118 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/838170eb9cb66d4e228883d61f0e336e.jpg f5293cbd37aaf5ed2a83f7b1405f4b5a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_ProcessFilm_P_331 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-04-07 Title A name given to the resource Cascade Folsom blow site Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a field in front of a dirt area next to a forest. Subject The topic of the resource Excavation Cascade (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/de61ea7919f3ee9a20cb9b0f92bfe2f0.jpg 27e71c618eecf7baa248a459708d2747 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_ProcessFilm_P_332 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-04-07 Title A name given to the resource Cascade Folsom blow site Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a field in front of a dirt area next to a forest. Subject The topic of the resource Excavation Cascade (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d61aa34c8ac263d361ffdd073b6a603c.jpg 2a3f27a7b26512d8e350aa0669de4039 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CasonRickyL Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Cason, L. Ricky Description An account of the resource L. Ricky Cason Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2af4f09464851e8a003a937c211624ec.jpg 3dfeadc57c505687b3dd1fedaaf5ee48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_V_13_005 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938-06-01 Title A name given to the resource Cast #58 being carried from pit Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of three men carrying a cast of a mastodon bone out of an archaeological site of mastodon bones. Subject The topic of the resource Archaeology Archaeological sites Excavation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4539325e5cbd75c5396cd3b5726364f4.jpg 25f15b38ff49b2140de26410ad00b3e7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1352 Title A name given to the resource Castle class British Corvette Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Castle class British Corvette, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0009fd51b152e3619143622210dfd1b1.jpg d1a365f69785ed43902d47a4c8bea6c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_035 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913-08-04 Title A name given to the resource Castle east of Alexandria Bay Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of castle east of Alexandria Bay, New York. Water damage is visible on the image, which was scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Alexandria Bay (N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b96b697630424f9dd4a58a306609d3c6.mp4 bf33f91d6ccedfd32e703947e702af94 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/179d07437f4a3b435f085c52c72fd465.pdf b1662da5037402ef5051d9afc9d41e24 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project Vietnam War Timothy Castora Total Time (00:15: Introduction (00:00:20)  Timothy was born on July 3rd, 1949 and served in the Marine Corps in the Vietnam War (00:00:35)  Timothy was born in Highland Park, Michigan (00:00:54)  His oldest brother served in the Air Force (00:01:24) ◦ Timothy was drafted into the services; he says that the Marine Corps Boot Camp was one of the most humbling experiences one can go through (00:01:41) ◦ He mentions that you had to keep your mouth shut during boot camp and do what you were told or else you would pay the consequences (00:02:21) ◦ Other than some time off on Sunday mornings, Timothy mentions that they trained non-stop all throughout the day (00:03:30) ◦ Some men were punished by doing squat-thrusts until they puked or you ran with your rifle (00:03:55) Vietnam (00:04:20)  Timothy landed in Da Nang, Vietnam; from there he was assigned as a radio operator to the 1st Shore Party Battalion 5th Marines (00:04:45)  He directed helicopters on what to do from re-supply to ammo drops and other things as well (00:05:15) ◦ Timothy says that you made friends while you were there but the relationships weren't that deep because you never knew what would happen (00:07:05) ◦ Overall the combat experience was a very emotional thing to go through and is something that you're not prepared for ever (00:07:52) ▪ Timothy was always writing letters to his friends and family and mentions the military would let them write for free (00:08:42) ▪ He went to Australia and Hawaii on his two leaves and mentions there was only a few places to choose from (00:09:47)  Timothy was at home wondering why the United States wasted around 58,000 lives when the war had ended (00:10:42) Back Home (00:10:42)  Timothy mentions his senses were on the highest alert and he was on a sensory overload when he first came home (00:11:02)  Him and a former military buddy were going bowling and hid under the car after the ran over a milk crate thinking it was some destructive weapon (00:11:46) ◦ He mentions that the vets during Vietnam were not treated like those of today- as they were not treated that well at all (00:12:38) ◦ Timothy tried to get back to work as quickly as he could to adjust to civilian life; he wanted to get back into a routine and decided to go back to school (00:13:46) �◦ The biggest lesson Timothy learned was to love the people that love you the most; he mentions he never appreciated his parents until then (00:14:31) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CastoraT1560V Title A name given to the resource Castora, Timothy (Interview outline and video), 2014 Description An account of the resource Timothy Castora was born on July 3rd, 1949 in Highland Park, Michigan. He was drafted into the Marine Corps during the Vietnam War. He served as a radio operator to the 1st Shore Party Battalion 5th Marines. He directed helicopters on supply drops, ammo drops and medevac services. Timothy came back to the United States wondering why they went to war in the first place and ultimately learned to love those who love you the most from his time in the service. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Castora, Timothy Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hagan, Sarah (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Marine Corps Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-10 Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/728b956ac5cf42558eb6921d9787d5cc.jpg 9d2f3de869221ffb09433cd0ea504a9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CastroBarry_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Castro, Barry Description An account of the resource Barry Castro, Management Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3e969880195e1d3d5ac21ccb27cdcdce.jpg 43d7f6b410e713fbacf38924291dc506 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CastroBarry_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Castro, Barry Description An account of the resource Barry Castro, Management Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fa9166da33e2a73c9a4fcc944fcca5e8.jpg 7ff14e1b2f0ea1aa54880a9a965f701c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CastroBarry_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Castro, Barry Description An account of the resource Barry Castro, Management Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/79f288d209b3653a13dfe31b5e75188a.pdf ec66432fa5327a8e652280e025164112 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Casus summarii Decretalium Sexti et Clementinarum [folium 79] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_079Dalen1479 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dalen, Michael de Description An account of the resource One leaf from Casus summarii Decretalium Sexti et Clementinarum by Michael de Dalen. Printed in Basel by Michael Wenssler on August 25, 1479. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW M23131; ISTC im00532000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Michael Wenssler Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1479 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/45d8cb9bce7d9c7d20f865d00ec24fc9.mp3 e09e074beaea61434f0dc1c515d63499 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost Scripture Text John 3: 8 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19910519 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-19 Title A name given to the resource Catching God's Breath Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on May 19, 1991 entitled "Catching God's Breath", on the occasion of Pentecost, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: John 3: 8. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/594f2238fb01ed1dde922f9f833e6e91.jpg 41a89dfc94f04c6db66358c51b1a5fb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_ProcessFilm_P_231 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940-04-08 Title A name given to the resource Cathedral towers from Colombia roof Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a tiled roof courtyard overlooking a city. Two cathedral towers are visible in the middle of the frame. Subject The topic of the resource Colombia Church buildings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2707c13f50b853401b8bfd2c94777955.pdf 6ceeb6cf702442fcb0985fb9f71d85cf PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Catholicon [folium 148] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_148Balbus1482 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Balbi, Giovanni, -1298 Description An account of the resource One leaf from Catholicon by Johannes Balbus. Printed in Strassburg by the Printer of the 1483 Jordanus de Quedlinburg (Georg Husner) not after June 30, 1482. Illustrated with red rubricate initals. [GW 3186; ISTC ib00024000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Printer of the 1483 Jordanus de Quedlinburg (Georg Husner) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1482 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/71dc5d4942a30649dde737a59c70b18f.pdf ea42231700577704d772919e1ff939df PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Cathy Adorno-Centeno Interviewers: José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 8/24/2012 Biography and Description Cathy Adorno-Centeno is the daughter of Angie Navedo-Rizzo, a Young Lord who also founded “Mothers and Others,” a sub-group within the Young Lords that organized around women’s rights issues. Born in Chicago, Ms. Adorno-Centeno describes growing up surrounded by Young Lords and in a home that was a central gathering for pot luck family dinners for members of the organization and their supporters. Following the brutal death of her Young Lord father Jose “Pancho” Lind, Ms. Adorno-Centeno and her brothers and mother went underground; staying at a rented farm near Tomah, Wisconsin that would become the Young Lords’ Training Camp. Her most vivid childhood memories are of the warmth and support she enjoyed as a member of the Young Lords community. It included block parties, farmworker pickets, demonstrations and social events held near or in the Young Lords headquarters on Wilton and Grace streets. She also spent time at Rico’s Club (which her mother owned) and enjoyed company for the Sunday pasta dinners in her home. Today, Ms. Adorno-Centeno still lives in Chicago, where she is a leader within her community. Each year she organizes Angie’s Fighter’s, a cancer walk in her mother’s memory. She works as a Human Resource Executive. �Transcript JOSE JIMENEZ: Okay, let me (inaudible). (laughs) CATHY ADORNO-CENTENO: JJ: Okay. Okay, Cathy, if you can give me your full name, your date of birth, and where you were born. CAC: My birth name or my name now? JJ: Your name now -- either way. Whatever you want to do. CAC: My birth name was Catherine [Marie?] Lind, and my name now is Catherine Adorno-Centeno. JJ: Okay, and who are your parents? CAC: My mom was Angela Rizzo, and my father was José Lind. Oh, I forgot my birthday, I’m sorry. March 8, 1969. JJ: 19 CAC: Born in Chicago -- Cook County. JJ: Okay. CAC: Hey. (laughter) JJ: In Cook County Hospital? CAC: Yes. JJ: Okay, all right. And your brother and sisters, what are they -- CAC: I have four brothers: Joe, Peter, Dominic, and Rico. JJ: What kind of work [00:01:00] are they into (inaudible)? CAC: What kind of work are they into? 1 �JJ: Yeah. CAC: Well, two of them are in cable contracting, so they install all the cable contracting. They fly around different cities and do that. Peter works for Federal Express, and Rico works for Jewel as customer service. JJ: Okay, and what kind of work do you do? CAC: I am in human resources for an insurance brokerage firm. JJ: Okay. And have you been there for a while or -- CAC: Thirteen years. JJ: And what do you do there? CAC: I do everything but insurance, (laughter) so I basically -- I’m office manager, so I have four different offices that I manage; I’m the assistant to the president, so I do whatever he wants; and then I manage all the personnel, and I have about 100 people -- actually, about 110 with all my offices. JJ: One hundred and ten people that you manage? CAC: Mm-hmm. JJ: That is impressive. CAC: Yeah. JJ: [00:02:00] Now your mom, what did she do? CAC: My mom was in property management, and she managed housing for lower income. JJ: And she did that for a few years. Was she also a member of the Young Lords? 2 �CAC: My mom was -- I’m not even quite sure what you’d call her, but she was one of the originals in the Young Lords, and she was a part of that up until she passed away. JJ: Okay, so for many years then until she passed away. CAC: Yes. JJ: So you’re saying original, way back from the youth days? CAC: Original, way back. When it started in Chicago, she was alongside my father, alongside you, and alongside a lot of the other individuals that were trying to help the [00:03:00] community. JJ: Okay, but even before that when we were just kind of just from the community. CAC: Yeah, my mom was probably kind of like a lone ranger. She was different. She wasn’t a minority, but she was the minority in the minority. (laughter) She was second descendant Sicilian, and grew up just, you know -- she wasn’t privileged, but she grew up not needy, not really needing anything. You know, she was the only child in a home with two parents and no other children. But she had a big heart, and just opened up to everybody else, and -JJ: Do you remember your grandparents’ names? CAC: Oh, yeah. JJ: What were they? CAC: Joseph Rizzo and Josephine Rizzo. JJ: And Angie, you said she’s second Sicilian? CAC: Yeah, well, second generation here. JJ: Second generation, okay. [00:04:00] Was she pretty proud of her heritage? 3 �CAC: My mom was very proud of her heritage, but when my mom decided to fight a battle, and stand beside those who she felt she needed to stand up for, and married a Hispanic, a lot of her Sicilian family members shunned her. And she was okay with that. So she was proud of who she was, but she was also proud of whatever she stood for. JJ: And she actually spoke Spanish pretty well. CAC: She was fluent. Completely fluent. All three languages. And if you spoke to her, people always assumed that she was Latin. They didn’t know she was not Latina unless she said it. JJ: And she also went to college, also, right? CAC: She did, but she -- my mom’s history is she dropped out of high school. And she was pregnant at a young age with my dad. [00:05:00] And when my dad passed away, she was I want to say maybe 20 at the time, she was with four children, a widow, no degree. And she ended up going back to school, finished high school, and then got a bachelor’s degree in criminal law. She put herself through Northeastern, as a matter of fact. JJ: Her title, I guess, communications secretary, so she had a lot of friends, right? CAC: Yes. JJ: Who were some of the people that were around? That you knew were Young Lords. CAC: Wow. At the time, I didn’t know they were Young Lords, they were just -- people hear the name Cha Cha José Jimenez, and they’re like, “Oh,” and I’m like, 4 �“Okay, he’s like an uncle.” To me, it was normal. But, goodness, [00:06:00] I’m trying to remember names now. I don’t even remember names. JJ: One or two. CAC: Rory. JJ: Rory, okay. CAC: Slim. JJ: Okay. (laughter) CAC: Have you met Slim? JJ: Yes. (laughter) CAC: God, I’m trying to think back now. I see faces. JJ: What about some of the women? Did you know they were Young Lords? CAC: At the time, I didn’t. I didn’t know they were anything different than our family. JJ: Did you know [Sheila?] was a Young Lord? CAC: My Aunt Sheila? JJ: Yeah. CAC: No, I did not. JJ: You did not know? CAC: No. JJ: Okay. Mary, of course, her sister was one. CAC: Yeah, see? JJ: You didn’t know that. CAC: They were just -- it was normal for us. JJ: What about [Yolanda?]? What about Yolanda? 5 �CAC: At the time, no. I didn’t know. JJ: But later on -- later on. CAC: Later on, yeah. I didn’t know how involved -- I really didn’t even know how involved my mom was. JJ: [Hilda Ortiz?], did you know she was a Young Lord? (laughter) CAC: See? F1: It’s like a grand interrogation. CAC: It is. I didn’t at the time -JJ: [Nona?]? [Angie Chansky?]