified, all work shall conform with applicable divisions of the "Standard Specifications for Highway Construction", latest revision of the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The utility company, private person or corporation shall notify the Municipality 72 hours prior to commencing construction operations, unless the situation warrants immediate action. Where applicable, construction plans shall be submitted to the City for approval 30 days in advance of the proposed initiation of construction operations. Construction Operations In general, construction operations shall be in accordance with the applicable sections of the MUNICIPAL STANDARDS. 1. Pavement Crossings - Unless otherwise specified, where a utility line crosses the entire width of a permanent pavement, the utility, private persons or corporations will be required to bore, bore and jack, or tunnel in accordance with Section 02222, Excavation for Utility Systems. If open cutting of a permanent pavement is allowed, the pavement shall be saw cut prior tp excavation and backfilled and compacted in accordance with Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. · 2. Pavement Replacement - Where weather conditions allow, pavement shall be replaced upon completion of construction operations. Pavement replacement materials shall be of the same material as the existing pavement During freezing weather, cold patch shall be used until permanent pavement can be replaced. The utility, private persons or corporations shall be responsible for maintaining the cold patch until the permanent pavement can be replaced. GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 UC-1 �BIBLIOGRAPHY 1990 STAND ARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY CONS1RUCI1ON, State of Michigan, Department of Transportation. RECO1111ENDED STAl\1DARDS FOR SE\VAGE WORKS, Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers, 1978 Edition. RECO:MMENDED STAND ARDS FOR WATER WORKS, Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers, 1976 Edition. ADMIN1STRATIVE RULES REGULA TING DRIVEWAYS. BANNERS. AND PARADES ON Al\1D OVER HIGITTVA YS, State of :Michigan, Department of Transportation. • • ' GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 B-1 �• • • • • •II II II II II II SECTION 01410 SOILS COMPACTION AJ\TJ) TESTING GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment and materials in connection with SOILS COMPACTION A!\TD TESTING. 1.02 RELATED ·woRK: The Contractor shall compact all bedding, backfill, fills, and embankments to the percentage of maximum unit weight specified herein. All compaction operations shall be performed utilizing suitable methods and equipment specifically designed for earth compaction. Rollers shall be of a standard design and in general shall be vibratory, rubber tire or smooth steel drum for granular materials and kneading type (sheep's foot) for non-granular materials. All operations shall be performed such that they do not damage or displace any pipes, utilities or structures. Compaction by flooding or jetting shall not be allowed. Attention is directed to SECITON 01560 - SPECIAL CONTROLS. 1.03 DEFThTfIONS • • • • •II II • PART 1 002 A. GRANULAR MATERIALS: Soils having a loss by washing of 15 percent or less. B. NON-GRANULAR MATERlALS: Soils having a loss by washing of more than 15 percent C. LOSS BY WASHING: Materials finer than a No. 200 sieve as determined by ASTMC117 . D. MAXIMUM UNIT WEIGHT: Maximum dry pounds per cubic foot at the optimum moisture content as determined by the following standard tests: 1. Modified Proctor: AASHTO 180, Method C, shall be used for granular and non-granular materials at structures as noted in Part D of the appended table . 2. Standard Proctor: AASHTO T-99 as modified by MDOT shall be used for soils having a loss by wash greater than 15%. 3. Michigan Cone: The MDOT "Method of Test for the Compaction and Density of Soils (Granular)" shall be used for granular materials . E. OPTTh1UM MOISTURE CONTENT: Shall be the percent moisture of the soil at which the maximum unit weight is obtained by the above tests. F. LIFT: Shall be the vertical measure of a soil layer when measured loose. 01410-1 �II II • • •II PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 :MATERIALS: Shall be as specified herein, and as noted on the plans. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of the source of materials at least three days prior to their use to allow for testing of samples . PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 COMPACTION AND TESTmG A. II II II II II II II II • • • • • MOISTURE CONTENT: All material shall be at or near the optimum moisture content when compacted. Unless modified by the Engineer, the allowable moisture range shall be as follows: 1. 2. Granular soils: -3% to +2% above the optimum Non-granular soils: -1 % to +3% above the optimum In the event the moisture content of the material exceed these limits, the material shall be allowed to dry or dried by discing of harrowing. In the event that the moisture content is too low to obtain the required densities when compacted, water shall be added to increase the moisture content to the optimum. 002 B. TESTING: Moisture and in-place density tests will be made on the compacted fill in locations and at times as selected by the Engineer. The costs of tests which meet the specifications will be paid by the Owner. The costs of failing tests will be paid by the Contractor and said costs will be deducted from sums due the Contractor. The Contractor may elect to perform additional testing at his own expense for his own purposes, however, the Engineer's decision of the suitability of materials and compliance with specifications shall be final. C. TABLE OF C011PACTION OPERATIONS Al\TD REQUIREMENTS: The appended table lists requirements for minimum in-place densities and maximum lifts for various compaction operations, material classifications, and locations. The lift thickness, moisture content, type of equipment, number of passes, and weight and speed of equipment shall be adjusted to product the required compaction density with consistent results . D. SUBSIDENCE AND SETTLEMENT: The Contractor shall be responsible to conduct all compaction operations in such a manner to avoid objectionable soil settlement Irrespective of compaction tests results, excessive ·soil settlement any resulting structure or pavement damage shall be repaired by the Contractor. 01410-2 �• •II • • •II TABLE OF COMPACTION OPERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS • Compaction Operation A. II B. 002 Min. In-Place Density% Max. Unit Weight Granular Crushed Stone 6" 12" 95% N.A. Granular 4" (2) 95% BACKFILL FOR UTILilY SYSTEMS: 1. Undercut below plan grade to 4" below pipe 2. Bedding (from 4" below pipe to l' above pipe) 3. Backfill over bedding-open field Trench Mat'l 12" (6) 90% 4. Backfill under permanent pavements Granular 12" (6) 95% 5. Backfill under existing utilities Granular 6'' (6) 95% 6. Backfill around manholes and other structures Granular 12" (6) 95% Ill • • • • • • • • •II Max. Lift Loose Measure Material Classification (1) EMBANKMENTS: 1. General 2. Under utility structures (3) Granular 01410-3 9"-12" (4)(6) 12'' (6) 95% 97% �II • • •II C. D. II II II II Existing Mat'l 9"-18" (5) 1. Subgrade 2. Aggregate Base Course As Specified 3"-6" 98% 3. Aggregate Surface Course As Specified 3"-6" 98% 95% STRUCTURES: 1. Adjacent to walls Granular 12" 2. Under floor and foundation slabs and footings (Structural Fill) Granular 9" (6) 95% 97% NOTES: • • •II (1) Specific material requirements shall be as specified herein or shown on the drawings. (2) For pipes of 8 inch O.D. and less, maximum lift shall be one-half of the pipe O.D. (3) Material as designated on the drawings or as approved by the Engineer, with exception that frost heave material, as defined in MDOT Specification 2.08.lOd may not be used in top 3 feet of embankment below subgrade. (4) 9" for non-granular, 12" for granular materials. II • • •II • STREETS AND ROADWAYS: (5) Depth of lift indicated is below excavation at which compaction is required provided a base course is required. If a base course is not required, compacted depth shall be 18 ". (6) The maximum depth of lift for hydraulic compactors which may be allowed by the Engineer v.ill vary depending upon the compaction equipment utilized by the Contractor. The maximum depth of lift shall not exceed 50% (percent) of the maximum compaction lift stated in the compaction equipment manufacturers data sheet, provided the Contractor can demonstrate that the required density has been achieved throughout the depth of the lift. E:t-.TO OF SECTION 002 01410-4 �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' '• • SECTION 01560 SPECL\L CONTROLS PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 'WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications pertains to SPECIAL CONTROLS. 1.02 SPECIFICATIONS BY REFERENCE: Where reference is made in the specifications to standards of any technical society, association, governmental agency, etc., said specifications or standards shall apply and be binding as though fully repeated therein and are to be considered as a part of these specifications . 1.03 RELATED WORK: The Contractor shall conduct his work in a manner to prevent air, water, and noise pollution by establishing adequate controls during the construction operations. All controls shall be in accordance v.'i.th the applicable laws of the State of Michigan. A. AIR POLLUTION: The open burning of combustible wastes from clearing and grubbing operations and of waste construction materials will not be permitted. The Contractor shall dispose of all such wastes at sanitary landfill(s) licensed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources . 1. 001 Dust Control: The Contractor shall maintain all traveled areas in a safe, dust-free conditions at all times. To accomplish this, the Contractor shall remove any tracked materials such as much, dirt, etc. from construction and haul roads, furnish and apply chloride treatment to temporary roads, furnish and install temporary road patches or surface, or any other approved methods or systems . B. WATER POLLUTION: The Contractor will be required to perform all construction operations in a manner that will conform to the requirements of Act 347, Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act Methods to be used are indicated herein (Items No. 1 through 46) and referenced with numbers and symbols to the plans when special details are designated. The Contractor shall also be required to perform all work in conformance with the requirements of Act 346, Inland Lakes and Streams. The permits for construction will be obtained by the Owner. C. NOISE POLLUTION: The Contractor shall exercise judgment in the conduct of operations which by nature result in excessive noise. All such operations shall take place during reasonable daylight periods, which are defined at 7:00 a.m. through 6:00 p.m. unless otherwise stated in the governing municipal ordinance, or authorized by the Owner. 01560-1 �• • • • • • • -Ill • • • • • • •I D. CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS: All construction debris shall be removed from the construction site(s) at regular intervals and disposed of at sanitary landfill(s) licensed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. E. HOUSEKEEPING: The project worlc areas shall be maintained in a neat and clean conditions and all debris and waste materials shall be removed from work areas on a daily basis . 1.04 VEHICULAR ~'\'D PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC CONTROL: The Contractor shall be responsible for providing, installing, and maintaining vehicular and pedestrian traffic control signs, lights, and barricades in conjunction with construction operations. Vehicular traffic control measures shall be in accordance with the Michigan Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. A. STREET CLOSING: No street or roadway may be closed to traffic without prior written pennission of the governing body having jurisdiction over the street or roadway. B. EXISTING TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS: Existing traffic control signs which conflict with construction operations may be temporarily removed. The Contractor shall provide traffic control for the duration of the sign displacement and signs shall be replaced in the proper location immediately after construction operations adjacent to the sign locations are completed. END OF SECTION II • 001 01560-2 �• • 111·01 ::: :: :: .. - --- . -- - -- -. = :: - --- -- :: :. --- - - -- -... -:::=~=== - -- 0 ~B -- -.... -.. -- 0 - - ; - ;Hi! - - - =-- i - ' = :: .... ; :: =:: ....;~:~ -- . -- - 1 Ii ;=== : r -: ; g : = ---- -- = ; <t w <t ~ u ::; ....~ 'i: ~ ~ ~) I - - I I ( = a:: - --- .. -- -- --- .....- -.--~ >l- (J) w -. -- -;~; -- ~ ::: - 0 a:: Q_ m- -= :::> I (J) - - w Q_ - - ~ a:: - - a:: : = - J -c 01560-3 . ------ -~=~ -------~~E -. --. ---- :; - ;.. = - - -- -. = ; -- -- ..... ~§~~i I~ :: J ~ - - - ! } ~ lS : .: - :: I �,. .. .. ; l •-------- - 0 STREAMS ENCLOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (USlltCIIU t11t 2B 11 ,,.......,.. .. -...- .- ~""" ~ 111111111 29 i:.~--~==:::.i..,.,, ...• llf"nT. ,.;;_ llllll &I 11\.tl JO ~- ----·- H CU II CIIIIIVII MIii IOII 1'1111,1111 111111 tOUIIIIJI tllll 111(1 tu II PV"II llllClll IICI 1111 11111 ■ II Ulllill 111111111 II IIIIJ ■ ::::: . ~ ~ ) " ' ·--::. ~~ -~ ◄J .... 11i,ou11 111111 c111111 c,m1 )2 UllhS )) '· auu, llllltll IUI II lllll v ·--~fo:~ ~ - - .,~❖i ~---=-- lllllll IIIIUPIIOI '"U III0lll Ull(\ 11\IU - OSI ID \lllf( 1111 ltlll 111 II (litN 1111' . 1101 '11(. IU0lll IU[ lit ·BORROW AREAS Pll/1111 UIUII IU,I ,11111 HOU 1111 IIOI IUIIIUtliU 4◄ ·~ !Hall 1111 llll Clllll II 11111 1111 II IIOtlPIII UI PIICI tu II IUI 11111 II IICllllll I 11 •lllll tU(U Ill tlOll(IIOl 1110( DI 1111H IU1 IVllOUC llotl lllO IIDlliOIIH II lllll. :' :.. ';_~---- .. ._•• 1-!.. ll ··---·- - - - - ((OIOIIUl INIII lllll '11111 -,- ADV A/HAG( S IREAll(NI l'RACIIC( IOU I I O(IAIL 'UIIII IOU It (UIIIUI( lll'lllt IOIU\ 111(.U IIICU tUlltllU llOOtlJlt CU ll l(tOllll\JIU IUIU rUIODI Of IUClltlll 1111 II II llllllllNIII Im ltlUI" llll llllll/11 lll,IIOl lllltllll u11m Ill IWIII 1111'11•1 UI 11111[11[ II IUltll llltl (II II IIIICIII ID 11'111/1 0lf . 1111 llllli lllllll 111111 111111 IUIC, II II tUI 1110 1111 11011111 ltlltl 1111 1[0 CO.UlUIDUl to111,1t1I to II VIO ft IIO(Ullt ut l'lllt lttlOl\ 11111 , lllll 111,oau, (Vl JIIIS , .. IOl HUI 0 )( V1 - 0-- 0 ~·- IOtl CIIIIII' I .t:- r '7 l~ ----·-.."I=~:n IUIICll&lltl IUII 11111 •(II J6 ~~~~.,._,011111 JI l1111J 101 111C11U lllltUIO 111111 IU.IUllJltl 1111 IUlllllt ,u,un nOUUVCIU ,uuu , .. 11111 ••• 111111 11111 llfl t&r,tlll IOI IOllll Hit (U II tl0111ll 110 llDal Ul(I 1ll11i, Dill 1,1 1111111 11 11\l'lt 111111 Ill 0111(1 IU(ll(U IOUUI IUr1 111IIU, UI tU\(11 NOTES , Ill II IOCI II Clf II IUllll 111111111 llllll IUIIIOIII THIS SHEET PROVIDES THE KEY TO THE NUMOEREO ER0$10N CONTROi. ITEMS '.iHOWN ON THE CONSTRUCTION Pl.ANS, SOME ITEMS SHONN ARE PAY ITEMS, AS NOTED IN THE SPECIFICATIONS. OTHERS ARE F1EOUIR£0 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES ANO MAY NOT N(C(SSARII.Y DE SEPARATE ~y ITEMS. ll(Ullllf( Ill lilt llltl H IIICII CM([a DI 1ftlt(II 111, (Olllll UlllllllflOI ti UHi llltUI ,uuatal OI ., .. (USU lllllll IUllllllf CO...l.ECTEO SILT ANO SEDIMENT SHALL DE REMOVED PERIOOICAl.LY TO MAINTAIN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SILT TRAP OR SEDIMENTATION DASIN. IICIIUI 1111 )~ , , .. . .. , - - --··---- ·--- (6 I III IO 1111 Ill II 11111 Ill II COIIIIUCIII OI lUIHI . l°'I TEMPORARY EROSION AND POLLUTION CONTROL PROVISIONS SHAU BE COOROINATt:D Wffii THE PERMANENT CONTROL FEATURES TO ASSURE EFFECTIVE CONTRCI. Of WATER POLLUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT 1uuc11111.-1 UIIIS )3 ~-..'.:...:__: ~::...Z )9 IUIIUI Ult 40 ... IN PLANNING SILT TRAPS ANO SEDIMENTATION OASINS, THE WATERWAY AREA MUST DE INCREAS(O SO AS TO EFFECTIVELY REDUCE THE STREAM VE\.OCITY. tu I( ' " II IN( llf II OX( JU( Of OUUfl 110 rOtLS UI tllt (1UUU 1111 lfftCllll IUl SIIU( rUl AGGREGATES PLACED IN STREAMS SHOULD CONTAIN A MINIMI.M CF FINES AS A GENERAL RUl.E FOF1 DAMS IN SMALL STREAMS, AT LEAST 50•1• CF STONE SHOULD BE (,' DIAMETER OR LARGER. 111 1l • II COUIIUCIII OI !HIN. 111 ll. !1111 1111 Ul IOU . ALL TEMPO'lARY EROSION CONTROi. FACll.lTIES SHALL 8( R(MOVEO AT THE COMPl.ETION OF CONSTRUCTION UNl.ESS ORDERED BY THE ENGINEER TO BE l.EF T IN PLACE. CARE SHALL BE TAKEN OVRING REMOVAi. TO. MINIMIZE SILTATION IN NEARBY DrlAINAG( COJflSES IVOI . lit . llUIII( llUII l•UHIU II ~~,~~ - (IH(tll fUIIIUi t(UII llOI tUIIIIICIIOI Iii I( f(l[l flUI( : �II II SECTION 02110 SITE PREPARATION I ii -II PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment and materials in connection with SITE PREPARATION. 1.02 RELATED WORK II -11 REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECITONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. SECTION 01410 SECTION 01560 SECTION 02223 - SOILS COMPACTION MTD TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS BEDDING Al\TD BACKFILLING FOR UTILTIY SYSTEMS . PART2 PRODUCTS - This section not used. PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 CLEARING: Shall consist of cutting, removing from the ground, and clisposing of trees, stumps, brush, shrubs, and other vegetation occurring within the project site which interfere with excavation, embankment or clear vision, or are otherwise noted on the construction drawings to be removed and includes the preservation from injury or defacement of all vegetation and objects designated to remain. Any trees or shrubs that are designated to be saved but are damaged by the Contractor's operations shall be repaired or replaced by the Contractor, as clirected by the Engineer, at not adclitional cost to the Owner. 3.02 TREE Al\1D STUMP REMOVAL: Shall consist of removing trees or stumps where called for on the plans or directed by the Engineer, or of removing stumps which are shown on the plans as trees occurring within the project site and shall include cutting such trees, removing their stumps and roots from the ground or chipping the stumps and properly disposing of the material. Where removal of a stump may result in damage to existing utilities, the stump shall be removed by chipping to a depth of at least one foot below the finished ground surface. Other stumps may be removed by chipping when approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall comply with requirements of the 1'1ichigan Act 72 of the Public I '-I - A. 001 02110-1 �I I I I I I II I I I -II - Acts of 1945 and requirements of the Michigan Act 72 and regulations of the Michigan Department of Agriculture in regard to Dutch Elm diseased trees. REMOVING MISCELLAA'EOUS STRUCTURES: Shall consist of removing pavement surface and base course, curb and gutter, sidewalk, manholes and catch basins, salvaging or disposing of the resulting materials, and backfilling the resulting excavations. 3.03 A. PA VE:MENT, CURB M1D GUTTER, SIDEWALK REMOVAL: Shall be to existing joints or a sawed joint The sawed joint shall be cut with a concrete saw to a depth sufficient to cut the steel or, if the concrete is unreinforced., at least 3 inches. If the concrete has been covered with bituminous material, the depth of cut shall be sufficient to cut the steel or penetrate at least 3 inches into unreinforced concrete. The use of a crane and ball type pavement breaker will not be permitted within 50 feet of the pavement or other concrete structure that is to remain in place. Sufficient removal shall be made to provide for proper grades and connections in the new work. B. MANHOLE, CATCH BASIN AND INLET REMOVAL: In removing manholes, catch basins and inlets, any live sewer connected to them shall be rebuilt and properly rec~nnected through the removal areas, and service shall be maintained, as directed by the Engineer, during such construction operations. Unless otherwise noted, removal of the structures shall include the cost of removing the connecting pipes or sewers. Where the existing sewer or pipes are to be abandoned in place, the existing sewer or pipe shall be bulkheaded at the trench or structure wall . .The cost of the bulkhead(s) shall be included in the cost of the structure removal or abandonment 3.04 ADJUSTING UTILITY CASTINGS AA1D COVERS: Shall include all manholes, catch basins, valve vaults, valve boxes, etc., publicly or privately owned, which are located in the project site. All work shall be done in accordance with the structure Owner's requirements. A. ; MM1HOLE OR CATCH BASIN CASTING: Adjusting the casting shall apply where the elevation of the casting is lowered by the height of the available adjusting brick or rings or raised to a maximum of 15 inches of brick and block adjustment This adjustment .shall be done by one of the following methods: 1. Masonry Adjustment: Existing castings shall be adjusted to the proper elevation by removing the castings, and setting them to the required elevation by supporting them on a concrete collar or on masonry, so constructed as to hold them finnly in place. The adjacent pavement, curb, or curb and gutter shall be replaced to the original elevation, conditions and kind of construction, unless otherwise provided. 001 02110-2 �II II I I 2. -- II II II II II -II ' B. WATER VALVE BOXES: Shall be adjusted by chipping sufficient adjacent pavement or other material, adjusting the casting, and replacing pavement or other material. \Vater valve boxes which cannot be adjusted properly shall be replaced with a new screw type adjustable valve box to be furnished by the Owner and installed by the ~ontractor. C. MONUMENT BOXES: Shill be adjusted to the proper elevation by placing an approved cast iron ring to support the · cover at the correct elevation, or by removing or chipping sufficient adjacent pavement or other material to remove the casting, raising it to the proper elevation, and supporting it on Class B concrete. 3.05 REMOVE Al\1D REPLACE 1'-fAATJIOLE OR CATCH BASIN CASTINGS: Shall be where called for on the plans or in the specifications. The Contractor shall remove existing castings, install new castings of the style noted on the plans or in the specifications, and adjust the new castings to the proper elevation. The old castings remain the property of the Owner and shall be delivered by the Contractor to a location designated by the Owner. 3.06 RECONSTRUCTING MAl\'ROLES OR CATCH BASINS: Reconstruction of manholes or catch basins shall apply to where castings cannot be adjusted to the proper elevation due to the absence or present of sufficient adjusting brick or rings on the manhole structure. The manhole or catch basin structure &hall be constructed by one of the following methods: 3.07 II I Ill Ill Adjusting Rings: Existing covers may be adjusted to the proper elevation by inserting an Engineer approved, variable adjustable casting into the existing frame. The adjustable casting shall be capable of diameter adjusµnent as well as height adjustment 001 A. Precast Structure: If the manhole is constructed of precast concrete sections, the top section(s) shall be removed and replaced with a precast concrete section(s) of such height as to allow for the proposed casting adjustment B. Manhole Block or Brick: If the manhole is constructed of manhole block or brick, remove sufficient rows of block or brick in order to construct the manhole to the proper grade for casting adjustment BITUMINOUS SURFACE REMOVAL: Shall consist of removing a bituminous surface from a rigid base or removing a bituminous surface from an aggregate base without the removal of the aggregate base. The method of removing the bituminous surface shall be approved by the Engineer. The removal of a bituminous surface and the aggregate base will be classed as Earth Excavation, except when the bituminous surface is more than 5 inches in thickness. The removal of bituminous surface will be paid for as Removing Pavement 02110-3 �I II I I I I -I. -I 3.08 DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS: Materials salvage.d during the construction of the project shall become the property of the Contractor unless otherwise shown on the plans or in the propostl Materials reserve.d for use by the Owner shall be remove.d wjthout damage to the material and store.d outside the limits of construction at the location and in the manner approved by the Owner. Materials that become the property of the Contractor shall be removed from the project before acceptance of the project. Broken concrete which is matte.d together by steel reinforcement and all other waste material shall be disposed in conformance with SECITON O1560 - SPECIAL CONTROLS. 3.09 RESTORATION OF DISTURBED STRUCTURES: Existing structures, including pavement, curb and gutter, sidewalk and other miscellaneous structures, disturbed or damage.d as a result of site preparation operations shall be restore.d or replaced to their original condition by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Owner. 3.10 BACKFILLING: All trenches, holes and pits resulting from the breaking down or removal of foundations and misceUaneous structures within the project site shall be backfille.d in conformance with SECTION 02223 Paragraph 2.02 - BACKFILL MATERIAL and compacted in conformance with SECTION 01410 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING. END OF SECTION I I I I -I -I 001 02110-4 �I I I I I I I I I I -II - SECTION 02161 SHEETING AND BRACING PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with SHEETING AND BRACING. 1.02 RELATED ¥'\'ORK: Certain sections of the work may be specifically designated on the plans to be sheeted. This designation was made in order to limit trench width and protect parallel utilities or adjacent property. In such areas, so designated on the plans, the Contractor must provide adequate sheeting. In other areas not specifically designated to be sheeted, the Contractor may excavate in conformance with State and Federal regulations by electing to shore or by widening the trench at the top to provide the required slopes. 1.03 REQUIREMENTS: The Contractor shall comply with all Federal, State and local laws and regulations governing the furnishing and use of safeguards, safety devices and protective equipment In addition, the Contractor shall take any other needed actions on his own responsibility to protect the life and health of all persons and property during construction. The Michigan Department of Labor, Bureau of Safety and Regulations, is the enforcing agency for both the Federal and State safety regulations governing construction; the Owner and the Engineer are not the enforcing agencies to insure compliance with Federal and State safety regulations. PART2 PRODUCTS (Not Used) PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 INSTALLATION: The Contractor shall furnish and place all sheeting or shoring and bracing as may be required. for the protection of the work, personnel, the public, and the adjacent property. A. STRUCTIJRES: Sheeting including steel sheet piling, and prone bracing thereof, shall be installed for the protection of adjacent paving, structures, and other properties, including existing utilities and structures, as may be required. in the prosecution of the work. B. UTILITIES: Sheeting, including steel sheet piling, shall be installed above the elevation of the top of the pipe or utility being installed to protect personnel and pennit proper installation of the work. Existing utilities being crossed by trenches 1111 II 001 02161-1 �I I I I I I I I I I I '- shall be adequately supported to prevent misalignment and damage. The method of support shall meet the requirements of the applicable utility company. 3.02 C. ALTERNA T,IVE 1vIBIBODS: The Contractor may, in lieu of tight steel sheeting, utilize special high trench boxes or other acceptable means to protect the trench so long as applicable State and Federal safety regulations are met, or unless sheeting is required as outlined under paragraph 1.02. In no event shall a trench which is shown on the drawings to be specifically sheeted be wider at the top than one-half of the depth of the trench, or 20 feet, whichever is less. D. RELATION OF TRENCH WIDTII TO SEWER STRENGTII: The Contractor shall be aware that the strength class of sewer pipe or the pipe bedding may be influenced by the width of trench at the top of the pipe. In general, the Engineer has designed for the worst condition assuming a wide trench at the top of the pipe so that the so called "transition width" determines the load on the pipe. CONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITY: All paving, structures, and other properties including existing utilities, which are damaged as a result of the lack of sheeting or shoring, and bracing, or the adequate installation thereof, shall be repaired by the Contractor at his expense. In addition, where the Contractor is required to install sheeting or shoring, or elects to do so, he shall provide a certification in writing from a qualified registered professional engineer attesting to the adequacy of the proposed sheeting or shoring system(s) for each and every area or condition where sheeting or shoring is to be used. No sheeting or shoring shall be constructed without such certification. E:t--.1D OF SECTION 001 02161-2 �I I SECTION 02211 SITE EARTHV\1ORK I I I I II I II II II II II II II. II Ill PART l GENERAL 1.01 \VORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with SITE EARTHWORK. 1.02 RELATED V\10RK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference v.ri.th flow of traffic shall ·be kept to a minimwn. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. C. SECTION 01410 SECTION 01560 - SOILS COMPACTION M1D TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS COORDINATION WTI1I OTIIBR CONTRACTORS: Certain portions of the work may require completion of construction under other contracts prior to commencing work under this section. The Contractor shall coordinate his work and schedule with other contractors to result in complying with the contract completion date. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 SUBBASE AND SUBGRADE Ul\TIERCUTTING: Shall conform to 1IDOT Granular Material Class II. 2.02 ~?\IBANKM::ENT MATERIAL: Materials utilized for embankment construction shall be approved by the Engineer. In general, any natural material which can be compacted to the required density, contains no organic material, and has a maximum unit weight of at least 95 pounds per cubic foot may be used. Materials containing more than 50 percent silt or any frozen material will not be allowed_ Silt is defined as material having a particle size of 0.074 to 0.0005 rrµn. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 SITE EARTHWORK: Work performed under this section shall consist of constructing earth grades by excavating soil or rock and by placing embankments of fills. This work shall include the salvaging and stockpiling of selected material, 001 02211-1 �I I disposing of surplus or unsuitable material, trimming the earth grade, and maintaining the work in a finished condition until acceptance. I A. I I SITE PREPARATION: Undesirable material shall be removed from the grading limits and salvaged or disposed of as specified herein or as shown on the plans. 1. I I I I I ' I I I -I " B. 001 Removing Topsoil: Before removing topsoil, all vegetation of a height greater than one foot shall be reduced to a height of approximately 6 inches and all such vegetation and all brush, stones, rocks, and any other objectionable litter or foreign materials shall be removed from the site and disposed of in confonnance with SECTION 01560 - SPECIAL CONTROLS. Equipment and methods of operations shall be such as to avoid the lifting of subsoil. If soil or weather conditions are unsuitable, the Contractor shall cease and resume removing topsoil upon orders from the Engineer. a. Embankment Areas: Where the embankment is to be 5 feet or less in height to the pavement surface, the topsoil shall be stripped from the area within limits of 1 on 1 slopes spreading outward from the finished shoulders. For embankments upon which a structure is to be built, the topsoil shall be stripped from an area within limits of 1 on 1 slopes spreading outward in all directions from the bottom of structure footing. The depth of the topsoil to be removed shall be as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer. b. Cut Areas: Topsoil shall be removed within the grading limits. 2. Salvaging Topsoil: The topsoil may be stocl...l)iled outside the limits of construction or used as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer. Topsoil stockpiles shall be located and shaped so as to avoid placing around trunks and over root areas of trees to be preserved or in drainage courses. The topsoil shall be kept separate from other excavated material. 3. Salvaging Other Materials: If provided on the plans or in the proposal, or if directed by the Engineer, old road surfacing of gravel, crushed stone, or selected excavated materials, shall be removed from the designated areas for use in such items as earth shoulders, salvaged approaches, temporary roadway surfacing or other items requiring the use of such materials. Reasonable care shall be exercised in removing and handling the designated materials to prevent incorporation of foreign or undesirable material. When the salvaged material cannot be placed directly in the contemplated construction, the material shall be stored in stockpiles. SUBGRADE ill\TDERCUTTING: Including backfilling, shall be performed to replace material susceptible to frost heaving or differential frost action and unstable soil conditions, as determined by the Engineer. Removing topsoil will not be part of subgrade undercutting. Excavation below subgrade in cut sections, at the transition from cut to fill sections, and any excavation other than peat 02211-2 �I I I I I I excavation that may be required below the topsoil in fill sections will be classified as Subgrade Undercutting. II I I I II II C. 11 001 Limits 'of Subgrade Undercutting: After the subgrade has been constructed to the approximate grade, the Engineer will promptly inspect the grade to determine if any subgrade undercutting is required and determine the limits of such undercutting. Where shallow fills are to be placed, the Engineer will inspect the fill area before any embankment is placed and determine the limits of the subgrade undercutting if any, before placing any embankment All deposits of frost heave material v.ithin lines 2 feet outside the proposed surface, shall be removed to a depth as directed by the Engineer. Subgrade undercutting shall be performed within the limits established by the Engineer, and the excavated material shall become the property of the Contractor. 2. Backfilling of Subgrade Undercut Sections: Undercut sections shall be backfilled to the subgrade elevation with MDOT Granular Material Class II. The degree of compaction shall be in conformance with SECTION 01410 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING. WASTE MATERIAL AND DEBRJS: Of whatever nature shall the site at the Contractor's expense. be removed from 1. Excess Material: From excavation operations which is not required for fill or backfill may be spread at the site in spoil areas as shown on the plans. 2. Hazardous \Vaste: Should such waste material as defined by MD:NR be encountered during construction, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer. Removal and disposal of such materials from the site shall be considered a changed condition. D. CONSTRUCTING E1vIBAl\1XMENTS: Shall be done with approved materials as specified in paragraph 2.02. In addition, embankments shall be constructed with the maximum allowable lift and degree of compaction conforming to SECTION 01410 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING. In general, embankment construction at outside air temperatures below 35°F. will not be allowed. If embankment construction is allowed under such conditions, the Contractor shall exclude frozen material from any portion of the embankment Any frozen material on a partially completed fill shall be removed and disposed of prior to placing additional fill on the embankment E. BORROW: Material secured from locations outside the project site will be considered borrow excavation. The Contractor shall perform all work and provide all materials and equipment necessary to excavate, haul and place the borrow material. The Contractor will be held liable for all damages caused by his hauling operations and will be required to pay for such damages. - II II II II 1. 02211-3 �I I I I I I I I F. PREPARATION OF SUBGR.ADE SURFACE: Where the natural soils form the subbase, the subgrade shall be scarified and blended to a minimum depth of 6 inches to obtain uniformity across all lines of change in soil types. The subgrade shall be compacted. in conformance with SECTION 01410 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTil\G. E:t\1) OF SECTION I I - • 1,: -- -II II II II 001 02211-4 �I I I I I SECTION 02222 EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS ·-· I I I I I I ,: • • • PART 1 GENERAL WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials and perfonning all operations in connection with EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. C. 2. 3. 4. SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 5. SECTION 02227 - 6. SECTION 02901 - - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS SHEETING AND BRACING BEDDING A1'.1D BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BORING, JACKlliG AND TUNNELING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP DEVIATIONS: \Vherever obstructions not shown on the plans are encountered during the progress of the work and interference to such an extent that an alteration in the plan is required., the Engineer shall have the authority to change the plans and order a deviation from the line and grade or arrange with the ovmers of the structures for the removal, relocation or reconstruction of the obstructions. If the change in plans results in a change in the amount of work by the Contractor, such altered work shall be done on the basis of payment to the Contractor for extra work or credit. 1. 001 01410 01560 02161 02223 Contractor Downtime: In the event that the above mentioned interference causes the Contractor to cease operations temporarily, he shall immediately inform the Engineer through the representative on the job or the Engineer's office. The Engineer wilL within one normal working day, defined as 8 hours between the hours of 7:00 A.M. and 6:00 P.M., inform the Contractor how to proceed or to move his operations to another portion of the work without any additional cost to the Owner for Contractor downtime or for relocation to another portion of the work. 02222-1 �I I I D. I I I -I -II • • SUBSURFACE EXPLORATIONS: Whenever, in the opinion or the Engineer, it is necessary to explore and excavate to determine the location of the existing underground structures, the Contractor shall make explorations and excavations for such purposes at no cost to the Owner. All apparent underground conflicts shall be excavated in advance for utility systems to determine any actual interference. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 BACKFILL FOR UNDERClJITING: Shall conform to MDOT Granular Material Class II Granular Material or other material approved by the Engineer. 2.02 FLEXIBLE PIPE REQUIREMENTS: When undercutting exceeds 12" for flexible pipe (PVC or corrugated pipe) backfill for undercutting shall conform to MDOT requirements for 3 lA aggregate. PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 EXCAVATION AND PREPARATION OF TRENCH 001 A. CAUTION IN EXCAVATION: The Contractor shill proceed with caution in the excavation and preparation of the trench so that the exact location of underground structures, both known and unknown, may be detennined. The Contractor shall be held responsible for the repair of such structures if broken or otherwise damaged as a result of excavation at no additional cost to the Owner. B. EXCAVATION TO GRADE: The trench shall be excavated to the depth required so as to provide a uniform and continuous bearing and support for the pipe per details shown in Section 02223, Bedding and backfilling for Utility Systems. C. EXCAVATION BELOW GRADE 1. Contractor's Fault: If the Contractor undercuts the trench bottom below plan grade, the trench shall be restored to plan grade with compacted granular material or stone (at the option of the Engineer) at no additional cost to the Owner. 2. Unstable Ground Conditions: If unstable ground conditions are encountered at the plan grade, the Engineer will direct the Contractor to excavate the unstable material to a stable base. The Contractor shall then place and compact crushed stone, granular materials or other suitable material, approved by the Engineer, to estabLish the plan grade. 3. Compaction of Granular Material: Shall conform to Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. 02222-2 �I I D. I I I I I I I I I I I --" II 001 WIDTH OF TRENCH: The \lr1dth of the trench shall be ample to pennit the pipe to be laid and joined properly. In general, the Engineer has designed for the worst condition assuming a wide trench at the top of the pipe so that the so called "transition width" determines the load on the pipe. 1. Bedding Requirements: When sand bedding is used, the trench widths shall be as required to allow specified compaction of the bedding. If stone bedding is used. a minimum of 6 inches clearance shall be provided on each side of the pipe. 2. Safety: The trench v.idth shall be such that safety is provided at all times. In this regard, it shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to provide a safe trench for working at all times. Trench width and excavation shall meet all requirements of the Sate of Michigan Safety Inspector, the Department of Labor and MI-OSHA. Sheeting and bracing shall conform to Section 02161, Sheeting and Bracing. E. REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WATER: The Contractor shall provide adequate pumping, bailing, or other drainage facilities for removal and disposal of water from the excavation. These facilities shall consist of sumping, dewatering wells, well points or any other system designed and operated to remove groundwater to provide a dry and stable trench. F. BORING, JACKING AND TIJNNELING: At certain permanent pavement and railroad crossings, the Contractor shall bore and jack, or tunnel utilities in conformance with Section 02227, Boring, Jacking and Tunneling for Utility Systems. G. OPEN CUTTING OF PERMANENT PAVEMENT 1. General: Where utilities are to be constructed within the rights-of-way of county, State or Federal highways or railroads, an application will be applied for by the Owner with the respective agency/agencies and shall be executed by the Owner upon fulfillment of requirements by the Contractor. The Contractor shall provide any bonds or assurances required by the agency/agencies. Whenever the specifications and plans conflict with the requirements of the permit, the requirements of the pennit shall govern. 2. Pavement Removal: Prior to excavation through all hard surface pavement, including sidewalks, the pavement shall be sawcut at such places to allow approximately 12 inches of undisturbed earth between the cut and the top edge of the trench. In lieu of sawcuts the pavement may be removed to a clean line at construction joints or contraction joints as approved by the Engineer. 02222-3 �I I I H. OPEN CUTITNG MTD Tl.11'1'1:LING OF TREES 1. Open Cutting: Where noted on the drawings, trees up to two inches (2") in diameter, may be balled, removed, and reinstalled after backfilling operations, or replaced in conformance with Section 02901, Restoration and Clean-up. Trees between two inches (2") and eight inches (8") may be removed and replaced by approved tree space if acceptable to the Engineer. Trees eight inches (8") in diameter and smaller shall not be open cut closer than four feet (4') and shall be tied back to a dead.man. Trunks or limbs shall be protected from damage. Trees eight inches (8") in diameter and larger shall not be open cut closer than the radius in inches multiplied by one foot; i.e., a twelve inch tree shall not be open cut closer than six feet (6') and shall be tunneled within that radius. 2. Tunneling: Tunneling operations adjacent to or under trees shall begin at end points which fall outside a radius designated above. I I I -I -Ill END OF SECTION 001 02222-4 �i i ii II •II SECTION 02223 BEDDING AND BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS PART 1 GENERAL 'WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials and performing all operations in connection with BEDDING AND BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS . 1.02 II RELATED WORK A. REQUlREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. Special attention shall be made to the interrelationship between types of bedding and class of piped material. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 01410 01560 02222 02901 03001 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP CONCRETE PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 PIPE BEDDING MATERIAL: Includes all specified bedding material from 4 inches below the pipe to 12 inches above the top of the pipe. A. GRANULAR BEDDlNG: Shall be well graded granular materials conforming to MDOT granular material Oass II. B. STONE BEDDING C. 001 1. Rigid Pipes: Shall be stone conforming to MDOT Specification 8.02 for 6A coarse aggregate. 2. Flexible Pipes (PVC or Corrugated Pipe): Specification 8.02 for 3 lA aggregate. Shall conform to MDOT CONCRETE: Shall be Class B wet mix concrete conforming to Section 03001, Concrete. 02223-1 �-11 D. I ii I BACKFILL l\1A TERIAL: Includes all trench material above the pipe bedding material to the topsoil, aggregate base course, or grade. 2.02 •II A. BACKFILL MATERIAL FOR AREAS OUTSIDE PERMANENT PA VE11ENT AREAS: When the type of backfill material is not indicated on the plans or in the specifications, the Contractor may backfill with excavated material, provided that the excavated material consists of loam, clay, sand, gravel or other materials approved by the Engineer. All backfill material shall be free from cinders, ashes, refuse, vegetable or organic material, boulders, rocks or stones, or other material which in the opinion of the Engineer is unsuitable. However, from one foot above the top of the pipe to grade, suitable material containing stones up to 6 inches in their greatest dimension may be used. Backfill shall be placed to the level required for final restoration in conformance with Section 02901, Restoration and Clean-up. II I • • • •II • • • • FLEXIBLE PIPE BEDDil\G (PVC OR CORRUGATED PIPE): Shall be approved by the Engineer and graded to provide adequate sidewall support, compactibility, and to prevent loss of support through migration of trench wall material into •the bedding or migration of bedding material into the trench wall or bottom. Where in place trench materials are clay, silt, fine sand or a mixture thereof, the bedding material shall contain sufficient fines and be graded such that there are essentially no voids when compacted. B. BACKFILL MATERIAL UNDER PER11Al\TENT PAVEMENTS OF SIDEWALKS: Shall be sand,s gravel or other granular material conforming to Section 01410, paragraph 1.03A, Granular Materials, approved by the Engineer. Use of excavated trench material will be allowed only if it conforms to Section 01410, paragraph 1.03A, Granular Materials. Backfill shall be placed to the level required for final restoration in conformance with Section 02901, Restoration and Clean-up . PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 GENERAL: Excavation, undercutting, trench widths and dewatering shall conform to Section 02222, Excavation for Utility Systems. Installation of pipes and structures shall be in accordance with the applicable sections of this specification. 3.02 OPEN TRENCH: The length of trench allowed to be left open before backfilling shall be a maximum of 100 feet, or as directed by the Engineer. The trench, if bedded to one foot above the top of the pipe, shall still be considered as an open trench. 3.03 PIPE SUPPORT IN UNSTABLE SOIL: Where the bottom of the trench at subgrade is found to consist of material which is unstable to such a degree that it cannot be removed and replaced with an approved material thoroughly compacted in place to support the pipe properly, the Contractor shall construct 001 02223-2 �-ll supports as directed by the Engineer. Cost of such supports shall be negotiated at the time of construction. 3.04 CONSTRUCTION IN FILL SECTIONS: Where it is necessary to lay pipe in a fill area, all unstable or unsuitable material shall be removed and slopes steeper than 1 to 2 shall be stepped before fill material is placed. The embankment shall be of suitable material on 1 to 2 fill slopes and shall be not less than five diameters plus four feet wide at the invert of the pipe and shall be continued up to provide not less than one foot of cover over the pipe. Compaction shall conform to Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. 3.05 PIPE BEDDING: All trenches shall be bedded by hand, from the bottom of the trench to one foot above the pipe with approved material and compacted by tamping. Bedding material shall be deposited in the trench for its full width on each side of the pipe, fittings and appurtenances. Special care shall be taken to assure that there are no voids under the pipe haunches and that the pipe line and grade is not disturbed. Bedding dimensions and details shall conform to the appended tables. II II -II II" • • • A. CONCRETE BEDDING: The pipe and fittings shall be adequately blocked and otherwise supported to maintain line and grade during concrete placement Following concrete placement, no subsequent bedding or backfill operations shall be performed until the concrete has obtained adequate strength, which is 48 hours unless an accelerating admixture is used wherein the time may be reduced to 24 hours with the consent of the Engineer. Concrete bedding shall conform to the dimensions as given in the appended tables and reinforcement if required, shall be as detailed on the drawings . B. FLEXIBLE PIPE BEDDING: Due to sidewall support requirements, flexible pipe bedding shall be placed with extreme care. Wherever trench undercut with porous stone with a high void ratio is used for dewatering, special methods and materials for bedding shall be used as detailed on the appended sheets. 3.06 BACKFILL: Backfill shall be carefully placed and compacted in lifts. From the top of the pipe bedding material to four feet above the pipe, compaction shall be with small vibrating plate compactors and heavy wheel driven impactors shall not be used. A. 001 BACKFILLING UNDER PERMANENT PAVEMENTS: Permanent pavements include gravel, bituminous concrete, and concrete surfaces streets, curbs, sidewalks, driveways, or similar structures. Where the excavation for utilities cuts through permanent pavements, the entire backfill to subgrade shall consist of granular material approved by the Engineer. Granular backfill shall be placed to the outside edges of shoulders or two feet outside the back of curb. 02223-3 �-I I I I ••• • • • • 1. Maintenance of Street Cuts: If replacement of permanent pavement will not be completed \lt1trun 5 days of excavation, the Contractor shall construct and maintain a 4 inch bituminous base patch on all street cuts until fhe original type of surfacing is replaced. 2. Maintenance of Sidewalk Cuts: In sidewalks, sand backfill shall be constructed. to the existing sidewalk grade, and maintained. until the sidewalk can be poured. If replacement of the sidewalk will not be completed within 5 days of excavation, the Contractor shall construct and maintain a 4 inch bituminous base patch on all sidewalk cuts until the original type of surfacing is replaced. B. BACKFILLING AT STRUCTURES: All backfill placed within three (3) feet of manholes or other underground structures shall be approved sand compacted in conformance with Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. C. BACKFILL AT EXISTING UTILITIES: Existing utilities shall be protected during backfilling operations and backfilled in accordance with the requirements and standards of the company or municipality having jurisdiction over the utility. When backfill requirements under utilities are not set forth by the company or municipality, the Contractor shall backfill in conformance with paragraph 3.04. Existing utility lines damaged during, or as a result of backfilling operations, shall be repaired by the Contractor at his expense. 3.07 BEDDING AND BACKFILLING IN FREEZING WEATHER: Bedding and backfilling shall not be constructed in freezing weather, except by permission of the Engineer. Bedding and backfill shall not consist of frozen material and no fill shall be made where the material already in the trench is frozen . 3.08 COMPACTION: Compaction lifts and required densities for bedding and backfilling shall conform to Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. 3.09 RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP: Restoration and Clean-up. END OF SECTION 001 02223-4 Shall conform to Section 02901, �~ - ••• ----- • .• - - •.:•.. •.- -\-I- FOR RIGID PIPE BEDDING GRANULAR BEDDING /"BA.CKFILL _./ . ·.~. ·t.:·:\'.'•:·•:·:·•::) ..... .. .:-.:·•: , z ··:,. '.::·:.:-:} L::}\..: Yft::•i · : ? : /? ... . , GRANULAR BEDDl~G ..·. . .·. .. : :.\: .:: ; • . . ,(.-~.•);;j¾/. : .:·o •: .. .:' CONCRETE-41~ ~!,// / //, FOR BEDDING l.,.J I \,"'I ( pyc · AND / BACKFILL ✓- :i ... ' • O<{U . ,' • •• Z 1-:i; [}i&.. ' • : , .• ; :: .• · , NORMAL BEDDING ·.·· ~ . . .. :,• .' :· · ••. -. . ~ '('\J . •rrp.. q•·. 1,,'\ □•• • 11• ·!)1 o. 'l: 'I. • .ti', o h."Pb • A •• ~ <ti : ., •.. ~) II.JI . 0. ~ ~ d 1), • • 0: o MOOT 31A l <J' ~ ~ STONE 40 ••• ~ ,1p:"l,t>'. t'. • 6,v•'<J- 1 l1J 0. • • /. z \ .·.1 : .:.:.·· ~ :·.:;_/. :·: . . :, . ('\J I, :·, .:.\··_::.;_::\..... <.~<· 2 58 :'i : .· ·· :·•. {AT TOP OF PIPE) ;E u-t•..... w-n...,: ~ :. AS SPECIFIED . 5 X 0.0. MIN . • • IJ.. JI- 'l ··.· BACKFILL _,, '• ' •'.·_.... BEDDING • OEDDING MAT'L . •, ~ ~n:·:; :··.·:,: ;: .·.·:-J:\ MAT'L. AS SPECIFIED Pl PE S CMP) _,. • a: I• 0 0 4' !MIN . D :A llx ·.,FY t... , _. 't, r ~- rli': ";)]\,'iJ:'.1:'·.~;:, ,vv.t . f , ~ I") ' BEDDING FOR UNDER CUT AND STONE REFILL g n. I 8 EDDING- TYPE 3 FLEXIBLE ~ ... _:' ?(::,: ~ . •.(: ; -'---,-.J<-¢ 1• N N N 0.D./2 , BEDDING - TYPE 2 BEDDING - TYPE I ('\J \ -.: :.' ·:>·to_ ,_ .U./-1<--i ~ / ~ . . ·:.• ··. ·: ·. ~ ·...:.. :.. ·., CLASS B •• ..• , ... ••• ; /•,/ /A/)//// /. ·::.-.•::·,,· - ..J<---~~ . .. I . z .. ' .. . .; ·,...:-..:.... :::.:.:·:·/·::;~; ··□ 0 ..:..:.·.:,.,,,·,·. ... .. ... \ ::'.!: . ·N. . .t<·....·.J-':;·o ';•. .···. ., ,• AS 'I REO'D. '11 z ci ,: �•••• --- • .• -• :- .• .• • .. - .•..• .• : , , SANITARY SEWERS 0 0 N ALTERNATIVE PIPE MATERIALS, PIPE CLASS, AND BEDDING TYPE Refer to Section 02730 - "SANITARY SEWERS" For Pipe Ma~erial and Installation Specifications. Nominal Depth of Cover to Top of PipeFeet to 6 to 10 10 to 12 3 V.C.P. (1) BEDDING TYPE GIi 0 ...., ...., 15 to 16 16 to 17 17 to 18 N l.,.J I C1' (1) (2) to 3 & 10" Type 1 12 II 15 11 Type 1 Type 1 6 II I · 8 II I - 10 11 Class 51 PIPE CLASS 12 II RCP - 15 11 TO •, 16 11 , II II II II II II II II II II II II II II Type 2 II II II Type 3 II II Type 3 Type 2 II Type 3 Type 2 Type 3 18 11 Class 50 Class 50 II Type 2 18 to 20 20 to 22 22 to 24 0 8 II Type 1 6 12 to 13 13 to 14 14 to 15 I D. I. PIPE CLASS IV V II II II II II II II II II II II l 1 3 3 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 11 II II II ....., .. ,,...... ... II ,... ........, ...... \;;,;;,::,:;,;;\;;,:; ......... , .. , . ,'-., .... , .. , .. , ...... , .. , ...... ·············· \i;t!;\;;\:it!;\!;\;;, .. \!; t:;\!il!: t::ri\;i ............................ .... , .. , .. , .............. ~=:~:: ::: !:: ,~:: :, !:: ,:,,:, , :, !:: , :,u, ,:, Class 51 II II II ,:-,:•► !•U•)!• ► !•>I• Over 24 -- Pipe and Bedding Per plan Details. All V.C.P to be extra strength per Section 02730 - SANITARY SEWERS. Bedding for D.I. Pipe to be Type 1. Pipe Class and Bedding shall be per above table unless otherwise shown on the Plans. Cross Hatched Areas - Use of particular pipe material not allowed. WATER MAINS Refer to Section 02665 - 11 1 1 II II II 1 1 1 II II II BEDDING TYPE III . JO" WATER MAINS" for pipe material and installation specifications. 1. Ductile Iron - All bedding shall be Type 1. Pipe class shall be minimum of Class 52, as specified as a minimum for pressure rating, or as noted on the plans. 2. Polyvinyl Chloride - Conform to Paragraph 2.01.p. of this specification. 3 3 3 �I I I I I • • • SECTION 02227 BORING, JACKING Al\1D TUNI\1ELING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 'WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials and perforrning all operations in connection with BORING, JACKING Al\TD/OR TUNNELING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. C. • 1.03 001 3. 4. 5. SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 01410 01560 02161 02222 02223 - 6. SECTION 02901 - SOILS COMPACTION Al\TD TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS SHEETING AND BRACING EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDING Al\TD BACKFILLING FOR lITILITY SYSTEMS RESTORATION Al\TD CLEAN-UP PERMITS FOR BORING, JACKING OR TUNNELING OPERATIONS: Applications for such pennits have been filed by the Owner with the respective Agency/Agencies and shall be executed by the Owner and Contractor upon fulfillment of the Administrative requirements contained herein. Whenever the specifications and plans conflict with the requirements of the pennit, the requirements of the pennit shall govern. ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREJ\fENTS A. DRAWINGS TO BE FURNISHED: The Contractor shall furnish a drawing of the jacking pit showing size, proposed location, details of sheeting and bracing, and the type and capacity of jacking and excavating equipment to be used to install the pipe for approval of the agency having jurisdiction. B. SCHEDULE OF OPERATIONS: The Contractor shall submit, with the drav.rings required above, a schedule of proposed operations showing dates he proposed to start work, daily and weekly work schedules and his estimated ti.me to complete work for each crossing called for under this Contract C. SPECIAL INSURANCE, BONDS AND PERMITS: The governing authority may require special insurance coverage and a performance bond. The Contractor shall 02227-1 �I I I I I comply with the requirements of the pennit and agency, to f umish satisfactory evidence of this special insurance and/or bonding before proceeding with any work on or within such right-of-way. D. 1.04 I I I· I I • • • • • • •II II GE:t\TERAL: Inspection costs incurred by the Owner shall be paid by the Contractor when so indicated in the supplemental technical specifications. DE VIATIO NS: \Vherever obstructions not shown on the plans are encountered during the progress of the work and interference to such an extent that an alteration in the plan is required, the Engineer shall have the authority to change the plans and order a deviation from the line and grade or arrange with the owners of the structures for the removal, relocation or reconstruction of the obstructions. If the change in plans results in a change in the amount of work by the Contractor, such altered work shall be done on the basis of payment to the Contractor for extra work or credit. A. In the event that the above mentioned CONTRACTOR DOWNTIME: interference causes the Contractor to cease operations temporarily, he shall immediately inform the Engineer through the representative on the job or the Engineer's office. The Engineer will, within one normal working day, defined as 8 hours between the hours of 7:00 A.M. and 6:00 P.M., inform the Contractor how to proceed or to move his operations to another portion of the work without any additional cost to the Owner for Contractor downtime or for relocation to another portion of the work. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 BACKFILL FOR UNDERCUTTING: paragraph 2.01, Backfill for Undercutting . 2.02 CASING PIPE: Shall be the size, type and class, including steel yield strength, as shown on the plans and noted herein, except as may be modified by the permit issued by the jurisdictional agency. 2.03 CASING PIPE VOID: Shall be filled using either stone, sand or grout in accordance with the specifications or as required by the pennit agency . PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 BORING, JACKING AND TUNNELING: At certain permanent pavement and railroad crossings, the Contractor shall bore and jack, or tunnel utilities in accordance with the regulations of the municipality, county, :MDOT, or transportation agency having jurisdiction. A. 001 Shall conform to Section 02223, EXCAVATION OF BORING AND TUNNELING PITS: Section 02222, Excavation for Utility Systems. 02227-2 Shall conform to �I I I I I B. 3.02 JACK.ING A. JACKING OPERATION: Bracing, backstops and jacks shall be so designed and of sufficient rating so that the jacking operation can be progressed without stoppage until the leading edge of the pipe has at least reached the limit specified in the pennit This operation shall be conducted without hand-mining ahead of the pipe or use of any type of boring or augering equipment Excavated material shall be removed from the pipe as excavation progresses, and no accumulation of such material within the pipe will be permitted. I I I •, B. PILOT TUNNEL: When jacking the larger diameters of pipe, a pilot tunnel may be constructed first to insure accuracy of grade and alignment The dimensions and support of the pilot tunnel will be optional with the Contractor subject to the approval of the Engineer but s~ch approval shall in no way relieve the Contractor of the responsibility for damage of any nature which might occur as a result of the method used or relieve the Contractor of the responsibility for maintaining proper line and grade. C. PIPE SECTION JOINTING: Concrete pipe joints shall be protected from crushing by placing a ½-inch rope or other approved. material in the joints. Welded steel plate pipe sections shall be field welded together as recommended by the manufacturer and approved. by the Engineer. I I • • • SAFETY: The boring and tunneling pit trench width shall be such that safety is provided at all times. In this regard, it shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to provide a safe trench for working at all times. Trench width and excavation shall meet all requirements of the State and Michigan Safety Inspector, the Department of Labor and MI-OSHA. Sheeting and bracing shall conform to Section 02161, Sheeting and Bracing, of these specifications. 3.03 TUNNELING: Care shall be exercised in trimming the surface of excavated sections in order that the liner pipe fits snugly against undisturbed. earth. The top of the tunnel excavation shall be supported by a cutting shield, and the excavation shall not be advanced. ahead of such support. The vertical face of the excavation shall be supported as necessary to prevent sloughing. At any interruption of the tunneling operation, the liner shall be completely bulkheaded. As soon as the liner pipe has been placed and the alignment approved, a uniform mixture of 1:6 cement to sand grout shall be placed under pressure between the liner and the surrounding earth. Grout holes for 1½-inch pipe spaced at approximately 3 feet around the periphery, and every five feet of liner shall be provided. Grouting shall start at the lowest hole and proceed upwards progressively and simultaneously on both sides of the liner. 3.04 001 BORING: 'This method employs the use of a rock roller type bit or a plate bit made up of individual roller cutter units which are solidly welded to the pipe sleeve being installed. and which turns as it is advanced. The pipe shall be turned for its entire length from the boring machine to the head to give the bit the necessary cutting action against the ground being bored. A high density slurry 02227-3 �I I (drilling mud) shall be injected through a small supply line to the head which acts as a cutter lubricant and as a liquid carrier to bring back the spoil to the boring pits. This sl1¥1)' shall be injected at the rear of the cutter unit to prevent any jutting action ahead of the pipe. The boring machine shall run on a set of steel rails and be advanced (thus advancing the pipe) by a set of hydraulic jacks. All machine operations are to be carried out from a pit constructed to the requirements of the pennit The method shall be the same whether earth or rock is being bored. Methods of a similar nature may be approved but are subject to review by the authority granting the pennit I I I I II I I I I I • • • • • • • 3.05 OBSTRUCTIONS: If an obstruction is encountered during installation to stop the forward action of the pipe, and it becomes evident that it will be impossible to advance the pipe, operations shall cease, and the pipe will be abandoned in place and filled with grout 3.06 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC: \Vhen work is done in highway rights-of-way, all work shall be as previously specified. \\Then work is done in railroad rights-ofway, the Contractor shall contact the local or St.ate authorities having jurisdiction over such area regarding protection required to maintain traffic. All required protective devices and services shall be provided and maintained by the Contractor. 3.07 BACKFILLING OF BORING AND Tll1\TNELING PITS: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems. Compaction shall be as specified under Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. END OF SECTION 001 02227-4 �I I I I I I I I I • • • •II SECTION 02231 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with AGGREGATE BASE COURSE. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited. to: 1. 2. SECTION 01410 SECTION 01560 - SOILS COMPACTION Al\1D TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 AGGREGATE: Aggregate base materials shall conform to MDOT Specification 22A Series aggregate. 2.02 001 A. SINGLE SOURCE: It is the intent of these specifications to secure materials from a single source and to avoid repetitive testing of various sources of aggregate for the convenience of the Contractor. B. AGGREGATE PRODUCTION: Prior to any request to the Engineer for approval of aggregate base material, the Contractor or his supplier shall create a stockpile of an appropriate amount for the size project C. TESTING OF SOURCE: Prior to approval and placement of the aggregate base course material, an independent testing laboratory, selected. by the Engineer, shall take representative samples of aggregate base course materials from the stockpile and test said samples for compliance with the specified. aggregate gradation. Tests required for second sources or failed tests shall be paid by the Contractor. CHEMICAL ADDITIVES: Chemical additives may be calcium chloride or calcium-magnesium chloride solution. 02231-1 �I I PART 3 EXECUTION - 3.01 I I PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE: The subgrade shall be smoothed and trimmed to the required line, grade and cross-section within a tolerance of-¾ to ¾ of an inch 'to receive the base course and shall be compacted in conformance with Section 01_4 10, Soils Compaction and Testing. The subgrade thus formed shall be maintained in a smooth and compacted condition until the base course has been placed. No base course shall be placed on the subgrade until it has been approved by the Engineer. 3.02 CHEl\.1ICAL ADDITIVE: A chemical additive may be added to the aggregate base course material in conformance with MOOT specification 3.01.05 upon approval by the Engineer. 