? CAC: They were all friends, [00:07:00] but they weren’t anything else other than our family and friends. JJ: So they related to you just as friends? CAC: Yeah, we were -- to me, it was just normal to have everybody around us not knowing what they meant to anybody else, but they were just -F1: So what are some of your earliest memories from growing up? CAC: Parties. F1: Yeah? CAC: I remember we had -- in relation to the Young Lord, we lived by Wilton and Grace, and the Young Lords had a storefront that they rent, like an office, next to Wilton Cleaners. JJ: Do you remember the colors or no? 6 �CAC: Purple and gold. (laughter) And I remember the parties there. And every adult had a right to tell us what to do or to reprimand us. (laughter) That’s what I do remember. F1: It takes a village and all that, right? (laughs) CAC: Yeah. So I watched my brothers get in trouble all the time. (laughter) [00:08:00] But I remember. I just remember always people around. That’s what I remember. But it was normal. People weren’t sitting around, you know, with papers or trying to do things, they just made normal conversation over Sunday pasta. It was just normal stuff. JJ: So people would get together like on a Sunday -- CAC: Yeah. JJ: At different people’s homes or -- but usually your mom’s? CAC: My mom’s. My mom’s was pasta Sunday. Up until she passed away, everybody knew pasta Sunday. And mom didn’t invite you, mom didn’t make a big deal out of it, you came, and mom had pasta. JJ: Remember that? Yeah. Yeah, because they said like potluck dinners, but I mean they said (inaudible.) CAC: Yep, but that’s what I remember. And the funny thing is I carry that over to now because I love having people over. And it’s not for anything in particular, it’s just people coming over. F1: That’s great. CAC: [00:09:00] Mm-hmm. 7 �JJ: That’s a good thing. Wilton and Grace. You said they were communicating, but that they were at the office, what other ways did they relate? Or what else do you remember? CAC: I remember boycotting. (laughter) We boycotted Gallo Wines as children. (laughter) And the phrase was, “Boycott” -- I’m trying to remember now -“Boycott Gallo Wine, you gotta organize, you got to unionize. You gotta boycott lettuce, boycott grapes, boycott Gallo Wine.” I remember doing that. JJ: Do you remember singing the song? CAC: Oh, yeah. It was like a -- you know, a kid’s rhyme. We just knew it so well. (laughter) F1: This is a good rhyme to know. CAC: Yeah. JJ: [00:10:00] That means you were a Marxist. CAC: We were activists and didn’t even know it. JJ: Had the pickets, had the pickets (inaudible) ’cause on Saturday morning, at the stores, you mean you were there? CAC: Mm-hmm. JJ: Okay. We would have them take out all the grapes and all the lettuce with the farm workers? CAC: Yeah, but we didn’t know. JJ: There was a group called the farm workers we were working with at that time. CAC: Yeah, but it was normal. It wasn’t anything where nobody wanted to not go. Mom’s going, “Yay, let’s go.” (laughter) 8 �JJ: So what you’re saying by normal, people didn’t get dressed up in soldier outfits or anything like that? CAC: No. It was normal. It was as if you’re taking your kid to the park or to the zoo. We just got up and we did it. JJ: And, in fact, is that most of like the parties and everything? Was it just -- CAC: It was all normal. There was nothing that stood out. We learned later on in life that we hid away at a farm. [00:11:00] And my mom said it was a trip, (laughter) so we all went on a trip. But it was just normal. That’s why I never knew the impact of anybody who was surrounding us, what they were to anybody else ’cause with us it was just normal. F1: When did you find out that this was part of a larger story? CAC: You know, I don’t really know if it’s even hit how large. I watched my mom throughout the years when she would be interviewed, or she would meet with you, and you guys would have all these pictures and go through documents, but it was a part of her stuff, so I never got involved with it. But I think the first time it really hit me was when DePaul University was doing a play, and there were actors portraying my mom, and my dad, and their friends for the first time. And that’s when it was really like, [00:12:00] “Wow, okay, we’re part of something here.” (laughs) Didn’t know it, but, yeah, we’re part of something. But at the time, we didn’t know it. F1: Did that change at all for you -- how you thought about those memories looking back? 9 �CAC: Yeah. I mean I’m always very quiet about them. I don’t talk about them to other people very often. But to know that my parents and my family -- my family -were a part of something, that’s big. That’s big because they were doing something that people don’t do anymore -- or they do it in other countries, not necessarily here, and they were doing it over here. And to start out as a young unorganized group of kids and have these thoughts and these dreams and you turn it in to something, yeah, it’s amazing. JJ: There’s no lighting (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, I’m gonna turn on another light. [00:13:00] (break in audio) JJ: Okay, so you mentioned that you were in a farm on a trip, that your mom took you on a trip. That was like a training school, we called it, at that time. So what do you remember? I mean how did it look? How did the farm look? CAC: You know, I don’t know other than we were told when we got older that we had gone on this trip, and we found out why we had gone on this trip. JJ: And what did you find out? CAC: What did we find out? JJ: Yeah. CAC: That we were underground. (laughter) That’s what I was told, that we were underground. JJ: And what did that mean? CAC: That meant that there was somebody that was being sought after, and we all left. (laughter) 10 �F1: On a trip to a farm? CAC: Yeah, we all went on a trip. And it was just a trip, though. I mean it wasn’t anything -- there wasn’t anything [00:14:00] bad. You know, as a child, you don’t necessarily remember everything, so nothing stood out. JJ: Do you remember that you stayed more than one day? CAC: I don’t remember. JJ: Or like a year? (laughter) F1: It was a long vacation. CAC: Maybe that’s why I don’t remember. JJ: That’s good that you don’t remember. CAC: Whatever it was, it was just something that was normal and we were surrounded by people that took care of us. JJ: Oh, so there were other people there? CAC: I’m assuming that there were other people there. JJ: Okay, you don’t remember anything else. CAC: No. (laughs) JJ: We hope you don’t recall any (inaudible). CAC: I don’t recall anything. JJ: Okay, but you did go to that trip? CAC: Yeah. JJ: You did take that trip. Okay. So we come back from the trip, and we’re back in Chicago, and do you remember anything then? ’Cause there was another house in there. 11 �CAC: We went on two trips? (laughs) JJ: [00:15:00] No, now we’re on Wilton and Grace. CAC: Now we’re Wilton and Grace, okay. JJ: What do you remember from Wilton and Grace? CAC: God, what do I remember? I remember playing out on the streets all the time, and all these adults were always around us. Nobody bothered us, but the adults were always there. We were safe. It was so normal. Nothing ever stood out that -- you know, like, “Hmm.” Nothing stood out like that. JJ: But there were a lot of adults that you knew? CAC: There were always adults that knew us, and they were like our aunts and uncles. We just grew up with them. JJ: I mean a lot of adults or -- CAC: Yeah. JJ: Okay. And then the Young Lords had an office on the corner? CAC: They did. They had the office next to Wilton Cleaners. JJ: Okay. Was your mother there at all at the office? Did she work there? CAC: I’m assuming because I don’t know why else we would have moved just [00:16:00] around the corner from there. JJ: Other people, like myself, I lived on this corner. [Yolanda?] -- CAC: Yeah, I mean everybody was there. JJ: So everybody was living there. CAC: Yeah. I don’t know where everybody lived, but everybody was there. Everybody was there. 12 �JJ: Okay. So here you’re walking down the street and there’s a bunch of people that you know and it’s like your family. CAC: Yeah. On the corner and on the -JJ: Your whole family’s living there. CAC: All the families are living there, and right on the wall, on the corner of Wilton and Grace, apparently there was a gang at the time, the Eagles. They didn’t bother us, us kids played there, but it was -- it wasn’t graffiti at the time. JJ: No, they cleaned the graffiti. Yeah, they cleaned the graffiti, that was the agreement. But it used to be a vicious neighborhood, but it was cleaned up by the Young Lords and the Eagles. CAC: When we were there, [00:17:00] I never -- I don’t have any memories of anything being vicious there. JJ: Anything vicious. By that time, it was okay. And the kids were playing in the street again. CAC: Kids were playing like nothing. There’s pictures -JJ: You didn’t know it was a drug corner before? CAC: No. (laughter) No. Thanks, mom. No, I would’ve had no idea. JJ: Thanks to your mom. Thanks to your mom and her friends that they cleaned it up. CAC: Wouldn’t have any idea. JJ: They cleaned it up. So you don’t remember the campaign, [alderman?] campaign, at all? Or hearing about it or anything? CAC: I remember hearing about it, but I don’t remember what any of it entailed. 13 �JJ: What did you hear? CAC: Uptown. That’s when things started happening in Uptown. That’s what I do remember. There was a legal aid office on the second floor of one of the buildings on Broadway in Uptown, and I remember going there with my mom a lot, but I don’t know what it was for. F1: [00:18:00] I want to know what some of your other memories are from that time. I mean if you were to list some of your fondest childhood memories from that area -- you mentioned the parties, but what else stands out in your mind? CAC: What else stands out? F1: It doesn’t have to be politically significant stuff, just what stands out in your mind as being especially wonderful? CAC: My mom always made something special. You know, nowadays, the kids have all these processed treats and things. We didn’t have money, we were on food stamps at the time. And my mom, I remember her making -- she called it elephant ears with flour tortillas. She would fry them and put brown sugar and sugar. It was the little things that -- we just thought it was the biggest thing in the world. And it wasn’t even a big deal that we were on stamps, but I remember my mom being happy when we weren’t [00:19:00] on stamps anymore because she achieved something. She did it. JJ: So you say on stamps, food stamps? CAC: We were on food stamps for whatever period of time. As long as we remember having the block of cheese and the peanut butter. (laughs) F1: Right. The giant block of cheese, the giant peanut butter. (laughter) 14 �CAC: And the peanut butter that just wasn’t sweet. F1: Right. (laughs) CAC: But, you know, and she was proud. It wasn’t anything to her. But it was just so normal. I’m trying to remember what else. It was just a normal childhood. Being surrounded by so much, I don’t know how we grew up with it being -- everybody else says it was a lot, but it was nothing for us. It was nothing. We just went along, and we saw everybody, and yeah. JJ: When do you start remembering at Rico’s? [00:20:00] When you moved this way? Because you lived up north, too. CAC: We lived up north. When we were up north -JJ: With [Julio?]. CAC: Yeah. My mom was still involved with everything. She wasn’t involved as much, that’s when she was going to -- she was working, going to school, taking care of the family. But, yeah, every so often, I knew that you guys got together. I don’t even want to say she was quiet ’cause she wasn’t hiding anything, but it just wasn’t anything that was so profound like -- you know, it was normal. JJ: So you knew she was a main person in the group? CAC: I knew she was in the group, but I didn’t know she was a main person in the group ’cause she was mom. I didn’t know you were a main person, (laughs) or the main person in the group. You were Cha Cha. JJ: Right. Okay. CAC: So to grow up in the [00:21:00] middle of so much, you guys did a good job of not making a big deal out of it. 15 �JJ: Okay. So you don’t remember any people going to jail or anything like that? CAC: No because mom didn’t put that stuff there. JJ: She didn’t put that to you. Okay. Not a lot of people went, but (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, she didn’t make a big deal out of anything. Even when our dad died, I mean she didn’t talk about what he had done. I actually learned a lot about what he had done through you. F1: Which was what? CAC: That he was -- my dad was -- I’m trying to remember the word that you used. My dad was kind of brave, he was stand-up, a stand-up guy. And I’m going to use the word soldier, but you may not have used soldier. JJ: Security. CAC: Security because he stood up. He stood up to whatever it was. And he wasn’t a big guy, he was a little guy, but he just -- I remember stories [00:22:00] from you about that. JJ: Yeah, he was like security. And he was also from the youth. We knew each other from when we were just hanging out. You know, we had social clubs at the time. Fact, that’s why they were called clubs. So up north -- ’cause you remember the socials, you said, right? Friday night. And by that time, Julio was -- CAC: Yeah, my stepdad was already -JJ: He had a number, what was he 56 or something? He had a t-shirt, in the back with a number. CAC: I don’t remember what the number was. 16 �JJ: Okay, but it was a number. Fifty-one or something. Something like that. So they moved up north. CAC: Yeah, we moved to Rogers Park. And I think, at that point in time, my mom probably took a step back just because we were all in school, you know, grammar school and kind of growing up. And mom probably took a more [00:23:00] silent -- and I don’t know if it was because of her husband at the time, but she was kind of, you know, a little bit more quiet about it, but she still did whatever she was doing, but she didn’t talk about what she was doing. JJ: Right. Well, there was a distance, too. I think at that time I was in Michigan, so the group wasn’t functioning completely at that time. CAC: But whenever you heard the Young Lords, there was a sparkle in -- and she was proud of it. She was proud of all of that. I remember running into one of the gentleman who was part of the Young Lords, and he told me -JJ: Hold on one sec. (break in audio) CAC: -- how much my mom was involved with everybody. And I think it was at the play, the first play that we saw, one of the gentleman there said, “Do you know when you were a little kid, I lived with you for a while?” I said, “What?” (laughs) He said, “Yeah, your mom took me in. Your mom took care of me.” [00:24:00] But for whatever reason, it was just, you know, everything seemed -- nobody was an outsider. JJ: So this person told you that he lived there? CAC: Yeah. 17 �JJ: Okay. And that makes sense because (inaudible) would let -- you guys would be in the back of the house, and the front of the house we kind of hung out. CAC: So we didn’t see -- he said, “I remember your mom always cooking.” JJ: But only a few people hung out there, that he trusted. CAC: The one who said it to me was Rory. JJ: Oh, yeah. So Rory stayed at your house. CAC: I just thought, “Wow, how cool.” And then I remember asking my mom, “Mom, did Rory come with us?” And she was like, “Yeah.” She just never -- she didn’t talk about -JJ: We used to hang out in the front of the house because Angie knew the (inaudible) -- [00:25:00] this is your interview and I’m explaining. CAC: That’s okay. JJ: But just so that you’re aware. But Angie was kind of the leader of the women in the group, and so we had socials. CAC: Oh. Then that goes to the story of the block party because I had heard about that. I didn’t know it at the time, but -JJ: What did you hear? CAC: Apparently there was gonna be a block party, and the police had come and said that they could not congregate and have a block party. I was told that my mom had all the moms come out with their strollers and stood in the middle of the street. The little rebel that she was. (laughter) JJ: Right. The police had told ’em-- “Guys, you cannot get -- you better not or we’ll arrest you.” 18 �CAC: So the moms went out in the middle of the street with the kids. (laughter) JJ: Yeah, that was great. And, in fact, they won an Emmy (inaudible), that’s true. The famous Studs Turkel won an Emmy for describing that (inaudible). CAC: Really? JJ: Yeah. He taped the event. CAC: Wow, [00:26:00] I didn’t know that. JJ: Yeah, somewhere there’s an Emmy (inaudible). CAC: Oh, I would love to see that. I had no idea. JJ: Yeah because he was interviewing people right there. He might have interviewed Angie. F1: I think it’s in the Chicago Historical Society, actually. CAC: Really? F1: So if you were to go and look for it, you should be able to find it. CAC: Uh-oh. They’re watching the Bears game over there. (laughter) Another thing I remember was mom had a paper weight. And it was a clear -- ever since we were children. And it was a little paper weight that had like a rainbow of colors, and mom got this paper weight from -- was it a school? The Young Lords had taken over a building, and mom stole (laughter) a paper weight. JJ: From McCormick Center, you mean? CAC: I don’t know. I don’t remember where it was at, but mom -- and the history around that was that, you know, you guys had taken over this place [00:27:00] and weren’t leaving. You weren’t leaving the premises, and from there, mom 19 �took someone’s paper weight from their desk, (laughed) and it stayed in our house. JJ: It was a souvenir. F1: Do you still have it? CAC: I think one of my brothers have it. F1: Yeah? That’s good. So it stayed in the family. (laughs) CAC: It did, but every time we saw something like that, it was just like -- you know, at the time, you -- “What is this?” But as you grow older and you think, “Wow. Mom still has this thing.” (laughter) JJ: So she never explained anything about the Young Lords or you learned it from other people? CAC: We learned from other people. She just didn’t -- and I don’t know why she didn’t. I honestly think that because of everything that everyone else had gone through when they had this fight, and we had lost our dad very young, that she felt that she didn’t want for her children to have anything held against them or to -- she was afraid of losing somebody else. So I think she [00:28:00] kept us enough away from it so that we weren’t directly in it, but yet, it surrounded us. We weren’t active in it, I should say. F1: Where do you fall in the birth order with your brothers? CAC: I’m in the middle. F1: Okay. CAC: Smack dab in the middle. (laughter) 20 �JJ: So now what else do you remember about up north? ’Cause there were parties at your house. CAC: Yeah, there were always parties. There were always -JJ: What else do you remember up there? What do you remember about Julio? CAC: Can we not talk about him? JJ: Yeah, sure. Juan or no? CAC: Oh, yes. Yes. JJ: Okay. CAC: I’m sorry. F1: Not at all. Use the right refuse anything you want. JJ: This is your interview. CAC: Okay. Oh, you make me cry. Okay. [00:29:00] Yeah, Juan, I loved Juan. I loved Juan. My mom was married three times, and three times she was a widow. F1: That’s a lot to go through. CAC: Yeah. Yeah. And her third husband, Juan Navedo, was wonderful. I couldn’t have asked for a better father, step-father -- I didn’t know my father, so -- but Juan was just absolutely incredible. He loved the Young Lords. (laughter) JJ: So you had Rico’s, right? That was -- Juan was -- CAC: Rico’s was a bar -- my mom and Juan, they owned a bar on North Avenue. JJ: Can you describe what that is and how they started it? CAC: I don’t even know where they got that idea from. They wanted a place for -- oh, I know how it got started because everybody used to hang out on Rosemont at the 21 �house. All the couples were there, we were surrounded by Albert and Nelly, and we were just surrounded by all these different people all of the time. And [00:30:00] they had talked about doing something a little bit bigger, a little bit grander scale. And they purchased a building that had a storefront and they created a bar out of it. And every weekend, their friends were at the bar. So the parties we had in the kitchen then came over into the bar. F1: And where was Rico’s? CAC: It was on North Avenue. North Avenue and [Talman?], I think it was. JJ: So you have Angie who was really running the office at Wilton and Grace, and we have the Friday night socials, and then we had the kitchen parties at your house, and then now you gotta club called Rico’s. CAC: Now we got a club called Rico’s. JJ: And is it the same people, basically, or -- CAC: It was always the same people. Rico’s always felt like family. And even though new people would come in, they would always keep coming back ’cause it was just like family. You knew everybody. Everybody was just good, everybody was safe, and it wasn’t -- there were no problems. It was good. JJ: And then she had the Sunday -- CAC: [00:31:00] Her Sunday pasta. Mom worked full-time with property management, did the bar, and then every Sunday was still her pasta. JJ: Okay. And so these same people keep going? CAC: The same people. JJ: They keep coming. They’re still around. 