3.03 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE PLACEMENT I I II I I • • • • • • • • 3.04 A. EQUJPMENT: The use of motor graders and other approved equipment will be allowed during spreading, depositing and compacting operations. B. PLACEMENT: Where the required thickness of the aggregate base course is 6 inches or less, the material may be spread and compacted in a similar manner. The aggregate base shall have a moisture content sufficient to obtain optimum moisture content. Aggregate base shall not be placed during freezing or other unfavorable weather conditions. C. COMPACTION: The spreading work shall be followed by vibrating compactors or pneumatic tired rollers until required. density has been attained. Special care shall be exercised. to secure proper compaction adjacent to curb lines. Compaction shall conform to Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. D. GRADING TOLERANCE: The finished surface shall be shaped to the specified crown and established grade to within a tolerance of-¾ to ¾ of an inch. Twentyfour (24) hours prior to placing of any surface course on the prepared base, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer, who will check the grade and crown at proper intervals to verify compliance with the grading and shaping tolerance. Any section not meeting tolerance shall be reshaped before the Engineer grants approval to place surface material. E. MAINTENANCE: The Contractor shall, without additional cost to the Owner, be required to regrade and reshape the finished surface if the surface becomes damaged during any interval between completion of base course and placing of bituminous surface material . TESTING: After placement of the aggregate base course, the finished base course shall be tested for compliance with the compaction requirements of Section 01410, Soils Compaction and Testing. END OF SECTION 001 02231-2 �I I I I I I I SECTION 02512 BITl.Th1INOUS BASE COURSE PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with the construction of BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference v.rith flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: I • • • • •II 1. 2. 3. SECTION 01410 SECTION 01560 SECTION 02231 - SOILS COMPACTION MTO TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS AGGREGATE BASE COURSE PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 MATERIALS: The composition of the bituminous base course mix shall conform to the following aggregate and asphalt cement specifications . A. BASE COURSE: Shall be an :MDOT stabilization mix as indicated on the plans or in the specifications. B. ASPHALT CEMENT: 85-100 penetration grade asphalt cement 2.02 PROPORTIONS: The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, for review, a laboratory Marshall mix design representative of the mixture to be placed by the Contractor. The bituminous mixture shall conform to "Composition of Bituminous Mixtures", subsection 7.10.06 of the MDOT Standard Specifications . 2.03 LABORATORY TESTING: Representative samples of the bituminous base material will be taken at the job site and submitted to an independent testing laboratory, selected by the Engineer, for determination of aggregate gradation and asphalt cement content II 001 02512-1 �I I I I II • •II PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 SUBBASE: The aggregate subbase must be approved by the Engineer prior to placement of µie bituminous base course. Placement of aggregate subbase shall conform to Section 02231, Aggregate Base Course. Compaction of the subbase shall conform to Section 01410, Soils Compaction ~d Testing. 3.02 EQUIP1\1ENT: The bituminous base course shall be placed by means of an approved self-propelled mechanical paver or other suitable spreading equipment approved by the Engineer prior to commencement of work. 3.03 PLACEMENT: Placement of the bituminous base course shall conform to MOOT Specifications 4.00.01 through 4.00.17, except as herein modified. 3.04 S11OOTHNESS REQUIREMENTS: Shall conform to :MDOT Specification 4.00.12. E?\1D OF SECTION II 001 02512-2 �I I I I II • • • • • • • • •II SECTION 02513 BITUMINOUS LEVELING/SURFACE COURSE PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in conjunction with the construction of BITTJMINOUS LEVELING/SURFACE COURSE. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum . B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. . SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 01410 01560 02231 02512 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS AGGREGATE BASE COURSE BTilJMINOUS BASE COURSE PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 1\1ATERIALS: The composition of the bituminous leveling/surface course mix shall conform to one of the following :MDOT asphalt mixture specifications except modified where indicated. 001 A. LEVELING COURSE: Shall be an MDOT stabilization mix as indicated on the plans or in the specifications. B. SURFACE (TOP) COURSE: Shall be an MDOT stabilization mix as indicated on the plans or in the specifications . C. BOND COAT: Shall be an :MDOT Specification SS-lh asphalt emulsion: D. ASPHALT CE:tvIBNT: Shall have a penetration grade index of 85-100, unless otherwise indicated on the plans or in the specifications. In general, the asphalt cement content for leveling mixtures shall be 5.0 to 6.0 percent based upon percent asphalt by weight of the total mix. The bitumen content of the top course shall be designed to have up to 0.5 percent more bitumen than the optimum specified for the leveling course. 02513-1 �I I I I I I I I I I • • • • 2.02 PROPORTIONS: The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, for review, a laboratory Marshall mix design representative of the mixture to be placed by the Contractor. The bituminous mixture shall conform to "Composition of Bituminous Mixtures", su9section 7.10.06 of the MOOT Standard Specifications. 2.03 LABO RA TORY TESTING: Representative samples of the bituminous material will be taken at the job site and submitted to an independent testing laboratory, selected by the Engineer, for determination of aggregate gradation and asphalt content PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 ADJUSTING UTILITY CASTING AND COVERS: Shall conform to Section 02110, Site Preparation. 3.02 PLACEMENT OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURE(S) ON AN AGGREGATE BASE COURSE A. CONDIDO1\11NG AGGREGATE SURFACE: Prior to placement of the bituminous mixture(s), the aggregate surface shall be shaped to the required grade and cross-section in conformance with Section 02231, Aggregate Base Course. Where the aggregate surface is irregular, the use of a scarifier may be required. Additional aggregate shall be placed as directed by the Engineer when it is required to shape and consolidate the surface. Unless otherwise noted, the shaped surface shall be rolled to provide thorough compaction. Wetting may be required to facilitate shaping the surface and to assist in compaction of the subbase in conformance with Section 01410, Soil Compaction and Testing. The surface thus formed shall be maintained in a smooth and compacted condition until it is paved. Immediately before paving, all excess loose material remaining on the surface shall be removed to the shoulder. The length of existing road which is prepared and conditions for paving shall be determined by the Engineer. B. PLACEMENT: Placement of the bituminous base course shall conform to MOOT Specifications 4.00.01 through 4.00.17. 3.03 PLACEMENT OF BITUMJNOUS MIXTURE(S) BITUMINOUS OR CONCRETE SURFACE A. EXISTING PREP ARING EXISTING PAVEMENT 1. 001 ON Removing Bituminous Patching: Existing bituminous patches of ¾-inch thickness or more, and bituminous patches of less than ¾-inch thickness with a high bitumen content which may cause bleeding or instability, shall be removed and patched in accordance with the following paragraph, Wedging and Patching. 02513-2 �I I I I I I -I • • •II 3.04 2. Wedging and Patching: All holes and depressions in the pavement section and all spaces caused by removing old surface material shall be wedged with a Bituminous :Mixture as determined by the Engineer, placed and thoroµghly compacted by tamping or rolling in layers of not more than 2½-inches in thickness before constructing the full width of bituminous pavement 3. Pavement Joints: The existing joint fillers shall be removed to an elevation ¾-inch below the surface of the pavement by mechanical or hand methods. Where existing transverse and longitudinal pavement joints and cracks are repaired. the existing bituminous surface and any loose or spalled concrete around the joint shall be filled with Bituminous Patching Mixture (MOOT No. 1lO0L) and compacted with a machine vibrator or approved roller. The prepared pavement shall be approved by the Engineer and the Contractor before placing any bituminous concrete mixture. B. BO!\TD COAT: Prior to application of the bond coat, all existing surfaces shall be swept clean. The bond coat shall be applied at a rate of 0.10 gallons per square yard. The material shall be applied immediately ahead of paving operations for distances of 1,000 feet to 1,500 feet, depending upon traffic conditions . C. PLACEMENT: Placement of the bituminous base course shall conform to MOOT Specifications 4.00.01 through 4.00.17 . TfilCKNESS: The required bituminous material and thicbless shall be shown on the plans or in the specifications. Pavement course thicbless in excess of 2½inches shall be placed in two or more courses. 3.05 SMOOTHNESS REQUIREMENTS: Shall conform to :MDOT Specification 4.00.12. END OF SECTION 001 02513-3 �I I I i SECTION 02525 CONCRETE CURB AATJl GUTTER PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with the construction of CONCRETE CURB MTD GUTTER. 1.02 RELATED 'W ORK I I -I • • • • A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. SECTION 01560 SECTION 03001 SECTION 03600 - SPECIAL CONTROLS CONCRETE GROUT PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 CONCRETE: Shall be Class A with a 28 day compressive strength of 3,500 psi. Materials, mixing, placing and curing shall conform to Section 03001, Concrete. 2.02 REINFORCING STEEL: Shall conform to ASTh1 A615 Grade 40. The size and location shall be as noted on the plans. 2.03 PREFORMED BITUMINOUS JOINT FILLERS: Shall consist of a bituminous mastic composition formed and encased between layers of felt, conforming to ASTM D2475. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 BASE PREPARATION: The Contractor shall excavate or fill, as required, to within six inches of the proposed curb and gutter base. The Contractor shall place and compact a bed of sand, bank run gravel or other material equal to MDOT Granular Material Class II to bring the base to the desired grade. All tree roots 2 inches or more in diameter which are cut in conjunction with the base preparation shall be painted with Bartlett's Tree Paint, Tanglefoot Tree Paint, or equal. 001 02525-1 �I I I I I I • • • 3.02 LThTE AND GRADE: All curbs are to slope uniformly to the catch basins so that no standing water forms in the finished gutter. Grades are shown on the plans. 3.03 FORMS: Shall be of such design of steel or wood as to insure the accurate t maintenance of lines and grades and shall extend for the full depth of the required concrete. Flexible strips may be used where necessary on curves. 3.04 JOINTS: Expansion joints shall be 1-inch thick and placed at 400 foot intervals along the curb, at all street returns, within 20 feet each side of structures, and at the end of each day's pour. Contraction joints shall be placed at 40 foot maximum intervals. For both expansion and contraction joints, the reinforcing steel shall be broken each side of the joint at a distance of 6-inches minimum to 18-inches maximum. Joint filler shall extend to the full depth of the joint, and the top shall be recessed ¼- to ½-inch from the finished surface of the structure. Plain of weakness joints shall be placed every 10 feet 3.05 PLACING CONCRETE: No concrete shall be placed until the subgrade and forms have been reviewed by the Engineer. The subgrade shall be wetted and the concrete deposited to the proper depth and spaded or vibrated sufficiently to insure satisfactory consolidation prior to finishing. A. B. FINISIIlNG: The curb and gutter shall be rounded with an approved finishing tool having a radius of 1/4-inch to the dimensions shown on the standard details . Patching, when necessary shall be with concrete from the mixture used in the curb. The finished surface shall not vary more than 1/8-inch in 10 feet from the established grade when check with a 10 foot straightedge. Voids in the curb back shall be patched. with a grout mixture confonning to Section 03600, Grout CURING: Sufficient tarps or plastic sheets shall be stored on the job to prevent rain damage to the newly placed curb. Immediately after the free water has left the concrete surface, the curb shall be coated with a uniform coat of white - membrane curing compound at the rate of one gallon per 200 square feet No vehicle or foot travel shall be allowed on the _n ew curb for 96 hours. END OF SECTION 001 02525-2 �I I I I I SECTION 02528 CONCRETE SIDEWALKS PART 1 GENERAL • 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with the construction of CONCREfE SIDEWALKS. 1.02 RELATED WORK I I I I II ' A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. SECTION O1560 SECTION 03001 - SPECIAL CONTROLS CONCRETE PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 CONCRETE: Shall be air entrained 6 sack mix with a 28 day compressive strength of 3,500 psi. Materials, mixing, placing and curing shall conform to Section 03001, Concrete. 2.02 PREFORMED BITUMINOUS JOINT FILLERS: PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 BASE PREPARATION: The sidewalk base shall consist of a minimum of four inches of compacted sand or other materials equal to MDOT Granular Material Class ill. In areas of existing granular subbase, the natural base may be used. In areas of existing unstable base material, the Contractor shall excavate the unstable material, as directed by the Engineer and place and compact sand or other material equal to :MDOT Granular Material Class II. All tree roots 2-inches or more in diameter which are cut in conjunction with the base preparation shall be painted with Bartlett's Tree Paint, Tanglefoot Tree Paint, or equal. 3.02 FORMS: Shall be clean and straight, composed of wood or metal. The forms Shall consist of a bituminous mastic composition formed and encased between layers of felt, conforming to ASTh1 D2475. shall be staked to line and grade in a manner that will prevent deflection or settlement Forms shall be clean and oiled before placing concrete. Removal shall not take place in less than 12 hours after placement of concrete. 001 · 02528-1 �I I I I I I I 3.03 full depth of the sidewalk, at driveways, and where the new walk abuts existing concrete structures. Contraction joints shall be formed every 5 feet or as requested by the Owner. All joints shall be constructed at right angles to the centerline of the sidewalk. 3.04 PLACING CONCRETE: The subgrade shall be thoroughly wetted and the concrete deposited. thereon to the proper depth. Concrete shall be spaded along the forms, compressed and struck off flush with the top of the forms. The surface shall be floated with a steel float, edges and joints properly tooled.a nd then finished with a wood float or brush as required to provide a non-slip surface. 3.05 CURING: Sufficient tarps or plastic sheets shall be stored on the job to prevent rain damage to the newly placed sidewalk. Immediately after the free water has left the concrete surface, the sidewalk shall be coated with a uniform coat of white membrane curing compound at the rate of one gallon per 200 square feet No vehicular or foot traffic shall be allowed on the new sidewalk for 96 hours after pouring. ••, ' JOINTS: 0.50-inch transverse expansion joint shall be placed every 50 feet the ' 1: I END OF SECTION ... 001 02528-2 �I I I I SECTION 02665 WATER MAINS • PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by thls section of the specifications consists of furnishing all pl211t, labor, equipment, and materials in conjunction with the installation of WATER ~INS. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 5. 6. SECTION 02901 SECTION 02715 - 7. SECTION 03001 - 01410 01560 02222 02223 - SOILS COMPACTION MTI TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDING A:t--iTI BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS RESTORATION M1D CLEAN-UP CONCRETE UTILITY MANHOLES AND CATCH BASINS CONCRETE 1.03 SUB MITT ALS: Detailed material lists, specifications, and written certification, for all materials furnished under thls section of the specification shall be submitted to the Engineer for review. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 MATERIALS: Shall be new and of the type as specified herein or the standard of the governing agency, as noted on the plans. · A. WATER MAIN PIPE General Requirements: a. 002 Material Selection: Unless specifically shown on the plans or listed in the form of proposal to be a specific material, the Contractor may elect to utilize any of the following materials subject to specifications and size limitations outlined below. 02665-1 �I I I I I I 2. b. Single Material Requirement: Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, a single material shall be used for all water main in the contract If multiple pipe materials are permitted, the change in • materials shall be accomplished at normal junctions such as valves or fittings. c. Pipe Markings: All pipe delivered to the job site shall bear the marks required by the ANSI/AWWA specification. Ductile Iron (D.1.) : Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C151/Al21.51 and the following: a. Class and Size: Unless otherwise noted on the plans, pipe wall thickness shall be a minimum of Class 52., Ductile iron may be used for six inch (6") and larger diameter pipe. b. Exterior Coating: Bituminous, 1 mil thick. c. Lining: Standard thickness cement-mortar confonning to ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4. d. Polyethylene Encasement: ANSI/AWWA Cl05/A21.5. e. Flanged Joints: ASA Oass 125. f. Mechanical Joints and Push-on Joints: ANSI/AWWA Clll/A21.ll, bolts and nuts shall be high strength corrosion resistant alloy with hex head nuts. g. Fittings: Ductile iron or cast iron, cement-mortar lined, confonning to ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10. h. Electrical Continuity: Bronze wedges or continuity straps. i I I II II II II ,. "Ill Ill , 3. 002 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Shall conform to ANSI/AWW A C900. a. Class and Size: SDR 18 wall thickness, six (6) inch through twelve (12) inch diameter. b. Joints: Integral wall-thickened bell and spigot with elastomericgasket confonning to ASTM D3139. c. Fittings: Shall conform to paragraph 2.01.A.2.g. above. 02665-2 �I I I I I B. VALVES 1. I I I 2. 002 General Requirements: a. Working Pressure: 150 psi minimum. b. Joints: Unless otherwise indicated on the plans or valve schedule, mechanical joint conforming to ANSI/AWWA Cl 11/A21.1 l. End flanges, if specified, shall be ANSI B 16.1 Class 125. c. Direction of Opening: Agency standard. Resilient Seated Gate Valves: Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C509 and the following: a. Body Construction: ASTM A126 Class B, cast iron. b. Operator: Hex nut, unless otherwise indicated on the plans or the valve schedule. c. Manufacturer. Kennedy Valve, Waterous or equal. C. VALVE BOXES: Cast iron, screw type, three (3) piece; cover shall be furnished marked "Water". EJIW series 6860 or agency standard. D. VALVE EXTENSION STEMS: Where valves are used with valve boxes, the depth to the top of the valve operating nut shall not be greater than 5½ feet. Where the water main is buried at a depth where the normal valve operating nut will be at a depth greater than 5½ feet, a valve extension stem with operating nut shall be provided and mechanically attached to the valve to provide an operating nut at the 5½ foot depth. E. HYDRANTS: Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C503 and the following: L Type and Size: Break.away traffic flange; 5¼-inch main valve seat 2. Connections: Two (2), 2½-inch hose nozzles and 1 pumper connection; agency standard threads. 3. Direction·_ of Opening: Agency standard. 4. Manufacturer. EJIW Model 5-BR, or approved equal. 02665-3 �I I I • • • • • F. SERVICE LEAD, CORPORATION STOP, CURB VALVE AND CURB BOX 1. Service Lead Pipe: ASTM B88 type k annealed seamless copper water tube qf the size indicated on the plans. Fittings shall be flared type. 2. Corporation Stop: Mueller H-15000, Hays "Nuseal", or approved equal. Corporation sizes exceeding the maximum for three (3) full threads shall utilize an· appropriate service clamp, Mueller H-10526 through H-10537, or approved equal. 3. Curb Valves: Mueller H-15204, Oriseal, or approved equal. 4. Curb Box: Mueller H-10350, or approved equal . 2.02 BEDDING :MATERIAL: Shall conform to section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems . 2.03 MAt\THOLES: Shall be precast concrete confonning to Section 02715, Concrete Utility Manholes and Catch Basins. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 WATER MAIN INSTALLATION 002 A. GEl\TERAL: Installation shall be in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C600 for ductile iron pipe; ASTM D2774 for PVC pipe and the following: B. LA YING PIPE: Pipe shall be laid with the bell ends facing the direction of laying, unless otherwise directed or allowed by the Engineer. C. LOCATION: As indicated on the plans. Maintain at least a ten feet separation from any sewer, unless specifically indicated on the plans. D. GRADE AND ALIGNMENT: Provide cover of 6 feet, unless otherwise indicated on the plans. E. WET TRENCH LAYING: When the trench contains water, open ends of the pipe shall be closed by a watertight plug. 'This provision shall apply during the noon hour as well as overnight F. PIPE BEDDING: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems. G. PIPE ENCASEMENT: Ductile iron pipe, bedded in an area of aggressive soil such as peat, shall be encased in a polyethylene encasement 02665-4 �H. ELECfRJCAL CON1Th11.JITY: Unless otherwise noted on the plans, electrical continuity shall be provided for ductile iron pipe. I. LOCATING ,PROVISIONS: A suitable means for magnetically locating PVC water main shall be provided and approved by the Engineer in writing prior to construction. J. THRUST BLOCKS: Shall be made of Class B, poured-in-place concrete, placed at all bends, dead ends, tees, reducers, hydrants and valves, as required. 1. 2. Thrust Table: Shall be used for sized noted. For larger si~ the details will be shown on the plans. Area in square feet of concrete thrusting against undisturbed eanh shall be computed by dividing the total thrust by the safe bearing load of the soil. Thrust Main Size Tee or Plug 90° Bend 45° Bend 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 2,840 5,800 8,900 14,800 20,900 28,000 36,200 4,000 8,200 14,000 21,000 30,000 40,000 51,000 2,100 4,300 7,400 11,000 15,500 21,000 27,000 34,000 37,500 45,400 64,000 55,800 79,000 22½ 0 Bend · Bend 1,100 2,300 3,900 5,800 8,200 11,000 14,200 17,800 21,800 600 1,100 2,000 2,900 4,100 5,500 7,100 8,900 11,000 11¼0 Safe Bearing Loads for Soils (Horizontal Thrust): Safe Bearing Load Lbs. per Sq. Ft Muck, Peat, etc. Soft Clay Sand Sand Sand and Gravel cemented w/clay Hard compacted clay 3. 002 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Thrust Blocks in Unstable Soil Conditions: Thrust shall be resisted by piling driven to solid foundations or by removal of unstable soil material and replacement with ballast of sufficient stability to resist thrust 1brust 02665-5 �I l • • • C. INSTALLATION WITH CASING: In unstable soils, as determined by the Project Manager, the combination of boring and jacking simultaneously shall be utilized providing the cutting edge of the auger does not advance ahead of the casing. Casing diam~ter shall not e~ceed the diameter of the service lead by more than one inch. Casing pipe may be removed at the Contractor's option . D. BORING INSTALLATION: agency/utility . E. CONl\TECTION TO EXISTING SERVICES: Connections to existing water services with like material shall be made with standard couplings; connections of dissimilar materials shall be made with appropriate couplings with Nylon dielectric bushings. HYDROSTATIC TESTING 3.05 A. GENERAL: Upon completion of installation of the water main and appurtenances, the Contractor shall furnish all apparatus, materials, labor and water required to perform the pressure tests in accordance with Section 4, Hydrostatic Testing, ANSI/AWW A C600 and the following: B. PRE-TEST PROCEDURES: . The Contractor shall open all valves, including hydrant auxiliary valves, and then completely fill the line with water with a special emphasis upon removing all air from the pipe, valves or hydrants. If necessary, the Contractor shall install additional corporation stops at high points to allow the air to be expelled. C. PRELIMINARY. TEST: A preliminary pressure test by the Contractor shall be accomplished. Any leaks encountered shall be corrected and the test shall be rerun until results_are satisfactory. D. FINAL PRESSURE AND LEAKAGE TEST: Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C600, Hydrostatic Testing, in the presence of the Engineer, who shall receive 24 hours notice prior to testing. If it is necessary for the Engineer to observe more than one test on any section of mainline, the Contractor shall be liable for the additional cost involved for observation of subsequent tests. E. LEAK REPAIR: The Contractor shall provide all labor and materials, etc., as required to repair any leaks, or otherwise required to meet these tests; all leaks shall be repaired, _regardless of the amount of leakage. Water damage resulting from flushing or testing proc¢ures shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. 3.06 DISU\1FECTION A. 002 Shall conform to the requirement of the local GENERAL: Procedures shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C651, and the following: 02665-7 �B. PRELTh1INARY FLUSHING: After the pressure test and before disinfection, the Contractor shall flush out the new pipe lines until the water runs clear. Each valved section of the newly laid pipe shall be flushed separately with potable water from tfue public supply. C. DISINFECITON: The Contractor shall disinfect the new mains in increments designated by the Engineer. Samples shall be ta.ken from corporation stops only. If mains dead end at hydrants, with no adjacent valve, the Contractor shall install an additional corporation stop for sampling. D. BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER SAMPLES: Shall be collected by the Contractor, or his duly authorized representative, in the presence of the Engineer, in confonnance with ANSI/AWWA C651. Two successive safe tests ta.ken 24 hours apart are required; analysis shall be made by a State approved laboratory. E. FAILING TESTS: In the event of an unsafe test, the test shall be repeated as described above . . The Contractor shall be responsible for the tests and shall be liable for any costs when more than one treatment or set of tests is necessary. END OF SECTION 002 02665-8 �I I I • • • SECTION 02715 CONCRETE UTILITY l\1ANlIOLES AND CATCH BASINS PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with CONCRETE UTILITY MAi'\tiOLES M1D CATCH BASINS. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All concrete utility manholes, including catch basins and valve vaults, shall be installed in accordance with the details indicated on the drawings and these specifications. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. SECTION 01410 SECTION 01560 SECTION 02222 SECTION 02223 SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 02665 02722 02732 02901 03001 03600 - SOILS COMPACTION M1D TESTING SPECIAL CONrROLS EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDIN'G AND BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS WATER MAINS STORM SEWERS SANITARY SEWER RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP CONCRETE GROUT 1.03 Detailed material lists and specifications for all materials furnished under this section of the specification shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. Submittals shall be in accordance with Section 2.12 of the GENERAL CONDffiONS. . PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 PRECAST SECTIONS: Precast sections shall conform to ASTM C478. Sewer pipe opening connections to precast concrete manholes shall conform to the following specifications: SUBMITf ALS: A. 001 SANITARY SEWERS: Manhole pipe connections shall be furnished with an integrally cast seal system, equal to "A-Lok", "Kor-N-Seal", "Lock Joint Flexible Manhole Sleeves", or equal. Sanitary manholes shall have integral concrete manhole bases. Manhole sections joints shall be of the O-ring rubber joint type or preformed type of butyl sealant material. All pipe openings shall be case in the 02715-1 �I I I B. •- STORM SEWER:Manhole pipe connections shall be with a non-shrink grout Manhole section joints shall be of the mastic joint type or butyl rubber sealant type unless otherwise shown on the drawings. C. VALVE MANHOLES M1D OTIIBR STRUCI1JRES: Details and joints shall conform to the drawings. • • • • precast section or cored in the finished wall. Broken and patched connections will not be accepted. MA1"-UIOLE ADJUSTING BRICK: 2.02 Shall be concrete units conforming to ASTM C55. 2.03 MAI\TJIOLE ADJUSTING RING: Shall be standard precast reinforced concrete rings ·with a minimum of rn·o inch height and a maximum of 6 inch height 2.04 MAmIOLE STEPS: Shall be furnished in all manholes unless otherwise noted on the plans, and shall be Co-Polymer Polypropylene Plastic manhole steps reinforced with 3/8" deformed_reinforced bar. Manhole steps shall be of the pressfit type with serrated type treat and lugs. Steps shall not be cast in wall. Steps shall be spaced at sixteen inches on center in a true vertical alignment unless shown otherwise on the drawings. 2.05 FRAMES AND COVERS: The cast iron frames and covers shall conform to the castings noted on the plans or in the specifications. Cover lettering shall be included when specified. It is the intention of this specification to provide frames and covers considered standard in the Owner's system. 2.06 GROUT: Shall conform to Section 03600, Grout 2.07 CONCRETE: Shall conform to Section 03001, Concrete. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 IN'STALLATIO N: Utility manholes shall be constructed of precast concrete sections including risers, adjusting rings and precast tops of eccentric cone or flat slab type, as indicated on the drawings. A. UTILITY MAI\THOLE AND CATCH BASINS 1. Precast Concrete: Precast bottoms or bases shall be set on uniform bedding of 8 inches of compacted sand or existing granular material as approved by the Engineer. When water is encountered in the trench, bases shall be set on a minimum of 12 inches of stone fill conforming to MDOT 6A. 001 02715-2 �I 2. I I '• • •.. Integral Base: The Contractor, at his option, may use integral cast base and riser sections confonning to ASlM C478, except that integral bases shall be used on all sanitary sewer manholes. B. PRECAST CONCRETE RISERS: Shall be set plumb and manhole steps shall be aligned to forin a continuous ladder. Joints between manhole sections shall utilize rubber O-rings or preformed butyl rubber sealant material for sanitary sewer manholes and shall utilize mastic or preformed butyl rubber sealant for storm manholes, catch basins and valve vaults unless otherwise shown on the drawings . C. CASTINGS: Shall be installed as specified below: E. 1. Sanitary Sewer Manholes and Valve Vaults: Castings shall be set on precast concrete adjusting rings with a minimum adjustment of 4 inches and a maximum of 12 inches. Casting and rings shall be set in grout unless otherwise called for on the drawings. 2. Storm Sewer Manholes and Catch Basins: Castings shall be set on precast concrete adjusting rings with a minimwn adjustment of 4 inches and a maximum of 12 inches or, if allowed on the drawings, adjusting brick may be used. 3. Casting Elevations: Where castings are to be flush with permanent pavements, the Contractor shall adjust the frame to the proper grade. Where castings are on flat slab tops in non-paved areas, they shall be set flush with finish earth grade unless shown otherwise. 4. Finish: The interior and exterior surface of adjustment rings or bricks shall be tooled to give a smooth finish coat of grout DROP PIPES: Shall be constructed at sanitary manholes wherever the difference in elevation between any inlet and outlet sewer is more than two vertical feet or as noted in the plans. All drop pipes shall be encased in concrete and shall conform to the drawing details. All drop pipes shall be exterior unless othernise noted on the plans. F. 3.02 FLOW CHMTNELS: Shall be constructed in manhole bottoms with mechanically mixed concrete. Flow channel depth shall be a minimum of ½ the pipe diameter and concrete thickness shall be a minimum of 4 inches measured from the top of the base to the bottom of the flow channel. Where the grade of sewer is continuous through the manhole, the Contractor may lay the pipe through the manhole, fill around the pipe with concrete and carefully break out or cut out the top of the sewer pipe. TESTING: All sanitary sewer manholes shall be tested in conformance with Section 02732, Sanitary Sew~rs. The Contractor shall repair any leaks, flaws or irregularities in any manholes or catch basins. El\TD OF SECTION 001 02715-3 �I I I I I • • SECTION 02717 SEWAGE FORCE MAINS PART 1 GENERAL ' 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with SEWAGE FORCE MAINS. 1.02 RELATED WORK: All items herein specified shall be adjusted to be compatible with the standard units used by the Owner in his present system. The items shall be of a quality level specified herein, and may be modified as called for herein or on the plans . ~ A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 4. SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 5. SECTION 02715 - 6. SECTION 02901 SECTION 03001 - 2. 3. 7. 01410 01560 02222 02223 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDING Ai-...1D BACK.FILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS CONCRETE UTILITY MANHOLES AND CATCH BASINS RESTORATION Mm CLEAN-UP CONCRETE 1.03 SUB MITT ALS: PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 PIPES AA'D JOINTS: Shall be of the type as listed herein meeting the specifications_noted. Unless specifically shown on the plans or listed in the form of proposal to be a specific material, the Contractor may elect to utilize any of the following materials subject to specifications and size limitations herein specified. Unless specifically approved by the Engineer, a single material shall be used for the total of each size main in the Contract All pipe delivered to the job site shall bear the marks required by the ANSI/AWWA specification. 001 Detailed material lists and specifications for all materials furnished under this section of the specification shall be submitted to the Engineer for review. Submittals shall be in accordance with Section 2.12 of the GENERAL CONDIDONS. 02717-1 �f f f A. • • • B. C. DUCTILE IRON (D.I.): Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51 unless otherwise noted on the plans. Pipe wall thickness shall be a minimum of Class 52. Pipe shall be standard thickness cement-mortar per ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4, with the standprd exterior bituminous coating. Ductile iron may be used for four inch (4") and larger diameter pipe. 1. Flanged Joints: Shall conform to ASA Class 125. 2. Mechanical Joints and Push-On Joints: Shall conform to AN.SI/A WW A Cl l l/A21.11. Bolts and nuts shall be of high strength corrosion resistant alloy with hex head nuts . 3. Fittings and Specials: Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA Cll0/A21.10 and may be either ductile or cast iron and shall be standard thickness cementmortar lined per ANSI/AWWA Cl04/A21.4. 4. . Polyethylene Encasement: Shall conform to ANSI/AWW A C105/A21.5. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC): Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C900, pressure class 150. Minimum pipe wall thickness shall be DR 18. All pipe shall have a "home" mark. PVC may be used for four inch (4") through twelve inch (12") diameter pipe. 1. Joints: Shall be of the elastomeric gasket, push-on type confonning to ASTM D3139. 2. Fittings and Specials: Shall conform to AN.SI/AWWA C110/A21.10 for ductile iron, mechanical joint fittings with suitable adapters or gaskets as required by the pipe manufacturer. Fittings and specials shall be standard thickness cemenf-mortar lined per ANSI/AWW A Cl04/A21.4. POLYETI-IYLENE (PE) PIPE AND FITTINGS: Shall be manufactured from a high density, high molecular weight polyethylene base resin confonning to ASTM D 1248 Type III, Class C, Category 5, Grade P34. Polyethylene may be used for one inch (1 ") and larger diameter pipe. 1. Minimum Cell Classification Values: As referenced to ASTM D-3350 shall be: a. b. 2. 001 , 335433C: With a minimum pipe wall thickness of SDR 9.3, rated at not less than 150 psL · 335434C: With a minimum pipe wall thickness of SDR 11.0, rated at not less than 150 psL Joints: Shall be made by thermal butt-fusion conforming to ASTM D-2657. All joints shall be made in accordance with the procedures and 02717-2 �joining equipment recommended by the pipe manufacturer and approved by the Engineer. 3. D. 2.02 LOCATING PROVISIONS: A suitable means for magnetically locating PVC or PE forcemain shall be installed with the PVC or PE forcemain and shall be approved by the Engineer in writing prior to construction. BEDDING: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems. A. DUCTILE IRON (D.L): Shall be Type 1 Bedding for Rigid Pipe unless otherwise specified on the plans. B. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) AND POLYETIIYLENE (PE): Shall conform to Section 02223, paragraph 3.05.B, F1exible Pipe Bedding. 2.03 001 Joint ,and Equipment Testing: Prior to the installation of the pipe, a specimen of a butt-fusion pipe joint, made with the joining equipment to be used on the project, shall be submitted to an independent testing laboratory selected by the Engineer and tested in conformance with AS1M D638, or certified standard data sheets indicating acceptable test results have been made on similar joints. VALVES A. GATE VALVES: Shall be iron body, fully bronze mounted, double disc, parallel seat type, opening confonning to ASTM B132 (Grade Ill cast bronze) non-rising stem and nut, unless otherwise called for, and confonning to ANSI/A WW A C500, Traverse City Iron Works ([CIW), Ea.st Jordan Iron Works (EJIW), or equal. Valves shall be supplied with mechanical joint ends unless otherwise specified on the plans or in the specifications. The design working pressure shall be a minimum of 150 psi unless otherwise noted on the plans. B. VALVE BOXES: Shall be cast iron, screw type, two piece, consisting of the base and the top section. The length shall be adjusted by means of threads cast into the top and base sections. A cover shall be furnished. The base shall be 5 1/4-inch and have a range of extension of 51-82 inches. The valve boxes shall be TCI\V A297, Clow F-2454, or equal. C. AIR RELEASE VALYES: Shall be designed to operate under pressure and open to vent entrapped air and gases from the sewage force main. After entrapped air · and gases are vented, the valve shall close to prevent clogging of the valve mechanism. The body and cove.r shall be cast iron with all internal parts of stainless steel or other acceptable material to prevent corrosion. The valve shall be complete with acce4ssories necessary for installation including an inlet shut-off valve, 1" clean out valve, and an ½" shut-off valve for back flushing with quick disconnect couplings and back flushing hose. The inlet shall be 2" unless otherwise noted on the plans. Valves shall be rated for not less than 150 psi 02717-3 �working pressure and be APCO, Val-Matic Corporation, or equal, specifically designed for use on sewage forcemains. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 HANDLING OF PIPE: Proper and suitable tools and appliances shall be used for the safe and careful handling, conveying and laying of the pipe. Care shall be taken to prevent the coating of pipe from being damaged. Dropping mat'!rial directly from a truck or platform will not be permitted. All pipes and castings shall be carefully examined for defects. If any materials are found to be defective, they shall be removed from the site. A. CLEANING PIPE AND Fl I I INGS: All lumps, blisters and excess coal tar or other material shall be removed from the bell and spigot end of each pipe and fitting. The outside of the spigot and the inside of the bell shall be brushed and wiped clean, dry and free from oil or grease prior to laying. The inside of the pie shall be brushed in order to remove all dirt and debris. Any damage to exterior pipe coating shall be repaired with an approved coating before the pipe is laid. B. LAYING PIPE: Pipe shall be laid with the spigot ends facing the direction of flow. Under no circumstances shall pipe be dropped directly into the trench. Precautions shall be taken to prevent foreign material from entering the pipe while it is being placect After placing a length of pipe in the trench, the spigot end shall be centered in the bell, and the pipe forced home to correct line and grade. At all times, the open ends of the pipe shall be covered to prevent foreign matter from entering. If cuts of full lengths of pipe are required, the cut end shall be trimmed, beveled or otherwise prepared for jointing as recommended by the pipe manufacturer. Only lubricants recommended by the pipe manufacturer shall be used as recommended in joint assembly. 3.02 001 GRADE AND ALIGl'\1MENT: All forcemains shall be installed to provide an overall cover of 6 feet, unless otherwise indicated. on the drawings. The location of the forcemain is indicated on the drawings. Special care shall be taken to avoid any air pockets within the forcemain. If high points are constructed in the forcemain other than those shown on the plans or authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor shall install an air release valve at each high point at no additional cost by the Owner. A. PIPE DEFLECTION: Where curved lines, laid without fittings, are shown on the plans, or are necessary to avoid obstructions, the pipe may be deflected horizontally or vertically at each joint within the published recommended limits recommended by the pipe manufacturer. Deflections in excess of the allowable deflection shall be made by using standard fittings. B. VIET 1RENCH LA YING: When the trench contains water, the open ends of pipe shall be closed by a watertight plug. This provision shall apply during the noon 02717-4 �• • • hour as well as overnight If water is in the trench, the seal shall remain in place until the trench is pumped completely dry. 3.03 PIPE BEDDING: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfill for Utility Systems. Ductile iron· pipe, bedded in an area of aggressive soil such as peat, shall be encased in a polyethylene encasement 3.04 THRUST BLOCK: Shall be made of Class B, poured-in-place concrete, and placed at all bends noted below. Area in square feet of concrete thrusting against undisturbed earth shall be computed by dividing the total thrust by the safe bearing load of the soil. Thrust and safe bearing loads for soils are shown in the following tables: A. THRUST TABLE: Shall be used for sizes noted. For larger sizes, the details will be shown on the plans. Thrust Main Size Bend 45° Bend 22½ 0 Bend 4,000 8,200 14,000 21,000 30,000 4(),000 51,000 64,000 79,ooq 2,100 4,300 7,400 · 11,000 · 15,500 21,000 27,000 34,000 37,500 1,100 2,300 900 11¼0 Bend ·' 4" 6'' 8" 10'' 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" B. 3,900 5,800 8,200 11,000 14,200 17,800 21,000 600 1,100 2,000 2,900 4,100 5,500 7,100 8,900 11,000 SAFE BEARING LOADS FOR SOILS (HORIZONTAL lBRUST): Safe Bearing Load Lbs. per Sq. Ft Muck, Peat, etc. Soft Clay Sand Sand and Gravel Sand and Gravel cemented w/clay Hard compacted clay C. 001 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 THRUST BLOCKS IN PEAT: In muck or peat, all thrust shall be resisted by piling.driven to solid foundations or by removal of muck or peat and replacement with ballast of sufficient stability to resist thrusts. In all cases, thrust block size and method of thrusting must be approved by the Engineer before the thrust block is poured. 02717-5 �1. D. Special 111.rust Containment: Using joint ties and containing thrust within the pipe will be considered by the Engineer upon a definite proposal of methods submitted by the Contractor. Only methods retaining the freedom of joints to bend will be considere.d. GENERAL: A detail of standard thrust blocks is included at the back of this specification section showing typical blocks for a 2,000 psf safe bearing capacity. If the soil capacity is different than 2,000 psf, the bearing area will be varied accordingly, but the general arrangement shall be as shown. 3.05 AIR RELEASE AATI CLEANOUT STRUCTURES: The Contractor shall install air release and cleanout structures as indicated on the drawings. Structures shall conform to Section 02715, Concrete Utility Manholes and Catch Basins. 3.06 RESTORATION AATJ) CLEAN-UP: Restoration and ~lean-up. 3.07 PRESSURE Al\1D LEAKAGE TESTING: The Contractor shall furnish all apparatus and water required to perform the pressure and leakage tests, and shall outline this equipment to the Engineer for.his approval prior to any testing. A. PRE-TEST PROCEDURES: The Contractor shall provide any temporary plugs and blocking as required for the test, and then completely fill the line with water with a special emphasis upon removing all air from the pipe. B. PRELIM:INARY TEST: Lines shall be given a preliminary pressure test by the Contractor to ascertain if there are any major lea.ks. After any leaks are corrected, the test shall be rerun until results are satisfactory. C. FINAL PRESSURE AND LEAKAGE TEST: Shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C600 - Hydrostatic Testing, in the presence of the Engineer, who shall receive 24 hours notice prior to testing. The test pressure shall be at least 150 psi measured at the highest point in the line. If it is necessary for the Engineer to observe more than one test, the Contr~ctor shall be liable for the additional cost involved for observation of subsequent tests. D. GENERAL: The Contractor shall provi_de all labor and materials, etc., as required to repair any lea.ks, or otherwise required to meet these tests. All visible leaks shall be repaired, regardless of the amount of leakage. Any excavation or construction required shall be done as previously required herein. 1. Water: For filling and testing will be supplied by the Contractor. END OF SECTION 001 Shall conform to Section 02901, 02717-6 �ELBOWS P I PE DIA . INCHES 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 ELBONS 'A' BEAR ING AREA-SOUARE FEET FEET 90° .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 2.0 4. I 7.0 10.5 14.8 19. 8 25. 6 32.2 39.4 45° 22-112° I 1-1 ;4c 0.6 I. 2 2.0 2.9 4. I 5.5 0.3 0.6 I .0 I .5 2 .0 2.7 3.5 I. I 2.2 3,7 5.5 7.8 10.4 13.5 16 .9 18.8 7. I 8.9 10.9 4.4 5.5 ALL BLOCKS -SKAL L BE PLACED AGAINST · iNDISTURBED EARTH i:::;=~ TEES, PLUGS 8. HYOOANTS NOMINAL PIPE DIA. PIPE DIA. INCHES 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 a 'A' FEET BEAqlNG AREA SQU!I.RE FEET .75 .75 . 75 .75 . 75 .75 .75 .75 .75 JOINTS SHALL BE KEPT CLEAR OF CONCRE1E. I_ B:)LTS, FITTINGS 2. A BEARING CAPACITY OF 2<:::IXjlf- PER FOOT WAS \£ED IN DE1ERMINING THE Ml NIMUM I BEARING AREAS' IN THE ABO/E TABl..£S. THE CROSS SECTION OF THE lliRUST BLOCKS SHALL E£ APPROXIMATELY 3. * SQUARE. THIS DIMENSION SHALL BE INCREASED AS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE LARGER BEARING AREAS. THRUST BLOCK NO SCALE 02717-7 DETAIL I .5 2.9 4.9 7.4 10.5 14.0 18. I 22. 7 27_ 8 �SECTION 02722 STORM SEWERS PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with the installation of STORM SEWERS. 1.02 RELATED 'WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION 5. SECTION 02715 - 6. SECTION 02901 SECTION 03001 SECTION 03600 - 7. 8. 01410 01560 02222 02223 - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDING AND BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS CONCRETE UTILITY MM1HOLES AND CATCH BASINS RESTORATION Al\1D CLEAN-UP CONCRETE GROUT 1.03 SUBMIITALS: Detailed material lists and specifications for all materials furnished under this section of the specification shall be submitted to the Engineer for review. Submitta.ls shall be in accordance with Section 2.12 of the GENERAL CONDIDONS. 1.04 CERTIF1CATION OF MATERIALS: When requeste.d, the Contractor shall furnish certification that all materials meet the requirements set forth in the plans and specifications. Source of the certification shall be determine.d by the Engineer. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 SEWER PIPES AND JOINTS: Shall be new unless noted on the plans and shall be stored and handled as recommended by the manufacturer. The size, type, and class shall be as shown on the plans or noted in the specifications. All pipe shall be marked with the class and date of manufacture by the manufacturer. 001 02722-1 �A. NON-REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE (CSP): Shall conform to ASTh1 C14, Class 3 unless othen,,rise noted on the plans with acceptance on the basis of plant load bearing tests, material tests, and inspection of manufactured pipe for visual defects and imperfections. B. REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE (RCP):Shall conform to ASTM C76 with acceptance on the basis of plant load bearing tests, material tests, and inspection of manufactured pipe for visual defects and imperfections. C. CORRUGATED PIPE: specified herein. 1. Corrugated Metal Pipe (C:MP): Shall be standard 2-2/3" x 1/2" pipe unless otherwise specified on the plans. The pipe shall conform to AASHTO M36 galvanized CMP. All buried pipe shall have a suitable bituminous coating. 2. Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe: Shall conform to AASHTO M-294. Joints shall be made using couplings which are corrugated to match the pipe corrugations and shall be of a width of not less than one-half the nominal pipe diameter. Corrugated polyethylene pipe shall be ADS N-12, or equal. D. END SECTIONS: Shall be suitable design for the pipe and adjoining grades to provide a smooth transition from the pipe to the rectangular stream cross-section. The section shall be of material at least as heavy as the pipe, shall be reinforced on all edges, and have a toe plate. End sections shall be manufactured and furnished by the pipe supplier. E. JOINTS: Shall conform to one of the following specifications: F. 001 Shall be either corrugated metal or polyethylene as 1. Rubber "O" Ring: Shall be "Tylox", "Ring-Tite", or equal. 2. Bituminous Mastic Joints: Shall be made when the joint surfaces are clean and dry, using DeWitt #10, "Sewerti.te" by Philip Carey Company, or equal. Cold weather joint compound may be used only with approval of the Engineer. All excess material shall be removed from the inside of the pipe. 3. Butyl Ru.bber Sealant: May be used in lieu of rubber "O" ring or bituminous mastic joints. Butyl rubber sealant shall be "RUB 'R-NEC LTh1" by K. T. Snyder Company, or equal. 4. Band Couplings: Bolted corrugated metal couplings shall be used at all connections of corrugated metal pipe. LUBRICANTS: For the making of pipe joints shall strictly conform to the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. 02722-2 �G. GROUT FOR POlNTING PIPE JOINTS: Shall conform to Section 03600, Grout. H. UNDERDRAINS: Shall be perforated high density polyethylene corrugated tubing wrapped in fil ter confonning to AASHTO M-252 requirements. The filter \Vrap shall conform to MOOT requirements for geotextiles. 2.02 MA1''HOLES AND CATCH BASINS: Shall be precast concrete confonning to Section 02715, Concrete Utility Manholes and Catch Basins. 2.03 BEDDING AA1D BACKFILL J\fATERIALS: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems. A. CONCRETE PIPE BEDDING: Shall be Type 1. B. CORRUGATED PIPE BEDDING: Shall conform to flexible pipe bedding. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 GENERAL: Handling, storage, installation, and the making of joints shall strictly follow the manufacturers' recommendations. Rubber materials affected by ultraviolet rays shall be protected from direct sunlight 3.02 GRADE M1D ALIGNMENT: All sewer shall be laid utilizing an "in-line" laser for vertical and horizontal controL Vertical and horizontal alignment of the invert shall, at any point, be within ±0.04 feet (½-inch) of plan elevation and line. LAYING OF SEWER: Each pipe shall be inspected for possible defects before being placed in the trench. Joint surfaces shall be free of earth or frozen matter. All pipe shall be laid from the low end of the sewer upgrade with bell ends 3.03 upgrade to line and grade as called for on the plans and each pipe as laid shall be checked by the Contractor. The use of brick, lumps of clay, wood, etc., to bring the pipe to grade will not be permitted. 3.04 A. JOINTS: Shall be made in strict accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations utilizing the recommended lubricant \Vood blocks or other approved materials shall be used to protect the pipe ends from pry bars, chains, etc. Pipe shall be pushed closed to the "home" position and if joints do not remain tightly closed the pipes shall be replaced. B. FINAL LINE AND GRADE: After the pipe is laid, care in backfilling and other operations shall be taken so as not to disturb its line, grade, or joint. Misalignment shall be cause fo~ rejection of the sewer. PIPE BEDDING AATJ> BACKFILL: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfill for Utility Systems. 001 02722-3 �3.05 POINTING: Concrete pipe joints on sewers 30 inches in diameter and larger shall be pointed up with grout on the inside after backfilling is complete. 3.06 CONNECTIONS TO LIVE SEWERS: When connections are made with sewers carrying storm water, special care must be taken that no part of the work is built underwater, a flume or darn must be installed and pumping maintained if necessary and the new work kept dry until completed and any concrete or grout has set up. 3.07 REMOVAL OF UN SUITABLE MATERIAL: Whenever any pipe section, fitting or appurtenance is found to be unsuitable for installation due to specification non-confonnance, poor workmanship, damage, or any other reason, it shall be removed from the construction site during the working day by the Contractor. Any material not so removed shall be painted or otherwise marked by the Engineer to prevent its subsequent use. 3.08 RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP: Restoration and Clean-up. 3.09 TV INSPECTION: The Owner or his representative shall have the option of perfonning a TV inspection of any section of sewer for signs of structural damage, misalignment or improper joints. The costs of the inspection shall be paid by the Owner unless the inspection reveals faulty construction or materials wherein the costs shall be paid by the Contractor. 3.10 CORRECTION OF DEFECTIVE WORK: Whenever any inspection indicates defective material or installation, the Contractor shall repair the section to the satisfaction of the Engineer at no cost to the Owner. Any pipe or fitting having structural damage shall require the removal and replacement of the damaged section. END OF SECTION 001 02722-4 Shall conform to Section 02901, �• SECTION 02732 SANITARY SE\VER PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with the installation of SANITARY SEWERS. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: All work shall be carried on in a neat and satisfactory manner and interference with flow of traffic shall be kept to a minimum. B. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 2. 3. 4. SECTION 01410 SECTION 01560 SECTION 02222 SECTION 02223 5. SECTION 02715 - 6. SECTION 02901 SECTION 03600 - 1. 7. - SOILS COMPACTION AND TESTING SPECIAL CONTROLS EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS BEDDING AND BACKFILLING FOR UTILITY SYSTEMS CONCRETE UTILITY MANHOLES AND CATCH BASINS RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP GROUT 1.03 SUBMfITALS: Detailed material lists and specifications for all materials furnished under this section of the specification shall be submitted to the Engineer for review. Submittals shall be in accordance with Section 2.12 of the GENERAL CONDillONS. 1.04 CERTIFICATION OF MATERIALS: When requested, the Contractor shall furnish certification that all materials meet the requirements set forth in the plans and specifications. Source of the certification shall be detennined by the Engineer. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 PIPES AND JOINTS: All materials shall be new. Manufacturers' recommendations for storage, handling, and installation shall be strictly adhered to. Materials shall be of the type as listed herein meeting the specifications noted. Unless specifically shown on the plans and/or listed in the form of proposal to be a specific materials, the Contractor may elect to utilize any of the following materials subject to specifications and size limitations herein except that sewer pipe materials may be changed only at manholes. 001 02732-1 �II II A. B. C. 001 PIPE 1. Ductile Iron (D.1.): Shall be per ANSI/A WWA C151/A21.51. Pipe wall thickr1ess will vary v.rith depth of cover and shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems. Pipe shall be standard thickness cement-mortar lined per ANSI/AWWA Cl 04/A21.4. Pipe joints shall be mechanical joints or push-on joints confonning to ANSI/AWWA Cll 1/A21.11. Ductile iron may be used for six inch (6") and larger diameter pipe. 2. Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP): Shall conform to ASTM C76. Pipe class will vary v.rith depth of cover and type of bedding and shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems. Pipe joints shall conform to ASTh1 C443 for rubber gasket joints. RCP may be used for eighteen inch (18") or larger diameter pipe. 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Shall conform to ASTh1 D3033 or ASTh1 D3034. :Minimum pipe wall thickness shall be SDR-35. All pipe shall have a "home" mark. Joints shall be of the elastomeric gasket push-on type conforming to ASTM D3212. PVC may be used for six inch (6") through fifteen inch (15") diameter pipe. Fl I l lNGS: All piping connections and pipe size and/or direction changes shall be made v.rith standard manufactured fittings conforming to the following: 1. Ductile Iron Fittings: Shall be standard manufactured fittings of ductile iron or cast iron conforming to ANSI/AWWA Cl 10/A21.10 for mechanical joints and push-on joints. Fittings shall be cement-mortar lined per ANSI/AWWA Cl04/A21.4 and shall have the standard exterior bituminous coating. Service lateral fittings shall be tees. Plugs shall be iron or plastic suitable for air testing. 2. Reinforced Concrete Pipe Fittings: Service lateral connections shall be made using standard manufactured components. Holes in the pipe barrel shall be cored. The connection shall be made utilizing a system of 300 series stainless steel bands and an elastomeric molded boot confonning to ASTh1 C443. Epoxy coated aluminum bands may be used in lieu of stainless steel upon written approval of the Engineer. 3. Polyvinyl Chloride Fittings: Shall be full fittings conforming to ASTh1 D3033 or ASTM D3034 for pipe wall thickness of SDR-35. Joints shall conform to ASTM D3212. Service lateral connections shall be made with standard wye fittings. Tees, tee-wyes, or saddles shall not be used. CONNECTIONS OF DISSTh1ILAR PIPE MATERIALS: Shall not be made using Donuts, oversize gaskets, etc. Connections shall be made utilizing one of the following methods: 02732-2 �~ • • • • • 1. Standard Adapters: Shall be a manufacturer's standard adapter with joints confomm:ig to the above specifications . 2. Couplings: Shall be an elastomeric coupling complete with 300 series stainless steel tension bands confonning to ASTM C425. Couplings shall be Clow Band-Seal Couplings, Fernco Flexible Couplings, or equal. D. CHANGES IN PIPE SIZES: Shall be made using standard smooth flow increasers or reducers. E. LUBRICANTS: All lubricants for the making of pipe joints shall strictly conform to the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. F. GROUT FOR POINTING PIPE JOINTS: Shall conform to Section 03600, Grout G. POLYETIIYLENE ENCASEMENT: ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5. For ductile iron pipe shall conform to 2.02 SANITARY SEWER MAAl-IOLES: Shall be precast concrete conforming to Section 02715, Concrete_Utility Manholes and Catch Basins. Joints between the pipe and the manhole shall be as specified therein. 2.03 CHEMICAL GROUT: For sealing minor joint leaks shall be an EPA approved type. 2.04 MARKING: All pipe, fittings and appurtenant items furnished to the job site shall be marked in accordance with the applicable specification. Any unmarked materials are subject to rejection by the Engineer. 2.05 BEDDING A1\1D BACKFILL MATERIALS: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfilling for Utility Systems as applicable to sanitary sewers where in pipe class and bedding requirements are given for various depths of cover. PART 3 · EXECUTION 3.01 GENERAL: Handling, storage, installation, and the making of joints shall strictly follow the manufacturers' recommendations. Plastic and rubber materials affected by ultraviolet rays including all PVC products shall be protected from direct sunlight Material handling during cold weather shall take into account increased brittleness for p1astic materials. Pipe which is warped or bowed due to temperature variations such that the deviation from straightness is greater than one inch shall not be installed. 3.02 GRADE AND ALIGNMENT: All sewer shall be laid utilizing an "in-line" laser for vertical and horizontal control Vertical and horizontal alignment of the invert shall, at any point, be within ±0.04 feet (½-inch) of plan elevation and line. 001 02732-3 �• • • • • 3.03 CUTTING OF PIPE: Full lengths of pipe shall be used whenever feasible. Cutting of pipe where required shall be done only using methods as recommended by the manufacturer, utilizing tools and equipment as required to provide a neat, perpendicular 'cut without damage to the pipe or coatings. All burrs shall be removed. Spigot ends of cut pipe shall be beveled similar to factory beveling. If field cutting or coring of pipes exposes any bare metal surface, the surface shall be covered with an epoxy coating. 3.04 LA YING OF SEWER: Each pipe shall be inspected for possible defects before being placed in the trench. Joint surfaces shall be free of earth or frozen matter. All pipe shall be laid with the bell ends upgrade to line and grade as called for on the plans and each pipe as laid shall be checked by the Contractor. Pipe shall be laid from the low end of the sewer upgrade. The use of brick, lumps of clay, wood, etc., to bring the pipe to grade will not be permitted. A. JOINTS: Shall be made in strict accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations utilizing the recommended lubricant Wood blocks or other approved materials shall be used to protect the pipe and fitting ends from pry bars, chains, etc. Pipe shall be pushed closed to the "home" position and if joints do not remain tightly closed the pipes shall be replaced. B. FINAL LINE AND GRADE: · After the pipe is laid. care in backfilling and other operations shall be taken so as not to disturb its line, grade, or joint Misalignment shall be cause for rejection of the sewer. C. POINTING: Pipe joints .on RCP sewer 30 inches in diameter and larger shall be pointed up with grout on the inside after backfilling is complete. 3.05 PIPE BEDDING AND BACKFILL: Shall conform to Section 02223, Bedding and Backfill for Utility Systems. 3.06 CONNECTIONS TO LIVE SEWERS: When connections are made with sewers carrying sewage or water, special care must be taken that no part of the work is built underwater; a flume or dam must be installed and pumping maintained if necessary and the new work kept dry until completed and any concrete or grout has set up. 3.07 SERVICE LATERALS: Shall be installed to the property line or length as shown on the construction drawings. The location of the service lateral shall be as shown, or when serving an existing building, to the location designated by the building owner. Where an existing service lead is to be connected, the Contractor shall locate the lead. A. 001 CLEANOUTS: All service laterals shall be equipped with a cleanout near the property line. The cleanout shall be a minimum four inch (4") diameter and connected to the lateral with a wye fitting. The cleanout shall be extended to the surface vertically' with the use of a 45° bend and 4" PVC pipe. The top of the cleanout shall be equipped with a threaded plug which is set flush with the ground 02732-4 �surface. The cleanout cap shall be located six inches (6") inside the right-of-way line. The cleanout assembly shall be oriented to facilitate cleaning of the sewer lateral back to the sewer main. B. SERVICE LATERAL END: Shall be capped and blocked sufficiently to withstand all required acceptance test pressures. C. MARKING: The Contractor shall mark the end of each service lateral with a 2 x 4 of sufficient length to extend from the service lateral to 3 inches below gr..de. The top of each 2 x 4 shall have four 16 penny common nails driven into it for subsequent location with a magnetic locator. D. RECORD OF LOCATIONS: The Contractor shall record and submit to the Owner and the E_ngineer a location sketch of the service lateral fitting measured upstream from the nearest manhole and shall record the location of the tenninus of the service lateral with a minimum of two witness measurements to permanent physical features, building corners, etc. Any services not readily located within one year after date of final payment due to inaccurate as-built measurements shall be field located by the Contractor at no expense to the Owner. E. RISERS: Where sanitary sewers are constructed deeper than 15 feet, service risers shall be constructed as shown in the standard detail. VCP tees shall be encased in concrete as shown on the plan details. Risers shall be constructed such that the service lateral is 11 feet deep at the property line. When main sanitary sewers are less than 15 feet deep, no riser is required and the lateral shall be constructed at a slope such that the service lead is 11 feet deep at the property line, if feasible. The six inch service laterals shall be constructed at a minimum slope of 0.60% Lateral fittings shall be installed with the branch connection tilted up 45 degrees. F. SERVICE LATERAL INSPECTION: All service lateral pipes shall be left with at least the top of the pipe exposed until inspected by the Owner or his representative and authorization for backfill given. 3.08 REMOVAL OF UNSUITABLE MATERIAL: Whenever any pipe section, fitting or appurtenance is found to be unsuitable for installation due to specification non-conformance, poor workmanship, damage, or any other reason, it shall be removed from the construction site during the working day by the Contractor. Any material not so removed shall be painted or otherwise marked by the Engineer to prevent its subsequent use. 3.09 RESTORATION AA1D CLEAN-UP: Restoration and Clean-up. 3.10 SANITARY SEWER TESTING: In general, the sanitary sewers shall be tested by applying an air pressure test described in the following paragraphs. Methods of testing and measurement other than specified herein shall be approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall be responsible for furnishing all equipment and labor for the air testing at no additional cost to the Owner. The Engineer may, as 001 02732-5 Shall conform to Section 02901, �I an alternative to or in addition to the air testing, require an infiltration test of the sanitary sewers in certain instances. All testing shall be performed in the presence of the Engineer. A. AIR TESTING: Is required to be performed on all sanitary sewers. The following described test procedure shall be used. 1. Equipment Record: Portable air compressor, standard air hose and connections, minimum of 50 feet of single and triple air hose, one single and one triple connection pneumatic sewer plug, one hand air pump, stopwatch, and one air gauge, range 0-30 psig graduated in tenths from 0 to 10 psig. 2. Preliminary Requirements: After all sewer, lateral, and manhole construction and backfilling operations have been completed, the sewer shall be cleaned by the Contractor as follows: 3. a. Inflatable Balls: The Contractor shall furnish an inflatable rubber ball of a. size that will inflate to fit snugly into the pipe to be te~ted. The ball may, at the option of the Contractor, be used without a tag line or a rope may be fastened to the ball to enable the Contractor to know and control its position at all times. The ball shall pass through the pipe with only the force of the water impelling it All debris flushed out ahead of the ball shall be removed at the first manhole. In the event cemented or we.dged debris, or damaged pipe shall stop the ball, the Contractor shall remove the obstruction. b. Pneumatic Plug Test: The pneumatic plugs shall pass the following qualifying test in the presence of the Engineer and Contractor prior to the line testing. One length of sewer pipe shall be laid on the ground and sealed at both ends with the pneumatic plugs to be checked; air shall be introduced into the pipe until the pipe pressure reaches 15 psig. The pneumatic plugs being checked shall hold against this pressure without bracing being needed, and without movement of the plugs out of the pipe. All pneumatic plugs shall pass the aforementioned qualifications before being used to ~st the actual installation. Test Procedures: Immediately following the pipe cleaning described, low pressure air shall be introduced into the sealed line until the internal air pressure reaches 4.0 psig greater than the average back pressure of any groundwater pressure, as determine.d by the Engineer, that may be over the pipe. At least two (2) minutes shall be allowed for the air pressure to stabilize. a. 001 Acceptance: The portion of the line being tested shall be accepted if the portion under the test meets or exceeds the requirements of 02732-6 �• • • • ASTM C828._ This requirement shall be accomplished by perfonning the test as follows: The time required in minutes for the pressure to decrease from 3.5 to 2.5 psig greater than the , average back pressure of any groundwater that may be over the pipe shall not be less than the time shown for the given diameters in the table following this paragraph. If the system does not meet the foregoing requirements, the Contractor will be required to locate and repair the leaks at no extra cost to the Owner and repeat the tests until the allowable leakage is obtained. AIR TEST TABLE Note: If the section of line to be tested includes more than one pipe size (i.e., lateral connections), calculate the test time for each size and add the test times to arrive at the total test time for the section. ASTM C828 MINIMUM TEST TIME FOR VARIOUS PIPE SIZES PIPE SIZE (INCHES) 4 6 8 10 12 15 18 001 TIME - PER 100' MIN. SEC. 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 18 42 72 90 PIPE SIZE (INCHES) 21 24 27 30 108 33 126 144 36 39 42 TIME - PER 100' MIN. SEC. 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.0 180 216 252 288 324 6.6 396 438 7.3 360 B. INFILTRATION TEST: An infiltration test may be conducted on a sanitary sewer only where the groundwater table is at least two feet above the invert of the sewer. The Engineer will measure the amount of infiltration at the sanitary manholes utilizing V-notch weirs or other measurement apparatus. The maximum allowable infiltration shall be 200 gallons per mile per inch of diameter of sewer per 24 hours per day at any time for· an individual run between manholes. C. MANHOLE EXFILTRATION TEST: An exfiltration test shall be performed by the Contractor of each manhole. All pipes shall be plugged and the manhole filled with water to the bottom of the casting. After a stabilization period, the fall of water will be measured to detennine the exfiltration rate. The maximum allowable exfiltration shall not exceed 0.5 gallons per foot of depth per foot of diameter per 24 hour day. All materials, labor, and water shall be furnished by the Contractor and the cost thereof shall be incidental to the cost of construction. 02732-7 �• D. PVC DEFLECTION TESTS: The completed. installation of PVC sewers shall at no point have out-of-round pipe deflections greater than 5.0%. Deflectometer or go no-go gauging tests shall be performed prior to acceptance c;if sewers. The test shall be conducted after the final backfill has been in place at least 30 days. E. POST CONSTRUCTION Th1FILTRATION: Following complete construction and prior to connection of services to the sewer, the Engineer shall have the option of requiring retesting of any section of sewer where excessive infiltration is observed. or suspected.. Any of the above tests may be utilized per the Engineer's requirements. The costs of the tests shall be paid for by the Owner unless the test fails wherein the costs shall be paid by the Contractor. F. TV INSPECTION: The Owner or his representative shall have the option of perfonning a TV inspection of any section of sewer for signs of structural damage, joint leaks or infiltration. The costs of the inspection shall be paid by the Owner unless the inspection reveals faulty construction or materials wherein the costs shall be paid by the Contractor. G. CORRECTION OF DEFECTIVE WORK: Whenever any of the above tests or inspections indicate defective material or installation, the Contractor shall repair and retest the section to the satisfaction of the Engineer at no cost to the Owner. The use of chemical grouts shall be limited to the repair of minor joint leaks and shall not be used without the specific written approval of the Engineer. Any pipe or fitting having structural damage shall be removed and replaced.. Any PVC sewer with deflection in excess of the 5.0% limitation shall be re-excavated, inspected. for structural damage, and then rebed.ded and backfilled and retested.. END OF SECTION 001 02732-8 �• • SECTION 02901 RESTORATION AND CLEAN-UP PART 1 GENERAL WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with RESTORATION M1D CLEAN-UP. RELATED WORK 1.02 A. . B. REQUIREMENTS: The Contractor shall restore all areas disturbed. by his construction operations to a condition equal to or better than the existing prior to construction and shall clean-up and haul away all construction debris and litter caused by his operation. RELATED SECTIONS: Including, but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. SECTION 015_60 SECTION 02231 SECTION 02513 SECTION 02525 SECTION 02528 SECTION 02946 SECTION 02938 SECTION 03001 - SPECIAL CONrROLS - AGGREGATE BASE COURSE - BITUMINOUS LEVELING/SURFACE COURSES - CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER - CONCRETE SIDEWALKS - . TOPSOILING AND SEEDING - SODDING - CONCRETE 1.03 CLEAN-UP: General rough grading and clean-up shall follow immediately after installation of utilities so that no more than 1,000 lineal feet of clean-up shall remain to be completed at any time during construction. The Contractor shall remove all equipment, debris, and waste material from the construction site and material and equipment storage areas prior to final inspection and after restoration. PART2 PRODUCTS - Tius section not used. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 PERMANENT PAVE:MENT: All street surfaces, driveways, curb and gutter, and sidewalks removed or disturbed by construction operations shall be restored to their original condition, or better unless otherwise shown on the plans and/or details. Street base course and surfacing shall conform with Section 02231, Aggregate Base Course, and Section 02513, Bituminous Leveling/Surface Course. All concrete for restoration shall be air entrained Class A concrete conforming to Section 03001, Concrete or Section 03300, Structural Concrete. All street, 001 02901-1 �I I I • • driveway and sidewalk crossings shall be restored immediately after completion of the crossing to accommodate vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Temporary patching of pa;vements of bituminous base will be required in the event of final restoration is not anticipated within 5 days of the crossing construction. 3.02 ~flSCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES: Mail boxes, fences, culverts, ditches and oth!!r existing structures shall be· resorted or replaced, as required, to original or better condition in a manner acceptable to the Engineer. 3.03 BOUNDARY MARKER REPLACEMENT: The Contractor shall have replaced by a Registered Land Surveyor, at his own expense, al section corners, property corners or boundary markers of any type or material that may be damaged or destroyed by his construction operation. 3.04 SEEDING: Lawn areas disturbed. by the Contractor's construction operations shall be topsoiled and seeded in conformance with Section 02936, Topsoiling and Seeding. In general, lawn areas shall be all areas back of the curb unless otherwise designated on the plans or noted in the specifications. 3.05 SODDING: Areas designated on the drawings to be sodded shall be sodded in conformance with Section 02938, Sodding. The Contractor at his option may sod areas required or designated to be seeded. 3.06 PLANTING: Shrubs, other plantings, and trees removed during construction, other than those specifically designated to be removed, shall be replaced with new material equal to that removed. Replacement shall be with approved stock from a State-inspected nursery and shall carry a one year replacement guarantee. END OF SECTION 001 02901-2 �I • • • SECTION 02936 TOPSOILJJ\G AND SEEDING PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 "'ORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection w;th TOPSOJLlliG AND SEEDING. 1.02 RELATED WORK: A. REQUIRE11.ENTS: The Contractor shall topsoil, grade, fertilize, seed and mulch lawn and other designated areas disturbed by construction operations. Attention is directed to Section 01560 - SPECIAL CONTROLS. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 TOPSOIL: Any topsoil _necessary to complete the work over and above the topsoil stockpiled during construction operations shall be ftL.111ished by the Contractor. Topsoil shall be free from brush, objectionable weeds or other litter, and approved by the Engineer prior to spreading. 2.02 SEED: All seed to be used shall be labeled in accordance with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rules and Regulations under the Federal Seed Act and shall be in accordance with the State seed rules and regulations. Seed certificates or tags from the seed bags shall be submitted to the Engineer. Seed shall conform to :MDOT Specification 8.21.09 for roadside and Class A mixtures. 2.03 FERTILIZERS: Chemical fertilizer shall be standard commercial grade with packaging clearly marked in accordance with applicable Federal laws. Bulk fertilizer may be used when certified delivery slips are furnished by the Contractor. 2.04 MULCH: Straw, hay, and marsh hay used for mulching of grass seeded areas shall ·meet the approval of the Engineer. 2.05 MULCH ADHESIVE: Mulch adhesive shall be latex-base adhesive confonning to :MDOT Specification 8.21.11. 001 02936-1 �•-· -· • • • •· PART 3 . 3.01 PREPARATIQN OF SEED BED A. GRADING: Grades on areas to be seeded shall be maintained in a true and even condition. Where the grades are not defined, they shall be established by the Contractor to blend with existing adjacent grades without irregularities and shall provide for proper drainage . B. PLACING TOPSOIL: The topsoil shall be evenly spread over the areas by blade graders, or other approved methods, to a depth of at least 3 inches. Any irregularities in the surface resulting from topsoiling or other operations shall be corrected in order to prevent the formation of low places and pockets where water will stand. Topsoil shall not be placed when the subgrade is in a condition detrimental to seeding or proper grading. C. APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER: Fertilizer shall be distributed unifonnly over the areas to be seeded at a rate which will provide 240 pounds per acre of chemical fertilizer nutrients, in equal proportions of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash and shall be incorporated into the soil to a depth of at least 3 inches by discing, harrowing or other acceptable methods. D. CLEAN-UP: After completion of the above operations, the surface shall be cleared of stones, roots, brush, wire, grade stakes and other objects that might be a hindrance to maintenance operations. 3.02 001 EXECUTION SEEDING A. SEEDING REQUIREMENTS: 11DOT Class A seed mixture shall be used on all lawn areas. 11DOT Roadside seed mixture shall be used for areas disturbed by construction and not defined as lawn area. No seeding shall be .done until the Engineer has inspected the seed containers. B. SEEDING: Seed shall be sown by mechanical means except that areas inaccessible to spreading equipment may be seeded by t he broadcast method. Seeding shall be accomplished between the period of April 15 into the fall as long as weather conditions pennit seed bed preparation. Seeding rate shall be Class A: 110#/A, Roadside: 100#/A. c. CO:Ml'ACTING: Immediately after seeding, the entire area shall be compacted by means of a cultipacker, roller or approved equipment weighing 60 to 90 pounds per linear foot of roller. The final rolling shall be a right angles to slopes to prevent water erosion. 02936-2 �I I I .. 3.03 • • MULCHING A. STRAW AND HAY MULCH: After seeding and fertilizing operations have been I completed, straw, hay or marsh hay shall be spread over the swiace to a unifonn thickness at the rate of two tons per acre. The mulch shall be loose enough to allow sunlight to penetrate and air to slowly circulate, but thick enough to shade the ground, reduce rate of water evaporation and prevent or reduce water or wind erosion. Mulch which has become displaced shall be replaced at the Contractor's expense. Cellulose fiber mulch shall be applied at the rate of 2000#/Acre ,vith 55 gallon Tackifyer/Acre. Cellulose fiber mulch shall not be used in lawn areas. B. MULCH ADHESIVE: The mulch shall be held in place by a spraycoating of mulch adhesive. The Contractor shall protect all traffic, signs, structures, and other objects from being mmed or disfigured by the adhesive material. Adhesive material shall be applied uniformly at a rate of 400 gallons per acre and shall be by spraying simultaneously with the mulch, or by spraying a swiace application of adhesive immediately follov.'ing mulching . .- • 3.04 ESTABLISHMENT OF SEEDED AREAS: The Contractor shall be responsible for the proper care of the seeded area during the period when the grass is becoming established, and shall be responsible for a total grass cover. The acceptance must be demonstrated. by the results. A. WATERlNG: The seed bed for lawn areas shall be given one watering immediately after placement sufficient to wet at least two (2) inches of the seed bed. Additional watering at the same rate shall be accomplished at five (5) day intervals for a period of five (5) weeks, or a total of eight applications of water. In case of rain, the Contractor shall obtain approval of the Engineer to omit an application of water or re-schedule the watering interval. After the five week period, maintenance of the seeded areas will be assumed by the Owner or respective property owners. The Contractor will not be held responsible for any mowing of seeded areas. B. REPAIR: If any time prior to the end of the five (5) week period during which the Contractor is responsible for watering of the seeded areas, the ground is displaced due to subsidence, or sliding or gullying on sloped areas, the Contractor shall repair and re-seed the damaged areas at his expense. C. WEEDS: After the grass has become established and it appears to have more than 10% weeds, the Contractor shall spray with an approved herbicide. E:t\'D OF SECTION 001 02936-3 �• SECTION 02938 SODDING PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection w·th SODDING. 1.02 RELATED WORK A. REQUIREMENTS: The Contractor shall topsoil, grade, fertilize and sod areas designated on the plans or in the specifications. Attention is directed to Section 01560 - SPECIAL CONTROLS. PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.01 TOPSOIL: Any topsoil necessary to complete the work over and above the topsoil stockpiled during construction operations shall be furnished by the Contractor. Topsoil shall be free from brush, objectionable weeds or other litter, and approved by the Engineer prior to spreading. Any additional topsoils required shall be fertile, friable, humus soil of mineral origin consisting of black loam, clay loam, or sandy loam. 2.02 SOD: The class and blend of sod to be furnished under this specification shall be shown on the plans or noted in the specifications. In general, sod shall be mineral or muck type and shall contain a well developed cover of growing grass. The sod shall be free of undesirable plants, stone, roots or other material detrimental to the establishment of the sod. The minimum sod mat thickness shall . be ¾" and sod snail be cut to provide an average thickness after laying of not less than 1½". The Contractor shall provide certificates of sod blends from approved suppliers prior to placement of the sod. Sod containing Merion Bluegrass will not be accepted. Sod shall not be frozen. 2.03 FERTILIZERS: Chemical fertilizer shall be standard commercial grade \\-ith packaging clearly marked in accordance with applicable Federal laws. Bulk fertilizer may be used when certified delivery slips are furnished by the Contractor. The mix shall be 12-12-12. 2.04 PEGS FOR SODDING: Pegs shall be at least 10 inches long of a size sufficient to hold the sod. 002 02938-1 �• • • • ALIGN DR!VEWAY RETURN TO FIT OPENING IN CURB & GUTTER CURB FLOW LINE 1'' EXP. JOINT 1" EXP. JOINT GUTTER PAN GUTTER CURB & GUTTER CURB SECTION A-A CONCRETE DRIVEWAY OPENING GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 . SC-12 �EXTRA WIDTI-i TO BE ADDED AT f >.!..LEYS & COI.II.IERCIAI. DRJVES ,· ~~~~ ~ / WID™ AS Cl.l.l.£D FOR ON Pl.ANS :..•_ __:5~•----4,_ _ _ _ _ _W-'------t--.::..S'_--; I 1/(' RADIUS 1/(' /FT. SLOPE TOWARDS STREIT Pl.ME Of WEAKNESS JOIP..'TS --=-..;sm~,=,.~,_,·,-=...~~--.~ -...,_.,r.-.,...,.,.,_,:fn-4" CONCRETE SIDEWALK ™ICl<NE:SS EQUAL TO CONC. DRIVEWAY APPROACH SUBBASE-IF CAU£D FOR ON Pl.ANS (4" I.IIN.) THICKENED CONCRETE SIDEWALK 50' MAX. D<P. JOINT SPACING! W-R-d I 1/-r' ™ICl<ENEO CONC. SIOEWALJ< EXP. JOINT 1/"r I < CONC. SlOEWALK EXP. JOINT 1/"r EXP. BACK OF CURS 0.6 R 0.4 R NOTE: W .. 1.CIN. W!D'TH Of ™ICKENED CONCRE:Tt: SlOEWAU<. R (R-d) SH.AJ..1. NOT BE LESS THAN JOINT TIWTIC DIRECTION DRIVEWAY WlCliH. K,;r . A V A V V STRVCT\JRE A • V I: 50' I.IAX. EXP. JOINT SP>.CING ""'·"''"'"""-a< PLACED BE'IWN. SIDEWALK & RJG1D S'TRVCT\JR£. E//"' PROPERTY UNE . WHEN OIRECIT.O BY ll-1£ ENC:Hfl'.R THE JOINT SH.A.1..1.. BE P ~ 1' FROI.I THE PROPERTY UN£ II CONC. SODEW'1J< 1/1/z' EXP. JOINT / r'-. .\ " ". EXP. JOINT 1 I " I ~, I "r EXP. JOI I I I ..... " - - SIDEWALK S1W.L BE DMDED INTO UNrT AREAS OF NOT I.IOR£ ll-\A.N 36 SO. FT. BY 1,1£N,1S OF CUT JOlr-tT'S. INSOFAR AS POSSIBl.£. UNrT AREAS SH.A.1..1.. BE SQUARE AND NOT lESS ll-\A.N 1 6 SQ. FT. LOCATION OF JOINTS IN CONCRETE SIDEWALK SID£WAU< INTERS(CTIONS SI-WJ. BE OST 1.40NOUTHICAU..Y WITH JOINT IJH£S PLACED NEAA TO PERPENDICULAR AS POSSIBLE wmt SIDEWAU< EDGE. TO AVOID NARROW OR POINTED PIECES OF CONCRETE. ~ NOTES: SIDEWALK lRANSVERSE SLOPE MAY VARY FROI.I ZERO TO 1/-r PER FT. TO UEIT SIDE CONDmows. WHO-I TAANSVERSE SLOPE IS LESS THAN 1/, PER FT. LONCffiJDIIW. DR>JN.A.GE UUST BE PROVIDED. IN SETTlNG GAAD£S FOR C:01.CI.CERCIAI. DRlYES THE TYPES OF THE USl~ VOilCLES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHERE f'ERI.W-IE),lf STRUCTURE IS LOCATED IN SIDEWALK. PtACE EXPANSION UATERIAI. AROUND STRUCT\JRE & ADJUST JOINT PATTERH TO IITTERSECT STRUC'TURE AS SHOWl'I. lYPICAL SIDEWALK JOINT 1.AYOUT GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SIDEWALK DETAILS SC-13 �I 66' I I ow I 31' -B z Cl!: w ~ < .en en .:E t- < c., I I V) 3: 8' 23' I I I I 1 23 N , ______ J , ----- _ _ _ _ W A T E R - - - -..........- - - ~ - . . . . - - - - - - , I C - - - W A T E R - - - - - - - - z < V) :::E (/) I- en < c., I I I SAN-------:---+--SAN--------~M--- --!----L--~M------------lI I I GAS---t-- -GAS------- 1 I I z < (/) ~ c., I I I I I I I STANDARD STREET & UTILllY LAYOUT SCALE: 1" = GAYLORD . __MS-1 91527.12 SC-14 20' �• 1111§ .111111 ~ ~ 111111 1111§ -~ ~~ C) V, Cl:) N' >- ~ :--i-r ..... N 0 ~ 66' R.O.W. 17.5' VJ ....0 VI 15.5' 17.5' 15.5' 3• MINIMUM BITUMINOUS SURFACE . . r iJ_ ...~ . , C - 0 ½ 1 / 4 0~ 0 W f f f i Z ¼ o / 4 . :..);. • . •. : . 4 • • J. •. : : ·•. ·.. L ROADWAY SUBGRADE COMPACTED TO 957. M.U.D. STANDARD CURB &: GUTTER NOTE: q_ ELEVATIONS EQUALS TOP OF CURB ELEVATIONS 8" -22A GRAVEL, COMPACTED IN PLACE TO 987. OF MAX. UNIT DENSllY ]YPICAL ROADWAY CROSS SECTION NO SCALE �r J f f J ,. , , 4• CONSTRUCTION LIMIT 1'+ S' TOPSOIL 0 1·-0 1'+/- CONCRETE CURB t .-- EXCAVATED MATERIAL FREE FROM DEBRIS #4 2RE-STEEL CONT. AT BOTTOM COMPACTED SANO BASE STANDARD CURB & GUTTER DETAIL SCALE: 1•= 1'-o" GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SC-16 �~,.. _,..~WI,~~-. ::s~o en ► v, t,J I -< :--i- ~ - 0 N ~ GROUND LINE ~-.,----c====-==-=-+==-=-=-==r-----CASING LENClTH PER PLANS TEMPORARY SHEETING IF REQUIRED CARRIER PIPE fj EMBECO OR OTHER APPROVED EXPANDING GROUT VOID SHALL BE FILLED WITH PEASTONE AGGREGATE (MIN.) OR AS REQUIRED BY CONTROLLING AUTHORllY Cl) STEEL CASING PIPE - ALL CASING PIPE JOINTS TO BE CONTINUOUS WELDED ]YPICAL JACKING SECTION 0 - NO SCALE --.l MINIMUM CASING SIZES CARRIER PIPE SIZE CASING SIZE SEWER CASING SIZE WATER 6" 8" 12" 16" 18" 10" 18" 12" 20" 15" 24" 18" JO" - CARRIER PIPE 14" 1" STEEL BANDS, 2 PER SKID- 5'-0" MAX. SPACING 20" 24" ~ 1. BELL ENDS OF CARRIER PIPE SHALL NOT BE IN CONTACT W/ CASING PIPE. 2. BULKHEAD ENDS W/ EMBECO OR OTHER APPROVED EXPANDING GROUT. J. THE VOID SHALL BE FILLED W/ PEASTONE AGGREGATE (MIN.) OR AS REQUIRED BY CONTROLLING AUTHORllY. STEEL CASING PIPE W/MIN . 0.250" THICK WALL STRUCTURAL GRADE REDWOOD OR TREATED WOOD SKIDS- MIN. (2) PER PIPE SKID DETAIL NO SCALE �PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01 PREP ARATipN BED A. GRADING: Grades on areas to be sodded shall be maintained in a true and even condition. Where the grades are not defined, they shall be established by the Contractor to blend with existing adjacent grades without irregularities and shall provide for proper drainage. B. PLACING TOPSOIL: The topsoil shall be ~venly spread over the areas by blade graders, or other approved methods, to a depth of at least 3 inches. Any irregularities in the surface resulting from topsoiling or other operations shall be corrected in order to prevent the formation of low places and pockets where water will stand. Topsoil shall not be placed when the subgrade is in a condition detrimental to sodding or proper grading. C. APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER: Fertilizer shall be distributed uniformly over the areas to be _sodded at a rate which will provide 240 pounds per acre of chemical fertilizer nutrients, in equal proportions of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash and shall be incorporated into the soil to a depth of at least 3 inches by discing, harrowing or other acceptable method. An additional 100 pounds per acre of chemical fertilizer nutrients shall be applied over the completed sod immediately prior to the first watering. D. CLEAN-UP: After completion of the above operations, the surface shall be cleared of stones, roots, brush, wire, grade stakes and other objects that might be a hindrance to maintenance operations. 3.02 002 OF SOD PLACEMENT OF SOD: The sod, within 24 hours of cutting, shall be laid smoothly, edge to edge, with staggered joints. The sod shall immediately be pressed firntly into contact with the sod bed by tamping or rolling with approved e.quipment to provide a true and even surface. Following compaction, screened loam or topsoil shall be used to fill any cracks between sod pieces in a manner which will prevent smothering of the grass. A. FINISHJNG: After sodding operations have been completed, the edges of the area shall be smooth. On slopes steeper than, or equal to, 3 and 1, the sod shall be · fastened in place with suitable wooden stakes places 2' on center or by other approved methods. B. WATERING: The sod shall be given one watering immediately after placement sufficient to wet the sod through completely and to wet at least two (2) inches of the sod bed. Additional watering at the same rate shall be accomplished at three (3) day intervals for a period of three (3) weeks, or a total of eight applications of water. In case of rain, the Contractor shall obtain approval of the Engineer to omit an application of water or re-schedule the watering interval. After the three week period, maintenance of the sod will be assumed by the Owner or respective 02938-2 �property owners. The Contractor will not be held responsible for any mowing of sodded areas. C. REP AIR: If at any time to the end of the three (3) week period during which the Contractor is responsible for watering of the sodded areas, the sod is displaced due to subsidence, or sliding or gullying on sloped areas, the Contractor shall repair and re-sod the damaged areas at his expense. E:t\TD OF SECTION 002 02938-3 �SECTION 03001 CONCRETE PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with furnishing CONCRETE. 1.02 RELATED "WORK: The Contractor shall notify the Engineer in writing of the name and address of the ready mix concrete supplier to be used one week prior to placement of any concrete. The Engineer will then determine the competency of the supplier and notify the Contractor if the concrete supplier is approved or rejected. Attention is directed to Section 01560, Special Controls. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 CE1\1ENT: Shall be ASTM C150, Type IA or I. Air content shall be 5.5 percent, with a tolerance of + 1.5, -0.5, when required. 2.02 AGGREGATE A. FINE AGGREGATE: Shall conform to MDOT Specification 2NS fine aggregate. B. COARSE AGGREGATE: Shall be gravel and stone confonning to MDOT Specification 6A coarse aggregate. 2.03 WATER: Shall be clean and free from injurious deleterious substances such as oil, alkali and organic matter. If drinking water quality is not used, the Engineer shall ap.prove the water source before use. 2.04 2.05 001 ADMIXTURES A. AIR-ENTRAINING AGENT: Shall conform to ASTM C260. B. ACCELERATING AD1vIDITURES: Shall conform to ASTM C494, Type C, nonchloride and non-corrosive type. C. GENERAL AD11IXTURES: Shall be used only as herein specified. \Vritten approval of the Engineer shall be required to use any other admixtures. REINFORCING STEEL BARS: Shall conform to ASTM A615, Grade 60, unless otherwise noted on the plans. 03001-1 �2.06 CURING COMPOUND: For exposed concrete swfaces shall be equal to MDOT Specification 8.24.06.a., "White Membrane Curing Compound". (ASTM C309, Type 2). 2.07 PROPORTIONS A. r MIXTURE DESIGN: Cement, fine and coarse aggregates shall be mixed in approximately 1:2:3 parts (dry and loose) by volume to achieve the following minimum strengths and cement content Cement Content Sacks oer CYD AA 6.5 A B 6.0 5.5 Minimum 28 Day Compressive Stren2:th (psi) 4,000 3,500 3,000 B. WATER CONTENT: Shall be the minimum amount necessary to provide workability. Slump as measured by ASTh1 C143 shall be from 2 to 4 inches. C. MIXING: Transit mixing concrete conforming to ASTM C94 shall be used unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. D. ADMIXTURES 1. Air-Entraining Cement or Admixtures: Shall be used for all exposed concrete, but shall not be required for buried concrete. 2. Accelerating Admixtures: Shall be used only for buried concrete to allow the Contractor to proceed sooner with the backfill operations. Use of calcium chloride will not be allowed. PART3 EXECUTION 3.01 CONCRETE PLACEMENT: Prior to placement of concrete, all forms and placement of reinforcing steel and embedded items shall be approved by the Engineer. Forms shall be cleaned of all debris and reinforcement secured in position. Concrete shall be placed as rapidly and continuously as possible without segregation. Concrete shall not be allowed to free fall more than six (6) feet A. 001 TEMPERATURE: No concrete shall be placed in temperature lower than 4()° F. unless special provisions are made and approved by the Engineer. Admixtures shall not be used to prevent freezing. 03001-2 �J J J J B. BASE: Concrete shall be placed on undisturbed soil, free from water, mud, frost, and ice. C. COMP ACTIO~: Each layer of concrete shall be compacted with a mechanical vibrator which shall be supplemented by handspading, rodding and tamping, as required to consolidate the fresh concrete. Vibrators shall be applied at uniformly spaced points no further apart than 18 inches or the visible effectiveness of the machine. Vibrators shall not be inserted into layers which have begun to set nor shall vibration be continued to a point where objectionable segregation occurs. Form vibrators \\rill not be pennitted. D. REINFORCING STEEL: Shall be accurately placed and firmly held in place as indicated on the plans. All splices shall have a minimum lap of 36 bar diameters. The minimum cover for concrete placed against earth shall be 3 inches and for surfaces exposed to the weather, shall be 2 inches. E. CURING OF CONCRETE: All concrete shall be maintained in a thoroughly wet condition for not less than seven (7) days after placement by adding moisture, or by preventing loss of original moisture, by one of the following methods: 3.02 1. Moist Curing: Unformed surfaces shall be covered with burlap, and shall be kept moist. Forms shall be kept wet at all times and when removed, curing shall be continued by wetting concrete with a fine spray from a hose until curing period is completed. Burlap shall not be used for curing of exposed surfaces in the finished work. Ponding on slabs on earth may be used. 2. Moisture Barrier Curing: Surfaces shall be covered with a moisture barrier lapped six (6) inches at the edges and ends. Moisture barrier covering shall be weighted to prevent displacement and all holes and tears shall be repaired and moisture added as required to maintain an adequate curing environment. 3. Membrane Curing: Shall be utilized on all exterior slabs, pavements, sidewalks, curb and gutters. FIELD AA1D LABORATORY CONTROL TESTS A. FIELD TESTING: The Engineer will perform slump tests (ASTM C143) for each truckload of concrete placed and air content tests (ASTM C138) when applicable and as required to maintain the air content within the tolerance specified. B. LABORATORY TESTING: Compressive strength tests shall be made for each 50 cubic yards of concrete placed. Three (3) molded concrete cylinders will be .. made (AS1M C31) and delivered to the designated testing laboratory. The testing laboratory shall perform the compressive strength tests in conformance with ASTM C39. The cost of the testing will be paid by the Owner. END OF SECTION 001 03001-3 �SECTION 03600 GROUT PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 WORK INCLUDED: The work covered by this section of the specifications consists of furnishing all plant, labor, equipment, and materials in connection with the use of GROUT. 1.02 RELATED WORK: Grout used in related work specified elsewhere shall conform with the requirements· of this specification. PART2 PRODUCTS 2.01 GROUT: A. PORTLAND CEMENT: Shall be ASThf C150, Type 1 or IA. B. NON-SHRINK GROUT: Shall conform to Corps of Engineers specification CRDC588. Material shall be as manufactured by \V. R. Meadows, Five Star, Embeco, or equal. Non-staining material shall be used for all exposed work. C. MORTAR: Shall be ASThf C270, Type M. 2.02 Fll\1E AGGREGATE: Shall conform to MDOT Specification 2MS for masoruy sand. 2.03 WATER: Shall be clean and free from injurious deleterious substances such as oil, alkali and organic matter. If drinking water quality is not used, the Engineer shall approve the water source before use. 2.04 ADMIXTURES: Shall not 2.05 PROPORTIONS: Grout shall be mixed in the following proportions: A. be used without written permission of the Engineer. GROUT: Shall consist of proportions of Portland Cement or mortar and sand with sufficient water. to form a workable mix in accordance with the following requirements: Parts Cement Use Utility Structures - Precast Section Joints Sewer Joints - when specified 001 03600-1 1 1 Parts Cement . 2 2 �B. . PART 3 NON-SHRJNK GROUT: Shall be mixed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. EXECUTION 3.01 GROUT: Shall be placed within 1½ hours of the time the mix is completed. 3.02 NON-SHRINK GROUT FOR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES: Used for caulking around pipes through concrete walls, repair of joints, in concrete pipe and other circumstances where the effectiveness and durability of the grout depends upon the reduction or elimination of drying shrinkage shall be placed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. 3.03 NON-SHRINK GROUT FOR EQUIPl\.fENT OR STRUCTURAL BASES: Shall be used to completely fill the voids between bearing plates and the structural foundations to provide full bearing for the base. All grout shall be placed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. E1'.1D OF SECITON 001 03600-2 �I ~O Ul/S.Y. MINIIJ.Ul,l l.lDOT 1100U<T-20M OR MATCH EXISTING il-llCl<NESS. TRll.l EXISTING ASPKAI..T TO A NEAT EDGE. ------.---- -----4----''------.....,C..""" If' UDOT 2:2A GRA\/El. BASE COMPACTED TO , oo,; O£NSJ1Y. IUPORTED GRANULAR BACKF1Ll OR TR£NCH MATERW.. APPROVED BY ENGINEER. UNDISTURBED SOIL APPROVED BEDDING FOR STORM ANO SANITN« SEWERS ANO WATERMAlN 4' MIN. UNDERCUT FOR STORM >ND SANITARY SEWERS mo WATERMAJN NOTE: IN D:IS11NG STREETS, CONTR.ACTOR Sl-wJ. RESTOR£ SURF>.c:E TO ORIGINAL OR BETTER CONomoN. TRENCH BACKFJLL UNDER RON>WAY. NO SCA!.£ TOPSOIL-3" 1.411'1. FOR SEEDING f "r MIN. FOR SODDING / ' TRENCH l.(ATERw.. APPROVED BY ENGll'lEIR. APPROVED BEDDING FOR STORM ANO SANITARY S€WERS ANO WATERWJN ~ UIN. UNDERCUT FOR STORM SA.'lrTAR"Y SB'l'ERS mo NORMAL IBENCH BACKEJLL NO SCA!.£ GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SC-1 �PLASTER COATING ON EXTERIOR PRECAST ADJ. RINGS TOOL INTERIOR JOINTS PRECAST CONCRETE MH RISERS Ji MH STEPS 1 Ji fl Ji , 'f J J J J J PRECAST CONC. ECCENTRIC CONE VAF?:f HEIGHT AS REQ'D. REINFORCED Fl.AT SLAB IS ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATE s• 0- RING JOINT NOTE: 1. SANITAF?:f MANHOLES SHALL BE PRECAST CONCRETE FlllSTEEL TROWEL FlNISH SLOPE 2 ON 1 2 TYPICAL UNLESS NOTED 011-iERWISE FLEXIBLE CONNECTION, • KOR-N-SEAL; • A-LOCK; OR EQUAL z :i .3/4• -1 1/4• GAP AT PIPE ENDS PROVIDED TO MAINTAIN JOINT FL.EXIBILTY .J.,::...:-1~-:-- ~=-I-+--'-~~ INTEGRAL BASE -.... __ - - FlRM UNDISTURBED SOIL. COMPACTED SAND, OR CONCRETE STANDARD SANITARY MANHOLE NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SC-2 �NOTE: FOR e; DIA SEWERS WITH DROP CONNECTION, TI-iE DROP PIPE SHALL BE e;' DIA FOR SEWERS 1o• AND LARGER, THE DROP PIPE SHALL BE ONE SIZE ' SMALLER THAN TI-iE MAIN LINE. FLEXIBLE CONNECTION, "KOR-N-SEALN, "A-LOCK", OR EQUAL 2' LONG TEE FITTINGBRANCH DOWN ! I r INLET SEWER OR ,........__ _-t-=-~1 r - - -....... SAN. SERVICE LEAD <f. oa w w- -a. 0.. '= (..) w a. a. V> 0 0:: V> STD. LENGTH PIPE CUT, ONE LENGTH ONLY TO FlT Cl V) N w ....J z ,- :::> LONG RADIUS 90" ELBOW "A: ·.·.· -.~ NON-SHRINK GROUT ·. 4 .· :. CONCRETE ENCASEMENT o MIN. All AROUND :;.: ·.. : ...: STANDARD DROP PIPE DETAIL NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SC-3 �·• . ~ 2:: Vt (/) N I ;--1 .... N C) > -< ~ 0 ~ "'7?0,<¼¼¼¼(¼:'~-@'i 45· ELBOW //Jl I .·:.--..·,:. J 0.67. GRADE (MIN.) : , ... ·. (/) 45" ELBOW . <. COMPACTED GRANULAR BEDDING n .1,.. .-.,,,'l..?/ ' COMPACTED GRANULAR BEDDING OR 6A STONE . -·. MINIMUM LATERAL ,:LOO. . 67. (MIN.(&_ : FIRM UNDISTURBED SOIL OR TAMPED SAND COMPACTED GRANULAR BEDDING OR 6A STONE- HORIZONTAL CONNECTION VERTICAL RISER SANIIARY ~l~.4: ~ «t~·~A '., :..' //-.' SERVICE CONNECTIONS (PVC PIPE ONLY) NO SCALE �\0 7' C) t;; v.i > 1-J I -< :--i - r ..... 0 N fj 66' R.O.W. w z :J 3:: 0 0::: CLEANOUT WITH THREADED PLUG FLUSH WITH GRADE ~I 0 ~_ I 6" ~ 4"r;, MIN. CLEANOUT u (/) Q ~I VI io 0 u 21 PROP. SAN. SEWER 6"r/J MIN. SERVICE LEAD // ~1 1 SANITARY SERVICE LEAD DETAIL NO SCALE L. FITTING �TOOL INTERIOR JOINTS PRECAST CONCRETE MH RISERS MH STEPS 1 o __.-- PRECAST CONC. ECCENTRIC _-CONE VARY HEIGHT AS REQ'D. REINFORCED FLAT SLAB IS ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATE O.C. 4•-0· i------------;• •: UNLESS NOTED O11-iERWISE NON-SHRINK GROUT AROUND PIPE CONCRETE FlLLSTEEL TROWEL FINISH SLOPE 2 ON 12 TYPICAL INTEGRAL BASE FIRM UNDISTURBED SOIL. COMPACTED SAND, OR CONCRITE STANDARD STORM- MANHOLE NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 SC-6 �1 - - - - - - STANDARD MUNICIPAL r.=:=~s::::ll I CATCH BASIN CASTING. (SEE NOTE NO. 1) MINIMUM 1/2• CEMENT PLASTER OUTSIDE PRECAST CONC. MANHOLE SECTIONS TOOL INTERIOR JOINTS NON-SHRINK GROUT .: .. ~___._-·_;·•~ · a. t 0 0 NOTE: 1. CASTING TO BE SET ~RGg~i~RB OR I 4' 0 7I ... ~ :::> Vl N . z ~ ;.,._....1,•~ ·· r-··J.......,..-----P---.J._--'7':--'+:-:-i...._ :~//// ~ =,:.:..•.. //: 2. INTEGRAL BASE IS 6'-r:J' \ AN A C C E P T A B L E C ALTERNATE. I 1/ SECTION STANDARD CATCH BASIN NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 :::E SC-7 FIRM UNDISTURBED SOIL. COMPACTED SAND OR CONCRETE �PRECAST CONCRETE MH RISERS MH STEPS 1 o - - - - - PRECAST CONC. ECCENTRIC CONE VARY HEIGHT AS REQ'D. REINFORCED FLAT SLAB IS ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATE 0 .C. 0-RING JOINT JOTE: 4'-(j DlA. i . SANITARY MANHOLES SHALL BE PRECAST UNLESS NOTED b I ii, •PIPE SIZES GREATER 0 CONCRETE FlLL- THAN Jo• DIA. AT 90 • BENDS REQUIRE A 0 - S'TEQ TROWEL FlNISH • 6' DIA. MANHOLE .. 0 1 NTEGRAL BASE ·O .: ·w.'· ----------1:_:__:--=--.c....,,.,,,r:---------•· -·· . • · .0 · z ~ STANDARD MANHOLE 24" TO 48" PIPE; NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-I 91527.12 SC-8 FlRMCONCRETE UNDISTuRSED SOIL. OR COMPACTED SAND, �PUMPER CONNECTION SHALL FACE· STREET GRADE UNE ON HYDRANT SHALL BE · SET AT FlNISH GROUND SURFACE OR AS DIRECTED BY THE ENGINEER. 1• GRAVEL OR· CRUSHED STONE a:: w > 0 (.) HYDRANT DRAIN SHALL BE PLUGGED UNLESS DIRECTED OTHERWISE. UNDISTURBED :i ~ DISTANCE DETERMINED BY RESIDENT ENGINEER 4• THICK X 2 SQ. FT. BEARING AREA SLAB OF PRECAST OR POURED CONC. OR OlliER SLAB MATERIAL APPROVED BY RESIDEt--.'T ENGINEER. KEEP CONC. THRUST BLOCK BELOW HYDRANT DRNN. SEE THRUST BLOCK SCHEDULE & DETAIL IN SPECS. FOR SIZE. HYDRANT DETAIL NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 THRUST BLOCK SC-9 �STREET R.0.W. PROPERlY LINE OR AS DIRECTED BY ENGINEER 0:: w ~ CONSTRUCT GOOSE NECK GoRP. STOP (.) z SE 1"~ MIN. SERVICE PIPE MUNICIPAL sm. SERVICE STOP (CURB VALVE) REMOVABLE PLUG WATER SERVICE CONNECTION DETAIL NO SCALE GAYLORD MS-1 91527.12 �SIDEWALK RAMP lYPE SIDEWALK RAMP lYPE 3 MODIFIED PAVEMENT CURS k GUTTER RAMP IMXIMUI.I SLOPE 1• PER f'OOT SIDEWALK .. .. . .. . . . JOIITT 4• I.CINIMUI.I THICKNESS rt' f'OR DRIVE APPROACHES 1• EXPANSION JOIITT lYPICAL SIDEWALK RAMP/DRIVE APPROACH SECTION j_ • 4. .....·.. : -~ . SECTION THRU CURB CUT GAYLORD MS-I 91527.12 PEDESTRIAN RAMP DETAIL SC-11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Gaylord_Municipal-Standards_1992 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Capital Consultants, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Title A name given to the resource Municipal Standards for the City of Gaylord Description An account of the resource The Municipal Standards for the City of Gaylord were prepared by Capital Consultants, Inc. in 1992. Subject The topic of the resource Ordinances, municipal Gaylord (Mich.) Otsego County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/30b7b39e76217a27b6da55c5debc2e90.pdf ce75b446ef8a9e75f935d4331bbc0cfa PDF Text Text . . ··-.. '.,.. - .' . ·: ,;-/ ·..• .- .~ . . ' . ·. -~; ...:.- ~ ~-- - ·- :·-. , ~- .. ·.,; .-:.. ~ CAP.ITAL :__ .,_._ . · CONSULTANT . . . . . ENGINEERS .--- ..:. �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I INTRODUCTION This Study is an amendment to the "City of Gaylord 1989 Streets Master Plan" prepared in August, 1989. The 1989 Master Plan, along with individual street ratings conducted in 1987, formed the basis for initial project prioritization. Project priorities have not been changed in this Amendment The purpose of this amendment is to update cost estimates presented in the 1989 study to reflect street policy changes recently adopted by the Gaylord City Council and to incorporate any changes in road conditions since the previous study. The new street policy adopted by the City Council calls for concrete curb and gutter the full length of new roadways. This in turn has a significant affect on required roadway width, storm drainage considerations, and construction cost This amendment provides updated construction cost estimates that incorporates these new considerations. GENERAL The recently adopted curb and gutter policy has significant ramifications on new street construction in the City. Previous roadway construction would generally consist of a 24 foot wide paved surface with 3 foot gravel shoulders. Curb and gutter and drainage improvements would normally be constructed only at intersections. The majority of drainage structures would be leaching basins due to the lack of adequate existing storm sewers to connect to. Storm drainage in mid-block was typically accomplished by percolation into the ground adjacent to the roadway. The placement of concrete curb and gutter the full length of the roadway will require additional related changes. Acceptable street width for non-curbed residential streets is generally 22 to 24 feet with a 3' gravel or paved shoulder on each side. The addition of curb and gutter now confines traffic within the roadway and requires a wider street for safe and comfortable driving. Typical street width for curbed streets with no on-street parking is 31 feet measured from back of curb to back of curb (back to back or B-B). Using a 2 foot wide curb and gutter section this requires a 27 foot wide paved surface. A drawing of this roadway section is shown on Figure 1. Required street width increases for on-street parking are a minimum of 33 feet B-B for parking on one side and 40 feet B-B for parking on both sides. The placement of curb and gutter also imposes additional requirements on storm drainage collection and discharge. Since all storm runoff will now be confined on the roadway, adequate storm water facilities will be a high priority item. Dependent upon project location and the proximity to existing storm sewers, new storm sewers and drainage structures should be provided where possible. In locations where no storm facilities or potential storm water outlet areas exist then an adequate number of leaching basins should be used. An in-depth evaluation of storm drainage facilities will be an important part of all future roadway designs. - 1- �I I I I I I I (/) ::, 0 z ~ ::, U') I() .... (.) t:: w £I) w (.) (/) :5 Q. ~ ~ 0 (/) w z I- w I I ;i Q. 0 1- l ::,z (.) . x ...J < ~ :::E ~ LL. I I I I I I I (/) (/) 0 a:: (.) w ...J r~< 0 z c:, 0 ~ ~ N a, • I 0:, 0 I- iri LO .... a:: :-·· ·{ ... ... +---- =•::.~.::~: .. w ~ ::, oc., ~~ OID z a:: ~::, (/) (.) 1,--------r-------~--------J I apital onsultants, Inc. tNIINl:IBI ttCI K. ......G'1'tlf ..,....,.,_.; ~ ~ 4aGI O...l'\.OltO. ~ •ns 112 IICST MM! S'ffllil 51 7-371-1.tDO sn-m-,u, CllY OF GAYLORD 1 991 STREETS MASTER PLAN FIGURE 1 lYPICAL ROADWAY CROSS SECTION f .__-------------'-------------'---------__J �I I I I I I I I I COST ESTIMATES A summary of all updated project cost estimates is shown in Table 1. This table also compares the updated project cost with the 1989 estimated cost and provides a brief description of the changes that precipitated the change in estimated project costs. It can be easily seen that the changes in roadway configuration have significantly increased the cost of each project Also listed in Table 1 as Project Priority A is aerial topographic mapping of the City. With the addition of curb and gutter to the streets, overall storm drainage throughout the City becomes a major concern in proper roadway design. It is therefore recommended than an overall Drainage Plan be developed for the City. The most economical process in obtaining the necessary topographic information is by aerial survey and mapping. The cost for this mapping is included in Table 1. As the completion of a Comprehensive Drainage Plan may have an impact on prioritization, storm sewer design and cost of the projects included in this report, the aerial mapping is listed as the highest priority item. Individual project cost estimates for each priority project and the basis for the estimates follow Table 1. These descriptions and cost estimates are listed in order of project priority. The priorities correlate to Figure 2 and also the 1989 Streets Master Plan. I I I I - 2- �TABLE 1 PRIORITY RATINGS AND COST ESTIMATES* • "• • • • • • • PRIORITY AREA A LOCATION 1989 ESTIMATED COST Entire City 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1991 ESTIMATED COST MAJOR CHANGES $ 30,000- $ 50,000 Aerial Topographic Mapping Maple Ave - Main St to Fifth St $181,900 to $195,200 $308,900 Add: Curb & gutter, 12" water main, sidewalk Old 27 - Main St North to City Limits $233,900 - $324,700 $678,000 $733,600** Add: Curb & gutter, stonn sewer, width, sidewalk Fourth St - Center Ave to Maple Ave -:;_: 1..;,~/;:,_, $135,100 to $150,000 $215,200 Add: Curb & gutter, width, sidewalk Carpenter St - West St to Ohio Ave $ 49,000 to $ 53,000 $ 58,000 Add: Curb & gutter, width Petoskey St - Indiana Ave to Otsego Ave Mitchell St - Indiana Ave to Otsego Ave Otsego Av_e - Petoskey St to Mitchell St $ 84,900 to $ 84,900 $180,100 Add: Curb & gutter, stonn sewer, width, sidewalk Fifth St - East of Maple Ave $ 65,200 to $ 72,600 $189,100 Add: Curb & gutter, storm sewer, width, sidewalk Second St - Wisconson Ave to Otsego Ave $110,200 to $121,500 $152,100 Add: Curb & gutter, stonn sewer, width Oak Ave - Main St to Huron St $ 20,500 to $ 22,400 $ 41,500 Add: Curb & gutter, stonn sewer, width, sidewalk Hazel Ave - Main St to Huron St $ 19,600 to$ 21,500 $ 26,400 Add: Curb &·gutter, width Seventh St - East of Otsego Ave $ 82,000 to $ 92,600 $129,200 Add: Curb & gutter, stonn sewer, width; Reduce: length Petoskey St - Old 27 to Hazel Ave $ 48,400 to $ 50,800 $ 91,100 Add: Curb & gutter, width 10 10 11 11 12 12 Court Ave - North St to Sheldon St 13 $ 73,900 to $ 73,900 13 $178,400 Add: Curb & gutter, stonn sewer, width, water main Grandview Blvd - Otsego Ave to Court Ave 14 $ 40,600 to $ 47,200 14 $ 66,800 Add: Curb & gutter, sidewalk $ 35,900 to $ 35,900 $ 86,600 Add: Curb & gutter, storm sewer, width $ 56,800 to $ 63,400 $45,700 Reduce: curb & gutter 15 15 Mill St - Old 27 to Elm Ave Felshaw St - Old 27 to Elm Ave Elm Ave - Mill St to Felshaw St Court Ave - Main St to First St First St - Court Ave to Center Ave TOTAL FOR ALL AREAS $1,244,200 to $1,415,800 $2,477,100 to $2,552,700 -f /ti, 7 Ji' ~ ,?7 2,i J 7) / =~st estim~tes include contingency and engineering. Prices are in 1991 dollars and adjustments for inflation should be made if necessary. Construct10n costs vary with configuration and method of reconstruction. �..·~ &-1-1-1-1-1-._._.__ l f•j[.LiiU,h I ,.,.,,.. ... L I\ ::================::! ~ ,I ,I ~ \I--===-;:_-=..~ ~~~_J ~ .s =.i.- ~ ~ 7 1 ,1~ ~-;:::--==--==-_J I ~ I ..,,m,u n. Ii ' ::J l»-111 ...,._, ,..! WI -• ·o CJ]fik - -·-~ - . ' ~' 8 I i 13 pital onsultants, Inc . ---- ... ~- UIINJ'. ciu .,...,.. ........,......._ ~ .. ,..,.....,. .._., ~ _,,. r,1--n.,...,. j 'l !' II ,I ,I ~ \' i '1l1 e I CITY OF GAYLORD T •r t_ T T PROJECT PRIORITIES FIGURE 2 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I PRIORITY #1 MAPLE STREET - EAST MAIN STREET TO FIFTH STREET BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck and bus traffic). • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - Remove 200' existing; place new sidewalk full length, both sides. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - Place new 8" sanitary sewer main to Third Street; provide 6" leads as needed. • Water Main - Place 12" water main from Third Street to Fifth Street; abandon 8" transite in that area; place 6" stub at Second Street 12" Storm - First to Third 12" Stub - at Second going west 18" Storm - Third to Fourth 18" Stub - at Fourth going west 24" Storm - Fourth to Fifth Storm Outlet Headwall 5 Storm Manholes 15 Catch Basins -3- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #1 MAPLE STREET - EAST MAIN STREET SOUTH TO FIFTH STREET COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 18 STA 110 SY 5500 SY 1250 TON 450 SY 35 SY 460 SF 3600 LF 3400 LF 1170 LF 380 LF 500 LF 1 EA 5 EA 15 EA 970 LF 400 LF 50 LF 850 LF $ 800 2.25 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2.25 18.00 25.00 30.00 3,000 1,200 1,000 20.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 $ 14,400.00 247.50 19,250.00 37,500.00 1,575.00 210.00 1,610.00 43,200.00 7,650.00 21,060.00 9,500.00 15,000.00 3,000.00 6,000.00 15,000.00 19,400.00 6,000.00 1,000.00 25,500.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $247,100.00 61,800.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $308,900.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING REMOVING CONCRETE SIDEWALK AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 12" STORM SEWER 18" STORM SEWER 24" STORM SEWER STORM OUTLET HEADWALL 4' (/) STORM MANHOLE 4' (I) CATCH BASIN 8' (I) SANITARY SEWER 6' (/) SERVICE LEADS 6' (/) WATER MAIN 12' (I) WATER MAIN -4- �I I I I I I I I I I PRIORITY #2 NORTH CENTER STREET - M-32 TO FAIRVEIW BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE Several design factors have a major affect on the construction cost for this project. The most significant factor is the addition of curb and gutter which also necessitates catch basins, storm sewer, and outlets. Another significant cost factor is the treatment of the old concrete lan1ts which may either be removed as total reconstruction, or rubblized with a bituminous overlay. Since the final decision cannot be made until after preliminary design, we are providing construction cost estimates for both cases. The cost estimates also assume a three (3) lane configuration from M-32 to Shipp and two lanes north to Fairview. We have also prepared a "North Center Roadway Alternatives - Summary of Construction Cost Estimates per Foot of Length." This table allows a more direct comparison of total reconstruction (Cases I and II) versus rubblizatii:m (Cases ill and IV) for three and two lane widths. Also included in this Table is a cost estimate for overlay only with 6 foot wide paved shoulders without curb and gutter. This alternative may be applicable for .illLlQ. 2,000 feet of roadway north of Shipp to Fairview. I I I I I I I - 5- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #2 NORTH CENTER STREET - M-32 TO FAIRVIEW COST ESTIMATE TOTAL RECONSTRUCTION, CURB & GUTTER 3 LANE TO SHIPP - 2 LANE TO FAIRVIEW (CASE I AND m ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY Removing Pavement Earthwork and Grading Removing Concrete Curb & Gutter Removing Concrete Sidewalk (allowance) Aggregate Base 8" - 22A Oass AA Approach Bituminous Approach Bituminous Asphalt Pavement Concrete Curb & Gutter Concrete Drive Approach Storm Sewer (allowance) 4 • (/) Drainage Structures (allowance) Adjusting Structures Concrete Sidewalk (2,400 LF allowance) Sewer Replacement (allowance) Water Main Extension/Replacement (allowance) Pavement Marking Traffic Control Topsoil and Seeding Mobilization Retention Basin* 16,600 SY 52 STA 2,000 LF 1,300 SY 19,400 SY 800 SY 100 TON 4,300 TON 10,400 LF 1,000 SF 6,000 LF 40 EA 10 EA 12,000 SF 1 LS 1 LS 5,200 LF 1 LS 7,000 SY 1 LS UNIT PRICE $ AMOUNT 3.00 800 2.50 2.25 3.50 3.50 35.00 26.00 10.00 3.50 25.00 1,200 250 2.25 10,000 20,000 2.50 7,500 2.50 15,000 $ 49,800 41,600 5,000 2,925 67,900 2,800 3,500 111,800 104,000 3,500 150,000 48,000 2,500 27,000 10,000 20,000 13,000 7,500 17,500 15,000 Sub Total 10% Contingency $703,325 70,300 Estimated Total $773,600 ----------- *Potential cost of additional retention basin construction not included at this time. -6- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #2 NORTH CENTER STREET - M-32 TO FAIRVIEW COST ESTIMATE RUBBLIZATION OF EXISTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT CURB & GUTTER 3 LANE TO SHIPP - 2 LANE TO FAIRVIEW (CASE III AND IV) ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY Cold Milling Asphalt Rubblize Concrete Earthwork and Grading Removing Concrete Curb & Gutter Removing Concrete Sidewalk. (allowance) Aggregate Base Oass AA Approach Bituminous Approach Bituminous Asphalt Pavement Concrete Curb & Gutter Concrete Drive Approach Storm Sewer (allowance) 4' (I) Drainage Structures (allowance) Adjusting Structures Concrete Sidewalk. (2,400 LF allowance) Sewer Replacement (allowance) Water Main Extension/Replacement (allowance) Pavement Marking Traffic Control Topsoil and Seeding Mobilization Retention Basin* 16,600 SY 12,000 SY 52 STA 2,000 LF 1,300 SY 7,400 SY 800 SY 100 TON 3,600 TON 10,400 LF 1,000 SF 6,000 LF 40 EA 10 EA 12,000 SF 1 LS 1 LS 5,200 LF 1 LS 7,000 SY 1 LS UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 1.25 1.50 400 2.50 2.25 3.50 3.50 35.00 26.00 10.00 3.50 25.00 1,200 250 2.25 10,000 20,000 2.50 7,500 2.50 20,000 $20,750 18,000 20,800 5,000 2,925 25,900 2,800 3,500 93,600 104,000 3,500 150,000 48,000 2,500 27,000 10,000 20,000 13,000 7,500 17,500 20,000 Sub Total 10% Contingency $616,275 61,600 Estimated Total $678,000 $ ---------- *Potential cost of additional retention basin construction not included at this time. - 7 - �I I I I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #2 NORTH CENTER - M-32 TO FAIRVIEW ROADWAY ALTERNATIVES SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES PER FOOT OF LENGTH CASE I CASE II CASE ID CASE IV CASE V Concrete Removal and Total Reconstruction to 39' width - face to face, curb & gutter (Applicable full length) $160/Ff Concrete Removal and Total Reconstruction to 30' width - face to face, curb & gutter (Applicable full length) $130/Ff Rubblization and Overlay to 39' width face to face, curb & gutter (Applicable full length) $142/Ff Rubblization and Overlay to 30' width face to face, curb & gutter (Applicable full length) $113/Ff Overlay Only to 24' width, plus 6' shoulders, no curb & gutter (This case may apply to the roadway between Shipp Street and Fairview if pavement cores indicate the absence of concrete. This would not apply to the roadway from M-32 to Shipp Street) Additional Sidewalk, per side $ 60/Ff $ 12/Ff Examples: 1. Determine total cost of roadway assuming: - Total reconstruction, 3 lane, 39' F-F (Case I) from M-32 to Shipp (3,160 LF) - Total reconstruction, 2 lane, 30' F-F (Case II) from Shipp to Fairveiw (2,055 LF) 3,160 LF x $160/Ff + 2,055 LF x $130/Ff = $772,750 2. Determine total cost of roadway assuming: - Rubblization & overlay to 39' width, 3 lane (Case III) from M-32 to Shipp (3,160 LF) - Overlay only to 24' width plus 6' shoulders (Case V) from Shipp to Fairview (2,055 LF) 3,160 LF x $142/LF + 2,055 LF x $60/LF = $572,020 -8- �I I PRIORITY #3 FOURTH STREET - SOUTH CENTER STREET TO SOUTH MAPLE AVENUE BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck and bus traffic). • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk: - Remove 200' existing in front of high school; Remove 260' existing north side of Fourth between Elm and Center, place new sidewalk: full length, both sides. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - Place 8" water main from Hazel to Maple; abandon 4" transite in that area; place 6" stubs at Hazel and Oak. 15" Storm - ½ Elm/Oak Block to½ Oak/Hazel Block 12" Stub - Oak going north 18" Storm - ½ Oak/Hazel to Maple 5 Storm Manholes 8 Catch Basins - 9 - �PROJECT PRIORITY #3 FOURTH STREET - SOUTH CE!\TTER STREET TO SOUTH MAPLE AVENUE COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 17 STA 260 SY 4800 SY 1100 TON 250 SY 40 SY 0 SF 3150 LF 3050 LF 410 LF 470 LF 700 LF 5 EA 8 EA 160 LF 400 LF $ 800 2.25 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2.25 18.00 22.00 25.00 1,200 1,000 20.00 25.00 $ 13,600.00 585.00 16,800.00 33,000.00 875.00 240.00 0.00 37,800.00 6,862.50 7,380.00 10,340.00 17,500.00 6,000.00 8,000.00 3,200.00 10,000.00 TOTAL ESTIM:ATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $172,200.00 43,000.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $215,200.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING REMOVING CONCRETE SIDEWALK AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUG SURFACE, 440 #/SY ORAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 12" STORM SEWER 15" STORM SEWER 18" STORM SEWER 4' 0 STORM MANHOLE 4' 0 CATCH BASIN 6' </) WATER MAIN 8' 0 WATER MAIN - 10 - �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PRIORITY #4 CARPENTER STREET - WEST STREET TO NORTH OHIO AVENUE BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck traffic). • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - Not required. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - No work required. 12" Storm - Ties new catch basin in. with existing 1 Catch Basin Connect existing leaching basins at Ohio Street into storm sewer - 11 - �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #4 CARPENTER STREET - WEST STREET TO NORTH OHIO AVENUE COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UNIT QUANTITY DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUG SURFACE, 440 #/SY ORAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 12" STORM SEWER 4' </) STORM MANHOLE 4' </) CATCH BASIN AMOUNT $ 800 $ 4,800.00 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 18.00 1,200 1,000 6,125.00 12,000.00 70.00 240.00 0.00 13,200.00 9,000.00 0.00 1,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $ 46,400.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $ 58,000.00 - 12 - 6 STA 1750 SY 400 TON 20 SY 40 SY 0 SF 1100 LF 500 LF 0 EA 1 EA UNIT PRICE 11,600.00 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PRIORITY #5 PETOSKEY STREET - NORTH INDIANA AVENUE TO OTSEGO AVENUE OTSEGO STREET - WEST MITCHELL STREET TO WEST PETOSKEY STREET MITCHELL STREET - NORTH INDIANA AVENUE TO OTSEGO AVENUE BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE - PETOSKEY & MITCHELL • Overlay 22' Bituminous Surface, Widen 2.5' each side - street width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 440 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate new construction (bus traffic) for widening. · • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter entire length. • Sidewalk - Existing sidewalk south side of Petoskey east of railroad tracks o.k.; Place new sidewalk south side of Petoskey west of railroad tracks; Place new sidewalk north side of Petoskey full length; Existing sidewalk north side of Mitchell east of railroad tracks o.k.; Remove and replace sidewalk north side of Mitchell west of railroad tracks; Place new sidewalk south side of Mitchell full length. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - Place 6" stubs in area of Petoskey/Indiana intersection to address problems with existing. 2 leaching basins at Petoksey/lndiana BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE - OTSEGO • Overlay 40' Bituminous Surface from Mitchell to Sheldon - street width 40' B-B. • Overlay 22' Bituminous Surface from Sheldon to Petoskey. Widen 7' each side - street width 40' B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 440 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate new construction. • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Remove and replace curb & gutter between Mitchell and Sheldon. • Sidewalk - Existing sidewalk west side of Otsego; Place new sidewalk east side of Otsego full length. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - No work required. 12" Storm - Mitchell to Petoskey Tie into existing at alley between North Otsego and North Court - 13 - �• • •■ ■ • • • • • • • ~ PROJECT PRIORITY #5 PETOSKEY STREET - NORTH INDIANA AVENUE TO OTSEGO AVENUE OTSEGO STREET - WEST MITCHELL STREET TO WEST PETOSKEY STREET MITCHELL STREET - NORTH INDIANA AVENUE TO OTSEGO AVENUE COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 20 STA 600 LF 200 SY 1400 .SY 800 TON 50 SY 100 SY 250 SF 4000 LF 2400 LF 1200 LF 3 EA 10 EA 2 EA 400 LF $ 500 2.50 2.25 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2.25 18.00 1,200 1,000 2,500 20.00 $ 10,000.00 1,500.00 450.00 4,900.00 24,000.00 175.00 600.00 875.00 48,000.00 5,400.00 21,600.00 3,600.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 8,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $144,100.00 36,000.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $180,100.00 DESCRWTION EARTHWORK & GRADING REMOVING CONC CURB & GUTTER REMOVING CONCRETE SIDEWALK AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 12" STORM SEWER 4' </) STORM MANHOLE 4' (!) CATCH BASIN 4' (/) LEACHING BASIN 6" (/) WATER MAIN ~ - 14 - �• • • • • • • • • • • •I.I • PRIORITY #6 FIFTH STREET - SOUTH MAPLE STREET EAST TO END BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B . • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (bus traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - Place new sidewalk full length, both sides . • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - 12" water main to elementary school. 12" Storm - Full length 2 Storm Manholes 5 Catch Basins - 15 - �PROJECT PRIORITY #6 ~ ■ ■ FIFTH STREET - SOUTH MAPLE STREET EAST TO END COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ~ ~ ~ UNIT QUANTITY DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGO REGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY ORAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 12" STORM SEWER 4' (/) STORM MANHOLE 4' (/) LEACHING BASIN 12' 0 WATER MAIN 13 STA 3800 SY 850 TON 100 SY 200 SY 0 SF 2500 LF 2600 LF 1100 LF 2 EA 5 EA 1000 LF UNIT PRICE $ 800 AMOUNT 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2.25 18.00 1,200 2,500 30.00 $ 10,400.00 13,300.00 25,500.00 350.00 1,200.00 0.00 30,000.00 5,850.00 19,800.00 2,400.00 12,500.00 30,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $151,300.00 37,800.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $189,100.00 • ~ - 16 - �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • PRIORITY #7 WEST SECOND STREET - SOUTH OTSEGO AVENUE TO WISCONSIN BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B . • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - No work required . • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - No work required . 12" Storm - Indiana west to Wisconsin 2 Storm Manholes 4 Catch Basins - 17 - �PROJECT PRIORITY #7 • • • • • • • • • • • " ; • • I WEST SECOND STREET - SOUTH OTSEGO AVENUE TO WISCONSIN COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE AMOUNT $ 800 2.50 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 18.00 1,200 1,000 $ 12,000.00 500.00 15,050.00 30,000.00 700.00 1,800.00 2,625.00 32,400.00 16,200.00 2,400.00 8,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $121,700.00 30,400.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $152,100.00 DESCRIPTION 15 STA EARTHWORK & GRADING 200 LF REMOVING CONC CURB & GUTTER 4300 SY AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A 1000 TON BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE 200 SY 300 SY BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY 750 SF CONCRETE DRIVE 2700 LF CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 12" STORM SEWER 900 LF 4' </) STORM MANHOLE 2 EA 4' </) CATCH BASIN 8 EA - 18 - �PRIORITY #8 NORTH OAK AVENUE - EAST MAIN TO EAST HURON BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck traffic). • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - Place new sidewalk full length, both sides. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - 6" water main full length. 2 Leaching Basins ~ • • • "II '• 'I , - 19 - �I ~ I 1. I I I -I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #8 NORTH OAK AVENUE - EAST MAIN TO EAST HURON COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UNIT QUANTITY DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GlfITER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 4' (/) LEACHING BASIN 6" (/) WATER MAIN - AMOUNT $ 800 $ 2,400.00 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12,00 2.25 2,500 20.00 2,975.00 6,000.00 0.00 900.00 1,400.00 7,200.00 1,350.00 5,000.00 6,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $ 33,200.00 0 SY 150 400 600 600 SY SF LF LF 2 EA 300 LF 8,300.00 ====== TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST ~ J ~ ' 3 STA 850 SY 200 TON UNIT PRICE - 20 - $ 41,500.00 �I I PRIORITY #9 NORTH HAZEL AVENUE - EAST MAIN STREET TO EAST HURON STREET I I ' I I I I I BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Overlay 22" Bituminous Surface; widen 2.5' each side - street width 31" B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 330 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate New Construction (residential traffic). • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - No work required. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - 6" water main full length. No work required. - 21 - �I I I I -I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #9 NORTH HAZEL AVENUE - EAST MAIN STREET TO EAST HURON STREET COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 3STA 200 SY 100 TON 0 SY 50 SY 300 SF 600 LF 600 LF 300 LF $ 500 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2.25 20.00 $ 1,500.00 700.00 3,000.00 0.00 300.00 1,050.00 7,200.00 1,350.00 6,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $ 21,100.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $ 26,400.00 DESCRWTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 165 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 6" (/) WATER MAIN I I I ' ' ' ' - 22 - 5,300.00 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I PRIORITY #10 SEVENTH STREET - SOUTH OTSEGO AVENUE TO SOUTH CENTER AVENUE BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street Width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck traffic). • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - No work required. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - 12" Storm - Court to Center tie into existing 30" storm 2 Storm Manholes 7 Catch Basins 6" water main - Otsego to Court 6" Stub - North at Seventh/Court intersection - 23 - �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PROJECT PRIORITY #10 SEVENTH STREET - SOUTH OTSEGO AVENUE TO SOUTH CENTER AVENUE COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 10 STA 3100 SY 700 TON 450 SY 250 SY 250 SF 2000 LF 900 LF 2 EA 7 EA 500 LF $ 800 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 18.00 1,200 1,000 20.00 $ 8,000.00 10,850.00 21,000.00 1,575.00 1,500.00 875.00 24,000.00 16,200.00 2,400.00 7,000.00 10,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $103,400.00 25,800.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $129,200.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 12" STORM SEWER 4' (/) STORM MANHOLE 4' (/) CATCH BASIN 6" (/) WATER MAIN ~ J ~ ' - 24 - �PRIORITY #11 EAST PETOSKEY STREET - NORTH CENTER TO NORTH HAZEL I I • • • • • • • • " BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Overlay 22' Bituminous Surface; Widen 2.5' each side - street width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 330 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate New Construction (residential traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length . • Sidewalk - No work required. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required . • Water Main - 6 Leaching Basins . Extend 8" stub east past Hazel. - 25 - �• • • •- PROJECT PRIORITY #11 EAST PETOSKEY STREET - NORTH CENTER TO NORTH HAZEL COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE 14 STA 750 SY 400 TON 0 SY 50 SY 300 SF 2700 LF 6 EA 100 LF $ 500 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2,500 25.00 $ 7,000.00 2,625.00 12,000.00 0.00 300.00 1,050.00 32,400.00 15,000.00 2,500.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $72,900.00 18,200.