22 �CAC: Yeah. JJ: So they haven’t left? CAC: No. JJ: Basically. And you didn’t know they were Young Lords? CAC: No. JJ: (laughs) Okay. CAC: They were just our family. Didn’t know -JJ: She kinda kept ’em together a little bit, Angie did? CAC: Yeah, she did. Not until I think when my mom -- after my mom was diagnosed with cancer -- did I realize the full impact of who she was with everybody because that’s when people started talking about -- because everybody didn’t talk about it. But people started talking more and more about the Young Lords, and about what mom did, and about who this was after she was sick. And that’s when it was a full impact of, “This was my life?” (laughs) F1: All kinds of stuff, yeah. JJ: [00:32:00] Where did you go to school? CAC: Grammar school? F1: All the way through. CAC: I remember going to Le Moyne School by Wilton and Grace, and then when we moved to Rogers Park, I went to Stone Academy. JJ: What do you remember of Le Moyne? CAC: Le Moyne? I remember the charter song. I was in kindergarten, but I remember the charter song. And there were all of our friends, and it was a mix of people. It 23 �was every nationality. And when we moved to Rogers Park, we were the minority in the school. We were the minority in the neighborhood. And it was really hard when we first moved in because, you know, I wasn’t blonde and didn’t have the green eyes, and I didn’t have the straight hair, and I was different. But then little by little through the years, it changed, and a lot of other people started moving in the neighborhood. [00:33:00] I felt like we were surrounded by a mix of people, again, which was good. And then I went to St. Gregory High School, and that was it. JJ: What was St. Gregory’s? CAC: St. Gregory’s was, of course, a Catholic high school, but it was a mix of boys and girls. It was a very small school. We probably had maybe 400 kids in the whole school, so we were never in a school that had, you know, 1,000 kids. We were always kinda kept in smaller groups of people. I was a junior class president. That had to be my mom. I don’t know. (laughter) I haven’t figure that out yet. I don’t know how I did that one. (laughs) And that was it. Moved out, got married. JJ: So junior class president. How did that come about (inaudible)? CAC: I don’t know how that came about. I don’t know what it was. I like [00:34:00] being in the middle of everything, but I don’t like being in the front of it. Even to this day, I don’t mind doing whatever it is, but I don’t wanna be in the front. When I do training or I talk to my employees, I’ll do that, but I don’t want to be the first person in the receiving line for anything. F1: Do you know why? 24 �CAC: I think because my mom was in the forefront. I’m not my mom, and I don’t think I’m as strong as my mom was. She stood up for something more than herself, and while I’ll stand up for something, I don’t know -- not to the same measures that my mom would have done. JJ: You growing up, what about your brothers and that? How are they growing up? Are they doing okay or having problems? CAC: No, no. Everybody’s good. You know, as teenagers -JJ: I mean growing up, [00:35:00] as teenagers. CAC: As teenagers, everybody goes through their own growing pains. And my mom was not going to lose her children to the streets. She refused. She fought it. I had one brother who declared one day that he was in a gang, and mom showed him otherwise, and he wasn’t in a gang anymore. (laughs) JJ: What do you mean she showed him otherwise? F1: How did she do that? CAC: You know, I just think she stayed on him. She was involved. She went to the schools, she did everything she could do. If you were at this corner and there was a problem, mom was there. I remember as a young adult, one of my brothers was walking home in Rogers Park. And the neighborhood had just started changing, and there were some gangs that were coming in. And they jumped him, and he went inside, and my mom was there with Juan, and Myrna, Hector, Albert, Nelly, and all of the adults went outside [00:36:00] to where these guys were at, and my mom threatened them. She didn’t play when it came to her kids. So I think that helped keep her children -- you know, “You don’t need that. 25 �You’ve got family, you’ve got love, you’ve got everything you need, you don’t need anything.” So, thankfully -- knock on wood, there’s no wood right here -but everybody was okay. JJ: So she was able to stay on top of ’em and that’s what -- CAC: Yeah, she was always on top of it. Always. And it made me think about that with my son. My son is 21 now, and I thought, “It’s one child. I’m not gonna lose him.” JJ: What’s your son’s name? CAC: Alberto. And when he was born, I thought, “Okay, my son has two strikes against him.” JJ: And what’s your husband’s name? I didn’t get your husband’s name. CAC: My husband’s David. I’m sorry. I thought my son had two strikes against him. One, he was a boy; and two, he was Hispanic. And it’s not a good way to think about your [00:37:00] child, but that was my thought. And I was gonna do whatever I could for him not to be a statistic in anything. And I think he’s good. He goes to school part-time --college, and he works part-time, and he’s a very -he’s very honest. Tells me things that you don’t think a son should tell a mother. (laughs) F1: That’s good. CAC: Yeah, he’s very honest. He’ll still ask permission for things. If he’s not gonna come home, he still calls. JJ: You mentioned my sister, Myrna. So were there other relatives that you stayed close to or -- I mean friends or -- I mean was there like a core group of people? 26 �CAC: There was. The core group of people that I remember more -- this was in my teenage to my later -- was Cha Cha’s sister, Myrna, her husband, Hector, and their friends, Albert and Nelly -- [00:38:00] Lucas -- who was [Yoeli’s?] family. And Yoeli is Cha Cha’s ex-wife. And we grew up with them in a part of everything that we did. Now that my mom passed away, I’ve grown a little bit away from that. Not as close with it. I think I realized that my mom was a lot of the center of the glue that held things together and people stayed together. And after she passed, there were a lot of things that started out coming from people that I just didn’t want to be part of. But while she was alive, it just -- she was really the center of all of it. JJ: So now you have like a different grouping of friends? CAC: I do. JJ: (inaudible). CAC: I do. I have my own group of friends that helped me actually through my mom’s passing. When my mom was diagnosed with brain cancer, she was married [00:39:00] to Juan, and Juan hit a very depressive state. They told us that my mom had six months to live, and several months into her treatments and after her surgery, he committed suicide. And it was very devastating. He was the person for her. And suddenly, I was -- even though I was a grown up, I was thrown into an adult position where I had to become a person for her. F1: Sure. How old were you at that time? CAC: I was 35, maybe. Right before she was diagnosed, I was recently engaged and I was planning a wedding. And then this happened. It was like a week later when 27 �she was diagnosed with this. She was always my confidant. I shared everything. Even though I was grown, living in my own [00:40:00] place, raising my son, I would still go and spend weekends by her. And I lived in the same city, but I wanted my mom, so I would always be with her. So suddenly when I didn’t have that confidant because I didn’t want to share my emotions with her, I had a close group of friends that supported me kind of the way my mom supported me. And to this day, my friends are just -- they’re wonderful. They’ll do my cancer walks with me in my mom’s name. JJ: You organize the cancer walks, right? CAC: Yeah. JJ: I haven’t been to any of them. I’m sorry. But how are they like? CAC: We’re surrounded by people who either knew my mom, or didn’t know her, but were moved by her through me. JJ: [00:41:00] And (inaudible) your mission, I guess. CAC: But were moved by her through me. When she was sick, I started sending out weekly updates to people ’cause it was my way of sharing what was going on -“Don’t call the house, don’t talk to mom, let me just tell you what it is, and let me get it out.” And it started from there. And my mom and I had gone on a cancer walk before she was sick, and she loved it so much. We did it for my boss at the time, his four-year-old daughter was diagnosed with cancer, and we did the cancer walk for her. So when the next year came around, and mom had been diagnosed, I changed it and we created a group called Angie’s Fighters. So it was all of her people that supported her. And mom didn’t want to be the center 28 �of attention. She argued it, she did not want it. But when she was there, it was good. We all had shirts that had her picture on there, and just -- we supported her. And then it kinda grew from there. People who I met through the years learned about what I did or I told them what I was doing, [00:42:00] and they would tell me, “I’m so sorry I never met your mom, but I’m gonna do this. I want to be a part of this with you.” And they’re still around which is great. JJ: So that’s still done every year? CAC: Yeah. JJ: I just missed it again, right? When is it? CAC: Yeah, we just did another one. JJ: When is it done? CAC: It’s normally in May. For several years, we did it through the American Cancer Society, and this last year we did it through the Brain Tumor Association because her cancer was specific to brain tumor. JJ: Is it like first week of May? CAC: They change it. This past year they changed it to like two weeks early. JJ: But they usually do it in May? CAC: Normally do it the middle of May, yeah. And we all wear our shirts, and rah, rah, and it’s great. JJ: So tell me a little bit more about Rico’s. CAC: [00:43:00] Rico’s? JJ: Yeah. Did you go to the club? 29 �CAC: Oh, I was always there. That was my club. (laughter) But I loved it because at the time I could go out and have a good time, but I was in a safe place. Everybody knew me, I was Angie and Juan’s daughter, and I could have a drink and go upstairs and go to sleep. JJ: Who were some of the people that used to go frequently that you recall? CAC: Oh, wow. All of the normal people. I mean all the people I grew up with. But then I remember one of the best parties we ever had there was with some of your family -- [Calisto?]? JJ: Oh, yeah, Calisto. CAC: Yes. And all of your family was there, and we had a party with them. It was called [Pisces?] Party, (laughter) and it was a disco theme. And one of your family members had this big afro, they wore one of the wigs. (laughter) Just this big afro. JJ: Okay, so they would joke around a lot? They were friendly. CAC: Yeah. There was always a theme, there was always something going on, but it was a safe place. [00:44:00] You were part of something when you were there. You know, when you watch Cheers, when Norm walks in, everybody yells, “Norm!” It was kind of like that. (laughter) Everybody knew who you were and nobody bothered you. So I would even bring my girlfriends there because as women, young women, who are single, you don’t necessarily want to go out to a club that you don’t know, but at Rico’s, you were safe. You could dance with all the uncles, you can have a good time, and you knew that you were okay. You didn’t have to think or worry about anything, and that’s what Rico’s was. 30 �JJ: And you say uncles meaning Angie’s close friends? CAC: All the extended -- yeah. Remember, my mom had no brothers. JJ: The extended Young Lords? (laughs) CAC: Yeah, my mom had no brothers or sisters, so all these aunts and uncles were people just that I grew up with. It wasn’t the blood, it was who they were in my life, and it’s still like that. JJ: I mean they weren’t all Young Lords. I mean (inaudible). CAC: No, they were just all her -JJ: But they were either Young Lords, or friends, or -- CAC: All her friends. JJ: All her friends, [00:45:00] Angie’s friends. CAC: Yeah. We didn’t grow up with a lot of blood family because the Sicilian family had shunned my mom other than her parents. So our family, our growing up was filled with aunts, and uncles, and cousins that were friends at one point in time and just became part of our normal day to day. JJ: But Angie did go to the Sicilian festivals, didn’t she? CAC: Oh, yeah. We did that. It’s mixed emotions. We have this annual festival we go to, and we pray to the Virgin Mary. When we were going on as children, we were the only minorities, so us kids stuck out, you know? You had all the salt and you had like five peppers (laughter) ’cause there were five of us, and we stuck out. We stuck out. And we were different, and we didn’t know why we were different, we didn’t know what was wrong. But my mom never -- [00:46:00] she never told us that her family -- she had family members (audio cuts out; inaudible). They 31 �didn’t acknowledge her, we didn’t know that. Now I see that and it bothers me, you know, that they treated my mother like this. But she never allowed it to affect what she was doing. She made some choices and she stuck by her choices. We didn’t miss anything by not having them involved in our lives ’cause we were raised with so much more, and it was real. You know, when you have a family member, you love your family member because they’re your family member. But when you grow up with friends that become family, it’s because this relationship has grown and just -- it’s beyond the blood. And that’s really what happened to all of our relationships. F1: Well, I have a question. So do you share these memories, this context, [00:47:00] with your son? What do you tell him about your mom, and her work, and the Young Lords? CAC: I do. I always tell him that he was no idea what amazing -- what an amazing grandmother he had. I can’t share a lot of stories about my dad because I don’t remember my dad. He died when I was two, so I only can do a lot of the hearsay, but I share -- I tell him the things that she fought for, the things that he doesn’t realize, he doesn’t know. All people, as they’re coming into their own, start having their own feelings and try to stay away from things that mom likes or mom wants ’cause I did that. You know, mom was involved with this, I’m doing this. And that’s what my son does now. He has not yet grown into the appreciation of what his grandmother has done other than it was normal for him because that was his grandma. Grandma loved him beyond anything, and he can’t imagine she was anything to anybody else because that was his grandma. 32 �JJ: [00:48:00] I know (inaudible) something else, but she did certain things, you said, that you tell your son? CAC: For me, I always felt -- and this was only in my head, though -- I felt that the Young Lords were political, in my mind, because I didn’t know what all of it stood for. All I knew was mom was involved with this, but mom didn’t include us. JJ: So political meaning what? What do you mean? CAC: As a kid, I just thought political. And I lumped everything in political. I lumped Republican, Young Lord, Democrat, I lumped it all together just because mom was fighting for something. JJ: And we did have a alderman campaign. We did things. CAC: So maybe that’s what -- but I just always thought political. JJ: Wilton and Grace was the alderman campaign. CAC: Okay, so that’s probably how -- I never thought of that’s how I related them, but I just always related that being political, [00:49:00] so I stayed away from anything political. I didn’t voice my opinions, I didn’t, you know -JJ: Said, “I’m not voting now.” (laughs) CAC: Well, I voted, but I always kept it to myself. And now my son pushes me. He pushes my boundaries because now I’ll stand up. I’ve got Obama on my refrigerator, (laughter) and I have a sticker called, “Not a Republican,” on my refrigerator, (laughter) and me and my son fight, but we do it quietly ’cause he’ll put a magnet over my “Not a,” and it says, “Republican,” and I always have to move it. So we’re fighting. “Not a” -F1: Just antagonizing. (laughs) 33 �CAC: Yes, he does it on purpose to me, but I’m not political. And I always try to remind him of politics is something very personal, and that’s not something you really ask about or you bring up to somebody else because my son is ready to battle when it comes to his feeling of politics. But it’s opposite of me, so we don’t go there. He doesn’t understand it just yet. F1: [00:50:00] It sounds like his politics might also be different than his grandmother’s. (laughs) CAC: Yeah, very, very. ’Cause I even tell him, “If your grandma were here today, you just” -- You know, Nona -- “If Nona were here today, you just don’t know.” But he has to grow into his own. My mom never pushed it on us, so just like that, I’m allowing him -- I’ll answer the questions, or if he says -- I remember one time he said, “Mom, I want to go and do” -- he wanted to go do the walk for Mexicans. I forget what the rallies were here in Chicago several years ago. And I allowed him to miss school to go attend the rally. And I think it was for the Mexicans that weren’t citizens and wanted to be able to work, and I allowed him to do it. I want him to understand it. I want him to understand why -- you know, what democracy really is and what freedom really is because when you’re born into it, you don’t know it. [00:51:00] It just becomes so normal, you know, and that’s what happened with me. It became so normal that I didn’t realize everything else that was going on around me. JJ: And, in fact, your husband is of Mexican descent? CAC: My husband is Puerto Rican -- well, this is my second marriage. My first husband was Mexican, my second husband is Guatemalan and Puerto Rican. 34 �JJ: Oh, Guatemalan. Okay. CAC: Yeah. JJ: So these demonstrations had to do with not all Guatemalans, but some Guatemalans and some Mexicans. CAC: Yeah, but he wanted to do it, so I support it. As long as he truly believes in something, and he can tell me why, I’ll support it because that’s the only way he’s gonna realize for himself who he is or what he wants. He needs to find it for himself. [00:52:00] Like I said, I don’t talk politics even in my house just because I want my son to have his own vision. And he has a vision, and I have to steer him a little bit, (laughter) but I’m trying to do it quietly. F1: Start with the magnets. CAC: Yes. (laughter) He doesn’t realize all of it. JJ: Like you said, you still had people to get together, your peer groups. How do you develop in terms of your peer groups? CAC: How do I? JJ: Yeah. Maybe that’s -- CAC: The funny part -- I’ve never been a leader. JJ: I mean [relax?]. CAC: Well, I’ve never been a leader. You know, I always wanted to be in the background. And I took a lead role with my group of friends, I have about 20 female friends, and I took the lead with these women, and we get together on a monthly basis. JJ: Who are some of these people? Just the first names. 35 �CAC: Goodness. [00:53:00] I have [Sonia?], Jenny, Gigi -- it’s a mix of people. Somebody from New York, somebody -- you know, I have one girlfriend who is of Irish descent, but you meet her and you think -- she’s like my mom. You would think she’s Latin (laughter) completely. And she speaks it, and she’s married to it, you know what I mean? So it’s just a mix of people. And it’s probably the only place I take the lead and I feel comfortable. I’ll organize it, I’ll plan things for just us as women to go out and have one night a month where we can talk. Go out for dinner, have a few drinks, and talk about anything we want to talk about, do whatever we want to do, and that’s our let down our hair day. But then we also plan things for families. So I kinda feel like my mom right now. (laughter) We do, we plan things for families. I include the kids. F1: That’s great. CAC: Yeah. JJ: So that’s your group right now? CAC: That’s [00:54:00] my group. JJ: What other things do you remember about Rico’s? CAC: About Rico’s? JJ: Yeah, that was kind of important. That was a phase during that time. CAC: There was a phase, but do you know what? I wasn’t living there. So when I would go over there, I would see -- I remember my mom having a box of photos of all these Young Lords. All these different things, all these photos of different -JJ: What happened to that box? CAC: My brother, Joe, has it in Florida. 36 �JJ: Okay, ’cause we might (inaudible) -- CAC: I can ask him. We gave it to Joe because Joe was the oldest and Joe remembered more than we did. JJ: No, no, we just want to see if we can make the copies. F1: If Joe would be willing to scan copies. CAC: Okay, let me ask him. F1: Yeah, definitely ask him. CAC: He’s the one that we decided to give the whole box to just because he remembered more of the names, he remembered -JJ: Yeah, we just want a copy. CAC: I don’t know [00:55:00] if he still has it, but I remember he had a Young Lords’ beret. He remembered all that ’cause he remembered my dad. We don’t remember my dad at all. But I will ask him. JJ: Do you remember anything? I mean what does he tell you about him? CAC: He doesn’t talk -- Joe is the quiet one. I think Joe felt the impact most with my dad dying young. He was the oldest, and suddenly his dad, his friend, wasn’t there anymore. So I think he just felt that impact. And he’s probably the one who least -- you don’t see him around, he moved to Florida, but he didn’t -- as we were growing up involved in all the parties and stuff and such, he didn’t participate in any of that ’cause I think he might have related to my dad passing away not necessarily knowing everything around why he passed away -- he relates that to -JJ: [00:56:00] He never mentioned -- I know it’s kind of difficult to talk about. 37 �CAC: No, that’s okay. JJ: He never mentioned what happened? CAC: I didn’t know until I was older what happened. JJ: So what did you know? CAC: That my father was walking along the street with my uncle and my aunt -- or my uncle’s girlfriend, I don’t know what she was at the time -- and they were passing by a pool hall -- and this is was my uncle who relayed this information to us who was there. And the gentlemen came out of the pool hall and were taunting my dad and my uncle. My dad was dark-skinned Puerto Rican, and they were taunting racial slurs to them. And the men weren’t saying anything, but my aunt turned around and made a response to them, and then a fight broke out. They came out. And, apparently, the police arrived in a paddy wagon, and threw my uncle in the paddy wagon. [00:57:00] My uncle was older than my dad, my dad was the baby. And they allowed a gentleman or a few gentleman to beat my father. The police allowed this while my uncle was in the paddy wagon. And my uncle, before he passed away, what he said was, “You have no idea what it felt like.” He said, “I felt like I was an animal locked in a cage, and here they are beating my brother, and there’s nothing that I could do.” And then when it was over, my father, he died as a result of the injuries. They threw my father, his body, in there with my uncle. He was still alive at the time, but they threw him in there with my uncle. And it affected my uncle because my uncle never recovered from that. He never grew up. He was always in the park, he was always at 38 �Humboldt Park. I don’t know if he did drugs, I think he drank, but I don’t know if he did drugs. JJ: I think he drank. CAC: He never grew up. JJ: [00:58:00] So he hung around Humboldt Park, you mean? CAC: Yeah, he was just -JJ: Was he homeless? CAC: I think kinda homeless and then bounced around. But he said that his father never forgave him for my father’s death, so he carried that with him until he died. He never passed it, kind of like it froze in that time. JJ: To add to that so that you know -- and we were going to court because we were trying to get the people arrested and put in court, and Angie was leading a lot that. And the courtrooms were full. The Young Lords were filling up the court rooms and that. But nothing happened. No one was arrested that -- CAC: Nobody was convicted. JJ: So you heard some of that, too? CAC: I did hear that. I remember reading an article -- [00:59:00] and I think this was probably when I first started asking questions. There was an article that was published, and it mentioned my dad -- his beating, his death -- and I remember so clearly and they said my mom was away at a women’s conference in Canada at the time. She had four children, not a high school graduate, she was at a conference, and she received a phone call that she needed to come home. And the article said that she arrived home, she was at the airport, and Hilda was 39 �there, and Hilda had to tell my mom what happened to my dad, that my dad didn’t make it. And he ended up passing away the day before my brother’s third birthday. JJ: I know it was right after that you went to that school. CAC: Yeah, see? JJ: (inaudible) school, but she decided to go, (inaudible). CAC: My dog’s knocking on the door. Do you hear her? (laughter) [01:00:00] But, yeah, so that I do -- after we saw the play, I remember Hilda telling me -because Hilda was there at the play -- and Hilda said, “You know, I was the person who was there.” But mom never talked about it. JJ: So how did you feel about the play? CAC: Wow. You know, what I remember from the play was the young man who played my father, when they did the scene where they pretended to beat him and he fell to the floor, all I wanted to do was go up and hold this man. You know what I mean? When you hear the stories, there’s no real picture to it. There’s nothing. You hear the stories, and it’s like, “Okay.” But there’s no photo, there’s nothing. And for the first time, there was a photo to what had happened and the things that were going around surrounding that. It was very emotional. JJ: I saw (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, it was very -- [01:01:00] I was taken aback. I didn’t know what to expect. I mean I knew they were going to do the play, but I didn’t know -- I didn’t know what I was gonna feel. And it was just, you know, “Wow, this really happened. This was my dad. This was my mom. This was Ch -Cha. This was” -- I could 40 �name the people, who they were talking about. That’s when it all kinda comes full circle, and wow. That’s when you realize, “Okay, there’s a lot more going on over here than I remember.” JJ: And, in fact, what Angie did, your mom did, and your father, and all that, spread to a lot of other cities. Matter of fact, right now they play at (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, I wanna go. JJ: (inaudible). CAC: I wanna see the play. JJ: It’s gonna be there till November. I guess they’re trying to get some other things in there. It’s gonna be there till November. CAC: [01:02:00] People asking about what your parents do or what your parents have done, and I just find it amazing that my mom was a staple for something somewhere, but, yet, she was mom. We had dinner on the table every day, you know? She never missed a beat. JJ: You know, I do have her on the website, and I did that intentionally because I didn’t want -- that’s sort of our commitment that we’re not gonna let her -- just forgotten her work. Hopefully, that doesn’t -- CAC: No. JJ: That’s okay with you. CAC: Oh, yeah. I love that people look at my mom, and I love that people are remembering or talking about what she did. None of that phases me at all. I’m proud of my mom. I ended up growing into not just a daughter, but just some -you know, I had a hero [01:03:00] in my house that did these amazing things, but 41 �it wasn’t the glory, she didn’t talk about it, she didn’t want to be patted on the back, she just -- she just did it. And I would ask her questions, later on after the play, and just got to know more about her and how she did it. I mean when you think about it, here she was, nineteen, four kids, a widow -JJ: On food stamps. CAC: On food stamps, living in what wasn’t necessarily her, you know what I mean? She chose this is the life she wanted to live. She could’ve lived something different. You know, typical in those days, they wanted to marry my mom off, and she would have been married to a Sicilian man. I wouldn’t be here. (laughter) But she chose different. And for her to go through all of that and still [01:04:00] come out -- you know, she ended up getting remarried, she ended up having one more child who’s autistic. She never let any of that slow her down. And he’s different. He doesn’t know he’s different, we don’t talk about it, we just do whatever we need to do. That’s what mom taught us. You just do whatever you need to do, and that’s what makes it okay. JJ: What about her work? Was it Palmer Square? CAC: Palmer Square where she did the -JJ: How did that happen? How did that come about? CAC: Originally, I don’t know how she got into property management. She was managing in a property in Rogers Park off of Howard and Ashland. The buildings over there were populated with a majority of African American or -- yeah, I think I said that right. F1: You did. 42 �CAC: Okay. Populated [01:05:00] mostly with that. And all of a sudden, they gave her an opportunity to manage this complex that was Hispanic -- majority Hispanic -and that’s what she did. And she brought in -JJ: Was it like Section 8 housing? CAC: Yeah, a lot of Section 8. They had several apartments that weren’t Section 8, but maybe 90 percent of it was lower-income. JJ: And, in fact, the company is pretty well known for trying to get Section 8 housing, low-income housing. CAC: Yes. JJ: So the company -- CAC: The funny piece is my husband ended up working for the same company that my mom was with, and he was at the first site where she was at -- at Northpoint on Howard. JJ: Oh, he was over there? CAC: Yeah. JJ: Okay, so she’s managing the -- CAC: She managed it, and she brought in -- she kind of created a -- it was a community there. She was part of it with them. She wasn’t the Sicilian, [01:06:00] she was one of them. And she did everything she could to make it better for everybody. She brought it in a lot of programs, and they loved her. I remember when she passed away, they bused in -- they rented a bus to bring in tenants from the building who wanted to come to her wake. And they all said, “Your mom” -- there were so many stories. It doesn’t feel real, but when you 43 �think back to some of these conversations just that day -- “Your mom was just so amazing. She gave me the chance, and now I’m doing this,” or, “Your mom did that.” My mom didn’t talk about it, though. JJ: These are the tenants? CAC: These are tenants, yeah. JJ: That were talking about her? CAC: Yeah. “Because of your mom,” “Because of your mom,” “Your mom this,” “Your mom that.” It came at a really good time ’cause I needed that, [01:07:00] but it was just -- it was wonderful to see how much my mom was loved and respected by people. JJ: And you took it kinda hard at that time, too. How are you doing now? Any better? CAC: I’m good. I mean, you know, she became my life for two years, and we lived in the same building. I remember waking up early every morning to have coffee with her so she wouldn’t wake up by herself. We had dinner together every night. I mean she just became such -- every day with me. And even when she was in the hospital, I would sleep in the hospital. My job was wonderful. I would either go in real early and then go back with her so when it was time to eat I was with her, or I would go in in the evenings to work, and they allowed me to do that to take care of my mom. And suddenly when mom passed, [01:08:00] you know, my whole -- I felt like my -- like I hit a wall ’cause nothing was the same. I didn’t know what to do with myself anymore ’cause she wasn’t there. And then, you know, you’re thrown into a role where now what do I do? Suddenly I’ve got my 44 �brothers looking at me, I’ve got my youngest brother who’s autistic (audio cuts out; inaudible) to him. Yeah, she was everything, and how do I step into those shoes? What do I do now to make it seem seamless for him? He was gonna hurt, but I didn’t want for him to be so hurt that he couldn’t keep going forward because she wanted him to keep going forward. And now you see him and you - you know, he misses her, but everything in his life is still the same. We have pictures of mom in the house, he knows mom is around us, [01:09:00] he works, he just -- he’s a man. JJ: He’s working now? CAC: Yeah. JJ: What kind of work? CAC: He does groceries at the corner. The Jewel food store where we -- you know, we picketed Jewel as children, (laughter) but he was working for Jewel, and he’s -JJ: Didn’t Alex work at Jewel, too? CAC: He does. Not the same one, but a different one. But Rico’s good. He’s going to be with me the rest of my life, and I have to -- I always do what mom would want for him. Doesn’t matter anything else, it’s like, “What would mom want for him?” I’ll remind him, “You know, Rico, you’re an adult, you’re a grown man, what do you want to do? You tell me what you wanna do.” ’Cause mom was very -- mom fought for him. When he was born, he -- they classified him as being borderline [01:10:00] mentally retarded, and mom fought it. Mom said, “We know there’s a problem, that’s not what the problem is.” And she had him tested, and retested, 45 �and she fought long and hard for him. And he finished high school, you know, he did it. He did it. Although I get nervous when he takes off on his bike. JJ: I know he’s on the computer. CAC: Oh, he’s always on the computer. JJ: On the computer, yeah. CAC: He loves his computer. (laughter) He’s got every toy imaginable up in his room. He doesn’t need anything. F1: That’s good. CAC: Yeah. I hope that mom -- that part of what we do is mom’s legacy, you know what I mean? I hope that. We’re not the same, but, hopefully, in some of what we do, people can say, “You know what? You were your mother’s child there.” (laughs) Nothing is more complimentary to me than for someone to tell me, “You are so your mother.” [01:11:00] As a kid, you’re like, “No, I’m not my mother.” But now it’s like, “Wow. Thank you. (laughter) Tell me a story.” JJ: What else do you think we should say about your mom? CAC: My mom. She was a firecracker. I remember stories of her, too. She would go out and she always stood up for somebody who wouldn’t stand up for themselves. She didn’t care who it was. Juan would tell us stories. He would say, “Your mother, (laughter) we went out last night, and some guy was picking on another guy, and your mom spit at him,” and I’m like (laughter) -- he goes, “I know.” He’s like, “Angie, you’re doing this, and this guy’s gonna wanna fight me.” And all she said was, “But did you see how he was treating so and so?” That’s all that mattered to her [01:12:00] was that people were treated fair and proper. 46 �That’s all that mattered to her. And she actually told me that she learned that from her dad. My grandparents were much older, they had her later in life, and my grandfather told her, “You know, everything around you, when you hear these people talking about, ‘They’re not us, they don’t fit in,’” he said, “If you go in a war with somebody, then they deserve everything that you have.” And mom said that’s what she always remembered. That everybody was the same. If they’re gonna battle together, then they deserve all the same rights, and she stood up for that. And that’s probably why when she chose to marry a Hispanic, my grandparents supported her because, “You know what? This is what she wants.” And it’s okay if their families weren’t gonna talk to them anymore, this was their daughter and they were gonna support their daughter. JJ: [01:13:00] Did she ever say why she married -- they were all Hispanics, but AfroHispanics. CAC: They were all dark Latinos. (laughter) She loved that. She did, I swear. (laughter) All of them. All three of them. They were all dark, and had the real little short curly hair. I don’t know if my dad had an accent, but I think (inaudible) had an accent, and Juan had an accent. JJ: No, he didn’t -- CAC: (inaudible) didn’t have one? JJ: Well -- CAC: Juan did. JJ: You mean your dad? CAC: Well, okay, did my dad have an accent? 47 �JJ: No, he -- CAC: He didn’t? JJ: A street accent. No, he grew up here. CAC: But I think both of my stepdads had somewhat of an accent. And you know what’s funny is they never spoke Spanish in the house when we were kids. We didn’t grow up bilingual. JJ: Okay. [01:14:00] Rory, myself, Raul -- CAC: I saw him recently. JJ: Those are people from our group with your dad. So he was like that. CAC: I saw Raul recently. JJ: You saw Raul? CAC: I was at a concert, and I chased him ’cause I saw the side of the him, and I chased him down the -- we were at (inaudible). JJ: Oh, yeah. Actually, I’ve been to (inaudible) with the (inaudible). A couple of times we got tickets to go there. CAC: That’s great. He was there, so it was fun to see him. JJ: And you went by Carlos, too? You saw Carlos or something you told me? CAC: Carlos Flores? JJ: Yeah. CAC: I see him everywhere. JJ: ’Cause he does the jazz -- 48 �CAC: Yes. Yeah, he was at the Humboldt Park jazz -- I have a friend who plays saxophone in a jazz band, Latin jazz. And they were playing that night, and that’s where I saw Carlos. JJ: So are you just into these concerts now? Is that what you’re doing? CAC: Yeah, I mean one of my girlfriends who I hang around with, her husband [01:15:00] is in the band. JJ: Okay, so you just follow the band? CAC: Yeah, he’s gonna play, and we just go, and then I end up seeing -- you know, you don’t think you’re gonna run into anybody, and my husband’s like, “You always see people.” (laughter) JJ: I know you like to party ’cause one time I came here and opened the door downstairs and (laughs) -- CAC: Yeah, we have parties. JJ: It was wild. It was a wild party. (laughs) CAC: We have parties. The group that’s involved with the play in Oregon-JJ: It mean it was very respectful, but it was loud. Everybody was (inaudible). CAC: Oh, yeah. They were here for -- what play were they doing? They were doing a play here in February. JJ: Oh, you mean Universes (inaudible)? CAC: Universes, yes. They were doing a play over here. JJ: That was recently, yeah. CAC: And they came to my house, and we were having a party at my house. And it was our beach party in the middle of February, we call it our winter barbecue. 49 �And, matter of fact, I carried that down from my mom ’cause my mom would celebrate her birthday which was in February, [01:16:00] and they would do a summer party in February. So we do a winter barbecue which is our version, and they came for that night. And they were here with Melissa -- your daughter was here. And we had a big winter barbecue with all my friends. It was wonderful. JJ: My daughter was here? CAC: Your daughter was here. JJ: So that had to be a pretty crazy party. CAC: She was actually really -- she was quiet. (laughter) She was quiet. I think when she walked in, she wasn’t quite sure what she was walking into, and they weren’t quite sure ’cause I said, “All my friends are coming over, we’re having a party, you’re in town, come on over.” And they’re like, “Oh, well, it’ll be late.” I’m like, “No, no, no. We’ll still be up.” “What do I bring?” “Nothing, nothing. We’re good, just come.” And it was like 11 o’clock at night, and my husband started grilling on the stick in the middle of winter hamburgers for them because it was our winter barbecue. And by the time they left, they just said, “Oh, my God. Your party is absolutely wonderful.” (laughter) Yeah, they loved it. I’m on Facebook with all of them, [01:17:00] and to this day, one of them -- (inaudible)? JJ: Ninja? CAC: No, Ninja’s the younger brother. JJ: Right. And then you have -- [Steven?]? CAC: There was another gentleman from New Orleans. [Steven Staff?] is her husband. 50 �JJ: Oh, (inaudible). CAC: He emailed me recently via Facebook and just told me -- you know, “Hope everything was” -JJ: (inaudible) is his name. CAC: Okay. He had hoped everything was going well. He said, “And by the way, I’m still thinking about your party, (laughter) and how wonderful it was.” Another spirit of mom in me is that party. (laughter) JJ: What other thing that you feel is important about your life? CAC: My life. JJ: This is about you talking about your mom. CAC: I wouldn’t change it for anything. Now what I know I probably would have [01:18:00] asked more when I was younger, but when mom didn’t talk about it or kept it away from us, we didn’t ask any questions. But now I would like to know more about how she felt, and why she did certain things, and kinda walk through all of that with her. I would have liked to learn more about all that part of her life that she kept away from us kids. But I wouldn’t change it. JJ: Do you think it was that she was probably protecting you -- CAC: Yeah, she was. JJ: But there wasn’t anything that she felt ashamed of? CAC: No, I don’t think it was shame, I think it was just more -- I think in the back of her mind, losing my dad very young and being with all of us kids, she just felt -- and seeing what a lot of -- at that point in time, a lot of what the Latinos were going 51 �through, she wasn’t going to lose [01:19:00] her children to anything. You know what I mean? JJ: Because she had that loss. Yeah, that’s what she had -- CAC: Yeah because she suffered her loss, she wasn’t going to lose her children. And maybe it was kind of along the lines of how I felt with my son, you know? Two strikes against him. He’s a Latino and he’s a male, and at that point in time, gangs in Chicago were really coming up. And it was always, you know, you were in the wrong place at the wrong time, and so I think it was more all of that. M1: I have to get going. CAC: Okay. M1: I’m going to use your car. CAC: Okay. M2: I need your keys. CAC: My keys are in the other room. M2: Where? CAC: I don’t (inaudible). (break in audio) CAC: Sorry, she calmed down. JJ: Who is the new person in the black? CAC: This is my daughter, [Nika?]. She’s a little party girl, too. F1: Nika, you’re a beauty. CAC: Yeah. And she’s very protective. F1: That’s good. 52 �CAC: Yes. But, you know, going back to my mom, I think my mom probably felt the same way, [01:20:00] just that she wasn’t going to lose her children to any of that stuff, so she kept us away from it. Maybe she felt because she wasn’t a minority that, you know -- and being female it wasn’t going to be as hard for her, but for her children it was going to be hard. Like I said earlier, we were not bilingual. And I don’t know if it was her or if it was (inaudible) at the time, but they felt that - one of them felt that speaking Spanish was gonna hinder our future. JJ: I was gonna ask you about that. CAC: Yeah, they thought it was gonna hinder. And then now, it’s so a part of everything normal that it would have been a benefit. There are times, you know, when I was looking for job -JJ: I don’t think it was Angie that said that. CAC: You think it was him? JJ: I think it could have been (inaudible). CAC: They didn’t speak it. JJ: I think it was (inaudible) because -- but I mean I’m assuming -- CAC: No, that’s okay. JJ: But only because [01:21:00] there were issues there. There were issues there in terms of skin and some form of racism in Puerto Rico that -- where people are kind of sometimes almost ashamed of who they are. They kind of shame themselves. CAC: They only spoke it when they didn’t want us to know what they were talking about. 53 �JJ: And then when you think of the word Young Lords, you think of gang. Was that a -- CAC: No, see, for me, Young Lord was political. It wasn’t a gang. And to find out that you guys actually started out as a gang, a group of people, even that I was like, “What? (laughter) A gang?” “Well, yeah, Cathy, not the same kind of gang you’re thinking about.” But, you know, I just always thought it was political. JJ: Well, it definitely is not like the gangs of today, but that’s the image that people get. CAC: Exactly. Right. JJ: It was like a neighborhood [squad?]. CAC: It was a young group of [01:22:00] individuals who were together. JJ: Not that we didn’t (inaudible) -- CAC: No, but that’s okay. JJ: -- drinks, or beers, or weed, whatever. CAC: That’s okay. JJ: But we didn’t -- CAC: What was that? Weed? What? (laughter) JJ: That was (inaudible). (laughter) But -- CAC: Delete. (laughter) JJ: No, no. We’ll have to delete that. (laughter) You know what I’m saying? We were not a drug enterprise. CAC: Right. I mean we had everybody around us. If my mom was worried about the people she was with, then they wouldn’t have been around us. But we just didn’t 54 �know what it was. We knew that everybody was around, but we didn’t know what was going on. We didn’t know any of that. JJ: And what did you see? I mean some people do call us that, a gang. But what did you see? CAC: It wasn’t a gang. JJ: What type of people did you see? CAC: It was my family. It wasn’t a [01:23:00] gang. It was a family. The children were involved in everything that was going on. We were part of the parties, we were part of -- I don’t feel like things were hidden from us even though my mom didn’t tell us what she did. Nothing was hidden from us. We participated in stuff. We participated. It wasn’t a gang. For us, it was just normal. It was our life. It wasn’t anything but our life. JJ: So it didn’t have any semblance of a gang? CAC: No. It was nothing -JJ: To you. CAC: Yeah. JJ: What did it look like to you? CAC: It was just family to me. It wasn’t anything but family. There was nothing else there but family. That’s why when I heard more in life the things that you had fought for, what everybody had stood up for, I’m like -JJ: [01:24:00] What did you hear that had been fought for? CAC: For the community, for people who were being displaced from their homes, for people who weren’t being given opportunities. Those are things that you guys 55 �fought for. You were developing a community of people that weren’t developing themselves. They didn’t know how to develop themselves, really. There was nothing structured there for them to do it, and you guys were doing it. So it was normal. I can’t describe it as anything but that it was just my life. It was normal, and I wouldn’t change it. I wouldn’t change that we were in the mix of so many different things without even knowing it. I wouldn’t change that. Living in a suburb with a little picket fence? No. (laughter) No. I could still chant my boycotts (laughter) and [01:25:00] I was proud of my people. These are my people. I’m going to use Cha Cha as an example. To other people, Cha Cha is this amazing figure who led this cause, and still believes in this cause, and still fights this fight, and he fought through it for years. And I was like, “Cha Cha? Cha Cha was my uncle. I’m the godmother to your granddaughter.” (laughter) You know? It’s just family. It’s nothing other than family for me. But it’s just amazing how everybody else looks at it from the outside. I have a girlfriend who is from Brooklyn, and she has talked about Young Lords. And when I was telling her the history -- my version of the history and how the Young Lords started here, she loved it. And she talked to all the actors when [01:26:00] they were here at my party, if they bring that play over here, they’re gonna go to that play. JJ: I think they’re planning (inaudible). CAC: I hope so. I’m curious to see it. JJ: It plays there until November and then they plan to -- CAC: They’re hoping to come out? JJ: To at least bring it to Chicago and New York. 56 �CAC: That would be wonderful. But, yeah, my friends are amazed with it. Okay, back inside the house. (laughter) Sorry. Hi. F2: Vicious, vicious dog. (laughter) You are a killer. She is a killer. CAC: I know she is. (laughs) Stop it. You’re walking very good. F2: Huh? CAC: You’re walking very good. F2: So much better. CAC: Good. F2: So much better. CAC: Good for you. F2: It’s amazing. CAC: Enjoy your evening. F2: (inaudible). I see you. I see you through the screen. JJ: [01:27:00] What kind of final thoughts do you have? (inaudible) CAC: Okay, my final thoughts? JJ: (inaudible). CAC: Okay. Nika. She’s gonna go over the deck. F2: Yeah, I’m waiting. One of these days. CAC: She is. She climbs over to the edge, and one day she’s gonna slip. My final thought. It’s hard because I don’t know anything different than what I was raised in, but to know that my mom was a part of it, you know, and that she believed in it her entire life, truly her entire life, I’m in awe. 57 �JJ: You said she believed in it her entire life, [01:28:00] and you could tell that she was proud of it all the time? CAC: Oh, yeah. Even in the years where we may not have seen each other, as soon as everybody got together, it picked up like there was never any time between it. I remember you videotaping -- interviewing her on the deck on North Avenue. JJ: Right. (inaudible). CAC: It was just a part of her. It was truly a part of her. But it was normal. It was normal for us. JJ: Just the way of growing up? CAC: Yeah. And I wish that other children can grow up having memories of things that are outside of their home ’cause it does open your eyes to a lot, and I wish that other children could see that. JJ: Any special plans? Are you planning to stay here? CAC: [01:29:00] In Chicago, definitely. I’m always gonna be Chicago. Where we end up from here, though, you know, probably not here, this neighborhood itself. At one point in time, it was a lot of gangs in this neighborhood and it was a lower income. A lot of them have moved out -- condos. We’re sitting next to condos that run for $400,000, $500,000. They’re increasing my property taxes as we speak. (laughter) So we probably won’t stay here. But at the same time, I like being in the mix of everything. We’re close to everything. So I don’t know. I can’t picture anything different right now. 58 �JJ: How do you feel about -- I know you really didn’t remember it, living through it ’cause they had a house, your grandparents had a house [01:30:00] on Armitage. But I’m sure people have talked about it. The housing has improved, it’s not -- CAC: It’s improved for some, but other people lose. JJ: But how do you feel about poor people being displaced? CAC: I don’t like it. I don’t like it all. I don’t think it’s fair. What you’re building in one place, you’re bringing down someplace else -- intentionally, in my opinion, is what it is. JJ: Intentionally? CAC: Intentionally. JJ: But don’t you think it’s a way to get rid of the gangs? CAC: Well, no, because you got to put them some place, and you’re putting them all in one place, and now that place is going to be just as bad as the place where it started. It’s revolving. It’s not here, then it’s there. And once it’s not there, it’s there. It’s just gonna keep revolving, is what it’s doing. But I feel bad for those people who they spent their lives in a home [01:31:00] and they lose their homes. They can no longer afford it because of everything else that is being created around them. I don’t think that’s fair. I don’t know how it affected my grandparents when they lived on Armitage, but -JJ: But I’m sure they’re probably (inaudible). CAC: Oh, yeah. Yeah. JJ: Didn’t they sell and they moved up with Angie? 59 �CAC: No, they moved to New Jersey for a while, and then my mom sent for them to live with us. JJ: Okay, that’s what happened? But did they lose their house or did they sell it? CAC: I don’t know. I don’t know. I do recall what -- I’m talking about phrases. JJ: I know ’cause I used to have to paint. I used to have to paint for your grandfather. CAC: See? (laughter) The phrases of the daily machine? We were scared. We didn’t know what that was, but we knew we didn’t want to be around that. JJ: That’s a bad term. CAC: Yeah. All I pictured was one of those big wrecking balls, that’s what I pictured the daily machines. (laughs) [01:32:00] But it was normal, you know, things that we grew up with that we heard around us. JJ: Yeah ’cause your mother used to say urban (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, and we were like, “Oh, daily? Who’s that? (laughed) He was in charge of this.” JJ: No, it was (inaudible) or something. CAC: Yeah, we couldn’t pronounce it right. JJ: Yes, you would say (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, but all I pictured was that big wrecking ball. And we never saw one in real life, but that’s what I pictured. So leave it to a kid’s imagination. It was this big wrecking ball. And we just knew that Mayor Daley just wasn’t the right -- he wasn’t a good man (laughter) -- whoever he was. 60 �JJ: Your mother ran the group. I did have to -- for some demonstrations got incarcerated, and your mother ran the group -- was the only person ever to run the group, was your mom. [01:33:00] But what was my question? Now I lost my question. (laughter) CAC: Did she talk about it? Did we know? JJ: Yeah, can you sense that she was a leader? CAC: No. JJ: With the people that come around, they didn’t look up to her? CAC: Maybe they did, but she was mom. JJ: But I mean wasn’t there a lot of respect towards her or from the group? CAC: Yeah, but you respected my mom or mom was gonna kick your ass. (laughter) JJ: She definitely would do that. CAC: Right. Mom didn’t hesitate to tell you what she was feeling. It was just normal. I’m telling you, she wasn’t anything but our mom. You weren’t anything but Cha Cha. You know what I mean? You guys made it so normal for us that we didn’t know what was going on around us. Had no idea. No idea at all until you read the books -- “Cha Cha got arrested? (laughter) When was this?” You know what I mean? I didn’t know. JJ: So there was a little [01:34:00] gasp in between or -- CAC: When you look up things now. JJ: You know, in grapevine. In the grapevine, this is what happened. 61 �CAC: Well, when you look it up online, it’ll talk about -- you look up some of the history on certain things and you’ll see things like that. Mom never talked about that stuff. JJ: She never did? CAC: Never ever. I knew you ran for an alderman, and I’m assuming it was Uptown, and that’s all I remember. And then I remember Helen Shiller, I know she’s still an alderman, and I remember her being with Slim. But, see, other than that, I don’t remember any of the politics. JJ: (inaudible). CAC: Yeah, I don’t remember any of the politics around it at all. JJ: How about the Harold Washington campaign? Do you remember anything? CAC: No, but I do -- when I was first legally able to vote, I did vote for him. I remember that. (laughter) JJ: But I mean did you know that we worked on his campaign? CAC: No. Mom didn’t -- [01:35:00] when she felt true to something, she did it, but she didn’t push it. She never pushed us kids to follow. JJ: Well, she pushed it, but not with her kids. CAC: Right, not with us kids. She wanted us kind of I think how I am with my son. I’m allowing him to make his own decision, his own choice, and that’s what she did with each of us. With all the politics going on now, oh. JJ: It’s kind of crazy, yeah. CAC: Oh, my God. Yeah, she’d be real crazy with this. (laughs) But everything was just normal. We didn’t know. We didn’t know anything. We knew the parties, we 62 �knew -- all the fun stuff we knew, but anything else behind it, if there was sadness behind it, we didn’t see it. You guys never showed it to us. JJ: Now, that’s good in one sense, but on the other sense, do you feel that’s because everybody knows each other from all those years, [01:36:00] same crowd, I know you have your own grouping of friends now, but every once in a while, they do come together whether it’s a wedding, or a funeral, or something, but do you feel that some of the members, some of these people have any shame? You don’t have -- CAC: Do they have shame? JJ: Do they have shame or they don’t want to talk about it? CAC: You know, since you put it that way, maybe some of them do because I don’t remember seeing some of the faces with the plays and some of get togethers. But I don’t know for what reasons they chose to -- whatever they chose, I don’t know why they chose what they have. JJ: To be honest, I even hear some negative things. Some negative thinking, or talk, [01:37:00] or could be my imagination. (laughter) CAC: Are they embarrassed? JJ: Yeah, I’m wondering if they’re embarrassed, if there’s any guilt feelings, any shame, if they’re worried about the gang because they’ve thrown that at us. I don’t know, I’m just trying to do find out ’cause you’re here, I’m not here. CAC: I don’t hear any of that, but maybe because my mom didn’t feel that way. Maybe that’s why I don’t hear it. JJ: No, she didn’t. 63 �CAC: That’s probably why I don’t. Mom never had guilt. JJ: When people mention the Young Lords, how do they mention it? CAC: I think a lot of the generation now, they don’t know it started here, and they don’t know the fight that you had here, the steps that you guys took here. I don’t think they realize that. I think that when they hear Young Lords, they think that it started [01:38:00] in New York because that’s where it became bigger at that time, but they don’t know that it started here and who was involved in that. They don’t know that. And my friends find it amazing that my mom was in -- when they hear about it, they find out it’s amazing she was involved in that. JJ: Okay, that’s your -- CAC: That’s my friends. JJ: Your friends, your peer group. But what about the older ones? Your uncles and aunts? CAC: None of them talk about it. I think my mom was really the only one in the immediate group that still held strong to what she felt. JJ: So they don’t talk about it? That’s what I mean. CAC: Yeah, none of them. JJ: Do you find that odd? I mean that they were involved and then -- CAC: Yeah. If it were me and I was involved in something like that, I would want people to know about it, and I would want to clarify, and I would want to talk about it as much as I could, and they don’t [01:39:00] talk about it. I’m not around a lot of them anymore. I’ll see them at functions. Of course, we don’t 64 �even talk about any of that, but, yeah, I don’t know. I don’t know. It is weird. I guess I didn’t think about it till you said it right now. That’s my son. It is weird. JJ: It is kinda weird though, right? CAC: Yeah. I wasn’t a part of it, but I know I talk about it with my son -- things that I’ve heard ’cause I want him to be proud of his grandparents and to really understand how he -- why we have what we have, why we’re at where we’re at, and how we got there. JJ: I mean there are some Young Lords that still talk about it, but then there’s a bunch of other Young Lords that come around here, that you know, that came around Angie, that won’t. CAC: Yeah, they didn’t. JJ: [01:40:00] And sometimes I think that maybe it’s -- you know, there was a lot -instead of interviewing I’m telling my story. CAC: That’s okay. JJ: But there was a lot of what I call repression (inaudible). They were trying to stop the group, they were afraid of the group ’cause it was challenging the -- CAC: The system. JJ: The status quo, the system. So you think now that you know that there’s a weird thing going on -- assuming, making assumptions that we shouldn’t, but what do you think? CAC: I don’t think they should feel that way. I could see that they may feel that way. I don’t think they should, though. I mean you guys didn’t do anything wrong. You guys had a cause and you made a difference. You made a difference for a lot of 65 �people, and that’s what they need to remember. Tt’s not a gang, it wasn’t a gang, it wasn’t the gang bangers that [01:41:00] we see in neighborhoods nowadays. It’s nothing like that, and they need to remember that. And maybe they’re not happy with their past, but they -- or maybe they did something else that led them to not be happy with their past, but mom was proud of her past. She was very proud of it. JJ: Any final thoughts? I asked you that earlier. CAC: No. My mom was an amazing person, and I’m glad she was raised the way she was and she did what she did ’cause it definitely made her a different person. People remember her. JJ: And now you got your own circle of friends, you’re an amazing person. CAC: I do mine on a different level. (laughter) On a very different level. JJ: Okay. CAC: Yeah. JJ: That’s it. CAC: Okay. JJ: All right, thank you. END OF VIDEO FILE 66 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e8af58196d7a09867520b27e6a6db423.mp4 cf711dd7ba96f07c1a3973e055d73b0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Cathy Adorno-Centeno vídeo entrevista y biografía Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Narrativas personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Adorno-Centeno_Cathy Title A name given to the resource Cathy Adorno-Centeno video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adorno-Centeno, Cathy Description An account of the resource Interview of Cathy Adorno-Centeno on August 24, 2012 by José "Cha-Cha" Jiménez and Melanie Shell-Weiss (identified in the transcript as "F1"). In the video, a Latina woman sits facing the camera and speaks to the interviewer who is off camera. Cathy Adorno-Centeno is the daughter of Angie Navedo-Rizzo, a Young Lord who also founded “Mothers and Others,” a sub-group within the Young Lords that organized around women’s rights issues. Born in Chicago, Ms. Adorno-Centeno describes growing up surrounded by Young Lords and in a home that was a central gathering for pot luck family dinners for members of the organization and their supporters. Following the brutal death of her Young Lord father Jose “Pancho” Lind, Ms. Adorno-Centeno and her brothers and mother went underground; staying at a rented farm near Tomah, Wisconsin that would become the Young Lords’ Training Camp. Her most vivid childhood memories are of the warmth and support she enjoyed as a member of the Young Lords community. It included block parties, farmworker pickets, demonstrations and social events held near or in the Young Lords headquarters on Wilton and Grace streets. She also spent time at Rico’s Club (which her mother owned) and enjoyed company for the Sunday pasta dinners in her home. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- (interviewer) Shell-Weiss, Melanie (interviewer) Audio Transcription Center (transcriber) Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-08-04 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/abb100d30c73b82a187bbf4d334e65cf.mp4 b9bb1b7b937a5a4448554a0f168554ef https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/04b07625422151fcecd8a258aca09db3.pdf b50f9ed446a5081bcadcc81b13b86ef6 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Cathy Wusterbarth Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: September 22, 2021 DD: I’m Dani DeVasto and today July 13th, 2021, I have the pleasure of chatting with Cathy Wusterbarth. Hi Cathy. CW: Hi Dani! DD: Cathy, can you tell me about where you’re from and where you currently live? CW: Sure! I’m from Oscoda, Michigan which is in Northeast Michigan. We’re on Lake Huron and it is a coastal tourist town, and it has a former work smith airport base in the area which was decommissioned in 1993. So, I’m born and raised here. I did move away for about 20 years, went to North Carolina. But now I’m back and this is where my heart and soul is. DD: Can you tell me, Cathy, a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? CW: Well, Dani, that's a tough question [chuckles] because there are so many different experiences I've had since 2016, when I first heard the word or acronym PFAS in our community. We were told that there were community members or residents that were sent a notice that said that they couldn’t – they shouldn't drink their well water. So the state of Michigan held some town halls so that they could educate the community on, first of all, what are PFAS? Not many people know what they are until they are told they have it in their water or it's you know, in their bodies. So, the town halls were created, and we had lots of community members that, that came and had lots of questions, and some were angry because they were unknowingly contaminated with these substances. So, so, I managed to just listen and hear what the concerns were of the community members. I do believe that I was exposed to PFAS while I was growing up in Oscoda this picture that is behind me is an image from the Lake that I was a lifeguard on for three years. And so, we spent lots of time in the water when I was in my, you know, teenage years. And about five years later, I developed breast cancer and an immunological disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, which could possibly be linked to my exposure to PFAS all those years, and possibly it was in our drinking water source for our community, because the Air Force used the PFAS in their firefighting foam. So, [chuckles] that's sort of the beginning of my involvement with PFAS. When the community had questions and they wanted action, of course, because they wanted these things cleaned up and they didn't want to be exposed to PFAS anymore, we looked to the state. We looked, of course, to the polluter, the Air Force, and had some expectations that they clean it up and maybe test us – test our bodies to see if we had PFAS in them. None of those things have really happened, and that was in 2016. So now we're in 2021, and we've had very little remediation or cleanup of these toxic plumes that are going into our surface water, into our 1 �groundwater, and into the drinking water supply for hundreds of thousands of people in Michigan on Lake Huron. So, we created an action group called Now Need Our Water, and it's comprised of community members, scientists, activists. So, now I'm an activist. Never been one before, but they're called accidental activists. So, that's what I am [chuckles]. We just, we work with legislators, the scientists, the Air Force, the state, the other communities, you know. We've, we’ve joined forces with other impacted communities around the state, around the US and around the world, really. Because PFAS are everywhere, and we will have to deal with them. Everyone will have to deal with them eventually, even though they don't know they're necessarily being exposed. They're produced in such mass quantity and put in so many things that were all being impacted. So that's, that’s just the start of the things that – my experiences with PFAS. We created a 501C3 called Oscoda Citizens for Clean Water, so that we could raise funds and use those for edu[coughs] education, excuse me, and just making sure that everyone knows about the issues. One question I was going to ask you, Dani, was that they’re – we're creating a video, right? Oh gosh. A video so that people can watch this in the future. But we did have a journalist. Her name is a Sara Ganim. She’s a Pulitzer Prize winning journalist. She came to Oscoda to hear about our story. She was going to write a little story about what was going on with PFAS. Then she came to one of our meetings with the Air Force, and she saw what was happening and how they were treating us and the – the lack of action that was occurring, and she said to herself, this story needs to be told. So, she produced a movie called No Defense. I can't remember the tagline, but it's like the military's war on water or something like that. But she created this movie and it's been released. But it's about Oscoda and Wurtsmith Air Force Base and the contamination that's occurred from this base. And there are, there are stories told in the movie that are [nervously chuckles] very sad. So, there were many military families that were exposed to these chemicals, of course, because it was in the groundwater [chuckles] underneath their bases. One of the impacted veterans was Craig Meiner. He had a son, Mitchell, who was born in Oscoda at the base hospital. And, subsequently, they found out that he had been affected in Utero by the multiple contaminants, including PFAS. And so, he was severely disabled and just recently passed away. So, Mitchell is a special person for us in [pause], in that we're fighting so that more children are not affected by these chemicals. But Craig continued, Craig and his family continue to work on this cause, and we're hoping that the movie itself will be something that people can look at and learn more about, especially if they’re, they learn about PFAS in their communities. [chuckles] The Meiners are special people. DD: So, you mentioned that you have become an accidental activist. CW: Mhm. DD: Can you tell me more about that? Either how that changed your life or the kinds of things that you've been doing because of coming an accidental activist? CW: [chuckles] Yeah. I started looking into the concerns of my community related to PFAS, because, you know, I just want the best for Oscoda. Again, it's close to my heart, and I think it's a real gem, actually in our state. So, just –I was actually running for office in our community, just 2 �a local elected office. I didn't actually win that election, but it was a blessing in disguise because I probably wouldn't have been able to be an activist in this issue had I won. So, so, I moved my efforts to this issue for our community. So, we, again, I had no activism experience. I didn't know where to turn, or who to ask or who to trust. And over the years have learned, that there are people that you can rely on that are experiencing the same things. So, we have created coalitions and alliances and action networks and all sorts of groups where we can, you know have more power in numbers. So, I've learned a lot. We've met with the activists related to the PBB crisis in Michigan. So, we had a – there was a conference I think it was called PBB to PFAS. So those, those activists were rea helpful in letting us know what their experiences were. It accidentally came about. I'm not an environmentalist. I don’t, you know, I just want the best for my community. And I want these plumes of PFAS that are in our water to be cleaned up. I think it seems pretty simple. DD: Yeah, it does, doesn't it? [chuckles] What is the status of things in Oscoda right now? You mentioned that not a lot of progress has been made? CW: Right. So, in the, let's see... It was reported, I think, in the, in the, the early 2000s that we had these PFAS clones in our groundwater. And so, they implemented a – what's called a filtration system. Granular activated carbon filtration system was placed into one of the most highly contaminated areas on the site. And so, that was implemented in 2013. And they added another filtration system in 2018, maybe 19. So that's two, right, two systems. We need 18 systems. So, we haven't made much progress. And actually, it's been about nine or ten years. Well, no, it's eleven now. The years just keep [both laughing] flying by. So, eleven years now, when we have two filtration systems, we estimate, or it has been estimated that we need about $280,000,000 to address just this one military site. So, you can see why it's been such a problem for the Department of Defense. If they start, and they told us this, if they start with their remediation and with their actions here, they have to be replicated at all of those other military sites. And now we're working on 600 plus sites that have been identified. DD: So, it seems like your situation, Oscoda situation, because of its connection with the former military base, is, is unique or is complicated in that, say, other locations are not. Is that fair to say? CW: No that, that the firefighting foam, the AFFF foam was used, actually at all military bases. So, it's in the ground of ground and groundwater around most military bases. They used it without hesitation, in excess. They used it for practice. They used it to play in. They thought they had foam parties. It's just unbelievable. And unfortunately, the companies that produce this or created these chemicals, knew that they were dangerous and did not stop creating them or selling them. So – so here we are, 4700 PFAS later. So, that's how many there are. DD: What concerns do you have about PFAS contamination moving forward? 3 �CW: Well, I think, like I said, because it's so pervasive in all of our products. It's being used in so many products. And it's so effective. You know, have probably used a Teflon Tan in your life and um, that clothing where the water just like repels. That's great, because you don't get wet! So, what's scary is that it's so effective and we're so attached to using it and so used to using it that we're not going to be able to stop using it because we like it so much. We'll have to be the industry or, you know, companies will have to be forced to stop using it because we are not going to voluntarily do that because we're so used to it. We don't want grease all over our car when we get our fast-food, you know, container and we set it on, we don't want grease, right? So, they fix that for us by using PFAS. So, the industry will have to, it will have to be illegal to use these products. And it's scary to think about that because you just follow the money and that money [chuckles], they're not going to make any money doing that or they'll lose money. DD: Yeah, I've heard a lot lately about how they're finding replacements, but the replacements are also not great. CW: Right, they unfortunately – they're introduced as, you know, there's these long chains. I'm not a scientist. These long chains PFAS. And the short chains and the short chains were initially introduced as a safer alternative, but – but, they're not. They have health effects just like the long chains and we should be very concerned about their use also. DD: Yeah. Before we wrap up today, is there anything else that you'd like to add that we haven't touched on or anything you would want to go back to and say more about? CW: Oh, yes. One of the initiatives or priorities that I personally have is ensuring that PFAS blood testing is available for anyone who wants it. Right now, you are hard pressed to be able to find a physician that will order a PFAS testing, and a lab that will test it. And you certainly aren't going to find an insurance company who's going to pay for it. So, there are rare instances where people are getting their blood tested, maybe for a lawsuit or because they just took on the costs, you know, themselves $900 for testing of about 14 PFAS. So, it's very, very expensive. But these tests should be created and encouraged for anyone in an affected area such as ours. So, we are working, you know – the PFAS leadership throughout the US are working on with the National Academy of Sciences on their guidance to physicians on PFAS. So, I just encourage people, if they want to know what's going on in their body related to this contamination, then they need to ask their physicians about it. They need to get their physicians educated and know that we have a right to know what is in our body and the contaminants that we've been exposed to. DD: That sounds like really important work. [pause] How is it going? CW: [chuckles] Well, six years, I have piles of papers everywhere, and I hold a full-time job. So, you know I, I actually am, I do a community work also unrelated to PFAS. So, I want to be able to contribute, and it – it's just so complex. And we're having such resistance, on so many levels that it can be frustrating and there's some burnout. So, we, we do try to take a break sometimes 4 �and just make sure that we're taking care of ourselves so that, you know, we can fight the good fight. DD: Yeah. What are some of the complexities that you're running into? CW: Well, like I think I said about money, you got to follow the money. So, when you have the Air Force saying, “okay, we need more money”. And then you have the Congress saying, “you just need to tell us how much money that you need”, and they're pointing fingers at each other like you didn't tell us. And it's – it's just amazing at that level of just denial, really, [chuckles] I think on all parties just denying that there's an issue and that these monies need to be diverted to keep people safe, their health safe. So, I find that very complex. Why this would be denied that this issue exists when it's clear [chuckles] from the foam in this picture behind me, that there's a problem. This is not, this is not natural foam. So, there’s just – that part is complex. The chemicals themselves are very complex. We're continuing to study the effects of those, oh gosh, [pause] getting the word out. As someone who doesn't do this full time, I don't work with an environmental group. I'm not paid to do any of this work. So, how to find the time to do these things and then developing the relationships with the people that can help you. So, I can say as a person, I've definitely grown and learned a lot, since I've done this, there are some benefits in terms of my personal growth in learning how things work. So, I've learned a lot, but it's unfortunate it had to be under these circumstances. But – so, yeah, developing the relationships, understanding the issues, just figuring out how to get around the roadblocks, you know, maintaining your sanity. [chuckles] Things that are complex. DD: Is there anything else that you'd like to add that we didn't touch on or anything else that you wanted to go back to? CW: Nope. I do appreciate your – this project's, effort to get our stories out because people do as you can see. I could just talk and talk and talk [chuckles] about this, but I really appreciate you trying to get the stories out there so that anyone who's willing to listen can hear what really is happening. DD: Well, thank you for taking the time to do this. I know you’re very busy and I appreciate you taking the time to share your story today. CW: Sure. Thank you, Dani. 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0020 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wusterbar, Cathy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-07-13 Title A name given to the resource Cathy Wusterbarth, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Cathy Wustarbarth is from Oscoda, Michigan, on the coast of Lake Huron. In this interview, Cathy discusses her exposure to PFAS and its impact on her health. Wusterbarth has also been actively involved with the Oscoda Citizens for Clean Water, advocating for education and awareness about the issue. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fe31c69568f0f94b5eb31c813ccb258.jpg 46d6ac2fc6a5cdb5feadb061f70c82de Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_48_1916_008 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916-10-08 Title A name given to the resource Catskill Mountain House Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of three people walking in front of the Catskill Mountain House hotel. Subject The topic of the resource New York Catskill Mountain House (Hotel) Hotels Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/79aefbdfe722e4869df5e4ef6d273269.jpg 2dcf44463c1d1a31969a83fa8b88c34c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_1931-5_004 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Cattle herd Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a cattle herd in a field. A man is visible in the center of the frame in front of the herd of cattle. Subject The topic of the resource New Mexico Cattle Ranching Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4ae264fc3845a98bd3144943b5d2bec7.jpg ffcbe9f49eb4fe873c54ec9a6074a909 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_1931-5_005 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Cattle herd Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a cattle herd in a field. A man on horse-back is visible on the right side of the frame next to the herd of cattle. Subject The topic of the resource New Mexico Cattle Ranching Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d016a2cfa761a6bbb7046df21935f6fc.jpg ee11ae9a97d9875abfbc7860a39369d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_1931-5_006 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Cattle herd Description An account of the resource Cattle herd (from horseback, shows motion) close up. A man on horse-back is visible in the center of the frame among the cattle. Subject The topic of the resource New Mexico Cattle Ranching Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cde1d4cf37236c26072e8d8eddcfc075.mp4 a365ef138a9fe3e3f4d5603fe66386be https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a911a5ac02c5ca00f61f250a3936c452.pdf b499ed77e1b6dd0f3945b3b8afb160a8 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam War Sidney Cavanaugh 1:13:02 Introduction (00:37)            Sid was born on February 8, 1942 in Wilmington, North Carolina, but his family moved to Jacksonville, Florida when he was six years old. He enjoyed playing sports such as football, baseball and track. His step-father owned a Texaco filling station. Sid graduated from high school in 1961. After high school he tried several attempts at going to college, but kept flunking out. Later, he went to University of Houston where he made the track team, but again flunked out because of his poor academic status. While in Texas, he received his draft notice and had to return home to Jacksonville. When he turned 18, he registered with the Selective Service, and was given his initial physical while still in Florida. His draft notice arrived in December 1963, and he had to report in, in January. (2:18) At that point, Sid did not pay attention to world affairs and had no idea what was happening in Vietnam. He remembers the assassination of President Kennedy and was angry, but knew he couldn‟t do anything about it. Basic Training (3:00)         Sid was processed at the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville and was sent to Fort Jackson, South Carolina to begin basic training for the United States Army. The platoon that Sid was in was unique because it consisted of many college guys, versus the average platoon made up of high school dropouts or high school graduates. His Lieutenant in training was Lt. Taylor, son of General [Maxwell] Taylor, both graduates of West Point. Lt. Taylor was very competitive and they won every competition while in basic training. Sid did well in basic and loved it there. He attained the highest rank possible while there and was given all the top choices for schools. When he went to AIT (Advanced Infantry Training) he went to communications school and studied crypto. Shortly after, he become a lifeguard at the Officers club, and also became a waiter, which allowed him to eat better and meet nice girls. While stationed at Fort Chaffee he heard about a Football program started at Fort Sill, Oklahoma and he was given a transfer to go and play. Back in basic training, the discipline was high, because of Lt. Taylor. Sid was also older than most of the other men, he being 21 years old. �   His Executive Officer was an athlete himself, and motivated his men to be the same. Sid learned from him to never leave a man behind. (5:24) Most of the men in his platoon were draftees, with a couple of college graduates who simply wanted to do their two years and go home. They had one black guy, who was a librarian at the Philadelphia Library. Basic training lasted eight weeks. Advanced Infantry Training (6:27)        AIT was at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, which was closed but reopened and given a skeleton crew to run it. While there, they started a Crypto school. He did not make it into the actual language course, but was instead given a security clearance to work in the building as a guard. He also went to Wireman‟s school on the side. Sid was there for 8-10 weeks. AIT was a lot less structured than basic training, and was more like a job. AIT also had very little physical exercise involved when compared to basic training. Fort Chaffee was located in the hills near Fort Smith and was not close to any towns that he could go to while not on duty. Fort Sill (8:00)             Sid was sent to Fort Sill to try out for the football team there. 285 men tried out and Sid was the smallest one there, but he made the team and played first string free safety and „monster man‟ which was a position that just roamed all over and no one knew what he was going to do. When not playing football, Sid was assigned to a 155mm Howitzer unit, and was a radio operator to forward command. He worked with the men training in artillery there, and Sid performed communications jobs involved with the training. It was also at Fort Sill that Sid worked as a lifeguard and waiter at the Officer‟s Club. Sid was there from the fall of 1964 into 1965. (10:52) The football team was disbanded, and the men had to choose different jobs. Only seven enlisted men were on the team. Sid was told to choose three schools he would like to attend, he chose: Special Forces, Rangers and Aviation. He was given Aviation. He was put on a Mojave Helicopter, which was obsolete at that time and was trained to be a crew chief. After the school was over, he was sent home for a fifteen day leave. When he came back to Fort Sill after his leave, they were placed on a train and sent to San Francisco. From there he was placed on the USS Gordon, and 29 days later he arrived in Vietnam. Vietnam (11:53)  When he left the states, he was assigned to the 2/17th Artillery 155 Howitzer, because there was not an aviation unit for him to join. �               The ship voyage was rough and everyone got sick. Sid grew up on the water in Florida, so he was not bothered at all. The USS Gordon was a 1942 troop carrier, designed to hold 5,200 troops with their gear. (13:26) The bunks on the ship were stacked eight high. On the ship, Sid ran into a colonel that he knew from playing football. Sid showed him where he was sleeping and the colonel told him he would try to find a cot for him. He was then moved topside where he had his own bunk for the last fourteen days of the trip. The ship was escorted by two submarines. They arrived at Qui Nhon Bay at 3am, and Sid went out on deck and was hit with a putrid decay smell. He quickly ran downstairs and found some Vicks and put it his nose to hide the smell. (15:29) The smell was from the oil that the locals cook with, which had a rancid smell. Sid and the rest of the 5,200 men on ship climbed down rope ladders into waiting WWII landing craft. They landed without weapons, and when they were passed out the serial numbers were not taken. They were issued M-14‟s with no rounds, but were later issued five rounds each. (18:14) They were all loaded into dump trucks and taken inland. While driving, a pair of P-38 trainers being operated by ARVN pilots flew by and crashed right in front of Sid. When they got to An Khe the men were told to dig in, so they did. They thought it was just them and the VC, but the 101st was already in front of them. At about midnight, one round went off and the rest of the line opened fire. Come morning, they found only a water buffalo that had been killed. (20:00) At the time, Sid knew that the French had been involved in Vietnam, but was not familiar with the politics of the area. Sid just wanted to stop the spread of communism, but once he got there, he wanted to fight for the people. The day after the buffalo shoot, the men were tasked with chopping jungle to make a runway for landing helicopters. They used their entrenching tools until Sid suggested that they go into town and buy machetes. Later the Corps of Engineers brought axes and other tools. The Corps also brought in bulldozers and cleared the area. (22:28) While that work was being done, Sid was picked up by a helicopter and taken back to the 2/17th 155 Howitzer unit to function as a radio operator. They operated on a 24 hour sortie, and every fifteen minutes each of the six guns would fire. It was impossible to sleep. He was then taken back to An Khe and was made a door gunner trainer for the 2/20th Artillery on a Huey Helicopter. (24:22) Initially, the door gunners did not have tethers or harnesses, and had to hold on to whatever they could. After two men were killed from falling out, tethers were issued to the helicopters. 1st Air Cavalry (24:59)  Sid‟s helicopter was called a Hog Ship, which was a shorter version of the Huey that was armed with 24 rockets on each side. The door gunners often sat on the rocket pods while in flight. �          The first mission Sid went on was to fly to a mountain and shoot it. So they did and when they came back they were given their yellow patch which was taken away from the 1st Cavalry in Korea. The patch was later dyed black, so it was not as much as a target as the big yellow patch was. (26:25) Sid physically arrived in Vietnam in August 1965. The first month there he was with the artillery unit, and then he was switched over to the aerial artillery unit. The gunners at that time were not assigned to a particular craft, they floated around. Sid‟s officer, Warrant Officer Weatherspoon, was the pilot that called him most often because he was the oldest gunner there. (28:39) They used to practice firing wire guided rockets, and Sid helped teach pilots how to fly at night by instruments. Weatherspoon had a friend that was British and he liked to drink tea, so the crew would fly and pick up tea and deliver it to him. As soon as Sid was placed with the aerial unit, he was a gunnery instructor. (30:37) The first test that all door gunners were given was to fly the helicopter up to 5,000 feet and then drop it down to test their stomachs. Many men dropped out of the program after that. Door gunners were also given a $50 bonus each month. Occasional ground fire would come in, which would simply sound like a loud pop to the crew. Once, while flying at about 200 feet through a „no-fire‟ zone heading to Play Ku, Sid was watching the hillside and a VC opened a trap door and fired two shots with a .51 caliber machine gun. He returned fire, and the captain yelled to stop shooting because they were in a „no-fire‟ zone. That was Sid‟s first visual contact with the VC. (32:46) NBC came and mounted cameras on the helicopter and they fired their weapons and rockets at a mountain that had already been secured. Later, that footage was placed in a documentary and was made to look like it was actual combat. (34:33) Ia Drang Valley (34:50)      While in An Khe, they were told to hurry to Pleiku. So they loaded up and went over. The ground troops had already landed at Ia Drang, but had not yet been over run. They were requested fire support. When they flew in, Sid could see men running everywhere and they could not tell where the Americans were. Six helicopters flew in and unloaded their weapons, then returned to base, re-armed and re-fueled and went back again. When they got back, night had fallen and they were walked on target by radio. They flew those missions all night. Come morning, bodies were everywhere and Sid flew in a holding pattern circling above the battlefield. (36:31) The attack was regimented, because artillery was coming in, B-52‟s were conducting aerial bombing, the helicopters were coming in, and everything was fairly well orchestrated. One thing they learned while there, was that you could not effectively fire more than two rockets at one time. Firing all 48 rockets at once would cause the aircraft to be sent back about a hundred yards from the force of the rocket engines going off. (38:51) �         As a door gunner, the backlash of the rockets going off was bad, which made them either close the doors before the rockets were launched, or later they were given helmets with blast shields that could be lowered to protect their eyes. Operations lasted there for about twenty to twenty five days. They were constantly operating on four hour shifts and even to this day, Sid can sleep under almost any conditions, which has stayed with him ever since the war. (40:25) While attacking villages or other targets, the helicopter had to slow down and come in at a low altitude, making it vulnerable. The crew chief would fire at targets on the left, while the door gunner would fire to the right. When they took off from the area, both men shot to the back to provide rear security. This was before gun mounts and other things were implemented, Sid and the other men were guinea pigs. When Sid first got to country, the gunners did not have harnesses, once they did get them, they were fourteen feet long. Sid fell out while wearing his harness and was dangling below the skids. It took a few minutes for the rest of the crew to realize he was gone and they pulled him up. (42:19) Later, the tethers were sewed together to shorten them so the men could only go to the skids. After the first day at Ia Drang, Sid‟s helicopter received thirty two shots to the blades and body, none of which were critical. The one target that they worried about on the aircraft was the transmission. Once that got hit, you went down. One day Sid was flying with a crew chief named John who was older than him and they took incoming fire from the ground. John panicked and Sid had to punch him to calm him down. R&R (44:17)       Sid was given a seven day R&R to Saigon because of the combat hours that he had. The city was described as a „big city filled with Vietnamese people‟. At the time, the men were not allowed to carry weapons in Saigon, so Sid concealed a pistol in a holster under his arm because he refused to be unarmed. While there, he met a woman who let them stay at her house because all the hotels were filled. Later, he found out that the area where he was staying was filled with VC tunnels. R&R at Saigon was rare later on, most men were sent to Bangkok or someplace else out of country. Sid too was supposed to go to Bangkok, but they could not get a flight so they stayed in Saigon. (46:20) Shot Down (46:42)   Between Pleiku and Plei Me, they took some ground fire and were going down. Sid grabbed his M-60 and attempted to jump off the skids but misjudged the distance, which threw him up into the door and paralyzed him. The pilots ran up and took out the radios and destroyed the sensitive components. Five or six holes were found in the helicopter later and they found out that a hydraulic line had been hit. �         The hit on Sid‟s back compounded his spinal cord, which sent him to a medical tent for three or four days before he started to get feeling back in his toes. Eventually he regained full strength and was sent to An Khe by Sergeant Henderson to get laid. (48:50) Sid found the prettiest girl that he wanted, and he started screaming while having sexual intercourse. When he ejaculated, the intensity of the muscles would swell around his spinal cord and would paralyze him again for about twenty or thirty seconds. At the doctor, he was given a large bottle of muscle relaxers and only had fifteen days left in country. Sid was told that he did not have to fly anymore if he did not want to. He did want to fly, just not in combat. So, he flew routine supply missions. (50:05) Before he left, he was asked to re-enlist, but he chose to go home. His draft date was up, that is why he did not stay in country the full year like most other draftees. While Sid was with the 2/20th, they only lost two helicopters, including his that was shot down. They were watching helicopters practicing troop drop off maneuvers and saw two aircraft collide and crash. Eight men were killed. As a door gunner with an aerial unit, they were not trained in jungle warfare like the grunts were. So being shot down was very scary because they did not know what to do. (52:50) The stress and fear from the deployment caused Sid‟s hair to turn from black to gray in seven months. The memories of the war are still vivid with him and he wonders why people always say “Why can‟t they just be normal?” Back in the States (55:02)           Sid was loaded into a C-130 as he left, his First Sergeant said, “I hate to lose you”. When he got off the C-130 in Saigon, they were locked in chain-link fence staging areas. They made him feel like a prisoner. The next day the men going home boarded a 707 and were treated terribly. They landed in San Francisco and they were given a debriefing by a lieutenant. Sid stood up and said that he was an American soldier and didn‟t like being treated like a prisoner. He was promptly hauled away by the MP‟s. (57:25) Sid told them that he wanted to go to the hospital, there he told the doctor that he had a bad back and every time he had sex he couldn‟t move. He was told to leave and check in with the VA when he got home. The next day he was given a plane ticket and took a taxi to the San Francisco Airport where flew back to Jacksonville. He made a mistake by wearing his uniform, because of the protestors that hated the war. They took their anger out on the vets coming home. When he got home, he was not able to get help from the VA. (59:20) Sid went to work with the Florida East Coast Railroad. They made him the assistant terminal manager at Cocoa Beach, Florida. After being there for a week, the manager had a heart attack and died. Sid was sent back to Jacksonville and worked as a conductor. After that he got a job with Bristol Meyers. �Looking Back (1:00:54)                  One memory that Sid remembered were all the tunnels in Vietnam, and on one occasion they were flying missions supporting an infantry unit that had to clear them out. Over the days they were there, the „tunnel rats‟ pulled out thousands and thousands of weapons and ammunition out of the tunnels. The mission lasted two days. Another time they discovered an underground hospital. Sid flew over as support while it was dismantled and destroyed. The Vietnamese were very ingenious and inventive and were smart. It amazed him how they could do so much with so little. (1:02:25) Sid is planning a 21 day trip back to Vietnam to see if he can meet any of the people that he knew while there. One person he remembers was a young girl who he discovered was being raped by a black soldier. Sid stuck his M-16 in his ear and told him to get off her. The man said “Aw, come on man, what you talking about, she‟s just a gook” and Sid replied, “No, she‟s a person”. Even today, he has tremendous respect for human life. Sid learned in the service that „nothing lasts forever‟, and also „don‟t trust anybody‟.(1:04:45) Sid also gained a large amount of discipline from his military service. He is also an alcoholic, but has discipline about how he does it. He also has tinnitis in his ears from all of the rockets, machine guns and artillery fire. When he first came home he tried to kill himself twice, luckily it didn‟t work. After therapy, and meeting his wife, he is very happy. Sid has also struggled with authority and has been thrown in jail many times because he felt he was being treated unfairly by police officers. That‟s why he wanted to be rich or else he would have been in prison. (1:07:55) Sid built a janitorial company that hired immigrants, mostly Hispanics. Six years ago, Sid started a service company that fixes floor cleaning machines and is the largest Wal-Mart vendor in the world. Thinking back to the ship ride over to Vietnam, Sid remembers two E-6‟s talking on the deck, and he heard one say “I‟m not coming back”; which made him first realize he did not know what to expect in Vietnam. (1:09:54) Sid was a hustler in the military and he learned how to live well there and took all the bad things and said, “That‟s what I‟m not going to be like.” Today, he refuses to take pills, instead he drinks. Going sober for three days sometimes is hard. He is also on the Agent Orange registry and goes in once a year for a cancer screening. (1:12:09) He feels that the VA has killed many veterans by filling them with pills. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cavanaugh, Sidney Jr. (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cavanaugh, Sidney Jr. Description An account of the resource Sidney Cavanaugh was born in Wilmington, North Carolina in 1942 and later moved down to Jacksonville, Florida. After graduating from high school in 1961, he tried going to college several times. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1964. He trained as a radio operator for the 2/17th Artillery 155 Howitzer out of Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He also was trained as a crew chief on a Mojave Helicopter. When he was sent to Vietnam, he was made a door gunner on a Huey Hog Ship with the 2/20th artillery, 1st Air Cavalry Division, and participated in the Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-08-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CavanaughS1492V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/86111aef6f3cfb650f4957198c0c190c.jpg bd00b0520cd2fa420e95bf0642e52ceb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00335 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1930-1941 Title A name given to the resource Cave rock pictographs Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of petroglyphs found in Parral, Mexico. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Hidalgo del Parral (Mexico) Petroglyphs Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0646bf48ebc51c51dd859d45accdca6b.mp4 a303a9b4897ebf508c85ca309c54ffda https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/45d319dc53d8ad926b81a5f22807884a.pdf 7ff95f29a1f6dea7b5dc599434fae2af PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Harold Caver (38:24:09) Before The War 00:43:27served in the Marine Corps during WWII, in the Pacific 00:58:03Cavner attended Grand Rapids South High School 01:04:05on the day of the Pearl Harbor attack: he was having Sunday dinner 01:10:18he joined the Marine Corps in 1943; he enlisted, volunteered, to "beat the draft" Boot Camp 02:06:02there were “a lot of wild stories about how rough the boot camp was,” but he did not think it was that rough an he had a “good time” in boot camp; 02:20:25how did he get through it: he kept his "nose clean" 02:39:25he trained in San Diego; then he was sent to the Remington Navy Yard in Bremerton , WA; from there, he went to a navy supply depot in Spokane, WA; from there, to Camp Pendleton, CA; there, he got on a ship and sailed to Hawaii, where he had six months of training In Action 03:27:05he saw combat, and there were many casualties in his unit; he fought on Saipan, Tinian, and Okinawa 04:07:02he was not a POW, and did not win any medals or citations 04:21:28he communicated with his family back home by “V-mail”; "to cut down on the space it took to mail all these letters" they were photographed, and the soldiers received reduced-size pictures of their letters 04:45:25the food was "pretty good most of the time" and they had they had plenty of supplies 05:19:25entertainment: they played cards, played poker 05:30:06was he afraid?: "on occasion" 06:18:23regarding the officers and enlisted men: "most of them were good people" After The War 06:52:29Cavner got a job, went to college—GRJC (GRCC now), and Michigan State University, on the GI Bill 07:15:29he still sees a close friend he made while in the military, who lives in Jackson, MI—he sees him once a year 07:31:19he was in the VFW for a while, and is in the American Legion now [at the time of the interview] 07:49:12he took forestry in college, but did not follow through with it; he went into the lumber business, retail and wholesale 08:12:15his military experience has not influenced his thinking about war, or his thinking about the military in general, in any particular way �08:23:03he has never been to any military reunions 08:31:25how the military has affected his life: "the only big change I got out of it was I went to college"; he never thought about it [the military] after the war More On His Military Experiences 09:05:09how he got to the rank of sergeant: there were a lot reasons that people advanced in the service, one of which was that a lot of people got killed and they had to “make corporals and sergeants” to fill the voids 09:29:29he was one of the occupation troops in Nagasaki, Japan after the war; he patrolled the area looking for gun caches 10:02:15what Cavner would like the students in the audience today [during the interview] and people who will see the interview in the future to remember: “give ‘em a better idea of what happened”; “a lot of people have never heard of those places” [referring to Saipan, Tinian, Okinawa, and Nagasaki] 10:42:03the terrain in Nagasaki after the A-bomb was bombed: flat, around the port where they had landed; an aircraft factory nearby was a "steel skeleton"; people were just coming back into town 11:56:29recently his sons heard somewhere that 2nd Division veterans [Cavner had been in the 2nd Marine Division] were being tested for radiation and “they were getting claims” 12:26:29he was tested over a period of year or longer: he sent “gallons of urine” to a lab ƒ the first test indicated some radiation ƒ “they asked to do it all over again,” and it was then determined that there was not enough radiation in his system to worry about 13:47:04Cavner was on Saipan when the second A-bomb went off [Nagasaki] 15:04:19he rode on an LST carrying amphibious trackers, from Hawaii to Saipan; he returned to Hawaii on an ocean liner; he went to Hawaii the first time on “a little aircraft carrier” 16:48:13no boats he was on were hit by Kamikazes: they were too far away from Japan at the time; they “steamed into Okinawa” during the night and left during the day 17:54:25all the while he was on Saipan they moved forward "all the time" ƒ sometimes they hit the enemy, sometimes they did not; sometimes they did not fire a shot 19:05:10he is sure some of the guys looted corpses—he ended up with a couple of empty wallets 20:12:05he has a Japanese rifle and a Japanese saber he picked up in Nagasaki 21:02:19he hurt his knee, but otherwise never got sick 21:23:29Saipon was all jungle ƒ they went up the middle of that island, all mountains ƒ he did not see any animals in the jungle, though he thinks someone shot a deer one time ƒ going through the jungle, one could see perhaps ten feet in from of oneself; if somebody was waiting for you, "they got a shot at you before you even see 'em" �ƒ he never had the experience of having Japanese suddenly jump out at him 23:55:26after the island had been secured, he thinks it was Saipan, they were out on patrol and at one point he got down on one knee, parted the foliage and saw a Japanese soldier standing there “lookin’ right at me”; Cavner thought he [the Japanese] had a rifle, shot him and killed him—“but he could have shot me” 24:53:08they used to go out patrol at night on Tinian; they set up the patrol, a “series of fox holes” by a road, and “every night they’d [the Japanese] come marching through there”; “we [the Americans] were doin’ the shootin in the dark”—the bullets were going across to where other American units were camped; night after night they set up this patrol and sat there waiting for them—it was along a favorite path of the Japanese 26:37:03in the final battle on Saipan, the Japanese were getting “all drugged up and just charging”; Cavner himself was not involved in any "Banzai" charges; the Japanese just “came charging” at the Americans, who killed most of them 27:21:23he never went through any land mine fields 28:09:20he had a friend in South Carolina that called him on the phone once, they had phone conversations for a couple of years, then lost contact and Cavner thought he had died; he has a friend [mentioned earlier] from Jackson, who now [at the time of the interview] lives in Florida Fighting The Japanese 30:10:08there was a tank battle on Saipan that Cavner was not involved in; the Japanese tanks were "like tin cans compared to what we had" but they “charged the [American] lines with tanks and troops” 31:25:19Cavner thinks he personally killed very few Japanese soldiers during the war 32:08:27earlier in the war, “very few” Japanese soldiers surrendered ƒ on Okinawa, they [the Japanese] "started surrendering" in groups—they preferred suicide to surrender ƒ on Saipan, the [Japanese] troops were “pushed” toward one end of the island, where they jumped over a cliff; women threw their children over and jumped after them; they believed that the Americans were “barbarians” who would torture them 33:22:27Japanese soldiers who surrendered were sent back behind the American lines "somewhere" 33:50:15Cavner never saw anyone [American] shoot Japanese captives 34:08:03on Tinian, he himself was sent over a tall cliff, down a rope ƒ they searched in some caves at the bottom, with navy [American] ships in the water pointed in their direction ƒ "I'm not a mountain climber" All Three Sons In The Military 36:39:06Cavner never talked to his parents about it, but wishes he had, how they had “put up with” three boys in the family all in the service ƒ Cavner and his two brothers were all in the service: one in the navy, one in the marines, one in the air force—they all survived the war ƒ the oldest brother flew sixty-six missions over France and Germany in a �B26 bomber; Cavner’s younger brother was on a small aircraft carrier that had patrol duty where there was “submarine fighting” in the Atlantic; the younger brother was sunk once but survived it Conclusion 38:09:27he asked the two [there may have been a third, on occasion] high school students who were interviewing him what grade they were in: tenth 38:24:09“you’ve probably never heard of South High School,” [Cavner, to his interviewers] in Grand Rapids, on the corner of Jefferson and Hall streets; it is still there, but no longer a school � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cavner, Harold L. (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cavner, Harold L Description An account of the resource Harold Cavner joined the US Marine Corps in 1943. He was on Saipan, Tinian, and Okinawa, and was one of the occupation troops in Nagasaki after the war, after the atomic bomb had been dropped there. Back in the United States, he attended Grand Rapids Junior College (now GRCC) and Michigan State University. His career was in the retail and wholesale lumber business. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource St. Pierre, Arielle (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Marine Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-12-10 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CavnerH Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/af7025e54dacf4f27c1ec88f181bdfca.mp4 64f55b257c22fe54920e01f220f7ce1e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fb0761b97dea8e08f0d4b649e2c78eb1.pdf 72068e9ade6bd739ac2eff91c8ccba8b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Ray Cebulski (00:26:15) Introduction (00:12) • Cebulski was born in 1944. The oldest of three brothers and a sister, he lived in a multi-ethnic neighborhood in Connecticut. Cekulski attended Georgetown University. Enlistment and Training. (1:30) • Enlisted while at Georgetown because he had a low draft number so that he could pick the branch of service he went into. Chose the Navy because it seemed interesting and challenging. Went in initially as a reserve officer and was trained at Pensacola, FL, then trained in a variety of aircraft in Georgia, Texas, and California before going to the Fleet Replacement Squadron at Whibley Island in Washington for final training in the aircraft he was to fly. Vietnam (3:55) • Served in Air Wing 17 aboard the USS Kittyhawk flying the A-6. Carriers would deploy to Vietnam for one year at a time. Mostly flew night interdiction missions to stop flow of supplies into North Vietnam, looking for trucks, trains, and bridges. • Cebulski describes life on a carrier for a combat pilot, flying two or three sorties a day for 30-50 days at a time. When not flying his responsibilities included being in charge of the avionics technicians for the ship and training on anti-missile aircraft. (5:00) • Didn’t really have time to do anything for fun between flying and other duties. Made lot of good friends in the service, including one of the Challenger pilots and author Stephan Coonts. (7:25) • Flew around 200 combat missions. Had to pick up slack when an A-7 squadron had problems with the bearings in the engines. Talks about flight operations on a carrier and flying at the end of the Tet Offensive. (8:52) • Cebulski was the CTF mining officer. Russians, English, French and Chinese were sending supplies to North Vietnam. When President Nixon ordered the mining of North Vietnamese ports, the admiral in charge didn’t know who the mining officer was, and ended up sending for a more senior officer than Cekulski to draw up the plans (11:33) �• Cebulski talks in detail about night interdiction missions, flying low and evading enemy SAMs and fighters. (13:06) After the War (16:41) • Got a job as a sales representative for a medical supply company in Washington and was sent to Michigan. Cebulski became an executive in that company. Cebulski started his own business in 1986 from which he semi-retired in 1997. In 2005 Cebulski came back to do consulting with his old company. • Cebulski credits his military experiences with giving him the discipline and motivation to succeed in business. When he was in charge of division of avionics technicians, he had officers senior to him report to him. (19:25) • For his last two years of service, Cebulski flew with the Fleet Replacement Squadron training new pilots, which was considered a plum assignment. The commander of his unit would later become the vice-admiral in charge of Navy fliers. (22:45) • Cebulski would reinstate draft or make 2 years of military service compulsory. Compares radical Islamists to the fascists in 1939. Think Americans are ignorant of threats in the world. (24:20) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cebulski, Raymond (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cebulski, Raymond Description An account of the resource Ray Cebulski served aboard the USS Kittyhawk as an A-6 pilot during the Vietnam War. In this interview Cebulski describes day-to-day life for a bomber pilot aboard a carrier, additional duties he had, night interdiction missions into North Vietnam, and some of the people that he served with. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kammeraad, Colin (Interviewer) Dice, Justin (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-03 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CebulskiR Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. 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