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $91,100.00 DESCRJPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 165 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 4' </) LEACHING BASIN 8" </) WATER MAIN - 26 - AMOUNT �I I I I I • •II II I II -II ~ 'II ' ' PRIORITY #12 NORTH COURT STREET - WEST SHELDON TO WEST NORTH BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Overlay 22' Bituminous Surface, Widen 2.5' each side - street width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 330 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate new construction (residential traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - No work required . • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - 12" Storm - Jensen Street to North Street 2 Storm Manholes 8 Catch Basins 4 Leaching Basins 6" Water Main - Petoskey to North 6" Stubs - East/West at Petoskey, Jenson and Stewart Fire Hydrant at Jenson Street �• • • • •.: • • • •.I • • •, • PROJECT PRIORITY #12 NORTH COURT STREET - WEST SHELDON TO WEST NORTH COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRJCE AMOUNT 16 STA 900 SY 500 TON 150 SY 100 SY 250 SF 3200 LF 1100 LF 2 EA 8 EA 4 EA 1800 LF $ 500 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 18.00 1,200 1,000 2,500 20.00 $ 8,000.00 3,150.00 15,000.00 525.00 600.00 875.00 38,400.00 19,800.00 2,400.00 8,000.00 10,000.00 36,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $142,700.00 35,700.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $178,400.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 165 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRJVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 12" STORM SEWER 4' (/) STORM MANHOLE 4' (/) CATCH BASIN 4' (/) LEACHING BASIN 6" (/) WATER MAIN �• • •.I •• • •11 •II "- PRIORITY #12 NORTH COURT STREET - 'V\7EST SHELDON TO WEST NORTH BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Overlay 22' Bituminous Surface, Widen 2.5' each side - street width 31' B-B . • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 330 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate new construction (residential traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length . • Sidewalk - No work required. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - , 12" Storm - Jensen Street to North Street 2 Storm Manholes 8 Catch Basins 4 Leaching Basins 6" Water Main - Petoskey to North 6" Stubs - East/West at Petoskey, Jenson and Stewart Fire Hydrant at Jenson Street - 27 - �• •I I I -I I 11 11 l1 I -, , , , PROJECT PRIORITY #12 NORTH COURT STREET - WEST SHELDON TO WEST NORTH COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE AMOUNT 16 STA 900 SY 500 TON 150 SY 100 SY 250 SF 3200 LF 1100 LF 2 EA 8 EA 4 EA 1800 LF $ 500 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 18.00 1,200 1,000 2,500 20.00 $ 8,000.00 3,150.00 15,000.00 525.00 600.00 875.00 38,400.00 19,800.00 2,400.00 8,000.00 10,000.00 36,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $142,700.00 35,700.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $178,400.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 165 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 12" STORM SEWER 4' (J) STORM MANHOLE 4' (J) CATCH BASIN 4' (J) LEACHING BASIN 6" (J) WATER MAIN - 28 - �• • • •· • • • • • "f ' ' ' PRIORITY #13 GRANDVIEW BOULEVARD - SOUTH OTSEGO EAST PAST CARTER'S DRIVEWAY BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Total Reconstruction - Street width - match existing 2 lane . • Pavement Section - 440 #/SY, 8" 22A Aggregate (truck traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - Place new sidewalk full length, both sides. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - No work required . 12" Storm - To tie catch basins into-42" existing storm 5 Catch Basins - 29 - �II = II II ,. PROJECT PRIORITY #13 GRANDVIEW BOULEVARD - SOUTH OTSEGO EAST PAST CARTER'S DRIVEWAY COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNIT QUANTITY DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 440 #/SY CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 12" STORM SEWER 4' (l) CATCH BASIN AMOUNT $ 800 $ 4,000.00 3.50 30.00 12.00 2.25 18.00 1,000 7,950.00 15,000.00 15,600.00 2,250.00 3,600.00 5,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $ 53,400.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $ 66,800.00 - 30 - 5 STA 2270 SY 500 TON 1300 LF 1000 LF 200 LF 5 EA UNIT PRICE 13,400.00 �II • • •~ • ~ • • ~ ' ' ' PRIORITY #14 MILL STREET- NORTH ELM TO NORTH CENTER FELSHAW STREET- NORTH CENTER TO ELM STREET ELM AVENUE - EAST FELSHA W TO MILL STREET BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Overlay 22' Bituminous Surface, Widen 2.5' each side - street width 31' B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay, 330 #/SY & 8" 22A Aggregate new construction (residential traffic) . • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Place new curb & gutter full length. • Sidewalk - No work required. • Storm Sewer - • Sanitary Sewer - No work required. • Water Main - 12" Storm - Mill/Elm intersection to Otsego 1 Storm Manhole 3 Catch Basins 2 Leaching Basins 6" Water Main on Felshaw - Otsego to Elm 6" Stub at Felshaw/Elm intersection to South - 31 - �Ill II • • • • • • • • • • • '• PROJECT PRIORITY #14 l\11LL STREET - NORTH ELM TO NORTH CENTER FELSHAW STREET - NORTH CENTER TO ELM STREET ELM AVENUE - EAST FELSHAW TO MILL STREET COST ESTIMATE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE AMOUNT 10 STA 600 SY 350 TON 200 SY 50 SY 300 SF 2100 LF 400 LF 1 EA 3 EA 2 EA 400 LF $ 500 3.50 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 18.00 1,200 1,000 2,500 20.00 $ 5,000.00 2,100.00 10,500.00 700.00 300.00 1,050.00 25,200.00 7,200.00 1,200.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 8,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $ 69,300.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $ 86,600.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING AGGREGATE BASE, 8" 22A BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 165 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER 12" STORM SEWER 4' (j) STORM MANHOLE 4' (j) CATCH BASIN 4' (j) LEACHING BASIN 6" (J) WATER MAIN - 32 - 17,300.00 �II • • • • • • • • • • • • • PRIORITY #15 SOUTH COURT - MAIN STREET TO FIRST STREET WEST FIRST STREET - COURT STREET TO CENTER STREET BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATE • Overlay 40' Bituminous - street width 40' B-B. • Pavement Section - 165 #/SY Overlay • Concrete Curb & Gutter - Remove and replace 250 LF curb & gutter along First Street. • Sidewalk - Remove and replace 150 LF sidewalk along First Street. • Storm Sewer - No work required . • Sanitary Sewer - No work required . • Water Main - 6" Water Main along Court from Main to First. - 33 - �"II PRIORITY #15 SOUTH COURT - MAIN STREET TO FIRST STREET WEST FIRST STREET - COURT STREET TO CENTER STREET COST ESTIMATE NO. • • • • • • - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 8 STA 250 LF 90 ·sy 300 TON 50 SY 50 SY 1550 SF 250 LF 150 LF 450 LF $ 500 2.50 2.25 30.00 3.50 6.00 3.50 12.00 2.25 30.00 $ 4,000.00 625.00 202.50 9,000.00 175.00 300.00 5,425.00 3,000.00 337.50 13,500.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEERING (25%) $ 36,600.00 TOT AL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST $ 45,700.00 DESCRIPTION EARTHWORK & GRADING REMOVING CONC CURB & GUTTER REMOVING CONCRETE SIDEWALK BITUMINOUS SURFACE, 165 #/SY GRAVEL DRIVE BITUMINOUS DRIVE, 220 #/SY CONCRETE DRIVE CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER CONCRETE SIDEWALK 6" (/) WATER MAIN - 34 - 9,100.00 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Gaylord_Streets-Master-Plan_1991 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Capital Consultants, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-10 Title A name given to the resource City of Gaylord Streets Master Plan 1991 Amendment Description An account of the resource The City of Gaylord Streets Master Plan 1991 Amendment was prepared by Capital Consultants, Inc. in October 1991. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Gaylord (Mich.) Otsego County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7d664ffc8a97815abe2b712ead9d9d34.pdf 2a3f9307eb53a0210fbde0ff1e1dfb98 PDF Text Text CCE F•'rojr~ct #93-2"1:4.01 -~....1Af'i"fAL ....IQ1'1$~JtTANTS ENGiNEERS 1•i4 East Main ~:-. P.C). Box 1398 Gay:ord, r•Aicnigan 49735 �CITY OF GAYLORD WATER SYSTEM STUDY MASTER PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION .. ........... ... ............................ 1 11. PRESENT WATER USE PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. EVALUATION OF WELL PUMPING RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE CUSTOMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. FIRE FLOW REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. LOST WATER........................................... 2 2 2 4 5 Ill. FUTURE WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONS . . . . A. POPULATION TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS B. LAND USE PROJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. FUTURE WATER USE PROJECTIONS . . . . D. FUTURE FIRE FLOW REQUIREMENTS . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 6 7 7 IV. ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT WATER SYSTEM FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A. WELL SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B. SYSTEM CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C. ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANKS ........................ 10 D. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ............................ 12 V. RECOMMENDED WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. WELL SUPPLY AND LOCATION ............................. B. ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. BASIS OF PROJECT COST ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. PROJECT PRIORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX A: APPENDIX B: APPENDIX C: ISO FIRE FLOW TEST DATA COMPUTER SIMULATION CALIBRATION RESULTS WELL WATER QUALITY TESTING 19 19 21 22 40 45 �LIST OF TABLES - - II II = II- , , -:, - Page Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table City of Gaylord Total Well Production (Demand) . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Largest Water Customers (1992) . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Lost Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Well Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Fire Flow Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roughness Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Water System Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simulation Results for High Pressure System . . . . . . . . . . . Simulation Results for Low Pressure System . . . . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Schreur-West Streets - Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Schreur-West Streets - Area 1A . . . . . . . . . City of Gaylord Dickerson Road Improvements - Area 2 . . . . City of Gaylord South Old 27 Business District - Area 3 . . . . City of Gaylord South Old 27 Business District - Area 3A . . . City of Gaylord Old High School & Middle School - Area 4 . . City of Gaylord Devonshire Condominiums - Area 5 . . . . . . City of Gaylord Undersized Water Mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost Estimates - Dickerson Road Improvements - Area 2 . . Cost Estimates - South Old 27 Business District - Area 3 . . . Cost Estimates - Old High School & Middle School - Area 4 Cost Estimates - Devonshire Estates Condominiums - Area 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10A 11 12 12A 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 , • •.... ~ -- 3 4 6 8 11 13 15 16 18 24 24 26 28 30 32 34 35 41 42 43 44 LIST OF EXHIBITS Follows Page Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 - City of Gaylord Area Topographic Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 City of Gaylord Total Well Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 City of Gaylord Population Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gaylord Water System Elevated Tank Schematic . . . . . . . . 11 1993 Water Distribution System Schematic ............. Map Pocket Wellhead Protection Area Delineation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 City of Gaylord Areas of Interest .................... Map Pocket Schreur-West Streets - Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Dickerson Road Improvements - Area 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Old 27 Business Corridor - Area 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Old High School & Middle School - Area 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Devonshire Estates Condominiums - Area 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - - - --- -- - �-I I II II -_, -: ,. • "- CITY OF GAYLORD WATER SYSTEM STUDY MASTER PLAN I. INTRODUCTION The City of Gaylord has a 1990 population of 3,256. The entire City is served by the present water distribution system except newly annexed areas. The City's water supply and storage system currently consists of three (3) wells, and a 300,000 gallon elevated storage tank. A second 300,000 gallon elevated storage tank is currently under construction and will be in service by the summer of 1994. The water quality is excellent and firm well capacity is adequate. The service area varies in elevation from 1,320' to 1,380' (as shown in Exhibit 1). The distribution system consists of generally 4"-12• diameter water mains and will be separated into two (2) pressure districts by two (2) pressure reducing and sustaining valves (PRV's). The water pressure in the high pressure district (north of M-32) under normal operating conditions will range from 56 pounds per square inch-gauge (psig) at the new high school to 70 psig just north of M~in Street. The water pressure in the low pressure district (along M-32 and south) under normal operating conditions will range from 46 psig just south of Main Street to 62 psig near Milbocker and Dickerson Roads . The purpose and scope of this Study is to further utilize the computer model of the City of Gaylord's water system (which was developed for the • Water Study for a Second Elevated Storage Tani( of December 1992) and analyze existing areas of concern as well as provide recommendations for water system improvements in both existing and expected future growth areas. These computer simulated analyses provide a means for selecting transmission main routes and optimizing pipe diameters in order to meet and/or exceed existing and future water demands. In addition, water main improvements and expansions have been prioritized to provide the City of Gaylord and it's water users the greatest benefit for the least amount of cost. -- 93-214.01 01/94 ~ ~ 1-- -~ - - �- i -r-;-.·. .. . ·- ··r::=> , 0 I I .L" - ··_c• '~ ·~=-=-- J~,5:-----..::::~~ .:__.:...a.;:._ i 4 ~n~• 1/ ====---•=3 •."f<>J~n ~r= oc:-:w '!o a.1 .. _-_ ·" ""'==~==--~·s~=--==--_,==;~ l :"" 24=0""'0""1===="""=~==""""'""'='"""-=== ,. -=-=--=.c..=...._ ,t-· ~=~ :,,!) ,,:r':c:;:;-::.=:.:..== -,-:, '•'.lS EXHIBIT 1 ==c:- __ • . ,J;.:, �II. PRESENT WATER USE PATTERNS A. EVAlUATION OF WELL PUMPING RECORDS The City of Gaylord total well production since 1985 is summarized in Table 1 and displayed graphically in Exhibit 2. The total well production is the sum of metered output from Well #3, Well #4 and Well #5 throughout the year. The average daily flow has remained fairly consistent since 1985 at between 600,000 to 700,000 gallons per day (GPO). The average daily flow during the peak month of each year has shown more variation of between 800,000 to 1,650,000 GPO over the same period. The peak flow month has always been a summer month and can be attributed to lawn sprinkling during dry weather and area tourism. The peak month of each year has been June two (2) times, July five (5) times, August one (1) time, and September one (1) time. The recorded peak daily flow has been determined over the last three (3)'years and has risen from 1,618,572 GPO on June 26, 1991, to 1,971,000 GPO on July 22, 1992, to 1, 172,267 GPO on July 6, 1993. The peak day is typically a very dry day with a lot of lawn sprinkling, but it can also be artificially high if hydrant flushing is conducted by the City. This was the case on September 22, 1993 when 1,253,720 gallons were recorded. • 8. ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE CUSTOMERS Table 2 is a list of the twelve (12) largest water customers for the year 1992. The table indicates that the Gaylord water consumption is not dominated by one or a few large users, but is very diverse. As such, the demand is expected to grow with the City's residential population and area tourism. 93-214.01 01/94 -2 - �11111111 WI - - - - 111 - ----- - <O (,) N .... ~ 0 ..... 0 ..... <O ~ TABLE 1 CITY OF GAYLORD TOTAL WELL PRODUCTION (DEMAND) YEAR w TOTAL YEARLY GAL AVG DAILY GPO 1985 211,292,950 578,884 1986 212,194,773 581,355 1987 275,164,000 753,873 1988 234,407,250 642,211 1989 219,182,898 600,501 1990 217,740,000 596,547 1991 241,734,632 662,287 1992 248,244,000 680,121 1993 PEAK MONTH JULY JULY SEPT JUNE JULY AUG JUNE JULY JULY PEAK DAILY GPO MINIMUM DAILY GPO 1,083,433 1,618,572 414,288 31,413,000 1,054,533 1,971,000 107,000 27,836,000 927,868 1,172,267 TOTAL PEAK MONTH GAL AVG PEAK MONTH GPO 23,952,750 772,669 24,143,500 778,822 49,767,000 1,658,900 33,445,250 1,114,841 27,506,000 887,290 26,924,000 868,516 32,503,000 �•••WI•• ·• • • • • -... WI WI .WI WI WI 1111 EXHIBIT 2 CITY OF GAYLORD TOTAL WELL PRODUCTION 2. 1 2 1 .9 )~ 1.8 ' 1.7 \ 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 ,.--., 0 Q_ (.'.) ..._,, >,.,.--., 0 (J) 0 C 0 L Q) Q_ (J) C 0 -0 (.'.) '...= = 2 ..._,, rl ) 1.2 1. 1 1 0.9 0.8 I I I I I I I / 0.7 I \ \ \ \~ ~ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I] ~ / ~ ✓ '~ / 0.6 0.5 0.4 \ / / -,~ / ~> _______,, ,, ~ I , I' 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1985 D 1986 Peak Day 1987 1988 ◊ l989 Peak Month Avg 1990 1991 X 1992 Yearly Avg 1993 �I I TABLE 2 I I I I I 1· I I I I I I I CITY OF GAYLORD LARGEST WATER CUSTOMERS - 1992 Cubic Feet Year C. Gallons Year Percent of Total 1 Holiday Inn 997,200 7,459,056 3.0 2 Tendercare 805,640 6,026,187 2.4 3 Glens Alpine Plaza 710,920 5,317,681 2.1 4 Best Western 705,330 5,275,868 2.1 5 Otsego Memorial Hospital 418,810 3,132,699 1.3 6 Days Inn 376,300 2,814,724 1.1 7 Quality Inn 338,300 2,530,484 1.0 8 Management Resources Dev. 336,800 2,519,264 1.0 9 Alten Zimmer 293,300 2,193,884 0.9 10 Alpine Plaza Laundry 282,850 2,115,718 0.9 11 Sugar Bowl Restaurant 259,872 1,943,842 0.8 12 Palmer's 256,680 1,919,966 0.8 FIRE FLOW REQUIREMENTS An accepted guideline for desired fire flow is as determined by the Insurance Services Office (ISO) criteria. The ·needed• fire flow in Gaylord ranges from 1,000 gallons per minute (GPM) in residential areas to 5,000 GPM at the Holiday Inn. Most commercial areas have a •needed" flow of 3,000-3,500 GPM, with 4,000 GPM at the existing high school. The •needed• fire flow rate is that flow for a specific duration for a full credit rating. However, ·needed· fire flows greater than 3,500 GPM are not considered in determining the ISO classification of the City. I I 93-214.01 01/94 -4- �I I I I I I I I I I I· As noted in the •city of Gaylord Water System Study for a Secof1d Elevated Storage Tank• of December, 1992, the fire flows throughout the City will be enhanced with the construction of the second elevated storage tank and high pressure district. This study further evaluates system improvements which will also increase fire flow and protection in portions of the City. D. Lost water is the volume of water produced at the wells less the volume of water actually billed by the City. Examples of causes of lost water can be unmetered consumption by the City itself such as the usage at the Wastewater Treatment Plant, water used at fire hydrants, non-working water meters; or in some city's, water intentionally left running in the winter to prevent water main freezes. A ratio of 80-95% billed would represent a tight system. A ratio of 50% billed or less would indicate major water losses. Table 3 is a comparison of total annual water production at the wells and the corresponding total annual water billed. The average ratio of water billed to water produced over the period of from 1989 to 1992 was 76%. This represents a reasonably tight system, however efforts to reduce water loss should continue. An evaluation of the ratio of total monthly water production at the wells to the corresponding total monthly wastewater treatment plant flow for the period of from September, 1992 to September 1993 was also completed. The wastewater treatment plant would normally receive less water than produced at the wells as water used for sprinkling lawns, private washing of cars, etc., would not be collected in the sanitary sewer system. Conversely some rainwater does enter the sanitary sewer system as several storm water catch basins are still connected to the sanitary system. The ratio of wastewater generated to total water produced averaged 72% with a range as low as 50% in July and a high of 80% in January. The measured flow of wastewater compares well with the billed volume of water. I: I I I I I I I LOST WATER 93-214.01 01/94 -5- �I I TABLE 3 CITY OF GAYLORD I I I· I I I I I I I I I I I I I LOST WATER TOTAL WELL PRODUCTION TOTAL BILLINGS LOST WATER (cubic feet} (gallons} (gallons} PERCENT BILLED TO WATER PRODUCED YEAR (gallons} 1985 211,292,950 28,247,720 1986 212,194,773 28,368,285 1987 275,164,000 36,786,631 1988 234,407,250 31,337,868 1989 219,182,898 29,302,526 22,821,008 170,723,961 48,458,937 78 1990 217,740,000 29,109,626 20,403,101 152,635,599 65,104,401 70 1991 241,734,632 32,317,464 26,327,306 196,954,576 44,780,056 81 1992 248,244,000 33,187,700 25,367,874 189,777,065 58,466,935 76 1989-1992 Avg. 76 Ill. (cubic feet} TOTAL BILLINGS FUTURE WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONS A. POPULATION TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS The population trends in Gaylord from 1960 to 1990 are shown in Exhibit 3. The •projected• line represents future population with the same average increase in population as over the last 30 years, which has been an increase of 230 per ten (1 0) year period. Indications of continued growth within the City are proposed with new residential areas in the northeast corner of the City and a mobile home expansion at Aspen Park, as well as some residential units within recently annexed areas. 8. 93-214.01 01/94 LAND USE PROJECTIONS It is anticipated that growth in Gaylord will continue to generate commercial and institutional utilization of land in and around the City. The growth of tourism will result in the construction of additional -6- �- - ·- - - ·- - - - - - - -- - - - - EXHIBIT 3 CITY OF GAYLORD POPULATION 5 ,,, 4.5 4 C 0 ,.---.,. - 'D rn ,._, C :J 0 3.5 ,r,. o. rn 3 ..c I,._,>, ..___., u V /] S! 0 :J 0.. 0 V / / r- r _/1' 2.5 rh [/ 2 1.5 1960 1970 1980 D 1990 Actual 2000 2010 X 2020 Projected 2030 2040 2050 �I I motels, restaurants and service facilities. Approximately two-thirds of the City is zoned residential and the remaining one-third is zoned as commercial or industrial. t I· C. FUTURE WATER USE PROJECTIONS The total annual water production, as shown in Table 1, has grown at a general trend of 17% in 7 years. This represents an average increase in demand of 25% in 1O years. Recent annexations from Bagley and Livingston Townships have resulted in additional commercial districts being incorporated into the City. As such, it is anticipated that additional water mains will be constructed within the next few years in areas such as south Old 27 and potentially to the Georgia Pacific plant south of the Industrial Park. There may well be a future desire for City water supply by Hidden Valley to the east and Gaylord West Subdivision and Nottingham Forest Mobile Home Park to the west. All of these possibilities make it speculative as to projection of future water use, however the trend for increased demand is clear. A 25-50% growth factor in the next ten (10) years would not be unrealistic. D. FUTURE FIRE FLOW REQUIREMENTS As previously noted, the highest •needed" fire flow at the present time is at the Holiday Inn and the existing high school at 5,000 and 4,000 GPM, respectively. The future highest fire flow requirements will be at the new high school, and at any other large hoteVmotel complexes. The use of a sprinkler system, which is likely for major new commercial construction, will however reduce the need for large amounts of water at the hydrant. A general goal of 3,000-3,500 GPM is realistic for new commercial areas of water service unless a specific facility is proposed with greater water needs. I I I I· I I I I I I I I I I I 93-214.01 01/94 -7- �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV. ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT WATER SYSTEM FACILITIES A. WELL SUPPLY The capacity of the City's existing three (3) wells pumping to the elevated storage tanks are shown in Table 4. The existing wells will be operated on demand, based on water level in their respective elevated storage tank. Wells 3 and 5 will be operated together in the high pressure district with Well 4 operating alone in the lower pressure district. Although Well 4 will typically operate singularly, whenever water pressure in the lower pressure district cannot be maintained by Well 4 alone, the PRV's will open allowing Wells 3 and 5 as well as the new Elevated Tank 2 to supply water and increase pressure to the low pressure district. The firm well capacity, with the largest well (No. 5) out of service, under the new conditions is 2,200,000-2,500,000 gallons per day (GPO). The total well capacity with all three (3) wells pumping is 4,000,000-4,200,000 GPO. TABLE 4 CITY OF GAYLORD WELL CAPACITY I FLOW (GPM) I GALLONS PER DAY (GPO) I Well#3 430-570 619,200-820,800 Well#4 1120-1165 1,612,800-1 ,677,600 Wells 3 + 4 1550-1735 2,232, 000-2 ,498,400 1200 1,728,000 Well#5 I Wells 3 + 4 + 5 I 2750-29351 3,960,000-4,226,400 I As previously discussed, Table 1 is a summary of actual total well production (demand) between the years of 1985-1993. Of particular note is the peak day usage of 1,971,000 GPO. The existing firm well capacity of 2,200,000-2,500,000, with Well 5 out of service, provides an adequate factor of safety over the largest recorded peak day usage at this time. 93-214 .01 01/94 -8- �I I I I I The two (2) largest wells, Wells #4 and #5, are equipped with emerg~ncy power connectors which allow operation during a power outage with a stand-by generator. The water quality of all three (3) wells is excellent as indicated by the Michigan Department of Public Health testing results completed in August of 1990. This data is included in Appendix C for reference. The City of Gaylord does not provide any water treatment such as chlorination, fluoridation or softening. I 8. With the addition of a second elevated tank in 1994 the water system will be divided into two independently operating pressure districts. The control system will utilize high frequency radio communication and operate Well #4 based upon the water level in Elevated Tank 1 and operate wells #3 and #5 based upon the water level in the new Elevated Tank 2. The control system will be provided with a •remote terminal unit" (RTU) at each well house and elevated tank with a central control panel located at the DPW garage. This panel will contain water level recorders for the two elevated tanks, totalizers for the flow signals from each well house, annunciators for the various system alarms and status indicators and control devices for proper system operation. Adjacent to the central control panel will be two (2) 24-hour circular chart recorders which will record the water system pressure sensed at the base of each tower. Each of the three existing wells is currently provided with a propeller type flow meter. An electronic signal will be sent from each flow meter to the DPW Garage where well flow will be indicated and totalized. Each RTU will contains a radio transceiver; the control electronics necessary to input and output the signals which interface with the RTU; and a battery backed power supply. The RTU will have the capability of providing more than one output signal and accepting more than one input signal. Each well house RTU will provide one well pump control output and accept an input signal to confirm that the well pump is running. A second input at each well house will provide for a flow signal from the existing flowmeter. Each elevated tank RTU I I I I I I I I I I I I r SYSTEM CONTROLS 93-214 .01 01/94 -9- �I I will accept one analog input proportional to the water level in the tank and one flow switch signal to indicate tank overflow. C. I ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANKS Table 5 is a summary of estimated tower durations under average and peak consumption conditions coupled with a fire draw of 3,500 GPM, which meets ISO •needed• fire flow for most areas of Gaylord and is what current available fire fighting equipment can pump (including a neighboring department). ISO requires a duration of 3 hours for a 3,500 GPM fire situation. The existing Elevated Tank 1 is able to provide 300,000 gallons for the low pressure district with Tank 2 capable of extending fire protection by an additional 300,000 gallons. In addition, Elevated Tank 2 will provide the majority of flow for a fire in the high pressure district. As shown in Table 5, the two (2) 300,000 gallon tanks together will provide 7.4 hours fire fighting duration with all three wells running and 3.9 hours fire fighting duration with Well 5 out of service under average consumption conditions. As such, the City will be in excellent condition for water storage when the new tank construction is completed. Exhibit 4 is a schematic of the existing Elevated Tank 1 and the new Elevated Tank 2. The total bid construction cost of the new Elevated Tank 2 and System Modifications to incorporate a high pressure district is $475,000. The tank construction is anticipated to be completed in June of 1994. I I I I f f f 93-214 .01 01/94 - 10 - �~- -- ------------~~~~ co w I\) ..... .:,. 0 ..... 0 ..... co .:,. TABLE 5 CITY OF GAYLORD MASTER WATER STUDY- FIRE FLOW DURATION ~ ~ AVERAGE MAXIMUM CONSUMPTION DRAW (gpm) FIRE DRAW (gpm) TOTAL DRAW (gpm) WELL TOWER WELL# SUPPLY (gpm) DRAW (gpm) @300,000 @600,000 GAL GAL 600* 3,500 4,100 3 430-570 3,670 1.4 2.7 600* 3,500 4,100 4 1,120-1,165 2,980 1.7 3.4 600* 3,500 4,100 5 1,200 2,900 1.7 3.4 600* 3,500 4,100 3&4 1,550-1, 735 2,550 2.0 3.9 600* 3,500 4,100 3, 4 &5 2,750-2,935 1,350 3.7 7.4 1200 3,500 4,700 3&4 1 ,550• 1 I 735 3,150 1.6 3.2 1800 3,500 5,300 3&4 1,550•1 I 735 3,750 1.3 2.7 1800 3,500 5,300 3, 4 &5 2,750-2,935 2,550 2.0 3.9 *Average flow over 24 hour day @ 850,000 GPO Peak consumption estimated at 1,200-1,800 GPM ·o r. TOWER DURATION HOURS �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HIGH WATER LINE El£V 1515.0' HIGH WATER, LINE ELEV 1462.5 LOW WATER µNES. El.£V 1430. 0 rq ..C\I ...- NEW ELEVA TED STORAGE TANK #2 300,000 GAL CAPACITY FAIRVIEW ROAD EXISTING ELEVATED STORAGE TANK #1 300,000 GAL CAPACITY SOUTH WISCONSIN A VENUE EXHIBIT 4 GAYLORD WATER SYSTEM ELEVATED TANK SCHEMATIC �I I D. I I I I I I 1. • COMPUTER MODELING - CALIBRATION The "Kentucky Pipes Program•, is a computer simulation which analyzes steady state flows in pressure pipe networks. This program was used to model the Gaylord water distribution system, including the pipes, the wells, and the water storage tank(s) for the • Water System Study for a Second Elevated Storage Tani(' submitted in December of 1992. A physical description of the pipe network (i.e., diameter, length, elevations) is required for the analysis which was developed as shown in Exhibit 5: 1993 Water Distribution System Schematic which is included in the Map Pocket. Detailed water system maps of Gaylord were used as a reference and City personnel also provided information about the system and its' operation. In addition to the physical characteristics discussed above, a coefficient of friction or C-factor was assigned to each pipe. The coefficient of friction is a measure of the "roughness• of the interior of the pipe and varies depending upon the diameter, the age, and the type of pipe material. Scale build-up on the interior pipe walls causes the equivalent flow diameter of the pipe to decrease, which in turn affects the flow capacity. A lower Cfactor is indicative of a decrease in flow capacity. Water consumption records were reviewed and water use or demand, especially for the larger non-residential users, was input appropriately for simulation via the computer model. Water consumption records were used to determine the average usage for all major water users (over 10,000 cubic feet per quarter, or 830 GPO). Nominal residential demands were also input into the model such that the total consumption throughout the system represented a peak day of approximately 850,000 GPO usage. The simulation output data includes the flow rate (and velocity), direction of flow, and head loss for each pipe. System pressures and the hydraulic gradient are also calculated. If the model incorporates storage tank(s), the results of the simulation will include the flow in and/or out of the tower. I I I I -f I 1· f J J WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 93-214 .01 01/94 - 12 - ,. �-I - The results of fire flow tests conducted by ISO Commercial , Risk Services, Inc., in October, 1991 (see Appendix A), well operating data, and storage tank water level information were obtained and used to accurately calibrate the computer system model. In other words, static and dynamic flow conditions were simulated by computer; the resultant pressures and flow r:1tes were compared to data from actual field tests. The location of the sixteen (16) tests used to calibrate the model are shown on Exhibit 5. The C-factors were adjusted accordingly in order to provide an accurate and reliable computer model comparable with actual field results. Table 6 is a summary of the C-factors that were ultimately used to calibrate the model of the existing water distribution system. These C-factors are also shown on the enclosed Exhibit 5 with it's corresponding pipe number. I -I - TABLE NO. 6 ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS I I I I I I I i i I DESCRIPTION IC-FACTOR 4-inch pipe 70 6-inch pipe 70 10-inch and 12-inch pipe South of Grandview 80 PVC pipe I 120 Well 3 and adjacent pipe 85 Well 4 and adjacent pipe 80 Well 5 and adjacent pipe 100 Storage Tank and adjacent pipe 75 The simulated hydrant flows and residual pressures of the calibrated computer model correlated well with those actually experienced in the existing water distribution system (see Appendix B). 93-214.01 01/94 - 13 - �I I 2. II I I I I I I I I I I I II II • • 93-214 .01 01/94 MODELING OF THE IMPROVED SYSTEM The calibrated computer model was used to simulate recent system improvements, more specifically, the construction of a new storage tank (Elevated Tank 2) and the installation of pressure regulating and sustaining valves. Construction of the new elevated storage tank on the north side of town improves the system pressures for the northern portion of the City and for the new Gaylord High School. However, in order for the system to operate appropriately, pressure regulating valve(s) where necessary to prevent the existing Elevated Tank 1 from continually overflowing because of elevation difference between the two tanks (see Exhibit 4). The criteria for locating the pressure regulating valves, which essentially isolates the north and south part of the city from each other, was to improve the system hydraulics and provide a backup system. For example, locating the pressure regulating valves such that Wells 3 and 5 are situated in the high pressure district provides redundancy within the high pressure district. In addition, the entire high pressure system including Elevated Tank 2 will provide redundancy to the low pressure system. Likewise, because a significant number of businesses with large fire flow demands are situated along Main Street, the pressure regulating valves were located just north of the downtown area, i.e., Main Street. The type of valve installed for the Gaylord system is a pressure reducing and sustaining valve which maintains a preset downstream (south of Main Street) pressure provided the upstream pressure does not drop below a specified value (40 psig). If the upstream pressure drops below the pre-set minimum, the valve will close to sustain the minimum pressure in the higher pressure system, and not serve the lower pressure system until the pressure in the higher system returns to or is greater than normal. The valve also allows backflow from the low pressure side to the high pressure side should the pressure drop sufficiently, such as a fire flow, on the high pressure side. Locations for the pressure regulating and sustaining valves are the 10-inch pipe on Ohio Street between West Main and - 14 - �r I I I I I I Mitchell Streets and the 8-inch pipe on Center Street between East Main and Huron Streets as shown in Exhibit 5. In order to • complete the separation of the high and low pressure districts (i.e., prevent bypassing the pressure regulating valves), valves in the pipes connected to and north of the 8-inch pipe in Main Street will be closed. The overflow level of 1515 feet for Elevated Tank No. 2 will result in a static pressure of 56 psi at the new High School and 70 psi on the north side of M-32 downtown. The difference in overflow water surface between Elevated Tank 1 (1462.5) and Elevated Tank 2 (1515.0) is 52.5' or 23 psi. With the pressure regulating valves and the new Elevated Tank 2 located per the above discussion, the new system pressures under normal static (pumps off) and dynamic (pumps on) operating conditions are tabulated in Table 7. TABLE 7 I CITY OF GAYLORD WATER SYSTEM PRESSURES Pressure District I I I 93-214.01 01/94 Low I High Static (pumps off) 56-70 psi 46-62 psi Dynamic (pumps on) 47-72 psi 53-84 psi - 15 - I �r ( 3. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • • SIMULATED FIRE FLOW CONDITIONS HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM Fire flow conditions were simulated after incorporating the pressure regulating and sustaining valves and Elevated Tank 2. As displayed in Table 8, all fire flow test locations modeled in the high pressure district show significant improvements with the addition of Tank 2 and the separation of the system into two pressure districts. A review of the simulation results for the June, 1991, and October, 1991 Fire Flow Tests 12-17, which are located in the high pressure district, suggest that the ISO "needed" fire flows for Tests 13, 14, 15 and 17 can be met via the new water storage Tank 2 alone, whereas Wells 3 and 5 must be operating to provide the optimum flow for Test 12 as shown in Table 8. TABLE 8 SIMULATION RESULTS FOR HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM PREVIOUS SYSTEM SIMULATED AVAILABLE SIMULATED FIRE FLOW AVAILABLE (gpm) @ 20 psi FIRE FLOW (gpm) @ 20 psi ············•· ...-..., .................... .................................. ·································· WELLS 3 & 5 WELLS 3 & WELLS 3 & OFF 5 OFF 5 ON NO. FIRE FLOW TEST ISO "NEEDED FIRE FLOW (gpm) @ 20 psi 35 12 1,000 500 23 13 2,250 1210 12 14 2,250 1180 8 15 1,000 570 3 17 3,500** 750* NODE NEW HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM *At New High School **Estimated value as ISO has not made a determination for the New High School Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flows 93-214.01 01/94 - 16 - �r r 4. - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - II - 93-214.01 01/94 SIMULATED FIRE FLOW CONDITIONS LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM In all fire flow test locations modeled in the low pressure district, improvements will be made over previous fire flow conditions after the construction of the second elevated storage tank and development of the two pressure districts. Table 9 shows simulated results of available fire flows in the low pressure district under the previous system and including the new high pressure district. In the previous system, Elevated Tank 1 alone could not provide sufficient flows to satisfy the ISO "needed• fire flows except at test location 6, with test location 1O falling in the lower portion of the ISO •needed• fire flow range, and with Well 4 on at test locations 3 and 6. As such, eight (8) locations remain below the ISO ·needed· flow without the benefit of the high pressure district. The simulated results, including the new high pressure district with the addition of a second elevated tower, indicates available fire flows exceed ISO •needed" fire flow at test locations 5 and 6 with no wells operating, with test locations 7 and 1O falling in the upper portion of the ISO ·needed" fire flow range, and at locations 3, 5 and 6 with all three (3) wells operating. - 17 - �TABLE 9 SIMULATION RESULTS FOR LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM I I I I I GJ . 101 91 95 108 61 60 47 46 51 75 81 ISO "NEEDED" FIRE FLOW (gpm)@ 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3,000 3,000 3,500 2,000 3,500 2,500 2,000-5,000 3,000 3,500 2,000-4,000 3,000 Well 4 Off nc::i Well 4 On Wells 3, 4 & 5 Off Wells 3, 4 & 5 On 2,160 1,573 1,530 2,231 1,210 1,063 1,050 1,234 ' / 3,650 2,971 2,570 4,196 . 1,245 1,380 1,220 1,387 /. 3·,932 •i: 4,140 :" 2,920 2,540 :·-:-: i) 4 129 {:··. / 4,335 /·••··• : •: 2,580)} I< 2,970 ·. ·:::.: 3,990 .· }i A;23a < 1,600 1,490 1,013 950 910 1,016 1,790 2,120 1,590 2,173 > 2,600 • .,,· .•. }:/ 3,118 } 2,230 \(? .\3,335/:.,,:•:•• 1,880 1,690 2,060 2,141 Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flows. I I I I I I I I I I FIRE FLOW TEST INCLUDING NEW HIGH PRESSURE PREVIOUS SYSTEM DISTRICT SIMULATED AVAILABLE FIRE FLOW (gpm) @ 20 psi The increase in available fire flow to the low pressure district occurs in the event of a fire because the pressure on the downstream side of the pressure regulating valves will drop below the pre-set pressure rating and cause the valves to open providing additional water flow and an increase in pressure from the high pressure district. Available fire flows at test locations 1, 2, 4, 8, 9 and 11 are still projected to remain less than the ISO •needed" fire flow. In order for the entire low pressure system to better meet the "needed" fire flows indicated by the ISO, additional improvements to the existing distribution system will be necessary. 5. 93-214.01 01/94 UNDERSIZED WATER MAINS Currently the City of Gaylord has a number of undersized water mains of less than 6" 0 throughout the distribution system. These small lines are no longer acceptable as compared with - 18 - �I I I I I I I I I I the with Michigan Department of Public Health minimum requirements of s• 0 for service lines and a• 0 for transmission mains. Table 15 is a compilation of the current undersized water mains, as referenced from the 1993 City of Gaylord Water System Maps; this Table is located in Section V. C. of this report. V. A. WELL SUPPLY AND LOCATION Currently the City's three (3) wells provide a flow of 2,750-2,935 GPM or 4,000,000 to 4,200,000 gallons per day (GPO), as noted in Table 4. The firm well capacity, with the largest well taken out of service, can provide flows of 1,550-1,735 GPM or 2,200,000 to 2,500,000 GPO. Referencing Table 1 between the years of 1985 to 1993, the average daily flows ranged from 578,884 GPO in 1985 to 753,900 GPO in 19'87 with an average of 636,972 GPO over the eight (8) year period. In addition, a peak daily demand of 1,971,000 GPO was recorded in July, 1992 . Using the average daily flow of 636,972 GPO, an additional 1,563,028 GPO demand or an increase of is 245% is required in order to reach the City's firm well capacity (with Well 5 taken out of service) . Moreover, if the recorded peak daily demand is used, an additional 229,000 GPO demand or an increase of 12% of the peak daily flow is required in order to reach the City's firm well capacity. In both cases the City's existing well supply is shown to be more than adequate under existing water demand conditions and more than likely for some time in the future. As the desire for City of Gaylord water increases the well capacity can be incrementally increased as follows: ••• • • •II • •II RECOMMENDED WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS I 1) Well #3 (Hazel Street): The existing well pump has seven (7) bowls and is equipped with a 60 HP motor. With the addition of a higher pressure district the output of this well will be 93-214.01 01/94 - 19 - �I I I reduced from 700 GPM (1,008,000 GPO) to 570 GPM (820,800 GPO). The addition of one (1) bowl and a 75 HP motor would bring the pumping capacity back to approximately 690 GPM (993,600 GPO) which is very near the existing rated capacity of 700 GPM. The estimated cost of these modifications is $20,000$25,000. II I I I 2) Well #5 (North Otsego): Well #5 is currently the largest production well in the City system with a design flow rate of 1,500 GPM (2,160,000 GPO) with a 150 HP motor. With the addition of a higher pressure district the output of this well will be reduced from 1,500 GPM (2,160,000 GPO) to 1,200 GPM (1,728,000 GPO). The addition of another bowl to the pump and a 200 HP motor will allow the pump to produce 1,600 GPM (2,304,000 GPO), a 100 GPM increase over the existing well capacity and a 400 GPM increase over the pump capacity with the higher pressure district. The Well #5 will also require a new 300 amp electrical service, reduced voltage starter and stand-by generator connector. The estimated cost of these modifications is $50,000-$60,000. The increase in capacity at Well #5 does not increase •firm• capacity which is the pumping capacity with the largest well out of service. As such, ultimately a new well will be required. •• • • 1- 3) New Well #6: When needed, a new well can be developed with a capacity of 1,500-1,600 GPM and provide the City with •firm• capacity well into the future. The work completed for "Wellhead Protection Area Delineation - City of Gaylord" issued by the Departments of Natural Resources and Public Health, September 1992, should be utilized to locate potential new well sites. In general, it is recommended that the well be located with a separate wellhead protection zone from the existing three (3) wells, that it be located distant from the existing towers, and that it be located in the high pressure district. 93-214 .01 01/94 - 20 - �I I I I The above criteria favors the northwest area of the City perhaps as far west as Murner Road and north of M-32 as sh0wn in Exhibit 6. A minimum isolation of 200 feet in all directions will be required and a minimum distance of 2,000 feet from major sources of contamination will also be required. The recommendation that a new well be located in the high pressure district is also contingent on reviewing the future pumping records of Well #4 which will provide the majority of water for the low pressure district. If future demand in the low pressure district causes Well #4 to operate for long periods of time, then consideration should be given to locating Well #6 in the low pressure district. •I I 8. ■· I I I ■· ■ ■ • • • 93-214.01 01/94 ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANKS The City of Gaylord completed a •water System Study for a Second Elevated Storage Tank• in December of 1992. The recommendations of this Study resulted in the construction of a new 300,000 gallon elevated storage tank located on Fairview Road and the creation of two (2) pressure districts. Each pressure district is serviced by one (1) 300,000 gallon elevated storage tank and supply well(s). The high pressure districts' storage tank and supply wells, located north of Main Street (M-32), are ·available to the low pressure district during peak water usage and fire flow conditions. Water from the high pressure district becomes available during high demand periods after water pressure at either of the two (2) isolating PRV's reaches 40 psi or bel~w. As this preset pressure is reached the PRV's open to provide a flow of water until a pressure greater than 40 psi at the PRV's is maintained. In the case of a high demand or fire flow condition in the high pressure district, the PRV's allow backflow or water flow from the low pressure districts' tank and well to the high pressure district. Referencing Table 5, during average water consumption conditions combined with a fire draw of 3,500 GPM and employing both tanks, the estimated elevated storage tank durations are 7.4 hours; and 3.9 hours with the largest well taken out of service. During estimated peak water consumption of three times (3x) the average or - 21 - �I I I I I I I WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA DELINEATION CITY OF GAYLORD POTENTIAL WELL #6 LOCATION 9::! McCLOUTH RO FAIRVIEW RD : ...... ?LAKES '---- ______------. o: a: ' U) w 0 .._____.--,---, a: a: RESORT •. >- AREA <I: I ~ a: ::J }: •• I GAYLORD • ..□□ \D ·• a: a: u <I: z ..... ~ u <I: }: olS I..... 0 i-----1 O WASTEWATER · •• TREATMENT FACILITY r- ' '--~ POT NTIAL WELL #6 LOCATION a: 1- w 0 McCOY RO 0 KNc»ILTON LAKE EXHIBIT 6 . �I I I I I I I 1,800 GPM coupled with a fire draw of 3,500 GPM, storage tower durations are estimated at 3.9 hours; and 2. 7 hours with the largest well taken out of service. ISO requires a duration of 3 hours for a 3,500 GPM fire situation . .With the recent construction of the second elevated storage tank, the City of Gaylord's storage capacity is more than adequate for existing conditions and for some time in the future. Therefore, additional storage capacity has not been investigated further. C. •• I ■ 93-214 .01 01/94 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Five (5) primary areas of interest have been partitioned within the City of Gaylord's water distribution system for the purpose of analyzing the efficiency of the current distribution system and evaluating the adequacy of the existing water mains. In addition, recommendations for improving each area's ISO fire flow rating has been provided in prioritized phases with associated estimated construction costs. The sixteen (16) ISO selected points of importance have been identified within the computer model and are used as the locations for setting goals of acquiring the •needed• flows at a 20 psi residual pressure. The ·needed· or optimum flow ·is the rate of flow for a specific duration for a •tull credit conditions ■, and is based on building construction, occupancy, automatic sprinkler protection and exposure. The ISO ·needed• fire flow is typically a goal but not a requirement, with most communities not meeting the ISO •needed• flow throughout their water distribution system. These five (5) areas of interest are located mostly near the extents of the existing water system. Although some portions of the outlined areas of interest currently receive water service, the completion of water main loops will provide a more reliable and efficient distribution system to the existing water user and also aid in expanding service in expected growth areas. Exhibit 7, included in the Map Pocket, shows these areas in relation to the current City Limits and overall water system. - 22 - �I Area 1 - Schreur and West Streets This area located in the northwest section of the city has suffered from a lack of adequate water pressure, especially during peak usage. Water mains consisting mostly of 4• and 6" 0 supply water in the residential section with a 1O" 0 transmission main along North Ohio Street (see Exhibit 8). The primary reason for minimal pressures in this area was the lack of elevation difference from Elevated Tank No. 1, with the distance from the tank and the small diameter water mains contributing to the pressure loss. With the addition of a second elevated storage tank along Fairview Road and the creation of two pressure districts, a substantial increase in pressure around the Schreur-West Streets area can be expected. In 1993 the City of Gaylord also replaced an abandoned water main with an a• diameter main on Schreur Street between West Street and North Ohio Street which has improved the flow capacity to the area significantly. Table 1O shows that with peak flows of 150 GPM at each node the old system produced less than adequate pressures of 13-23 psi. Moreover, with the new Elevated Tank No. 2 servicing the high pressure district, pressures are typically over 60 psi, an increase of over 37 psi. This pressure increase is a direct result of the added elevation difference between the new Elevated Tank 2 and the Schreur-West Street area as well as the reduced distance in which water must flow to service this area. The new tower and the Schreur Street water main replacement should therefore resolve pressure problems experienced on Timberline, Strawberry Lane and West Street north of Schreur Street. Because West Street south of Schreur Street is served by only a 4" 0 water main there may still be some noticeable lower pressures during periods of extreme peak demand. However, Table 1OA shows that pressures greater than 20 psi will be available even as flows are increased to 400 GPM at each node. A demand as high as 400 GPM at each node would represent an extreme amount of water usage. No additional construction is recommended for Area 1 at this time, however should low pressures be experienced after the new . elevated storage tank is operational, the 4• 0 lines should be increased to a minimum of s• 0. I I I I I 11· • • • • 93-214 .01 01/94 - 23 - �0 ~ a:: §i~ JI il ~ □ ~![ 1 11 eJlil • • 1-75 V) I I• lI :• I :I :• Ii I: .I : II i : NORTH SCALE: 1•= ±600' CITY OF GAYLORD MASTER WATER STUDY MEECHER £'_APITAL ~NSULTANTS ENGINEERS EXHIBIT NO. 8 SCHREUR-WEST STREETS AREA 1 �• ·• ,u JIIIIMID fflCWH ruff DG'f:I, ,_....,. lftmDlft .... I ~::o :IIITol l.1QJ =11121 I l.1QJ ::!/: I ~ a, • ,.., i ~ : - ' 8"¢ i I I -< •. I• . ~ ~ : J ::o ;;o l_!}_CH_~E~_R -·-·-·- ~z T ~~ Or 0 6"¢ 4"¢ I1~d I ! 1111 ! fisol i L?QJ i ~ Ill LANE RANDOM (.!g)~:1 " ll[ill ® I+ 0, 0 LEGEND . l.1QJ ~- ~ @ PIPE I C FACTOR NODE I : 1157 q l129J 11~ )>,, . EXISTING WATERMAINS 12"¢----10"¢- - - - - I REPLACE f!i, 'NATERMAIN1 WITH ±300 LF OF 12"111 PHASE NO 4 6 ~ 0 ,..,. ::r:lf"isl ~ : O IJ1QJ • \ : cm W. NORTHr:,l Ill '¼=:-::7 \ \ -,.;::;-, @l I'--:-- . - g ®1:I rnJ 111® 0 .11~ 29' 70 W. JENSON ~ )>o (/) CONSTRUCT ± 4950 LF 12"1f WATERMAIN AND PRV - PHASE NO 3 - ~ ~ w. 44 120 ~11~.. .. . I PETOSKEY rtj=< :::0 0 :E .,., ~EJ~o16, W, MITCHE~L ~G) rr, )> ::0-< "PROPOSED 1 o" PRV' 1 2" PRV" FIRE FLOW r 1741 (/)Q l_l!g --l :::0 @ TEST~ 1731 @ l_l!g Co W. MAIN M-32 11641 ll!2J 0 -< FIRE FLOW TEST #7 =~ -~~ zc=l \ 6 1l ?1 d r:ioil ~ rnf'J® CONSTRUCT ±2650 LF 12"111 WATERMAIN PHASE NO 1 ,..,r> ,..,>~r ;;oz 0 ~ 0 ,.., ITTo7 ~ V)"' ;:,,; ;;o (/) 0 z ~ -u :::oo o< (") fT1 G§) REPLACE 4"• AND f j • WATERMAINS WITH ± 1 .21 0 lF OF 1 2" • PHASE NO 2 f139l l!1QJ i1J8l fTIAX lZQ_J ~rr,I ··--~--·-··-··-··- .. rr, ::0 - --iO- (J) z --; z :::0 0 o· )>)>co 0 :::u ~ N E:IGHTH i149l l.!12.J z (/) rn VANTYLE I~ rml ~ lisol ~ ' ~ · ~OSCONS/N �I I TABLE NO. 10 CITY OF GAYLORD SCHREUR-WEST STREETS - AREA 1 I 1· NODE NUMBER I 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 400 401 I -I ••• FLOWS (gpm) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 15.0 14.4 13.1 13.3 15.2 18.3 22.7 16.6 20.2 59.8 59.0 57.2 57.5 59.1 61.7 65.0 59.4 61.7 61.3 60.7 59.2 59.4 61 .2 64.2 67.6 62.0 64.4 <1>Prior to Elevated Storage Tank No. 2 and PRV's TABLE NO. 10A CITY OF GAYLORD SCHREUR-WEST STREETS - AREA 1 NEW SYSTEM PRESSURES (psig) OLD SYSTEM< > PUMPS PUMPS PRESSURES OFF ON (psig) 1 NODE NUMBER 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 400 401 I • • • • • NEW SYSTEM PRESSURES (psia) OLD SYSTEM< > PUMPS PRESSURES PUMPS ON (psig) OFF 1 FLOWS (gpm) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA 1 40.8 43.7 40.6 44.0 44.9 48.9 <>Prior to Elevated Storage Tank No. 2 and PRV's S~aded areas are below the minimum recommended pressure of 35 psi 93-214 .01 01/94 - 24 - �I I 1· Area 2 - Dickerson Road Improvements The Dickerson Road area is primarily an industrial and com,mercial section located along the western extents of the current water system. The M-32 area currently receives it's water supply from a single transmission line along M-32 from Wisconsin Avenue. Water mains servicing businesses along M-32 consist of an a· 0 from east of 1-75 to Meecher Road with a 10• 0 extending further west to a loop around the Wal-Mart development. The Dickerson and Van Tyle area is serviced by a 12• 0 line under the expressway from Wisconsin Avenue and a 12• 0 from Dickerson Road south to Well #4. There is a second crossing under the expressway with a s• 0 from Eighth Street and along Dickerson Road south connected to a small section of 4• 0 and north along Dickerson Road with a section of s• 0 and continuing with a 12• 0 to a dead end (see Exhibit 9). Problems associated with dead end lines are two fold: First, the transfer of water only has one route, thus being inefficient and risking the potential of losing water service, including fire fighting capabilities if the single feed line breaks or requires repair, and secondly, water may become stagnate in the water mains if the lines are not routinely flushed or recirculated. Whereas available fire flows have substantially improved in most areas east of 1-75 due to the construction of the second elevated tank and development of two pressure districts, west of 1-75 remains deficient largely due to the lack of a large diameter water main loop. Phases 1 & 2: Table 11 displays improved available fire flow results after each recommended phase, starting initially with the completion of a 12• 0 water main loop north along Dickerson Road, then west and parallel to M-32 and completing the loop by connecting into the 1o• 0 main along M-32 west of Meecher Road {Phase 1). Although increased available fire flows are not largely noticeable after completion of the water main loop in Phase 1 because of the remaining small sections of 4• 0 ands· 0 along Dickerson Road, significant improvements will be made in reducing the risk of losing service and fire fighting capabilities in portions west of 1-75 as well as removing maintenance time for flushing of the previously dead end water mains. After the replacement of these small diameter water I I I I I I I I I I I I f I f I 93-214.01 01/94 - 25 - �••• - I • •I - - - - -I- -~- - ~ f ~ -I 0 CO ...... w . --co ......... ... I\) 0 ...... TABLE NO. 11 CITY OF GAYLORD DICKERSON ROAD IMPROVEMENTS - AREA 2 COMPUTER SIMULATED RESULTS AVAILABLE FIRE FLOWS (gpm@ 20 psig RESIDUAL) I\) 0) ISO FIRE ISO CALCULATED EXISTING(2l FLOW "NEEDED"'11 TEST NODE FIRE FLOW FIRE FLOWS NUMBER NUMBER (gpm @ 20 psig) (gpm @ 20 psig) EXISTING SYSTEM PHASE 1 OFF ON OFF ON OFF 2 91 3,000 1,500 1,063 1,234 1,228 1,432 2,859 7 47 2,000-5,000 1,400 3,990 4,238 4,096 4,440 4,587 950 1,013 1,016 1,160 1,252 2.520 944 946 1,116 1,188 1,945 8 I 46 I 3,000 43 I *3,000 403 I *3,000 ' 11 As determined by ISO (see Appendix A) '21 As calculated by ISO (see Appendix A) *Estimated value as ISO has not made a determination Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flow conditions Demand of 60 GPM was added at Node 43 during Phase~ 1, 2, 3 & 4 Improvements: Phase 1-,- Construct lines 400 & 401 at 12• Phase 2 - Replace lines 139 & 149 with 12" Phase 3 • Construct lines 403 & 404 at 12• and PRV _.Phase 4 - R~place _ line 24 with 12• PHASE 1, 2 & 3 PHASE 1 & 2 ON OFF ON I PHASE 1, 2, 3 & 4 OFF ON 1J?l]~i0.\tl:i:Ii;'~~it: : IJIJ:J'§7il: : 1:: ~'!s.~? : : : ~}l;i'iH{t i:nti:1~1:: :::1 4,590 1:: : ~= :1~= ; : : : : 1 4.5~0 1:::s;r~4.Jt i: : : :~;2:§~=i: 1l:t:~;4~9::1:1: :,11:: : ~:1.'~7 : : : 11::::::1~;141:i: : : 1:' .g:~~~,:: : : 1 2,216 2,244 2,355 2,244 I 2,373 2,476 2,996 l I~;1:~~=:: : : 2,355 ~ �I I I I I I main sections with a 12• 0 transmission main (Phase 2), a noticeable increase in available fire flows will be experienced throughout this area) Fire flow test locations 2, 7 & 8 will be able to satisfy ISO "needed• fire flow conditions with all pumps operating. Phases 3 & 4: Available fire flow conditions are displayed in Table 11 under Phases 3 and 4 as the area north of M-32 just west of 1-75 is developed. A 12• 0 transmission water main from west North Street, crossing below the highway and looping into M-32 with a PAV located just north of M-32 is recommended as this areas is developed (Phase 3). Additional water mains or service leads would connect into this transmission main to service the individual commercial properties. The PAV is required to maintain the separation of the two pressure districts with the expected growth areas situated in the high pressure district. The existing a• 0 water main along west North Street will slightly restrict fire flows from the 1o• 0 transmission main along North Ohio Street and is recommended to be replaced with a 12• 0 as the need to satisfy estimated ISO requirements becomes necessary (Phase 4). The 12• 0 water mains recommended in Phases 3 and 4 should be considered as a minimum assuming an ISO •needed· fire flow requirement of 3,000 GPM. If, at the time of development, ISO ratings require a larger fire fighting flow, a more detailed and specific investigation should be considered at that time in order to provide the required fire protection for this developing area. Area 3 - South Old 27 Business District This area of interest consists primarily of existing commercial businesses along the Old 27 corridor from Commerce Boulevard south to McCoy Road. Currently, water supply for these commercial developments are from individual wells. Extending a large diameter water main along Old 27 would be able to supply this commercial region adequate fire protection as well as provide practical locations for large diameter water main loops along McCoy Road and from Village Parkway (see Exhibit 10). Phases 1, 2 & 3: Table 12 illustrates approximate fire flows which would become available to the Old 27 business corridor after each phase of the proposed water main extensions are constructed. I I I I I I I I r I r r 93-214 .01 01/94 - 27 - �I. ~-I. , ul'\.aTIW'll I I •• n,_ , __ """"'11)11'11- EXISTING WATERMAINS 12" ~ -- - - - 10"!6 - -- 8"~ - ·- ·- ~z - - 0 -:u 11· :i! ·- 6"~ - ·· - ··-·· - ·· - ·· 4"1() f+0> ........... . . . . 0 q LEGEND I I I 0 (") ,..,;:,,:: :::0 • ~i~-- ......... . l: 11491 70 I t 1129] ~ @ ~ _ _ _11 ~ - ·--·~ ® '~ W :-·-··- PIPE I C FACTOR NODE I 1· . l ~- - 1 133 : I ao 11371 l.filLJ i= i ®9=====3 r ~::._ ITTil ~ ~ )>o {/)_ ® ~~ :::a 0 :=f ,., 11311 gr~I~ ~C) ~ 11~alli (") fTl )> :,,;: • I @ :::U-( r {/) 0 --f :::a COMMERCE 11637 ~ Co 0 0 -< !:'.1 :u 0 @ =i A- =~ FIRE FLOW 00 Or :;;o O f"Tl >< ON :C CD --f Cz {/) 0 )> z. :::a fTl __,. ~~o vJ ~ 11~ 1\ < t -< CONSTRUCT ± 1950 LF 10"111 WATERMAIN PHASE NO. 2 11~ I I \ ,~6 1111@ ii 0 e, FIRE FLOW r- TEST #4 C v, N I '-l111@p " 11687 ln ~ CONSTRUCT ± 1700 PHASE NO. 1 I' O-.....J OJ :::a 0 ~ r- I V) " ' 11641 :u 'I ;a z )> C) ,. , -tr > ~ C) :,,;: NODE 101 \ :::0 CONSTRUCT ± 2200 LF 12"111 WATERMAIN PHASE NO. 1 )> TEST #1 - ~~ z c =i ,..,r > 3:: CONSTRUCT ± 2570 LF 12"111 WATERMAIN, PHASE NO. 3 6 Mccoy lis5' lgQj r LF 12"!6 WATERMAIN @§) �•••• ■ ■ ■ ·• • • •, - - 0 (0 ..... w ~~ 0 ..... ~ TABLE NO. 12 CITY OF GAYLORD SOUTH OLD 27 BUSINESS DISTRICT - AREA #3 COMPUTER SIMULATED RESULTS AVAILABLE FIRE FLOWS (gpm@ 2o ·psig RESIDUAL) ISO FIRE ISO CALCULATED FLOW "NEEDED" 111 EXISTING 121 TEST NODE FIRE FLOW FIRE FLOWS NUMBER NUMBER (gpm @ 20 psig) (gpm @ 20 psig) I\) CD EXISTING SYSTEM PHASE 1 PHASES 1 & 2 PHASES 1, 2 & 3 OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON 2,210 2,077 2,811 1 101 3,000 1,500 1,573 2,231 1,545 2,110 1,545 4 108 2,000 1,300 1,245 1,387 1,209 1,358 1,796 98 ·2,000 1,781 2,078 1,706 2,007 1,758 2,077 1,973 ·:~tsoott 400 *3,500 2,168 2,616 2,068 2,516 2,059 2,508 2,466 3,354 401 *3,500 ---------- 1,794 2,042 1,889 2,163 2,573 3,410 111 As determined by ISO (see Appendix A) calculated by ISO (see Appendix A) *Estimated value as ISO has not made a determination Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flow conditions 121 As Improvements: Phase 1 • Construct lines 164 and 167 at 12" Phase 2 - Construct line 168 at 10" . Pha~e 3 - Construct -line ·, 65 at 1·2" •·• 2.093}:: ' 2';1'65 /,, 2;574\f �' • • ••• • In addition, Table 12A has been provided to show the effects of the same water main extensions after Phases 1 and 2 of the Dickerson Road improvements are in place. As shown on both Tables 12 and 12A, areas beyond the Old 27 corridor will also benefit as the new water main loops are completed, namely ISO test locations 1 and 4. After completing the water main loop from Village Parkway into the proposed water main along Old 27 (Phase 2), ISO conditions at fire flow test location 4 can be satisfied. Furthermore, after the construction of a 12• 0 water main loop across 1-75 along McCoy Road (Phase 3), ISO conditions at fire flow test location 1 will be approximately 2,800 GPM with 2,900 GPM expected after Phases 1 & 2 of the Dickerson Road improvements . In general, the available fire flow conditions for the commercial businesses along the Old 27 corridor from Commerce Boulevard to McCoy Road will be in the order of approximately 3,400 GPM after the recommended water main loops have been completed. Looking toward the future, a 12• 0 line constructed south of McCoy Road could provide approximately 2,100 GPM to the 1-75 interchange if Phases 1, 2 and 3 are constructed prior to that extension. A 16• 0 line south of McCoy would provide approximately 3,000 GPM to the 1-75 interchange. A water main loop is also recommended and would improve flows and reliability of this later extension. I • • • ~ Area 4 - Old High and Middle Schools This area located in the eastern region of the water distribution system is of interest because of expected commercial development and potential water demand east of the City Limits as well as a lack of available fire flow in the quantity required for schools and general public assembly. After the construction of the second elevated tank and the development of two pressure districts, substantial increases in available fire flows can be noticed in this area, but ISO "needed" fire flow requirements of 4,000 GPM and 3,000 GPM (at test locations 1o & 11 respectively) will still be deficient. The primary reason for the system's inability to deliver these large flows of up to 4,000 GPM is because of the existing water main sizes in this area (see Exhibit 11 ). 93-214.01 01/94 - 29 - �••••• - - - - - - - - ·- .. •I. • ' 0 CD ... w I CD I'\) -l>- ... -l>- -- ...0 TABLE NO. 12A CITY OF GAYLORD SOUTH OLD 27 BUSINESS DISTRICT - AREA #3A (Including Phases 1 & 2 of Dickerson Road Improvements - Area 2) COMPUTER SIMULATED RESULTS AVAILABLE FIRE FLOWS (gpm@ 20 psig RESIDUAL) (.,) 0 ISO FIRE ISO CALCULATED EXISTING FLOW "NEEDED"<1> EXISTING<2> SYSTEM PHASE 1 PHASES 1 & 2 PHASES 1, 2 & 3 TEST NODE FIRE FLOW FIRE FLOWS l=========!:::=======i=====~====;==========ll ON NUMBER NUMBER (gpm @ 20 psig) (gpm @ 20 psig) OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF 1 I 101 I 3,000 1,500 1,573 4 I 108 I 2,000 1,300 1,245 98 I ·2.000 400 I *3,500 401 I *3,500 ----------- 1 1,781 2,168 >As determined by ISO (see Appendix A) >As calculated by ISO (see Appendix A) *Estimated value as ISO has not made a determination Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flow conditions· < 2 < Improvements: Phase 1 - Construct lines 164 and 167 at 12" Phase 2 - Construct line 168 at 10" Pnase 3 - Construct lines 165 at 12• 1,722 2,248 1,720 1,387 1,225 1,358 1,855 , 2;'6~2]:212t~~1/[ tg';~§s\t :2;69'~::l}:i 1,816 :;:;=~';8e$:: : : : : 1 2,193 2,490 2,184 2,401 1,832 2,033 1,942 2,153 :::-:-::;:;:•·•:•···· \ 2\<>7§:UF 1,760 2,616 2,246 I 2,321 2,231 12,011 :2]122!:I l!?;~Jq:l: : I 2,001 I 2,898 1$~;{1~ :i �•••••••••••I -•-•• l - I llt1- l'U- l'\.Clf""1!l ·lrl>GIDl'II- T l,tol / I l,~ol CD McLOUTH RD (") l""I z -I l""I ;;:o I GIii~ C (/) EXISTING WATERMAINS ~ 12"fl)-----10"fl)- - - - B"!t> """ V) () 6" fl) 4"!t> ~z 0 ~~ II :i: I+ O> LEGEND 1221 I #3 WELL :II@ SHIPP lgQJ ? b:· - . - . 71 NORTH CID I . t:::::' I ~ ITal ~1 ~ J~I□ • ► -o ~~ □ • ~G) (T\ ::::0 )> -< 38 . [401 ~ 39 \GJ: . 1551 l.1Qj -< : c:J · ~___.,~•-.=.53; ;. _-.-'. _,._ .. _ .. _,__: : [m @ 57 201 MITCHELL Rucr±1J!so-LF 55 HURON ~~:;~_. -1111~ Igglr M-32 =~("] z> :~~ 1 m > ~qv-,- · > . m ~. ;o 1"'1 1..-__,"'.~1~----, .~ ~ 99 00 1m1 - , ~ s 1,a,.,:.:.:~l-··-··- .. - .. -.. ~ 08 0 ,~ _ ......._ I GAYLORD (") 0 I c.=:::-.,-=' 1"17 SCHOOLS o:i:x o-:c G)_ •:cm (/) )> --i lzz )> 0 ~ ~~~ ► o~ 0 ..P.. rrr, COMMUNITY SEVENTH ± 3,000 LF OF 12"¢ PHASE NO 4 l [4o.3l ~ I 0 ~0 3 j I •14021 78 1120 1,~1 120 CONSTRUCT ± 1,aoo LF OF a·~ J WATERMAIN, PHASE NO 3 1rn61 ___, REPLACE 4"¢ WATERMAIN WITH Ef'rJ - PHASE NO 2 0 (.I) I -~ .\ ~ ·- ·~·-· . . rM1 120 V) (/) l:Ji CONSTRUCT rWATERMAIN, V> -----~~~----··-·· -·'_!~~~:._ . _~~----··-··~@ ~ ~ ~ [i]!\ I ~~~Xiis~~N:'~~E SECOND I I~ E. MAIN 81 . oF ,2·ia PHASE NO 1 AIN AND PRY - : @ ........,_....__.: @ 3: Ii f"541 l.1Qj :. ·1 CID : MITCHELL Co 0 • SHELDON • (/) 0 # 11~ ~ 43 1:171 \EJ\l~OON r --i :::0 NODE ~®-··-··-· ~L----= ·=;il@ FELSHAW ::::0 ~.,0 G]§) I 1-,-----.1~l~L-. - (/) PIPE i C FACTOR . STEWART ~ 11291 ~ I I l[,sJ] ~ rrn 0 q I 10 90 -· CID �.,•..,.,.,•.•.--· ~ -•• ,u_.,_ , I. ..,_ l'I.Of~ •••• ■ ■ ■ ,_ I 11 ALPINE CENTER l1~ol ./CD / @11 I ELEVATION TANK 2 ELEVATION ± 1366' ~ , /Q) I1bd F'AIRVIEW RD. CD I1~0vt.kLOUTH RD 111 ·- ·.-- ·-·-·- ·-·- ·71 lti6I I. EXISTING WATERMAINS 12"¢-----10"¢ -- -- II) ,., ~z ,.,;:o (") z ~ 0 8"¢ .- ..6"¢ _,,_··- ··-··- " 4"¢ . ... . ....... .. . ;■ 5! l.!.22..1 6 I+0, 0 ~ C: .I 14081 NOOE# I 1221 SHIPP l_llg ~ WELL #5 ® 9 i28l ~ 127~1 \ ~ . 120 ~ ;a =< \n,□ : 0 t ~C) 135l\t ~ ~ j -< r (1)0 ~;a ~□ Co -< 0 i IH81 CONSTRUCT ±1500 LF 8"111 06. • I PHASE NO. 2 WATERMAIN ·:::==~ ·---~·-,··,L!.1.," 1 I . 20 f . 120 ·•------An 11.;.-11-\ 85 .......,Q I FELSHAW . JENSON '-. l- IL II CONSlRUCT ... WATERMAJN .._P...,H:..,;;;AS;.::E,_N:,a.;O:a.:,._1,__ _ __ ~!□□i i lggJI PETOSKEYlg~J -~~j ~,; :CID . . 1l ~~I . :~ _ C-f m► ;:o~ I: -~ !, 0 g~fTl Z O x OZ:r: OU>U> :r: rn -~ ;a rii rr, ~ ;a (/) -l. )>~N (J1 ri7 (/) ~6 ® : [ill) '13 II ~ - .i~~ \. BO 70 90 ~- 70'.. fi12l · 62 r : .: • > ®" (ID ~ 8 ~ ITT,l ·~ ITT911:. l1QJ 11~ l i I ., ~I 121 ~ 1I 124 . 9 BO U) !Tl C) 0 IIMITCHELL '1 70 ~ I ~ ~ s8 . _ 1·~0~~~~ i , lj1g~J Roel GJ! :,O~~T~~ .. CE:> 1'1°2041 @) U~ ' li05l ® ~ ml % ® ·- ~ -s- II ~ \8011 SIXTH . . 68 Ia ::r: \ [. flTTH 1= • ~. 1IT : n.~s~.~ .. ' [i09l0 5 '-.!.V ·~ ~ !llliDc::]JC ~ i1 ,o 0 ~f·-.. . ..... . 123 • : ~g : SECOND 69 ~Ii @) 59 . "i\ \:\GD \\lrm I . ~ @ : flTTH Ii ~ ~ . __H~•':!' ____:®HURON ~ ~ [577 ·. LZQ.J fsal 11:> ~~ ® LZQ.J ~8~ ~o. 70 !SHELDON . · --=·· : . $~-~~~~~~-.l_,,_,. z )> ~ ~ : ~l.~~-·-··~~~-~[oo:I ' en ri7 i @"l : ® o - ~1 o0 :a" PRV" . c: · 63 • ~I m•-fr> I . =;i . ~ :1 i~1 ! 8 ! U) J67l en] V, ~ ~UIDJ _z> z 1i~ i _ 61 ~ ll~~r---~~k;~m· ilm JL. ... .. . I® \~!HELLc::J(m] 85 CONSTRUCT 8"• WATERMAIN PHASE NO. 1 uGD ;J_ui) r=,~-:l@Fs£jW~® LZQ.J ~ . ,~41 @ :DLiiLJ:ISHELDON i LZ2..I . 11 '·•-f:··-··- .. - .. _,._,:~ .. - .. _ .. CONSTRUCT 8"111 WATERMAIN PHASE NO. : )> :::0 STEWART \□ WELL #3 I· l,SJI as 36 85 j ~ 71 fT1 l.1.QQJ • I I ,------...,__-- Ile 22 . ~-_J . - . =m= .- .- . - . - . -+--_ _ _ _ _ _a_5 - - I (/) I• 1231 I CONSTRUCT ± 1750 LF 8"111 WATERMAIN PHASE NO. 2 120 ~ - - - - - CONSTRUCT ±330 LF 8"111 WATERMAIN PHASE NO. 2 rn]frr=======~~=====~ :t>o !4091 ~ @ ~ ____ j ~ ®1··-··- N PIPE M C FACTOR @ CONSTRUCT ±2250 lF 0111 1 WATERMAIN PHASE NO. 2 V) '-I ~ I I ITil I 0 LEGEND 11291 I I CONSTRUCT ±3600 LF 8°111 MAIN PHASE NO. 3 GAYLORD GAYLORD COMMUNITY COMMUNITY SCHOOLS SCHOOLS . - . - CID 1 �■ ■ ■ ■ This area is primarily served bys• 0 mains along Fourth Street from Elevated Tank 1 and along Center Street from Elevated Tank 2. Phases 1 & 2: In order to meet ISO fire flow requirements of 4,060 GPM at test location 10, a 12• 0 transmission main and PAV within the high pressure district is required. The recommended route along Maple Street for the 12" 0 transmission main has been selected because of it's relative location bordering the existing City Limits as shown in Exhibit 11. As such, when water service east of the City Limits is extended, water mains can be connected directly to a large diameter pipe at the easternmost limits of the water system without replacing the existing s• 0 water main along M-32 or having flows restricted through the smaller diameter pipe. Although the existing s• 0 water mains in this area can typically provide a substantial amount of water flow, the replacement of an undersized 4• 0 with an s• 0 water main along Oak Street (Phase 2) has been determined to be the optimal size and route for improving this area's available fire flow requirements of 4,000 GPM at the old high school. Table 13 displays the results of computer simulated available fire flow conditions for Phases 1 and 2 independently, such that depending upon the timing of development and necessity of extending water service east of the City Limits, a decision on which phase (either 1 or 2) should be constructed first can be appropriately weighted. Phase 1 improvements provide increased benefits over Phase 2 improvements if constructed independently. After the construction of both Phases 1 & 2, •needed" fire flow conditions at test location 1O is expected to be satisfied. Phases 3 & 4: The •needed• fire flow at location 11 (Middle School) cannot be met until a water main loop from East Fifth Street to M-32 (Phase 3) is provided. Phase 4 of Table 13 shows the expected available fire flows as further development requires extending a 12" 0 water main to Hidden Valley Resort. A 12" 0 water main should be considered as a minimum assuming ISO "needed· fire flow requirement of 2,500 GPM. If, at the time of water main extension, ISO ratings require a larger fire fighting flow, further study should be I ~ I ~ • • • • • • 93-214 .01 01/94 - 31 - �••• ---- ~ ---~---- ■- a 1,■1 .I 0 _. CD w ....--CD ...._.' I\) 0 _. TABLE NO. 13 CITY OF GAYLORD OLD HIGH & MIDDLE SCHOOLS - AREA #4 COMPUTER SIMULATED RESULTS @ 20 psig RESIDUAL) AVAILABLE FIRE FLOWS (gpm w I\) ISO FIRE ISO CALCULATED FLOW 'NEEDED'<1> EXISTING<2> TEST NODE FIRE FLOW FIRE FLOWS NUMBER NUMBER (gpm @ 20 psig) (gpm @ 20 psig) EXISTING SYSTEM PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 1 & 2 OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON PHASES 1, 2 & 3 OFF 10 75 2,000-4,000 1,800 3,118 3,335 3,406 3,754 3,222 3,444 3,526 ,3;973\ I 3,539 11 81 3,000 1,000 2,060 2,141 2,381 2,549 2,090 2,168 2,451 2,722 I 2,TTS 200 '3,000 201 *3,000 1 < lAs determined by ISO (see Appendix A) calculated by ISO (see Appendix A) *Estimated value as ISO has not made a determination Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flow conditions 2 < >As Improvements: Phase 1 - Construct line 166 @ 12" and PAV Phase 2 - Replace line 86 with 8" Phase 3 - Construct line 401 at 12" and line 402 @ 8" Phase 4 - Construct line 403 with 12" 2,597 PHASES 1, 2, 3 & 4 ON ff t&Jit i=i= 3;ijtj/ 1 :r1 }1~:i:1: ;1 1 OFF ON 3 ,s20 1'Y~i6i£:f 2,753 I" ':(~i t 2,562 1=:: :~:i;zi::t 2, 1ss I 2,456 �■ ■ ■ considered including a water main loop to Hayes Road in order to provide the required fire fighting protection. East Main Extension: If water service is extended further east prior to Phases 1, 2 and 3 (loop) then the expected flows at node 200 would be approximately 1,700 GPM. I Area 5 - Devonshire Estates Condominium Area Phases 1, 2 & 3: This area located just outside the nort 1east extents of the water system is of interest because of expected residential and/or multi-family dwelling developments. Currently this area is undeveloped with Phase 1 expected to be constructed and completed in 1995 (see Exhibit 12). As residential development continues to the north, the recommended water main extensions generally consist of 8" 0 water mains to the north along Elm Street and Hayes Road and 5• 0 water mains providing loops along the individual residential streets with periodic s· 0 water mains west to Old US-27 connecting to the existing 12• 0 transmission main. Table 14 displays the effects of each phase of residential development on available fire flows in this area. The estimated ISO "needed" fire flow is expected to be 2,000 GPM in most residential areas with a higher value of 3,000 GPM set for node 406 at the northeast portion of the water system because of the uncertainty of average daily water demands. If a water main loop is considered from the Hidden Valley area as noted in the previous section, or other than residential development occurs in this area and ISO ratings are expected to be larger than as shown on Table 14, further study should be considered for the water main sizes especially along McLouth and Hayes Roads. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■· ■ ■ ■ 93-214.01 01 /94 - 33 - �•••• ■ - ••• - • ~- ·■ ■ , ■ , ■ '■ 0 CD _. w ...... ' CD I\> .f:,,. _. .f:,,. 0 _. TABLE NO. 14 CITY OF GAYLORD DEVONSHIRE CONDOMINIUMS - AREA #5 COMPUTER SIMULATED RES ULTS AVAILABLE FIRE FLOWS (gpm @ 20 psig RESIDUAL) ISO FIRE ISO CALCULATED 11 FLOW NEEDED"' 11 EXISTING'21 TEST NODE FIRE FLOW FIRE FLOWS NUMBER NUMBER (gpm @ 20 psig) (gpm @ 20 psig) ~ I II 12 I I EXISTING SYSTEM OFF 757 PHASE 1 ON OFF ON PHASES 1 & 2 !PHASES 1, 2 & 3 OFF ON OFF ON :112:: 1::~:fogg:::::: 1: : H:;21:f::::::::1,::~=fra3 ]: :IH ::r1'2;2ss : : : : 1::2~H51::::::::::.1·=2;131J:< ·=:=.:•.2· · = = =.·=:.33a· ·•.·.=·=·= · =·:=,:·.=:-·=:' · 1 1 963 1:·=.=•.2·s· =·=·==·.·" ===1.·.2=· <=,= .=:-.:=-c==•-===:.·1=:•=:·-2-._ 995•-= := :=-:=,:=-_== ·. 1:=,==,_·4 =:·-:' .-==,·· =1=========== · ·=-=·• == =,:c=: :==,· 1·=·.4 :·, ,=:,e=-.·-3.=•===·01· ·=,=:=. ,=·=·=·= -· ·42=·=:=·:=·,·.·=·:.=-.= I,.·.,..,3==·==.=1 · ·53·=· 35 1,000 400 *2,000 1' 825 401 *2,000 927 402 *2,000 1,863 1: 2}1.61titl:=2;997J:t:w:=~a=2 :::r=1t3fo<fi=I::::: l4Isa4. :: 403 *1,000 r1;209\ 1::ri69= 5::::: 1:: 1I14iDt:::1.:=2f3re1J::1r~mr,4tJ: 1:~:;9= ;:41:::1 406 **3,000 800 l } ; ;./: . t <· ' . . {{?: ·::: ' I 1,977 I 1,530 i:I2;6ad: 11 As 21 ' As determined by ISO (see Appendix A) calculated by ISO (see Appendix A) *Estimated value as ISO has not made a determination **Increased estimated value because of development uncertainty Shaded areas exceed ISO "needed" fire flow conditions < Improvements: Phase 1 - Construct lines 402 & 405 @ 8" and lines 403 & 404 @ 6" Phase 2 - Replace lines 406, 407, 408 & 410 @ 8" and line 409 @ 6" Phase 3 - Construct line 411 at 8" :::::::::: ::· ; ::::::::::: . , ' {(/ i . ,:• :::.1:2:057}l:I:j'i\,}3y~I:::: !f:2;'39.2j::::1::js[73dj 1,501 1 1,854 1'i'2}1N?itII1'2;:9§a\t �I I I I Replacement of Small Sized Water Mains Small sized water mains of less than e• 0 are considered undersized under current water distribution standards. These water mair1s have been compiled and are alphabetically arranged in the following table. Although the water system as a whole is in relatively good condition and will improve with the previously mentioned recommendations, small isolated areas throughout the distribution system may experience minimal flows and pressures during peak demand conditions because of these small diameter water mains. As other improvements to the City of Gaylord's infrastructure, such as road resurfacing or replacement, storm or sanitary sewer construction, etc., are designed and constructed, replacement of the small diameter water mains are recommended. Construction cost estimates for e· 0 water main including tees, bends and restoration will vary slightly depending on other construction activities taking place, but generally construction costs of $25-$30 per lineal foot should be expected. Additional costs for fire hydrant assemblies of $1,500 each at 500 foot intervals and $300-$600 each for service connections should be added. Although small sized water mains have been tabulated, some areas already have parallel larger sized water mains, as noted in the Comment Column, and need not be replaced. The sheet numbers in the comment column reference the 1993 City of Gaylord Water System Map. •I I •I I I I • TABLE 15 UNDERSIZED WATER MAINS {<6• 0) Approx. Street Name Tees Valves Service Connect 510' 2 1 9 6' & 8' Parallel with W.M., Sheet #14 2' G.I. 652' 3 2 16 Sheet #14 Second 4' SCI 1,500' 3 36 Sheet#13 Second First 2' G.I. 124' 1 4 Sheet #13 First Main 4' Trans. 210' 2 Sheel#13 From To Size Center, South Seventh Fifth 2' G.I. Court, South Fifth Seventh Court, South Fifth Court, South Court, South 93-214.01 01/94 Length - 35 - Fire Hydrants Comments �I I I I I I I I I I I I • • • • • • • TABLE 15 UNDERSIZED WATER MAINS (<6• 0) ' From To Size Length Tees Valves Approx. Service Connect Court, North Petoskey North 4' Trans. 1,050' 1 1 30 Sheet #11 Court, North Mitchell Main 4' G.I. 716' 1 2 13 Sheet#12 Court, North Intersection of Petoskey 2' Trans. 24' 1 s,eet #11 2' G.I. 380' 1 Sheet #12 4' Trans. 630' 1 1 1 Sheet #18 1 6 1 Sheet #13 Street Name N. Main Alley Court, North Alley Mitchell Dickerson North of VanTyle Elm, South Fourth Fifth 4' Trans. 806' Elm, South Main First 1' Copper 170' Elm, North Mill North 2' G.I. 115' 1 Sheet #7 2 Petoskey Main 4' Trans. 1,354' Fairgrounds City of Gaylord Well #5 Fairgrounds 1½'PVC 504' Fairgrounds Shipp 2' 510' Felshaw, East Center Hazel 2' G.I. 770' Felshaw, East Elm Hazel 3/4' 40' Felshaw, East Elm Hazel 4' Trans. 876' First. East Elm Center 1½' G.I. 340' Fourth, West Center Court 1½' G.I. 268' Hazel, South Third Fourth 4' 336' 1 1 Hazel, North Main Petoskey 4' Trans. 1,330' 7 1 5 4 12 1 Sheet #6 Sheet#10 Lot 1A, Sheet #10 1 4' Trans. Running Parallel, Sheet #7 7 Sheet#7 2 Hazel, North Felshaw Petoskey 4' Trans. 444' Huron, East Maple Hayes 4' Trans 344' Huron, East Elm Oak 4' Trans. 370' Illinois, North Mitchell Main 3/4' G.I. 518' 1 Illinois, North Main Petoskey 2' G.I. 894' 2 Indiana, North Petoskey Sheldon 4' Trans. 334' 1 - 36 - Comments Sheet#5 Elm, North 93-214.01 01/94 Fire Hydrants 1 21 2' Running Parallel, Sheet #7 2 4 6' Trans. W.M. Parallel, Sheet #13 1 1 8 • PVC Running Parallel, Sheet #13 Sheet#5 12 2 Sheet #6 4 8' W.M. Running Parallel Note 6' Hydrant. 4' Main, Sheet #7 1 4 Sheet #6 1 8 Sheet #6 4 8x8 tee at intersection of Main, Sheet#12 15 6x8 cross at intersection of Mitchell, Sheet #12 6 Sheet #12 2 1 �I I I I I I I I I I I I • TABLE 15 UNDERSIZED WATER MAINS (<6• 0) , Valves Approx. Service Connect 702.' 1 14 4' Trans. 344' 1 4' G.I. 256' Ohio 4' Trans. 300' Illinois 4' Trans. 712' Court First 4' Trans. 630' Court Alley 4' G.I. 150' 1 Main, East Oak Maple 4' C.I. 924' 1 Main, East Maple East of Hayes 4' Trans. 470' 3/4' G.I. 54' Petoskey 4' Trans. 1,330' 7'26' Street Name From To Size Indiana, North Mitchell Main 1½' G.I. Jenson Otsego Court Jenson Court Center Jenson West St. Jenson Ohio Main, South Alley Main, North Alley Maple, South Intersection of Third Maple, North Main Length Tees Fire Hydrants Comments Sheet #12 Sheet #11 1 Sheet #11 1 2 Sheet #21 1 15 Sheet #11 2 14 Sheet #13 2 Sheet #12 11 8' Pipe Running Parallel, Sheet #6 4 8' Pipe Running Parallel, Sheet #6 1 Sheet#5 1 Sheet#6 5 3 17 2 3 5 Sheet #13 6 Sheet #13 1 6' W.M. Running Parallel, Sheet #7 Michigan, South Second Main 2' G.I. Michigan, South Second Main 2' G.I. 110' Mill Center Elm 2' G.I. 96' 1 Mitchell, East Center Elm 2' G.I. 400' 2 Mitchell, East Elm Hazel 4' Trans. 988' Mitchell, East Mitchell South of Mitchell 4' Trans. 76' Mitchell, West Ohio 1-75 1¼' G.I. 644' 1 2 Sheet#20 Oak, South Main Third 4' G.I. 1,000' 2 2 Sheet#5 320' 1 2 2 Sheet#6 18 1 Sheet#6 Sheet#6 Oak, South Third Fourth 4' C.I. Oak, North Huron Main 2' 132' 1 1 Sheet#6 Otsego, South Second First 2' G.I. 390' 1 7 Sheet #13 Otsego, South First Main 2' Trans. 160' Otsego, North Hospital 4' G.I. 192' Sheet #13 1 Petoskey, East Elm Hazel 4' Trans. 946' 2 Petoskey, East Hazel Hayes 4' Trans. 1,264' 2 Petoskey, East Intersection of Center Petoskey, West Railroad Petoskey, West Petoskey, West 93-214.01 01/94 1¼' 60' Illinois 4' Trans. 256' 1 Illinois Ohio 4' Trans. 716' 1 Otsego Court 2' G.I. 130' 1 - 37 - Sheet #5 Sheet #10 8' PVC Running Parallel, Sheet #7 13 1 12 2 Sheet#7 Sheets #7 & #11 2 1 Sheet #11 7 Sheet #11 3 Sheet #11 �• TABLE 15 UNDERSIZED WATER MAINS (<6• 0) t Street Name Petoskey, West Private Rd. From To Size Court Center 1¼'G.I. Length 494' 1' G.I. 120' Second, East Oak Maple 4' C.I. 950' Seventh, East Center Gaylord Schools 2' G.I. 420' Seventh, West Otsego Court 2' G.I. 240' Seventh, West Otsego Court 3/4' G.I. 520' Sheldon, East Center Elm 1½!' G.I. 420' N. Center Tees Valves Approx. Service Connect. 1 5 2 26 Fire Hydrants Comments Sheet #11 shows this as 2' PVC, Sheet #12 Sheet#10 Sheet#5 Sheet #14 1 3/4' G.1. Running Parallel, Sheet #14 2 2' G.1. Running Parallel, Sheet #14 2 Sheet#6 1 Sheldon, East Elm East of Elm 114' G.I. 130' 1 3 4' Trans Running Parallel, Sheet #6 Sheldon, East Elm Hazel 4' Trans. 950' 1 21 1¼' Running Parallel Lots 5·7, Sheet #6 Sheldon, East Maple Hayes 4' Trans. 980' Sheldon, West Ohio 1-75 3/4' G.I. 146' 1 6' Trans. Running Parallel, Sheet #20 Sheldon, West Otsego Center 1½'G.I. 620' 2 Sheet #12 Sheet#6 Sheldon, West Ohio Wisconsin 114' G.I. 298' Sheldon, West Wisconsin Illinois 3/4' C.I. 180' Sheldon, West Illinois Indiana 4' C.I. 390' Sheldon, West Indiana Railroad 1' G.I. 242' 4 Sheet#12 Shipp Otsego Center 3/4' G.I. 200' 1 12' PVC W.M. Running Parallel, Sheet #10 Sixth, East Center East of Center 3/4' G.I. 220' 2 Sheet #14 Sixth, West Otsego Court 2' G.I. 320' 4 8' Running Parallel, Sheet#14 Court 3/4' G.I. 266' 1 Sheet #11 Stewart Otsego Stewart Court Center 4' Trans. 30' Stewart Court Center 114' G.I. 230' Third, East Hazel Maple 4' Trans. 430' Third, West Center Court 2' G.I. 260' Third, West Center Court 3/4' G.I. 340' 93-214.01 01/94 - 38 - 1 3 Sheet #12 1 4 Sheet #12 1 2 1 1 Sheet #11 2 2 Sheet#12 Sheet #11 8' Running Parallel, Sheet#S 3 4 1 3 3/4' Running Parallel, Sheet #13 4 2' Running Parallel, Sheet #13 1 �• • • • • • • • • • • • TABLE 15 UNDERSIZED WATER MAINS (<6• 0) • Street Name Valves Approx. Service Connect 390' 1 4 W.M. Running Parallel, Sheets #17 • 12' 4' Trans. 1,360' 2 24 Sheet #22 4' Trans. 946' 2 16 Sheet #21 16 8' & 10' W.M . Running Parallel, Sheet#13 From To Size Dickerson 1-75 1½' G.I. West St. Schreur North Sl West St. North St. Jenson VanTyle Road Wisconsin, South Fourth Wisconsin, South Main Wisconsin, South Eighth Wisconsin, North Mitchell 93-214.01 01/94 Main Length Tees Fire Hydrants Comments 4' Trans. 1,392' 4' Trans. 1,430' 2 8' W.M. Running Parallel, Sheet #19 Eighth 4' Trans. 92' 1 Sheet #14 Petoskey 4' C.I. 620' - 39 - 1 2 2 8 1 Sheet #12 �• • • • • • ••• • • • D. BASIS OF PROJECT COST ESTIMATES All construction costs are based on historical unit prices as t related to this region in Michigan and are based on estimated 1994 construction costs. The estimated quantities are approximate and may vary depending on the specific placement of the water main, road crossings, the number of water service hook-ups, taps and miscellaneous appurtenances. In addition, costs for engineering, legal services and contingencies have been estimated at 25% of construction costs. Cost estimates for each of the potential projects are shown in Tables 16, 17, 18 and 19. 93-214.01 01/94 - 40 - �• • • • • • • • • • TABLE 16 COST ESTIMATES - DICKERSON ROAD IMPROVEMENTS - AREA 2 (EXHIBIT 9) UNIT QUANTITY DESCRIPTION , 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 2,650 LFT 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . Road Crossings & Repair (±1 0' wide) Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ±60 ±20 1 EACH LFT EACH LSUM UNIT PRICE AMOUNT $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 30.00 600.00 4,150.00 $ 92,750.00 3,000.00 9,000.00 1,800.00 12,000.00 4,150.00 ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 1 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 1,210 LFT 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ±60 ±6 1 EACH LFT EACH LSUM $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 30.00 600.00 2,000.00 ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST - PHASE 2 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 4,950 LFT 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 12 EACH Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) . 22 LFT Bore & Jack with 18" casing pipe . . . . ±75 LFT Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 EACH Valve Pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 30.00 150.00 600.00 1 EACH 15,000.00 1 LSUM 8,190.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST - PHASE 3 12" 0 PVC Water Main .......... . 12" 0 Valve .................. . Fire Hydrant Assemblies ......... Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) 12 x 4 Tee ................... Restoration ................... 93-214.01 01/94 . . . . 300 LFT 1 EACH 1 EACH ±30 LFT 2 EACH 1 LSUM $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 30.00 250.00 500.00 $122,700.00 30,675.00 $153,375.00 $42,350.00 3,000.00 4,500.00 1,800.00 3,600.00 2,000.00 $57,250.00 14,300.00 $ 71,550.00 $173,250.00 2,250.00 18,000.00 660.00 11,250.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 8,190.00 $243,600.00 60,900.00 $304,500 $10,500.00 750.00 1,500.00 900.00 500.00 500.00 ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 4 $14,650.00 3,690.00 $18,300 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS - AREA 2 $547,725.00 - 41 - ---------- �TABLE 17 COST ESTIMATES - SOUTH OLD 27 BUSINESS DISTRICT - AREA 3 (EXHIBIT 10) 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 3,900 LFT 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 10 EACH Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) . ±500 LFT Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 EACH Service Connections (across US-27) . 20 EACH Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LSUM • • • • • • • •If If If $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 30.00 600.00 1,000.00 7,050.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST - PHASE 1 1O" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 1,950 1O" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 3 Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LFT EACH EACH LSUM $30.00 600.00 1,500.00 2,200.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 2 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 2,570 LFT 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH Bore & Jack with 18" casing pipe . . . . ±100 LFT Restoration . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LSUM 93-214.01 01/94 $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 150.00 4,000.00 $136,500.00 2,250.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 12,000.00 20,000.0(1 7,050.00 $207,800.00 51,950.00 $259,750 $58,500.00 1,200.00 4,500.00 2,200.00 $66,400.00 16,600.00 $83,000.00 $ 89,950.00 3,750.00 4,500.00 15,000.00 4,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 3 $117,200.00 29,300.00 $146,500.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS - AREA 3 $489,250.00 - 42 - ---------- �~ • • • • •Ill TABLE 18 COST ESTIMATES - OLD HIGH AND MIDDLE SCHOOLS - AREA 4 (EXHIBIT 11) UNIT PRICE AMOUNT $35.00 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 1,250 LFT 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 EACH 750.00 1,500.00 Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH 30.00 Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) . 75 LFT 150.00 Bore & Jack with 18" casing pipe . . . . 70 LFT 600.00 Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 EACH 12" 0 PRV and Valve Chamber . . . . . 1 EACH 15,000.00 3,200.00 Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LSUM $43,750.00 1,500.00 4,500.00 2,250.00 10,500.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 3,200.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST - PHASE 1 $ 95,700.00 DESCRIPTION • UNIT QUANTITY 8" 0 PVC Water Main ............ 1,000 LFT 8" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) . 220 LFT Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 EACH Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LSUM Ill Ill Ill $25.00 500.00 1,500.00 30.00 600.00 1,700.00 $25,000.00 1,500.00 4,500.00 6,600.00 10,800.00 1,700.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 2 $ 50,100.00 8" 0 PVC Water Main ............ 1,800 LFT 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 1,250 LFT 8" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 EACH 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 EACH Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 7 EACH Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 EACH Service Connections (across US-27) . 12 EACH Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LSUM • • • $25.00 $35.00 500.00 750.00 1,500.00 600.00 1,000.00 4,600.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTALESTIMATEDPROJECTCOST-PHASE3 12" 0 PVC Water Main ........... 3,000 12" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 7 Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) . 300 Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Service Connections (across US-27) . 9 Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LFT EACH EACH LFT EACH EACH LSUM $35.00 750.00 1,500.00 30.00 600.00 1,000.00 5,250.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 4 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS - AREA 4 93-214.01 01/94 23,900.00 $119,600.00 - 43 - 12,500.00 $ 62,600.00 $45,000.00 43,750.00 1,000.00 2,250.00 10,500.00 18,000.00 12,000.00 4,600.00 137,100.00 34,300.00 $171,400.00 $105,000.00 2,250.00 10,500.00 9,000.00 12,000.00 9,000.00 5,250.00 $159,000.00 39,750.00 $198,750.00 ------------------$552,350.00 �• • • • TABLE 19 COST ESTIMATES - DEVONSHIRE ESTATES CONDOMINIUMS - AREA 5 (EXHIBIT 12) UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT 6" 0 PVC Water Main ............ 3,000 LFT 8" 0 PVC Water Main . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 LFT $20.00 25.00 400.00 500.00 1,500.00 30.00 600.00 3,800.00 $60,000.00 17,500.00 1,600.00 2,000.00 4,500.00 1,500.00 21,600.00 3,800.00 DESCRIPTION , 6" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . Road Crossings & Repair (±1 O' wide) Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • "• • • • • . . . . . . 4 EACH 4 EACH 5 EACH 50 LFT 36 EACH 1 LSUM TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST- PHASE 1 6" 0 PVC Water Main ............ 2,250 LFT 8" 0 PVC Water Main ............ 3,580 LFT 6" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . 8" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . Fire Hydrant Assemblies Service Connections . . . Restoration . . . . . . . . . . ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ . . . . . . . . . . 2 EACH 7 EACH 8 EACH 50 EACH 1 LSUM $20.00 25.00 400.00 500.00 1,500.00 600.00 6,300.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST - PHASE 2 I 8" 0 PVC Water Main ............ 3,600 LFT 8" 0 Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire Hydrant Assemblies . . . . . . . . . Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93-214.01 01/94 . . . . 3 EACH 9 EACH 18 EACH 1 LSUM 25.00 500.00 1,500.00 600.00 4,000.00 $112,500.00 28,100.00 $140,600.00 $ 45,000.00 89,500.00 800.00 3,500.00 12,000.00 30,000.00 6,300.00 $187,100.00 46,800.00 $233,900.00 $90,000.00 1,500.00 13,500.00 10,800.00 4,000.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST ENGINEERING, LEGAL & CONTINGENCIES TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST - PHASE 3 $119,800.00 29,950.00 $149,750.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS - AREA 5 $524,250.00 - 44 - ------------------ �E. PROJECT PRIORITIES Each of the five (5) areas of interest outlined in the preceJding sections are important for the successful improvement and development of the City of Gaylord's water system. Each area, except the West- Schreur Street area, has been broken down into phases which produce the greatest benefits for the least cost. As each phase is constructed, the goal of reaching the ISO •needed• fire flow conditions at the selected points of importance are met or exceeded. In addition, expected areas of growth along with their estimated ISO •needed• fire flows have been evaluated in each area with recommendations for meeting minimum expected fire flow conditions. Although each area has important concerns, the following priorities with their respective reasons are listed with the most important first: 1) Area 2 - Dickerson Road Improvements, Phases 1 & 2: The completion of a large diameter water main loop along Dickerson Road is of considerable concern. Mostly because of the potential loss of water service and fire fighting capabilities to the City of Gaylord water users west of 1-75 if any of the single feed lines were taken out of service for even a short period of time. After Phases 1 & 2 are completed, a large diameter water main loop will be in place servicing the area west of 1-75 and greatly improving the reliability of the system. In addition, ISO •needed• fire flow conditions will be exceeded at test locations 2, 7 & 8. The total estimated cost is $224,925.00 2) 93-214.01 01/94 Area 3 - South Old 27 Business District, Phases 1, 2 & 3: Extending water service along the Old 27 corridor south of Commerce Boulevard to McCoy Road provides existing and future businesses water service and greatly increased fire protection from individual wells. In addition, extending a 12· 0 water main to McCoy Road is the most practical location for a water main loop connecting to the industrial area west of 1-75, thus improving the efficiency and reliability of the entire water distribution system south of - 45 - �i I I I Van Tyle and Grandview. After Phases 1, 2 & 3 are constructed, ISO •needed• fire flow conditions will be met at test location 4 and come very close at location 3 with businesses along the Old 27 business corridor having available fire flows of approximately 3,400 GPM. The total estimated cost is $489,250.00 • • • 3) C • • • • " Area 4 - Old High and Middle Schools, Phases 1 & 2: Since the replacement of the undersized 4• 0 water main along Oak Street would not be as beneficial without a large diameter transmission main from the high pressure district, a 12• 0 water main and PRV (Phase 1) should be constructed first along the eastern edge of the City Lim its thus providing access for water main extensions as the need arises. After Phase 1, the a• 0 replacement water main along Oak (Phase 2) would provide ISO •needed• fire flow conditions at location 10. The total estimated cost is $182,200.00 . The total estimated construction cost for the above three (3) priority project areas is $896,375.00. The phases which are not prioritized in this section refer to expected growth areas. These areas are as follows: Area 2, Phases 3 and 4 Area 4, Phases 3 and 4 Area 5, Phases 1, 2 and 3 The total estimated construction cost for the above projects is $1,217,200.00. The total estimated construction cost for all of the water distribution projects discussed is $2,113,575. The recommended routes and pipe sizes for these expected growth areas have been based on estimated ISO •needed• fire flows and should be considered as a minimum. As water demands, water main routes and fire flow needs become more defined in these areas, a more detailed and specific evaluation should be considered. By completing water main loops, selecting the proper route and optimizing pipe sizes, an 93-214 .01 01/94 - 46 - �I I I I I improved and efficient system will continue to develop for the City of Gaylord and it's water users. As future water demand increases the well improvements • discussed in Section V, A. should also be implemented as follows: Upgrade Well #3 - $20,000-$25,000 Upgrade Well #5 - $50,000-$60,000 or New Well #6 - $200,000-$250,000 • 93-214.01 01/94 - 47 - �t.11·_-:'.. • -, .L I - ~. . , ' 1,1 ·I;·_ .. - ~-- ·:-. , ' • • r C. , ' •. • . ·APPENDIX . . . . ,· tE/;"/:_... -. . .. ·". • /: ;?- ~ l:" ~ ' . ... ·. ·•-~;_• ... ~ J· .ic""'• ;.,. " 'I:,, ~ _·._. • • • ' ' •• ·.. .. ,· . ..... , i . . .. ' . ' ....! .• - ·.. ,• . ·, .. ' '., A �··••-• •~-~ i - GAYLORD City State..!:!.!.__ Zip 49735 0) ~ TEST NO. 1 2 TYPE DIST.' Comm II TEST LOCATION Tests witnessed between 8:30 and 11:25 a,m. PRESSURE PSI INDIVIDUAL HYDRANTS TOTAL STATIC RESID. NEEDED .. AVAIL. 2100 1980 1980 67 25 3000 Van Tyle ~I 1430 1430 65 26 3000 1500 II 1980 1980 62 42 3500 3000 Commerce II 1430 1430 51, 15 2000 1300 Wisconsin & Gornick . 4 II Parkway, 2nd hyd. S. of II Indiana & Second II 1500 1500 47 32 3500 2100 6 II Wisconsin & Second II 1500 1500 50 35 2500 2200 7a II Main & Ohio II 1350 1350 49 23 5000 1400 7b II 2500 1400 8 II II .(A) (1500 p,prr) . 5 9 REMARKS Dickerson, 1st hyd, N. of II I SERVICE FLOW AT 20 PSI s 0 Rourke & Calkins 3 ,,. Dale 10/23/91 (*) Witnessed by BUELL P. BAKEB FLOW·GPM I ., .,, ::r. )l;~~';!;<;J~{f;· • <:~ }r~ OOW@~'IT rFI1~ I])fflru ~l]Jlilllill~ II II II Main, 1st hyd. E. of Meecher II 970 Main & Court II 1430 970 53 20 3000 950 1430 46 25 3500 1600 1280 45 32 4000 1800 2000 1800 (A) (250 gpm) J 10a . II 10b II Center & Fourth II II II II 1280 THE ABOVE LISTED NEEDED FIRE FLOWS ARE FOR PROPERTY INSURANCE PREMIUM CALCULATIONS ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED TO PREDICT THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED FOR A LARGE SCALE FIRE CONDITION. THE AVAILABLE FLOWS ONLY INDICATE THE CONDITIONS THAT EXISTED AT THE TIME AND AT THE LOCATION WHERE TESTS WERE WITNESSED. Single Service . • Comm = Commercial; Res = Rosldenllal. " Needed Is the rate of now for a s·peciflc duration for a full credit condition. Needed Fire Flows greater than :l,500 gpm arc not considered in determining lhe classification or tho city wl1en using the Fire Suppression Rating Schedule. ·s ::, �[~~•='',,~MM~ C..\•,}~(,;f:f}~::, . ......~:.._ . 0 ..... . : . ,/RISK SERVICES, INC. _,. --- -- - - .- ·~ [[)ffl~ ,,l,) . • 0:, t~H~ ()) City ~r.;~ ff;fir~'f:~?::·'r. ~--J~?·· ·,: . . - GAYLORD ·· · :··_.. ·•:'f!:.• .. :.)\;::~p;:p;.?.',:,»,·' } .J ·. State.!!!_ Zip 49735 ·. ·,: Witnessed by BUELL l'. BAKER Date _1_0~/_23~/_·9_1~(_ '~~)_ _ _ _ _ __ · (*)~Tests witnessed between 8:30 and 11:25 a.m. TEST LOCATION TEST NO. DIST.' 11 Comm Maple &. Fifth 1·2 Res Hayes&. Felshaw 13 Comm J,. . ~aJJUJLllicili~~illW-" FLOW-GPM TYPE ' .. INDIVIDUAL HYDRANTS SERVICE FLOW AT 20 PSI PRESSURE PSI TOTAL STATIC RESID. .. NEEDED AVAIL. s 1050 1050 53 19 3000 1000 1050 1050 40 5 1000 800 Center & North " . " 1120 1120 45 18 2250 1100 Ohio&. Randolph " 1050 1050 1,3 22 2250 1100 " 860 860 40 8 1000 650 PVT 1200 1200 135 86 750 1900 14 II 15 Res N.W. on Timberline 16 Comm Georgia-Pacific REMARKS . ~ I (A) .._ Limit gd by available hydrants . THE ABOVE LISTED NEEDED FIRE FLOWS ARE FOR PROPERTY INSURANCE PREMIUM CALCULATIONS ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED TO PREDICT THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED FOR A LARGE SCALE FIRE CONDITION. THE AVAILABLE FLOWS ONLY INDICATE THE CONDITIONS THAT EXISTED AT THE TIME AND AT THE LOCATION WHERE TESTS WERE WITNESSED. . . Sc Single Service PVT c Private Service • Comm ., Commercial; Res "" Resldentlal. •• Needed Is the rate or now for a specific duration for a run credit condition. NP.P.c1P.c1 Flrn Flow~ nrP.:>ti>r th:,n '.l ,:;nn nnm '" " ""' rnl'\c;rln, r,,i ;n rln•n•~;n;nn ' h " rl~~•;f ;r,,t:nn n f th o ,..;,,. .. ,hn n Hr l nn - �1111~- .· f::."~ tJ 447 Soulh Harvey Plymoulh. Ml 48 170 (313) '159-1175 fox JIJ-'159-7237 American Ris~ Management Corp. ~=~}:.1·:~ 1991 DONALD E. MOflGRJDGE. A.I.A. r. · Tony Esson ONALD E. MORGRIDGE 15 South Court Street . ylord, MI 49735 ARCHITECT. P.C. ear Mr. Esson: ., .~~-~- his will confirm our visit to a site on Five Lakes Road East of Center Ave. on "ffne 17, 1991 for the purpose of conducting a hydrant flow. test • .;0--~~- he test was conducted flowing through a 2 and 11/16 inch diameter diverter attached to a Y.z• outlet on the hydrant located in the yard area of the Alpine facility north of ·town. 'fre'· hydrant, No. 104, itself is a 1973, 51/1" Mueller hydrant with 2 - 2½• outlets and one u 'µ iper connection. Static and residual pressure read.ings were taken from a domestic tap ti:he building immediately east of the hydrant. 0 ,- :~.": p ·e·· tests were conducted while the city water supply was In the normal mode. In this ::(hation none of the well pt.imps are operating and the pressure is provided by elevated a'nk that floats on this system. Due to the lack of sufficient length in the diverter f"'e a 0.7 coefficient of flow factor was applied to the test results. 1.:1 , e·-following are the test results: ,t- . 32 psi 20 psi 15 psi Static Pressure Residual Pressure . Pitot Flow 584 GPM CALCULATIONS: Q Q Y-' ~ ;2,-"' - .,, -,. • ... ~ = 29.83·c·d 2 = 29.83 X ·vp 0.7 X 2.6875 2 X vlS c d p cs = = coefficient of discharge diameter picot pressure Q = 584 GPM T h e attached graph show a plot of these tests results. It was noted that with Well No. 5 running our static pressure increased to 42 psi. It is · understood that there is approximately 1400 feet between this hydrant and the demand area you will be supplying. The 10 ft. positive elevation difference to the demand area will amount to a loss of approximately 4 psi from the test we performed. Assuming cast iron ·unlined pipe �• •• • • • •• :: • :,; .... < . ' .. ., APPENDIX B •.,· . '•· . . ' '·:' .. ...- · • .. <- . . -. - . ,-:.r 111111 ';: \:. .. ,<:·, . . ., .;--. .. . ...." . ;r ,.,:' - -. ; ~~ ~- ~t~-· '-. ~ ~ _- .. _·. ..,, C ;:• • ~-- _··'-'. ,, .,,... 11111111 11111111' -• . :_ .- COMPUTER -SIMULATION _ -_. CALIBRATION RESU L _ TS · _. . _- · ·, ··-, ,' 1111111 . ... • • . ··• ' .. ! ., .. · ,: . . . , . - . .• �, •• .• ••••••••• .• ••.• •• : , GAYLORD WATER SYSTEM STUDY CALIBRATION RUNS FIRE FLOW IBSTNO. Q-gpm avail @ 20 psi 1 2100 2 Note: ACTIJAL SYSTEM STATIC PRESSURE psi Taruc Varies PIPE NO. NODE NO. 1455.6 201 101 1371.4 2160 81 67 1500 1456.7 202 91 1380.7 1290 73 65 3 3000 1457.9 203 95 1381.8 3700 71 62 4 1300 1460.2 204 108 1372.7 1450 75 54 5 2100 1460.2 205 61 1388.6 2180 48 47 6 2200 1459.96 206 60 1387.5 2250 49 50 7 1400 1459.96 207 47 1389.0 1640 48 49 8 950 1457.65 46 1375.0 900 54 9 1600 1457.65 208 2()() 51 1394.6 1510 45 53 46 10 1800 1456.50 210 75 1389.8 1930 48 45 11 1000• 1456.50 211 81 1381.5 1570 51 53 12 800 1455.34 212 35 1404.8 500 41 40 13 1100 1454.19 213 23 1398.7 1210 43 45 14 1100 1453.03 214 12 1399.9 1180 43 43 15 650 1453.03 215 8 1406.0 570 40 40 17 584 1453.0 217 3 1419.4 780 35 32 TANK ELEVATION MODEL Q-actual (gpm) MODEL SYSTEM STATIC PRESSURE psi FGNELEV. Grade + 20 psi Tests 1, 2, 3 & 4 - Wells 3, 4 & 5 pumps on; Average tank level 1457.90 for static comparison Tests 5-15, 17 no wells/pumps on; Average tank level 1456.6 for static comparison *Test 11 - run prior to construction of 12" PVC pipe Test 2 hydrant actually located ½ between nodes 91 & 93: Q at 91 < 1500, Q at 93 > 1500 ... �.; •If ., •:If · . _· -~ . I ' .:·. ::. ;• ~· . APPENDIX C . j ;: . . . · . .··•. ,_ "!+ ' . 1. ' . . . . . . : • !~~- " ••. '--- . •. . . . ,. ~rt•, ~~ WELL WATER QUALITYTESTING · • : . . ... . . 1 . •· ; f. . ' . . _· ...... }~i. ·.. : .· . . . •. .. · .- ..... . . . ~ - • ,... · .! . r . • . :: -. . . . �• ICH:i:GAJ-. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC" '{EALTH LOGAN PO BOX 30035 ::.,ANSING, HI 48909 •• • • • BUREAU ~p LABORATORY & EPIG lOLOGICAL SERVICES WATER ANALYSIS SECTION J500 N. LABORATORY REPORT ~TEM NAME/OWNERS: SAMPLE LOCATION: CITY: COUNTY: WSSN/SERIAL # : GAYLORD WELL 143 GAYLORD OTSEGO 2600 f-;AZ€'-- COLLECTED BY: ~PORT TO: WATER SUPPLY DIV - LANSING RESULT C'.?0028351 08/21/90 08/27/90 10/24/90 SGK COOK SITE LOC CODE: WELL NUMBER: IALYTE • SAMPLE: COLLECTED:. ENTERED: COMPLETED: APPROVED: :_u ":: :_ __ 3 HAXIHUM DETECTION CONTAMINANT LEVEL LIMIT ·------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - :CARBONATE AS CaC03 ,RBONATE AS .CaC03 _ • _HLORIDE :--T,UORIDE (AUTOMATED) TRATE AS N (AUTOMATED) LfLFATE • 3ILICA AS Si02 111111111 r, c I uM ~ NESIUM 30DIUM --TASSIUM .. NDUCTIVITY • J 11 ~ARDNESS, TITRATED (AS CAC03) 175 mg/L ND 59 mg/L ND 0.9 mg/L 20 mg/L 7.7 mg/L 80.1 mg/L 15.7 mg/L 1 rng/L 4.0 mg/L 10.00 mg/L 20 mg/L 3. 5 mg/L 590 umhos 7.5 265 mg/L 11. :=;~i·i~::~~=:;: . ~= i~: i:~: ~ =~:;: ~ === === === === === 1 rng/L 10 mg/L 0.1 mg/L 0.2 mg/L 2 mg/L 0 . .2 mg/L 0.1 mg/L 0.1 mg/L 1 mg/L 0.1 mg/L 1 urnhos 2.0 1 mg/L ,n the above test results: - ~~~~;i~:i~~~~;~ 7~;:~;=::=~;;~;~====• ====i~: :aTION CHARGE ARGE BALANCE DEVIATION ~COVERED SOLIDS )ISSOLVED SOLIDS BY CONDUCTIVITY ~~~~: 6.3 meq/L 5. 9 % 315 mg/L 354 mg/L • P RI NT ED : _ 11 / 0 1 / 9 0 _0 0 : 0 4 _____ -______________________ PAGE _ 0 0 1 __ ( END _0 F _REPORT ) __ _ • ~□ • NOT DETECTED !BY AUTHORITY OF ?A 386, 1978 AS AMENDED ' �• • li::CH~C::'\N D:?AF:T!iEN1" (.}f 3500 ~- LO~AN LA~! :3 I NG , ! : :;: ro FUT:,L:i:~: H~AL':":-'. 2-U~: ~ l\ U :) :... :.: 7-· !-3 C1 ?..:: ~ C' ~'. ·1· '~" :; : · I C· 01 ~ i ;-:: :., 0 -~; : C.'4. L 3 C ?. ··\; ~ C r:; S \·JA~~? A~1 A!.i -£ 3 : :3 .S E C 7 :;: C1 !I BOX 3(035 4 8, '? 0 '? SYS TEii HAlrE /l)WNc;?.S: S A! 1? LE ::., 0 CAT IO N: CITY: COUNTY: WSSN/SERIAL:; : c;.:1:1LO~. s ,; !lF!.i~: l·I EL I., :: 3 GAYi.,O~D OTSEGO 2500 08/21/?0 COi!?LETED: AP?ROVED: 0?/04/?v) WATS? SUP?LY DIV - LANS:NG SGK coo:<: COLLECTED BY: REFOP.:' TO: C?0<?:2-S3~-: COLLECTED: SITE: LOC CODE: \·]::: !., !., }; TJ ! ! s:: ~ : USS:\ ID CODE: l·IAXI!!UJ.! RESU::..:T l!AHGANESE I!"WN COPPER CONTAH:NANT LEVEL 0. t:' 5 m? ;: ?:.0'.5 8(!/ •~~. l mg;· NC c~. l 1 mi;: IL Vi' C'.:!. ?AGE 00:;. ND= NOT DETECTED DETSCTIO : LI!IIT !'!\Q/: �• • • •· • • • - IIICHIGAN DEPARTllENT OF ?lJ._,...,IC HEAL':"i1 LOGAN PO BOX 30035 LANSING, III 43909 or ~.Aso:-: i\l:._l!·:·:· -~,. E P I DS 11 I 0 I,(' G i CA L S C F. V IC c:; S BU} . .... :•,lj 3500 N. WATEP ANALYSIS SCCTION LAB0RAT0RY REPORT SYSTEl-1 NAl'I_E IOHNERS: SAMPLE LOCATION: CITY: COUNTY: \•ISSN I SE R I AL # : SAl!?-;.."i:;: COLLEC'i.:-D: ENTER~D: CO!IFLET'SD: APPROVETl: GAYLORD \·!ELL #4 GAYLORD OTSEGO 260 0 COLLECTED BY: REPORT TO: !-!I ANALYTE .I 1 ND HARDNESS, TITRA~CD (AS CAC03) ---=================-------- -------The following ar~ calculat~d bas~d on the above t~~t results: ===================================== ND ND ND 12 mg/L 8.3 mq/L 54.0 rni;.r/L 10.::. mg/L , mer/ L 0.S mci IL 330 ur.iho s 7.S 1 ~-4 ·me:/ L ======= ====; =======-= HARDNESS, CALC 'D. ( CA+l!G <1s CAC03) ANION CHARGE CATION CHARGE CHARGE BALANCE DEVIATION RECOVERED SOLIDS DISSOLVED SOLIDS BY CONDUCTIVITY 177 3.3 3. 6 4. 3 178 198 I BY AUTHORITY or -"- trig/ 1 T:1 Cl/ 1.0 m9/ 0. 1 mq/ 4.0 mc//L 10.00 mg/L 0.2 mg/" ... mql "\ l}. 2 mgi 0. l m~!/ , 0. -"- mg/ 1 TT\ Cl/ 0. 1 mg/ 1 lJTTih 2.0 1 "'':-' ·' ===== m~r /L meq/L m€'q/L ., mg/L mq IL PAGE 101:5190 0(:l:04 ND= NOT DETECTED 5(:\4 153 mg/i, . PRINTED: 1 !·!AXIi iUII DETECTIO CONTA!!INANT LEVEL Lil!IT RESULT BICARBONATE AS CaC03 CARBONATE AS CaC03 CHLORIDE FLUORIDE (AUTOMATED) NITRATE AS N (AUTOMATED) SULFATE SILICA AS Si02 CALCIUM IIAGNESIUM SODIUl-1 FOTASSIUH CONDUCTIVITY pH l~/18/90 SGK COOK SITE LOC CO!JE: 1-l"SLL NU1l2,SR: USER ID CODE: WATER SUPPLY DIV - L~NSING C?-0\~~€,?.5C? 03/21/90 081':.7/~0 PA 32,6, 001 i~NJ OF REPORT! 1'?78 A;3 Ali:S~JDSD �i L: C: l~ re; .I\ N i) i:: ':='ART i l SN T BU~~A~ OF LA30?~70?~ ~· U t'•L :;-: C :1 ::; ALT:-.; 3 '.) ~.l vl l~ . LC: c; A!~ !,) 0 BO :·: 3 CO : _: S LANSING, l!I 4?,909 C1: ~ E ~, : DE1! IO LOG ~ CAL :3 ~; V l ,:: ~:.; WA!ER ANALYSIS SECTION LA30RATORY RE?ORT SYS TE!! NA!!E /OIHE:RS: SAl!PLE I..OCATION: CITY: COUNTY: WSSN/SERIAL # : C:A "{LO?..D \·/ELL /:4 C?o0:~.3~.~: ·.s;::s:..=-:.:.;;:..~,.__: COLL:CC'I'ED: ENTE~.ED: COI!?LETED: A??ROVE~: v.::.=:..~ C:AYLOP.D OTSEGO 2500 COLLECTED BY: REPORT TO: WATER SUPPLY DIV - LANSING (\8/21/9~"\ 0 -3 1?. 7 / 90 04 / 90 {:l ~ / COOK SITE LOC CODE: \'/ELL N1!1!3S:::.: COC1S: USER IV •T l l.!. l·!AXII-IU!'. ANALYTE RESULT ZINC: HANGANESE I:RON COPPER· PRINTED: 0?/20/?0 00:06 ND= NOT DETECTED CON'I'A!l!NANT LSV[;L ND ND 0.2 mg/L ND DE:TECTIO Lil·IIT 0.05 mgr 0.05 mg/ : 0.1 mg/· 0.1 PAGE 001 (ENV or l3Y AUTHORITY OF ?A 386, 1?78 AS A~ENDED rnq/~ RE?ORT) �IIIC:HIGAN DSPARTIIENT or PUL__,IC BLJf--_, -1U Of LAeO;;ATOHY ,'.'< E FIDE i ! I. 0 L,(, G IC AL ::: -S "·VICES \·/ATER ANALYSIS SECTION f-iEALTr. 35n0 N. LOGAN PO BOX 3003S LANSING, l!I 48909 LABO~ATORY REPORT SYS TE l ! NA li E / 0 \·l NE RS : SAMPLE LOCATION: CITY: COUNTY: \-ISSN/SERIAL # : SAi!PLE: COLLECTED: ENTERED: COl-!PLETED: GAYLORD WELL #5 GAYLORD OTSEGO 02,/21/90 08/27/?0 APPROVED: 2600 COLLECTED EY: REPORT TO: C:?00:834? 10/l~-/90 SGK COOK SITE LOC CODS: \·!ELL NUHBER: USER ID CODE: HATER SUPPLY DIV - LANSING 1-!I 5 50 5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------DETECTIO liAXIIIUI! CONTAHINANT LEVEL RESULT ANALYTE Lil-!IT -----------------------------------------------------------------------------160 mg/L ND 45 mg/L BICARBONATE AS CaC03 CARBONATE AS CaC03 CHLORIDE FLUORIDE (AUTOMATED) NITRATE AS N ( AUTOl!ATED) SULFATE SILICA AS Si02 CALCIUH 11AGNESIUM SODIUM POT ASS IUI! CONDUCTIVITY pH 1. 0 14 8.5 G'.?. 2 13.4 14 1. 0 500 7.8 224 . HARDNESS, TITRATED (AS CAC03l ============-======================== The following are calculated based on the above test results: ================================--==- HARDNESS,CALC'D. (CA+l!G as CAC03) ANION CHARGE CATION CHARGE CHARGE BALANCS DEVIATION RECOVERED SOLIDS DISSOLVED SOLIDS BY CONDUCTIVITY PRINTED: 10/25/90 00:04 4.0 mi;-t/L 10.00 mg/L ND mi;-t /L m9 IL mg/L mg/L mg/L mq/L m? IL ") '- m~1 I 0.2 mql 0.1 mg/ 0.1 mg; · l ') . l rnq I m9/ 1 umh 2.0 1 m?I umhos rn~t mg/: mq/ mg/ mg/ 0.2 m<;r / . 1 1 10 0.1 IL ======= ===== ======= ===== 228 mg/L 4.3 mi:q/L 5.2 meq/L 265 mq/L 300 mg/L PAGE 001 (?-ND OF REPORT\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ND= NOT DETECTED !BY AUTHORITY Of PA 32-6, 197f, AS A!!ENDED �=l!? 1•::::Cr.IC:,d~ DS?ARTIIENT o:· I'Uh,IC :iEALTri 3SU<:l H. ':.,OGAN ?O BO:; 30<):, S 1A~l3::NG, !-!I :..it\ S? I lJ (: ~ :..., .!\. E. 0 ~: ;.._ 7 ("1 ~: ·:· .~,·: ,: _; ~ .:; E:: :-: 'I. : C ;:: :3 ~ S I ~ : Q ~ '-' C~ WATER ANAL~SIS SEC!!ON 48909 LABORATORY ~E~ORT ,.... SYSTEM NAI-IE /0\'JNI:RS: SAllPLE LOCATION: CITY: COUNTY: WSSN/SERIAL # : GAYLORD \·/ELL f. 5 GAYLORD OTSEGO ,,,, ~ f ~ O;S; ~ 0 .:..c.J ~ :_ :.- C?0022:32-: - CO!-~?LSTSD: 08/21/90 08/'27/90 09/04/90 260<3 COLLECTED BY: P.EPORT TO: .... .:•rd 1~ !.Jt.,: co:::..wSCTED: ENT::;~D: COOK SITE: LOC CODE: WATER SUPPLY DIV - LANSING 1·1ELL !•! LT!·!BE?.: USER IJ CODE: 5 50 5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------IIAX!l!L 1: DE'!'!:CTIO 1 ANALYTE RESULT CO~TA!!H'.ANT !.EVEL LIJ.IIT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ZINC MANGANESE IRON COPPER PRINTED: 09/20/90 00:06 0.05 rr.q/ ND 0.05 !n~!/ 0.1 mg/ ND ND 0.~ mqi ND PAGE 001 (END OF REPORT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------I B\' AUTHOR::TY or PA 3 ;35, l ?7 -3 AS AI'.":;~!DSJ ND= NOT DET~CTED IIJII IIJII ... ... � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Gaylord_Water-System-Master-Plan_1994 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Capital Consultants, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994-01 Title A name given to the resource City of Gaylord Water System Study Master Plan Description An account of the resource The City of Gaylord Water System Study Master Plan was prepared by Capital Consultants, Inc. in January 1994. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Gaylord (Mich.) Otsego County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/793461e134fac649ca489785361520c0.pdf bcbc12577f6ae64d6f690e1374693376 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sermones quadragesimales de poenitentia [folium 140] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_140Caracciolus1473 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracciolo, Roberto, 1425-1495 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Sermones quadragesimales de poenitentia by Robertus Caracciolus. Printed in Strassburg by the Printer of Henricus Ariminesis (Georg Reyser) not after 1473. [GW 6066; ISTC ic00170000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Printer of Henricus Ariminensis (Georg Reyser) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1473 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/62876ce8aa40682db2eb0ae10739e395.pdf a96b3e75749ea98b0672b4cab65eedff PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Opera [folium 183] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_183Caracciolus1479 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracciolo, Roberto, 1425-1495 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Opera by Robertus Caracciolus. Printed in Venice by Franciscus Renner, de Heilbronn, in 1479. [GW 6039; ISTC ic00131000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Franciscus Renner, de Heilbronn Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1479 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f85bc1f238ff6e3c3666ad1e223a26b5.pdf 7336ce04e2df8d63f5af3577957980a5 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sermones de laudibus sanctorum [folium 20] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_020Caraccioulus1492ca Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracciolus, Robertus, 1425-1495 Description An account of the resource One leaf of Sermones de laudibus sanctorum by Robertus Caracciolus. Printed in Reutlingen by Michael Greyff not after 1492. [GW 6060; ISTC ic00151000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Reutlingen: Michael Greyff Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Sermons Caracciolus, Robertus, 1425-1495 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1492 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d26c4e5020e6a476bcec09abec09feb.pdf ff9ba87d1edeff18f0e61307b12aca79 PDF Text Text ���������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confessionale [Italian] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_A108Confessionale1490 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carcano, Michael de Description An account of the resource Confessional [Italian] by Michael de Carcano. Printed in Venice by Johannes Hamman circa 1490. Octavo. [ISTC ic00190800, GW0612205N] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Johannes Hamman Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource it Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1490 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection: BX2264 .C37 1490, A108 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e44c6978405063b4feef61d89b27547e.mp4 d8935429d3ea62c311ef4200898c5601 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/17a2eaffb517520ffe5052a09d7c218d.pdf e7bd9bad0d83b9452c0654585a39a2bf PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project War in Iraq Ben Cardenas Interview Length: (01:27:59:00) Early Life/ Early Military Experience (00:00:07:04)  Born in 1981 in Saginaw, Michigan, where he spent his childhood (00:00:07:00)  Both parents worked in the automotive industry (00:21:00)  Grew up in a family of 4 children (00:00:34:00)  Following his graduation from Bridgeport High School in 2000, attended Grand Rapids Community College for one semester (00:00:42:00)  Joined the Marines in 2001 (00:01:05:00) o Was drawn to the idea of enlisting to follow the generational family tradition (00:01:26:22) o Significant military history within his family including Spanish- American and Mexican- American wars (00:00:40:00)  Did not expect to become heavily involved in U.S. military duties (00:02:30:26) o Wanted to keep his lifestyle by maintaining a reserve membership, not active duty (00:02:30:00)  After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, began active training at the Marince Corps Recruitment Depot San Diego on November 13th, 2001 (00:03:11:00)  At the boot camp, they “strip you of your identity” (00:03:40:00) o Here, recruits are taught to be purely obedient (00:04:09:12) o Found it very difficult to adjust to the lifestyle (00:04:46:25) o Punishment was a collective burden to all recruits (00:05:18:00) o Camp used “incentive training” on recruits, which is similar to what is known as “hazing” (00:05:35:27)  Those in charge at the boot camp were “machines” (00:07:23:06) o Very demanding of the recruits, installing both respect and fear in new soldiers (00:07:35:00) o Appreciated his authority’s’ demeanor because at boot camp, he felt he had “something to prove” (00:07:43:00)  Certain pattern of diversity at the boot camp (00:08:00:23) o Boot camp population split largely between Michigan and Texas (00:08:01:12) o Most between ages 18 and 20. Anyone older than 20 was uncommon. (00:08:37:21)  Marine Corps boot camp lasted 13 weeks (00:08:59:19) o First week is an “administrative” week, where recruits are disciplined as a group (00:09:05:00) o Then comes “black Friday” where recruits are introduced to who and what the camp will actually involve (00:09:17:15)  By human nature, recruits would try to find “loopholes” (00:09:51:00) o Intensity must always be high, so new soldiers would “act” in a way that pleases the authorities (00:10:00:00) o Camp activities are “from sunup to sundown” (00:10:33:12) �o Camp activities are purposefully made more difficult and uncomfortable for recruits (00:10:43:00)  The goal of boot camp is to graduate as soon as possible (00:11:41:00) o Marine Corps is built on tradition and graduation ceremonies are highly respected events (00:13:10:00)  After boot camp, had 10 days of vacation and then went to the School of Infantry in Camp Pendleton for 8 weeks o More relaxed than boot camp, although it took time to detach from the boot camp mentality (00:13:58:00)  Infantry School included a significant amount of classroom time, contrary to popular belief (00:14:23:10) o Required pupils to learn things in mathematics, geometry, physics, and other fields (00:14:35:00)  Infantry school had fewer guidelines than the highly disciplined boot camp (00:15:16:00) o Authorities still managed to find ways to instill fear/respect in pupils (00:15:22:00)  There are 3 main weapon systems the platoon used: M-240G, M-2, & Bart 19 (00:15:41:24)  At the school, they were taught to handle the guns in groups(00:16:10:00) o The teams consisted of 3 members: a “Team Leader”, a “Gunner”, and the “Ammo Man”. All positions are held, respectively, according to level of experience (00:16:13:00) o The team leader, being the most experienced, deals with the most technical aspects of the weapon’s use (00:13:58:00)  The training terrain was mostly mountains and beaches, making the simulations much more treacherous (00:13:58:00)  Difficult to keep up with current events/location of deployed marines while in Infantry School (00:18:25:00) o Limited free time (00:18:27:00)  After Infantry School, you are assigned to a unit (00:21:06:04)  Went back home in May 2002 (00:21:58:00) Active Duty (00:22:30:00)  On December 26th, 2002, was alerted of mobilization (00:22:40:00) o Was only given 3 days’ notice, unlike today’s deployments, which are more scheduled (00:22:43:00)  Unit, (Alpha Company, !st Battalion, 24th Marine Regiment), reported to Grand Rapids for 3 days, then was transported to Germany for a few weeks (00:23:02:00) o In Germany, the unit was simply waiting to be transported again (00:23:25:06) o Was activated quickly because of outstanding health records (00:23:31:16)  Was then sent to Djibouti (00:24:20:00) o Throughout the transportation from place to place, the unit was confused as to why they were going there (00:24:22:00) o Stayed there for 9 months doing force protection, which is simply guard duty, during which time the invasion of Iraq was already under way (00:24:44:00)  Used chartered, commercial flights to travel (00:24:52:26)  In Djibouti, everything had a menacing quality (00:25:16:09) �o The wildlife was exotic and potentially dangerous (00:25:27:00) o Very hot climate (00:25:56:00)  Used tents for most of the time, as there were no established facilities when they arrived (00:26:24:00) o Things were being built around them, but they still had to live with minimal standards (00:27:15:00) o Despite unpleasant living standards, they were the only ones doing any real work on duty and thus were able to get some “perks” (00:27:41:00)  Did many humanitarian projects while in Djibouti (00:28:03:00)  Civilians also worked on the base (00:28:12:00) o Both men and women worked, as their culture was not very strict on gender roles (00:28:23:00)  There were some places to go for leisure in the town in Djibouti (00:28:50:00) o Had supervised trips into the city to the markets/etc. (00:29:01:13)  Took 6-7 months to establish effective means of contacting people back home in the United States (00:29:20:15) o Before other ways to communicate were found, “3 phones, 3 computers for…4 thousand people” (00:29:37:00)  After 9 months in Djibouti, got to come back home in September (00:29:52:04) o Everyone in the unit wanted to be stationed in Iraq very badly because the rest of their battalion was already there (00:30:08:19)  Stayed home for about 3 years (00:30:35:26) o During this time, there were several incidents where the men were told they would be deployed to the Middle East, but this never actually happened (00:30:40:00)  At home, continued to prep for what could await them in Iraq (00:31:35:00) o Tried to educate himself by attending military courses including advanced infantry, squad leader classes and went to the Defensive Language Institute for Iraqi dialect (00:31:38:20)  In May of 2006, was sent to Camp Pendleton for 4 months before going to Iraq (00:34:05:00) o Had to fill a training requirement before able to go to Iraq (00:33:22:00) o Also had to learn about how to handle civilians (00:35:50:00) Deployment to Iraq (00:36:49:00)  In September of 2006, was sent to Fallujah (00:36:51:00) o Was flown into Kuwait first, where the unit was then put onto military planes (00:36:50:00) o Then traveled to a desert region west of Fallujah (00:37:07:00)  First thing noticed when off the military plane was the very distinct smell (00:37:18:00)  Was then loaded onto a military utility truck and drove to Fallujah, which was a very frightening experience due to the regional fighting that they had to travel through (00:37:51:15)  Upon arrival in Fallujah, was surrounded by a “parade” of security forces (00:38:37:20)  Fallujah is similar to what happens when you have a “nice middle eastern city and step on it” (00:39:10:21) o The Battle of Fallujah left “almost nothing” (00:39:15:00) �           o The population was about 300,000, were trying to repopulate the area after the battle of Fallujah (00:39:33:00) First job in Fallujah was called SASO (Security And Stability Operations) (00:39:58:00) o Job was basically “whatever they needed us to do” (00:40:05:02) o Collected a census, where they walked door- to- door and kept track of who was in each home (00:40:13:00) Because had language skills, was a military advisor as well (00:40:22:00) o Was part of a “MIT” team (Military transition team) (00:41:25:00) o Did this for two months before becoming involved in SASO (00:41:35:20) o This job involved doing “whatever the Iraqi captain wanted to do”, and operated separately from other forces (00:41:40:00) o Difficult to communicate because of the language barrier between Americans and native Iraqis (00:42:01:00) The environment was more dangerous because the equipment was not the best and they were often in the city, which was the least safe in the area (00:42:33:24) o Was called the “Iraqi Death Box” (00:42:30:00) o Area was laden with Sheiks and Sunni hostility (00:43:08:21) o Police were very corrupt (00:43:26:00) Every day at noon, their living quarters were mortared (00:44:06:27) Was happy to be attached to an Iraqi force because they were able to help make improvements (00:44:49:04) o Being in Iraqi company allowed a “loophole” for Americans that could not perform certain necessary duties (00:45:23:08) o Shared American technology with the less privileged Iraqis (00:45:40:00) The Iraqi company was then moved, so the Americans were not needed after that and he was moved back to join the rest of the American company (00:46:11:29) o Began to do the same duties as the rest of the company such as the census, patrolling, raids, and arrests (00:46:29:00) o Instead of just trying to find something to do, was now a part of the company mission (00:46:47:00) On Christmas day, had a raid mission in Alpha company (00:47:07:00) Was never able to get heavily involved in the missions of Alpha company (00:47:17:00) o Mostly assumed an advisory position, and was “never really on the offensive, I was always on the defensive” (00:47:19:09) Was with Alpha company from Christmas until late April of the following year (00:47:48:20) The company was divided into different tasks by platoon (00:48:03:09) o One task was the “long ops”, where men would “live off the land” for roughly 2 weeks and gather intelligence (00:48:08:00) o Another task was the “short ops”, where men were stationed at the FOB, [Forward Operations Base] or “base”, on Euphrates River where they would also gather intel on short missions (00:48:22:00) o Another task was FOB security (00:49:10:00) o Another task was entry control, where men were in charge of who was entering the region (00:49:19:22) Company was frequently subject to open fire (00:49:56:24) �         o According to procedure, FOB security was the first to react when under attack. This was generally the point when the opposing forces would cease fire (00:50:17:02) Difficult to get permission to use alternate sources of weaponry (00:50:41:24) o All the men stationed knew how to use firing support, but were unable to use them. Much potential for the community was lost because of this (00:50:43:10) o In time, were able to use equipment more freely (00:50:05:00) A village called Hasa was particularly hostile towards those directly involved in the fighting each time American troops went there (00:51:46:00) o Did not follow typical Iraqi fighting styles, and actually wanted to put up a fight (00:52:11:00) o In this situation, were able to call upon heavier weapons company (00:52:50:00) o Regardless of Hasa’s bold demeanor, the company was always able to maintain control in action (00:54:01:26) Company lost a total of 5 killed with another 25 wounded out of approximately 160 men (00:54:41:17) With all the basic equipment, any given man had to carry about 60 pounds of gear (00:56:20:13) o With other things such as the “daypack”, or backpack, a man’s gear weighed around 80 pounds (00:50:40:00) o All of the gear was evenly distributed on the soldier’s body, although the weight still made it difficult to move about (00:56:54:00) Large temperature fluctuations made it difficult to adapt to the environment (00:57:20:00) Uniform material was “old fashioned” and didn’t take well to moisture or provide much heat (00:57:51:10) Men were “everyday sick” (00:59:05:00) o Being “sick” did not excuse you from duty. You had to be in critical physical condition, such as loss of a limb (00:59:17:00) Dust, a geographical characteristic of Iraq, was an issue for both weaponry and the men’s’ health (01:00:01:00) o Soiled instruments and weapons were not replaced when got extremely dirty. Marines were expected to do what was necessary to keep them functional (01:00:30:00) American troops began to make “friends with the enemy” after responding to trouble in a tribal city West of Fallujah (01:01:20:00) o In one region of the city, there was an especial amount of open fire due to a lack of peace between the local leaders and the Al Qaida leaders, who were mostly foreigners, when the latter party began to try to force their beliefs on the community (01:02:07:00) o At first, did not know who the two fighting parties were because there was “no friendly party” (01:03:07:00) o Americans began to seek intel from the local Iraqis, who were technically an enemy, but not in this situation (01:03:47:00) o Was difficult to accept the same people who had tried to kill them as a source of valid information (01:05:45:00) �o This alliance quickly mended the situation and helped things get on track towards peace (01:06:32:00) o In this situation, Americans “weren’t even the targets”, as a truck full of chlorine gas drove right past some marines and detonated it in the village (01:07:50:00) o Started to trust the Iraqis at this point, and began to use language skills to form a stronger alliance with them (01:08:43:00) o Wouldn’t have done anything to gain the support of the village population or perform regular procedures because then, the Marines would have become targets and casualties would have increased (01:09:14:15) o Building an alliance with other coalitions made intel easier to gain (01:09:53:00)  Americans and Iraqi alliances would coordinate things together (01:10:27:00) o The “good bad guys” had a leader who had sit-downs with Marine leaders (01:10:30:00) o Marines would show the Iraqis the “hot spots” (01:11:00:00)  The alliance really worked (01:11:34:00) o Didn’t know if the Marines did something technically wrong, but the system worked (01:11:36:00) o “We won our war” by empowering the local government and restoring authority (01:11:40:00) Post-Deployment (01:12:30:00)  Was overseas until April 2007 (01:12:30:10)  After that, went back to California (01:12:34:00) o Did some brief training there, and then “I was done” and went back home (01:12:40:00)  After leaving Iraq, was always following current events (01:13:20:00) o Especially interested in where had been stationed (01:13:25:00)  5 months after leaving, the city of Fallujah had become peaceful (01:13:35:10) o A general was able to walk down the street without any armor (01:13:36:00) o A Kentucky Fried Chicken was built (01:13:41:00)  Had news reporters tag along while on missions (01:14:16:00) o Would “make them miserable” just for the fun of it (01:14:17:00) o Reporters were always professional and stayed out of the way of the soldiers (01:15:02:00) o Was only able to see the documentary of the Christmas Day raid (01:15:13:00) o Seemed like Baghdad always got the attention in the media, and it wasn’t really a hot spot at the time (01:15:43:00)  “I left a good example” during the time overseas (01:16:40:00) o Got to solve many problems (01:16:46:00)  Becomes a part of the VFW, or Veterans of Foreign Wars (01:017:45:00) o Works there full time after returning home (01:17:53:00) o Involved in all sorts of operations including non- profit and financing maintenance (01:18:00:00)  Would like to become educated in journalism or economics (01:18:22:00) o Before enlisting, was going for chemistry, but is not interested in that anymore (01:18:27:00) �     One hard thing about adjusting as a war veteran is losing all the authority you had overseas now that you have returned to society (01:18:56:00) o Become something of a “kid” compared to where you stood in the foreign lands (01:19:17:00) o Economically difficult too because few skills transfer over into an American trade (01:19:47:00) War is highly glamorized by popular media, especially movies (01:20:37:04) o It’s not a captain who is calling all the shots, it truly is a “corporal’s war” (01:20:45:00) Marine Corps is “forever” (01:21:37:20) o Coming out of Iraq, everything has “slowed down” compared to how life used to be (01:22:00:00) o Tough to come back and feel that you may not ever be as important as you were overseas ever again (01:22:13:10) o Veterans are now the easiest to get along with (01:22:21:00) o Feels like “I can accomplish so much that nobody really knows about." (01:23:10:00) “Older” than the people who were not Marines (01:23:48:00) o Marines do not look like they are portrayed by stereotypes. They look young (01:24:11:00) o “The world looks at us differently” (01:24:58:00) “I’m proud of what I did” (01:26:10:00) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cardenas, Benjamin (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cardenas, Benjamin Description An account of the resource Ben Cardenas was born and raised in Saginaw, Michigan. , he joined the Marines in 2001 after one semester at Grand Rapids Community College. Following the terrorist attacks on September 11th, he was sent to Djibouti in 2001. He remained there for 9 months where he was primarily involved in force protection. He returned home for a brief time and was deployed to Fallujah, Iraq in September of 2006. While in the Middle East, Cardenas was involved greatly in military advisory because of his advanced communication skills. He and his comrades were able to gain a level of trust within the community, which became a catalyst for the city's advancement and unification. 5 months following Cardenas' retreat to the United States, Fallujah became a completely peaceful and functional city. Cardenas stayed in Fallujah until April 2007 when he returned home. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Marine Corps Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-09-08 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CardenasB1248V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a995c9a69305a51a5d08de8e08737cac.mp4 89c2b7fa4086f0d2f41a04c65cb244a7 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/95a726224d91fc7db4b82451d470fb20.pdf 51ae4f6bb8bc979d36be3a5f07179ff5 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Hayes Cargill World War II Total Time: 0:30:45 Childhood, Pre-Enlistment, and Post-War (00:18)        Born September 12, 1926 Attended South High and Davis Tech High School in Grand Rapids. Worked in some factories after graduation, and then went to umpire school in Cocoa, FL and then umpired minor league baseball throughout the Midwest and the south. Quit umpiring and umpired around the Grand Rapids area, and worked as an umpire for the Grand Rapids Chicks. Was drafted into the service at age 18. (23:32) Applied for and attended Junior College after the War. Is a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Training (08:40)  Attended basic training and then attended airborne school at Fort Benning, GA and this lasted six months. Was then shipped to CA and then overseas in midAugust 1945. Active Duty (11:40)              Was in the Navy part of the Army Went to the Pacific as a Parachute Replacement Was in the Philippines for six months, and then docked in Yokohama, Japan. He worked on an LCM, which ferried seamen from their ships that were in a harbor to the shore. He worked in this capacity while he was in Tokyo. On weekend leave, he would play golf in Tokyo. Then went for a time into the Philippines and remembers all of the jungle around Manila. Never saw combat. Was awarded a medal for good behavior (15:30) Worked guard duty at times. For entertainment, the men would play softball and football during the day and watch movies at night. Would sometimes play pranks on the other men as well. Went from Georgia to California and then across the ocean to the Philippines. Was home in October 1945 on leave and was discharged officially in November of 1945. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cargill, Hayes (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cargill, Hayes Description An account of the resource Hayes Cargill was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1926, and served in the Navy during World War II. He worked primarily on craft that took men from their ships to the mainland when they were at port. He worked in both the Philippines and Japan, but he never saw combat, as they were in theses areas after the war had for the most part wound down. After the War, he worked as an umpire for minor league and women's baseball. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Stephaie Horner (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-12-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CargillH Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fb64d87b8d476cfa944fa70ab9b59b9.mp4 63e6db84b89e7ecd037c554b4b98ba5e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ac530960811b9ba2a67ae1b77ab770c3.pdf 46047858a4641a92b9e986e19f81f7b4 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewer: Danielle DeVasto Interviewee: Courtney Carignan Date of Interview: 2022-11-18 Danielle DeVasto: I'm Dani DeVasto, and today, November 18, 2022. I have the pleasure of chatting with Dr. Courtney Carignan. Hi Courtney. Courtney Carignan: Hi Danielle DeVasto: Courtney, can you tell me about where you're from and where you currently live? Courtney Carignan: I'm originally from New Hampshire, and I currently live in mid-Michigan and work at Michigan State. Danielle DeVasto: Uh, how long have you been at Michigan State? Courtney Carignan: Since 2017. Danielle DeVasto: Courtney, can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? Courtney Carignan: I sure can. Um, so I started actually first got involved in PFAS, um, when I was doing a postdoc in Boston, and I was living in Southern New Hampshire, um, and actually in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which is right on the coast. Um, and I saw in the paper, our, our community, uh, news Seacoast online, there was a woman who wanted PFAS blood testing for her kids, because PFASs had been detected in the drinking water of Pease Tradeport, which is at the former Pease Air Force Base, and, um, I guess the State had told her that they would do the testing and then a year later they still hadn't done it and were saying now that they couldn't, she was getting very upset. Um, and so I actually had training in PFAS, um, I have a degree in, a Ph.D. in environmental health from the Boston University School of Public Health. And, um, I was trained in under a training grant called Environmental Epidemiology in Community Settings, and I worked on flame retardant, human exposure flame retardants, and, um, I was actually at that time doing a post doc on fertility and flame retardants at Harvard. And, um, so anyway, so I had a lot of training, and you know, how to provide support, technical support for PFAS impacted communities. And my advisor at BU had worked on the C health study. So people in my research group had been working on PFAS for, you know, the past five years or more. Um, and so I just sort of happened to know a lot about PFAS, um, and, you know, saw her in the paper. And so, um, I asked the reporter to tell me, you know, to connect us, and I connected with her and started providing her with technical support and started trying with her, the State with technical support. Um, 'cause I, you know, seem to know more about PFAS than anybody in the area. Um, and you know, Andrea went on to found testing for Pease. She was able to get PFAS blood testing for over 2000 people who worked, um, or was at, were at daycare at Pease Tradeport. Um, from that we learned that PFHXS is, which is, which is a PFAS that has a very long half life. It stays in the body for, uh, quite a long time. Um, that this was something that was part of the, astroblast mixture. So people with astroblast, source of drinking water contamination, um, have this kind of unique signature of PFAS in their bodies that, you know, at the time really wasn't understood at all. So, um, I can remember people misunderstanding the blood test results Page 1 �from Pease as, oh, well their levels aren't that high, but they were looking at PFOA, which is not a major part of AFFF. Um, and if you looked over at the PFHXS, it was quite high, you know, um, a lot of people in, in the community had levels that were elevated above, above what you see in the, the general population. So, um, I worked with Andrea for a few years, and then we helped organize the, uh, national PFAS conference. The first one that was at Northeastern University, um, we put in a proposal to NIHS, um, to do more work on understanding effects, uh, of PFAS in the immune systems of children exposed to 00:03:59 ___________ Pease and also had to community in Massachusetts. Um, and then I got recruited to MSU and I came here. Um, and since I, you know, since I came here, a few communities have learned about actually many communities have learned about PFAS contamination. Um, so I should have mentioned another thing that I did when I was at, um, Harvard is I was part of a, a group that wrote a paper, uh, using the UCMR3 data. So this is data from EPA, uh, that EPA had on PFAS across the country and drinking water. We were able to get that out and published. Uh, we found that over 6 million people had likely been served by PFAS impacted drinking water. Um, and we were able to sort of see that people were more likely to have drinking water contamination if they lived, if the drinking water system was closer to, um, a place that used Atripla for training airports, wastewater treatment plants. Um, and so that paper really, um, set off, um, monitoring in places or helped set off monitoring places. Michigan was one place that started doing statewide monitoring of public drinking water systems. Um, and that happened shortly after I came to MSU and, um, you know, that's how a lot of communities found out about their contamination, but of course, you know, um, in Rockford they had found out a different way. And I think you have a lot of videos of people explaining that situation. Um, and then Portsmith obviously found out was one of the first sites in the United States to discover PFAS contamination. Um, so I've been working, you know, with those communities, provided them with technical sports. Since I came to Michigan, um, I've been working with communities in the southeastern part of the State, um, that had quite high levels detected in their water through the statewide monitoring. I have a small exposure study, uh, where we're looking at exposure, via drinking water, diet and indoor environment. Um, so we know that drinking water is the main way that, so if you have elevated PFAS in your drinking water, um, we know that it's a, a large contributor to exposure and that's why, you know, a lot of the interventions are focused around drinking water. Um, and so, you know, that's the main focus, but, but we also know in the general population that the main exposure is through diet. Um, and so the question that comes up in a lot of communities is, you know, if they have my drinking water, um, treated, and we intervene and, and reduce or eliminate hopefully PFAS and the drinking water, um, do I have an ongoing elevated sources of exposure? So for example, through local and homegrown foods, so some communities have been told not to, you know, eat chicken eggs, not to eat the produce in the gardens. Um, if they irrigated using PFAS contained water and so forth. So communities have found elevating level 00:06:59 ___________ in fish or fish advisories for many PFAS impact communities. Um, and right, so this is a important question. So that's one, one of the questions that we've really working on for the past few years, um, and then the other, we got our, that NIHS project funded. And, um, I think what we've recognized, you know, through Page 2 �work on contaminants over the years, I've been working on contamination issues for 20 years now. And I look young, but I'm not actually that young. Um, so, you know, I've been working in this area for a long time. And what we've, what we've found is that, um, you know, no one research group can effectively help all communities, you know, not anyone scientists can do all the work that needs to be done. And so, um, a big part of our project is, you know, trying to build out resources for PFAS impacted communities. We started doing this before, you know, good resources really existed on federal or State agency websites. Um, and we think has been, you know, hopefully have been used as a model for a lot of those websites and help them, you know, um, give them ideas for how to improve and vice versa. Um, but we have a website called the PFAS exchange. So ww.pfas-exchange.org, and we put up a lot of different tools to help PFAS impact communities and also to help ourselves because we get a lot of emails from people. Um, and it's really helpful to be able to refer them somewhere where all the, you know, things that we think are useful for them are also located. So we have a tool that helps people understand their water. Our blood test results, so puts them into context. Um, so one of the water tool will compare your water results to state and federal agency advi, you know, advisories or MCLs. Um, and that's really complicated 'cause they're always changing, and there's a lot of, you know, to, to sort of dig up all that information on your own as a, you know, even as somebody who works in PFAS is a lot of work. And so, um, it's a really helpful tool, I think for people and also for professionals to be able to use, um, and then also compares you to sort of a representative levels across the country. Um, and I think what you notice when you look at that tool is that, you know, a lot of places are elevated above, you know, what the guideline, which seems to just continue to decrease as we learn more about the toxicities of chemicals. Um, and then the blood tool does something similar except there's no, I don't, I don't think we've come to a great guidance level yet for whats safe in blood. Um, we see effects of PFAS in the general population in general population levels. Um, so, you know, we think that we're, well, we know that we're all exposed, and we think from the data that we have so far, um, in the literature, et cetera, that, you know, these are affecting people at general population levels. Um, and of course that risk goes up as you're more highly exposed and as you have more risk factors, um, and that communication is always difficult with people with, you know, known occupational or drinking water exposures that, um, you know, just because you see this list of health effects, it doesn't mean you're gonna get it. 'cause you've been exposed, we've all been exposed. Some people have been exposed at higher levels than other people. And some people have been exposed at much higher levels than other people. Everyone has been exposed unwittingly. Um, and you know, there's a lot of risk factors that go into why would, why would you get a disease? Um, and so, you know, reducing your exposure moving forward and um, you know, talking to your doctor and trying to reduce your other risk factors and monitoring. So, um, I was part of, um, uh, community liaison for the national academies of engineering and sciences. And 00:11:01 ___________ just did a study on PFAS, um, blood testing and medical monitoring. Um, so as part of that group, and they came up with some nice guidance for clinicians, for talking about to their doctors or for clinicians talking to their patients, they have a nice guidance. Actually they came up with, um, some numbers so that people with levels in their blood Page 3 �could, um, you know, sort of understand better doctors in particular could look at blood levels and then, you know, make some, uh, informed decisions about screening. So there are medical screening guidance that exist out there. We have one on the PFAS exchange on the resources page. Uh, it's a companion guidance, so there's one for clinicians, and there's one for, uh, community members, and they're, you know, really kind of meant to be used together. Um, and then we have a new resources page for clinicians, and we've just put our new, um, continuing medical education video up there that we made with, you know, um, PFAS experts and physicians and, um, people who've been impacted by PFAS. Um, so that's up on our website now along with other tools for clinicians. So we're still building that out. Um, and sorry. I feel like I'm like, um, going around a little bit um, this has been helpful information so far. Danielle DeVasto: Absolutely. Yeah. I mean, that's kind of the way some of the PFAS stories works. I feel like it kind of wins and winds its way around and kind of gets into everything in its own weird way. Um, it sounds though like your, the PFAS exchange is still something that's kind of actively evolving or kind of growing. It sounds like? Courtney Carignan: Mm-hmm. Danielle DeVasto: Are there any, um, obvious next steps that you guys have in mind or other ways that you'd like to see it kind of keep evolving? Courtney Carignan: Well, another recent evolution has been, um, a new map. So we have a mapping tool on there under the community, connecting communities tab that, um, shares PFAS site data across the country. And then also, um, my collaborators came up with this idea of, um, suspect sources. So they actually map all, you know, kind of entities that may use PFAS in their, you know, processes, um, or at PFAS. And so they've mapped all of those, and I mean the map just like lights up completely, and it helps you see like all the places. 'Cause I think one of the things that is hard to communicate about PFAS is that, you know, there's a whole lot of them. I think the, the number keeps growing. I think the last I remember is like 20,000 PFASs um, when I started, I, I mean, I feel like just a few years ago we were saying like 9,000 or 4,000 or 2,000. Um, so the number really gone up a lot and um, you know, I, I tend to talk about them as legacy PFASs. So we know a lot about PFOA and PFOS health effects of these PFAS. We've been for a long time that were faced out a decade ago in the U.S., all of a, of them. Um, some countries have continued to produce some overseas, uh, in that time, but you know, in the U.S., we've been using other PFAS for many years now. And so we tend to talk about those as current use PFAS. So, you know, there's been a focus on monitoring for legacy PFASs and a lot of the data that's out there is legacy PFASs, it's a small panel. Um, and so a lot of our work focuses on looking at expanded panels that include current use PFASs and talking about current use PFASs um, because, you know, it's, it's basically doing a bunch of different jobs at the same time. You're looking back at all of the contamination that's occurred over the past, you know, basically my lifetime, our lifetimes, right. Um, and trying to clean it up, you know, for these bad, very persistent PFASs. And then there's all these new PFASs that, you know, as we learn more about them, we're learning, you know, that they can act in similar ways, a lot of them are less persistent. Some of them are precursors to the legacy PFASs of Page 4 �PFOA, um, and the, the chemistries are very complicated. I work with a lot of analytical chemists and, you know, part of the challenge of looking at PFAS in food is that, you know, different types of food are different types of complicated matrices and the, um, chemistry just didn't exist, you know, to be able to, to reliably, um, quantify large panels of PFAS and food. And then also, um, there are these interferences in food that will give you false positives. Um, and so it's just, it's very complicated, and you know, I'm not analytical chemist, but my work relies on good analytical chemistry. So, um, that's, that's a big challenge for PFAS. We're just like we just been playing catch up. Um, I just feel like since I started working on it, we're just playing catch up and, um, really communicating about, you know, moving to floral polymers, um, doesn't solve the life lifecycle issue of PFAS, which is that you're creating, you know, you're using PFASs to create Flor polymers, and then they're eventually gonna, um, break down back into PFAS over time. You know, we think that hope right, that floral polymers are reducing exposure to the consumer and during the lifetime of the, um, during the, you know, use portion of the product, but we know that, you know, we're not completely solving the problem of PFAS that it's, um, really a life cycle issue. And, uh, yeah, I'm not, did that answer your question? Did I just go off on like another — Danielle DeVasto: No, I mean, it, it raised a lot of really interesting points and, um, you know, uh, wow. And like, it actually makes me think of like probably five more questions that I could ask. Um, but one of the things that struck me about what you're saying too, is that I'm thinking I'm listening and hearing all of these different people that you're collaborating with to kind of, to do your work, you know, analytical chemists, um, all the collaborators that you have as far as like creating the PFAS exchange, the communities that you're interfacing with. And it just, um, it seems like you're, you're involved in a lot of different kinds of conversations about PFAS, you know, whether it's talking about kind of like the, like the chemical makeup and like the really technical nitty gritty, or talking with people who just wanna understand like their test results or what to do next. And I guess, you know, having kind of worked in this realm now for 20 some years, um, what, like, can you, can you say more about that or like what you've learned by doing some of this, this interfacing between all these different groups in order to do your work? Courtney Carignan: Um, I don't know. I, I mean, it's complicated. It's not, you know, we were talking about this before a little bit before we started filming that, you know, it's a really complicated landscape and that what I've learned. And I think I learned, you know, within the first decade of working on these kinds of issues was that no, you know, so I, I got my Ph.D. 'cause I was working in a community where they had drinking water contamination of trichloroethylene. It was a rural community in Pennsylvania and, um, people there really weren't being told much, you know, I kind of witnessed on 'cause I was, I was working in the community for two years doing the response action. I was a consultant. Um, we were, you know, consulting for the responsible party. And so I got this unique, you know, I don't think it's a unique look in, in terms of consulting. That's what consultants do, but it's unique in the sense of academic academics, don't tend to have this perspective. Um, so I really saw what happens in a community when this kind of contamination is discovered and, you know, understood what I thought they needed. I thought they needed studies. So I went back to it, got my Ph.D. Um, I thought they needed people who knew Page 5 �about contamination could help them, which is true. Um, and you know, I think in the process getting my Ph.D. and then, you know, providing technical support at Pease, I realized that or learned, um, through that work that again, you know, scientists and researchers do not have all the answers and do not work on their own, which, um, I'm sure people told me along the way through my training, um, you know, you hear that referred to the importance of community engaged work and the importance of working with your agencies. Um, but I didn't really understand that until, you know, I started doing it and making lots of, you know, probably lots of mistakes along the way. Um, 'cause it's very humbling to, you know, want to do all of this work and then realize like you cannot achieve [LAUGHTER] the things that you think need to be done without, you know, um, these relationships Danielle DeVasto: That's, that's so true., it's so true. And because, you know, as you said, this isn't just the legacy PFAS, it's kind of an evolving, it's an evolving story. Um, it's not just, you know, this one and done kind of thing, which maybe leads me into my next question. Um, thinking about PFAS contamination moving forward, what kinds of concerns do you have? Courtney Carignan: Um, so I'm, you know, I'm concerned about our ability to monitor for and make progress on the current use PFAS issue, right? The tap is still on, it feels very urgent, um, to make progress on that issue quickly. Um, and while simultaneously, you know, addressing all of the legacy pollution, you know, kind of how do we do that all at the same time? Um, the, you know, I, I do a lot of biomonitoring and health studies. Um, that's my main, the main thing that I, if there's a main thing I focus on, that's it, um, it's the, you know, maybe one of the things I'm best at, and you know, the way that we monitor for exposure to legacy PFASs is easy in the sense that you do a blood draw. Um, we just developed, um, or validated a new finger prick test, which is kinda exciting, um, because getting a blood draw is there's a lot of barriers for people. So we've been working on those kinds of issues as part of the reason we have the clinician resources page, we've got lots of resources there to help people get PFAS, blood testing, 'cause that's one of the main things that people tell us that they want when they find out that they've exposed. Um, but you know, legacy PFASs you can detect them in the blood for a very long time after exposure. So if you were exposed five years ago, and you were exposed to PFLS or EFFF um, and you do a PFAS blood test, um, and opposing your drinking water, you know, you could actually back back calculate what your exposure was five years ago. Like we understand, you know, the behavior in the body well enough that we can do that. Um, whereas with current use PFASs, they're gonna be eliminating from the body more quickly. They're still persistent, but not as persistent. And so when, if you're doing bio monitoring the blood, um, and you are ignoring the fact that all these different PFASs have different, you know, longevity in the blood, um, you are not gonna understand exposure correctly. Um, and so I think that's as an exposure scientist, I think, I think, you know, sort of the, the thing I'm thinking about the most right now is, you know, I think a lot about like how, how not to do harm and how to make sure my work is not harming anyone and making mistakes like that could be very big mistakes. So, um, being careful about, you know, how do we make sure that we are understanding people's exposures and representing them correctly, not only exposure assessment, but also importantly, in these environmental epidemiology Page 6 �studies, because exposure misclassification is one of the biggest problems in expo, uh, environmental epidemiology. Um, if you don't have exposure assessed well, um, you have a bias towards the mill, which means you're more likely to conclude there's no effect when one, in fact is there Danielle DeVasto: Can you just for people who maybe are listening and don't know, can you say a little bit more about what biomonitoring is? Courtney Carignan: So bio biomonitoring is, um, testing for or monitoring for, um, usually, you know, in my context, contaminants in the body are in biological matrices. So in people, um, you know where we're testing blood or urine or hair or fingernails, or, you know, you know, different biological fluids or matrices. Um, and you know, before, when I was a consultant, we'd even do it. And in, in lots of people still do this, right. Uh, you can do bio monitoring of, of IOTA also, um, but in my context I'm usually talking human health studies. Danielle DeVasto: Before we wrap, is there anything that you would like to add or, um, that we haven't touched on today or anything you wanna go back to and say more about? Courtney Carignan: Um, I mean, I, I plugged the PFAS exchange website. I think that's a really helpful place for people to get information. Um, and you know, we do, you know, it is a work in progress. Hopefully we can get funded to continue working on that, 'cause I think our project period is expiring, but, um, you know, we, we always wanna make it better, and it's helpful to, you know, know from people not only like what ways to improve it, but also, you know, sometimes we partner with people who can volunteer their time or, [LAUGHTER] you know, can help us find funding to, to be able to continue improve it. 'cause it is, like you said, I'm doing a lot of different things, and you know, spread pretty thin. So it's, um, there's like the pie in the sky, what we wanna do. And then there's like the nuts and bolts of getting it done and so people wanna, um, get connected. Uh that's great. And then I guess I would also say, you know, I, I, I would encourage people who, you know, are exposed, and you know, wanna take action. Um, there's a lot of different groups. So if you go to the PFAS exchange connection, connecting communities page, uh, it'll help you find different groups that are working on PFAS and taking action in their communities. And then we have a national PFAS contamination coalition, um, or shouldn't say we, there is one, um, I serve, um, serve as a, you know, provide technical assistance for the coalition. Um, and I provide technical assistance for a lot of community groups, you know, a lot of my funding, um, you know, my salary, right. It's all comes from the public. So, you know, I see that work as, you know, as long as I have the bandwidth to do it, you know, I'm gonna do that kinda work. Danielle DeVasto: I imagine also find, find meaningful because it sounds like that's sort of, you know, working with communities sounds like where your story started way back in Pennsylvania. Courtney Carignan: Yeah. I mean, you know, I'm from a mill family. So my, um, grandfather actually was a lumberjack in Maine and my grandmother worked at a shoe factory in Maine, Um, and you know, I'm, you know, I'm from New Hampshire, but you know, we have a lot of, you know, my husband's family help build the mills in New Hampshire. Um, so we kind of have this, um, history to our families that, um, you know, we also are French Canadians, so we also have indigenous, you know, backgrounds. So, um, I Page 7 �think I see those communities and, and I understand, you know, what challenges they face. Um, so yeah, I do find a lot of meaning in that work. Danielle DeVasto: Well, I have poked around the PFAS exchange website, and it looks awesome. I'm very grateful to you guys for creating that. Seems like such a great resource in so many ways, and I'm excited to see where it keeps going. Have you gotten much feedback about the website since it's launch? Courtney Carignan: Yeah. I mean, mostly we get mostly we get, uh, feedback from the coalition 'cause we meet with them and ask them, um, but, and then I have feedback from myself. Right. All things we wanna do. [LAUGHTER' Um, so yeah, it's definitely a work in progress. Well, I'm, I'm so glad that it's there, and I'm always happy to have it because you know, there are lots of questions and there's so much information and confusing information. So having somewhere to be able to send people is a really, seems like a really great thing. So. Courtney Carignan: I guess another thing to mention is, um, that I am working with firefighters as well cause firefighters have occupational exposures to PFAS. Um, and so I'm connected with a group that has a website called PFAS for EPPE. Um, and I'm connected with the IFFF and, um, I'm doing a very small exposure study on firefighters. I know that there's a bigger study going on in the State led by NDHHS, but, um, I decided mention that as well, that, you know, occupational exposed groups, I think, um, you know, there's been a lot of focus on drinking water. Um, and that's what I'm focusing on a lot on the last, you know, five to 10 years. But, um, occupational exposure is something that is also very important, and there's so many ways that people can occupation expose to PCOS and have no idea. So firefighters for a long time were told that Atripla was like soap and water and, um, it's just, that's how they treated it. So they, you know, exposed themselves, they, you know, spread it all over the environment. Um, PFASs are used in, have been used in ski wax. Um, I'm trying to think of all 'cause I usually like rattle off a list of occupations that you use PFAS and might not know. Danielle DeVasto: Yeah. What are, what are a couple of the most surprising ones? Courtney Carignan: Well, I mean, carpeting has been, you know, something that we were working on at BU during my Ph.D. So our group was the first to show PFAS, you know, and in the indoor environment from carpeting, um, and that, you know, it's in the air and dust and, and people also spray Scotchguard on their furniture. It was very common in the past. I was at my local hot tub store last summer and didn't get a hot tub, but I did notice that, uh, no, I wish I, they had a can of that kind of spray, and it actually said on it, you know, perifluoro-, blah, blah, blah. And I was so shocked that they still sell this kind of spray. And I told the cashier like, do you know what's in this? Um, so yeah, I mean that, those kinds of sprays are still in the market and, you know, people, you know, for the past, you know, a few decades used to spray it in their homes, um, parchment paper. Um, so the paper that you used to line, you know, holiday seasons coming up and doing a lot of baking, um, I'm curious to know what PFASs are being replaced in parchment paper. They think they're moving away from PFASs in food packaging, um, and food contact papers. Um, and so I guess those are the two sort of indoor environments, I think about the most. Um, I think UFM published a study on PFASs on floor wax, um, or they had a poster on it. So they found that it Page 8 �was being used in the, those big machines that wax the floors. Um, so that, I think that's another surprising place they're used in extrusion of plastics. So vinyl flooring there's trace levels at least of PFASs in, uh, artificial turf. So the plastic blades of graphs, grass in artificial turf, um, I mean, it's just like the list just goes on and on and on places that PFASs are used that are surprising. I mean, originally the first sort of surprising place that that was discovered was popcorn bags, microwave, popcorn bags, and again, I'm not sure what replacements being used currently, if it's still a PFAS or something else. Um, people ask all the time about, you know, pans, um, stuff on pans or nonstick pans. Consumer reports just put out a nice report on that. So I'm referring people to that report for more information. Um, but yeah, there's a lot of sources, you know, kind of lurking sources of PFAS, um, that you expect or know about. And often don't have control over, like right in your workplace, if you have a stain resistant carpeting, like, you know, um, what are you gonna do about that or in your home even, um, can you afford to replace it? Um, so I did that answer your question. on another tangent, but like in terms of occupational exposure zone, people who actually did make stain resistant carpeting, people who work, you know, in paper, the paper industry, you know, they actually mix the paper, you know, pull up in the PFAS together. Uh, people who worked in tanneries and used PFASs on leather goods, um, people who worked in the plating industry and are standing over vats of PFAS containing you know, so, you know, I think about those people and, um, wonder what's being, what's being done for them. Danielle DeVasto: Well, thank you so much, Courtney, for taking the time to share your story and your work today. Um, it's been a pleasure talking with you, Courtney Carignan: You too. Page 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0033 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carignan, Courtney Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022-11-18 Title A name given to the resource Courtney Carignan, 2022 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Dr. Courtney Carignan lives in central Michigan and works at Michigan State University, though she was raised in New Hamphsire. She holds a PhD in environmental health from the Boston University School of Public Health. In this interview, she discusses her involvement with PFAS advocacy and research in her communities, as well as a new mapping tool that will collect and share PFAS site data across the United States. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/29c9d1ba222b1ac8fe1250006c59476a.pdf c0f1057c0bf96dd83fcb50af9895b10c PDF Text Text - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ • • City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan COLDWATER Adopted: December 2002 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Acknowledgments Mayor Robert E. Rumsey City Manager William Stewart City Council Donald Shemel Tim Miller Robert Huntley Chris Pierce Thomas Kramer Maureen Petzko Randall Hazelbaker C. Raymond Truex Planning Commission Nathan Cohen Fred Lilue Aloha Miller Maureen Petzko Buzz Sharpley James Brown Alan Swain James Cole Robert E. Rumsey, Mayor Zoning Board of Appeals Paul Lindner Mitch Rice Harold Gates Dennis Mccafferty Michael Renshaw Russ Feller Planning and Grants Christine Hilton Prepared by Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. Community Planners and Landscape Architects 605 S. Main Street Ann Arbor, MI 48 I 04 City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan Adopted December 2002 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................... i Contents .......................................................................... ............... ii Introduction ................................................................................... 1 What is Planning? ............................................................................ 1 How is the City Authorized to Plan? .............................................. .1 Why plan for Coldwater? ................................................................. 2 What are Significant Planning and Growth Issues in Coldwater? ... 2 What process has been followed? ................................................... .3 How is Master Plan different from Zoning? ................................... .5 How has the community been involved? ......................................... 5 Who is Responsible for Planning and Zoning? ................................ 5 Background Studies ..................................................................... 6 Regional Setting ............................................................................... 6 Historic Dates ................................................................................... 6 Past Planning Efforts ........................................................................ 8 Population Characteristics ............................................................... 9 Housing Characteristics ................................................................. 12 Economic Base ............................................................................... 17 Community Facilities .................................................................. 21 Transportation ............................................................................. 27 National Functional Classification System ................................... .27 City Transportation Improvement Programs ................................ .27 Historical Context ....................................................................... 32 Existing Land Use ....................................................................... 42 City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan Adopted December 2002 ii �• •I I I I I I I I I I I I I -I I I Community Goals and Objectives ............................................. 45 Goals, Objectives and Policies ...................... .................................47 Master Land Use Plan ................................................................ 70 Target Areas ................................................................................ 76 WardOne ............. ........ .......... ...................... ..................................77 Ward Two ............ ............................................................ .............. 78 Ward Three .................................................................................... 79 Ward Four ................................................................ ..................... 80 Downtown ................................... .... ...................... ....... .........·........ 81 Wellhead Protection Plan .......................................................... 83 Action Plan .................................................................................. 85 Zoning Ordinance ............ .............................................................. 85 City and County Studies and Plans ................................................ 86 Special Purpose Ordinances and Standards ................................... 86 Capital Improvements ..... ............... ............................................... 87 Economic Development ................................................................ 87 Master Plan Education ................................................................... 87 Plan Updates .................................................................................. 87 Master Plan Visioning Workshop .............................................. 88 Workshop Notes September 18, 2001 ........................................... 95 Appendix ................................................................................... 104 Tables ............................................................................................... Table 1, Population History ............................................................. 9 Table 2, Age of Population ............................................................ 10 Table 3, Racial Composition..................................... ..................... 11 Table 4, Housing Occupancy and Type ......................................... 12 Table 5, Population History ............ .......... ..................................... 13 Table 6, Housing Value ................................................................. 13 Table 7, Household & Family Income ........................................... 14 Table 8, Units in Structure & Year Built .. ..................................... 15 Table 9, Residential Construction Permits Issued ......................... 16 Table 10, State Equalized Value ......................... ........................... 17 Table 11, Coldwater Employers ..................................................... 18 Table 12, Employment ................................................................... 19 Table 13, Educational Attainment ................................................. 20 Table 14, Police Activity ........ ....................................................... 25 Table 15, Road Improvements ....................................................... 29 Table 16, Planned Capital Improvements ...................................... 29 City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan Adopted December 2002 ill �• • • • • • • • Maps Map 1 Base Map ............................................................................. 7 Map 2 Functional Classification ................................................... 28 Map 3 Wetlands and Floodplains ................................................. 44 Map 4 Future Land Use ................................................................ 7 5 ~ -~ , City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan Adopted December 2002 iv �Introduction INTRODUCTION What is Planning? Planning is an activity that has been ongoing since the beginning of civilization. Quite simply, planning is preparation for a future event, activity or endeavor. Everyone conducts some type of planning in their daily lives. Where the issues are simple and the outcomes are clear, the plans can be simple. More complex issues and problems require plans to be more complex and detailed. It is relatively easy to propose plans for events that can reasonably be anticipated. It is much more difficult to prepare plans for events which are not anticipated. The most effective plans are those which are accurate enough to prepare for anticipated events, and flexible enough to provide guidance for events which are not anticipated. In the process of planning, the following steps are involved: • Identification of the problem or issue • Setting of goals to be achieved • Formulation of alternative solutions and evaluation of impacts • Developing a plan of action How is the City Authorized to Plan? The City of Coldwater derives its authority to prepare a Master Plan from the Municipal Planning Act, P.A. 285 of 1931. The Act states: Section 6. The commission shall make and adopt a Comprehensive plan for the physical development of the municipality, including any areas outside of its boundaries which, in the commission's judgment, bear relation to the planning of the municipality. The plan, with the accompanying maps, plats, charts, and descriptive matter shall show the commission's recommendations for the development of the territory, including, among other things, the general location, character, and extent of streets, viaducts, subways, bridges, waterways, flood plains, water fronts, boulevards, parkways, playgrounds and open spaces, the general location of public buildings and other public property, and the general location and extent of public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned or operated, for water, light, sanitation, transportation, communication, power, and other purposes ... · The commission from time to time may amend, extend, or add to the plan. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 1 �Introduction Why Plan for Coldwater? I I I I I As we begin the 21 st Century there is a strong need to evaluate the physical development of the City. The current Master Plan was adopted in 1994 and -has had only three (3) Master Plans completed in its history, 1959, 1977, and the most recent 1994. Much of the City is fully developed and significant changes have occurred since 1994. What are Significant Planning and Growth Issues in Coldwater? • Promoting and encouraging a thriving Central Business District (CBD). • Maintaining the City's historic character by preserving and/or restoring historically significant properties, as well as promoting new development compatible with the existing character. • Providing a transportation system that facilitates the smooth, safe, and efficient flow of automobiles, trucks, buses, emergency vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. • Providing recreation programs and facilities to meet the present and future needs of all City residents. • Improving housing opportunities and the single-family home character and neighborhood atmosphere of the City, while also providing for a variety of new, high-quality housing types. I • Enhancing the aesthetics of gateway approaches to the City. I • Removal or redevelopment and infill of existing abandoned commercial and industrial buildings. • Preservation of natural features, especially areas adjacent to the Sauk River. I I I I I I I I I City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 2 �Introduction What process has been followed? The City's response to these changes has been to undertake a systematic process which involves analysis of the community, citizen participation, and revision of the Master Plan. The revised Master Plan will provide for the orderly development of the City, assist the community in its effort to maintain and enhance a pleasant living environment, and spark a vision toward the future. · The Master Plan has the following characteristics: • It is a physical plan. Although social and economic conditions are considered, the plan will be a guide to the physical development of the community. • It provides a long range viewpoint. • It is comprehensive, covering the entire City and all the components that affect its The Master Plan will depict land use and community development within a time frame of twenty (20) years. physical makeup. • It is the official statement of policy regarding such issues as land use, community character and transportation which impact the physical environment. As a policy guide, it must be sufficiently flexible to provide guidance for changing conditions and unanticipated events. The following flow chart depicts the Master Plan process as a whole. Public input is obtained throughout. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 3 �Introduction CITY OF COLDWATER MASTER PLANNING PROCESS BACKROUND STUDIES VISIONING WORKSHOP D DRAFT PLAN D EVALUATE AND REVISE PLAN D ( DRAFf PLAN D ( PUBLIC BEARING D City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 4 0 0 �Introduction How is the Master Plan different from Zoning? The Master Plan is not a Zoning Ordinance. The Master Plan is the long range policy guide for the physical arrangement and appearance of the City. The Zoning Ordinance more specifically regulates the manner in which individual properties are used. The Zoning Ordinance is only one (1) of a number of tools used to implement the Master Plan. Formulating a Master Plan is the first step in providing a sound and legal basis for revising the Zoning Ordinance and other regulatory Ordinances, investing in public capital improvements, and guiding private land use decisions. How has the community been involved? The Master Planning Program has relied on the involvement of and input from various stakeholder groups including neighborhood groups, citizens-at-large, non-residential property owners, business owners, outside planning consultants, City staff, City Council, and Planning Commissioners. Public input was obtained through a series of workshop sessions conducted throughout the City. The public input process is described more fully in the Section entitled "Visioning and Public Participation." Who is Responsible for Planning and Zoning? The City of Coldwater has a number of bodies that are actively involved in the planning and zoning decision-making process: • City Council - The City Council is the chief governing body of the City. By Michigan Statute, the City Council approves rezoning requests, zoning and text amendments, and subdivision plats. • Planning Commission - The Planning Commission is the principal recommending body to the City Council on matters pertaining to the planning and development of the community. The Planning Commission approves site plans and special land uses and makes recommendations to the City on rezoning requests, zoning text amendments, and subdivision plats. Michigan statutes require a Planning Commission to prepare and adopt a Master Plan. • Zoning Board of Appeals - The Board of Appeals serves to interpret provisions of the Zoning Ordinance when requested and determine when variances should be granted when practical difficulties with property make it impossible to meet the strict provisions of the Zoning Ordinance. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 5 �Background Studies BACKROUND STUDIES Regional Setting The City of Coldwater is a growing historic community centrally located and is the county seat of Branch County, Michigan. The City of Coldwater is surrounded on all sides by Coldwater Township and is located at the junction of two (2) state highways and one (1) interstate highway: • • • US-12 (Chicago Street): Running southeast to northwest through the City. M-86: Branches off from US-12 at the western boundary. I-69: Primary means of access all along east side of City. The I-69 expressway connects Coldwater to the north with the City of Battle Creek (35 Miles) and Lansing (60 Miles). The Indiana border is only thirteen (13) miles to the south. US-12 crosses the entire state of Michigan from east to west and passes directly through the middle of the City. Chicago Street, (US-12) bisects the entire City and acts as the backbone and gateway to the downtown. This main corridor provides resident and visitors with their first images of the community and is an excellent mix of commercial, office and historic residential development. The Sauk River flows east to west through the City and adds to the important water features of the City. The western border is primarily made up of Lakes (Cemetery, Messenger, South and West Long Lakes) Historic Dates • • • • • • • • 1831 1832 183 7 1842 1861 1890 1959 2000 The name of Coldwater officially adopted from the Pottawatomie Indian Tribe. First school and store started. Incorporated as a Village with a population of 140 persons. Coldwater becomes the permanent County Seat of Branch County. Incorporated as a City. First City water system installed. City develops first Master Plan. Census indicates population of the City as 12,697 persons (Population drops to • 2002 City develops latest Master Plan. 10,520 upon 2001 transfer of state correctional facilities to Coldwater Township). City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 6 �F COLDWATER CITY O MICHIGAN Base Map of Coldwater City Michigan nch County, Bra 17'1 ~ rlf7.._,j= 0 250 500 1000 Associates, Inc. Carlisle/Wortman Architects Community Planners and Landscape Ann Arbor, Michigan �Background Studies Past Planning Efforts The City of Coldwater has initiated various planning efforts in the past. The Comprehensive Plan adopted in 1959 has been amended twice. The first amendment was in 1977 and the last in 1994. The following list indicates other significant planning efforts and studies that have occurred in the past which have been made available to Planning Commission members and staff during the Comprehensive Plan process: The City of Coldwater Comprehensive Plan: 1994 The Comprehensive Plan was adopted in 1994 to coordinate and guide decisions regarding the physical development of the community. Parks and Recreation Comprehensive Plan: The scope of this plan included an analysis of all ex1stmg City-owned parks and recreation programs. The plan was intended to establish goals and objectives so that a basis was set forth for future decision making in regards to future improvements. Furthermore, the DNR requires a community to have an up-to-date Recreation Plan in order to qualify for grant programs. The plan includes an action plan which spells out which improvements should occur over a five (5) year period. Downtown Development Authority Plan: This document was a plan prepared for the Downtown Development Authority (DDA) to assist the Board in planning ac!ivities for the future. It contains strategies for the following issues: market growth, land use and development, urban design enrichment, and cooperative downtown management. A Vision for the future was achieved from interviews, an interactive workshop, and observation and research. Branch County Master Land Use Plan and Recreation Plan: 1996 - 2000 The purpose of this plan is to ensure that adequate attention is given to the recreational needs of Branch County. The plan involves three (3) basic phases: Data Collection, Analysis and Planning. City of Coldwater Zoning Ordinance: The current Zoning Ordinance is the detailed regulations pertaining to land uses within the City. The district names originally were identical to the former Master Plan categories. The Ordinance is used to implement the Master Plan. Implications for Planning: - Past plans should be utilized in all current and future planning efforts. • The City should update and re-evaluate the City Master Plan on an ongoing basis. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 8 I �Background Studies Population Characteristics A. Historical Population Trends The following table and graph depicts the population trends for Branch County, Coldwater Township and the City of Coldwater, from 1970 to 2000. It is important to note that the population increase from 1990 to 2000 includes the incorporation of the population of the prison. However, the 2001 population of the City of Coldwater is 10,520 persons, following the transfer of the state correctional facilities back to Coldwater Township. Table 1 Population History 1970-2000 * Includes approximately 2,177 state correctional facility inmates State of Michigan 1970 1980 1990 2000 8,871,700 9,262,078 9,295,297 9,938,444 4.40% 4.00% 4.00% 40,188 41 ,502 45,787 6.38% 3.27% 10.32% 4,246 4,795 3,678 -21.44% 12.93% -23 .30% 9,461 9,607 12,697* 4.16% 1.54% 32.16% % increase 37,777 Branch County % increase 5,405 Coldwater Township % increase City of Coldwater 9,083 % increase Source: U.S. Census, 2000 Implications for Planning: • The City can expect a relatively stable population base in the future. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 9 �Background Studies B. Age Table 2 Age of Population City of Coldwater & Coldwater Township * Includes Approximately 2,177 State Co"ectiona/ Facility Inmates City of Coldwater TOTAL POPULATION Coldwater Township *NUMBER PERCENT NUMBER PERCENT Male 6,395 50.4 1,815 49.3 Female 6,302 49.6 1,863 50.7 Under 5 years 747 5.9 197 5.4 5 to 9 years 811 6.4 222 6.0 10 to 14 years 800 6.3 276 7.5 15 to 19 years 807 6.4 264 7.2 20 to 24 years 867 6.8 175 4 .8 25 to 34 years 2,130 16.8 384 10.4 35 to 44 years 2,369 18.7 535 14.5 45 to 54 years 1,649 13 586 15.9 55 to 59 years 500 3.9 230 6.3 60 to 64 years 424 3.3 187 5.1 65 to 74 years 732 5.8 306 8.3 75 to 84 years 603 4.7 227 6.2 85 years and over 258 2 89 2.4 35.8 (X) 41.2 (X) SEX AND AGE Median age (years) Source: US Census, 2000 Implications for Planning: • The City has a younger population than Coldwater Township. A younger population will likely have different needs than an older population. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 10 �Background Studies C. Race Table 3 Racial Composition Includes Approximately 2,177 State Co"ectional Facility Inmates RACE One race Branch County NUMBER 45,015 PCT 98 Coldwater City NUMBER PCT 42,751 93 12,315 10,837 1,206 2.6 1,069 8.4 American Indian and Alaska Native 217 .5 95 0.7 Asian 194 .4 117 0.9 Asian Indian 32 .1 30 0.2 Chinese 12 0 8 0.1 Filipino 18 0 5 0 Japanese 60 .1 41 Korean 18 0 3 0 Vietnamese 8 0 6 0 Other Asian 47 .1 24 0.2 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 10 0 4 0 White Black or African American 97 85.4 0.3 Native Hawaiian 1 0 1 0 Guamanian or Chamorro 3 0 0 0 Samoan 4 0 1 0 Other Pacific Islander 2 0 2 0 Some other race (Includes Middle East) Two (2) or more races (Includes Middle East) 637 1.4 193 1.5 772 1.7 382 3 45,787 100 12,697 100 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND RACE Total population Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 1,365 3 574 4.5 Mexican 1,065 2.3 425 3.3 Puerto Rican 88 .2 49 0.4 Cuban 20 0 14 0.1 182 .4 86 0.7 Not Hispanic or Latino 44,422 97 12,123 95.5 White alone 42, 134 92 10,514 82.8 Other Hispanic or Latino Source: US Census, 2000 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 11 �Background Studies Housing Characteristics A. Housing Occupancy Table 4 Housing Occupancy and Type I NUMBER PERCENT Total housing units 4,370 100 Occupied housing units 4,058 92.9 Vacant housing units 312 7.1 For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use 31 0.7 HOUSING OCCUPANCY NUMBER PERCENT Total households 4,058 100 Family households (families) 2,518 62.1 With own children under 18 years 1,337 32.9 Married-couple family 1,771 43 .6 With own children under 18 years 866 21.3 Female householder, no husband present 525 12.9 With own children under 18 years 351 8.6 Non-family households 1,540 37.9 Householder living alone 1,296 31.9 564 13.9 Households with individuals under 18 years 1,477 36.4 Households with individuals 65 years and over 1,034 25.5 HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE Householder 65 years and over Source: US Census, 2000 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 12 �Background Studies B. Household Size Table 5 Population History 1970-2000 HOUSEHOLD SIZE YEAR PERSONS CHANGE # % 2000 2.00 .49 19.7 1990 2.49 .09 3.5 1980 2.58 Source: US Census, 2000 C. Housing Value/Owner Occupied Units Table 6 Housing Value HOUSING VALUE/OWNER OCCUPIED UNITS NUMBER PERCENT Less Than $50,000 305 13.8 $50,000 to $99,999 1387 62.6 $100,000 to $149,999 309 14.0 $150,000 to $199,999 161 7.3 $200,000 to $299,999 36 1.6 $300,000 to $499,999 10 0.5 6 0.3 $77,800 (X) VALUE $500,000 to $999,999 $1,000,000 or more Median (dollar) Source: US Census, 2000 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 13 �Background Studies D. Housing Characteristics Table 7 Household and Family Income IHOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1999 NUMBER PERCENT 4,052 100.00 Less than $10,000 420 10.4 $10,000 to $14,999 259 6.4 $15,000 to $24,999 687 17.0 $25 ,000 to $34,999 730 18.0 $35,000 to $49,999 729 18.0 $50,000 to $74,999 706 17.4 $75,000 to $99,999 370 9.1 $100,000 to $149,999 124 3.1 $150,000 to $199,999 17 0.4 $200,000 or more 10 0.2 Median household Income $33,913 (X) NUMBER PERCENT 2,540 -100.0 Less than $10,000 94 3.7 $10,000 to $14,999 60 2.4 $15,000 to $24,999 412 16.2 $25,000 to $34,999 424 16.7 $35,000 to $49,999 532 20.9 $50,000 to $74,999 605 23.8 $75,000 to $99,999 281 11.1 $100,000 to $149,999 105 4.1 $150,000 to $199,999 17 0.7 $200,000 or more 10 0.4 $41,107 (X) (X) Households FAMILY INCOME IN 1999 Families Median Family Income $15,833 Per Capita Income Median Earnings (dollars) Male full-time, year round workers $31,577 Female full-time, year round workers $22,088 Source: US Census, 2000 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 14 (X) (X) I �Background Studies Table 8 Units In Structure and Year Built I UNITS IN STRUCTURE NUMBER PERCENT 4,364 100.0 I -unit, detached 2707 62.0 I -unit, attached 98 2.2 2 units 241 5.5 3 or 4 units 276 6.3 5 to 9 units 171 3.9 10 to 19 units 164 3.8 20 or more units 290 6.6 Mobile home 417 9.6 Total Housing Units Boat, RV, van, etc. YEARSTRUCTUREBUil,T NUMBER PERCENT 1999 to March 2000 130 3.0 1995 to 1998 322 7.4 1990 to 1994 150 3.4 1980 to 1989 359 7.8 1970 to 1979 561 12.9 1960 to 1969 417 9.6 1940 to 1959 763 17.5 1,682 38.5 1939 or earlier Source: US Census, 2000 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 15 �Background Studies E. Residential Construction Redevelopment of areas of the City into higher density housing has been a common occurrence over the last five (5) years, indicative of the high quality of life the City has to offer and subsequent market conditions which facilitate such development. Most of the new construction has been in owner-occupied condominium developments. The following graph depicts building permit activity for development of single and twofamily housing, multi-family housing, and demolitions. Table 9 Residential Construction Permits Issued: 1980-2002 Coldwater 1980-1990 1990-2000 2001-2002 105 98 65 Two-Family Not available 12 8 Multi-Family Not available 1 1 Demolitions 137 39 29 Single Family Source: Estimates by City Staff, 2002 Implications for Planning: • Decreasing household size will slow population increases and have implications on the types of new housing that will be needed in the City; • An aging population will increase the demand for senior housing and services; , The amount of older housing stock in the City will require proactive and ongoing protection and rehabilitation measures. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 16 �Background Studies Economic Base A. Regional Influences As job growth in Branch County continues, Coldwater's central location and high quality of life will continue to attract new residents. B. Tax Base Residential property has continued to be the largest tax generator for the City of Coldwater, indicative of the large number and quality of neighborhoods in the City. However, the tremendous commercial growth around the highway interchange is also a large generator of taxes. Assessed Value is an additional source of information that illustrates economic trends. This assessed value is broken into the following three (3) categories: residential, commercial and industrial. There are two (2) other categories, agricultural and developmental, included in the cities assessed value. However, these categories represent only a small portion of the City's assessed value. The City has seen substantial increases in the three major categories. Residential increased by nearly 90% between 1992 and 2002, while industrial jumped by 146% during the same period. The biggest increase occurred in Commercial, which saw an increase of 450 % between 1992 and 2002. In 1992 just over 61 % of the total real property (land and the structures on the land) value was attributed to residential property, 20% to commercial property, and about 19% to industrial property. By 2002, the percentage of residential dropped to 41 %, due to the increase in industrial and commercial allocation at 39%. By 2002, the City's total real property value was $205,097,000 up from $76,043,000 in 1992. Table 10 State Equalized Value: 1992-2002 City of Coldwater State Equalized Value: 1992-2002 Real Property by Category RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL 1992 $45,755,500 $33,221 ,700 $15,697,800 2002 $85,820,800 $80,611,100 $38,665,100 Source: City of Coldwater, 2002 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 17 �Background Studies Real and Personal Totals REAL PERSONAL 1992 $88,047,800 $18,151,000 1993 $94,989,050 $20,858,900 1994 $97,144,750 $24,483,000 1995 $100,512,200 $25,002,400 1996 $108,124,700 $29,683,400 1997 $125,345,300 $32,873,100 1998 $141,389,580 $33,801,900 1999 $180,872,700 $49,627,900 2000 $202,219,500 $60,118,900 2001 $227,049,200 $69,151,600 2002 $260,651,800 $66,415,654 Source: Branch County, 2002 C. Employers Major employers in Coldwater are listed in the following table. Table 11 Coldwater Employers FIRMS PRODUCT OR SERVICE #EMPLOYED Regional Distribution 1000 Department of Corrections Prisons 691 Community Health Center Health Care 594 Education 450 Grocery/Merchandise 378 Automotive Related Casting and Machining 330 Education 265 Polypropylene Foam Manufacturer 205 County of Branch Government 200 Brazing Concepts Copper Brazing of Steel 200 Wal-Mart Regional Distribution Center Coldwater Community Schools Meijer Asama Manufacturing Branch Intermediate School District Voltek Source: Branch County, 2002 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 18 �Background Studies D. Employment Table 12 Employment OCCUPATION NUMBER PERCENT Employed Civilian Population 16 years and over 5,099 100.0 Management, professional and related 1,183 23.2 906 17.8 1,065 20.9 Fanning, Fishing, Forestry 57 1.1 Construction, Extraction, Maintenance 339 6.6 1,549 30.4 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and Mining 58 1.1 Construction 133 2.6 Manufacturing 1536 30.1 Wholesale trade 130 2.5 Retail Trade 728 14.3 Transportation, Warehousing, Utilities 228 4.5 Information 61 1.2 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Rental/Leasing 224 4.4 Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, Waste Management Services 184 3.6 Educational, Health, Social Services 859 16.8 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodations and Food Services 380 7.5 Other Services ( except public administration) 217 4.3 Public Administration 361 7.1 Service Sales and Office Production, Transportation and Material Moving INDUSTRY Source: US Census 2000 UNEMPLOYMENT *'02 '01 '00 '99 '98 '97 '96 '95 City of Coldwater 7.2% 6.9% 5.0% 4.3% 4.6% 4.6% 6.4% 5.7% Branch County 5.9% 5.7% 4.1% 3.6% 3.8% 3.7% 5.2% 4.7% Source: Michigan Department of Labor *Note: Year to date average, end of September 2002 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 19 �Background Studies Implications for Planning: • A strong, stable residential base is vital to the City; • Large employers in the City should be encouraged to stay to provide jobs for residents; • The continued strong economic roles of the commercial and industrial areas are vital to the future of the City. Table 13 Educational Attainment Includes State Correctional Facility Inmates Over Age 25 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT NUMBER PERCENT Population 25 years and Over 8,698 100.0 th 623 7.2 9 to 12 grade no diploma 1244 14.3 High School Graduate (includes equivalency) 3207 36.9 Some college, no degree 2068 23.8 Associate Degree 587 6.7 Bachelor's Degree 620 7.1 Graduate or Professional Degree 349 4.0 Percent High School Graduate or Higher (X) 78.5 Percent Bachelor's Degree or Higher (X) 11.1 Less than 9 grade th th Source: US Census, 2000 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 20 �Community Facilities Community Facilities A. City Amenities Public Service The City of Coldwater has a Council/Manager form of government. The citizens elect the Mayor and City Council members, who in tum hire the City Manager. The Manager is responsible for managing the entire City staff. The City Council appoints volunteers to several boards and commissions which oversee the many public services provided by the City. Recreation Four (4) City departments work cooperatively to provide recreation opportunities, planning and maintenance to the City. The City has thirteen (I 3) parks which provide recreational opportunities to residents and visitors. 1. Waterworks Park 8. Jefferson Park 2. Rotary Park 9. Jaycee Park 3. South Lake Park 10. Cemetery Lake park 4. Reith Park 11. Pilot Knob Park 5. Heritage Recreation Area 12. City Park 6. Four Comers Park 13. Optimist Park 7. Parkhurst Park Forestry Division The Forestry Division is responsible for the maintenance of an estimated five thousand (5,000) trees within the City. Tree planting requests can be taken and will be added to a list, subject to availability and location of planting. The duties include removal, planting, trimming and storm damage cleanup. The Forestry Division also collects brush on the first Monday of each month from April through October. Cemetery Division A representative is available at the Department of Municipal Services to answer questions concerning grave sales, rules and regulations and location of graves within Oak Grove Cemetery. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 21 �Community Facilities Street Division The Street Division maintains 24.66 miles of major streets, 31.50 miles of local streets and 4.02 miles of State highway. This maintenance includes sweeping, snow removal, pavement marking, ice control and dust control. The Street Division also maintains all storm sewer inlets and lines. During the fall of each year, the Street Division picks up leaves to be composted at a Butters Avenue compost site. Equipment Maintenance The Department of Municipal Services maintains all of its equipment as well as the City Police vehicles, Fire Department equipment and Coldwater Board of Public Utilities' vehicles. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 22 �Community Facilities B. Coldwater Schools The Coldwater Community School District encompasses one hundred seventy-five (175) square miles. The district is composed of the following buildings: • • • • • • • • • 2001-02 Coldwater High School Grades 9-10-11-12 Legg Middle School Grades 6-7-8 Max Larsen (Edison) Elementary School Grades K - 5 (Open 2003) Girard Elementary School Grades K - 5 Jefferson Elementary School Grades K - 5 Lakeland Elementary School Grades K - 5 Lincoln Elementary School Grades K - 5 Washington Elementary School Grades K - 5 (Closed June 2003) Franklin Leaming Center COLDWATER SCHOOL DISTRICT DATA Enrollment (K-12): 3,393 Full-Time Teaching Staff: 195 Total Full-Time Staff: 385 Administrative Staff: 18 Annual Budget: $23,936,556 Source: Coldwater Community School District 2002 The residents of the school district expect the schools to provide a quality educational program to the community and have proven over past years that they are willing to provide the resources to do so. The following represent just a few of the indicators of the quality that exists. • District voters approved a $12.5 million bond issue in 1994 to add to and renovate Coldwater High School. This project provided adequate space for a growing student population, and provided for state of the art technology to assist students in learning. The project was completed in the fall of 1996. Nearly one ($1,000,000) million was invested in data, video and audio technology, making CHS a leader in southwestern Michigan. In 2001, voters approved an eighteen ($18,000,000) million bond issue, along with a six ($6,000,000) million donation, to replace Edison Elementary School, and renovate other elementary buildings. Voters also approved a one ( 1) mill levy for ten (10) years to provide a sinking fund for district maintenance. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 23 �'I Community Facilities C. • The majority of elementary schools have a gifted and talented program for students and also art, music and physical education instruction. • Computer technology was introduced for students in 1978 at the high school and has spread to all levels K-12, and a district-wide technology committee developed a long-range plan to provide for the technology needs of the student in the year 2000 and beyond. All buildings in the district have direct connection to the Internet on every networked computer. Every classroom and office in the district has been wired for computer networks and telephones to promote student and staff use of technology and provide for greater communication. The district now has seven hundred eighty-two (782) computers; with at least one (1) in every classroom. Every classroom and workstation in the district has a telephone for staff use to better communicate with parents. • Vocal and instrumental music opportunities begin for students at the elementary level and continue up through the high school. Coldwater students have found significant success in solo and ensemble competitions as well as consistent "l" ratings at music festivals. • The athletic program offers sixteen (16) varsity sports for student participation, beginning in 7th grade. Kellogg Community College Kellogg Community College provides a campus in the City of Coldwater. Kellogg Community College was founded in 1956 by the Battle Creek Board of Education which operated it until 1970 when voters created an area-wide college district. The College, situated on sites in Battle Creek, Coldwater (Grahl Center), Hastings (Fehsenfeld Center), and Ft. Custer Industrial Park (Regional Manufacturing Technology Center), offers thirtyseven (37) pre-professional college/university transfer curricula; thirty-two (32) occupational ~ssociate degree programs in health, business, secretarial, technical and public science fields; and twenty-seven (27) certificate programs aimed toward job preparation; and related training for apprenticeships. D. Fire Located at 57 Division Street with the Police Department, the Coldwater Fire Department is a full-service department providing fire, rescue, emergency medical and public education/inspection services to the City of Coldwater and fire, rescue and public education services to the townships of Coldwater and Girard. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 24 �Community Facilities The Coldwater Fire Department responded to one thousand three hundred and seven (1,307) calls for service during the 1999 calendar year. The calls included technical rescue incidents (ice, industrial, vehicle, trench, and confined space), hazardous material incidents, emergency medical incidents, accidents, fires, gas leaks, explosions, hazardous conditions, odor investigations and yes, even the retrieval of someone's beloved pet. E. Police The Coldwater City Police Department is located at 57 Division Street and has a staff of over thirty (30) people that protect and serve the residents and businesses of Coldwater. Table 14 City of Coldwater Police Department Police Activity 2001 I I I I Total Criminal Offenses Reported I Service Calls 2528 ,, 7940 "¥.' ,, I Total/Non-Criminal .. I Accidents ,, Source: Coldwater Police Department 2002 City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 25 8522 840 I I I I I 2000 2800 8380 - 9032 1019 ., �I r I I I I I I Community Facilities F. Public Services Electric, Communications, Water and Wastewater Treatment Electric, communications, water and wastewater treatment are provided by the Coldwater Board of Public Utilities. The Coldwater Board of Public Utilities has an unsurpassed safety record for a Utility with numerous departments ranging from electrical generation and distribution to water, sewer and wastewater. The success of the Board's safety records rests with commitment from top management to newest utility worker to provide a safe work place for employees, customers and the general public. Engineering Services Engineering Services provides the design, contract administration and superv1s1on of construction for all public improvements such as street paving, sanitary sewers and storm drainage. It prepares contracts and supervises all contracted maintenance and repair of streets and sidewalks. Engineering Services maintains plans and records for all City-owned public improvements within the City rights-of-way. Implications for Planning: • Residents will continue to expect the high quality of City services and programs currently provided; • The City should continue to seek cooperative efforts with neighboring communities to increase efficiency of services. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 1002 26 �I I I Transportation TRANSPORTATION Being an older community, Coldwater has a well established grid-style street system. This type of system helps deliver traffic in a spread-out manner. Roadway improvements are mainly maintenance and resurfacing related. National Functional Classification System Road classifications identify the volume and type of traffic that is appropriate for each segment of the roadway network. For purposes of transportation planning, a functional classification of roads has been developed. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) and many county Road Commissions utilize the classification system to determine the order in which improvement projects should be completed. Map # 2 illustrates the national functional classification system for various streets within Coldwater. The following is a description of the different roadway classifications: Urban Principal Arterials - Interstate/Non Interstate These roadways are at the top of the classification hierarchy and the primary function of such roadways is to carry vehicles relatively long distance, and to provide through-travel movements. Urban Minor Arterials Minor arterials include roads connecting intra-urban land uses. accommodate slightly shorter trips than a major arterial. These roads tend to Urban Collectors There are two (2) types of collectors: major and minor. Minor collectors provide access and mobility within residential, commercial, or industrial uses. Major collectors generally carry more traffic than minor collectors. Local Streets The remainder of the streets within the City provides access to individual properties, with limited continuity and mobility. Local streets are designed for low volumes and are linked by collector roadways to other lands uses or arterials. City Transportation Improvement Programs The Department of Engineering maintains and repairs all roads within the City of Coldwater. Tables 15 and 16 list both road and parking improvements that are part of the City's Capital Improvements Program (CIP). The CIP is a long term plan for capital expenditures such as roads, buildings, land, major equipment and vehicles. The City has set forth road and parking projects anticipated to be complete over the next several years. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 27 �Ill II II II COLDWATER MICHIGAN LEGEND =bol National Functlonal Classlflcatlon Urban Interstate Urban Pn·ncipal Arterial Urban Minor Arter1al Urban Collector Local National Functional . ~,o r Roads Classification City of Coldwater · h'gan 1 Branc h C ounty ' Mic ~ ~ ~000 O 250 500 1 OOO Inc. Carlisle/Wortman Associates. Architects Community Planners and ~ = r . Michigan �I I I Transportation Table 15 Road Improvements Source: City of Coldwater DPW 2002 Downtown Parking Parking in the downtown area is comprised of a combination of surface lots, structures, and onstreet parking spaces. There are a total of seven hundred seventy-seven (777) parking spaces in the downtown area: one hundred thirty-three (133) on-street parking spaces and six hundred forty-four (644) off-street parking spaces. The on-street parking allows for a variety oflength of stays. All parking within the downtown area is free. Table 16 Planned Capital Improvements Ui,!§~liiiiridn[PlJa ;%'" . ~ ,~~ _,-,;;;:~,4,;i;-;..:,,.~'.4. w&<,%4 "'<<«,;;.,,. Chandler Parking Plaza . ; "'.ij{in;rs,:~aza '.y; .~=, =t.~~~~-'di~_,,u"x=-.; <•;:i4£"i'/l!MfWll~:M~ni-A -::.... · m ;J Randall Parking Plaza $13,800 Source: City of Coldwater CIP 1999-2003 1. r City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 29 �Transportation Transit Coldwater residents have public transit opportunities provided by the Branch Area Transit Authority . The Branch County system started in October 1984 as a demand-response system serving all of Branch County including Coldwater. Service has evolved to a combination of demand-response and semi-fixed route service. Administration of the system is overseen by an authority board formed under P.A. 196 of 1986. System Characteristics Days/Hours of Operations: M-F 6:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. SAT 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. (Specialized Services) SUN 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. (Specialized Services) Total vehicles: Lift-equipped vehicles: Population Served: Employees: 13 13 41,502 19 Source: Michigan Department of Transportation Airports Memorial Airport was built in the late 1940's and is located off of US-12 just west of the City. The airport is administered by Branch County and is funded by ground and hanger leases and the general airport budget of Branch County. The airport has two (2) main paved runways and two (2) sod runways primarily used for lighter aircraft. The largest nearby airport is the Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport. Non-Motorized Transportation Many people have chosen to live in Coldwater because of the pedestrian scale of the community. The primary means of providing non-motorized transportation are traditional City sidewalks. Lacking is a well-identified bikeway system providing designated linkages between neighborhoods and key community facilities. The Master Plan indicates and recommends greenways and possible trail systems that can be developed along the river corridor. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 30 �r Transportation Implications for Planning: • Ongoing maintenance of existing City roadways is imperative; • Continue efforts to lessen and slow traffic along local streets within residential neighborhoods; • Explore alternative transportation measures to lessen traffic and improve circulation throughout the City; • Ensure adequate parking is provided to meet the growing demand. City of Coldwater Master Plan Adopted December 2002 31 �Historical Context HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. Coldwater Downtown Historic District The Coldwater Downtown Historic District comprises the City's historic central business district extending along West Chicago Street and adjacent portions of Monroe and Hanchett Streets. The buildings are two (2) and three (3) story (plus a few one (1) story) commercial buildings set side-by-side and directly on the sidewalk line. They are primarily of brick and of bracketed Italianate or Late Victorian design, but a few structures of High Victorian Gothic, Panel Brick, Neo-Classical Revival, Commercial Brick, Mission Revival, Prairie School, and Tudor Revival design as well as one (1) diminutive early twentieth-century metal-front store are present. The Coldwater Downtown Historic District has served as the commercial heart of Coldwater virtually since the City's founding in the 1830's and is the largest nineteenthand early twentieth-century central business district area in Branch County. Coldwater grew up around the Chicago Military Road, constructed by the federal government along the lines of the Sauk Indian trail connecting the present sites of Detroit and Chicago, in the late l 820's. The old downtown buildings have housed much of the City's governrnental and commercial history over the years. Currently, the old City hall, two (2) former post office buildings, and businesses which have existed in Coldwater for over one-hundred (100) years are represented by several of the downtown buildings today. Source: Michigan Historical Center City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 32 �Historical Context 2. East Chicago Street Historic District The East Chicago Street Historic District is composed of seventy-two (72) structures: forty-two (42) residences, nineteen (19) businesses, six (6) medical buildings, one (1) health center (hospital), one (1) church, one (1) library, one (1) funeral home, and one (1) fraternal lodge. Queen Anne, Stick, Italianate, and Greek Revival housing styles dominate the architecture of the area. On the whole, there have been few exterior alterations to the buildings. The East Chicago Street Historic District is characterized by a broad representation of buildings of historical and architectural significance along an important settlement route. Coldwater, the largest City in Branch County and the county seat, grew along the Sauk Indian Trail, one (1) of the key roads into the interior of Michigan. It was along this trail, now named Chicago Street (US-12), also known as the Chicago Road that farmers, merchants, business owners and professionals built eight (8) blocks of buildings during the second half (1/2) of the nineteenth century. More than one hundred thirty (130) years of styles and building techniques are represented within the bounds of the district. Despite increasing travel along US-12, the East Chicago Street Historic District has maintained the quality and livability of the area. Source: Michigan Historical Center City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 33 �Historical Context 3. Marshall Street Historic District The Marshall Street Historic District encompasses a nineteenth- and early twentiethcentury residential area centered on Marshall and Grand Streets between North Hudson Street and North Clay Street. It is an area of single-family detached homes dating from the 1840's and 1850's to the 1920's ranging in style from Greek Revival to Bungalow and Colonial Revival containing a core area of large brick and frame Italianate, Eastlake, Queen Anne, and Colonial/Classic Revival houses. Stable/carriage house buildings are retained by several of the homes in the district. Two (2) historic church buildings and a historic commercial building are also included in the district. Containing Coldwater's principal north-side concentration of historic homes, including several designed by Coldwater/Kalamazoo/Chicago architect Asbury W. Buckley, the Marshall Street Historic District was the former home of numerous leading citizens of Coldwater and businessmen who contributed to the development and commercial vitality of the City. Residents of the district included Civil War hero Brig. Gen. John G. Parkhurst, newspaperman and liniment manufacturer Simon B. Kitchel, Pratt Manufacturing Company president Hiram B. Fisher, Regal Gasoline Engine Company founders Herbert D. and Arthur E. Robinson, and railroad contractor John H. McLane. The red brick, Romanesque Revival First United Presbyterian Church, the largest and best preserved of the City's surviving Victorian churches, is included in the district. The concentration of historic architecture in the Marshall Street Historic District, spanning nearly eighty (80) years, depicts the development of the City of Coldwater and of residential design in southern lower Michigan. Source: Michigan Historical Center City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 34 �Historical Context 4. South Monroe Street Historic District The South Monroe Street Historic District contains modest brick and frame Greek Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne buildings along a two (2) block stretch of South Monroe Street. The housing stock in this small district provides examples of a number of nineteenth-century Midwest house forms, including gabled-ell, hip-roof cube with ells, and front-gable. Four (4) frame carriage houses are present. The district includes the brick Late Victorian former Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad depot constructed in 1883. The depot is a rectangular, one (1) story building with its broad, seven (7) bay wide front facing south on the still existing railroad line. It has a high gable roof with broadly projecting eaves supported on massive, openwork brackets. The South Monroe Street Historic District is the best preserved part of an enclave of modest brick and frame, nineteenth-century houses that is unique in Coldwater. This area appears to contain the City's largest concentration of surviving buildings dating from the 1850's to the 1870's. The district also contains the former home of Marcellus H. Parker, an important Coldwater architect in the late nineteenthcentury. Source: Michigan Historical Center City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 35 �Historical Context 5. West Pearl Street Historic District The West Pearl Street Historic District contains Coldwater's principle west-side concentration of late nineteenth-century homes on a two (2) block distance of West Pearl Street. Large and modest brick and frame houses exemplifying the Greek Revival, Italianate, Eastlake, Queen Anne, and Queen Anne/Colonial Revival or "Free Classic" are present as well as one (1) home that has a front gable ornament of Swiss inspiration. Three (3) stable/carriage houses are also contained in the district. The imposing homes of the West Pearl Street Historic District are noteworthy examples of late nineteenth-century architecture and the former residences of leading Coldwater merchants and businessmen of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries. Lorenzo D. Halsted, who resided on West Pearl, co-founded the City's first factory to manufacture cut and smoking tobacco and cigars, beginning a major industry in Coldwater. Examples of work by local architects Ebenezer B. Saxton and Marcellus H. Parker are also represented by houses in the district. Source: Michigan Historical Center City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 36 �Historical Context 6. Tibbits Opera House The Tibbits Opera House was built by Barton S. Tibbits in 1882. Tibbits, a local businessman and former mayor of Coldwater, established a cigar factory in Coldwater in 1874 which became the largest in the state outside of Detroit. The opera house served as the cultural center of the area, presenting the great names of theater, opera, and vaudeville. In 1921 the theater was converted into a movie house remained as such until the mid-1950's. Although the present facade bears little resemblance to its magnificent original appearance, the interior theater was restored in 1963 under the guidance of the Tibbits Opera Foundation. Since that time, the building has housed numerous theatrical and musical performances. Current Fa~ade Original Fa~ade City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 37 �Historical Context PROPOSED RENOVATIONS The Board of Directors of the Tibbits Opera Foundation and Arts Council, Inc., has a vision of restoring this beautiful 1882 opera house to its original glory. Plans are to make the theatre handicap accessible, update the electrical and mechanical systems, and improve the stage house to meet modem programming needs. We will expand the lobby and incorporate a fully accessible and flexible gallery space for exhibits and small receptions. We also plan to restore the theatre's impressive fa9ade and restore the interior to its original beauty. ._, ·-~--✓·- 11fftiti Qt',€-'~kC;;.-,~ » .'H•;W-.-,;.et~:~,~,-~;~;,. . City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 38 �Historical Context 7. The Wing House Museum Located at 27 South Jefferson Street, this treasure-filled, 1875 Second Empire mansion is a monument to a High Victorian way of life. The Wing Museum, known as a working museum, is open Wednesday through Sunday from 1 p.m. until 5 p.m. Rooms include over 80% of the furnishings actually owned by the Wing family, including many exquisite paintings and an 1893 Regina Music Box. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 39 �Historical Context 8. The Coldwater Public Library The Coldwater Public Library located at 10 W. Chicago Street (corner Street and Division) is one (1) of the oldest libraries still functioning in its original building in the State. The library is reputed to be one of the State's leading genealogical research sites. The building itself is a symbol of our community's pride in its cultural heritage. It is indicative of the community efforts to preserve many of the fine old buildings and private residences. The Branch District Library services all of Branch County. In addition to the main building in downtown Coldwater, the district library services building located in Algansee Township, Bronson, Quincy, Sherwood, and Union Township. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 40 �Historical Context 9. The Victorian Mansion Inn A spectacular example of Victorian Splendor, both inside and out. The exterior boasts a full brick facade, carved corbels, a tower-look-out and windows typical of the Italianate style. This mansion is currently a Bed and Breakfast. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 41 �Existing Land Use EXISTING LAND USE Existing land use in the City of Coldwater has remained relatively stable in the central area while many changes have occurred on the borders. The land use patterns are_typical for a City of its size and age with the older commercial core in the downtown, with surrounding older residential neighborhoods, newer neighborhoods and industrial on the periphery and significant new commercial development around the freeway interchanges. Residential More than .one thousand-five hundred (1,500) acres of land in the City of Coldwater are developed as residential uses. This also includes existing apartments, town homes and mobile homes. The highest concentration of residential development continues to exist in the northern half of the City. Newer development exist in the northwest comer of the City. South of US-12, residential uses primarily exist in and around the downtown area. A majority of residential land uses are located in the City's designated historic districts. These residential uses are homes of unique character, age and architecture. Source: 1994 Comprehensive Plan Commercial Several hundred acres of land account for retail, office and other business development. Excellent accessibility is offered by the City which is served by the State Roads of US-12, running east/west through the downtown center and Interstate 69 (I-69) running all along the eastern boundary. A variety of commercial options exist throughout the City ranging from small market specialty shops in the downtown to "Big Box" department stores near the I-69 interchange. The oldest and most well established commercial corridor is all along the US-12 Corridor. This entire area contains a mix of commercial uses leading into the "downtown". The downtown commercial activity is primarily intended to be used by the residents of Coldwater; however, the City has also marketed the Downtown for the shopping of traveling and visiting customers. Several shops in the downtown are part of the historic district and many have residential uses above the shops. The downtown is the most walkable of the commercial areas consisting of sidewalks, pocket parks and street furniture. Another commercial corridor exits adjacent to Marshall Street, north of downtown. This corridor includes the Fairfield Shopping Center which is the City's first suburban strip commercial development. This shopping center has caused the spin off of several other quick stop retail shops and restaurants. This area is in need of rehabilitation in regards to faced improvements, aesthetics, streetscapes and walkability. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 42 �Existing Land Use The fastest growing and most significant commercial area is located at the interchange of 1-69 and US-12. The Willowbrook Shopping Center together with several other large shopping and home improvement stores have opened in the last several years. These commercial areas service not only the residents of Coldwater but also the surrounding region. The City has expressed concerns that the continued growth of this area may impact the viability of the downtown. Industrial Approximately one thousand (1,000) acres within the City contains or is zoned for an industrial use. The two (2) most significant areas are the Southside Industrial Park located in the southwest corner of the City. Rail service is provided as well as suitable infrastructure. A more recent industrial area has been developed near the northeast comer of the City. Containing primarily light industrial uses this area should attract several more uses based on the accessibility of I-69. Public/Quasi-Public Several hundred acres within the City are made up of schools, parks, churches, library, community college and civic buildings. The majority of Coldwater School District buildings and land are within the City limits. Open and Vacant Space More than one thousand (1,000) acres ofland within the City limits are either open or vacant and available for development. The primary open space traverses the floodplain along the Sauk River and is also adjacent to the chain of lakes on the west side of the City. Map #3 on page 43 provides an overview of the extensive floodplain and wetland areas within the City. The width and extent of this area graphically represents the limited area for development and also provides an excellent opportunity for a linear park or greenway. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 43 �•II -I LEGEND I ~ Flood Plain Area ~ Wetlands Wetlands in Flood Plain Area • c;:J I I I I I I I I § Floodplains and Wetlands City of Coldwater Branch County, Michigan 0 250 500 1000 2000 cartisle.Mlortman Associates, Inc. Community Planners and Landscape Architects Ann Arbor, Michigan �Community Goals and Objectives COMMUNITY GOALS and OBJECTIVES The adoption of community goals and objectives is a vital step in the planning process. The desires and needs of the people must be properly interpreted so that workable solutions can be achieved. It therefore requires careful analysis of the various factors that characterize the City of Coldwat~r and the specific problems to be faced. CITIZEN INPUT Citizen input is the core of any planning effort. In order for the goals of the plan to be achievable, general consensus regarding the vital issues to the community must be reached. Many techniques exist which facilitate the gathering of citizen input, and Coldwater has had the opportunity to utilize two (2) different methods in this Master Planning endeavor which are described below. WORKSHOPS The first method utilized to collect citizen input was a series of Visioning Workshops. The goal of conducting Visioning Workshops is to gather citizen input on a variety of topics and to encourage conceptualization of a desired future for the community. The visioning process provides a vehicle for people of diverse viewpoints to identify and agree upon the common dreams they have for their community, and encourages people to express, with words, a desired future. The City held a Visioning Workshop in September of 2001 and other workshops with City Officials and residents. Dozens of people attended the Vision Workshop, along with City Council Members, Planning Commissioners, and others interested in future planning for the City. The workshops started with a brief overview of the evening's agenda, an explanation of the current Master Planning efforts, and a presentation of the role of Visioning in the Master Planning process. After this introduction, participants broke into groups based upon attendance, each of which discussed specific topics. The topics of discussion included the following: • Transportation • Natural/Historic Resources • Recreation • Downtown • Commercial and Industrial Uses City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 45 �Community Goals and Objectives Planning Commissioners facilitated the small groups. Staff and consultants helped guide the discussion, while recording the participants' comments. The types of activities completed during this portion of the workshop included the following: • • Mapping and problem area identification . • Brainstorming and listing of ideas . • Discussion and clarification of ideas . • Voting and prioritization. After the group had voted, the larger group reconvened and each group facilitator presented the "Priority Vision Statements" from their group. All Visions statements generated that evening are included as Appendix to the Master Plan. II Overall, participants in the Visioning Workshops expressed vision statements that reflected a desire for continued enhancement to the residential and non-residential areas of the City. This included traffic improvements as well as improvements to the commercial and industrial development patterns. It is also clear that the City of Coldwater residents place great value on neighborhood character and the preservation of quality residential areas and parkland for the City, while acknowledging the return to the traditional styles of development. The second type of citizen input utilized during the Master Plan update process was that obtained during a public comment period. This included the opportunity to speak with residents and business owners throughout the City. Regular meetings were also held with the Planning Commission. The combined workshops and public comment periods helped to establish the Master Plan goals, objectives and policies, while identifying additional goals, objectives and policies. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 46 �II II • "• Community Goals and Objectives GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES In terms relevant to community planning; goals, objectives and policies give the Master Plan the philosophical guidance it needs to address the present issues and advance plans into the future. They are defined as follows: Goals Overall broad statements that provide a focus for future discussions . Objectives Specific planning statements used to qualify and measure the goals and provide more detailed direction for planning efforts. Policies Very specific, action-oriented statements that would help achieve the goals and objectives. Policy statements provide justification to revise or draft new ordinances or regulations or finance specific capital improvements. I licoMMUNITY FACILITIES II II II II II II II II - GOAL:- 1 "'"<" Cify admblistrafu7e:::6ffi~e and 'in~~ttng To- provid; ilie m~Jo~ity ,~ - ~ -, , _·"'"J ac~t~!JYi!§Jrtt4~Ji~w C~!YJJ!I~p. , -,,,,\. -=, . .,,..! "'..:;,~ ·,,, ~;,__,,_,;~""' -~'"'° OBJECTIVE/ Support and endorse the new City Hall as the primary City administrative offices. fGOAL: -To p;ovide q.:ality~publi~-"~ei-vice~" and "c~~~Ti"t' iiiy' facilitie;u which -proD:tote the -public health; ,_ safety and · welfare and contribute to the '., w~~----·1..~_guq~tt of lif£J()r communi,!y members ..~ ,,-"' . ""- ___,,, ........-~"-·- _ " .,~ ' . )~ ~ ' , ,: OBJECTIVE/ Ensure the provision of quality services for the community. POLICIES 1. Ensure quality services and infrastructure are available to neighborhood areas such as road repair and refuse pick-up. 2. Ensure the stormwater management system 1s adequately maintained and supported by system users. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 47 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - Community Goals and Objectives 3. Regularly distribute information to residents and property owners on available City services. These could include pamphlets, CBPU TV Channel, newspaper. 4. Maintain a regular schedule of street maintenance. 5. Continue to explore and coordinate enhanced opportunities for shared services with Coldwater Township and Branch County. OBJECTIVE II Develop and maintain adequate public facilities for the City. POLICIES 1. Improve and maintain the physical condition of all City owned buildings by assessing conditions and establishing a five (5) year building improvement plan. 2. Continue sidewalk improvement and maintenance program. 3. Maintain existing public parking lots. OBJECTIVE/ To plan coordinated facilities to avoid duplication ofpublic investment. OBJECTIVE II To provide for future population growth potential. OBJECTIVE/ To adopt service areas and distance standards for the location ofpolice and fire facilities. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 48 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - Community Goals and Objectives POLICIES 1. Police and fire protection facilities shall be re-evaluated on a regular basis, as new development or annexation occurs to determine if modifications or additions to facilities are needed to keep pace with new developments. 2. Continue police and fire sponsored educational seminars. OBJECTIVE II To promote a public water system that will provide adequate fire fighting pressures. POLICIES 1. Police and fire-protection facilities shall be re-evaluated on a regular basis, as development occurs to determine if modifications or additions to facilities are needed to protect the health and welfare of the community. IIRECREATION FACILITIES i The City will continue to be served by community parks which provide a wide range of facilities, including active and passive recreation, competitive sports, facilities for children and adolescents, and picnic and nature study areas. The ideas set forth in this section are provided to set a vision for the future and establish actions and policies designed to reach that future vision. OBJECTIVE/ To provide recreation facilities and services that meet the needs of all components of the population including pre-school and elementary school children, teenagers, adults, the elderly, and the disabled. POLICIES 1. Design and install recreation facilities for the disabled handicapped in major community parks throughout the City. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 49 �'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ Community Goals and Objectives 2. Plan recreation facilities in accordance with the multiple-use concept in which a City park provides a total recreation experience for an entire family. 3. Consider adopting policies and review criteria that will encourage new developments in the City to provide usable open space/parkland and to provide pedestrian links to the City's sidewalk and trail path system and community resources. 4. Encourage cooperation with the School District, library, civic organizations, leagues, business community and other non-profit groups in providing recreational facilities and programs. OBJECTIVE II To explore innovative fonding and resource allocation approaches. POLICIES I. Investigate the creation of a recreation gifts catalog, "Adopt-a-Park," "Friendsof-the-Park," trust funds, user fees, fund-raising committees, and tax deduction brochures. 2. Develop a gifts catalog that would identify various types of facilities that could be donated by individuals or organizations to the City. A gifts catalog could contain individual items such as a single tree or picnic table, as well as major improvements such as a ball field or a band shell. The gifts catalog would be distributed to all community organizations, homeowners associations and to major industries. 3. Cooperate with .Branch County, Coldwater Township, Branch County District Library, Coldwater Public Schools, and Kellogg Community College, in the planning and programming of recreation facilities to avoid unnecessary duplication and thus free resources for more efficient allocation. 4. Develop recreation facilities and programs based on a sound fiscal policy. Consider the use of volunteers, State and Federal grant programs, and other funding sources. 5. Intensify the use of volunteer personnel in recreation programs. The City could sponsor in-service training programs and workshops for volunteer personnel to develop skills in senior citizen programs, teenage programs, preschool programs, and programs for the disabled handicapped. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 50 �-I I I I Community Goals and Objectives 6. Improve the design of recreation facilities and equipment to reduce maintenance costs. 7. Continue writing grant applications as a means to fund identified recreation projects. OBJECTIVE III To provide recreation facilities which are designed so they not only provide recreation opportunities but also contribute to the aesthetic quality, historic preservation, and ecological balance of the City. POLICIES I 1. Utilize natural features (waterfront, topography, river, flood plains, etc.) for recreation facilities sites. I 2. Design parks to be compatible with the environment on and surrounding the sites. Distinctive natural features of park sites should be preserved wherever possible. The parks should be designed so they contribute to the aesthetic quality of the City. 3. Utilize existing structures of significant historic importance as part of recreational facilities. I I I I I I I I I I I OBJECTIVE IV To provide adequate park and recreation space as an integral part of each development (neighborhood, multiple-family, mobile home park, and industrial park). POLICIES 1. Encourage the preservation of open land areas as an integral part of any new residential development. 2. Develop standards for land donation. 3. Provide usable open space/parkland within developments, including industrial parks, and to provide pedestrian links to the City's' pedestrian trail and sidewalk system. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 51 JI �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives OBJECTIVE VI To acquire land and facilities to meet the recreation needs of Coldwater. POLICIES 1. Acquire land along the Sauk River to provide a greenway trail system as a major community park to serve the entire southern portion of the City. 2. Explore acquisition of the railroad right-of-way for use as a bicycle, pedestrian, and nature trail. 3. Continue to require property owners to construct sidewalks in accordance with appropriate standards. 4. Implement the 1999 City of Coldwater Recreation Action Plan through grant applications and coordinated efforts with local vendors and volunteers. Coldwater City is fortunate that it is well-endowed with natural features including lakes, a river, wetlands, woodlands, rolling topography, and open spaces. These features are significant not only because of their strong appeal to residents, but also because they constitute a functioning ecosystem largely unspoiled by human activity. Preservation of these natural features should be a prevailing objective in all future development. OBJECTIVE/ To utilize the Zoning Ordinance to ensure that development will minimize disruption to valuable wetland areas. POLICIES 1. The Zoning Ordinance should be reviewed to ensure its compliance with State and Federal wetland protection requirements. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 52 �'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives OBJECTIVE II To utilize progressive stormwater management and erosion control techniques to ensure that development will not adversely impact natural resources and surrounding property. POLICIES I. Stormwater management and soil erosion control techniques should be reevaluated to ensure its compliance with State and Federal Stormwater Management requirements. OBJECTIVE III Enforce mature woodland protection in order to minimize tree loss and disruption of valuable wooded areas. OBJECTIVE V Minimize pollution and preserve the Sauk River, lakes, and watershed areas of the City. POLICIES 1. Areas around existing lakes should be used for low-density single-family and open space residential uses. 2. Prevent pollution or siltation of lakes and the Sauk River by managing controlling drainage through the use of City ordinances I lmsToruc PRESERVATION •,,:f bf :~~~ encourage -.the ~;es~rvation the: e1ij;s historic'. ~aracter · "~preserving or restoring historically significant properties, as well ~s: '-·""'"....._~_,,,__,_._;-1:i,,.1!:fOID(__)t!Pg ieJY dev~~l'?P..~11-t COll!}?!}t!ble~w!Q:1_-~!t~ exisfi!!g ~~¥_acter. OBJECTIVE/ To preserve the inherent architectural character of individual historic architectural resources throughout the City. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 53 'JI �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives POLICIES 1. Recognize the need to seek alternate uses for structures that are no longer suitable for their original purpose. 2. Continue with local historic district studies for the purpose of identifying historic and architectural resources and creating methods of assuring their preservation. 3. Where possible, name new streets and developments with names associated with the City's historic past. 4. Continue preservation efforts to restore and maintain important historical structures which need immediate attention, such as the Tibbits Opera House. 5. Work with State and local historic preservation groups to identify pressing resources. 6. Continue to encourage development of an architectural theme and design continuity which complements historical structures. OBJECTIVE II Encourage the rehabilitation of historic structures. 1. Consider strategies to permit flexibility to help facilitate the rehabilitation of upper stories for loft housing. 2. Evaluate feasibility of allowing structures to be re-used as apartments to facilitate the rehabilitation of historic structures (i.e. carriage houses converted into studio apartments). 3. Promote Coldwater Historic Preservation competitions and awards. 4. Recruit developers for loft redevelopment and mixed use adaptive reuses of vacant structures. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 54 �I I I Community Goals and Objectives IITRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC I I I I I I I I I I OBJECTIVE/ Create a balanced and diversified transportation network. POLICIES 1. New commercial developments along US-12 shall be accompanied with roadway or driveway improvements to support the growth. 2. Encourage the MDOT Michigan Department of Transportation to limit truck traffic and reduce speed on US-12. 3. Improve problem intersections, including the addition of turning lanes, to ensure proper turning movements for safety and efficiency. 4. Explore the development of a roundabout or rotary at a problem intersection. 5. Correct or avoid hazardous and unsafe areas by improving street alignments. OBJECTIVE II To improve the aesthetics of thoroughfare approaches to the City. POLICIES I 1. I Encourage Corridor and Gateway Plans and explore the development of a boulevard or other options along US-12 within the CBD. 2. Encourage the improvement of signage entering the city. I I I I OBJECTIVE III To adopt a system of road and street classifications. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 55 II �I I Community Goals and Objectives POLICIES I 1. Transportation system planning in Coldwater should be based on a functional hierarchy of road types compatible with the Branch County system. I 2. Local streets or roads should serve as access to abutting properties. 3. Collector roads should gather vehicle trips from local streets and feed them to major thoroughfares or trunk lines. 4. Major thoroughfares should carry traffic through the City and/or gather vehicle trips from local and collector streets and feed them to US-12 or I-69. 5. State and regional highways should have adequate capacity to serve "through" traffic as well as provide commercial and industrial land access. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I OBJECTIVE IV To encourage improved roadway aesthetics. POLICIES 1. Roadways should be visually pleasing to motorists, pedestrians, and persons who view the roads from adjoining land. 2. Frontage along roads should be extensively landscaped. 3. The construction of boulevards or parkways should be encouraged. 4. Commercial and industrial uses should be encouraged to maintain entrances and exits onto major thoroughfares in an attractive manner. 5. The proliferation of signs should be prohibited along roadways, and attractive signs should be encouraged, especially along US-12. 6. Pursue Traffic Enhancement Act (TEA-21) funding for roadway landscaping projects. 7. Review greenbelt landscaping standards along roadways and ensure quality landscape treatments for commercial and industrial areas. 8. Pursue Michigan Department of Transportation grants and other grant sources. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 56 �I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives OBJECTIVEV To strive toward a balanced relationship between the transportation system and the overall land use pattern. POLICIES 1. There should be an adequate number of each type of road with the appropriate carrying capacity to serve the City's land use pattern. 2. Alternative development proposals should be analyzed to determine the amount of traffic that will be generated and how the increased traffic will affect the transportation system. 3. Adequate road improvements shall be planned prior to the approval of new commercial and residential developments. OBJECTIVE VI To reduce or limit conflicts between land use and traffic wherever possible. POLICIES 1. The City should encourage the installation and use of service drives, connector drives or "cut through" for an access between adjacent properties along commercial corridors. 2. The number of curb cuts to commercial properties should be limited. 3. Spacing betweeQ. curb cuts should be of distance to avoid conflicts in turning movements. 4. An access management ordinance should be explored, in order to control excessive curb cuts and hazardous turning movements. 5. Improve the efficiency and safety of roadways near public schools. r~~1:. ti. .::J~ ~ ;;., . OBJECTIVE/ To continue to require installation ofsidewalks in conjunction with all new development. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 57 �I I Community Goals and Objectives POLICIES I 1. Sidewalks shall be constructed in accordance with a/the City Sidewalk Master Plan. OBJECTIVE II To consider public initiative to install obtain sidewalks in areas that are already built-up. POLICIES 1. I I I I I I I I I I Grant applications should be submitted as a means to fund sidewalk construction on public land and / or in areas already built-out but lacking such a system. II RESIDENTIAL AREAS wxt'! ~":··:~wr~mph~h7 and -, ~eigthen'7tiie}sfugle-faiifily~-Min7~raciei= ':'~ d , : r ~" · . varleti- '. ' neighborhood 'atmosphere· of the City, while also·~providing}or.'a , -' -.s.o f new1 iii ~- u~lity h~us~g types and protectin~ t1te naµrral featur~~ of ·::t. :~~ft~i~ ~!tr!M,, ' ~~w-~ ~~d~~!:~~~-·-~--'~~~~1~~,.~ - : ·ff=~f~~l:.~~:!_~ L- OBJECTIVE/ To maintain and enhance the residential character of existing neighborhoods. POLICIES 1. Encourage self-initiative in upgrading, improving and maintaining property. 2. Initiate housing rehabilitation and neighborhood revitalization efforts m appropriate areas. 3. Continue to work with homeowners and appropriate agencies to identify and implement needed capital improvements in residential areas. 4. Carefully monitor areas where residential uses are located adjacent to industrial or commercial uses, so that timely safeguards against blight can be initiated, if necessary. I I f:; -~- City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 58 �Community Goals and Objectives 5. Provide a transitional zone between intensive commercial uses and residential uses to ensure assure protection of existing neighborhoods. 6. Follow a policy of stringent code enforcement in all residential areas. 7. Rehabilitate or remove blighted residential structures. OBJECTIVE II To provide for the development of new, high quality single-family residential growth at varying densities. POLICIES I I I I I I I 1. Residential development should be permitted in accordance with the ability to provide necessary public services, including public water and sanitary sewer services, road construction and maintenance, police and fire services, and governmental administrative services. 2. New residential developments shall be designed to be compatible with the natural features of the site. Significant topographic features, tree stands, wetlands, and other important natural features should be preserved intact wherever possible. 3. Promote quality housing, regardless of type, at moderate and high densities to maintain the suburban/urban character of the community. 4. Evaluate the remaining undeveloped multiple family residential parcels and/or evaluate the future land use designation on such parcels. 5. Maintain an appropriate balance of small lots and larger square footage lots while also ensuring open space and areas of suburban character. OBJECTIVE III To provide appropriate areas for housing other than conventional single-family homes. POLICIES I 1. Limit the location of multiple family areas to sites with access to maJor thoroughfares so that use intensities and traffic demands are compatible. I I I 2. Provide incentives for the construction of senior housing complexes within residential neighborhoods. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 59 J �I Community Goals and Objectives I 3. I I OBJECTIVE IV To encourage the use of land in accordance with its character and adaptability through the use of innovative planning techniques that will result in substantial benefit to future residents and to the City. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Encourage alternative housing styles other than multiple-family, which includes "empty nest", condominiums and attached single family dwellings. POLICIES 1. Innovative techniques should effectively implement the goals set forth in the Master Plan, especially in preserving the City's natural features. 2. Alternative residential developments must result in substantial benefit to the future residents and to the City that exceed those accomplished under conventional methods. 3. Such development should enhance the quality of life in residential areas and provide readily available recreation and shopping opportunities. 4. Assure that compatibility with neighboring properties will be maintained. 5. Consider programs such as purchase, donation or transfer of development rights, conservation easements, and scenic easements as a tool to maintain parcels with significant natural resources. loFFICE AREAS tha{ will ha;e limited linp';ct' beyond the sites and which are intended to .serve .ne~rby residences b'f!~iness,es~~: ,. ' k;..., "-' " • ~ ,,,_,_ -·· ,,. •. . . _J;;; :GOAL: .,-Th- provid; ~xclu~iv~ai-;'1~;·;iri~e uses ~ • ~- · - :t ,y - or; OBJECTIVE/ To set aside areas in the City for General Offices which will serve as areas of transition between residential and non-residential uses. POLICIES 1. Establish standards that will provide landscaped settings for office uses as areas of transition. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 60 �I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives Limit uses in these office areas to those that will provide services to the residents or businesses of surrounding areas. 3. Establish standards for development that will permit the utilization of relatively small parcels for the purposes intended. OBJECTIVE II To provide for the utilization office uses when single-family residential use is not reasonable because of existing conditions and as an alternative to strip commercial development. POLICIES I I I I I I I I I 2. ~,,.,,_,,.-,,--g- 1. Limit the supply of land planned for such office use to an amount that will not outstrip the demand for such office uses in the foreseeable future. 2. Strategically plan such office use areas where residential uses are not reasonable. ~ ~-- ~~ffl~:<-r«<+».t: :·· · __ · - ~ •. - - ~"~:°"> '"'""' ,. "'~' ~",q""" .,,,,.. ,., ,.. r""' , ;,~ · - •~· ' ~'~~~:~,~-- n..- ~•:()l i~(:),1\.L: ~ - J 11Wo provi' •sites :1:for'"Reseavclf 7 and Deve,~()pmeilC _uses\:' tliat <arej : ·v,i ' . . ' -1 - ;,. '''characteriz~d by buildings in which people are;einployed 'in'.-tictivities,;that , , ·,. ',, art of a tecl,mical research nature, or ar,e profes~ional ac~,vities ~eluding; ~ '• ~~i~ft-~£1.i~ n-~~a.J -t t~,inJn·g• ·~«t~~~aqo,i:_.~ ' .:~~ -~~ ~ • %, . • • an~ ,' ~ - ~ L .• . " • -~ ·H< ili OBJECTIVE I To continue to allocate areas in the City which would be suitable for the development of high-technology office or research facilities. POLICIES 1. Locate Research and Development areas on lands that have direct access to major thoroughfares or collector streets. 2. Encourage establishment of Research and Development in appropriate areas in the City. 3. Require well-landscaped settings and encourage attractive buildings to establish an area identity that will be appealing to signature and single tenant buildings. 4. Promote the existing industrial parks for office and research related facilities. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 61 �Community Goals and Objectives OBJECTIVE II To place Research and Development uses in close proximity to existing industrial uses to provide space for activities that are ancillary to or supportive of the industrial uses. POLICIES 1. Locate Research and Development uses at the fringe or edge of industrial use areas to act as a transition to other, nearby, less-intense uses or to natural features. 2. Site Research and Development offices in that portion of the City where vehicular access is good, with reasonable access to the 1-69 freeway. COMMERCIAL AREAS F ,o;,·•''"!" Ill.»~& · · · - . .. --~~~,.,e<~:: .-wo.<!!t.~~•L.!1" ,-,,,_,,_..,,,....,,""""""""~= ff'b J!rnyide for,a prop~tl?l!J!Jjse,;~~1~tJ;_ib~!io~ of,~,9!mJI~r~!?t us~_s.~ "• .,u&;,!;,rna,,, ......,,,;p,,;;,'-<:~.>:~,..j;;~'·><-•"';'."~ lG9~::.~ ~ ·'" ~~+.t«_, ~~ nw:• ~~- 1~.1'.>ro~~~.~~- ·.-~•·,t~,;;,;: . ' OBJECTIVE/ To strictly limit the location of commercial uses to protect the health, safety and welfare of businesses and their patrons. POLICIES 1. Commercial areas should be restricted to limited locations within the Central Business District (CBD), along US-12, and centralized locations along Division and Clay Streets that will serve expected needs in the years ahead. 2. Commercial development should not be encouraged in the City at the expense of the Central Business District. The community's retail and service needs can best be served through the coordinated growth and development of both the City's commercial corridors and the CBD. 3. The future allocation of commercial land in Coldwater City should be based on the shopping needs of City residents. Except for the CBD and the I-69 Interchange area, Coldwater commercial sectors should not be intended to serve regional markets. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 62 �Community Goals and Objectives OBJECTIVE II To encourage the development of compact commercial use areas rather than have strip development along major thoroughfares in a haphazard fashion or as spot developments intruding into residential areas. It appears that sufficient commercial land is available to meet the demands of the existing and projected population within the trade area. POLICIES 1. Develop design guidelines to encourage quality design and architecture. 2. Promote shared service drives to minimize the number of curb cuts along major roadways. 3. Promote a system of centralized and defined commercial centers with design guidelines consistent with the historic architecture incorporated into the Zoning Ordinance, and utilize innovative strategies to promote quality development. 4. Promote coordinated design concepts. OBJECTIVE Ill To provide for compatible land use relationships between commercial and other uses. POLICIES 1. Placement of commercial uses next to residential areas should be avoided unless sufficient buffering is provided as much as possible. 2. Proper screening regulations of commercial uses from other uses should be incorporated into the Zoning Ordinance. 3. Promote non-intrusive lighting from commercial sites. OBJECTIVE IV To distinguish, by location and type, the various commercial uses (Convenience, Comparison, General) in specific zoning districts where supported by existing or projected City population. POLICIES 1. Commercial land in Coldwater City must be allocated efficiently to uses that fulfill the essential needs of residents. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 63 �Community Goals and Objectives 2. City officials should work with developers to recruit retail establishments for which residents have expressed a need. 3. The City should use any available market analysis to be aware of commercial uses for which the demand has already been met. 4. Allow the development of quality non-drive-thru restaurants to serve City residents. OBJECTIVE/ To encourage the use of landscaping and setbacks to delineate drives, direct vehicular movement, and provide sufficient stacking space in entranceways. These are effective means of improving safety while enhancing the aesthetic value and desirability of businesses. POLICIES 1. Consider development of a corridor plan for each of the major gateway roads into the City that would coordinate land use and traffic. The plans will also be coordinated with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) or the Branch County Road Commission, in accordance with guidelines for traffic management, land use, landscaping, etc. OBJECTIVE/ To encourage the design and layout of commercial uses in Coldwater that reflects thorough and careful analysis of the site and creative efforts to improve aesthetics. POLICIES 1. Architecture should be clean and uncluttered. 2. Signs must adhere to the City Sign Ordinance. 3. Parking, loading and storage areas should be landscaped and screened in order to provide visual relief from large paved areas and unsightly activities. Loading areas shall be located in the rear area of sites, and not along right-of-ways. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 64 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives 4. Landscaping and setbacks should convey a sense of compatibility with natural features. 5. Fencing and walls must conform to the City Zoning Ordinance and also should be architecturally compatible with the surrounding land uses. OBJECTIVE II To closely monitor and stringently enforce building, zoning, and maintenance codes in commercial areas. POLICIES 1. Buildings, signage, landscaping or parking areas that are deteriorating should be renovated or repaired on a timely basis. 2. Changes in business use in existing buildings should be monitored to be certain that new uses are in compliance with City building and zoning codes. INDUSTRIAL AREAS fGOAt-;-'-"~}r~~T~ r ~'fi>~indiisfri~if ·dev~lci'imi~'it-1i ~ r m~imer•'ihi'f'incre"ases~th.€ . · ; '". ., community:'~·tax base, results in prt>per land "use.'relati~nships~· and does .-·JlOt neg~!i~~!y;i.mp_act th~£nyironipfillt,_,,_,_....,_,,___ . --~· ~- __ _ OBJECTIVE/ To maximize the use of available transportation (rail and highway) in the location of industrial areas. POLICIES 1. Future industrial development should be confined to the designated areas in the southwest, northeast and southeast areas of the City where an industrial base has already been established. 2. Promote the existing technology park area for industrial, office and research related uses within an attractive industrial campus. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 65 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Community Goals and Objectives OBJECTIVE II To minimize the negative impacts of industrial areas on non-industrial areas and on the environment. POLICIES 1. Concentrate industrial uses in suitable locations to protect residential uses. 2. Other land uses should be physically and visually protected from the intrusion of industrial land use. 3. Codes and regulations applicable to industrial areas must be strictly enforced in Coldwater, including close monitoring of industries that may be using or storing hazardous chemicals or toxic materials. 4. Promote non-intrusive lighting. OBJECTIVE III To provide a balanced industrial development strategy to achieve environmental compatibility and maintain the neighborhood character of the City. POLICIES 1. Industrial growth strengthens the tax base and increases employment opportunities. A balance should be achieved between these economic benefits and the amount of industry that is compatible with the City's environmental objectives and overall future development pattern. 2. The pace and type of industrial development should be monitored so that it is in keeping with the City's overriding goals for preservation of the natural environment and resources, and protection of its residential areas. 3. Light manufacturing and research firms would be best suited to Coldwater. Such firms generally produce low levels of waste, noise and traffic, as well as less air and water pollution. 4. Future industrial development should be permitted only in accordance with the ability to provide required utilities and public services, including public water and sanitary sewer services, adequate road construction and maintenance, police and fire protection and a tax base to allow for adequate general municipal administrative and regulatory services. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 66 �Community Goals and Objectives <'/'!:'. ~~, ""'l:"'t"'i -, ',',' ~ "' ¥ : "-1Ml"!J"•'<,',:~•~·-, . ··•;· Y,;fi ., * ~\ -"'~ ·:•~·,w ...... i?'g''h:"'::r'.' '!::':i¾~-· . ~- T ~-~--·,,?nt:i· .,,.,_ ·u:~-r!':·• -mo .strivt for high·.standards of designifor ;industrial develo'pm~iit,in tlif: '}'# ; .. Qty. --~~ - , • ffe ·'"'· • -!-~. • • •<": .• ·* . ¥ ..: ~t ·,, . ~ !t~'"': OBJECTIVE I To create industrial areas which are well-served by infrastructure, are efficiently served by transportation facilities and are as attractive as can be attained in an industrial district. POLICIES 1. Industrial buildings that are attractive and of substantial construction are encouraged. 2. Significant landscape treatment of the yards of industrial developments should be required. 3. Screening the view of materials storage, loading areas and trash receptacles from public roads and from nearby non-industrial land use areas will be required. Loading areas shall be located in the rear area of sites and not adjacent to right-of-ways. I licENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT t · •» ··,--~ _._.,,·,:=~- . ", _.,. . ·. 11:r..•""=!<"~ ,.. _,,,,,,... "''.' -•'.F'"'r>''- .., '\--: ·;:1 ;,,-~-~, ~-• ... -~·>::1«· *-'·"' · ,,."'1~ -~.....,,.-.;'.''''>'"'(''-''""'-••t-· ,; _f.;'it'' ~ .,,,. /&I"! 'Vl-f" _ ,,. •ra=~---<'-'!•~~ ·· L@A!,~ ~ .. ·,. "1\f@intf!i!J'"a:nd eitC!)1!J'age ~ tht!Vnt,g C~tr~I_B!!SlJ!ess Distr.i~J (~~Q)~ :,.~ 0 , OBJECTIVE I Enhance the physical appearance of the CBD. POLICIES 1. Focus energies in creating more civic spaces downtown. Those participating encourage the addition of more green space in private and public investment. 2. Continued and on-going programs to maintain downtown's existing infrastructure are needed. This includes annual efforts to plant and maintain flowers as well as providing trash cans and weed killing efforts. Include actual parking facilities cleaned, striped and lighting. 3. Attention should be paid to the east and west of downtown. As a critical point of entry, this area needs and deserves the sort of streetscapes improvements implemented elsewhere. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 67 �Community Goals and Objectives 4. Maintain low interest loan programs to facilitate fa<;ade improvements. 5. Upgrade surface parking lots by adding knee walls and landscaping to screen lots from the street. 6. Historic and consistent s1gnage requirements for the downtown should be considered. OBJECTIVE II Attract businesses and facilitate housing opportunities. POLICIES 1. Encourage uses that will create destination retail, restaurant, and entertainment uses while discouraging large scale discount retail. 2. Promote loft redevelopment with an annual loft tour to attract CBD residents and create incentives to redevelop vacant structures. 3. Concentrate efforts into putting upper floors back into use. Assistance should be made available to make re-use financially viable. A model project might be considered to help inspire building owners to the potential. 4. Promote the CBD as a destination point. This is both a marketing and development strategy. Downtown Coldwater should market its historic ambiance, cultural attractions, and work to add more through infrastructure and business recruitment. OBJECTIVE III Promote visitor and pedestrian friendly environment and enhance orientation. POLICIES 1. Promote family participation downtown. children and senior citizens. 2. Explore development of a Children's Museum. In addition a new playground may be considered. Educational programs for seniors might be introduced at existing venues like the Tibbits. Opportunities to collaborate with area schools and agencies on aging on this issue should be investigated. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 68 Expand day-time activities for �Community Goals and Objectives 3. Expand events. An extensive year-round calendar of downtown events should be continued and expanded upon. Unique opportunities should be pursued. The Farmer's Market and the on-going activities of the Tibbits Opera House are examples of innovational approaches. 4. Provide public bathrooms downtown. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 69 �Master Land Use Plan MASTER LAND USE PLAN The Master Land Use Plan presented on the following pages illustrates the proposed physical arrangements of land use for the Coldwater. The Master Land Use Plan serves to translate community goals and objectives into a narrative and graphic illustration. It is based largely upon the existing land use, current zoning, and the desires of the residents of the City of Coldwater as expressed in the visioning workshops which were conducted to solicit public input. The plan is prepared to serve as a policy for the City regarding land use issues, land use decisions, investments in public improvements and future zoning decisions. The plan is intended to be a working document which will provide for the orderly development of the City, assist the community in its effort to maintain and enhance a pleasant living environment, while fostering development and redevelopment where needed. The Master Land Use Plan is based upon comments and opinions gathered during the planning process including numerous meetings and workshops with the City Planning Commission and City staff, in conjunction with the community input. To this extent, it reflects general policy toward development and redevelopment within the City. The Master Land Use Plan is based on a number ofland use factors. These factors include: • Community Goals, Objectives and Strategies • Economic Outlooks • Citizen Opinion and Input • Socio-Economic Considerations • Existing Land Use • Traffic and Circulation • Existing Zoning • Utilities • Existing Plans • Compatible Uses • Population Projections and Characteristics Master Plan Land Use Categories In consideration of land use factors, various land use categories can be established. The proposed land use categories were developed to create a long term plan for the development and redevelopment of the City of Coldwater. The following provides a brief description of the planned land use categories which are proposed for the City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 70 :.I �Master Land Use Plan Single-Family Estate Residential (Zoning A-A) This area is designed to provide an environment of predominantly lower-density, singlefamily detached dwellings, along with other related facilities such as parks and schools. Single-family lots should be developed at a minimum lot size not less than thirty-five thousand (35,000) square feet. Single-Family Large Lot Residential (Zoning R-2) This area is designed to provide an environment of predominantly larger urban lot singlefamily detached dwellings, along with other related facilities such as parks and schools. Single-family lots should be developed at density no less than twelve thousand (12,000) square feet. Traditional Lakefront Residential (Zoning R-3) Intended to permit a limited mix of detached single-family dwellings in an area possessing an orientation to the lakes area and both seasonal as well as permanent dwelling unit types. Single-Family Urban Residential (Zoning A-1) This area is designed to provide an environment of predominantly medium density urban lot single-family detached dwellings, along with other related facilities such as parks and schools. Single-family lots should be developed at minimum lot size no less than seven thousand eight hundred (7,800) square feet. One and Two-family Residential (Zoning A-2) This area is intended to provide a transitional residential area between single-family residential as described above and more intensive residential land uses. Two-family residences should be developed at minimum lot size of eight thousand six hundred (8,600) square feet. Minimum lot size for single-family homes should have minimum lot size of six thousand-six hundred (6,600) square feet. Two-family structures should be designed to be compatible with the existing character of the area. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 71 �Master Land Use Plan II Multiple Family Residential (Zoning A-3) Land areas in which three (3) or more dwelling units are located within a residential structure. This category includes apartments, condominiums, townhouses, and mobile home parks. Multiple family residential developments can generate significant amounts of traffic and therefore should be adjacent or nearby major thoroughfares. This area can serve as a transitional use between lower and density residential areas and higher density residential or commercial areas. Both single-family and two-family residential uses could be permitted in this district. Multiple family housing should be compatible with nearby single and twofamily housing. Planned Unit Development (Zoning PUD) Intended for compatible combination of residential and public uses. Minimum Project area: ten (10) acres Office Service (Zoning OS) Office use for personal, administrative and professional type services, including their related parking and alleyways. Neighborhood Commercial (Zoning C-1 and C-3) Intended to provide opportunities for local services and convenience shopping establishments for the day to day needs of the surrounding neighborhoods. Neighborhood commercial should not include intensive highway commercial related uses. Protection of the abutting and surrounding residential land use is important. Uses that would create hazards, offensive or loud noises, vibration, smoke; glare; large truck traffic; high traffic volumes or late hours of operation should be limited. Central Business District (Zoning C-2) The land area intended to be the business core of the City. The "CBD" typically contains retail, office, governmental, church, and other social agency facilities. These uses are characteristically concentrated along the street frontage and do not provide for much, if any, off-street parking. This area promotes uses which would provide convenient pedestrian shopping along a continuous retail frontage. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 72 II �Master Land Use Plan Highway Commercial (Zoning C-4) Intended to meet the needs of highway oriented business requiring high visibility, relatively large land area, and outdoor display areas. The uses within this area are auto dependent and benefit from the exposure of high traffic volume thoroughfares. Research and Development (Zoning D-1) This area is intended to primarily accommodate lighter industrial activities whose external and physical effects are restricted to the immediate area having only a minimal effect on the surrounding areas and uses. This designation is located to permit the manufacturing, compounding, processing, packaging, and assembly of finished or semi-finished products from previously prepared materials. General Industrial District (Zoning D-2) This area is intended to provide locations for general or heavy industrial activities such as those which involve the use of heavy machinery, extensive amounts of contiguous land, service by railroad lines or major thoroughfares, processing of chemicals or raw materials, assembly, generation of industrial waste, noise, odor, or traffic problems. These uses require service by larger trucks. These uses should be adequately screened and buffered from adjacent less intensive uses. Recreation/Conservation/Public (No Current Zoning Designation) This area includes existing parks and recreation areas. It also includes government service buildings such as City Hall and DPW uses. Additionally, it includes school facilities. River Preservation Greenway (No Current Zoning Designation) This designation was created in order to preserve the frontage of the Sauk River frontage for both environmental reasons, and to allow the future and continuing development of a contiguous greenway system along the Sauk River. Redevelopment of river frontage parcels should highlight the frontage portion and utilize it as a site amenity. Access easements should be obtained as parcels get redeveloped and existing landowners should be encouraged to donate easements. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 73 �I I I I I I I I I I Master Land Use Plan Exact width will need to be determined parcel, by parcel, as areas of steep slopes may need a wider easement to accommodate the developments of future bike paths, walking trail or a boardwalk. Uses along the Sauk River have large setbacks from the river in order to protect the natural integrity. Linkages across the river will be encouraged. I I I I I I I I City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 74 �CITY OF COLDWATER MICHIGAN INSERT P.A. 425 INSERT SCALE JS l/5X • •I • RIGJNAL SCALE INSERT A-A INSERT SCALE IS 2X ORIGINAL SCALE •I I •I I I I I I February 5, 2003 FUTURE LAND USE LEGEND Single Family Estate Residential Single Family Large Lot Residential Traditional Lakefront Residential Single Family Urban Residential One & Two Family Residential Mulitiple Family Residential - c=J Planned Unit Development Office Service Neighborhood Commercial Central Business District -- c =J c =J Highway Commercial Research and Development General Industrial District Recreation/Conservation/Public/Schools River Preservation Greenway City of Coldwater Branch County, Michigan •- d ' c,.,;;;;,wom::, A,oo:.,., Inc Community Planners & Landscape Architects II i~JI Ann Arbor, Michigan ~ �Ill -I I I I Target Areas TARGET AREAS The Coldwater Master Plan contains two (2) levels of recommendations. The first level is the Goals, Objectives and Policies section, which is comprised of City-wide recommendations. The next level is the Target Areas, which contain additional recommendations for each individual City Ward and the Downtown. The following is a discussion of the Downtown and the four (4) Wards of the City of Coldwater. Existing land uses, issue identification and land use recommendations are suggested for each. Coldwater Community Goals, Objectives and Polices I I I I I r I I I Target Areas a r d 0 a r d T n w City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 a r ll t 0 d T h r e 76 a r d F 0 u �I I Target Areas 1. Ward One Issue Identification The relevant general issues for Ward One are summarized in the table and more specifically in the description below: ISSUES f, --~- ·-. _,,..,.,_ lTransportation/C_µ-C!ulation ... - i : . . . , ; . ~..• ~ - ~"""' Environmental/Riverfront Economic Revitalization ~-·~·- ~.. . t-~-~ Vulnerable· Land Uses ,,.....,~,-.~-. ;:, _ ,., ~ mt'.~~ . Aesthetics/Image ~"'.'."?;-" ~,,,,..,..,.,,~,,,-~ , Relation to Downtown Specific issues that are unique to Ward One are the following: ., Aesthetics/Image Tree Preservation Mobile Home Park Adaptive Re-Use of Creamery K-Mart Building Midwest Foundry Code Enforcement Rental Uses Historic Image Chicago Street Gateway Clay Street Gateway ., Economic Revitalization K-Mart Building Midwest Foundry Adaptive Re-Use of Creamery Chicago Street Gateway Clay Street Gateway ., Vulnerable Land Uses/Land Use Conflicts Mobile Home Park Adaptive Re-Use of Creamery Chicago Street Gateway Clay Street Gateway City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 77 �-I I Target Areas 2. Issue Identification The relevant general issues for Ward Two are summarized in the table and more specifically in the description below: ISSUES I I I F"'-· - - - - '. Transportation/Circulation - ~ • P c ·9%'fi 1/o "f'w:::FYW -~~~ Transportation/Truck Impact Environmental/Riverfront _ , , , , • , ~ • - • • • .., ' A ~ and Use Conflicts I "-~ Ward Two . µ.~. ' • - , · "'~ .: . "'"'"""- ·-···- •-·-" Economic Revitalization lVulnerableL ~dU~ ~ "' , ... ,· . ~ & ~ - o k ~ ~ ; J r , . ...,_;~ Aesthetics/Image . Specific issues that are unique to Ward Two are the following: v Vulnerable Land Uses v Transportation/Circulation MarshaWState Streets Gateway at Marshall and State Market Industrial Park Strip Development Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway v Land Use Conflicts Maintain good mix of land uses Gateway at Marshall and State Strip Development Chicago Street Gateway v v Aesthetics/Image Gateway at Marshall and State Maintain good mix of land uses Market Industrial Park Strip Development Historic Image Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway Economic Revitalization Gateway at Marshall and State Maintain good mix of land uses Market Industrial Park Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 v 78 Relation to Downtown Gateway at Marshall and State Maintain good mix of land uses Strip Development Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway �~ II II II II II II II Target Areas 3. Ward Three Issue Identification The relevant general issues for Ward Three are summarized in the table and more specifically in the description below: ISSUES Transportation/Truck hnpact Environmental/Riverfront Economic Revitalization Aesthetics/hnage II • • • Specific issues that are unique to Ward Three are the following: .; Land Use Conflicts Old Federal Mogul Factory Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway .; Vulnerable Land Use Pilot Knob/Lake Areas Old US-12 Historic Bridge Investigate Options/Pedestrian Usage Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway .; Economic Revitalization Complete development ofNorthshore · and Arrowhead Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway .; Aesthetics/Image Cemetery/Northern lake frontage Historic Image Chicago Street Gateway Marshall Street Gateway City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 79 �• "I II II II II -II II -II II Target Areas 4. Ward Four Issue Identification The relevant general issues for Ward Four are summarized in the table and more specifically in the description below: ISSUES .Transpoqation/Circulation . ----=-~· '....: . ._...~ Transportation/Truck Impact ~~· ::: ~-,~:~?"'"'~~~ Environmental/Contamination .. , ,,,_ Environmental/Riverfront Aesthetics/Image ,.,..,,.,__,....,,_ J , ~ ';I-;- -:~~~; ~; '9,8'~ Relation to Downtown Specific issues that are unique to Ward Four are the following: .; Transportation/Circulation Chicago Street Gateway .; Vulnerable Land Uses Preservation of historic homes .; Transportation/Truck Impact Chicago Street Gateway .; Aesthetics/Image Preservation of historic homes Industrial vacancies Chicago Street Gateway Clay Street Gateway .; Environmental/Riverfront Recreation/Open Space Continuation of linear park system Develop alternatives to AASHTO standards .; Relation to Downtown Preservation of historic homes .; Land Use Conflicts .; Economic Revitalization Improve and maintain aesthetics Improve business facades Preservation of historic homes Industrial vacancies Renovate Cemetery Chapel Chicago Street Gateway Clay Street Gateway City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 80 �"~ ~ "" "JI ~ ~ ~ "" " " ~ Target Areas 5. Downtown Issue Identification The City Council approved and adopted the original Downtown Revitalization and Tax Increment Financing Plan on October 10, 1983. The plan has been amended by the City Council on December 26, 1989, April 12, 1993, May 9, 1994, January 13, 1997 and April 12, 1999. While a number of the projects listed in the original plan and in amendments have been achieved, the City of Coldwater Downtown Development Authority in cooperation with the City has identified a number of future development projects which will improve the Downtown. The Downtown Development Authority emphasizes that any amendment to the Downtown Revitalization Plan does not expand or in any way change the boundaries of the Development area. Completion of the projects included in this plan is proposed to be in 2032. This sixth amendment does not replace earlier amendments, but serves in addition to the projects identified earlier by the Authority. SUMMARY OF PROJECTS Streetscape Improvements Sidewalks, curbs, street lighting and street amenities - Throughout downtown, new curbs, sidewalk and street amenities are needed. These improvements can be undertaken one (1) block at a time or in a large project funded by the issuance of bonds, or through other borrowing. Streetscapes design on the west and east ends of Chicago should include grassy area tree lawns, if possible. Pedestrian Way -The Pedestrian Way is designed to utilize and enhance the parking at the rear of Coldwater businesses, while connecting shoppers with parking and park amenities. This development can be completed in a block by block fashion, or through a larger, bonded project. Pedestrian Signage - Creation of a way finding program for the entire downtown will greatly enhance the other improvements. These pedestrian signs would be located throughout downtown detailing the locations of important civic and/or private institutions and attractions. Entryway Improvements - The entry points to downtown need focus in terms of signage as well as amenities. Medians - Chicago Street could be re-created to include a median in at least the area between Division and Hanchett City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 81 �Target Areas Parks and Green Spaces ~ Four Corners Park - The Four Comers Parks should become focal points for downtown and the Pedestrian Way. With careful in-fill development and re-arrangement of the park statuary the park can be better defined. It may be possible to relocate some of the statuary along the pedestrian way rather than jumbled together in the park. The sell off of land for in-fill development to help "frame" the parks is suggested. JI Tibbits Theatre Public Space - The creation of a public space behind the Kerr building, adjacent to the Tibbits Opera House, as part of the Pedestrian Way. ~ JI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -- "- Internalized Parking Program Wherever possible downtown, this TIF plan encourages in-fill development and park redevelopment to help in "framing" downtown parking on at least three (3) sides if possible. This private development will enhance the tax base and provide for a more pleasing pedestrian experience. Proceeds from the sale of land for private development should be used to assist the public improvements in this plan. Kerr Building Block - In this block, the City of Coldwater will play the key role in redevelopment by purchasing land for public parking and re-organizing the entire block as shown in the development plan. Tibbit's Plaza - Installation of pedestrian focal point/crossing in front of theatre. Chandler Plaza - General improvements and related private in-fill. Milnes Plaza - General improvements and related private in-fill. Randall Plaza - General improvements and related private in-fill. Upson Plaza - General improvements and related private in-fill. Children Museum The acquisition of land and construction, if necessary, of space for a Children's Museum/Community Center/Art Center. Source: City of Coldwater Downtown Development and Tax Increment Financing Plan (Sixth Amendment) City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 82 �I I I II II JI II II II II II Target Areas WELLHEAD PROTECTION PLAN As a progressive step forward in the management of groundwater resources and the commitment to quality of their drinking water is the comprehensive wellhead protection program implemented by the City of Coldwater. Wellhead protection is a groundwater management program that considers the relationship between land use activities, and the quality of drinking water from City wells. A successful program consists of several programs which address technical, managerial, administrative and educational goals. The Master Land Use Plan when combined with zoning, prioritization of water and sewer distribution, stormwater discharge, community education of groundwater protection and groundwater management are all part of successful program. A successful wellhead protection program that meets state and federal guidelines typically consists of seven elements. 1. Specify roles and duties of the program managers, local and state agencies. 2. Delineate the wellhead protection areas for each well. 3. Identify sources of potential or existing contamination within the wellhead protection area. 4. Development management approaches to protect the water supply. 5. Develop contingency plans for the water supply system. 6. Site new wells which will minimize the potential for impact. 7. Ensure pubic participation. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 83 �I I I Target Areas City of Coldwater Wellhead Protection Area I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Groundwater is the exclusive water resource used by the City of Coldwater for their drinking water supply. Groundwater may be the only economical feasible source of water for the City. The existing capacity should be able to meet existing and future needs and system demands. The water contained in this aquifer must be protected from contaminants. This being the case the neighboring Townships of Coldwater and Branch County must also be cognizant of this groundwater protection area. It is generally agreed that an important element of the wellhead protection program is public participation and education. Public participation builds support in controlling pollution possibilities in certain zoning districts. It also continues to promote voluntary groundwater protection efforts, such as household hazardous waste collection and used oil collection programs. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 84 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Action Plan ACTION PLAN The Master Plan for The City of Coldwater is only worthwhile if it can be effectively implemented. Implementation is achieved through a variety of ordinances and capital improvements carefully coordinated by the City Council, Planning Commission and City Staff. This implementation will require a commitment by the City of both financial resources and a commitment towards policy implementation. The following is a summary of implementation practices through ordinance enforcement and capital improvement projects which should be pursued by the City of Coldwater. Zoning Ordinance One of the most effective ways of implementing the Master Plan and its recommended land use policies is through the City Zoning Ordinance. The Zoning Ordinance represents day to day tools to enact the adopted policies as represented in the Master Plan. The Zoning Ordinance establishes minimum lot sizes, setbacks and land use classifications. It is the most effective tool to implement adopted land use policies, and therefore must be current and accurately reflect the goals and wishes of the City. A preliminary review of the City Zoning Ordinance identifies a number of potential deficiencies which should be corrected and amended. These amendments to the Zoning Ordinance could include the following: 1. Update and review definitions. Outdated definitions should be removed and more recent land uses should be included. For example, Automobile Convenience Mart and Home Improvement Centers definitions could be added. Note that any changes to the definitions section should also include amending other areas of the ordinance which may cite these definitions. 2. Required fees for reviews, public hearings and administrative processing should be increased to cover actual costs for these services. 3. The Site Plan Review section should be amended to separate site plan review into a two (2) phase process. Preliminary and Final Site Plans allow a more detailed review process while also saving the applicant time and resources by not having detailed engineering prepared prior to approval of the design layout. 4. The significant lakes around the City suggest that more stringent environmental protection standards should be inserted into the Ordinance. These include woodlands, wetlands, and features typically impacted by development. 5. The Ordinance should be amended to meet recently enacted (2001) Open Space/Cluster Housing regulations. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 85 �I I I I I I I I I I I I 1· I I I I I ~ Action Plan 6. Landscape and design standards should be reviewed to provide comprehensive and extensive landscaping for all projects. This includes parking lots and streetscape project. 7. The sign ordinance should be amended to provide a more uniform and less intensive sign landscape. Special concern should be directed to the US-12 Corridor and other entrances to the City. In addition an overlay zoning district for these corridors should be explored which would address many different design standards. 8. Special Uses should be carefully reviewed and expanded to allow the City a more detailed review of these sometimes intensive uses. 9. In order to reduce the amount of paving required, parking space regulations should be reviewed. In addition off-street parking requirements should be put in tabular format. 10. The current index for the Ordinance should be reviewed to be more users friendly. It is confusing and cumbersome. Table of contents should permit the average resident to easily find zoning information. City and County Studies and Plans The City has prepared and uses several other studies and plans such as the following: • City of Coldwater Recreation Plan • Downtown Development Authority Plan. • Branch County Master Land Use Plan • Branch County Parks and Recreation Master Plan The Master Plan has considered and incorporated many of these plans into this document. However, these plans should also be reviewed and considered when making land use decisions. Special Purpose Ordinances and Standards Control of land use activities need not be confined to the Zoning Ordinance or Subdivision Ordinance. Special purpose ordinances should be considered by the City of Coldwater. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 86 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Action Plan Capital Improvements The Municipal Planning Act (being Act 285 of 1931, as amended) authorizes municipal master plans and the creation of a municipal planning commission. Once a Planning Commission has made and adopted a Master Plan, in whole or in part, the act requires that all public works occurring within the municipality be submitted to the Planning Commission for approval of the project. This would include such items such as sanitary sewers, water lines, road improvements, bridge improvements, etc. These public works and capital improvement projects must be coordinated and reviewed for consistency with the Master Plan. Obviously, these types of improvements will impact future land use development and therefore must be coordinated with the Planning Commission. Economic Development Economic development, industrial growth and an expansion of the City tax base are stated goals for the City of Coldwater. Successful implementation of economic development will be dependent upon a variety of local and county agencies. Their success in attracting new businesses or encouraging existing businesses to expand will be dependent upon State and regional economic trends, marketing and vocational factors. The City must explore growth potential from existing local firms, attract new service industry employers, promote research and development growth within the existing industrial parks and capitalize upon PA 425 agreements with Coldwater Township. The City has taken steps toward this, including agreements with the Township, and participation in the Branch County Economic Growth Alliance. Master Plan Education Citizen involvement and support will be necessary as the Plan is implemented. Local officials should constantly strive to develop procedures which make citizens more aware of the planning process and the day to day decision making which affects implementation of the Plan. A continuous program of discussion, education and participation will be extremely important as the City moves towards realization of the goals and objectives contained within the Master Plan. Plan Updates The Plan should not become a static document. The City Planning Commission should attempt to re-evaluate and update portions of it on an annual basis. The land use portion should be updated at least once every five (5) years and the Planning Commission should set goals for the review of various sections of this Plan on a yearly program. New state legislation regarding City Planning will require five (5) year reviews of the Master Plan. Within five (5) years of adoption, the Planning Commission must review the plan and determine whether to commence the procedure to amend the plan or to adopt a new plan. Based on this legislation, the City must re-review this Master Plan in the fall of 2007. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 87 �I I I I I I I I I I I I 1· City of Coldwater Planning Commission Master Plan Visioning Workshop Report to the City of Coldwater Planning Commission and City Council I I I I I ! Prepared by: Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. January 9, 2002 City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 88 �'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Introduction On September 18, 2001, the City of Coldwater Planning Commission sponsored a visioning workshop to identify current and future planning related needs and issues that must be addressed to shape the future direction of the City. Local residents, Planning Commissioners, City Council, DDA members, ZBA members and other public officials were encouraged to attend and provide ideas on such issues as residential and non-residential development, transportation/traffic, natural and historic resources and the Downtown. The vision statements gathered from this workshop will be used to develop community planning goals, land use programs, and policies for the update of the 1994 City of Coldwater Comprehensive Plan. This report is a summary of the process and outcomes of this City Visioning Workshop. Priority vision statements and ideas for the improvement of the City were generated from these sessions, and will help define community planning goals and objectives for the Planning Commission. The vision statements from this workshop are included in this report. The appendix contains the meeting agenda, attendance list and public notices. What is Community Visioning? Successful communities decide the future is something they can create. These communities take the time to produce a vision of the future they want and employ a process that helps them achieve their goals. Successful communities are focusing on ways in which business, government, organizations, and citizens work together. One way of achieving these goals is through community visioning. Such a process brings together all sectors of a community to identify problems, evaluate changing conditions, and build collective approaches to improve the quality oflife in the community. In reviewing successful community visioning processes in other municipalities, the process and end results contain the following elements: • The definition of a community is defined by the participants. Some workshops define their community as a neighborhood, City or the combined municipal area including adjacent Townships. • People with varied interests and perspectives participate throughout the process and contribute to the outcomes, lending credibility to the results. • Individual agendas and issues are set aside, so the focus remains on common issues and goals. I I City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 89 JJ �I I I I I I I I I I I I • Strong leadership comes from all sectors and interests . • The group produces detailed recommendations for community improvements, design ideas, and improvement strategies. • Individuals break down economic and sectoral barriers and develop effective strategies for municipal improvement. • The group gains a consensus on project goals and objectives to reach desired outcomes. These ingredients make up the essence of collaboration itself. True collaboration brings together organizations, public officials, and individuals to define problems, create options, develop strategies, and implement solutions. Because they typically involve larger groups, collaborative efforts help organizations rethink how they work, how they relate to the rest of the community, and what role they can play in carrying out a common strategy. Often no single organization has the resources or mandate to effectively address a particular issue alone. A group effort can help mobilize the necessary resources and community will. Effective collaboration requires that decisions be made by consensus. Though a consensus-based decision-making process takes more time, it can save time during the implementation phase of a visioning project, where blocking ordinarily occurs. If citizens are provided a forum in which their ideas and opinions are heard, seriously considered, and perhaps even incorporated into the action plan, they will be less inclined to resist or ignore new initiatives. Community "ownership" of a plan and willingness to help in its accomplishment often corresponds directly with the public's level of participation in the plan's development. As a result, projects can be completed in a timely fashion through the consensus-building process. Workshop Format and Planning I I I I I I Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc., and the City of Coldwater Planning Commission, City Council and administrators began planning for these Visioning Workshop following a Planning Commission Workshop. The members of the Planning Commission and administrators were also consulted to: • Identify and reserve an accessible meeting location. • Generate lists of City residents, public officials and community "stake holders" . • Prepare a news release and notification letters for the workshop . City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 90 �I I • I I I I I I I I I I Identify interested and supportive individuals capable of acting as facilitators and note takers. Visioning Workshop Format The process of visioning was used to actively describe the preferred future for the City of Coldwater. Visioning describes a mental image and provides a picture in words. The Visioning Workshop format attempts to produce positive statements that guide and motivate change. The visioning process also integrates successful group interaction which spawns the following positive results: • Encourages equal sharing and participation. • Encourages "hitchhiking" on others ideas . • Depersonalizes ideas . • Tolerates conflicting ideas . • Reinforces concentration through seeing and hearing ideas. • Clarifies ideas . • Provides focus on important issues . • Forces equality in choices . • Avoids dominance by strong group members . • Encourages minority opinions . • Promotes "attacking" ideas on walls-not people. I I • Provides preparation for decision. • Forces independent judgment. I • Promotes a sense of accomplishment . • Motivates involvement in future phases of planning and problem-solving. I I I City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 91 I �I I I r I I I I I I I I I I I I I The technique was developed to assure that group members are not excluded from active participation. Sometimes, a few group members can monopolize a group discussion so that the outcome of a meeting does not reflect the consensus or opinion of the entire group. A structured workshop technique like the one used in the City of Coldwater Visioning Workshop, encouraged participation by all members. The group workshop techniques for the City was carried out in the following manner: • Mapping and problem area identification. • Round robin listing of ideas and brainstorming. • Discussion and clarification of ideas . • Voting/prioritization. The workshop began with a brief introduction to the visioning process and the purpose of the workshop. Participants in the visioning process were divided into small groups of approximately ten (10) people led by a facilitator. Eacli group was directed to discuss their visions for the City of Coldwater on the following topics: • Residential Land Uses . • Transportation/Traffic. • Non-Residential Land Uses . • Natural and Historic Resources . • Downtown Development The groups were asked to identify their issues and concerns and then prioritize these issues by individual voting. Each participant was given five (5) colored self-stick dot labels as a method of voting on specific issues. After the round of voting, all workshop attendees were reconvened to hear a brief presentation by the facilitators from each smaller group. Major Findings/Workshop Results The small groups from each workshop generated over one hundred (100) vision statements. Using the original words recorded on flip charts, a list of statements was prepared. The following pages provide a list of the vision concepts which were provided by the small group participants. Several strong, central themes emerged from the Vision Workshop. These are listed as follows: City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 92 �r fr • A truck by-pass around the Downtown should be considered. Additional study should be done as to the best route and the impact it would have on the Downtown. • The existing development and signs along US-12 on the eastern side of the City need to be improved. A gateway study would assist in creating uniform and aesthetically pleasing development along this entrance to the community. • Traffic calming techniques should be implemented along major roads. These could include traffic circles, boulevards and streetscape improvements. Roads specifically mentioned were Garfield, Chicago and Marshall. There was strong interest for a boulevard along US-12 Downtown. • Public transportation needs to be improved. Time tables for stops, smaller busses and other options should be reviewed. • An area of strong concern in regards to traffic and transportation is the Grand/Marshall intersection. A detailed traffic study should be completed for this area. • Existing pedestrian links (sidewalks and trails) need to be maintained while the system should be expanded to provide a pedestrian friendly community. Specific needs for pedestrian access should be located at the Four Comers parks by adding benches and tables. • Strong consideration should be given to developing an indoor pool for recreation. This could be done in coordination with the YMCA or other local agencies. I • Education and promotion of the park system needs to be improved. Specific recommendations for the park system include restrooms at the softball fields, development of a youth center and youth programs and the development of more active uses at the existing passive parks. I l • The City should expand and promote 2 floor office spaces in the Downtown. Also, hi-tech, research and development should be the primary industries that are encouraged to locate in the City. • Priority in residential areas should be given to the development of additional streetlights and sidewalks. Clean-up of weeds, litter and blight is also in high priority. • The density of residential areas is reasonable; however a mix of housing units should be encouraged. Better maintenance of existing housing stock is a high priority. r r I I I i I nd I I City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 93 �• High priority should be given to the development of a historical preservation ordinance. This would assist in the promotion of historic properties and the historic downtown. The City should also provide additional financial resources and incentives for historic preservation. Overall, participants in the Visioning Workshop expressed vision statements which reflected a desire for continued enhancement to the residential and non-residential areas of the City. This included traffic improvements along all thoroughfares as well as improvements to the commercial and industrial development patterns. It is also clear that Coldwater residents place a high value on neighborhood and historical character and the preservation of quality residential areas and parkland. The participants acknowledged the need for additional commercial and industrial development within existing City limits (as opposed to increasing size of City). However, this development was particular in nature, specifically restaurants and hi-tech industry. Additional commercially zoned areas, in general, do not seem a high priority. I I City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 94 �Workshop September 18, 2001 Tabulation of Vision Statelllents I t • • • • • I I J, l I I City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 95 Transportation Group Recreation Group Commercial Group Natural / Historic Group Downtown Group �Transportation Group 1. A truck by-pass around the Downtown should be considered. A more detailed truck traffic survey should be completed and a decision should be made whether the by-pass should be north or south. 2. Hamburger alley, the eastern US-12 entrance to the City needs to be improved. This includes uniform signage and a gateway to make visitors feel welcome. 3. Traffic calming techniques should be implemented on Garfield, Chicago and Marshall. These can include round-about, boulevards and streetscape improvements. Strong interest in a boulevard Downtown. 4. Shopping traffic should be directed to suitable parking areas. 5. Speed limits on US-12 should be reduced. Enforcement of traffic laws need to be improved. 6. Bicycle trails should be improved and all parks should be connected with safety paths, sidewalks and greenways. 7. A directional sign plan should be completed that better identifies downtown parking, recreation areas, commercial areas etc. 8. Public transportation should be improved. This includes better time tables for stops, smaller busses and other options such as taxis, shuttles etc. 9. The airport should be better promoted for its recreational and commercial value. It should be better tied into the Downtown. 10. The existing rail corridor should be better promoted. 11. A comprehensive corridor study should be completed for the Fairfield Plaza area and also Fiske/I-69 and Willowbrook roadways. 12. Curb-Cut distances on major roadways should be widened to improve traffic circulation. 13. All utilities should be buried to improve City skyline. 14. A comprehensive traffic study should be competed for the Grand/Marshall intersection. 15. Truck traffic needs to be encouraged to use alternate route. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 96 �'J 'f J: I I I I I I I I ' Recreation Group 1. Information and promotion of the park system needs to be improved. 2. The walking/bike paths around the City need to be expanded and improved. This includes the expanded use of the Four Comer parks by adding benches and tables. 3. Investigate development of an outdoor theatre and stage. 4. Something needs to be implemented that attracts people Downtown during the winter. 5. Organize youth programs and investigate development of a youth center. 6. Develop an indoor pool in coordination with YMCA or other agency. 7. Install restrooms at softball fields . 8. Investigate and develop alternate uses for recreation facilities, such as outdoor lights for night use. 9. Develop outdoor dance pavilion. 10. Develop all the Parks for more active uses, some are too passive. Commercial Group 1. Large commercial uses such a Home Depot should be subject to Special Use provisions. 2. Areas planned for commercial and industrial uses should be contained to specific areas. 3. Give commercial uses more land to develop. 4. Encourage commercial development to stay in the City by providing economic incentives. 5. Encourage hi-tech, research and development which provides higher pay. 6. Focus new company sizes to 300-600 max. employees. 7. Expand and promote 2nd floor office space downtown. 8. Promote a diversity of industries within the City. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 97 �J J r I I I I I I Residential Land Use Group 1. Maintenance of homes should be improved. 2. Improve communication between homeowners and the City. 3. Zoning enforcement issues should be improved. 4. Increase flower and tree planting in general for residential areas. 5. Ensure a mix of housing opportunities. 6. Traffic issues within residential areas, especially truck traffic. 7. Increase number of street lights and sidewalks within residential areas. 8. Provide additional green spaces and parks. 9. Neighborhood identification needs to be promoted and encouraged through uniform street signs, etc. 10. Improve street cleanup of weeds, litter, blight etc. 11. Increase flower planting downtown especially within the residential historical section. 12. Promote and encourage several housing styles including loft commercial in the Downtown. 13. Increase and promote additional senior citizen housing. 14. Investigate existing traffic patterns, especially US-12 Truck Route and speed limits. 15. Study exit onto I-69 off of State Street and intersection of Pearl and Chicago. 16. Make aware and educate the population on the cultural differences within the City. 17. Develop a definition of well maintained residential area. streets, building maintenance and sidewalks. 18. Increase and improve the availability of sidewalks that connect on Michigan Avenue, Washington Street and the south side of West Chicago Street. 19. Promote and encourage neighborhood associations through better identification, wards, schools and signs. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 98 This would include study of �r f r r I [ I 20. Improve and increase green spaces by creating neighborhoods and with parks and sidewalks. 21. Encourage and assist single family homes of senior citizens. Including providing funding for maintenance of home and property. Improve enforcement issues within residential areas for clean up of weeds and junk. 22. Communication needs to be improved between residents and public service depfiliments. This includes better follow-up, professional and courteous enforcement of zoning and building issues and better routes such as Woodward and Teetor Drive. 23. Improve garbage collection lining the streets. 24. Increase number of community service projects. 25. Encourage homeowners to maintain safe and clean homes and yards. 26. Continue strong code enforcement specifically junk and old vehicles, condition of housing stock, i.e. paint, etc. weeds (#21). Natural / Historic Resources Group r I I 1. Encourage and promote historic properties and historic Downtown. 2. Encourage and promote one hundred (100) lakes in county and stream and river through City. 3. Encourage and promote Waterworks, Heritage and Linear Parks. 4. Encourage park development on Division, especially Clay and Riverside Drive. 5. Improve south entrance to City. 6. Improve signage along I-69 and from east of City. 7. Infill housing is not compatible with historical character. 8. The City should fund and support the historical area of the City. Specifically funding to the BCHS Wing House Museum. 9. Develop a Historical Protection Ordinance. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 99 �r r r I t f I I I I I J '- 10. Protect historic homes from becoming apartments. 11. Limit additional single family housing. 12. Develop ordinances for infill that protect historic character. 13. Improve sign ordinance. 14. Provide tax incentives to improve historical districts. 15. Improve storm water management techniques, i.e. reduce additional pavement. 16. Maximize green space for residents. 17. Beautify recreation area. 18. Connect and extend linear park-extended. 19. Increasing density internally of homes while increasing green spaces. Investigate transfer and purchase of development rights (TOR). 20. Turn Midwest Foundry into green space. 21. Improve beltway from I-69 to US-12 on west side. 22. Surface streets are restricted. 23. Provide bikeways to connect parks and recreation. 24. Reduce speed Downtown and through town. 25. Completion of sidewalk project. 26. Promote and encourage more apartments. 27. State park on Coldwater Lake. 28. Open space on Michigan and State farmed by BISD - maintained and preserved. 29. Storm water landscaping to retain H2O. 30. Provide more trees in newer residential areas. 31. Connecting green spaces between developments with walkways, trees. City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 100 �r J f r I 32. Keep commercial out of historical. 33 . Promote Wing House by partnering with schools, museum, theatre and library. 34. Study the possibility of museums in Coldwater/Union City. 35. Sponsor historical enactments. 36. City should support historical properties and protect from demolition. 37. US-12 should be preserved as Heritage Route. 38. Explore I-69 as a State Scenic Route 39. The City needs to provide additional financial resources and incentives for historic preservation. 40. Keep historical homes. r I DDA - Downtown Group 1. Several suggestions were made concerning the need to "restore pride", "create identity", and educate the locals of the value of downtown. As with #6 below, downtown needs to be "THE PLACE" for civic and cultural involvement and conducting business. Research needs to be done regarding programs in other communities which achieve this goal. Marshall and Traverse City, for instance have programs in place to encourage "sense of place". 2. There needs to be a consolidation of local forces in the efforts to keep downtown vital. Groups like the Downtown Business Association, Downtown Development Authority, Chamber of Commerce, tourism groups, and cultural non-profits, need to address ways to operate efficiently and as a unified force. This may be achieved by operational management agreements and/or stronger communication efforts. 3. The City of Coldwater needs to focus energies in creating more civic spaces downtown. Those participating encourage the addition of more green space in private and public investment. 4. More residents are needed downtown. Special initiatives to encourage the use of upper floors of existing buildings, or ordinances which provide developer "bonuses" for residential components may be necessary. r f I I I J J , J City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 101 �J 5. Continued and on-going programs to maintain downtown's existing infrastructure are needed. This includes annual efforts to plant and maintain flowers as well as providing trash cans and weed killing efforts. Include actual parking facilities, i.e. cleaned, striped and lighting. 6. Downtown needs to be a destination point. This is both a marketing and development strategy. Downtown Coldwater should market its historic ambiance, cultural attractions, and work to add more through infrastructure and business recruitment. Again, this needs to be a unified approach, with buy-in from all agencies having an impact. 7. A concerted effort should be put into putting upper floors back into use. Assistance should be made available to make re-use financially viable. A model project might be considered to help inspire building owners to the potential. 8. More family participation is needed downtown. This includes expansion of day-time activities for children and senior citizens. This implies a focus on events and activities with a family focus, but may also include private or public investment. A Children's Museum, for instance, in addition to one (1) next to Museum Gallery, or renovate existing playground, or a new playground may be considered. Educational programs for seniors might be introduced at existing venues like the Tibbits. Opportunities to collaborate with area schools and agencies on aging on this issue should be investigated. J I 9. Expand events. An extensive year-round calendar of downtown events should be continued and expanded upon. Unique opportunities should be pursued. The Farmer's Market, and the on-going activities of the Tibbits Opera House are examples of innovational approaches. r 10. Attention should be paid to the east and west of downtown. As a critical point of entry, this area needs and deserves the sort of streetscapes improvements implemented elsewhere. The public investment now will help spur private re-investment. 11. Consider a boulevard downtown or other "traffic calming" measures. Work with MDOT to ensure that main street feels more like main street and not a highway. For example, lower the speed limit, make street more pedestrian friendly. 12. Making sure that re-development ofexisting buildings is a painless as possible will help preserve the historic character of downtown. Ordinances and policies that encourage redevelopment should be a high priority. 13. Public bathrooms are needed downtown. 14. More parking is needed in front of businesses. 15. Be willing to change events and customs to suit the environment. Evaluate all activities to make sure they are the best approach. A void "we have always done it this way'' mentality. r i [ r r I f: ' ',- City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 102 �r r 16. Signage for DT, especially all entrances. Reducing scale, make smaller through zoning. Research possibility of design standards for all signs. 17. Directional signage-institute program. J r r r I r r J I r I I J J: J J City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 103 �r J r r [ r I r I I· I I I Appendix I r • Workshop Agenda • Workshop Notice J J J J City of Coldwater Adopted December 2002 104 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Coldwater_Master-Land-Use-Plan_2002 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-12 Title A name given to the resource City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan Description An account of the resource The City of Coldwater Master Land Use Plan was prepared by Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. and was adopted in December 2002. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Coldwater (Mich.) Branch County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4175bb268547604f5b343d9ef159c8c4.mp4 2bf2d5fd345fb20719f61902c6528fd1 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fb52ee95549874ae6660a850767e551c.pdf 46a749b08b70f06689f84b96ca03c62f PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Cliff Carlon (01:02:34) (00:50) Background Information • • • • • Cliff was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on March 14, 1921 There were six children in his family and his father had to trade their house in Grand Rapids for a farm in Wayland during the depression Cliff went to high school through fifth grade and then began working on the farm and carpentry work He later worked for the National Dairy Company in Grand Rapids Cliff was drafted into the military 6 months after Pearl Harbor was attacked; he was married and his wife was pregnant (4:05) Training • Cliff was sent to Fort Sheridan in Chicago for aptitude testing and they decided that he should be a mechanic • He then went to Augusta, Georgia for mechanic classes and was promoted twice before taking more advanced classes • He was also going through basic training but did not have to do as much work as others because they wanted him to focus on his classes • Cliff was working with Company B of the 692nd Tank Destroyer Battalion in Georgia for 3 months • He was then sent to Fort Hood in Texas for more training (9:30) Texas • They were working with WWI tanks that towed 37 mm guns that were impractical • He was later sent to Tennessee and worked with M-10 tanks that weighed about 32 tons with 50 caliber machine guns • Cliff was working with a cadre of 2 battalions and one of them was sent to North Africa while the other went to Europe • While in Texas Cliff had the rank of sergeant (13:30) Overseas • Cliff was sent to Philadelphia on a three day pass while waiting for the ship to be ready to leave from New York • The ship took longer than expected and he was able to spend 15 days in Philadelphia • They left right after D-Day on a British luxury liner and were on board with a company of nurses �They anchored in at Weymouth Bay in Southern England and left that night for Cherbourg, France (22:10) France • Their battalion was sent to a staging area near Paris around the occurrence of the Battle of the Dykes • Cliff later helped to clear the Germans out of the Netherlands so they could ship supplies North • They did not get heavy opposition in the Netherlands; the Germans knew they were losing and were dissolutioned • The people in the Netherlands were very appreciative of the US soldiers • Most of the towns were demolished in the Netherlands, France, Belgium, and Germany • There were still civilians in the Netherlands, but barely any in Germany until the actually crossed the Ruhr River • (25:45) Germany • The first town they took in Germany was Aachen • Earlier they had been in Belgium holding 3 cities during the Battle of the Bulge supporting the 104th Division • Cliff’s duties consisted of repairing tank engines and replacing old parts • They only had small damage from shrapnel and some wrecked tires, but nothing major from battle • Most of the Germans had run out of fuel and ammunition and stopped attacking • There was very little resistance once after the Battle of the Bulge and they were advancing towards the Rhine very quickly • They were not working as an attached unit and moved all over to where ever they were needed (32:10) Reconnaissance Transfer • Cliff volunteered to transfer to a reconnaissance company • He later decided that the volunteer was the worst decision he had ever made • He volunteered because he was young and foolish and did not get along well with the men in Company B • He worked ahead of the unit, always under cover and usually went out by himself, but sometimes with one other man • He used walkie-talkies to communicate and could get up to 20 miles ahead of the rest of the unit • Cliff would sometimes get pinned down in a town and would either have to take out the enemy or wait till night time to sneak out (37:15) Rhine Crossing �• • • • • Cliff actually crossed the river before the pontoon bridges were built and once he was There were many German planes scattered throughout the woods that they had abandoned once they ran out of fuel Cliff later crossed the Danube and arrived in Munich, but had gotten metal in his eye and had to be sent to a field hospital in France for 2 weeks While in Munich they cleared out the Dachau concentration camp There were about 50 car loads of bodies along the road outside of the camp and a few “walking skeletons” (41:35)Austria • Cliff was staying in a small mountainous town in the Alps working with the Army of Occupation for 90 days • They actually got to live in houses with civilians and they helped the men with their cooking and cleaning; they had time to go trout fishing • They were treated well by the civilians and they all got along well • The Austrians did not have much food and they really appreciated the men’s K and C rations (46:25) Post War • The men eventually took on so many prisoners, there were thousands and thousands of them and they did not know where to send them • The German soldiers were not in too bad of shape; they were old and young, with a couple of very old men • The SS troops were very cocky and thought that they were the epitome of a soldier • Cliff’s division only lost about 300 from about 15,00 men and they were very fortunate • Cliff did not have many points and thought that he was going to be sent to the Pacific • Just after leaving from La Havre, France he got news that Japan had been bombed (52:40) Discharged • Cliff was discharged at Camp Kilmer and began working at the dairy company again • He took some tests for the Grand Rapids Police Department and ranked in the top 10% • The GI Bill allowed him to start out at a higher position and higher pay and he eventually became captain • Cliff worked for the police for 35 years � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carlon, Cliff (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carlon, Cliff Description An account of the resource Cliff Carlon was born in 1921 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was drafted into the Army in 1942 and trained as a mechanic. He served with Company B of the 692nd Tank Destroyer Battalion in Europe, and later transferred to a reconnaissance unit. After the Germans surrendered, Cliff was part of the Army of Occupation in Austria for 90 days before he was sent back to the US. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-02 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CarlonC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/be62bc16d6bb4409aa185b2f51c60e34.pdf e183bd8f0008d409ce34c33a518c7109 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Program Carl Carlson (00:44:03) (00:08) Introduction • Born in Bailey, Michigan in 1922. • Attended a one-room schoolhouse through eighth grade. • Carl worked at Continental Motors during school. (04:48) Pearl Harbor • He remembers being in the barn and milking cattle when hearing over the radio of the attack. • He enlisted in the air force [Army Air Corps] in 1942. (05:55) Enlistment • Enlisted with his best friend in Muskegon, Michigan. • They were able to choose what branch of military service they wanted to join. • They were then sent to Texas for basic training. (06:54) Basic Training • Attended basic training around Dallas and San Antonio, Texas. • They received their basic training on air bases. • Attended gunnery training in Colorado Springs, Colorado. • Achieved the rank of a marksman while in gunnery training. • The men had to be able to take a .45 caliber shotgun apart and put it back together blindfolded. (09:10) Europe • 12th air force, 321st bomb group, 447th bomb squadron, while overseas. • Flew in a B-26 bomber to Europe. • He worked as a radio operator while flying. • They flew from Louisiana to Puerto Rico, and then from Brazil to Ascension Island, landed on the west shores of Africa, to Casablanca, and then to Italy. • Once they reached Italy, the men lived in tents. • The men were supposed to have served 25 missions and then they could go home, but they were taking such heavy losses to the air force that men had to serve around 70 missions. • He remembers being happy to serve his country. • The men described missions with no opposition as “milk runs.” • Remembers having a blonde lady painted on the front of one his airplanes. He describes these as serving a lighthearted function. (16:41) Tough Raids • He bombed a suspected German ammunition storage facility, which had very heavy anti aircraft fire. While it only lasted about five minutes, it seemed to last an hour. �He also bombed a Romanian oil field [Ploesti]. During this mission, many planes were lost. The enemy fire never seemed to end. They were bombing airports and ammunition dumps. • After one mission they found over 500 bullet holes in their plane. (18:50) Different planes • His first plane took a bullet that disabled the engine. • Another plane’s hydraulic system was shot out, disabling the landing gear. The crew was asked whether they were going to jump or fly the plane in, they flew it in. • Another plane lost radio contact and had a disabled fuel line. (20:38) Style of missions • the men did not know where they were going until they were on the plane about to leave on the mission. • They also flew about every other day on bombing raids. • After fifty missions, the men were allowed a break from bombing raids. (21:50) Dealing with the cold • The men were outfitted in fur lined coats and pants. • The only thing that was ever frostbitten was his ears. • It would reach 60 degrees below zero in the plane. • The cold never affected the gunnery in the plane. (23:54) Dangerous missions • The men had opposition on almost every mission. • A piece of shrapnel just missed his head, and was lodged into the side of the plane. • He believes his faith helped him carry on through the war. (25:00) Letters - His sister kept him very informed with letters during the war. (25:45) • Believes that war is hell. • He doesn’t think that any one aspect of the service is better than another. • He was very informed of the efforts on the home front while in Europe. • Carl was able to see Bob Hope perform while in Europe. He remembers him traveling very close to the front lines in order to help the soldiers. (28:14) - Salerno, Italy was a very hard bombing mission. The enemy was very persistent. (28:40) Length of Raids • Most raids were 4 to 8 hours. • This depended on fuel consumption. • They would have to bomb the target, circle it back over to see if they hit it, and if not bomb the area again. (30:00) Feelings towards Italians and Germans • Remembers the Italians being overjoyed to see the American military within their boarders and has fond memories of them. • Has no bitterness towards the German people, because it was not their fault, but the Nazi military. (32:18) Returning Home • �Came on the USS Mariposa. They landed in Boston Harbor. The first things he did when he reached home, was kiss the ground and bought some milk. (33:21) Pilot School • War was still going on in the Pacific when he reached home. • He was told that he might have to go on a Pacific tour. • If he would go to the pilot school, he would not have to go the Pacific theatre. • He attended the pilot school, and was a third of the way through when the war ended. • He took advantage of the points system and asked to be relieved of his duty after the war had ended. (35:30) Other memories • Was in at a carnival in Mississippi preparing to go to Europe. • A young group of women met up with his group. • He determined after a few dates that they were meant to be together. • They’ve been married for over 63 years. • Remembers while still in Europe that, after every flight the men would be greeted with a glass of whisky to calm your nerves. • Became a supervisor at Continental Motors after returning home. • He also began work in radio and television because of his radio experience during the war. • Continental Motors allowed him to have a leave of absence so he could take classes at radio television school. • He began working for Montgomery Ward in the service department. • He then opened his own business and became successful. • • • ��World War II Honoree Page 1 of 1 Carl M. Carlson BRANCH OF SERVICE u.s. Army Air Forces HOMETOWN Bailey, MI ACnVlTY DURING wwn RADIO OPERA TOR, WAIST GUNNER, B-25'S 12TH AIR FORCE. NORTH AFRICA, EUROPEAN THEATER, 70 MISSIONS, 3 YEARS SERVICE, 1 YEAR OVERSEAS. 1942-1945. http://www.wwiimemoriaLcom/registry1search/plaq.asp ?HonoreeID= 156357&print=y 5/31/2004 ��;.: ;{).'~7t!fi:ijifji2':'::"'::~?'~!i\:·:~j?{',':';> ":BaileY' Boj' In 'lJnl~ '. .. .Cited By freSldent, -~ d"S\i\11at.~ neWly l Y. w~.~·rlng. 1I.11'('.l).d • . 0 serVIC.e So'I'lpe ' T'lcnn .. ­ ed gold forel~n Carlson sen of' ,vs, cal Sgt. carl ~'E' carls~n of BIl.I\ey. and 1\·1rs, OUS o t':e' dls\.lngulsI1ed. unIt - noV' pin .. may '. \form, \ badge on hIs un, It the veteran T . Sgt, carlson 5 un r;up lias just \ :6-2'5 Mitchell bO:"~re~ident for "out­ been cited by :11 nee of d'Jty in ac- \ . 1 pcrt0 1D1 a stn,numg enemy," non against :he \.s serving r.s rad~o s<1t, Oall:;on . flown mOle T groUP has \ . l' t"le Mediterr a n -, o.unner. HIs. I:;SlOn5 11 jar " _ Ulan 4.DO rn now playing a rna ca n area and Is n m U11 ' CO tions behind ~ tt' g COl .. ~ role in cu' 111 'n Italy, .. the ,0,enna,n . lines 1 • 0 , �HEADQUARTERS ·­ AIR TWELFTH FORCE Carl M. r,arJson, Technical-Sergeant, Air Corps 321 t . st Bomba rdmen~, Group (M) by direction of the President, under the provisions of Army Regulation 600-45 as amended, and pursuant to authority vested in me by the Commanding General, Mediterranean Theater of Operations. <.titation For meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight as radio gunner' of a B-25 type air­ craft during an attack upon a highvmy at Va1lecorsa, Italy, on 13 May 1944. Tecp~ical Sergeant Carlson's . proficiency in combat reflects great credit upon him­ self and the Military ~ervice of the United States. G.' O. No. 107, 26 .Ill]Y 19[14' JOHN K. CANNON Major' General, USA Commanding �ttbe lOol\1 Sepulcbre cernncare of " ~ilgrhnage. 'ttbe unoecetaueo, tbe IDer\? lRe"erenb arcblmanertte 'lltl]riaftos, $uar1;)ian anb Superior of tbe (Iburcb of tbe '!bolll s~re, bereb~ .~er~t~at -tf~ -------------~---4_~-.--.~----.-.------:-------------------------- ...--------------.-----------­ bas bul\? "isiteb tbe <tburcb of tbe bol\? Sepulcbre of our 10rb anI) Sa"iour leaus (!brist anb tbe other bol\? Sbrines witbin tbe :l3asilica of tbe bOI\? Sepulcbre ano as a lPilgrim bas maoe tberein bis pious oeeotlons on tbIs tbe / ~ bap of J une in tbe \?ear of @ur 10rb 1')!J!J; lIlIlbereOf tbis certirtcate signeb anc eeateo in tbe boll] (Iit\? of Jerusalem is a 'UUlitness. lIlIle pra\? ano beseech tbe Blmigbtp ano Eternal G~ tbat be will b ano salle tbis lPilgrim, anb \"'ill preserve bim trom "{}~f.,!~: ger. ... r . ~ , / g,f#;;.. . <, '.f" . t.".-..,,~.) Guarbian of tee "'aburcb of ree 1>0111 Sepulcbre �" Bailey.,.-Award of a bronze ba~ne star for his units parttctpattcnTn the French camapign has been made to T/Sgt. Carl M. Cartsorr, son of Grant E. 'Carison.'Ue is II I ,with the 12th'.air force headquar­ tersJn Italy. .. . ''"!. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carlson, Carl (Interview outline and papers), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carlson, Carl Description An account of the resource Carl Carlson is a veteran of the United States Army Air Corps. He served in the European theatre during World War II. He worked as a radio operator during flight missions, particularly over Italy. He served around 70 missions, the military had to increase the number of missions each man made due to the increasing numbers of casualties. While in Europe, he was able to see Bob Hope perform. After the service, he worked in electronics sales and repairs until he retired. Newpaper clippings and award certificates appended to interview outline. [Image not available]. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Troyer, Phillip S. (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-03-22 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CarlsonC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives