1 24 226 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c8d1def6e1d3f9b8a9f06165a787d9d4.pdf 770a869da0917f1e5ca19313ab2d7853 PDF Text Text AKTE VAN BEKWAAMHEID ALS ONDERWIJZER. J DIRECTEUR EN LEERAREN DER RIJKSKWEEKSCHOOL voor ;~~~»17::::::~~=~:~~:::~~~ onder a 1, der Lager-onderwijswet 1920, en artikel 36 der bij het Koninklijk besluit van 11 September 1923 (Staatsblad n°. 439) behoorende Regelen, en onder toezicht der door den Minister van Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen overeenkomstig artikel 2 van het Koninklijk besluit van 10 September 1923 (Staatsblad n°. 434) aan21oter, . • ? / - ~~ . gewezen gecommitteerden, op . 2f!/'.Y.(2._/f.û:?.. J ::-2:i.. ~~~~.:=~~~~~·~···:: .: .~ f /20,/~ ·1/·--·-• -? .19...1,.1... : : ~ ~::: ::: : : ·. :. : ::: :··. : : : ·:: .-: .X ~. ..., geboren d~n y~'Á&~~/4.. . te . en hem ten gevolge van dat examen uitgereikt de AKTE VAN BEKWAAMHEID als ONDERWIJZER. NAMENS DIRECTEUR EN LEERAREN, DE GECOMMITTEERDEN, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1933-06-02-P-Termaat-teaching-certificate-357 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alkmaar (Neth.), Rijksweekschool Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933-06-02 Title A name given to the resource Pieter Termaat teaching certificate Description An account of the resource Teaching certificate of Pieter N. Termaat. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Teachers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e2db8cf3329c4a18144f2db420d93db1.pdf bc16f9022991daa9d5cf9b92fc7e9659 PDF Text Text ~~5~o--------oic~~ Gt~· vtr ~13,-r, .<3 Life Enricher Certificate Of Appreciation Awarded To PETER TERMAAT Thank you for being a Life Enricher. Because you care, your words and works enrich the lives of others. ,~ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_Life-Enricher-PNT Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amway Corporation Title A name given to the resource Life Enricher Certificate of Appreciation Description An account of the resource Life Enricher Certificate of Appreciation awarded to Peter Termaat by Rich DeVos, President of Amway Corporation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9e06e37ee73bef361d8bbca2d90c732e.pdf f338541d3c7e8c18f98ba50c29578a10 PDF Text Text ,,, l • ·' Nixon Found a Close ·Friend ·in Hom.anian _Nazi United Feature Syndica te • _,_, ANOTHER BLACK chapter in Richard Nixon's history has been hidden in secret government files for ~~ nearly three decades. As a California senator in 1951, Nixon eagerly assist" ed one of Europe's most notorious and wealthy Nazi collaborators to rel main in the United States and keep . the Midas-like fortune he had reaped · · from the suffering of his persecuted countrymen during World War 11. The mysterious Nazi was a fabulously rich Romanian industrialist named Nicolae Malaxa, whose farflung financial empire provided tanks and guns tc the vicious Iron Guard, noted for its zealotry in perse., cuting the Jews and maintaining Hit7 Ier's reign of terror in Romania. Malaxa was a Howard Hughes-like business wizard whose character included equal parts of amoral ruthlessness and unbridled Just for money. He fled to the United States in September 1946 and remained here until his death in New Jersey in 1965. His real-li fe adventures In the United States were more bizarre than any fictional account. This column followed Malaxa's double-dealing, including his ties . with Nixon, from the · moment the Nazi sympathizer first alighted on l ·u.s. soil. Now the shameful history of Malaxa'i, collaboration with top American officials has been fully documented in recently declassified files obtained by Sen. Max Baucus, DMont., who is investigating Nazi ac_tivities in the United States. Malaxa's fiight to America was dis• •honorably aiped by a host of highranking U.S. government officials, diplomats and Wall Street lawyers, many of whom actually went to work for Malaxa, although they knew about his · fascist, money-grubbing background. To their shame, -immigration bosses schemed to allow Malaxa to stay in the United States, ·even after < }· I · -.after visiting Canada, Nixon .tobbiec · hard for Malaxa's cause. 1: Pennis.sion was initially ptt>pe_rl) denied, but Malaxa won an appeal and the favorable decision was af• •firmed by then-Attorney General Wil• . Uam •Rogers, .another Ni_xon 1rieild. . . ,curiously, after Malaxa . got'>,- back being briefed by th~ CIA on his unsa- . through the border, .•plans "Jor.' ~e vory background, according to these- ,plant slowly faded into obUVion. _ · cret files. · · ' . ~he late FBI chief J:.Edgar Hoover In one confidential memo, .then- ,and ·othet' intelligence bosses :were CIA Assistant Director Lyman Kirk- -: also - aware- of Ma:Iaxa's unsavory patrick told Immigration executive past, but took no action against him. W.W. Wiggins tha~ "(Malaxa) ls con- · .. An Internal Revenue Service insidered entirely ,pnscrupulous • · · a. vestigation disclosed that Mala,pi had ,dangerous type of man ,1rom the given fancy Cadillacs to as many ,as standpoint of ~Ing an op.~~nent of a ,; ,. '56 'influe·ntial people, ,1ncluclirig th~ truly democratic regime .JD R~ma- , , ,wife of,one leading Washington ,offinia. · cial,. puring the days when some of The CIA further divulged that Ma- the same "red baiting" ~polltic~ans. laxa gained his own ends "through were publicly pillori~ State J)epartbrlbery" and "ls positlv~ly known to merit clerks and movie stars for ~eir have thrown his support _a t on~ .time alleged Communist c:~nnections. : or another, to the warious totalitarian · · In the end Malaxa's' blood-tairtted regif!les" which ruled oppr~d Ro- _. golden hoard spoke -iouder ~:.the mama. , •few olficials protesttng the notonous Malaxa found American greed as Nazi's presence in a country where hospitable as the Nazis. He regained - thousands of families had lost loved a large portion of ~is huge fort~me . _pnes t.o the unspeakable -cruelties of and used it to stay in the United the vicious Iron Guai:d Malaµ so fa• States, with ~e friendly belp o~ .a natically supported. number of congressmen, lncludmg ).., • cronies of Nixon's, who introduced private bills on his behalf, sources told our associates Jack M1tcheH and Gary Cohn. . The documents reveal "that when Nixon was a senator, he was unduly concerned about Malaxa's fin~cial progress. Jn 1951, for example, he urged the Defense D~partment to permit the Western Tube Company to · build a plant in California to manu- · facture seamless tubing for oil wells. Western Tube'Streasurer, curiously, was none other than Malaxa, and the vice president or µie com~any was an old Nixon friend. When the Romanian Nazi found himself ·10 danger -of being banned from re-entry into the United States • Jack Anderson -------- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1979-Nixon-and-Nazis-309 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, Jack Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Nixon Found a Close Friend in Romanian Nazi Description An account of the resource United Feature Syndicate article about President Richard Nixon's personal associations. Subject The topic of the resource Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/80071c0121ec18a9b34c13acbde7f554.pdf d65efa17b95e5b2cac48ce38dc49f290 PDF Text Text "Goodness is rare but sacred in history; it must not be neglected." - Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers A PROGRAM OF THE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE Tuesday, June 4, 1991 �JEWISH FOUNDATION FOR CHRISTIAN RESCUERS/ ADL help. Many of these caring rescuers are aged, ill and During the depths of the Holocaust, a few brave souls often forgotten. Through the Jewish Foundation for Christook extraordinary steps to save Jews. For months and sometimes years, these Christian rescuers risked prison, tian Rescuers, we have the opportunity to show our gratitude and to reciprocate, in a deportation and death, for themsmall way, for the care and com passelves and members of their >- sion these Christians bestowed families, in efforts to protect Jews from the inferno of the Nazi terror. ~ upon Jews fleeing or hiding from 2j Nazi death squads. It may be too These heroes acted without any iJ; late to thank the thousands of expectation of reward . They did z Christians tortured and murdered, what they believed was right, at ...cl merely for helping Jews, by the a time when so many others i'.= Nazis and their collaborators. But, looked away. o we can - and must - help those The Jews of Europe, especially ~ remarkable rescuers alive today Eastern Europe, faced the constant :., who are aged and in need. threat of death and imprisonment 8 The Jewish Foundation for during World War II. Too often, Christian Rescuers, a program desperate Jews had no one to tum sponsored by the Anti-Defamation to for aid or comfort. Too often, League, provides monthly grants Jews were betrayed by their own DANISH FISHERMEN ROW JEWS TO to over 700 remarkable men and neighbors. Yet, there were a few SAFETY IN SWEDEN, OCTOBER 1943. women in 13 countries in an atwho did not turn their backs on tempt to help ease their financial burdens. In addition, these tormented people. Thousands of brave people the Foundation's focus is educational. By sponsoring prohid Jews in their homes, gave them food , clothing and grams and seminars and by honoring these noble individmoney for their escape, and even passed Jewish children uals, we not only show our deepest gratitude, but also, off as their own . In each case, these courageous Christhrough commemorating their heroism, we help ensure tians acted out of a sense of moral righteousness and that the values of altruism and moral courage which they responsibility. embody will live on as inspirations to all people. Today, many of these extraordinary people need our You are cordially invited to attend an Evening of Reflection and Tribute • Abraham H. Foxman National Director, Anti-Defamation League "Lessons from History" • Courage to Care Awards to Peter N. and Adrienna B. Termaat Ignacy, Helen and Cezary Chorazyczewski 6:00 p.m. Private viewing of Holocaust Memorial Center followed by Hors d'Oeuvres 7:30 p.m. Program in Shifman Hall followed by Dessert Reception $18.00 per person R.S.V.P. by May 28 Valet Parking Available We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Carol and Joel Dorfman Educational Fund which makes this event and our Fall 1991 Educational Programs possible. Jewish Community Center/Maple-Drake Tuesday, June 4, 1991 �ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI B'RITH National Chairperson Melvin Salberg National Director Abraham H. Foxman JEWISH FOUNDATION FOR CHRISTIAN RESCUERS/ ADL Founding Chairperson Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis Chairperson E. Robert Goodkind MICHIGAN REGIONAL OFFICE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI B'RITH President Director Linda Soberman Richard Lobenthal Vice Presidents Norman H. Beitner Fran Gross Nancy Schonberg Barry J. Goodman Ruth Lando David Wallace Sheri T. Schiff Secretary Treasurer Michael H. Traison Gene A. Farber MICHIGAN COMMITTEE JEWISH FOUNDATION FOR CHRISTIAN RESCUERS/ ADL Esther Applebaum Norman H. Beitner Cheryl Bloom Rabbi Ernst Conrad Carol Fogel Jay Gerber Chairperson Fran Gross Committee Howard Goldberg Nancy Kurland Simpson Barry J. Goodman Lisa Mendelson Tammy Gorosh Paula Milgrom Nancy Grand Shellev Nadiv Greg Herman Cheryl Scott Jonathan Jaffa Cherie Selis Michelle Sider Charles Soberman Leslie Taub Arlene Victor David Wallace Harold Zucker Anti-Defamation League of B' nai B'rith, 4000 Town Center, Suite 420, Southfield, Ml 48075-1405 (313) 355-3730 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_COR_1991-06-04-ADL-Courage-to-Care-Awards Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anti-Defamation League Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-06-04 Title A name given to the resource Courage and Care Awards, Anti-Defamation League Description An account of the resource Invitation to an Evening of Reflection and Tribute, including Courage and Care Awards to Pieter N. and Adriana B. Termaat, held at the Jewish Community Center on June 4, 1991. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Americans Anti-defamation League Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/99af03005702c20bab2ca4e1f0d75d41.pdf 9108d2e518246369990be46527c274be PDF Text Text ADL Foundation Honors Righteous Gentiles ELIZABETH APPLEBAUM Assistant Editor braham Kashdan was a 17-year-old Jew in Nazi-occupied Poland. Helen Chorazyczewski was a Catholic who lived next door. On an afternoon in 1942 Abraham knocked on Mrs. Chorazyczewski' s door and -begged for help. "They've 'killed my parents," he cried. "I have no one left. Will you be my family?" A It took Mrs. Chorazyczewski no time to make up her mind. Despite the fact that she was endangering her life, the life of her husband and the life of her teen-age son, Cezary, Mrs. Chorazyczewski let Abraham into her home. She would look after him for years, until Abraham escaped to join the partisans. Her decision to help her neighbor, Mrs. Chorazyc• zewski would later say, was nothing special. It was simp• ly "the Christian thing to do." Today, Mrs. Chorazyczewski lives in Hamtramck. Together with Peter and Adriana Tur· maat of Grand Rapids, who during the war opened their Dutch home to Jews and Allied pilots, Mrs. Chorazyczewski was honored this week with the "Courage to Care" award. Presented by the Anti. Defamation League's Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers, the award is given to Righteous Gentiles who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust. Guest speaker Abraham Foxman, national director of the ADL, said the Righteous Gentiles had "rescued the conscience and reputation of mankind." They proved that "even in that hell called the Holocaust there was good; there was heroism; there was courage; there was love and compassion, and there was understanding." The Chorazyczewskis' and the Termaats' deeds show, Mr. Foxman said, "that if people have the courage to care, they can change the world." DETROtT JEWISH NEWS Peter Termaat was born in 1914 in Holland. At 18, he joined an anti-Nazi group. He met his future wife, Adriana, in 1936 and mar• ried her three years later. The day the Nazis invaded the Netherlands, the Ter• maats opened their home to a family of six refugees. Later, both Jews and Allied pilots, shot down by the Nazis, would find shelter in their house. Throughout the war, the Termaats stole ration cards to feed refugees and helped Jews out of the country. Once while helping a German-Jewish couple escape via train, the Termaats found themselves riding in the same compartment with a Nazi officer. The Termaats, along with their four children, settled in 1952 in Grand Rapids. After receiving his award, Mr. Termaat told those in the audience they must continually warn of the dangers of totalitarianism. He addressed audience members as "brothers and sisters" Continued on Page 22 JUM O7 199~ \ �... J EWW DETROIT" "Ew1sH Nis . . I.. 1cOCAL: N . ·JIii Q.,_ 1991 . Righteous Gentiles Continu~ from Page 1 "- · 1 ·~ and said that when he mar- j • ried, the minister recited the • 146th Psalm: "Happy is the man who has the God of Jacob for his help." Mrs. Chorazyczewski, supported by her son Cezary, was in tears when the son of Abraham Kashdan, the teen-ager whose life she saved, approached her during j the award presentation. : Photos of Mr . . Kashdan l_. covered a poster in the hall •1.<where the program was held. t, , Several pictures showed Mr. !: · Kashdan as a child with his I'. . parents and grandparents. Another photo, hand colored, 1.. showed him as a young man 1; . who closely resembled actor !! Gary Cooper. · · Near the Kashdan poster Abraham Foxman::~ .,.\ .-· was a different pl acard, . I Righieous Gentiles '. 'rescued the. showing those Jews who did j·,~ conscience and reputation_of.! not find a Mrs. Chorazyc- 11 mankind.i'" ~.b€t'.!;~::,J 11' zewski, an Adriana or Peterl ~ o:> ',i(,Jfmif1'.4°' ·os ed ·,o 1 t' 'Thrmaat. Men, women and ~ r "My father used to . say, children lay broken and !'' 'Everything. in excess is no .bludgeoned in ~ mass Nazi . good,'.'.'. Mr.I Foxman ' said. grave. · · · - · j 1 "It was too' much love that For the AOL's Mr. Fox-!~ ledtothattragedyl,;wb-,dtf.• man, this week's ceremony;' Joseph and Hele~ F o ~ was more than: just another · t r ied . to maintain contact speaking engagement. ~e,,: l. :witl?, the.nanny, sending her too, was saved by a gentile 1 ; letter s . and packages from during the Holocaust. When the United States, but she ;, .never responded. In 1958, · It was simply "the ' ~ the correspondence . was no · Christian thing to · I · ' longer accepted, and t~e do" ! . f~ ly assumed the w,o~ • · • died. .. · •• : ·7°,, ::.• ·:,•"i . · - 0 1. never had the oppor: the Nazis invaded · t unity to thank or acknowlLithuania, Mr. Foxman's edge her,'·.'~ Mr. Foxm an said. D -;,; . father, Joseph, and mother, Helen, were ordered to the Vilna Ghetto. Their son, Abraham, was 2. ·I "My parents made a deci~ sion they could never ex: ; · plain," he said. "They decid- • · ed to leave me with my · nanny." I -, Mr. Foxman said he doesn't think his parents ever imagined the war would last for so long, or could conceive the curious set of circumstances that would follow his placement with the nanny. · I l 7 • · .Both Mr . Foxman's parents survived the war · and came looking for their · son in 1945, when J oseph was liberated from a concentration camp in Estonia. But the nanny was not about to. give Abraham up. "He belongs to me," she said. · The Foxmans were forced to go to court to regain: custody of their son -a vie-: tory that was short -lived. After being reunited with his parents in Poland, Abraham was kidnapped by his. -.._Jlanny. Later, his parents:. managed to get their son: " back and immigrated to the: United States. I ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1991-06-07-Detroit-Jewish-News-Righteous-Gentiles Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Applebaum, Elizabeth Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-06-07 Title A name given to the resource ADL Foundation honors Righteous Gentiles Description An account of the resource Newspaper article photocopy from the Detroit Jewish News about the Yad Vashem Righteous Gentiles award. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Detroit Jewish News Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4f66fe886c3ab110a0c13fbb92d40232.pdf 8da68481c26f5ff6d6409c7631671580 PDF Text Text I REMEMBERING THOSE WHO RESCUED JEWS FROM NAZIS WILLIAM ARCHIE/Detroit Free Press Holocaust survivors Abraham Foxman and Gisele Feldman reminisce Monday at the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith in Southfield over photos of relatives who died at Auschwitz. Tonight Foxman and Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers supporters will mark the creation of a state chapter and honor two families: the Termaats of Grand Rapids and the Chorazyczewskis of Hamtramck. Story, Page lB. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_Remembering-those-who-rescued-Jews-from-Nazis Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Archie, William Title A name given to the resource Remembering those who rescued Jews from Nazis Description An account of the resource Newspaper clipping of photograph of Abraham Foxman and Gisele Feldman for the Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe Jews -- United States Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/059760ee99a42baffeabc818a4939181.pdf b006545c15c6a996793b83b2872d77fe PDF Text Text + . . . . , ." " , . . . . • I' \ • Prof. Baum & Prof. deYoung "Conflict and Cooperation in Society" HP 231 Fall, 1988 THE HOLOCAUST AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Books required for the course: Eli Wiesel, Night Leon Poliakov, Harvest of Hate Philip Hallie, Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed Joel Dimsdale, survivors, Victims and Perpetrators (Syllabus written by William Baum, July 1988.) Because this course is so unusual, some comments are called for at the beginning. This course came about as a result of work begun several years ago by a committee working to develop a high quality and highly interdisciplinary course in the social sciences. We hereby acknowledge our gratitude to Dean Tony Travis for his moral and financial support of this endeavor. Professor Baum originally assumed the task of organizing the course and continues to do so. In the three years that this course has been offered, he has been helped in many ways by many people. Above all, special gratitude is expressed to Professors Joanisse and deYoung and the guests who serve as witness to the Holocaust and suffer unbelievable memories and pain in doing so. These guests, colleagues and a growing literature remind us that all social phenomena is lived and interpreted at the 'level of daily life.' The ability to generalize is a hallmark of any science, and it is possible to make some �I I valid generalizations about human behavior during the Holocaust. However, we must guard against excessive generalization. As the works of Allen, Henry, Levi, Peukert ana the many diaries cited below indicate so clearly, every life has its own story to tell and the story is almost always one of the fragility and malleability of most every human and most every human situation. He [man] has the capacity to veer with every wind, or, stubbornly, to insert himself into some fantastically elaborated and irrational social institution only to perish with it. [For man] is a fickle, erratic, dangerous creature [whose] restless mind would try all paths, all horrors, all betrayals ... believe all things and believe nothing ... kill for shadowy ideas more ferociously than other creatures kill for food, then, in a generation or less, forget what bloody dream had so oppressed him. Loren Eiseley The subject matter of this course deserves special comment. The committee established in 1985 to develop a high quality interdisciplinary course in the social sciences needed a good case study in order to hold it together. Inevitably (at least it now seems so), we came to focus on the Holocast - the systematic murder of European Jews and certain other groups by the Nazis during World War II. As horrible as this catastroph is to study and contemplate, it does provide an excellent opportunity to consider human behavior in a wide range of contexts. We are forced to �confront the following basic set of questions . How could the people of Germany - the nation of Bach and Kant - become deeply involved in the extermination of some 6 million Jews and Gypsi e s ( and others) whose alleged crime was that they belonged to an "inferior r a ce"? How could Germans beat and kick old women , even young children and babies and then gas them before throwing them into the large ovens of the infamous death camps? How could the "Nazi doctors'' deliberately break the bones of little children so that they could "study'' the healing process? confront the question: In short, we must how and why could humans do these things to other humans? If you are thinking as you read this that only very sick humans are capable of doing these things and that everyone involved in the killing process was psychopathic, you will confront some shocking evidence in this course. A great deal of evidence in the social sciences points to the fact that many or most of us would have been obedient Nazis if we had been there. One of the goals of the course is for you to learn how the structure and organization of modern bureaucracy and certain other groups can "assist'' in the process of human destruction. We will also see the enormous role in this process played by such normal human behavior as denial, repression and "distancing". Another goal of the course is to stimulate an examination of ones' ownself. I think that it is virtually impossible to go through this course and not ask serious �que ::tio ns about who you are and what you are and what your ancestors have passed on to you in the way of religious bel:efs - including prejudice and hatred. ___ ......... ,_ _,\,,; .... "'-"'-' - ,. are wondering, I am not Jewish. ~ Nor am I (And I don't know enough to be an atheist). Chri . tiarJ . I am merel 1 an American, of German-Irish ancestry, who is both curio .~s and troubled by what humans can do to other humans. (B y the way Professor De young is almost none of the above). Ano· her very important goal of this course may be desc r 1b ~ i as the hope that it may make you a more responsible citizen. What happened in Germany was due, in part, to the fa ct t ha ~ not very many Germans did anything to oppose the Nazis . Even though we tend to think of Hitler as a crazed dem on , there is much evidence that suggests that Nazi programs would have been abandoned or modified if Hitler had recei v e d mo re public opposition. Indeed, the so-called Euthanasia program - actually mass murder of persons p] ·,y c. :,- ,:,} }y o r mentally disabled - which began in 1939 was rn o di fl ~d when public reaction reached a high level by 1941. Altho ~ gh we haven't had any Holocaust in this country, we hav e many unsavory chapters in our history, including the system st ic slavery of Blacks, the long standing mistreatment of Na :. i '!e Americans and the widespread prejudice toward Hispa n ic and Asian Americans (to name but some of the p)t"mnl pc::) - . Moc ~ of the examples of human destruction of other humans (herewith defining destruction to include enslaving and the denial of full legal rights) involves a �racial component. Social scientists have come to recognize identifiable steps in a process from mere prejudice (I say "mere'' because I accept the premise that prejudicd cannot be eliminated) to legal discrimination, to segregation, to isolation, to concentration and subsequent destruction. Details will vary, but there is recognizable process, whether in Nazi Germanyor contemporary America. Recent outbreaks ofhostility against Blacks and Asians on American campuses should be a clear warning to us all. We must never forget that there is more to education than merely acquiring knowledge. Knowledge by and of itself is not enough. Haim Ginott's challenge states it eloquently: On the first day in the new school year all the teachers in one private school received the following note from the principal: Dear Teachers: I am a survivor of a concentration camp. saw what no man should witness: My eyes Gas chambers built by learned engineers. Children poisoned by educated physicians. Infants killed by trained nurses. Women and babies shot and burned by high school and college graduates. So, I am suspicious of education. Hy request is that teachers help students become human. Your efforts must never produce learned monsters, skilled psychopaths, educated Eichmanns. Reading, writing, arithmetic are important only if they serve to make our children more humane. It is trying on us all to have such a grim subject matter. One can only hope that we learn and gain an understanding of the processes involved in human destruction. �These proceses, furtherm ore , are not unique to the Nazi Holocaust. It is estimated that in 1914, Turks killed or deported to the desert 2/3 of the estimated 1,800,000 : ~.:.: :~. ,.;:: •. i..:! li s o f th e Ottoman Empire. During the early 1930' s, Stalin embarked on a policy to totally collectivize Soviet peasa n t holdings. Moving against the peasants as a class which must collectivize, become urban workers or be e x term i nated , it is estimated that 15 to 22 million Russian peasants were killed through intentional mass starvation and other means. ( In Marxist literature, belonging to a "wrong" class is tantamount to being a member of an inferior race). Instances of genocide in Asia seem far worse still! In such a morbid contest, any relief is most welcome. The course is titled "conflict and cooperation" and we will deal with genuine instances of compassion and heroism ("cooperation" is hardly adequate here). In October we will consider the case of the French village - Le Chambon sur J.i g . . .,..., :'. - r1;"'r:1 h ow goodness happened there. courag~, t~~ villagers saved as many as thousands of Jewish children and adults from certain death. With great A witness to acts of courage in saving Jews will join us in October. Finally, we come to the principle of "lest we forget". Many echc· the words of Karl Jaspers who wrote of the Holocaust : it is guilt. "That which has happened is a warning. It must be continually remembered. To forget It was possible for this to happen, and it remains possible for it to happen again . .. Only in knowledge can it be prevented." �I d o n ot share Jasper's implied optimism because people caught up in a chain of events seldom comprehend what is going on. For example, many Germans who profited from the closing of Jewish businesses and the expulsion of Jews from the professions in the l930's would have nevertheless insisted that they didn ' t want any killing going on. They would have b een shocked beyond belief if anyone had pointed out to them what would follow within a few years. As we shall see throughout this course, humans are frequently caught up in a series of events that are really out of control - only they don't realize it at the time. But it is important to honor the spirit of Jaspers and recognize the danger signs which indicate when a nation, or culture, has become sick and is on the road to destruciton . A primary objective of this course is to indicate what these danger signs look like in real life. Grading Policies 1) Due to the unique nature of this course, including special guests and films, attendance is required. A bonus will be awarded to those who miss class no more than one time . 2) A term paper of approximately 15 to 18 pages is required. The term paper will be worth approximately 1/3 of your grade. {See the section following this for more information about the term paper). 3) A final exam will count for approximately 1/3 of your �grade. The remainder of your grade is to be made up of an early exam and a daily journal. In a course like this, a so-called "objective'' exam is a poor measuring device. One can name dates and names but fail to understand the Holocaust. We do acknowledge that there are "levels'' or degrees of understanding that tend to accumulate and can be assessed in a diary or journal. From time to time in the smaller discussion sections, we will exchange and discuss our insights. The journal is to be handed in near the end of the course. 4) There is a Holocaust Memorial Center in West Bloomfield, Michigan which you may want to visit. hours will be announced). go there. (The fall visiting I strongly recommend that you You should reserve two hours for the visit. Go slowly and soak it up. It is an impressive museum! From Grand Rapids take I-96 east to I-696. Exit at Telegraph Road and go north to Maple Road. Turn left on Maple Road and head west to Drake Road (past Orchard Lake Read and Farmington Road) . of Maple and Drake, 6602 w. The museum is at the corner Maple. earned by visiting the museum. Extra credit can be The museum also has a library which you may want to use in connection with your term paper. there . They have many rare and very special books Before going there you are advised to call the center at (313) 661-0840 for information. You may also earn additional credit by seeing an important movie/documentary like Shoah . Please comment on �such special events in your journal. The Term Paper Each student is expected to write a term paper. The term paper is to be written after consultation with the appropriate faculty member before the Thanksgiving break. The professors will select the best term papers from each section and invite the students to present them to the larger group late in the semester . Last fall we learned that writing a good term paper is one thing, while writing a good term paper in social science is quite another . the ss. For example, one student wrote a paper on The paper was well-written, reflected careful research and told a great deal about the origin and evolution of the ss. But it wasn't a good social science term paper because it told us little about human behavior. It would have been both important and interesting to know the class origins of SS recruits, personality traits of the recruits, what the training program was designed to accomplish - and how it altered behavior. It also would have been important to study the organization of the ss and show how the organization affected the behavior of its members. The significance of these points is clarified when one considers the evidence which suggests that ss members came from "normal" backgrounds and led "normal" lives after the war . Yet, they were active participants in the murder of millions of people over several years. A good paper would account for �how the behavior of these men was altered so significantly in sucl a short period of time. What makes Robert Lifton' s book on ~he Nazi doctors so interesting and potentially important ~~t~mpt to explain the phenomenon of "biological . '- solt eril ~••, or how these Nazi doctors could come to regard kill~~g as healing. ?he student who authored the paper mentioned above received an "A" because it was a good paper. That it wasn't a goods cial science term paper was due, in part, to the tender .1e of the writer and to the difficulty in cornrnunica~ing to and undergraduate the necessary information involvei. It is our hope that we will do a better job this time around. One of our major tasks as instructors is to communicate what good social science looks like. This task is not made easier by the fact that so much that is passed off aE social science is no more than bilge. (See attached bibliography for examples of good social science). �I PART ONE - WHAT HAPPENED The Nazi Program for the destruction of the Jews of Europe As we begin this course, we will focus on what happened in the incredible years between 1933-1945. Even so, it will be necessary to bring in some historical materials, particularly on the long-standing anti-Semitism in Europe. But we will primarily use Poliakov's Harvest of Hate which deals mainly with the "Hitler years". Wednesday, August 31 Distribution of syllabi and discussion of course content, assignments and grading. Friday, Sept. 2 Professor Baum will comment on some of the problems connected with teaching a course on the Holocaust. Monday, Sept. 5 We will not meet due to the Labor Day recess . But this is the weekend to really get your head into this course. Carefully read Elie Wiesel's Night before September 7. As impossible as it may seem, we will have a guest on Wednesday who was in Auschwitz at the very same time as Wiesel and has a very similar story to tell. �Wednesday, Sept. 2 Today we will have a very special guest with us, Grand Rapids businessman, David Mandel. In recent years Mr. Mandel has •'.:'(··-2 :-..·=- ·1 -= 0 1.t~ly de·:ided to tell his painful story - lest we forge t. · Friday, Sept. 9 Why the Jew? The Holocaust is inconceivable unless "the Jew'' is widely and deeply seen as something less than human. Professor Gilbert Davis will be our guest speaker today and will outline some of the major chapters of this long story. By the way, Profess o r Davis has taught a course on the Holocaust . Monday, Sept . 12 Professor Davis will join us again. Today he will focus on the bitter anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria just prior to Wo rld War I. cb sE s s e d \-li It was in this environment that Hitler became th "The Jew" Wednesday, Sept. 14 The Hol o caust is also inconceivable without the "takeover" of Germany by Adolf Hitler. Today we will see few minutes of a documentary film clip so that you may get an idea of how ~rr~ ~L iv~ Hiller was as an orator. After the brief film, Professor Baum will compare a well-known historical treatment or ttitier witn a more recent "psychohistory" and indicate some problems with interpreting Hitler. �Friday, Sept. 16 The class will meet in separate discussion sections. By now your head (and your journal) must be teeming with questions and thoughts. The discussion groups will focus on one or more of the following: 1) questions or comments you may have about the course to this point; 2) sharing journal entries; 3) the first 30 pages of Poliakov. Here we can "connect" Hitler, the Nazis and the German people as they move against the Jews. Monday, Sept. 19 Read "Persecution Unleashed'' in Poliakov (and review chapter one). We will focus on two matters today: 1) The author discusses the development of ''sacral" and "profane" laws in the Nazi system. What was their nature and function? Why, for instance, did sacral laws extend to the Netherlands but not to France? 2) Even at this early part of the story, it is clear that the predicament of the Jews varied greatly from country to country. What are some of the major factors which account for this variation? Be prepared for class discussion. Wednesday, Sept. 21 Read chapters 3,4, & 5 of Poliakov. Today Professor Baum will discuss the debate among historians and social scientists regarding the start of the Holocaust. Was the extermination of the European Jews the result of long-range �·~ planning (traceab l e t o Mei n Kampf) or did the Nazis "stumble" into it when other measures to rid central Europe of Jews failed? Friday, Sept. 23 The phenomen o n of Hitler involved strong and widespread support among the German people. Professor Baum will explore the "tie" between Hitler and the German people and indicate the socio-economic nature of his most active followers. Monday, Sept. 26 We will have a very special guest with us today . Professor Geoffrey Cocks of Albion College is the author of a widely praised book: Institute. Psychotherapy in the Third Reich - The Goering Professor Cocks will explore how one group of professionals survived the turbulent years of Nazi Germany. This presentation should be of special interest to those of you entering the fields of medicine. Furthermore, as our guest explores his thesis, you can learn something about how to organize a term paper. Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Sept. 28, 29 and 30 These dates are reserved for discussions of the term papers with the appropriate professor. sheets. Sign up on the schedule Two may sign up for each time slot (there is something to be learned by seeing what others are doing and the troubles they are dealing with). We are using class time to insure that everyone will be able to schedule a meeting. �Please bring with you a topic title, a paragraph statement of a hypoth esis o r thesis, and a bibliography of no fewer than five items. Monday, You may also bring a towel to cry on. Oct. ~ Read chapters 6 and 7 Poliakov. Among the questions raised are how men praised for their "honesty" and "gentleness of character" could kill women, children and babies. Baum will discuss how the Professor ss transformed "ordinary" men into killers of enemy soldiers and countless civilians. Wednesday , Oct. 5 More on the ss. Professor Baum will explore, among other things, the argument that the ss was "the alibi of Nazi Germany." Friday, Oct. 7 Read chapter eight of Harvest of Hate - "The Industry of Death". Hitler's program of euthanasia began in September, 1139 and was toned down in August, 1941, due to public pressure. Hitler apparently had 70,273 "feeble-minded" and "incurably insane" exterminated because they wer useless to the state. Furthermore, it gave certain scientists and medical people a chance to "perfect" ways of exterminating large numbers of people. If the German people wee sick and horrified over the extermination of their own "feeble-minded", doesn't this vividly underscore the perception of Jews held by many - if �not most - Germans? The Germans apparently regarded the feel le-minded as humans, but not the Jews. What did Ameican sole .iers in "Nam" call the enemy soldiers? Is the killing ~~~ ,, L~~~~m~nt of other humans only possible after a proc •ss c: self-delusioh - even collective self-delusion has tiken place? Haven't many of the worst crimes in human hist.c :·y been committed by people who first robbed their victim~ of their humanity? After this, isn't everything else "easy"? Note throughout the chapter the many instances of delusio: and dehumanization, and how it even affected the prisoners . One question keeps coming back as I write this syllabus: Why did P.ir.\i11ler and his fellow merchants in death find it possible to build their concrete and steel monuments to death and y ·- t never submit their "final solution" to paper? We will discuss these and related questions today. Read cbapter nine, "The Jewish Reisitance". This chapter raises some interesting questions about Jewish resistance, including ghetto uprising and the partisans. Professor Baum will survEy the debate that has been going on for decades regard~ng the nature and degree of Jewish resistance to ·the Nazis. llt::u..tH=-">uay, 01.,: L. 12 Finish the book, Harvest of Hate. We need to consider several matters as we conclude this �portion of the cour se. 1) Why would anyone exterminate a group of people when one could enslave them. 2) Does the author's account of Himmler make any sense to you? Do you have any understanding of the man? Is Himmler simply a case study of a man who might have carried out 'more rational exploitation' but for the circum st ances - in this Eichmann's opposition as well as the Grand Mufti's desire to see all Jews exterminated? 3) Also very disturbing is the matter of the attitude towards the Jews in countries at war with Germany. Did anti- semitism world-wide really contribute to the 'final solutions'? 1943? Did Goebbles speak the truth on this in May, (p. 262). 4) Finally, we confront one of the most disturbing issues of all: the historic contributions of Christianity to anti- semitism and the Holocaust. We will specifically consider the statements of Thomas Acquinas and Martin Luther concerning the Jews. Is the long history of Christian hatred of the Jews based on a misunderstanding? Does it matter that Jesus was a Jew - or that Jews allegedly killed Jesus? Why are the Gospels so ambiguious concerning the death of Jesus? (In Mark 15 : 15 and Matthew 27:26, "Pilate delivered Jesus to be crucified; in Luke 23:24, Pilate "decided that their (the �Jews) demand should be granted," in John 19:16, we are told that Pilate "handed him over to them (the Jews) to be cruicif ied. John 19:23 says that Roman soldiers carried out the cruci fixion . One cannot a void thinking about this long history of anti - Semitism in psychological terms: perhaps the Chris t ia ns used the Jews as a convienient symbol by which Christianity is measured. Christian rites and rituals became the s~cred, Jewish rites and rituals represent the profane. In-group solidarity is enhanced by having an out-group devil. It is n ~t surprising, in my opinion, that massacres of Jews can be found at many points of western history. Once again, doesn't this follow when one group considers another subhuman? In other words, anti-Semitism is not strictly or exclusively a religi o us phenomenon, but is a phenomenon of group beha v ior. In the rise of Christianity, the Jews were a con v enient foil: they had a different Sabbath, circurnsized males and d : essed differently . Moreover, the separation of the Christian from the Jew clarified the identity of those who refuse to accept Christianity. With the rise of the modern nationstate and the decline of religious belief, "blood" or " race" replaced belief or piousness as a sign of W~8 ~a: ma~kcd for salvation or condemned to death . In November, 1938, Goering acknowledged the importance of ..... c u ........ '::I ':l:,c:: 1..1..v.::, ~,. created," he said. all cities. "They will have to be In either case, the Jews were a convenient scapegoat. It should be noted that France went �through a crisis in the 1890's which involved nationalism and anti-Semitism. Some of the patterns there were repeated in Nazi Germany. Members o f the class may wish to consult a recent work by David A. Rausch,~ Legacy of Hatred: Forget the Holocaust. Why Christians Must Not Rausch examines the long history of Christian intolerance of the Jews. perhaps, is Martin Luther's role: Most disturbing of all, he asked, "What shall we Christians do with the rejected and condemned people the Jews? I shall give you my sincere advice. First, to set fire to their synagogues or schools and to bury and cover with dirt whatever will not burn, so that no man will ever again see a stone or cinder of them. This is to be done in honor of our Lord ... Second, I advise that houses all be razed and destroyed .. Fourth, I advise that rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb . . . Fifth, I advise that safe - conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews ... " Small wonder that Julius Streicher, a Hitler propagandist, would cite Luther in his defense of his actions at his Nuremberg trial . In his last years, Luther gave up on the Jews because they failed to convert to Christianity. What do you think of his comment that if he had been a Jew, he certainly wold have converted! �Friday, Oct. 14 --- Mid-term Exam. Monday, Oct. 17 --- Our 11 two weeks of sunshine." The story of the Holocaust is not entirely a story of horror and atrocity. Almost, but not quite. In this section of the course, we are going to read about and discuss the story of the Protestant village in southern France, LeChambon, where a modern miracle took pklace during WWII. Notice: The class will meet on October 17 and 19 in separate discussion section. Read Prelude and Parts I and II of Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed. Here we confront the author of the book and the central characters, Pastor Andre and MAgda Trocme. Have you ever experience what the author described as 'going through him like a spear' when he read about the village of LeChambon-sur-Lignon, and their act of moral nobility? As for the remarkable Pastor Trocme, your authoridentifies certain events in his life as shaping his character. How do you assess these events - or do you think that Trocme would have done as he did simply because that was the kind of man he was? Why did Vichy France tolerate so much insubordination from �the Chambonnais and Trocme? Shouldn't they have shot him? Does the evidence of warning and other help for the Jews from the Police show how difficult it is for totalitarian regimes to really be totalitarian? Magda Trocrne found it difficult to lie even thoughit was necessary to do so in order to obtain the counterfeit cards to save people's lives. moral codes? Is it sometimes necessary to breach Under what circumstances and why? In a different vein, why did the Chambonnais both admit to the authorities that they harbored Jews but lied about many things associated with this at the same time? Wednesday, Oct. 19 Remember: we will meet in separate discussion sections. Read parts III and IV of Hallie. One of the most important themes in the book is the nonviolent philosophy of Andre Trocme and the Chambonnais. The author claims that nonviolence was crucial if the village was to resist the Nazis and avoid a massacre. The theory of nonviolent resitance was practiced and made famous by the late leader of India, M. Gandhi. It has been said that Gandhi could only have gotten away with this because the British were so civilized. Was this true? about the Nazis? Inasmuch as this is a course in the social sciences, the What �sub:ect at hand is most relevant - besides being interesting. Gan ' h : pe r c eived that non-violent behavior of resistance wou ~d f o rce the armed adversary to re-consider and then alter his )wn ~ehavior. Did this happen in Le Chambon? King was here in April, 1986, she spoke of an incic -n t during the l960's civil rights movement when Police Ch ief Eul l Conners, his men armed with fire hoses and dogs co n £r o nt : d unarmed, but resolute civil right marchers. mar ch E~ were ordered to halt, but they didn't. mo ve d ah ~- d. The Instead, they Suddenly, the situation dramatically changed, the p o lice and dogs acted as though paralyzed, while the march e rs advanced. How can this be explained? By the way, n o n- vio lent resistance would be a very good term paper topic. As we leave Le Chambon, aren't you moved by the work of the Troc me's and the villagers? Does this case study demonstrate what a strong-willed, respected, man and wife can do to inf l ue~ c e the moral climate of a community? Weren't the Chamb o nnais practically intimidated into having to do good by the v ery p r esence of Andre? Meanwhile, only a few hundred miles away, Germans were intimidated by force and threats of force t o help identify and round up Jews in the process of their ~ :::: st:-'.l::tion. Do these events suggest to you anything abou t the relative strength of social forces for good and There are many things in these chapters to think about, but �two standout to me in a course about the Holocaust: perhaps more than anything else, the tragic death of his sons, JeanPierre and Daniel caused Andre Trocme to questions the meaning of life. Are only the very young potentially free of the burden of seeing life as a dark, useless hole in a pointless world? thoughts. Andre Trocme had to do battle with these Yet, he went on to work for world peace for the rest of his life. Compare this with the passage in Night when Wiesel speaks of the nocturnal silence "which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live." As we are about to meet people who did as the Chambonnais did, we might ask what is there about Andre and Magda Torcme that prompted them to do what they did? the same? Would we have done How could we know? Friday, Oct. 21 Today Professor Baum will discuss recent research in the social science literature which attempts to understand and explain why it is some people will risk life, limb, and all their possessions in order to shelter and save total strangers. Monday, Oct. 24 --- The "Dutch Holocaust" Many people in west Michigan are of Dutch descent. It isn't surprising therefore that some of these people were involved in the Holocaust in some way. With a Jewish population of approximately 140,000-150,000 and a special relationship to �the Nazis, Netherlands have bitter memories of the Holocaust. Except for Norway, the Netherlands was occupied by the Germans for a longer period of time than any other country. The special relationship includes the relative small size and terrain which made the country easy to dominate. Most important was the special tratment accorded the Dutch. Goering complained: "The dutch are unique as the nation of traitors to our cause." The Nazis had great hopes for the dutch to go along with them because of "racial similarities," but the Dutch resistance prompted retaliation. In April, 1941, Hitler ordered the deportation of all Jews to the Government General, with some exceptions. As a result, approximately 110,000 Dutch Jews - 80% of the total Dutch Jewish population was deported for extermination. This was the highest rate in western Europe. It is estimated that 20,00 Jews were "hiding out" in the N~th~~:ands - half of whom were discovered and presumably ~xL~rm~nct~E~. During part of this course, we will have special g~ests who will tell us about their own personal experience during WWII in the Netherlands. out guest today is Mandy Evans, who was a Jewish girl who spent years hiding from the Nazis. Her ordeal wasn't helped by the fact of 100,000 Nazi collaborators in the Netherlands. As she told me, "I think about it every day." Note: For those interested, there is a folder marked "Holocaust-Netherlands" available at the circulation desk �unde r Closed Reserve. Wednesday, Oct. 26 --- Today our special guest wil be Rev. John Timmer. He was a boy during the German occupation of the Netherlands and he remembers what his family did to save Jews during this terrible period. �II PART I I - HOW IT COULD HAPPEN Up to this point, we have emphasized what happened during the final years of the Third Reich when 6 million Jews were murdered. The enormity of this crime of genocide is so horrible that it causes a certain degree of disbelief even today. How could one man - a "madman" at that - gain so much power over so many? Why didn't the German people understand what he was doing and stop him? How could doctors and scientists become involved in the extermination of millions? How can anyone function and continue to have a life that is anything but a nightmare? Why was there widespead disbelief as survivors of death camps went out to tell their stories of what was going on? These and hundreds of other questions rush to mind. Answers to these questions have been offered, by many, incl~ding novelists, playwrights, survivors, participants, such as Albert Speer, filmmakers, poets, painters and an almost endless list of sources. To cite but one example, George Orwell warned us in many of his writing of the dangers of the abuse and debasement of language by government officials. This was certainly the case in Nazi Germany where leaders coined deceptive phrases like "final solution" and the "Jewish question" to hide their plan from everyone including themselves. But there was much more to it than language abuse; may victims didn't believe it could happen �(even when they had been warned with evidence), some Nazi officials could apparently convince themselve and the tribunal at Nuremberg that they didn't know Jews were being exterminated. It is in this general area that the social sciences have somethin g to contribute to our understanding of the Holocaust. There is a fairly extensive literature in social psychology which deals with the mechanics of repression and self-delusion. Sometimes it was quite unsubtle: SS troops would get drunk before shooting their many victims. was often far more complicated. But it How could sober, highly- educated bureaucrats keep themselves deluded for years? The first essay in the Dimsdale book by Raul Hilberg will help us with this matter. Likewise, a literature in sociology, public administration, and political science stemming from Max Weber will help us understand bureaucratic behavior and how a functionary working on train schedules from Berlin to Auschwitz would be able to see himself as a professional scheduler rather than as an agent of death. There were many similar examples. This doesn't mean that the Holocaust is something we will ever completely understand. comprehension. It may be beyond Furthermore, as Freud reminded us, human behavior is certainly irrational at times. Our unconscious mind is not completely - or even greatly - understood by our consciousness. This condemns even our conscious, scientific �sel · ·es to have less than full understanding of our social bei1 g. Or so it seems to the writer of this syllabus. In any case, the Holoca u st is a g oo d test for the social ~ri~~ r ~ i n ~s~uch as many of the questions raised about this even · ar~ of major concern to social scientists. JU~9 t You may ior yourself just how well social scientists deal with the se q ue stions as we now turn to what social science may be able tc c ontribu te to our understanding of the Holocaust. Friday, Jct. 28 Ass i gn me1 t: We shall begin this section with Survivors, Victi~s and Perpetrators. Read Raul Hilberg's essay: Nat ur e of the Process" top. 35. scient i st at the university of The Hilberg is a political Vermont and author of one of the major studies concerning the Holocaust : The Destruction of th ~ European Jews. Hilbe r g begins with a discussion of the Nazi bureaucracy. Tn1~ , s m0 st appropriate because an understanding of modern bu r ea uc rac y is essential if one is to understand the Holocaust. To begin, the bureaucrac y o f the state was created, in part, to make the management of the state more efficient and r ~ti~~ 2 l. F~r example, the Michigan legislature passes laws governing the right to drive in Michigan . '-'.I:'-=,. i..!L;. .:;; a ;__v.., ul:. lc:1.1 ge bureau is entrusted to the off ice of the Secretary of State. . The day to day Here clerks sell license plates, re r: nrd poJ. n Ls made against on one's license and give road and �eye tests to prospective drivers. All of this seems sensible enough. But consider the "irrational" or unintentional (at least) results of bureaucracy: that each member of the organization is isolated and cut apart from the goals of the organization. Imagine what would have happened had the following order been issued to every bureaucrat in Nazi Germany in 1942 . "Attention : everyone is ordered to the Extermination Trains . At 0800 tomorrow, we will proceed to Death Camps in Poland. Each person is to bring a revolver. one Jew or Gypsy. You must kill at least Some of you will be asked to shove women and children into mass graves. Before we return, liquidate all the Jews of eastern Europe . horrified. we will Prepare to be The stench will be awful - but it must be done . " How many bureaucrats would have fled, committed suicide or otherwise have tried to escape from this situation? I'll bet th~t many would have gone to extreme lengths to escape. the bureaucracy shielded tnem from much of this. But Instead, in the compartmentalized world of the bureau~racy, Nazi workers worked away like busy drones. In his writings, H1lberg describes in detail how hundreds of bureaucrats worked for years on the problems associated with defining "Jewness" in legal and operational terms. they missed the forest. Embroiled in counting trees, To an unimaginative civil servant, it may have seemed innocent enought to figure out the definition of half-Jews, quarter-Jews, etc. It was decided �that all Mischlinge - i.e., half-Jews who did not belong to the Jewish religion and not married to a Jewish person were to be sterilized. This plan was temporarily abandoned when a bureaucrat calculated that it would cost too much because sterilization for 70,000 Mischlinge would require the equivalent of 700,000 hospital days. But the bureaucratic mentality was still hard at work to crank out production and the suggestion was made that all Jews in mixed marriages be deported. Again an objection was raised. A functionary suggested that spouses would object strenuously and , ghoulishly, that spouses would overburden the courts with their demand for death certificates for those sent away. solutions? The Before Jews in mixed marriages were sent away, the state would simply decree the "marriage as dissolved''. A huge bureaucratic squabble ensued and the proposal was finally abandoned because of departmental in-fighting and calculations of the amount of time the process would take. On e ca n onl ·• wonder at the human ability to lose oneself in his wo rk . But this doesn't mean that bureaucracies are necessarily harmful. They often are not because their design insures that things will go slowly, if at all. Christopher Browning, in hi~ essay ''The Government Experts'' (available at closed reserve in folder marked: The Holocaust= Ideology, bureaucracy and Genocide) tells how Wilhelm Melchers, of the Foreign Office Middle East desk, saved thousands of Turkish �Jews by cleverly using bureaucratic methods to prevent their deportation to the ea st . Me l ch e r s wouldn't i nitial deportation orders and other bureaucrats were too busy to confront him. That bureaucracies do little or nothing is a very sore point with many people concerning the failure of the United States to ass ist t h e Jews . One version of this is told by Henry Feing o ld in "The Government Response", Holocaust ... ). (also available in The In this version, Henry Morganthou, Jr., Secretary of t h e Tre asury and close friend of Roosevelt strongly advocated a rescue effort in behalf of the Jews, but was strenuously opposed by Breckinridge Long, Director of the State Department's Special Problems Division. Long apparently resented the many "city college" Jewish young men who were corning into FDR's administration and replacing the old boy network of Ivy League connectons. according to Long . Or so it seemed, In any case, there were many pressures on Roosevelt from many sides, which often accounts for bureaucratic inactivity. Among the concerns was the fear that admitting large numbers of European Jews would present difficult security problems, as spies and sabateurs might try to slip into the country . Roosevelt was also aware that public opinion was no t favorable f o r any large rescue effort. As a result, little was done. Students of bureaucracy and the Holocaust might also find it interesting that the British response was much like our own. To return to Hilberg: we should focus on his fascinating �investigation of the psychology involved within the bureaucracy of mass murder. Do you agree with him that the destruction of evidence was done, in part, by the Nazis to deceive themselves? In his analysis of "the blood kit" comparable to Poliakov's assertion that the Holocaust was finally ordered by leaders who were determined to force all Germans into the situation where they, too, were criminals and would therefore have to fight to the end? Finally, does Nazi Germany demonstrate that people will behave very differently in a group than individually? In your experience, do you find that people in large organizations behave differently because there is something peculiar about organized humans? Professor Baum will comment today about some of the work that has been done which helps us understand the bureaucratic b~h6vior rel2vant to the Holocaust. Also read chapter 16 of Dimsdale. I think of Germany in the night, and all of sleep is put to flight. I cannot get my eyes to close, the stream of burning teardrops flows. Heinrich Heine Although Heine wrote these lines more than a century before Hitler came to power, they are appropriate to the Germany of this century. �The essay for today was written by John Steiner, survivor of several Nazi death camps. the ss, In his study of former members of Steiner traces the Prussian tradition which is supposedly a part of the Nazi legacy. One is tempted to quote Hein again: A stink of hounds and bitches , a stink of lap-dogs whose pious loyalty would lick the spittle of Power, and die for Alter and Royalty. One of the more interesting and perplexing problems for social scientists is the possible connection between culture and personality. me say this: Before you come to a rapid conclusion, let Hitler and Franz Stangl (the latter was commander of Treblinka) were both Austrians. As I write this syllabus, I have been listening to the music of Franz Shupert and and Mozart. They, too, were Austrian and composed some of the most sublime music ever written. My American Heritage Dictionary offers the following first two defitions of sublime: characterized by nobility; majestic. high spiritual, moral or intellectual worth. Of Can you think of words less fitting to describe Nazi Germany? �The Perpetrator We n o w begin what is probably the most controversial and dist~ubing part of the course. thro ' r.;:ho this section: ' '.°: One question will appear is almost any one of us capable of being a pe rpetra tor? Monda~ , Oct. 31 Assignment: Read chapters 11 and 12 containing excerpts writte n l J Rudolf Hoess and Joseph Goebbels. Is there anyth i n~ about Hoess' youth that strikes you as significant? Did his f 2 ther demonstrate a quality that helps explain Hitler's success: that Germans put a higher premium on obedience than on conscience? wr o te : Shortly before his death Hoess "Unknowingly I was a cog in the wheel of the great extermination machine of the Third Reich . " What is your understanding of this, in particular his use of the word "unkn owingly"? G~~ ~b7 l ~ ~e i seE s o me disturbing questions as well: 1) He te l ls us that news is a weapon and should be used as such by government . Doesn't recent history indicate that government officials all over the world understand this and carefully manage wha t they want to tell us? , UL ' •. . c;_.'VU ~ . ~ Is there anything we can ~ .:_ L.. ~ Toda y we will Eee the movie on the Milgram obedience experiments. �Wednesday , Nov. 2 We will discuss the movie seen on Monday. Friday, Nov. 4 --- Today Professor Baum will discuss another famous and relevant experiment to this course: the so-called "Zimbardo experiment . " Monday, Nov. 7 Assignment : Read chapter 14. a Clear Conscience : "Destroying the Innocent with a Sociopsychology of the Holocaust". Doesn't the history of the Holocaust demonstrate how vulnerable humans are to the ''slippery slope" of morality? In 1930, most Germans would have been horrified if someone could have outlined events of the next 15 years . Yet, step- by-step , th e Nazis and the German nation passed statutes and performed acts which, in retrospect, seemed increasingly bizarre. But once set in motion, how can one stop? Was the fate of European Jews sealed on January 1, 1930 when Stormtroopers killed 8 Jews - the first victims of the Nazi era? (Three year later, on January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor. A ten-year-old Jewish boy, Leslie Frankel, later recalled: "When I got home that day, I learned that Hitler had become Chancellor. Everyone shook. As kids of ten we shook.") Today Professor Baum will comment on the evolution of the Nazi death camps. �Note; Almost all accounts of the Holocaust cast males almost excluEively as perpetrators. know of female Most of them were. But we do ss members - the Aufscherinnen - who were b~ut&l cs camp guards. When the Nazi were forced to leave Hungary in December, 1944, the local Hungarian Arrow Cross continued the extermination of the Jews. One of the members, a Mrs . Vilmos Salzer, sported a riding-habit, brown boots and a Tho~ son sub-machine gun. She reportedly tortured her victims by burning them with candles before shooting them. She was hanged by the peoples' court soon after. Probably no female was more infamous than Ilse Koch - "The Bitch of Buchenwald" - as she became known. Among her grotesque habits was collecting tatooed skin for lampshades. She committed suicide while in prison on 9-1-67. One documented case of female participation was in the Einsatzgruppen - a special action group of the ss. When Ei Ll=~ ~n 0 aded Rubsia in June, 1941, the Einsatzgruppen were se :1 L in as mobile killing units. States listed personnel as: ss, 172 motorcycle riders, Group A, assigned to Baltic 340 militarized formations of 133 Order Police, 89 State Police ... 41 Criminal Police, 18 Administrators, 13 female employees, 8 radio operators and 3 teletype operators. There i8 no evidence known to me of what the females did, but we do know that the Einsatzgruppen killed approximately 2 million Jews in western Russian. record: Group C claims the efficiency On September 29-30, 1941, they killed 33,771 Jews - �a record even the extermination camps could never match. We shouldn't leave this subject without noting degredation of women in Nazi Germany. Mother" in Joachim c. See the chapter "German Wife and Fest, The Face of the Third Reich. Also see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland. --- One major reason for the relatively few documented examples of female brutality was that Hitler wasn't an equal opportunity terrorist. They Nazi concept of a "good" woman (Aryan, to be sure!) was to be a baby machine. This general topic should interest some of you for a term paper. Wednesday, Nov. 9 --- The assignment for today and Friday are chapters 6, 7 and 10 of Dimsdale. (Chapters 8 and 9 are also useful and can be consulted for term paper topics). Today we shall see a movie, In Dark Places, which features interviews with survivors and their children. Friday, Nov . ..!.! Today Profesor deYoung wil discuss the "mental problems" of survivors and how they relate to family members. Monday, Nov. 14 :. Wednesday, Nov. 16 We will now turn to the subject of victims and how some managed to cope. Read pp. 106-111 and chapters 4 and 6 of Dimsdale. "The Social Systems in the Death Camps". �Some commentators have conveyed the idea that the prisoners in the Nazi death camps were engaged in relentless war with one another for survival. While in some instances this was true, it tends to cloak the much larger truth that there was a very complex social system, in some ways put there by the Nazis themselves. Professor Baum will outline some of the major features of "society" in the death camps. Friday, Nov. 18 Was the Holocaust unique? What is the meaning of Genocide? Today Professor Baum will deal with these troublesome and controversial questions. Monday, Nov. 21 --- Today Professor Baum will discuss some of the major controversies which are most interesting and important to those who write and teach courses on the Holocaust. Wednesday, Nov. 23 Today we will see the film "Night and Fog." You may find this relevant on the day before Thanksgiving. Monday, Nov. 28 --- Assignment: Jerusalem. Read chapter 13. Excerpts from Eichman in The late Ms. Arendt was a brilliant and controversial writer who wrote extensively about the human conditon in general and modern totalitarianism in particular. Her writings on Adolph Eichmann are controversial in the extreme, as Jacob Robinson's book, And the Crooked Shall Be �Hade Straight, makes quite clear. Rather than becoming embroile d i n det ai l s over her account of Eichmann, let us consider some of the issues she raises: The sub-title of Ms. Arendt's book on Eichmann is: on the Banality of Evil. ~ Report You can get her point by reading the first several pages of the section. One of the major points of dispute is her contention that Eichmann was a powerless product of a totalitarian system which could corrupt any average person with an innate repugnance toward crime. How well does this describe Eichmann, Goebbels, or Hoess? Even if you disagree with Ms. Arendt, what do you think of her claim that it is the nature of every bureaucracy to make ''functionaries" and "mere cogs" out of men? We now take up a most difficult problem which we have not considered before: the question of sovereignity, legality and the apparent lack of any clear international authority. I realize the enormity of the horror of the Holocaust raises the queston of taste and propriety here. Nevertheless, let us consider the following: Inasmuch as Hitler held his political position legally and Eichmann had been appointed to his post, why couldn't we regard this as a legally valid, however horrible, action by officials of sovereign state? The scale of the Nazi horror shocks many of us, but governments the world over kill, torture, and imprison political and other undesirable �"en ,:mie-s". As we shall consider later, Americans practiced a varJation of genocide with our native Indians. The Russians are rather well known for their treatment of their domestic -;.;!!'=' t l"!~.:: we like it or not, we generally acknowledge the ·0 ve 1~ignity of nations, especially within their own BordE: -:-s. To the objection that Hitler was at war with much of the wor ld and ''out of control" outside of the borders of Germany, we ca,i o :1 ly ask: isn't the old adage still true, that all is fa i ~ in - ~v e and war? Wh a t Isn't it simply a matter of raw power? i n ternational standard do we have to tell us what is rig h t o r wrong? Eichmann was tried and hanged in Jerusalem only because Germany lost the war and he was caught. Right? One of the most troublesome points raise by Ms. Arendt is this: We like to think that rule by law is preferable to rule by caprice and whim. If true, then Eichmann was b e ha ~ i~ a within the boundaries of German law while in the E i chrn a ":n T.r ial the court was "conf rented with a crime it couldn ' t find in the lawbooks". It's a crazy world, isn't it, when the laws in many jurisdictions clearly proscribe s 0 d 0m ; (~ V~l! in the privacy of a marital bedroom), but there is no thi ng to prohibit the mass murder of men, women and children? So much for national and international rationality. Prcfesor Baum will comment briefly on the legal problems faci~g the Nure~~erg Tribunal. �Wednesday, Nov. 30 --- Today we wil l s e e selected portions of the Nuremberg and Eichmann trials. Friday, A rare chance to see some of the top Nazis. Dec. 2 -- Today Professor Irv Berkowitz will join us. His mother survived Auschwitz; his father fought with the partisans. Professor Berkowitz has some interesting thoughts to share with us. Monday, Dec. 5 --- A few student term papers will be presented. Wednesday, Dec. 7 -- - The Meaning of the Holocaust: Some comments on Jewish thinking. The traumas of the Holocaust reach to all areas of our planet. In our country it is referred to in movies, TV specials and our newspapers and news magazines regularly. What is regularly overlooked, however, is the special meaning of the event among Jews. Today Professor Baum will survey the thoughts of several prominent Jewish writers, including Elie Wiesel, Richard Rubenstein, Jacob Neusner, and Emil Fackenheim. Friday, Dec. ~ course conclusion and evaluation. �AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Table of Contents INTRODUCT ION I . II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX . X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. General overview Works Dictionaries Meaning A - Philosophical/Theological Meaning B - Historical Approaches, Methodological Disputes and Arguments About Human Behavior Perpetrators Victims and Survivors Resisters Those Who Helped Those Who Stood By and Did Little or Nothing Women in the Third Reich Daily Life in the Third Reich Hitler Genocide Nuremberg Trials �INTRODUCTION To complete your syllabus, we are including an annotated bibliography for the following reasons: 1) The literature on the Holocaust (which includes, of course, popular subjects such as Hitler, the Nazis and antisemitism) is exploding at what seems to be an exponential rate. Because the Holocaust affected so many people with so many different languages, it is virtually impossible for any one person - or group, for that matter, to really "know" all that is written on this vast subject. Even the studies in English probably number into the tens of thousands. In the confusion of such numbers, some direction is especially welcome for the person with little background in the subject. To help the student sort out the mountain of available material, the bibliography is organized to identify the general works that provide a crucial "overview" of the complex set of events called the Holocaust and then to point out those works in which major studies in the social sciences make significant contributions to our understanding of the Holocaust. A few of the works cited weren't written by social scientists, but in such cases there is a "shared" understanding of the phenomenon in question. To repeat a point made at the beginning of the syllabus, no social scientist could account for the Holocaust, but it is our belief that some of the best studies in the discipline �relevant to the Holocaust do help us to understand how humans could have done such things to other humans. 2) The second major reason for this bibliography is much more practical: The reader will have a much better sense of what is available nearby. Books followed by GVSU are available in the Grand Valley library; books followed by WCB are owned by Professor Baum and may be borrowed under most circumstances. The location of other books referred to in the syllabus is clearly marked. 3) It is also hoped that a reading of the bibliography will add to one's general understanding of this subject. NOTE: A new journal, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, is now available in the Grand Valley library periodical collection. �This bibliography is designed to illustrate the issues and concerns raised when one thinks in terms of an interdisciplinary course in the social sciences which focus on the Holocaust. The syllabus is organized to indicate different "levels" of scholarship on this subject. (Note : these categories are somewhat arbitrary - inevitably so. Furthermore, some re ferences would serve well in another category as well). Type of study Section of syllabus descriptive - empirical I, XI methodological concerns IV normative/moral analysis IV, VIII, IX, XIII, and XIV philosophical/theological meaning III, XIV (Sections not listed will normally be a combination of descriptive - empirical and normative analysis). A general section is placed at the very front of the syllabus indicating those works which provide an overview or gener~l histcry of the period in question. Some general knowledge is important to gain as soon as possible. �The present bibliography is a major revision of a previous one which listed all items alphabetically by author. This served little purpose except to show a certain knowledge of the alphabet by yours truly. The revision was designed to better compliment the social science literature on the subject. For example, the reader for this course is titled: Survivors, Victims and Perpetrators. The title identifies three categories of persons in the Holocaust who exhibit patterns of behavior being studied by social scientists. But as I try to make clear in the following sections, there are additional categories as well. I have included a special section on women to help the interested student investigate the ways in which social roles are developed as well as their consequences. There is also a special section on Hitler and a few other special sections as well. This is probably a good place to mention what the course is and what it isn't. The course doesn't include a comprehensive survey of Jewish history, antisemitism, German history or WWII. This is due, in part, to the limitations of the professors involved. But it is also due to our desire to focus on what the Holocaust reveals about human behavior. We will encounter many discouraging things about humans, including the relative ease with which humans destroy other humans. It is our fervent hope that everyone in the course will come to an understanding of the consequences of racism. Nazi racism may have been "crazy" and based on all kinds of "pseudo science" and just plain prejudice, but it was racism �and it affected more than the Jews - as we will find out. Finally, while it is true that this course is not a history course per se, it deals with an event which has "historical contexts" which must be imterpreted. It is our hope that such authors as Hilberg, Lifton and Steiner are successful in adding important dimensions to your understanding of human behavior which occurs in time and place. E.H. Carr is surely correct, isn't he, when he suggests that" ... the more sociological history becomes and the more historical sociology becomes, the better for both." �I. General Works (Works that provide an overview of the Holocaust) Bauer, Yehuda. ~ History o f Th e Hol ocaust. New York: ~~~uklin Watts, 1982. Recommended for t h ose who want a quick overview of the Holocaust. (350 pp.) GVSU Davidowicz, Lucy. The war Against The Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Bantam Books, 1975 (Rev. in 1985). WCB One of the major histories of the period. Davidowicz, Lucy. House, 1976. A Ho l ocaust Reader. New York: Behrman This reader contains original documents (mostly German) and was designed to be read along with the book previously cited. WCB Fein, Helen. Accounting For Genocide. of Chicago Press, 1979. Chicago: University Strictly speaking, this isn't a history of the Holocaust. But the scope of the work is as broad as that of some of the histories and is complementary to them all. Professor Fein contributes some interesting insights from her field of social psychology. Contains an excellent bibliography in the social science literature. WCB Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust. A history of the Jews of E~r0pe during the Second World War. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985. One of the most recent of the major histories of the Holocaust. This work is based extensively on eyewitness accounts and captures much of the day-to-day atmosphere of those involved . WCB Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of The European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books,1961. A 350 pp. student paperback edition was issued in 1985 by Holmes & Meier of New York . Perhaps the best known and respected of the Holocaust histories. One of the earliest of the histories and one of the best in terms of explaining bow and why the events could have happened. Originalhardcover: GVSU Student paperback: WCB �Laska, Vera. Nazism, Resistance and Holocaust in World War II. - A Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J. Scarecrow Press, 1985: - goldmine of nearly 2,000 references to all phases of the Holocaust. Special sections devoted to the roles of women in resistance movements in particular and the Holocaust in general. WCB A Levin, Nora. The Holocaust. The Destruction of European Jewry 1933-1945. New York: Schocken, 1973. One of the more comprehensive of the histories. WCB Meltzer, Milton. Never To Forget - The Jews of The Holocaust. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Easy to read and brief. Grand Haven Public Library Pilch, Judah. (ed.) The Jewish Catastrophe in Europe. New York: American Association for Jewish Education, 1968. Good brief overview with some interesting photographs. Grand Rapids Baptist College Poliakov, Leon. Harvest of Hate. The Nazi Program For The Destruction of The JewsofEurope. New York: Schocken Books, 1979 (Orig. 1951). One of the earliest and certainly one of the best of the shorter histories of the Holocaust (350 pp.). Poliakov's judgments have stood the test of time very well. WCB Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution - The Attempts to Exterminate The Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1953 (Rev. in 1968). Reitlinger focuses on the period from 1939-45. Still, this is one of the major surveys of the most destructive years of this nightmare. Valuable comments on the fate of some of the perpetrators. Hope College Library Szonyi, David M. The Holocaust. New York: Jewish Resource Center, 1985. National A valuable guide to materials on the Holocaust, including films, novels, diaries, exhibits, courses, available speakers, etc. WCB �II. Dictionaries of Nazi Geraany Any student of this period will welcome these reference works. As far as I know, these are still in print. Taylor, James and Shaw, Warren. Reich. London: A Dictionary of The Third Grafton Books, 1987. Major figures and events are covered. maps and some interesting quotations. - -- Contains photos, WCB Wistrich, Robert. Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Bonanza Books, 1982. New York: Biographical sketches of approximately 350 most important persons in this period. WCB �III. - IV. •understanding" the "Meaning" of the Holocaust. I place these two words in quotes because they are soroewhat presumptuous and used in different senses. To deal with the latter problem, I divide this section into two parts as follows: A. Theological/Philosophical inquiry into the meaning of the Holocaust so as to understand it in terms of teleology, final and formal cause. Questions about God are frequently raised by some students of the Holocaust . B. Scholarly inquiry into the perspectives and methods students of the Holocaust should employ so as to help scholars and interested lay people understand the meaning of the Holocaust as a result of human behavior. There is normally a large gap separating the writing in these two areas which should become clear in the following pages. Meaning A - Philosophical/Theological Cargas, Harry James. Responses To The Wiesel. Critical Essays by Major Jewish and Christian Scholars. New York: Persea Books, 1978. Essays on the dilemma of faith and the question of absurdity in our world. Cohen, Arthur A. The Tremendum. A Theological Interpretation of the Holocaust. New York: 1988 . WCB Crossroads, The Tremendum? "I call the death camps the tremendum, f~~ it i~ the monument of a meaningless inversion of life to an orgiastic celebration of death, to a psychosexual and patholoqical degeneracy unparalleled and unfathomable to any person bonded to life." �A profound book by a theologian who dares to think boldly. WCB Frey, Roberts., and Frey, Nancy Thompson. The Imperative of Response - The Holocaust in Human Context. Lanham, HD-,Unive r sity Press of America. The Freys raise some important questions relevant to studying and thinking about the Holocaust. Interesting bibliography. WCB Godsey, John D. Preface To Bonhoeffer. The Han and Two of His Shorter Writings-.- Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1965 . Brief introduction to this courageous theologian who dared to oppose the Nazis and was executed for it. Contains an essay Bonhoeffer wrote while in prison. Very good bibliography. WCB Hallie, Philip. "From Cruelty To Goodness", The Hastings Center Report, June, 1981, pp. 23-28. Hallie is a student of ethics and the author of the book about the French village we read in this course. Katz, Stephen T. Post-Holocaust Dialogues. York University Press, 1983. New York: New Exploration of meaning of the Holocaust, especially in theological terms. Interesting. Calvin College Library Neusner, Jacob. Stranger At Home - The Holocaust, Zionism and American Judaisrn.-Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. An interesting and most provocative set of essays. Neusner explains why the Holocaust is so "popular". Interesting discussion of the works of Rubenstein and Fackenheim. WCB Rausch, David A. A Legacy of Hatred - Why Christians Hust Not Forqet The Holocaust. Chicago: Moody Press, 1984. Special emphasis on the meaning of the Holocaust for Christians in America. WCB Rubenstein, Richard and Roth, John K. Approaches To Auschwitz, The Holocaust and Its Legacy. Atlanta: Knox, 1987 Highly recommended. Chapter 10 has an excellent "overview" of theological issues connected with the John �Holocaust. Valuable bibliography. WCB Rubens tei n, Richard. The cunning of History - The Holocaust an d The American Future. NewYork: Harper and Row, 1975. As usual, Rubenstein advances some big ideas to think about. Recommended! WCB Wiesenthal, Simon. 1976. A short story religious and Probably very issues raised The Sunflower. New York: Schocken, followed by many comments of individuals, secular, dealing with forgiveness. useful for class discussions of the moral by the Holocaust. Grand Haven Public Library Meaning B - Historical Approaches, Methodological Disputes and Arguments A.bout Huaan Behavior A.bzug , Robert. Inside The Vicious Heart - Americans And The Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Shocking photos from U.S. Army archives and some reminders about the ubiquity of prejudice. WCB Alexander, Edward. "The Incredibility of The Holocaust", Midstream, 49, 1979, pp. 49-58. Alexander adds another dimension to our understanding of the Holocaust: another reason Jews didn't believe what ~ as happening (in early 1940) was the long-standing Jewish habit of "hallucinating moderation in their enemies ... ". "What defeated us, was Jewry's unconquerable optimism, our eternal faith in the goodness of man, our faith that even a German, even a Nazi, could never have so far renounced his own humanity as to murder women and children .... " Arendt, Hannah. "Social Science Techniques and The Study of Concentration Camps", Jewish Social Studies, Vol XII, 1950, pp. 49-64 . A fascinating challenge to social scientists: how are y0 11 going to study this when what the Nazis did is outside the realm of what we think we know about human behavior? Askenasy, Hans. Are We All Nazis? Secaucus, N.J., Lyle �Stuart, 1978. An angry and disturbing book. Must reading for anyone who dismisses the question out-of-hand. Ferris State Bankier, David. "Hitler and The Policy-Making Process On 7~.= Jewish Question", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1988, pp. 1-20. - Bankier tries to build a bridge between functionalists and intentionalists. Some interesting evidence. Bauer, Yehuda. The Holocaust In Historical Perspective. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978. Contained in this little book are 4 essays, some excellent comments on two things in particular: why people tended to disbelieve the Holocaust (in essay #1). Essay #3 contains a brief overview of what happened from country to country to the Jews. GVSU Browning, Christopher. Fateful Months - (Essays on The Emergence of The Final Solution). New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985. An important little book which makes a strong case for the decision of the "final solution" as late as 1941. WCB Browning, Christopher. "Genocide and Public Health: German Doctors and Polish Jews, 1939-1941." Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1988, pp. 21-36-.Browning illustrates the runaway logic that goes with blatant racism: the Jews should be ghettoized (i.e., ~2lt~e2ted, malfed and congested). Then, surprisingly, epidemics spread. The the doctors must prescibe "the final solution". Bullock, Alan. "Hitler and The Origins of The Second World War", Proceedings of The British Academy, Vol. 53, 1967, pp. 259-288. - -One of the earliest essays (known to me) to worry about what revisionist historians might do to excuse Hitler from any blame for starting WWII. Bullock does call for striking some middle ground between what he sees as developing extremes . Cocks, Geoffrey. Psychotherapy In The Third Reich, The Goring Institute. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. �An interesting study of a group of professionals who survived and even thrived during the Third Reich. Fascinating exploration of the compatability between the tenets of psychotherapy and Nazism. WCB Darvidowicz, Lucy s. The Holocaust and The Historians. Harvard University Press, 1981.-- - - Some interesting comments on historians of the Holocaust by a hard-line intentionalist. GVSU Duras, Marguerite. The War. New York: Pantheon, 1986. The first story of this "set" is the most penetrating of the Holocaust literature that I have read. Shows the greater impact a personal experience has to a recitation of numbers. WCB Fleming , Gerald. Hitler and The Final Solution. University of California Press, 1982. Berkeley: Forceful presentation of the "intentionalist" position. A valuable introduction by Saul Friedlander discusses recent issues among historians on this topic. WCB Fox, John P. "The Holocaust and Today's Generation", Patterns of Prejudice. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1983. A major contribution! Fox surveys major problems and perspectives in studying the Holocaust. He concludes with something I think should be quoted: [We need to] .... recognize two of the fundamental lessons of the Holocaust, the basic and indeed constant irrational nature of man and the frailty of what we like to call or think of as modern civilization, and to come to terms with these concepts in contemporary society when searching to bring greater stability and even rationality into the present and all the problems it presents: the maintenance of the rights of religious and racial minorities; the maintenance of the rights of the individual as against that of the state; the maintenance of the interests of society as a whole against those of a particular individual or group, ... Friedlander, Saul. "From Anti-Semitism to Extermination", A Historiographical Study of Nazi Policies Toward The Jews and An Essay on Interpretation. Yad Vashem Studies, 16, 1984, pp. 1-50. Very useful essay in helping us sort out various approaches to the Holocaust. Friedlander points out that scholars fail when they try to place the Holocaust into some sort of a generic "totalitarianism". The case �of Nazi anti-semitism is special! Friedlander discusses what the intentionalists and functionalists can contribute to our understanding of this. Gordon, Sarah. "Hitler, Germans, and the 'Jewish Question'". Princeton, N.J., 1984 Vigorous presentation of the intentionalist view. GVSU Graham, Loren R. "Science and Values: The Eugenics Movement in Germany and Russia In The 1920s". American Historical Review, 82, No. 5, December 1977. pp. 11331164. Explores one important idea relevant to the Holocaust: external social and political forces often "drives science. Heller, Celia. On The Edge of Destruction. Columbia University Press, 1977. New York: Heller is a sociologist who dissects the history of antisemitism in Poland. Chapter 1 has a compact history of this in Poland. Valuable references to social science literature on prejudice. WCB Howe, Irving. "Writing And The Holocaust", The New Republic. Oct . 27, 1986, pp. 27-39. Brilliant essay on the literature of the Holocaust. Provocative! James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins. 1963 (org---:--i938). New York: Random House, This book is not about the Holocaust, but it is about vjrul~nt racism in Santo Domingo and the rebellion led by Tovissant L'Ouverture. Hitler and the Nazis couldn't have "improved" on the kind and degree of torture inflicted there by the slave owners. Helps with a comparative perspective. GVSU Norbert. "Normalizing the Holocaust? The Recent Historians' Debate In The Federal Republic of Germany", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1987, pp. 61-80. Eaiape, Kampe reminds us that politics can enlist the services of history. A critique of Gennanrevisionist historians who would like to excuse Hitler on grounds that, after all, he was only reacting to Bolshevism. As Kampe points out, intellectuals brought Gennans their racism and now peddle "revisionism". �Katz, Jacob. "From Prejudice To Destruction, Anti-Semitism 1700-1933. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980. Wel l -written essay on anti-semitism in modern Europe with special attention on Germany. Hope College Post - Holocaust Dialogues. ·-·-- University Press,-1983. ft&.& .... " ' , New York Includes a comparative analysis of Armenians in Turkey, Indians in America and argues that the Holocaust is unique. Calvin College Klarsfeld, Serge (ed.) The Holocaust And The Neo-Nazi Hythomania. New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1978. Hard evidence to refute those who deny this event. Richard Korherr was Inspector of Statistics for the ss. on 3/31/43, on direction of Himmler, Korherr documents that more than 3 million Jews had been sent to the death camps by that date. Mercy College of Detroit Kren, George H. and Rappoport, Leon. Crisis of Human Behavior. 1980. The Holocaust and The New York: Holmes and Meier, Explores the Holocaust as a "new crisis" in human history. The last chapter and the bibliography essay are most provocative. GVSU Kren, George H. "Psychohistorical Interpretations of National Socialism", German Studies Review, Vol. I, No. 2, Hay, 1978, pp. 150-170 Kre~ argues that psychohistory is necessary when traditional means assume human rationality. Useful overview of psychohistories and a good bibliography. Littell, Franklin H. "Holocaust and Genocide: The Essential Dialectic", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1987, pp. 95-104. Littell points to many similarities between Holocaust and Armenian genocide. (See section on Genocide). MacMillan, Ian. Proud Monster. Press, 1987. San Francisco: North Point A remarkable novel of "prose miniatures" of characters on both sides of the eastern front. The author has a wonderful eye for detail and knows a lot about the Holocaust. By the way, "Proud Monster" is the tank of a �proud German soldi er. GVSU Harrus, Michael R. The Holocaust In History . University Pressof New England, 1987. Hanover: This is a major work of particular value to those with some background on the subject. Marrus makes judgments on major issues, including the meaning of the Holocaust, the debate among historians, resistance, what people knew, etc. Excellent bibliography and end.notes. WCB Miller, Judith. "Erasing The Past", Europe's Amnesia About The Ho loc aust . The New York Times Magazine, Nov. 16, 1986. pp. 30-llY:- -Discussion of Europe's desire to forget. Valuable inquiry into the debate between leading German thinkers, including major historians. Mogilanski, Roman. The Ghetto Anthology. A Comprehensive Chronicle of The Extermination of Jewry in Nazi Death Camps and Ghettos in Poland. Los Angeles: American Congress of Jews From Poland and Survivors of Concentration Camps, Inc., 1985 . Valuable reference book containing detailed information of h undreds of ghettos - killing and work centers. Maps, photos and a bibliography in Polish and English. WCB Hosse, George L. Toward The Final Solution: A History of European Racism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1978. One of America's leading German historians sees WWII as a racial war. Hitler plunged Europe into war so that he cou l d annihilate the Jews. Hope College Orwell, George. 1984. ( org. 1948) New York: Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich Much of his writing offers deep insight into politics. 198 4 is relevant to totalitarian government in general and the Nazis in particular, especially in the abuse of language, the use of war and the abolition of rival institutions, including family and church. For those who want to understand how people can be pressured to do things they don't want to do, read his short story: "Shooting An Elephant". WCB, GVSU Prager, Dennis and Telushkin. Why The Jews? Simon and Schuster, 1985. New York: A unique and interestinq appraisal of antisemitism. Basically, it is argued that the uniqueness of Jewish �religion, laws and customs has something to do with the problem WCB Rhodes, James. M. The Hitler Movement - A Modern Millenarian Revolution. Stanford, California. Hoover Institution Press, 1980. Rhodes breaks new ground in suggesting (borrowing from Norman Cohen and Eric Vogelin) that the Hitler movement was a millenarian-gnostic revolution, that is, the Nazis believed their reality was dominated by fiendish powers and they experienced revelations or acquired pseudoscientific knowledge about their historical situation that required a modern battle of Armageddon. 1st chapter presents an analysis of other major studies of Nazism and a useful annotated bibliography. GVSU Rothkirchen, Livia. "The 'Final Solution' In Its Last Stages", Yad Vashem Studies On The European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance. Vol. 8, 1970, pp. 7-29. More evidence of the degree of Nazi racial hatred. Documented here is the killing that went on even in the very final days of the war. Sanford, Nevitt and Comstock, Craig. Sanctions For Evil. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1971. Prompted by the My Lai Massacre, this book also covers the Holocaust and .American slavery. A valuable book with essays by outstanding social scientists. Good bibliography. Highly recommended. GVSU Schachter, Stanley. "Bettelheim and Frankl: Contrasting Views of The Holocaust", The Reconstructionist, Feb. 10, 1961, pp. 6-11. -Another discussion of the victims; but this one explores the Jewish concept of kiddush hashem (voluntary martyrdom) which might help explain the passivity among so many Jewish victims. Schleunes, Karl A. The Twisted Road£ To Auschwitz - Nazi Policy Toward German Jews. 1933-1939. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970. One of the major works in the "functionalist camp". Schleunes makes a strong case for the Nazis-stuabledinto-the-extermination-of-the-Jews theory. GVSU Snodgrass, W.D. The Fuhrer Bunker Editions, 1977. Brockport, N.Y., BOA An amazing set of poems by the prize-winning poet based �on the last days in Hitler's bunker. Based, in part, on an interview with Albert Speer. Fascinating! WCB Steiner, John M. Power Politics and Social Change In National Socialist Germany ----X-Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction. Atlantic Hignlands, N.J., Humanities Press, 1976. An interesting book by a man with a most unusual vantage point: steiner survived Auschwitz and survived to become a scholar of Nazi Germany and the ss. He has personally interviewed more than 200 former SS members. Important insights on bureaucratic behavior. Hope College Library Strom, Margot Stern and Parsons, William S. Facing History and ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior. Waterstown, Mass., 1982, Intentional Educations, Inc. ~ survey of a high school course on the Holocaust and Genocide. Sensitive and well done. WCB Wistrich, Robert. Hitler's Apocalypse - Jews and The Nazi Legacy. New York: St. Martins' Press, 1985. A "hard liner" who takes issue with people like Schleunes. Wistrich shows that Hitler's racial views drove him at every turn. Interesting assessment of anti-semitism today throughout the world. WCB �V. Perpetrators Someone once remarked in a tone of sorrow "we know so much more about those who did the terrible things than we do about their victims." Yes, we do, and isn't it more important that we do? The most disturbing thing about this knowledge is that most of the perpetrators look like you and me. Do you agree? Alexander, Leo. "War Crimes And Their Motivation", The Socio-Psychological Structure of The SS and The Criminalization of A Society, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 39, No. 3, 1948, pp. 298-326. One of the earliest attempts to account for SS behavior. Using a Durkhemian concept, Alexander shows the affinity between common criminals and the SS: not only did the ss recruit criminals to perform some of the most horrible tasks, they were together in the sense of being beyond the law. Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann In Jerusalem. Viking Press, 1964. New York: The One of the most famous and controversial books on the subject. Hs. Arendt covered the Eichmann trial in 1961 and presented to the world the idea of the "banality of evil". GVSU Astor, Gerald. The Last Nazi - The Life and Times of Joseph Hengele. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1985. Another book on one of the most infamous of the Nazis. Astor agrees with Arendt - most of us could commit terrible crimes if the conditions were "wronq". Thus, Kengele is not the last Nazi. There will never be a last Nazi. - Grand Haven Public Library Bartov, Omer. The Eastern Front, 1941-45, German Troops and The Barbarisation of Warfare. New York: st. Martin~ Press, 1986. This important work sheds • uch light on a cliche of WWII - that the German military behaved very well. This may be true of the western ca.mpaiqn - but certainly not in �the east. Bartov studied 3 German divisions who fought in Russia and found great barbarism due, in part, to the terrible conditions at the front; B} the social background of the junior officers (same as Nazis} and C) th e political-racial indoctrination of the troops. Consider: 57.8% o f all Russian POWs died in German captivity - the reverse figures are 36%. Good bibliography. Recommended! WCB Charny, Israel W. "Genocide and Hass Destruction: Doing Harm To Others As A Hissing Dimension In Psychopathology", Psychiatry, Vol. 49, Hay, 1986. Charny asks an excellent question: why do we refer to the Nazis as normal? Normal peoiple don't committ mass murder . Charny suggests a theory which takes into account disorders of incompetence, vulnerability and personal weakness (fairly common} and a newer recognition: disorders of pseudo competence wherein the reaction to life's anxiety by those who bring about a stat e of imcompetence in others is a disavowal of their own imcompetence, weakness, etc. Dicks, Henry V . Licensed Hass Murder - A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers. New York: Basic Books, 1972. Dicks is a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who interviewed 8 SS men convicted of brutal mass murder. In general , Dicks agrees with the conclusions of Arendt and Milgram. GVSU Dimsdale , Joel. Survivors, Victims and Perpetrators - Essays On The Nazi Holocaust. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing Company, 1980. An excellent set of social science studies on the areas inoi c ~ted in the title. Students will find this a gold mine for ideas for term papers and bibliographical suggestions. Used in the course. WCB & GVSU Eisenbach, Artur. "Operation Reinhard" (Hass Extermination of Th e Jewish Population of Poland) Polish Western Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1962, pp. 80-124. Detailed description of extermination of Jews in Poland. Considerable documentation. Interesting quotes from Himmler . Friedlander, Henry. The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide. Milwood, New York. Kraus International Publications, 1977. A set of papers from the San Francisco Conference on the Holocaust. Comprehensive and very well done. Relevant �here are the excellent papers on the professions, the bureaucracy and the universities. WCB Haney, Craig and Banks, Curtis and Zimbardo, Philip. "Interpersonal Dynamics In A Simulated Prison", International Journal of Criminology and Penology. 1, No. 1, 1973, pp. 69-97. Vol. Better known as the "Zimbardo experiment". This simulated experiment of a prison environment dramatically showed how quickly guards and prisoners adapted to their roles of authority and submission. Very important. Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. York: Holmesand Meier, 1985(student edition). New Hilberg has attained the status of the pre-eminent authority on this subject. His major contribution has been to teach us how the modern bureaucracy assists those who would build a machine of mass destruction. Based on the comprehensive, three volume edition. WCB Grunberger, Richard. Press, 1970. Hitler's ss. New York: Delacourte A brief (120 pp.) overview of the ss. GVSU Hirschfeld, Gerhard. The Policies of Genocide Jews and soviet Prisoners "orwar in Naz1Germany. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986. Excellent essays by distinguished historians. Major conclusions: the German Army in the East was involved in wholesale murder. Between June 1941 and May 1944, 580,000 - 600,000 Soviet POWs were given over to the Einsatz commandos. Mainly sides with functionalists. Compare with Bartov. WCB Bohne, Heinz. The Order of The Death's Head - The Story of Hitler's ss. A major study of the ss. Bohne discusses the controversy and misunderstanding surrounding the SS in the introduction. GVSU Katz, Fred E. "Implementation of The Holocaust: The Behavior of Nazi Officials" - Comparative Study of Society and History, 24, 1982, pp. 510-529. Valuable insights into Nazi behavior, includinq the processes of "routinization" and "packaged behavior". JOarsfeld, Serge. Memorial To The Jews Deported From France, �1942-44 . New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1983. In some ways this is the most incredible book in my collection. An example of what the Nazi bureaucratic mind could produce (and preserve!). Here are the names of each of the more than 75,000 Jews sent eastward from France for extermination. Each of the 85 or so convoys is listed, dated complete with the name, date of birth and place of birth of each deportee. Criminal arrogance - or the inevitable consequence of fanatical racism? WCB Koehl, Robert Lewis. The Black Corps - The Structure and Power Struggles ofthe Nazi ss. University of Wisconsin Press, 1983. major work on the ss. The concluding section provides a most interesting overview. Comprehensive bibliography. WCB A Koehl, Robert. "The Character of The Nazi SS", Journal of American History, 34 (September, 1962) pp . 275-283. A valuable overview of major interpretations of the Koehl charts the "topsy-like" growth of this organization. ss. Krausnick, Helmut and Buccheim, Hans, et. al. Anatomy of Th ss State. New York: Walker and Company, 1965. - A fair and informative study of the German scholars. ss by four prominent Hope College Kren, George M. and Rappoport, Leon H. "The Waffen SS" - A Social Psychological Perspective. Armed Forces and Society, Vol. 3, 1976, pp. 87-102. Analysis of how Waffen ss grew on non-traditional grounds, recruiting men who rejected bourgeois values and were highly motivated to adventure and group sol i darity. Released from normal social restraints and heavily indoctrinated into racial views, these men could wage their cruel war. Lanz• ann, Claude. Shoah. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985. The complete text of the 9 1/2 hour film, Shoah. I list the book in this section because of some remarkable interviews with some perpetrators. WCB Lifton, Robert Jay. Books, 1986. The Nazi Doctors. New York: Basic �One of the most important Holocaust books. Lifton started out to study Joseph Mengele and soon decided to deal with the much broader phenomenon: Nazi doctors. Interesting effort to explain the psychology and sociology involved. WCB Hanvell, Roger and Fraenkel, Heinrich. The Imcomparable Crime - Hass Extermination In The Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Guilt. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1967. Interesting. Contains photoplates of damning Nazi documents and much information about the death camps, including cruel women guards. Calvin College Hilgram, Stanley. "The Compulsion To Do Evil" - Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 1, 6, 1967, pp. 3-7. Further discussion of his own famous obedience experiments. Informative! Hilgram, Stanley. & Row, 1974. Obedience To Authority. New York: A crucial book to understanding the Holocaust. people will harm others if pressured to do so. epilogue for a comparison with Hy Lai. Harper Ordinary See the GVSU Hiller, Arthur. The Obedience Experiments - A case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York: Praeger, 1986. A major contribution! An analysis of Hilgram's experiments and many similar ones conducted throughout the world. Exploration of ethical and methodological objections to Hilgram. A tremendous bibliography on the subject. GVSU Muller - Hill, Benno. Murderous Science - Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies and Others, Germany 1933 - 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. (org. 1984). A damning analysis of the racism which ran throughout the German scientific community. Evidence that it was the scientists who thought up the "euthanasia" program. WCB Quarrie, Bruce. Hitler's Samurai - The Waf fen SS in Action .. Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1983. �The book title refers to the ancient Japanese military code which required unconditional loyalty which Hitler demanded of the ss. Many photographs. See also the same author's Hitler's Teutonic Knights for • ore photographs o f the proud men of the ss. WCB Sichrovsky, Peter. Born Guilty - Children of Nazi Families. ?-!::.~•! Y:)rk: Basic Books, 1988. The sins of the parents are passed on to the children. If perpetrators denied to themselves and repressed their own guilt, is it any wonder that they had qreat difficulty in discussing what they did during WWII with their own children. As the childr~n grew and found out more, many assumed a great deal of bitterness and guilt. The "debate" between Rainer and his sister, Bridgette, is fascinating. Tenenbaum, Joseph. "The Einsatzgruppen", Jewish Social Studi es , 17, 1955, pp. 43-64. Some detailed information about the Special Task Forces (killing squads} which went into Poland and Russia. They killed large numbers of people - possibly several million. Weingartner James J. Hitler's Guard - The Story of The Leibslandarte ss Adolf Hitler, 1933-45. Carbondale: Illinois Press, 1974. S. The story of the ss Division commanded by the brutal Sepp Dietrich and answerable only to Hitler (not Hirnrnl er) . GVSU �VI. Victims and Survivors The f ocus of this section will be on the social/psychological dimensions of those who became the victims of the Holocaust, especially on the development of a social network in the death camps which helped a few to survive. Of course, the same social network helped to seal the fate for others. Arendt, Hannah. "Social Science Techniques and The Study of Concentration Camps", Jewish Social Studies, Vol. XII, 1950 , pp. 49-64. Ms. Arendt raises two problems which I think will plague students of this subject. 1) The non-utilitarian nature of the camps (e.g., it confronts what we think we know about egoism and self-interest); 2) The camps surpassed our sense of reality - "normal men do not know that anything is possible." Interesting. Bettelheim, Bruno. The Informed Heart. Free Press, 196~ Glencoe, Illinois: Bettelheim's well-known and extremely controversial argument that adaptation to Buchenwald required a regression to childish dependency on guards. GVSU Bettelheim, Bruno. surviving - .And Other Essays. Vintage, 1980 (essays written from 1952 on). Included here Bettelheim is controversial death camps. listed below. New York: are some major essays on the Holocaust. one of the most provocative and of those who dissect human behavior in the Recommended to be read with Des Pres Borowski, Tadeusz. This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen. New York-:-Penquin Books, 1976. Borowski, one of Poland's qreat young writers, survived Auschwitz, yet took his own life in 1951 at the age of 29. Great writing and amazing insights into this place of horror. WCB �Cohen, Elie. Human Behavior In The Concentration Camp. York: W.W. Norton, 1953-.- - - New Cohen spent more than a year in Auschwitz and later received a medical degree in psychiatry. One of the earliest works on the social psychology of the death camps. Costanza, Marys. The Living Witness. Art in the concentration camps and ghettos. New York: Macmillan, 1982. Remarkable drawings by victims, including children, of their experiences . WCB Des Pres, Terrence. The Survivor. University Press-;-i976. New York: Oxford A well-known work on the subject. Fascinating insights into life in German and soviet death camps. Des Pres has had a long-standing argument with Bettelheim about interpreting what went on there. Good bibliography. WCB Des Pres, Terrence. "The Bettelheim Problem", Social Research, Vol. 46, 4, Winter, 1979, pp. 619-647. More interesting arguments in the battle with Bettelheim about interpreting behavior in the camps. Donat, Alexander. The Holocaust Kingdom. Rinehart-Winston, 1963. New York: Holt- Account of Maidanek and other death camps. Chapter IV has a valuable assessment of the camp social system. An eye witness. WCB Dunin-Wasowicz ! Krzysztof. "Forced Labor and Sabotage In Nazi Concentration Camps" in Gutman, Yisrael. The Nazi Concentration Camps. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984.-Prisoners sometimes were assigned work where sabotage was possible and exciting. Interlibrary Loan Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps - The Sanity of Madness. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981. A major study of the 19 "major" camps by a wo• an qreatly influenced by Kogon's Theory and Practice of Hell. Evaluation of evolution of these camps. WCB Gopnik, Adam. "Comics and Catastrophe", New Republic, June 22, 1987, pp. 29-34. -An appraisal of the cartoon in history and of �Spiegelman's Maus in particular. Glicksman, w. "Social Differentiation In The German Concentration Camps", pp. 381-408 in Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.) Studies In Modern Jewish Social History. New York : KTAV Publish ing Hou se, Inc. YIVO Institute For Jewish Research, 1972. ~ valuclble contribution to our understanding of social stratification at Auschwitz. This study shows how economic activity affected social organization. Gutman, Yisrael. "Social Stratification In The Concentration Camps", in Gutman, (ed.). The Nazi Concentration Camps. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 198~ - Incis i ve study of social systems in some death camps. Kogon, Eugen. The Theory and Practice of Hell. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1950. - New York: -- One of t he most famous of all Holocaust books, Kogon spen t 7 years in Buchenwald and wrote his study between June and December, 1945. His study was supposedly "approved" by 15 other "high-ranking" prisoners. Deta i led information about the camp. Langer, Lawrence. Versions of Survival - The Holocaust and The Human Spirit. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982. An examination of such major death camp authors as Des Pres, Bettelheim, Frankl, Levi, Wiesel, Gertrud Kolmar and Nelly Sachs. Highly recommended. WCB Lasansky, Mauricio. The Nazi Drawings. Winchell Co . , 1960. Philadelphia: Indescribable drawings of the death camps by one of America's foremost artists. Lederer, Zdenek. Ghetto Theresienstadt. Fertig, 1983 (org. 1952). New York: The WCB Howard Detailed account of this camp of deceit - i.e., the camp the Nazis used as a "show piece" by one who survived . WMU Lee, Barbara Schwartz. "Holocaust Survivors and Internal strengths, "Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1, Winter , 1988,pp. 67-96. Discussion of literature of survivors, principally Bettelheim, Des Pres, Frankl and Wiesel, together with interviews. She has found that survivors are healthy �and functioning well. Levi, Primo. The Drowned And The Saved. Books, 1988. -- -- New York: Summit Levi ' s last book, written at the time of his suicide in Apri l , 1987. One reviewer said: "None of his books are less than substantial and some of them are masterpieces, but they could all, in a pinch, be replaced by this one . . . " Levi, Primo. Moments of Reprieve--A Memoir of Auschwitz. New York: PenguinBooks, 1987 (Org. 1979). Wonderful little stories by a master story teller. Bittersweet tales of people Levi knew and the "survival system they built. WCB Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz. Books, 1961. New York: Collier How people with talent use their wits to survive. Perceptive and compassionate. WCB Mandel, David. "One Man's Holocaust" March 6, 13, 1983 . David Mandel's story of Auschwitz. visits our class . Muller, Filip. Chambers. Grand Rapids Press, This man regularly Eyewitness Auschwitz. Three years in the Gas New York: Stein and Day, 1984 (Org. 1979). Yes, Muller spent almost three years in the "burning pits"! .An incredible story of human depravity in "Hell's inmost circle." WCB Pawelczynska, .Anna. Values and Violence in Auschwitz. Sociological .Analysis (Translated from Polish). Berkley: u. of California Press, 1979 . A .An unusual work. Chapter nine has some interesting information about the socio-economic system in Auschwitz . Sensitive and poetic. HOPE COLL Pingel, Falk. "Resistance and Resignation in Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps," 30 - 72 in Hirschfeld, Gerhard, The Policies of Genocide. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986-.- An excellent overview of the evolution of Nazi Camps and an analysis of those who resisted and those who didn't. �Plant, Richard. The Pink Triangle -- The Nazi war Against Homosexuals.~ew York: Henry Holt, 1986. The book title refers to the triangle that homosexuals were forced to wear on their prison uniforms. All prisoners not immediately killed had to wear a triangle designating their status. This was a factor in the evolution of a social system within the camps. WCB Ramati, Alexander. And the Violins Stopped Playing. York : Granklin Watts, 1986. New A story of the "Gypsy Holocaust" from a diary of a young man who lost his wife, family and many friends at Auschwitz. Another gruesome Mengele story is revealed here. WCB Robinson, Jacob. Psychoanalysis In A Vacuum. Bettelheim and the Holocaust-.- New York: Yino Documentary Series, 1970. Bruno Yad Vashem Another lively feud between Bettelheim and a critic concerning how to interpret the victims. Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati Spiegelman, Art. Maus (A Survivor's Tale). Pantheon, 198_6___ New York: Spiegelman is a cartoonist and the son of a survivor, interesting and non famous "cartoon" book on the Holocaust. The Jews are mice; the Germans are cats. Hence: MAUSCHWITZ WCB Weiss, Aharon. "Categories of Camps -- Their Character and Role in the Execution of the Final Solution ... Gutman (ED . ) The Nazi concentration camps (See Gutman). A clear overview of the subject. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Bantam Books, 1960. One of the most famous and perceptive of all the books about Auschwitz. Used in this course. GVSU, WCB �VII. Resisters This short s e ction focuses on those who acted against the Nazis . a~ ~~w~ The range of behavior here is very broad inasmuch hod little or nothing to lose (e.g., death camp prisoners or partisans in Poland), while others (see Hoffmann and S~holl) could have remained in positions of relative safety. traitors? Were the officers who plotted to kill Hitler or stupid? or something else? Hoffmann, Peter. German Resistance to Hitler. Press, 1988. Harvard U. A short but comprehensive review of the courageous few who dared to oppose the Nazis. Fascinating account of the military plots against hitler. Good bibliography. WCB Scholl, I nge. The White Rose--Munich, 1942-3. Conn . , Wesleyan, 198_3___ Middletown, The poignant account of a few courageous students (and a prof.) who destributed pamphlets and defaced walls in opposition to Hitler. Most were caught, "tried," and executed by beheading. WCB Levi! Primo. 1986 . If Not Now, When? New York: Penguin Books, novel based on true stories told to Levi about Jewish partisans in Eastern Europe. Interesting and insightful. A WCB Kowalski, Isaac. Anthology On Armed Jewish Resistance. 1939-45. Vol. I. New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1984. A large collection of documents which document Jewish resistance to the Nazis in Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the Balkans, contains 800 maps, drawings and photographs. An interesting gold mine. WCB NOTE: Much information about resistance, especially within the death camps, can be found in specialized books on Treblinka, Sobibor and Auschwitz. See Feig in Sect. VI. �VIII. Those who helped As the Holocaust literature continues to rapidly grow, we are made more aware of the thousands of people who risked their lives to assi st the Jews. This literature ranges from diaries to historical description to efforts to find solid psychological evidence for a "personality type" of altruism just as their • igbt be a certain personality type associated with perpe tr ators. This section is not to be considered as similar to the one on "resisters . 11 Bierman, J ohn . 1981. The dynamics are quite different. Righteous Gentile. New York: Viking Press, This is but one account of the heroic swede, Raoul Walenberg who may have saved as many as 100,000 Jews at the close of WWII. GVSU Friedlander, Saul. Counterfeit Nazi--The Ambiguity of Good. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969. It is difficult to decide exactly where to list this book. It depends on why Kurt Gerstein joined the ss. I am willing to concede that he wanted to obtain evidence concerning the use of "Zyklon B" to kill prisoners in extermination camps. An amazing story. Principia College; Elsah, Illinois Goldberger, Leo. The Rescue of Danish Jews. Moral Courage Under Stress .~ew York:-New York University Press, 1987. Jews by an European nation. It is important to realize that there are good reasons for this. An account of the most successful rescue of Joffrey, Pierre. A Spy for God -- The Ordeal of Kurt Gerstein. New York-:-Harcourt-Brace, 1971. A dramatic presentation of the problem of interpreting this man. Grand Haven Public Library �Hallie, Philip. Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed. Harper Torchbook. 1979 (originally)-.-- New York: An amazing account of the French village where many Jews reached safety. This is used in this course. Provocative bibliography. WCB and GVSU Oliner, Samuel P. and Oliner, Pearl M. The Altruistic Personality -- Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York : Free Press, 1988. A major effort to develop a theory which explains this special form of altruism. Contains an excellent bibliography on altruism in the social science literature. WCB Sauvage, Pierre. "Ten Things I Would Like to Know About Righteous Conduct in Le Chambon and Elsewhere During the Holocaust". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. Vol. 13, No. 1-2, 1985-6, 252-9. Born in 1944 in Le Chambon and alive today because of the good people there, Sauvage asks some good questions about righteous conduct. Should be read with Hallie and Tee in this section. Tee, Nechama. When Light Pierce The Darkness. oxford Pre~l986 (in paperback). New York: A remarkable book based on interviews with 500 christians who saved Jews in Poland. The remarkable part, perhaps, is that many did so despite their own profound antisemitism. Valuable bibliography. WCB Zuccotti, Susan. The Italians and The Holocaust. New York: Bc\sic Books, 1987. This book is not a "saver" book per SP, but the Italian Holocaust was largely one of helping Jews survive. WCB �XX. Those Who Stood By and Did Little or Nothing This section, as most others, confronts our understanding of human behavior. We must understand the pre;uciice of the time, as Joseph Goebbels certainly did when he stated: "If there is any country that believes it has not enough Jews, I shall gladly turn over to it all our Jews." (He said this in 1939). There were no takers. In this country, the following parody of the Marines's Hymn was widely known during WWII: From the shores of Coney Island, Looking out into the sea, Stands a Kosher air-raid warden, Wearing V for victory, Who chants: Let those christian saps, go fight the Japs, In the uniforms we've made ... NOTE: FDR's New Deal administration was often referred to as the "Jew Deal". For these and more examples, see chapter 1 of Wyman noted below. See Robert Abzrig, for General Patton's anti-semitism and that of other "liberators". While most of the world stood by, this section focuses on American apathy. Laqueur, Walter. The Terrible Secret. Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's "Final Solution". New York: Penguin Books, 1980. This disguished historian chronicles the ways in which the world shielded itself from the 'open secret' known since 1941 that masses of Jews were being exterminated. WCB Lipstadt, Deborah E. Beyond Belief--The American Press and The Coming of the Holocaust 1933-1945. New York: The Free Press, 1986. �Lipstadt chronicales the indifference, disbelief and prej ud ice which was widespread in the American press, government and gener al public. If the Holocaust was beyond belief, t he reporting of i t almost was, valuable endnotes. WCB Horse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died. A Chronicle of American Apathy. Woodstock, N.Y . : overlook Press, 1983. The subtitle says it all. Useful bibliography. WCB Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable. Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust--:--Oetroit: Wayne u. Press, 1988 (paperback edition). Nine essays on specific examples of indifference . The epilogue is highly recommended. Excellent bibliography. WCB Wyman, Davids. The Abandonment of the Jews. America and the Holocaustl941-l945. NewYork:-rantheon, 1984. A painful but perceptive account of American and allied indifference, extending even to our failure to bomb Auschwitz after we knew the truth. Excellent bibliography. WCB �x. Women in the Third Reich Among the reasons for the Nazi loss of WWII was the underu ti lization of women. Their role was defined as mother ~nd loyal wife--not as warrior or munitions maker. The Nazis considered women to be intellectually inferior to men but indispensable to the perpetuation of the Aryan race. Sybil Milton has suggested that "the study of women and the Holocause has barely begun," but the Koonz study in particular belies this assessment. Bridenthal, Renate; Grossman, Atina and Kaplan, Marion. Biology Became Destiny--Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984. When collection of fourteen essays which cover a wide variety of topics. A goldmine of bibliographical suggestions and term paper topics. WCB A Koonz, Claudia. Mothers In The Fatherland. Women, the family and Nazi politics. New York: St. Martins' Press, 1987. A major work. Koonz has an eye both for broad generalization and detail. Very well written. Many ideas for research papers and a useful bibliography. Highly recommended. WCB �XI. Phenomenology of Everyday Life This small section focuses on an important area of social science which is a healthy antidote to the under=~~nding some people have of the Holocaust. Many movies and books suggest that the Nazis marched into power as the German people swooned. This is misleading as we learn when we examine the daily lives of Germans who lived through this period. Allen's book was one of the first of this genre and it conveys the daily struggles in a small German town and the changes that took place as people confronted the "facts" of daily life: the unemployment, the price of potatoes, the intimidation on the street, the arguments at the dinner table, the looks of the neighbors. In short, this literature presents us with the daily struggle people had with these "facts" and their meaning. simply marching in. And it wasn't a matter of Hitler Was it Nietzsche who defined hell as a theory ruined by a fact? Allen, William Sheridan. The Nazi Seizure of Power - The Experience of A Single German Town, 1920-1935. New York: Franklin Watts, 1965. An inportant book that has attained the status of a "classic". This work sheds light on the everyday life of people and the "feelings" of the Nazi takeover. WCB Engel • ann, Berht. Third Reich. In Hitler's Germany Everyday Life In the New York: Pantheon, 1986. -- - A tascinating account of the times by a man born in 1921, later living a "double life" in the Luftwaffe and imprisoned in Daucbau, but who somehow managed to live through it all. WCB �Henry, Frances . Victims and Neighbors - A small town in Nazi Germany rememb ered . South Hadley, Ma.: Bergin and Garney, 1984. Henry is an anthropologist who remembers her life in Nazi Germany as a little girl . She returns to the town and writes of the cruelty and compassion that took place there. WCB Peukert, Detlev J.K. Inside Nazi Germany - Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987. Highly recommended: Written by a Germany scholar who understands so ci al structure, social psychology and variety in human life. Many suggestions for student term papers topics. WCB �XII. Hitler I am by now personally convinced that there are at least three necessary (but perhaps not sufficient) factors behind the Holocaust: 1) longstanding German antisemitism; 2) the "terrible" loss in WWI (perceived in Germany as terrible, at least) followed by Versailles, the Weimar government, catastrophic inflation and a depression which combined to undermine Ge rm an trust in traditional institutions and traditional means; 3) a clever man, Hitler, who was the "wrong man a t the wrong time," able to exploit this climate of frustration and uncertainty. His ability to galvanize great numbers of his own people was a crucial part of the Holocaust. However, interpreting Hitler is very perplexing. isn't due to any shortage of information. And it We have a great amount of detailed information--much of it eye witness and documented . There is one basic generic problem and one specific problem in undertanding this man. confronts social scientists: about one man? The generic one how much can one generalize If each man is unique, the science of behavior is put to question . scientists have sai d since: Aristotle long ago said what science is to generalize. specific problem refers to Hitler's bizarre behavior. The How do we deal wi th a man who, to paraphrase Hannah Arendt in only a slightly different context, had a sense of being able to do anything? What do we do with a man who defies what we think is �explicable human behavior? EXAMPLES: Hitler ordered his troops to stop short of Dunkirk when he could have inflicted great losses on the British. "Barbarossa". He named his Russian campaign Fredrich Barbarossa, for the record, was a medieval German leader known for his critical defeats--and Hitler knew it. In the closing days of the war, Hitler ordered his own military leaders to destroy Germany. these and many, many other examples that could be named are very hard to explain. Such bizarre behavior is probably one of the principle reasons why Hitler is so fascinating to so many and why there is not end in sight to the conflicting interpretation of this man. that: Robert Waite concludes his book with the observation " ... we may doubt that we shall ever be able to 'explain satisfactorily', fully, and finally why it was that Hitler did what he did." NOTE: some of the most interesting data on Hitler comes from the notes and diaries from those intelligent few who escaped or somehow survived long enough to tell about it. Among these are Hitler - Memoirs of a Confidant (Otto Wagener); New Haven, Yale U. Press, 1985; H.R. Trevor-Roger (ed.) Hitler's Table Talk , 1941-1944. London: 1973; Herman Rauschning, Hitler Speaks, London, 1939 and Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich : New York, 1970. Despite the self serving features, Speer reveals a great deal in this book. Binion, Rudolph. Hitler Among The Germans. Elsevier, 1976. New York: �A fascinating piece of psychohistory. An investigation into Hitler's unassimilated trauma - his mother's death. Hillsdale College Library Bullock, Alan. Hitler - A study in Tyranny. Harper and Row, 1962 (Orig. 1952). New York: One of the best and most respected of all the traditional historical studies. A probing look at Hitler's personality in chapter 7. WCB Friedlander, Saul . Reflections on Nazism - An Essay on Kitsch and Death. New York: Harper and Row, 1984 (Orig. 1982). An essay on the fascination shown in our movies, plays and novels to the subjects of Hitler, death and destruction. See Rosenfeld in this section. WCB Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Boston: Hougnton-Mifflin, 1962. (Written in Landsberg Arn Leck Fortress Prison, 1924. First published in 1927). A book everyone knows about, but few have read. Long and tedious, it reveals Hitler's overwhelming racial phobias. Contains one remarkable passage: " ... if 1215,000 Jews had been held under poison gas [in 1914] the war would have gone differently." Most everything Hitler did was discussed here. WCB and GVSU Hoyt, Edwin P. 1988. Hitler's War. New York: McGraw - Hill, a clear and well-written account of the major military blunders of WWII orchestrated by Hitler. WCB Jackel, Eberhard. Hitler's Weltanschauung. Middletown, Conn. Wesleyan U. Press, 1972 (Orig. 1969). Many influential interrrrpreters of Hitler (e.g., Walter Rauschning) treated him as a nihilist/opportunist who only craved power. Jackel interprets Hitler as having a coherent world philosophy (however sick it might be) which he acted upon. GVSU Langer, Walter C. The Mind of Adolf Hitler. American Library, 1972.- New York: New This has great historical value. Langer was commissioned by the oss in 1943 to write a study of Hitler's mind to help in the war effort against Germany. Declassified in 1972, this edition has afterthoughts by Langer and a concluding section by Robert G. L. Waite. WCB �Lewin, Ronald. Hitler's Mistakes. New York: William Morrow, 1984. It's is hard to believe that anyone could chronicle Hitler's major mistakes in only 166 pages, but Lewin does. Interesting! WCB Rosenfeld, Alvin. Press, 1985. Imagining Hitler. Bloominton: Indiana U. This book isn't about Hitler, "but about the ghost of Hitler." Rosenfeld examines the "hold" Hitler has over novelists, poets, playwrights and movie makers. An avid reader of fiction, Rosenfeld is troubled by "fiction's infidelity to history." An important book because most people know Hitler only through moviees, novels, and plays. WCB Waite, Robert G.L. The Psychopathic God - Adolf Hitler. York: New American Library, 197.,.--:- new probing look into this bizarre man. a controversial book because Waite takes chances and dares to discuss Hitle r' s sexual perversions" and many other personal proclivities. Fascinating. GVSU and WCB A Weinstein, Fred. The Dynamics of Nazism. Leadership, Ideology and the Holocaust-.- New York: Acaemic Press, 1980. This book isn't very well known, but I much. The author does a very good job dynamics between Hitler and the German revea l ing study of how Hitler "milked" of tradition. like it very of showing the people. A the German sense WCB �XIII. Genocide Although Genocide, the Holocaust and the Nuremberg Trials have been joined in the minds of many, I keep them distinct here beacause of differences in their history. I respect and honor those who insist that the word Holocaust be reserved for naming the destruction of the European Jews by the Nazis fr om 1939-1945. The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1943 to refer to any synchronized attack on the political, social, cultural, econimic, religious and moral aspects of life of the captive peoples. As Kuper documents in his book Genocide, there have been several cases of genocide in this century, including the Holocaust. A recent movie titled Genocide and materials circulated with it have done much to link the Holocaust with genocide. The concept of genocide was certainly before the jurists at Nuremberg, but they didn't have time to properly digest and develop such a new concept. Therefore, one shouldn't throw them together as though they always had been linked. Dadrian, Bohakn H., "The Methodological Components of the Study of Genocide As A Sociological Problem - The Armenian Case". Recent Studies in Modern Armenian Histo r y. Cambridge, Ma.: Armenian Heritaqe Press, 1972. Some i nteresting comments on comparing the Arllenian and Jewish Holocausts. Gr~b~an, Al ~x and Lavdes, Daniel. Genocide. Critical Issues of the Holocaust (companion to the movie Genocide). Los .Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1983. A valuable overview of the Holocaust as Genocide . �,.. Subjects range from historical background to evolution of the concept of Genocide to meaning and implications. WCB Horowitz, Irving Louis. Taking Lives. Genocide and State Power. New brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1980. An essay into the nature of a new type of mass destruction conducted with the approval of the state apparatus. GVSU Kuper, Leo. Genocide. It's Political Use In the Twentieth Century. New haven; Yale, 1981. A general survey of the major instances of Genocide in this century. WCB Kuper, Leo. 1985 . The Prevention of Genocide. New Haven: Yale, major indictment of the U.N. failure to enforce the 'Genocide Convention' and the lack of public education on the subject. WCB A Rubenstein, Richard. Press, 1983. The Age of Triage. Boston: Beacon Always provocative, Rubenstein compares the Holocaust with the Armenians, Stalin's elimination of Ukranians and the enclosure laws of England and suggests they all reveal genocide against unwanted people in the age of overpopulation and high unemployment. Good bibliography. WCB �.... Irv. Nuremberg Trials This is another extraordinary chapter of the Holocaust atory. Hitler." One British official exclaimed: Imagine indeed. "Imagine trying But the Americans led the way {naively in the opinion of many world leaders) to try top Nazi officials. Interesting problems and issues are raised here. Conot, Robert E. Row, 1983. Justice At Nuremberg. New York: Harper An informed and comprehensive survey of what a participating judge called "the greatest trial in history". Useful bibliography. Luban, David. "The Legacies of Nuremberg." Vol. 54, No. 4 (Winter 1987) 779-829. & WCB Social Research, An interesting essay on the legal and moral problems raised at Nurember--and their legacies. Smith, Bradley F. The Road To Nuremberg. London: Andre Deutsch, 1981. The story of "how the allies finally agreed to try the Nazi leaders--rather than summarily shoot them." WCB Tusa, Ann and Tusa, John. Athenurn, 1986. The Nuremberg Trial. New York: A lucid, comprehensive account of this large and complex event. Very well written. WCB � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_WRI_Lecture-Notes-GVSU-Syllabus-1988-Baum-The-Holocaust-and-the-Social-Sciences Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Baum, William Title A name given to the resource The Holocaust and the Social Sciences Syllabus Description An account of the resource Syllabus written for HP 231 The Holocaust and the Social Sciences, Fall 1988, including an annotated bibliography on literature on the Holocaust. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9e42f5af5a740c78b9b9238a41e16b0f.pdf 6ecb36735f6544910fb93c29aa0a5100 PDF Text Text Prof. Baum & Prof. deYoung HP 231 Fall, 1990 "Conflict and Cooperation in Society" THE NAZI HOLOCAUST AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Books required for the course: Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews Eli Wiesel, Night Philip Hallie, Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed Joel Dimsdale, Survivors, Victims and Perpetrators (Syllabus revised by William Baum, August 1990.) Because this course is so unusual, some comments are called for at the beginning. This course came about as a result of work begun several years ago by a committee working to develop a high quality and highly interdisciplinary course in the social sciences. We hereby acknowledge our gratitude to Dean Tony Travis for his moral and financial support of this endeavor. Professor Baum originally assumed the task of organizing the course and continues to do so. In the five years that this course has been offered, he has been helped in many ways by many people. Above all, special gratitude is expressed to Professors Joanisse and deYoung and the guests who serve as witness to the Nazi Holocaust and suffer unbelievable memories and pain in doing so. These guests, colleagues and a growing literature remind us that all social phenomena is lived and interpreted at the 'level of daily life.' The ability to generalize is a hallmark of any science, and it is possible to make some 1 �valid generalizations about human behavior during the Holocaust. However, we must guard against excessive generalization. As the works of Allen, Henry, Levi, Peukert and the many diaries cited below indicate so clearly, every life has its own story to tell and the story is almost always one of the fragility and malleability of most every human and most every human situation. He [man] has the capacity to veer with every wind, or, stubbornly, to insert himself into some fantastically elaborated and irrational social institution only to perish with it. [For man] is a fickle, erratic, dangerous creature [whose] restless mind would try all paths, all horrors, all betrayals ... believe all things and believe nothing ... kill for shadowy ideas more ferociously than other creatures kill for food, then, in a generation or less, forget what bloody dream had so oppressed him. Loren Eiseley The subject matter of this course deserves special comment. The committee established in 1985 to develop a high quality interdisciplinary course in the social sciences needed a good case study in order to hold it together. Inevitably (at least it now seems so), we came to focus on the Holocaust - the systematic murder of European Jews and certain other groups by the Nazis during World War II. As horrible as this catastrophe is to study and contemplate, it does provide an e x cellent opportunity to consider human 2 �behavior i n a wide range of contexts. We are forced to confront the following basic set of questions. How could the people of Germany - the nation of Bach and Kant - become deeply involved in the extermination of some 6 million Jews and Gypsies (and others) whose alleged crime was that they belonged to an "inferior race"? How could Germans beat and kick old women, even young children and babies and then gas them before throwing them into the large ovens of the infamous death camps? How could the "Nazi doctors" deliberately break the bones of little children so that they could "study" the healing process? confront the question: In short, we must how and why could humans do these things to other humans? If you are thinking as you read this that only very sick humans are capable of doing these things and that everyone involved in the killing process was psychopathic, you will confront some shocking evidence in this course. A great deal of evidence in the social sciences points to the fact that many or most of us would have been obedient Nazis if we had been there. One of the goals of the course is for you to learn how the structure and organization of modern bureaucracy and certain other groups can "assist" in the process of human destruction. We will also see the enormous role in this process played by such normal human behavior as denial, repression and "distancing". Another goal of the course is to stimulate an examination of ones' ownself. I think that it is virtually 3 �impossible to go through this course and not ask serious questions a b out who you are and what you are and what your ancestors have passed on to you in the way of religious beliefs - including prejudice and hatred. In case you are wondering, I am not Jewish. Christian. Nor am I (And I don't know enough to be an atheist). I am merely an American, of German-Irish-Scottish ancestry, who is both curious and troubled by what humans can do to other humans. (By the way, Professor deYoung is almost none of the above). Another very important goal of this course may be described as the hope that it may make you a more responsible citizen. What happened in Germany was due, in part, to the fact that not very many Germans did anything to oppose the Nazis. Even though we tend to think of Hitler as a crazed demon, there is much evidence that suggests that Nazi programs would have been abandoned or modified if Hitler had received more public opposition. Indeed, the so-called Euthanasia program - actually mass murder of persons physically or mentally disabled - which began in 1939 was at least officially modified when public reaction reached a high level by 1941. Although we haven't had a Holocaust in this country, we have many unsavory chapters in our history, including the systematic slavery of Blacks, the long standing mistreatment of Native Americans and the widespread prejudice toward Hispanic and Asian Americans (to name but some of the 4 �examples). Most of the examples of human destruction of other humans (herewith defining destruction to include enslaving and the denial of full legal rights) involves a racial component. Social scientists have come to recognize identifiable steps in a process from mere prejudice (I say "mere" because I accept the premise that prejudice cannot be eliminated) to legal discrimination, to segregation, to isolation, to concentration and subsequent destruction. Details will vary, but there is a recognizable process, whether in Nazi Germany or contemporary America. Recent outbreaks of hostility against Blacks and Asians on American campuses should be a clear warning to us all. We must never forget that there is more to education than merely acquiring knowledge. Knowledge by and of itself is not enough. Haim Ginott's challenge states it eloquently: On the first day in the new school year all the teachers in one private school received the following note from the principal: Dear Teachers: I am a survivor of a concentration camp. saw what no man should witness: My eyes Gas chambers built by learned engineers. Children poisoned by educated physicians. Infants killed by trained nurses. Women and babies shot and burned by high school and college graduates. So, I am suspicious of education. My request is that teachers help students become human. Your efforts must never produce learned monsters, skilled psychopaths, educated Eichmanns. Reading, writing, arithmetic are important only if 5 �they serve to make our children more humane. It is trying on us all to have such a grim subject matter. One can only hope that we learn and gain an understanding of the processes involved in human destruction . These processes, furthermore, are not unique to the Nazi Holocaust. It is estimated that in 1914, Turks killed or deported to the desert 2/3 of the estimated 1,800,000 Armenians of the Ottoman Empire. During the early l930's, Stalin embarked on a policy to totally collectivize Soviet peasant holdings. Moving against the peasants as a class which must c ollectivize, become urban workers or be exterminated, it is estimated that 15 to 22 million Russian peasants were killed through intentional mass starvation and other means. (In Marxist literature, belonging to a "wrong" class is tantamount to being a member of an inferior race). Instances of genocide in Asia are also documented. In such a morbid context, any relief is most welcome. The course is titled "conflict and cooperation" and we will deal with genuine instances of compassion and heroism ("cooperation" is hardly adequate here). In October we will consider the case of the French village - Le Chambon sur Lignon - and how goodness happened there. With great courage, the villagers saved as many as thousands of Jewish children and adults from certain death. Later in the month, you will be able to meet some people who risked their own lives and those of their children to save Jews. 6 �Finally, we come to the principle of "lest we forget". Many echo the words of Karl Jaspers who wrote of the Holocaust: "That which has happened is a warning. it is guilt. It must be continually remembered. To forget It was possible for this to happen, and it remains possible for it to happen again ... Only in knowledge can it be prevented." I do not share Jasper's implied optimism because people caught up in a chain of events seldom comprehend what is going on. For example, many Germans who profited from the closing of Jewish businesses and the expulsion of Jews from the professions in the l930's would have nevertheless insisted that they didn't want any killing going on. They would have been shocked beyond belief if anyone had pointed out to them what would follow within a few years. As we shall see throughout this course, humans are frequently caught up in a series of events that are really out of control - only they don't realize it at the time. The more I read and think about the contents of this course, the more I agree with Freud in his contention that the unconscious is more powerful than the conscious. We aren't in control as much as we would like to believe. But don't conclude that the Nazis are blameless. Furthermore, our heroic guests and the village of Le Chambon prove what human will and consciousness can produce. But it is important to honor the spirit of Jaspers and recognize the danger signs which indicate when a nation, or culture, has become sick and is on the road to destruction. 7 �A primary objective of this course is to indicate what these danger signs look like in real life. Grading Policies 1) Due to the unique nature of this course, including special guests and films, attendance is required. 2) A term paper of approximately 15 to 18 pages is required. The term paper will be worth approximately 1/3 of your grade. (See the section following this for more information about the term paper). 3) A final exam will count for approximately 1/3 of your grade. The remainder of your grade is to be made up of an early exam and a daily journal. In a course like this, a so-called "objective" exam is a poor measuring device. One can name dates and names but fail to understand the Nazi Holocaust. We do acknowledge that there are "levels" or degrees of understanding that tend to accumulate and can be assessed in a diary or journal. From t i me to time in the smaller discussion sections, we will exchange and discuss our insights. The journal is to be handed in near the end of the course. 4) There is a Holocaust Memorial Center in West Bloomfield, Michigan which you may want to visit. hours wi ll be announced). go there. (The fall visiting I strongly recommend that you You should reserve two hours for the visit. Go slowly and soak it up. It is an impressive museum! From Grand Rapids take I-96 east to I-696. 8 Exit at �Telegraph Road and go north to Maple Road. Turn left on Maple Road and head west to Drake Road (past Orchard Lake Road and Farmington Road). The museum is at the corner of Maple and Drake, 6602 W. Maple. earned by visiting the museum. Extra credit can be The museum also has a library which you may want to use in connection with your term paper. They have many rare and special books there. Before going there you are advised to call the center at (313) 6 6 1-0840 for information. You may also earn additional credit by seeing an important movie/documentary like Shoah. Please comment on such special events in your journal. The Term Paper Each student is expected to write a term paper. The term paper is to be written after consultation with the appropriate faculty member and handed in before the Thanksgiving break. The professors may select the best term papers from each section and invite the students to present them to the larger group late in the semester. Last fall we learned that writing a good term paper is one thing, while writing a good term paper in social science is quite another. the SS. For example, one student wrote a paper en The paper was well-written, reflected careful research and told a great deal about the origin and evolution of the ss. But it wasn't a good social science term paper because it told us little about human behavior. 9 It would �have been both important and interesting to know the class origins of SS recruits, personality traits of the recruits, what the training program was designed to accomplish - and how it alte r ed behavior. It also would have been important to study the organization of the ss and show how the organization affected the behavior of its members. The significance of these points is clarified when one considers the evidence which suggests that SS members came from "normal" backgrounds and led "normal" lives after the war. Yet, they we re active participants in the murder of millions of people ov er several years. A good paper would account for how the behavior of these men was altered so significantl y in such a short period of time. What makes Robert Litton's book on the Nazi doctors so interesting and potentially important lies in his attempt to explain the phenomenon of "biological soldiering", or how these Nazi doctors could come to regard killing as healing. The student who authored the paper mentioned above received an "A" because it was a good paper. That it wasn't a good social science term paper was due, in part, to the tender age of the writer and to the difficulty in communicating to an undergraduate the necessary information involved. It is our hope that we will do a better job this time around. One of our major tasks as instructors is to communicate what good social science looks like. This task is not made easier by the fact that so much that is passed off as social science is no more than bilge. 10 (See attached �bibliography for examples of good social science). I PART ONE - WHAT HAPPENED The Nazi Program for the destruction of the Jews of Europe As we begin this course, we will focus on what happened in the incredible years between 1933-1945. Even so, it will be necessary to bring in some historical materials, particularly on the long-standing anti-Semitism in Europe. Wednesday, August 2 9_ Distribution of syllabi and discussion of course content, assignments and grading. Friday, August 31 Carefully read Night before class today. It is incredible that our special guest was in Auschwitz at the same time as Wiesel - and has a similar story to tell. David Mandel, Grand Rapids businessman, is our guest today. Wednesday, Sept.~ Today Professor Baum will examine and discuss some of the major issues associated with courses on the Nazi Holocaust. Friday, Sept. ']_ Why the Jew? The Holocaust is inconceivable unless "the Jew" is widely and 11 �deeply seen as something less than human. Today Professor Baum will comment on some historical components of the wide spread hatred of Jews. Assignment: Hilberg, pp. 1-24. Dimsdale, chapter 2. Monday, Sept. 10 The topic today will focus on how modern German science defined the Jews and the phenomenon of "biocracy". Assignment: Hilberg, pp. 27-63. Dimsdale, chapter 3. Wednesday, Sept. 12 The Holocaust is also inconceivable without the "takeover" of Germany by Adolf Hitler. Today we will see a few minutes of a documentary film clip so that you may get an idea of how effective Hitler was as an orator. After the brief film, Professor Baum will compare a well-known historical treatment of Hitler with a more recent "psychohistory" and indicate some problems with interpreting Hitler. Friday, Sept. 14 Hitler's coming to power was done in a context of a Germany suffering from unemployment, a recent raging inflation and resentment over the Versailles Treaty. Today Professor Baum will survey this area and comment on how Hitler exploited the German misery. Monday, Sept. 17 Who were the top Nazis? Today Professor Baum will comment on 12 �the most important men around Hitler. Yes, I said men. Women were not considered for anything important. Our guest one week from today will comment on this. Assignment: Dimsdale, pp. 284-328. Wednesday, sept. 19 The phenomenon of Hitler involved strong and widespread support among the German people. Professor Baum will explore the "tie" between Hitler and the German people and indicate the socio-economic nature of his most active followers. Friday, Sept. 21 Today Professor Baum will discuss the debate among historians and social scientists regarding the start of the Holocaust. Was the extermination of the European Jews the result of long-range planning (traceable to Mein Kampf) or did the Nazis "stumble" into it when other measures to rid central Europe of Jews failed? Monday, Sept. li We have, a very special guest with us today: Claudia Koonz is a Professor of History at Duke University and one of the leading Nazi Holocaust scholars in the country. Her book: Mothers in the Fatherland has been widely acclaimed. Today she will comment on the role of women in Nazi Germany . Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, sept. £h 27 and 28 These dates are reserved for discussions of the term papers with the appropriate professor. sheets. Sign up on the schedule Two may sign up for each time slot (there is 13 �something to be learned by seeing what others are doing and the troubles they are dealing with). We are using class time to insure that everyone will be able to schedule a meeting. Please bring with you a topic title, a paragraph statement of a hypothesis or thesis, and a bibliography of no fewer than five items. You may also bring a towel to cry on. If you aren't fully prepared, you will be asked to withdraw from the course. This will be enforced! This would be a good time for you in t he SS 260 section to be working on your extra credit project. Monday, Oct._! Among the questions raised are how men praised for their "honesty" and "gentleness of character" could kill women, children and babies. Professor Baum will discuss how the SS transformed "ordinary" men into killers of enemy soldiers and countless civilians. Assignment: Hilberg, pp. 100-153. Wednesday, Oct.~ More on the SS. Professor Baum will explore, among other things, the argument that the SS was "the alibi of Nazi Germany." Friday, Oct . ~ Hitler's program of euthanasia began in September, 1939 and was toned down in August, 1941, due to public pressure. 14 �Hitler apparently had 70,000-80,000 "feeble-minded" and "incurably insane" exterminated because they were useless to the state. Furthermore, it gave certain scientists and medical people a chance to "perfect" ways of exterminating large numbe r s of people. If the German people wee sick and horrified over the extermination of their own "feeble-minded", doesn't this vividly underscore the perception of Jews held by many - if not most - Germans? The Germans apparently regarded the feeble-minded as humans, but not the Jews. What did American soldiers in "Nam" call the enemy soldiers? Is the killing and mistreat ment of other humans only possible after a process of self-delusion - even collective self-delusion -has taken place? Haven't many of the worst crimes in human history been committed by people who first robbed their victims of t heir humanity? "easy"? After this, isn't everything else Not e the many instances of delusion and dehumanization, and how it even affected the prisoners. One question keeps coming back as I write this syllabus: Why did Himmler and his fellow merchants in death find it possible to build their concrete and steel monuments to death and yet never submit their "final solution" to paper? will discuss these and related questions today. We We will also see an interview with Raul Hilberg relevant to these matters. 15 �Assignment : Hilberg, chapters 5 and 6. Monday, Oct.~ We need to consider several matters as we conclude this portion of the course. 1) Why would anyone exterminate a group of people when one could enslave them? 2) Also ve r y disturbing is the matter of the attitude towards the Jews in countries at war with Germany. Did anti- semitism world-wide really contribute to the 'final solutions'? 1943? Did Goebbles speak the truth on this in May, "What will be the solution of the Jewish question? (He asked.) Whether a Jewish state will one day be created in some territory remains to be seen. But it is curious to note that the countries where public opinion is rising in favor of the Jews refuse to accept them from US• II 3) Finally, we confront one of the most disturbing issues of all: the historic contributions of Christianity to anti- semitism and the Holocaust. We will specifically consider the statements of Thomas Acquinas and Martin Luther concerning t~e Jews. Is the long history of Christian hatred of the Jews based on a misunderstanding? Does it matter that Jesus was a Jew - or that Jews allegedly killed Jesus? Why are the Gospels so ambiguious concerning the death of Jesus? 16 (In Mark 15:15 and Matthew �27:26, " Pilate delivered Jesus to be crucified; in Luke 2 3:24, Pilate "decided that their (the Jews) demand should be granted," in John 19:16, we are told that Pilate "handed him over to them (the Jews) to be cruicified. John 19:23 says that Roman soldiers carried out the crucifix ion. One cannot avoid thinking about this long history of anti-Semitism in psychological terms: perhaps the Christians used the Jews as a convienient symbol by which Christianity is measured. Christian rites and rituals became the sacred, Jewish rites and rituals represent the profane. In-group solidarity is enhanced by having an out-group devil. It is not surprising, in my opinion, that massacres of Jews can be found at many points of western history. Once again, doesn't this follow when one group considers another sub-human? In other words, anti-Semitism is not strictly or exclusively a religious phenomenon, but is a phenomenon of group behavior. In the rise of Christianity, the Jews were a convenient foil: they had a different Sabbath, circumcised males and dressed differently. Moreover, the separation of the Christian from the Jew clarified the identity of those who refuse to accept Christianity. With the rise of the modern nationstate and the decline of religious belief, "blood" or "race" replaced belief or piousness as a sign of who was marked for salvation or condemned to death. In November, 1 938, Goering acknowledged the importance of creating ghettos in all cities. 17 "They will have to be �created," he said. In either case, the Jews were a convenient scapegoat. It should be noted that France went through a crisis in the l890's which involved nationalism and anti-Semitism. Some of the patterns there were repeated in Nazi Germany. Members of the class may wish to consult a recent work by David A. Rausch,~ Legacy of Hatred: Forget the Holocaust. Why Christians Must Not Rausch examines the long history of Christian intolerance of the Jews. perhaps, is Martin Luther's role: Most disturbing of all, he asked, "What shall we Christians do with the rejected and condemned people the Jews? I shall give you my sincere advice. First, to set fire to their synagogues or schools and to bury and cover with dirt whatever will not burn, so that no man will ever again see a stone or cinder of them. This is to be done in honor of our Lord ... Second, I advise that houses all be razed and destroyed .. Fourth, I advise that rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb ... Fifth, I advise that safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews ... " Small wonder that Julius Streicher, a Hitler propagandist, would cite Luther in his defense of his actions at the Nuremberg trial. In his last years, Luther gave up on the Jews because they failed to convert to Christianity. 18 What do you think of his �comment that if he had been a Jew, he certainly would have converted! Today we shall have a class discussion on some of these matters. Professor Baum will comment on the indifference shown by the U. S. during this period of destruction. Assignment: Hilberg, chapter 8. Wednesday, Oct 10 Mid-term Exam. Friday, Oct. 12 Our "two weeks of sunshine." The story of the Holocaust is not entirely a story of horror and atrocity. Almost, but not quite. In this section of the course, we are going to read about and discuss the story of the Protestant village in southern France, Le Chambon, where a modern miracle took place during WWII. Read Prelude and Parts I and II of Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed. Here we confront the author of the book and the central characters, Pastor Andre and Magda Trocme. Have you ever experience what the author described as 'going through him like a spear' when he read about the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, and their act of moral nobility? 19 �As for the remarkable Pastor Trocme, your author identifies certain events in his life as shaping his character. How do you assess these events - or do you think that Trocme would have done as he did simply because that was the kind of man he was? Why did Vichy France tolerate so much insubordination from the Chambonnais and Trocme? Shouldn't they have shot him? Does the evidence of warning and other help for the Jews from the Police show how difficult it is for totalitarian regimes to really be totalitarian? Magda Trocme found it difficult to lie even though it was necessary to do so in order to obtain the counterfeit cards to save people's lives. moral codes? Is it sometimes necessary to breach Under what circumstances and why? In a different vein, why did the Chambonnais both admit to the authorities that they harbored Jews but lied about many things associated with this at the same time? Monday, Oct. 15 Read parts III and IV of Hallie. One of the most important themes in the book is the nonviolent philosophy of Andre Trocme and the Chambonnais. The author claims that nonviolence was crucial if the village wa s 20 �to resist the Nazis and avoid a massacre. The theory of nonviolent resistance was practiced and made famous by the late leader of India, M. Gandhi. It has been said that Gandhi could only have gotten away with this because the British were so civilized. Was this true? What about the Nazis? Inasmuch as this is a course in the social sciences, the subject at hand is most relevant - besides being interesting. Gandhi perceived that non-violent behavior of resistance would force the armed adversary to re-consider and then alter his own behavior. Did this happen in Le Chambon? When Yolanda King was here in April, 1986, she spoke of an incident during the 1960 1 s civil rights movement when Police Chief Bull Conners, his men armed with fire hoses and dogs confronted unarmed, but resolute civil right marchers. marches were ordered to halt, but they didn't. moved ahead. The Instead, they Suddenly, the situation dramatically changed, the police and dogs acted as though paralyzed, while the marchers advanced. How can this be explained? By the way, non-violent resistance would be a very good term paper topic. As we leave Le Chambon, aren't you moved by the work of the Trocme's and the villagers? Does this case study demonstrate what a strong-willed, respected, man and wife can do to 21 �influence the moral climate of a community? Weren't the Chambonnais practically intimidated into having to do good by the very presence of Andre? Meanwhile, only a few hundred miles away, Germans were intimidated by force and threats of force to help identify and round up Jews in the process of their destruction. Do these events suggest to you anything about the relative strength of social forces for good and evil? There are many things in these chapters to think about, but two standou t to me in a course about the Holocaust: perhaps more than anything else, the tragic death of his sons, JeanPierre and Daniel caused Andre Trocme to questions the meaning of life. Are only the very young potentially free of the burden of seeing life as a dark, useless hole in a pointless world? thoughts. Andre Trocme had to do battle with these Yet, he went on to work for world peace for the rest of his life. Compare this with the passage in Night when Wiesel speaks of the nocturnal silence "which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live." As we are about to meet people who did as the Chambonnais did, we might ask what is there about Andre and Magda Torcme that prompted them to do what they did? the same? How could we know? Wednesday, Oct. 17 22 Would we have done �Today we will see some film footage of a survivors trip back to Le Chambon. well.) (We may see some of this on October 15 as We will also meet some remarkable people in the film "Courage to Care." Friday, Oc t . 19 Today Professor Baum will discuss recent research in the social science literature which attempts to understand and explain why it is some people will risk life, limb, and all their possessions in order to shelter and save total strangers. Monday, Oc t . ~ = Wednesday, Oct. 24 The "Dutch Holocaust" Many people in West Michigan are of Dutch descent. It isn't surprising therefore that some of these people were involved in the Holocaust in some way. With a Jewish population of approx imately 140,000-150,000 and a special relationship to the Nazis, Netherlands have bitter memories of the Holocaust. Except for Norway, the Netherlands was occupied by the Germans for a longer period of time than any other country. The special relationship includes the relative small size and terrain which made the country easy to dominate. Most important was the special treatment accorded the Dutch. Goering complained: "The Dutch are unique as the nation of traitors to our cause." The Nazis had great hopes for the Dutch to go along with them because of "racial similarities," but the Dutch resistance prompted retaliation. 23 In April, �1941, Hitler ordered the deportation of all Jews to the Government General, with some exceptions. As a result, approximately 110,000 Dutch Jews - 80% of the total Dutch Jewish population was deported for extermination. This was the highest rate in western Europe. It is estimated that 20,000 Jews were "hiding out" in the Netherlands - half of whom were discovered and presumably exterminated. During part of this course, we will have special guests who will tell us about their own personal experience during WWII in the Netherlands. Today our special guests will be Jean and Peter Termaat. Their story is exceptional: for five years they resisted the Nazis by hiding Jews, allied flyers, and others. As you will find out, they put themselves at great risk by doing this. Friday, Oct. _g__§_ Our guest on Friday is Mandy Evans, who was a Jewish girl who spent years hiding from the Nazis. Her ordeal wasn't helped by the fact of 100,000 Nazi collaborators in the Netherlands. As she told me, "I think about it every day." Monday, Oct. li One of the most controversial issues in interpreting the Nazi Holocaust concerns the amount of resistance the European Jews put up against the Nazis. Did they go to slaughter like sheep - as some contend? Professor Baum will survey this 24 �controversy today. Wednesday, Oct. 31 Today a special guest will pay a visit. Joe Stevens was a member of the partisan resistance in eastern Europe. He will tell us some of his stories. II PART I I - HOW IT COULD HAPPEN Up to this point, we have emphasized what happened during the final years of the Third Reich when 6 million Jews were murdered. The enormity of this crime of genocide is so horrible that it causes a certain degree of disbelief even today. How could one man - a "madman" at that - gain so much power over so many? Why didn't the German people understand 25 �what he was doing and stop him? How could doctors and scientists become involved in the extermination of millions? How can anyone function and continue to have a life that is anything but a nightmare? Why was there widespread disbelief as survivors of death camps went out to tell their stories of what was going on? These and hundreds of other questions rush to mind. Answers to these questions have been offered, by many, including novelists, playwrights, survivors, participants , such as Albert Speer, filmmakers, poets, painters and an almost end l ess list of sources. To cite but one example, George Orwell warned us in many of his writing of the dangers of the abuse and debasement of language by government officials. This was certainly the case in Nazi Germany where leaders coined deceptive phrases like "final solution" and the "Jewish question" to hide their plan from everyone including themselves. But there was much more to it than language abuse; may victims didn't believe it could happen (even when they had been warned with evidence), some Nazi officials could apparently convince themselves and the tribunal at Nuremberg that they didn't know Jews were being exterminated. It is in this general area that the social sciences have something to contribute to our understanding of the Holocaust. There is a fairly extensive literature in social psychology which deals with the mechanics of repression and self-delusion. Sometimes it was quite unsubtle: 26 SS troops �would get drunk before shooting their many victims. was often far more complicated. But it How could sober, highly- educated bureaucrats keep themselves deluded for years? The first essay in the Dimsdale book by Raul Hilberg will help us with this matter. Likewise, a literature in sociology, public administration, and political science stemming from Max Weber will help us understand bureaucratic behavior and how a functionary working on train schedules from Berlin to Auschwitz would be able to see himself as a professional scheduler rather than as an agent of death. There were many similar examples. This doesn't mean that the Holocaust is something we will ever completely understand. comprehension. It may be beyond Furthermore, as Freud reminded us, human behavior is certainly irrational at times. Our unconscious mind is not completely - or even greatly - understood by our consciousness. This condemns even our conscious, scientific selves to have less than full understanding of our social being. Or so it seems to the writer of this syllabus. In any case, the Holocaust is a good test for the social sciences inasmuch as many of the questions raised about this event ar8 of major concern to social scientists. You may judge for yourself just how well social scientists deal with these questions as we now turn to what social science may be able to contribute to our understanding of the Holocaust. 27 �Friday, Nov.~= Monday, Nov.~ Read chapter 7 of The Destruction of the Assignment: European Jews. Hilberg begins with a discussion of the Nazi bureaucracy. This is most appropriate because an understanding of modern bureaucracy is essential if one is to understand the Holocaust. To begin, t h e bureaucracy of the state was created, in part, to make the management of the state more efficient and rational. For example, the Michigan legislature passes laws governing the right to drive in Michigan. The day to day operation of this large bureau is entrusted to the office of the Secretary of State. Here clerks sell license plates, record points made against on one's license and give road and eye tests to prospective drivers. All of this seems sensible enough. But consider the "irrational" or unintentional (at least) results of bureaucracy: that each member of the organization is isolated and cut apart from the goals of the organization. Imagine what would have happened had the following order been issued to every bnreaucrat in Nazi Germany in 1942. "Attention: everyone is ordered to the Extermination Trains. At 0800 tomorrow, we will proceed to Death Camps in Poland. Each person is to bring a revolver. one Jew or Gypsy. You must kill at least Some of you will be asked to shove women 28 �and children into mass graves. Before we return, liquidate all the Jews of eastern Europe. horrified. we will Prepare to be The stench will be awful - but it must be done." How many bureaucrats would have fled, committed suicide or otherwise have tried to escape from this situation? I'll bet that many would have gone to extreme lengths to escape. the bureaucracy shielded them from much of this. But Instead, in the compartmentalized world of the bureaucracy, Nazi workers worked away like busy drones. In his writings, Hilberg describes i n detail how hundreds of bureaucrats worked for years on the problems associated with defining "Jewness" in legal and operational terms. they missed the forest. Embroiled in counting trees, To an unimaginative civil servant, it may have seemed innocent enough to figure out the definition of half-Jews, quarter-Jews, etc. It was decided that all Mischlinge - i.e., half-Jews who did not belong to the Jewish religion and not married to a Jewish person were to be sterilized. This plan was temporarily abandoned when a bureaucrat calculated that it would cost too much because sterilization for 70,000 Mischlinge would require the equivalent of 700,000 hospital days. But the bureaucratic mentality was still hard at work to crank out production and the suggest i on was made that all Jews in mixed marriages be deported. Again an objection was raised. A functionary suggested that spouses would object strenuously and, ghoulishly, that spouses would overburden the courts with 29 �their demand for death certificates for those sent away. solutions? The Before Jews in mixed marriages were sent away, the state would simply decree the "marriage as dissolved". A huge bureaucratic squabble ensued and the proposal was finally abandoned because of departmental in-fighting and calculations of the amount of time the process would take. One can only wonder at the human ability to lose oneself in his work. But this doesn't mean that bureaucracies are necessarily harmful. They often are not because their design insures that things will go slowly, if at all. in his essay "The Government Experts" Christopher Browning, tells how Wilhelm Melchers, of the Foreign Office Middle East desk, saved thousands of Turkish Jews by cleverly using bureaucratic methods to prevent their deportation to the east. Melchers wouldn't initial deportation orders and other bureaucrats were too busy to confront him. That bureaucracies do little or nothing is a very sore point with many people concerning the failure of the United States to assist the Jews. One version of this is told by Henry Feingold in "The Government Response;", Holocaust ... ). (also available in The In this version, Henry Morganthou, Jr., Secretary of the Treasury and close friend of Roosevelt strongly advocated a rescue effort in behalf of the Jews, but was strenuously opposed by Breckinridge Long, Director of the 30 �State Depart ment's Special Problems Division. Long apparently r esented the many "city college" Jewish young men who were coming into FDR's administration and replacing the old boy network of Ivy League connections. according to Long. Or so it seemed, In any case, there were many pressures on Roosevelt from many sides, which often accounts for bureaucratic inactivity. Among the concerns was the fear that admitting large numbers of European Jews would present difficult security problems, as spies and saboteurs might try to slip into the country. Roosevelt was also aware that public opinion was not favorable for any large rescue effort. As a result, little was done. Students of bureaucracy and the Holocaust might also find it interesting that the British response was much like our own. To return to Hilberg: we should focus on his fascinating investigation of the psychology involved within the bureaucracy of mass murder. Do you agree with him that the destruction of evidence was done, in part, by the Nazis to deceive themselves? In his analysis of "the blood kit" comparable to Poliakov's assertion that the Holocaust was finally ordered by leaders who were determined to force all Germans into the situation where they, too, were criminals and would therefore have to fight to the end? 31 �Finally, does Nazi Germany demonstrate that people will behave very differently in a group than individually? In your experience, do you find that people in large organizations behave differently because there is something peculiar about organized humans? Professor Baum will comment today and on Monday about some of the work that has been done which helps us understand the bureaucratic behavior relevant to the Holocaust. Also read chapter 16 of Dimsdale. I think of Germany in the night, and all of sleep is put to flight . I cannot get my eyes to close, the stream of burning teardrops flows. Heinrich Heine Although He i ne wrote these lines more than a century before Hitler came to power, they are appropriate to the Germany of this century . The essay for today was written by John Steiner, survivor of several Naz i death camps. In his study of former members of the SS, Ste i ner traces the Prussian tradition which is supposedly a part of the Nazi legacy. One is tempted to quote Heine again: A stink of hounds and bitches, a stink of lap-dogs whose pious loyalty would lick the spittle of Power, and die for Alter and Royalty. One of the more interesting and perplexing problems for social scientists is the possible connection between culture 32 �and personality. me say this : Before you come to a rapid conclusion, let Hitler and Franz Stangl (the latter was commander o f Treblinka) were both Austrians. As I write this syllabus, I have been listening to the music of Franz Shupert and Mozart. They, too, were Austrian and composed some of the most sublime music ever written. My American Heritage Dictionary offers the following first two definitions of sublime: characterized by nobility; majestic. spiritual, moral or intellectual worth. Of high Can you think of words less fitting to describe Nazi Germany? The Perpetrator We now begin what is probably the most controversial and 33 �disturbing part of the course. throughout this section: One question will appear is almost any one of us capable of being a perpetrator? Wednesday, Nov. 2 Assignment: Read (or re-read) chapteYs 11 and 12 containing excerpts written by Rudolf Hoess and Joseph Goebbels. Is there anything about Hoess' youth that strikes you as significant? Did his father demonstrate a quality that helps explain Hitler's success: that Germans put a higher premium on obedience than on conscience? Hoess wrote: Shortly before his death "Unknowingly I was a cog in the wheel of the great extermination machine of the Third Reich." What is your understanding of this, in particular his use of the word "unknowingly"? Goebbels ra i ses some disturbing questions as well: 1) He tells us that news is a weapon and should be used as such by government. Doesn't recent history indicate that government officials all over the world understand this and carefully manage what they want to tell us? Is there anything we can do about it? Today we will see the movie on the Milgram obedience experiments. Friday, Nov.~ We will discuss the movie seen on Monday. 34 �Monday, Nov. 12 Today Professor Baum will discuss another famous and relevant experiment to this course: the so-called "Zimbardo experiment." Wednesday, Nov. 14 Assignment: Read chapter 14. a Clear Conscience: "Destroying the Innocent with a Sociopsychology of the Holocaust". Doesn't the history of the Holocaust demonstrate how vulnerable humans are to the "slippery slope" of morality? In 1930, most Germans would have been horrified if someone could have outlined events of the next 15 years. Yet, step- by-step, the Nazis and the German nation passed statutes and performed acts which, in retrospect, seemed increasingly bizarre. But once set in motion, how can one stop? Was the fate of European Jews sealed on January 1, 1930 when Stormtroopers killed 8 Jews - the first victims of the Nazi era? (Three year later, on January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Ch ancellor. A ten-year-old Jewish boy, Leslie Frankel, later recalled: "When I got home that day, I learned that Hitler had become Chancellor. Everyone shook. As kids of ten we shook.") Today Professor Baum will comment on the evolution of the Nazi death camps. 35 �Note: Almost all accounts of the Holocaust cast males almost exclusively as perpetrators. Most of them were. But we do know of female SS members - the Aufscherinnen - who were brutal as camp guards. When the Nazi were forced to leave Hungary in December, 1944, the local Hungarian Arrow Cross continued the extermination of the Jews. One of the members, a Mrs. Vilmos Salzer, sported a riding-habit, brown boots and a Thomson sub-machine gun. She reportedly tortured her victims by burning them with candles before shooting them. She was hanged by the peoples' court soon after. Probably no female was more infamous than Ilse Koch - "The Bitch of Buchenwald" - as she became known. Among her grotesque habits was collecting tattooed skin for lampshades. She committed suicide while in prison on 9-1-67. One document ed case of female participation was in the Einsatzgruppen - a special action group of the SS. When Hitler invaded Russia in June, 1941, the Einsatzgruppen were sent in as mobile killing units. States listed personnel as: ss, 172 motorcycle riders, Group A, assigned to Baltic 340 militarized formations of 133 Order Police, 89 State Police ... 41 Criminal Police, 18 Administrators, 13 female employees, 8 radio operators and 3 teletype operators. There is no evidence known to me of what the females did, but we do know that the Einsatzgruppen killed approximately 2 million Jews in western Russian. Group C claims the efficiency 36 �record: On September 29-30, 1941, they killed 33,771 Jews - a record even the extermination camps could never match. We shouldn't leave this subject without noting the degradation of women in Nazi Germany. See the chapter "German Wife and Mother" in Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich. Also see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland. One major reason for the relatively few documented examples of female brutality was that Hitler wasn't an equal opportunity terrorist. They Nazi concept of a "good" woman (Aryan, to be sure!) was to be a baby machine. This general topic should interest some of you for a term paper. Friday, Nov. 16 We will now turn to the subject of victims and how some managed to cope. Read pp. 106-111 and chapter 4 of Dimsdale," The Social Systems in the Death Camps". Some commentators have conveyed the idea that the prisoners in the Nazi death camps were engaged in relentless war with one another for survival. While in some instances this was true, it tends to cloak the much larger truth that there was a very complex social system, in some ways put there by the Nazis themselves. Professor Baum will outline some of the major features of "society" in the death camps. 37 �Monday, Nov . 19 The assignment for today and Friday are chapters 6 and 7 of Dimsdale. (Chapters 8 and 9 are also useful and can be consulted for term paper topics). Today we shall see a movie, March of the Living, which features a journey to major death camps by children of survivors. This will enable us to see how the holocaust affects the families of the victims. Wednesday, Nov. 21 Today we will see the film "Night and Fog." You may find this relevan t on the day before Thanksgiving. Monday, Nov . ~ Assignment: Jerusalem. Read chapter 13. Excerpts from Eichman in The late Ms. Arendt was a brilliant and controversial writer who wrote extensively about the human condition in general and modern totalitarianism in particular. Her writings on Adolph Eichmann are controversial in the extreme, as Jacob Robinson's book, And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight, makes quite clear. Rather than becoming embroiled in details over her account of Eichmann, let us consider some of the issues she raises: The sub- t itle of Ms. Arendt's book on Eichmann is: 38 6 Report �on the Banality of Evil. You can get her point by reading the first several pages of the section. One of the major points of dispute is her contention that Eichmann was a powerless product of a totalitarian system which could corrupt any average person with an innate repugnance toward crime. How well does this describe Eichmann, Goebbels, or Hoess? Even if you disagree with Ms. Arendt, what do you think of her claim that it is the nature of every bureaucracy to make "functionaries" and "mere cogs" out of men? We now take up a most difficult problem which we have not considered before: the question of sovereignty, legality and the apparent lack of any clear international authority. I realize the enormity of the horror of the Holocaust raises the question of taste and propriety here. Nevertheless, let us consider the following: Inasmuch as Hitler held his political position legally and Eichmann had been appointed to his post, why couldn't we regard this as a legally valid, however horrible, action by officials of sovereign state? The scale of the Nazi horror shocks many of us, but governments the world over kill, torture, arid imprison political and other undesirable "enemies". As we shall consider later, Americans practiced a variation of genocide with our native Indians. The Russians are rather well known for their treatment of their domestic enemies. Whether we like it or not, we generally acknowledge 39 �the sovereignty of nations, especially within their own Borders. To the objection that Hitler was at war with much of the world and "out of control" outside of the borders of Germany, we can only ask: isn't the old adage still true, that all is fair in love and war? Isn't it simply a matter of raw power? What international standard do we have to tell us what is right or wrong? Eichmann was tried and hanged in Jerusalem only because Germany lost the war and he was caught. Right? One of the most troublesome points raise by Ms. Arendt is this: We like to think that rule by law is preferable to rule by caprice and whim. If true, then Eichmann was behaving within the boundaries of German law while in the Eichmann trial the court was "confronted with a crime it couldn't find in the lawbooks". It's a crazy world, isn't it, when the laws in many jurisdictions clearly proscribe sodomy (even in the privacy of a marital bedroom), but there is nothing to prohibit the mass murder of men, women and children? So much for national and international rationality. Professor Baum will comment briefly on the legal problems facing the Nuremberg Tribunal. Wednesday, Nov. 28 40 �Today we will see selected portions of the Nuremberg and Eichmann trials. A rare chance to see some of the top Nazis. Friday, Nov.~ Professor Jerry Markle of WMU will be with us today. teaches a Nazi Holocaust course there. important but subtle topic: of the Nazi Holocaust? He He will speak on an How to interpret the interpreters (Everyone has an agenda.) Monday, Dec.~ A few student term papers may be presented. Wednesday, Dec.~ Professor Irv Berkowitz will be our guest today. His mother survived Auschwitz and his father fought with partisans in Eastern Europe. Interesting. Friday, Dec. 2 Course conclusion and evaluation. 41 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_WRI_Lectures-Notes-GVSU-Syllabus-1990-Baum-The-Holocaust-and-the-Social-Sciences Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Baum, William Title A name given to the resource The Nazi Holocaust and the Social Sciences syllabus Description An account of the resource Syllabus written for HP 231 The Holocaust and the Social Sciences, Fall 1990, including an annotated bibliography on literature on the Holocaust. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc22a6fa7d853958cad3e73e3276e44b.pdf 0f7ab8a2db617a7d83ed96caa4f0c9a2 PDF Text Text KONINKLIJK BESLUIT VAN 29 DECEMBER 1980, NUMMER 104 WIJ BEATRIX, BIJ DE GRATIE GODS, KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN, PRINSES VAN ORANJE-NASSAU, ENZ. ENZ. ENZ. Op de voordracht van Onze Minister van Binnenlandse Zaken, Directoraat Generaal Binnenlands Bestuur, Afdeling Kabinetszaken, van 23 december 1980, nr. BK80/U2217 ; mede namens Onze Ministers van Defensie en van Cultuur, Recreatie en Maatschappelijk Werk; overwegende, dat het wenselij k is, een onderscheiding in te stellen ter gelegenheid van de 35-jarige herdenking van de bevrijding voor deelnemers aan het verzet in de Tweede Wereldoorlog tegen de bezetters van het grondgebied van het Koninkrijk; HEBBEN GOEDGEVONDEN EN VERSTAAN: Artikel 1. Er wordt een herinneringsteken ingesteld, dat de naam zal dragen van "Verzetsherdenkingskruis" . Artikel 2. 1. Het Verzetsherdenkingskruis wordt toegekend aan: a. een ieder die behoorde tot een in het Koninklijk besluit van 5 september 1944 Stb. E62 genoemde erkende verzetsgroep of tot een andere bij de Buitengewone Pensioenraad dar\ wel de Stichting 1940-1945 bekende verzetsgroep. b. een ieder die blijkens een beschikking van de Buitengewone Pensioenraad als deelnemer aan het verzet in de zin van de Wet buitengewoon pensioen 1940-1945 is of wordt erkend, ongeacht of hij/zij al dan niet in het genot is van-een pensioen krachtens deze wet. c. een ieder aan wie met toepassing van de Wet verbetering rechtspositie verzetsmilitairen (wet van 20 januari 1976, Stb. 19) onder de wapenen doorgebrachte tijd is toegekend. d. de militairen die hebben behoord tot de Nederlandse Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten in bezet gebied (ingevolge artikel 2, Se lid van de Wet verbetering rechtspositie verzetsmilitairen). e. een ieder, die tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in Oost-Azië op door Japan bezet gebied of Japans gebied aan naar het oordeel van het betreffende comité, bedoeld in artikel 4, als verzet tegen de vijand aan te merken handelingen heeft deelgenomen. f. een ieder die, niet vallende onder de bepalingen van a. tot en met e., naar het oordeel van het comité als bedoeld in artikel 4, eveneens als verzetsdeelnemer kan worden beschouwd. 2. Toekenning zal niet geschieden aan degene die zich tijdens de bezetting van het Koninkrijk uit Nederlands nationaal oogpunt beschouwd onwaardig heeft gedragen. Artikel 3. Toekenning kan posthuum geschieden. Artikel 4. De toekenning geschiedt door een voor het voormalig verzet representatief te achten comité, waarvan samenstelling en werkwijze bij ministerieel besluit van Onze Ministers van Binnenlandse Zaken, van Defensie en van Cultuur, Recreatie en Maatschappelijk Werk worden geregeld. �Artikel 5. De vormgeving van het in artikel 1 bedoelde versiersel en het daaraan verbonden lint wordt nader door Ons bepaald. Artikel 6. 1. Het is de begiftigde vergund het kruis dan wel het lint alleen te dragen. 2. Het is degene die gerechtigd is tot het dragen van het herdenkingskruis vergund het kruis van verkleind model te dragen. 3. Het kruis of lint kan op het militaire uniform gedragen worden . Artikel 7. Bij de toekenning van het herdenkingskruis ontvangt de begiftigde een op naam gestelde oorkonde. Artikel 8. Dit besluit treedt in werking met ingang van 31 december 1980. Onze Ministers van Binnenlandse Zaken, van Defensie en van Cultuur, Recreatie en Maatschappelijk Werk zijn, ieder voor zover hem betreft, belast met de uitvoering van dit besluit, dat in het Staatsblad zal worden geplaatst en waarvan afschrift zal worden gezonden aan de Kanselier der Nederlandse Orden. Lage Vuursche, 29 december 1980. BEATRIX De Minister van Binnenlandse Zaken , H. WIEGEL Bijlage, behorende bij de in artikel 7 van bovenvermeld Koninklijk besluit bedoelde oorkonde. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1980-12-29-Resistance-Remembrance-Cross-from-Queen-Beatrix-471 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-12-29 Title A name given to the resource Royal Decision of 29 December 1980, Number 104 Description An account of the resource Royal Decision by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands to award the Resistence Memorial Cross to members of the 1940-1945 Foundation resistance group and others. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands -- Awards Royal ordinances Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ee363ec13e72428a1d04948c056a1fe5.jpg 684826b6d5d73efa84bc7d84f1fe3380 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1897-Adriana-Termaat-Alkmaar-recto-img756 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Besyn, J. W. (photographer) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1897 Title A name given to the resource Adriana Termaat (1879-1952), 1897 Description An account of the resource Portrait photograph of Adriana Termaat (1879-1952), dauther of Aris Termaat (b. 1832) and Neeltje DeJong (b. 1847), taken by J. W. Besyn in Alkmaar, 1897. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Group portraits Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4123b9a22c2ae49537b1da0fc7deb276.jpg 4882be27d167325efaa93ed2c74c3ee2 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e6b07f13d567c6314121cfb4fd074718.jpg 35806f8ac522dcbe379d2e867a9fd249 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1928-Schuurman-family-recto_img672 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beukema, Willem (photographer) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928 Title A name given to the resource Schuurman family, 1928 Description An account of the resource Photograph of the Schuurman family. Left to right: Adriana B., Cornelis, L. Schuurman-Hennipman, Lisje Schuurman, Jacob N. and Nicolaas P. J. Schuurman. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/26e7bc6c40d7f2708db194c8296b85c3.pdf 8d60bae0c3cca2f38e8e3122341b176e PDF Text Text GEMEENTE LANGEDIJK . Algemeene aanw11z1ngen voor afvoer der burgerbevolking in het geval van een evacuatie. U behoort (met uw gezin) tot. wijk BROEK OP LANGENDIJK groep: ..... /..~ ···De naam van uw wijkcommandant is H. VAN ZUYLEN, adres BR. OP LANGENDIJK nr. 417, die van uw groepsleider · · · · ·-!: . . .~ .. ,adres . F ef Bij vertrek moet uw huis, nadat gas", water• en electriciteitsgelei" dingen zijn af gesloten en uitgschakeld, gesloten worden en de slew tel met daaraan gehechte schriftelijke vermelding van naam, straat en huisnummer aan een nader door den groepsleider aan te geven persoon worden af gegeven. Zooveel moglijk wordt voor bewaking der huizen gezorgd. U moet medenemen: a. Papieren. Persoonsbewijzen, distributiestamkaarten en ,bescheiden, trouw• boekje, geboorte• en huwelijksakten, spaarbankboekjes, geld en waardepapieren, verzekeringspolissen, belastingbiljetten enz. b. Mondvoorraad. Mondvoorraad voor twee dagen. c. Kleeding en uitrusting. Overkleeding, reserve"ondergoed, dekens (liefst gerold), ledige bedzakken en kussenzakken (eventueel als bergingsmateriaal te gebruiken), waschgerei, eetgerei, veldflesch en drinkbekers. De aandacht wordt er op gevestigd dat U slechts het strikt nood" zakelijke kunt medenemen. Om de gedachte te bepalen, moet per volwassen persoon worden rekening gehouden met een totaal mede te voeren gewicht van ten hoogste 35 kg. z.o.z. �d. Algemeen. Eenig verbandmateriaal en ev.entueel geneesmiddelen uit huis~ apotheek. Voor wat betreft mede te nemen huisdieren, zullen hoofdzakelijk honden en katten in aanmerking komen. Elk pak mede te nemen bagage moet voorzien zijn van een etiket of label met duidelijke àanwijzing van naam en adres van den eigenaar. Labels worden door den groepsleider verstrekt. e. Mede te nemen transportmiddelen. Aanbeveling verdient het medenemen van kleine wagentjes, spottkarretjes, kinderwagens en rijwielen, in welk geval de moge• lijkheid om meer bagage per persoon mede te-nemen wordt ver• groot. In te dienen opgaven. Reeds nu moet aan uw groepsleider opgave worden gedaan van de te uwen huize aanwezige: a. niet,marschvaardige zieken; b. gebrekkige.Il; c. andere, in bijzondere omstandigheden verkeerende personen. f. Wijziging hie:rvan moet steeds aan den groepsleider worden me=< de gedeeld. Door het bevoegd gezag wordt aangewezen welke personen (met hun gezin) moeten achterblijven. Alle overige personen moeten in het geval van een evacuatie vertrekken. K 28'/tl � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1940s-Evacuation-instructions Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Broek op Langendijk (Neth.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Title A name given to the resource Evacuation instructions Description An account of the resource Detailed instructions in the case of an evacuation for the town of Broek op Langendijk, North Holland, Netherlands, circa 1940. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f67bc69ff5020a6d017c4882ccb38b9c.pdf 9e5fcb9ef35555e13ba1a534a12712b6 PDF Text Text DI E NS T VE RP L I CHT I NG 1/t? Noord-Scharwoude, ~ Juni 1944. In opdrach t van den Weermachtbefehlshaber in Nederland wordt U hierbij aangewezen om enkele dagen werk te verrich/_ %.. ten en gelieve U zich~Juni a.s. te melden bij de brug over de ringvaart van de Heerhugowaard te Broek op Langendijk om 10 uur des voormiddags. Spade meebrengen. Ten overvloede wijs ik U er nog op dat er, bij het niet gevolg geven aan dezen oproep, zware straffen in uitzicht zijn gesteld, zoodat ik U ernstig in overwegipg geef te zorgen, op bovengenoemd tijdstip aanwezig te zijn. Ö Aan den Heer •'/ De wnd.Burgemeest r van L~g 7 / ~~ 1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1944-06-10-Work-assignment Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burgemeester of Langedijk, Netherlands Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-06-10 Title A name given to the resource Pieter Termaat work order Description An account of the resource Work assignment to report to bridge near Heerhugowaard canal in Broek op Langedijk, North Holland, Netherlands with a spade, signed by the Mayor of Langedijk. The author also reminds the receiver of the order of serious penalties should they not comply with the order. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Conscript labor Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8feb2d50d3ce09f3cfb6911505ca0b13.pdf fa757e15b02b0e24783dbd4800816f28 PDF Text Text - - - - - - - - - - ;G E M E I N D E L A N G E D IJ K. E R KL X RUN G. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- Der Bürgermeister der Gemeinde Langedijk erklärt daffZ der/cöm •. ~ Inllaber der Kennkarte Letter • A. J..9. , Nr. • .. 2J.J.!3!3• ••.• gebor.en am ••••7. 4•••••••• , gehèirt zum Personal derns=~AWWOO!rlC/ des Gemeindeluf'tach~tzdienstes, ' sodaQz es dringend er~o.rd.erlicÀ i.s-t., dasz er/sie die \,. Verfügung Uber aein/illr Fahrrad behält. Noord-Scharwoude , am 20.Sept. 1944. Di~ oowij.s geldt alleen voor noodgevallen en garandeert U geen algeheele vrijstelling van vordering van Uw rijwiel. r ' �s"z 111 C, z j L , 0 )C 111 i • i.,, 1 - ~ - . f � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1944-10-20-Bicycle-resgistration Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burgemeester of Langedijk, Netherlands Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-10-20 Title A name given to the resource Pieter Termaat bicycle registration Description An account of the resource Bicycle registration of Pieter Termaat, signed by the Mayor of Langedijk. Termaat was given permission to keep his bicycle due to his position on the staff of the local air defense office. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6d448ce0bc0e7b798577f99af1efe39a.jpg 4ccc5f04b4489e54dd585ce5cb538c5a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/627e0d3e21c7cdd2766c963ed25a8b88.jpg 8ed91fa8aaad8a768a2d37a0548005ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1908-Neetltje-Termaat-recto-img760 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chrispijn, J. (photographer) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908 Title A name given to the resource Neeltje Termaat (1886-1975) with two unidentified women, circa 1908 Description An account of the resource Portrait of Neetlje Termaat (1886-1975) with two unidentified women, by J. Chrispijn. Neeltje was the unmarried daughter of Aris Termaat (b. 1832) and Neeltje De Jong (b. 1847). Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Group portraits Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec069547eabf363a32a76f2bea3bd3ec.pdf e82d5ac73fa1318a46c13ddec62c4048 PDF Text Text CONGREGATION AHAVAS ISRAEL YOM HA-SHO'AH HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE SERVICE �l;lazzan: .~il~~JJ?;'l ~l~-1~ ,~ilV.10] C1tt il~ ~7 . i:iil7 ',J~ ,.,~., ,i1~1 ',:i;,', ciN •• •• : T T T T •: T T 1•: - .tv~:1 ',7.;~7 :i7~7 ,'171)] f"~~ ,R~~ .c,N·r "l:l ~:i~tv ,~Nhi I N~1 ,11 tvilN :itvn •• : I T •: I - T - - •:: •• T There is a time for everything; there is a time for all things under the sun: a time to be born and a time to die a time to laugh and a time to cry a time to dance and a time to mourn a time to seek and a time to lose a time to forget and a time to remember. This day in sacred convocation we remember those who gave us life. This day we remember thos€ who enriched our life with love and with beauty, with kindness and compassion, with thoughtfulness and understanding. This day we renew the bonds that bind us to those who have gone the way of all the earth. As we ref]Act upon those whose memory moves us this day, we seek consolation, and the strength and the insight born of faith. Tender as a father with his children, the Lord is merciful with His worshipers. He··knows how_we are fashioned; . He remembers that we are dust. Page One �The days of man are as grass; · he flourishes as a flower in the field. The wind passes over it and it is gone, · and no one can recognize where it grew. But the Lord's com.p assion for ~is worshipers, His righteousness to children's children, remain, age after age, unchanging. Three score and ten our years may number, four score years if granted the vigor. Laden with trouble and travail, . life quickly passes, it flies away. Teach us to use all of our days, 0 Lord, that we may attain a heart of wisdom. Grant us of Your love in the morning, that we may joyously sing all our days . . t,i~N '.' ,:J "l"~"~ .,::, ,.,~n - ' ' • • I .ntt~t? ljo/: "'i~~ ti~ ,-,7;:1:p "1ll, .,., "rr,w ' : •; : T : • I' ' '~~J "~7 ' T When I stray from You, 0 Lord, my life is as death; but when I cleave to You, even in death I have life. You embrace the souls of the living and the dead. The earth inherits that which perishes. But only the dust returns to dust; the soul, which is God's, is immortal. The Lord has compassion for His creatures. He has planted eternity within our soul, granting us a share in His unending life. He redeems our life from the grave. During our brief life on earth He gives us choices. Page Two n~~ 1~7 �These I recall and pour my heart out. How the arrogant have devoured us!. Fifteen thousand children passed through the camp of Terezin from 1941 to 1945. One hundred survived. One who did not was Frantisek Bass, born in 1930, deported to Terezin in 1942, murdered at Auschwitz in 1944. He left a poem. A little garden, Fragrant and full of roses. The path is narrow And a little boy walks along it. A Ii ttle boy, a sweet boy, Like that growing blossom. When the blossom comes to bloom, The little boy will be no more. Page Three �Six million little boys and girls, and men and women, six million of our cousins who by the whim of monsters are no more. That little boy my cousin, whose cry might have been my cry in that dark landWhere shall I seek you? On what wind shaffl reach out to touch the ash that was your hand? Where shall I seek you? There's not anywhere a tomb, a mound, a sod, a broken stick, mar~ing the sepulchres of those sainted ones the dogf aced hid in tumuli of air. 0 cousin, cousin, you are everywhere! And in your death, in your ubiquity, bespeak them all, our sundered, cin1ered kin: David, whose cinctured boneyoung branch once wrapped in phylacterynow hafts the peasant's bladed kitchenware; and the dark Miriam murdered for her hair; the relicts nameless, and the tatoo'd skin fevering from a lampshade in a cultured homeall, all our gaunt, skull-shaven familythe faces are my face! that lie in lime. You bring them, jot of horror, here to me, them and the slow eternity of despair that tore them, and did tear them, out of time. Death may be beautiful when, full of years, ripe with good works, a man, among his sons, says his last word and turns him to the wall. But not these deaths I Not these weighted tears! The flesh of Your sages, Lord, flung prodigal to the robed fauna with their tubes and shears; Your chosen for a gold tooth chosen; for the pervert' s wetness, flesh beneath the roddeath multitudinous as their frustrate sporeThis has been done to us, Lord, thought-lost God; and things still hidden, and unspeakable more. Page Four �A world is emptied. There where Your people praised in angular ecstasy Your name, Your Torah is less than a whisper of its thunderclap. Your synago~es, rubble. Your academies are silent, dark. They are laid waste, Your cities, once festive with Your fruit-full calendar, and where Your curled and caftaned congregations danced to the first days and the second star, or made the market places loud and green to welcome in the Sabbath Queen. There where dwelt the thirty-six righteous-world's piUarsand tenfold ancient Egypt's generation, there is nothing, nothing ... only the million echoes calling Your name still trembling on the air. We who have survived them pray: again renew our days. Again renew them as they were of old, and for all time cancel that ashen orbit in which our days, and hopes, and kin are rolled. I' If the prophets broke in through the doors of-night and sought an ear like a homelandEar of mankind overgrown with nettles, would you hear? If the voice of prophets blew on flutes made of martyred children's bones and exhaled airs burnt with martyrs' criesif they built a bridge of old men's dying groans- Ear of mankind occupied with small sounds, would you hear? Page Five �If the prophets stood up in the night of mankind like lovers who seek the heart of the beloved, night of mankind wo:uld you have a heart to offer? We will renew our prayer, Creat0r, even as You have renewed our hearts. We know that a time will come when there will be no strong and no weak, no hunters· and no hunted, no oppressors and no oppressed, no slayers and no slain, no masters and no servants, no rich and no poor. For we know this world is no waiting room for eternity. Eternity is here among us. · Therefore we are bidden to take thought for our own hereafter, and for our brothers' welfare in this world. And we know that this teaching will survive all its enemies and all our own. Are our enemies mightier than we? _Torah is stronger than their might, and our dream is greater than their night. We know that this world will be saved from evil. Should this not be true, may we know nothing further, as nothing will be worth knowing. For we know how difficult, how dangerous, how piteous it is to be a human being. And we know how granq, how glorious it is to be a human being. When we recall the pain of our past, we also must recall its splendor, the foundation with which our lives begin, and our debt to the long line of our ancestors, of blessed memory, all -those who have come before, beginning with Abraham. Their lives and-their teachings sustain us. The merit of their lives stands at our side today as we seek forgiveness for our own deeds which ha·ve stained and soiled our lives. Page Six �Because of. the strength and the be~uty and the piety of their lives, because ·of our- hope for the future which they have . planted within us-in spite of everythi_ng which strangles hope -we say Yes to creation and we say Yes to our Creator and to His eternity and holiness. We rJse. ,,~i;,: Kishinev · Yi t-_gadal Kishinev . tv1j(~:1 Warsaw ve-yit-kadash ' Warsaw ·· Auschwitz shmei raba Auschwitz r111~~1::) N1:l .,,• N?J,~:J •• : ' T: T : T : Dachau b'alma divra khir'utei Dachau r10~:,7~ 1"7??~1 Buchenwald ve-yamlikh mal-khutei li:,.,~;.,~, 7i:,"~tt~ Buchenwald Babi Yar be-J.iayei-khon uve'yomei-khon Babi Yar uve-1_-tayei di-khol beit yisrael Baghdad ,Nitzr n":i-,:,, .,!tn:i~ "T:' " T •• - : Baghdad :l"iR l~I:;i, N7~~~ I:Iebron ba-agala u-vizman kariv I:Iebron v'imru amen. Ye-hei shmei raba meva-rakh l'alam ul'almei 'almaya. Page Seven : �n~tltJ ,,~i;,: Yit-bara-k h ve.:.yish-tabab Kfar Etzion Kfar Etzion C~i,n.., iNDn", - ve-yit-pa'ar ve-yitromam : .•: - T : •: Mayence Mayence i1ut:':1 NWJ?;':, ve-yitnasei ve-yit-hadar Terezin Terezin '?D?;1:) i1~~?;1:) Treblinka ve-yit'aleh ve-yit-halal ~~il 1"7~ N~7Rl ~~tp Treblinka Bergen-Belsen shmei di-kudsha brikh hu Bergen-Belsen N1'Y', N1'Y, T 1•• : T 1•• : Vilna l' eila l' eila Nn,..w, Nn:,,:1-,~~ Vilna TT• : TT:• T• Usha mikol bir-khata ve-shirata Nn~nl, Nnn~wn Usha T T •:: •:: T T : : ••• Massada tush-be-ltata ve-nelte-mata N7t7¥f ll"~~1 Massada Jerusalem da-amiran b' alma Jerusalem v'imru amen. ''~l~:-?f '~1 ~l"7,\7 C"~1J1 N:~Tf l~ N~j N~7t¥ Nt:17 ·l~l$ ,,1?l!t1 Ye-hei shlama raba min shmaya ve-]Jayim aleinu v'al kol yisrael v'imru amen. . ,,~,t-,~ '~1 'l"7.\7 Oseh shalom bimromav hu ya'aseh yisrael v'imru amen. ci,~ il~~~ N~il ,..~;,??~ ci,~ i1WiY ·l~~ shalom aleinu v'al kol Page Eight , 7t~~ �In _memory. of the s1x million zitJp ;,;t:)~ ;i,:iil1t N~~iJ c"~i,7P~ 1~;tzj c"~tr1 N,~ ,l(· ,c"'1"'0l~ ll"'R.10 int=r c"'ii;,t?, c"'~i,R r,;,~~f ilf~VftJ "'P.~~ ,l7~HW ,'7~1 C"'~; C"'~;~ ,'~1f¥: .,~~ irp~-,f ni~t¥~-z,~ 'll# N~~ .c~,:iu7t "'iJT;l 11.Y. l~f .,p~r;t~W) 1£>7?¥~~) ,nft?~W) C"'~lJiJ iii~~ ii~, C"'~7i~7 9"'~~f ip9.f 01"'1:lt;)iJ ,C"'~Q1y .cry"'lJi:J:p~~ ,31 ci,~=? ,n,t~1 ,C?)7t1~ Niil ~7 .cry"'Di~t¥~-r,~ ·l~~ ,~Nj) Exalted, compassionate God, grant perfect peace in Your sheltering Presence, among the holy and the pure, to the souls of all our brethren, men, women and children of the House of Israel who were slaughtered and burned. May their memory endure, inspiring truth and loyalty in our lives. May their souls thus be bound up in the bond of life. May they· rest in peace. And let us say: Amen. In memory of oll tho doad Z,lJP illi:)~ il0,l7? N~??.J C"'~i,7?~ J:;?itD C"'~Q1 N?~ i,~ c.,,.,;:rv~ ll"'i?iv it1tf c.,,;;,~, c"'~i,R n;,~~f ilf~tptr "'P.t~ ,c~,;~, ,:>,iltD il:>i:i, Ci"il ,J,:>Tiltv ;,1,N-,:> r,i?.jWl-nN i~9.=t 0'1."'l:'t?iJ ,C"'~Q1iJ '~?- N~~ .01:10,l?? "'iJ?;i 11Y. Hf N,il :~ .C;:J"'lJi?.j?q~-r,tt C"'~TJiJ ,;,~:;i ,.,~, C"'~7i~7 9''P.F~ ·17;~ i~Nl1 .CtJ"Oi::i:p~~-,~ ci,~~ ,n,t~, ,c~7q~ T T : : T '.' T T : ' - : 1- : ' •: •: 1•• T : • •: Exalted, compassionate God, grant perfect peace among the holy and the pure, in Your sheltering Presence, to the souls of all our beloved who have gone to their eternal home. May their memory endure as inspiration for deeds of charity and goodness in our lives. May their souls thus be bound up in the bond of life. May they rest in peace. And let us say: Amen. Page Nine �.,onN N, "l7i "" T : •: ' T: The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want. I "ll"~ ,., NW'1 niNl~ r• • :•: r,• : • • He gives me repose in green meadows. He leads me beside the still waters to revive my spirit. ·i~~ ll7~7 He guides , ¥~;i P1~-.. "~P~~ me on the _right path, for that is His nature. nJ~7~ N..~;, ,,~ ":P c~ I "1~17 iU1N ":!>• 'T' T- 11, N-i"N N? T T' Though I walk in the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no harm, for You are with me. ·"~r:?.tl~~ ;,~p 9~~~~~' 9t?~~ Your staff and Your rod comfart me. ,"17J ,~~ lt:17W,·"J!";7 1i~?J You prepare a banquet for me in the presence of my foes . .i1~17 "Qi~ ,"~Ni l~~~ l;'t~1 You anoint my head with oil; my cup overflows. ,":tr "~~-,; ";'!?77~ ,~;n:n :1it, ,~ Surely goodness and kindness shall be my portion all the days of my life. _.c"~: 11-~7 :~ n"~~ "f)=?~ And I shall dwell in the House of the Lord forever. Psalm 23 Page Ten �.: Adon Olam .Ni:ll i"J"-,~ Cit,:J T: • • : T •:1·.· : .N1R~ ;~~ 17~ "I~ .N1il 1'7?~ i1~7 1'27r ,~~ c7i~ 7;,~ ',~ i~t>M:J i1tl1~l r,17&.;, . : •: : T -:- •• : .iliNDn:J il"il" N~ili: TT:•:•::• .i11"~r:tiJ'? ;, ,.,u;'?iJ'? "~w l"tt: ,o~ N~i11 .i1,~~iJ1 TY~ ;,, n"7i)lJ "7~ n"WN1 "7~ "7~il "IJ1 "7~ N'i11 .,, Cil~, "Cl N~i11 .N1R~ Ci"~ "Qi~ r,~7? "J:n; i"~'?~ ;;~f .i11"V.~] 7W-~ r,~f . Ni"N N?1 .,, "" "n u "n~, c17, • T • : • T: T 9 • T•: Adon olam asher malakh, b'terem kol ye-tz1r nivra. L'eit na-asah ve-heftzo kol, azai meiekh sh'mo nikra. · Ve-aharei kikhlat hakol, le~vada yimlakh nora. Ve-hu hayah ve-hu hoveh, ve-hu yih-yeh b'tifarah. Ve-hu ehad ve-ein shei.:.ni, le-hamshil la le-hal)birah .. B'li rei-sheet b'li tahhleet, ve-la ha-oz ve-hamisrah. Ve-hu Eil1 ve-.bal go-ali, ve-tzur bevli b'eit tzarah. Ve-hu nisi u-manos li, m'nat kosi b'yom ekra. • ' B'yado afkid ru}Ji, b'ei~ ishan ve-a-irah. Ve-im ruhi ge-viyati, Adonai Ii ve-Io ira. Page Eleven • • • : • : � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1983-04-10-Ahavas-Israel-Program Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Congregation Ahavas Israel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-04-10 Title A name given to the resource Holocaust Remembrance Service program Description An account of the resource Program for the Congregation Ahavas Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Service, with poems and hymns in English and Hebrew. Subject The topic of the resource Holocaust Remembrance Day Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng he Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/423470c3a1459958362a9c615c4a0db3.pdf 8f256e9e76d45d689fb0ceb48badfec6 PDF Text Text I .,, The Men I s Club _ot Congregation AHA.VAS ISRA!l., rD recognition ani V&l"II appreciation I ; fOI' outataniing ani distinguished service to the victim• ot oppression presents this testimonial to Pieter Nicol.us Termaat Adriana Barbara Termaat who volunteered 1n the Resistance against persecution at the peril or life. April 10, 198) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1983-04-10-Ahavas-Isreal-343 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Congregation Ahavas Israel, Men's Club Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-04-10 Title A name given to the resource Blessings for Our Food Description An account of the resource Pamphlet of blessings and prayers for mealtime by the Men's Club of Congregation Ahavas Israel, in English and Hebrew Subject The topic of the resource Holocaust Remembrance Day Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng he Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8a3bbaf4921ec5327c903dbdec8695f9.pdf 5b04b17b979e9508487e1fb843693ea8 PDF Text Text CONGREGATION AHAVAS ISRAEL MEN'S CLUB i\Jational Holocaust Remembrance Day April 10, 1983 Yorn Ha'Shoah 5743 �Message . . . . . . . . . National Holocaust Remembrance Day Program Invocation . . . . . . . . . Dr. Albert Lewis, Rabbi Congregation Emanuel Breakfast Grace After Meals Dr. Albert Lewis , Rabbi Greetings Stuart R. Rapaport, President Congregation Ahavas Israel Pieter Nicolaas Termaat / for His Excellency, Dr . J. H . Lubbers, Ambassador of the Netherlands Why We Did Iti . . . . . . Ms. Berendina R. H. Ehrlich Member, Resistance Forces . Pieter Nicola.as Termaat j We C an N o t F orge t ! . . . . Member, Resistance Forces The Motivation of the Resistance Johannes Witte Member , Resistance Forces "Countering the Revisionist Historian" Dr. Dwayne Cole, Grand Rapids Baptist College and Seminary Greetings Marshall Giller, President Ahavas Israel Men's Club Introduction . . . . Fred Sarne, Chairman Holocaust Remembrance Day Presentation of the . . . . Marshall Giller Plaques Greetings Senator Paul B. Henry Closing Remarks Greetings Representative Vern Ehlers Greetings The Hon . Abe Drasin, Mayor City of Grand Rapids Benediction . . . . . . . . Yosef Weingarten , Rabbi Chabad House of Western Michigan Greetings Chris De Witt, Representative of U.S. Senator Carl Levin Greetings . . . . . . . . . Frank Jefferis, Regional Representative of U.S. Senator Don W. Riegel Greetings . . . . . . . . . Linda Slotsima, Staff Assistant to Congressman Hal Sawyer Fred Sarne Are there words to describe the Holocaust? Indeed there are. The words of our brothers in their despair , in their defiance and in their refusal to accept their tormentors objectives are a memorial to the spirit of man and the Jewish people. The words sear _ they call out to the living. But remember, we did more than survive. We won. The people of Israel lives, and while we live, we remember our fallen. �PRAYER iviaster of the Universe, Lord of the humble and the weak, Strength of the righteous and Hope of all who dream of goodness and justice; Mercifully hear our prayer which arises from the anguish in our souls as we recall the Holocaust in which 6 million of our brethren and sisters, your children of the House of Israel, were slaughtered and burned. Expand our minds that we may grasp the full horror of this reign of darkness and touch our hearts with true grief, penitence and resolution that we may remember and never forg~t. MAY WE REMEMBER LORD, AND NEVER FORGET. The burning synagogues, the brownshirts, the jackboots, and the yellow star of David. MAY WE REMEMBER LORD, AND NEVER FORGET. The arrests at midnight, the uprooting of millions from ancestral soil, and the destruction of families. MAY WE REMEMBER LORD, AND N£VER FORGET. The ghettoes, the starvation, the wretchedness and the faith. MAY WE REMEMBER LORD, AND NEVER FORGET. The thick smoke from Auschwitz, Dachau, Buchenwald; the mountains of bones, and the lingering stench of death. MAY WE REMEMBER LORD, AND NEVER FORGET. May the sacredness and solemnity of this hour bring to our hearts the deep resolve that they did not die in vain -- but that their faith and their dreams live on in us and in our children. Amen. �'•. ' . ·· •· G:::-e.nd Rnpids, :.ic>.. rch l Ot.t 03 Dear Ur. & idr:.;;, Terf'lfl.a t; The l.fon 1 :3 Club Ahava"' Con 0 re 0 a ti o n of Isr2.el is l)rot,d to i nvite you to honor you at om' HOLOCAUST 'JAY 1983 at 9 : 30 n . m. 2727 ~ich i can S.E . A~ril lo th at ·,;e will commence with a special service followed by a breal-:fast after which a pro_sram in your honor will be presented. ',le are ver-,/ :pleased t o have with us for thi2 oc c asion me:-:ibers of our b'fichig[J.n l eci~latoi-s as well as representatives of our U.S . ~overnent This i nv i tation is also exten<ler.c to ;;,·our· Jte :xt of kin, as our '1.l ests. 0 Please advise us how :::-iany ·:till ue in ;yo,, r p~LrtJ by :i.:arch 28th, b~' calling F:r:eci. Sa.rue 454 G\97 Fred Sarne , Cha ir :,e sori Holocau::::t Re mer;i'·,=,.,.,,., u ·- ·-nee da:r .. '-· - � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1983-04-10-Ahavas-Isreal-Mens-Club Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Congregation Ahavas Israel, Men's Club Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-04-10 Title A name given to the resource National Holocaust Remembrance Day program Description An account of the resource Program for the Congregation Ahavas Israel's Holocaust Men's Club events for National Holocaust Remembrance Day. Subject The topic of the resource Holocaust Remembrance Day Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/366c493c12a15fe9fdaa9a7e6063db64.pdf 59783e07441435c1d97ab87b0efc38ba PDF Text Text , MEN 1 .:> CLUB OF CONGREGATION AHA.VAS ISRAEL BLESSINGS FOR OUR FOOD Thou shdlt eat and be satisfied, And give thanks to the lord thy God. Deut.8 : 10 , �BLESSING BEFORE MEALS 0 give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, His loving kindness endures forever. Praised art Thou, 0 Lord our God, King of the universe, who brings forth bread from the earth. &ruh oto Adonoi elohenu me/eh ho-0/om ho-motzi lel}em min ho-oretz. . :c'Q?ti~ U'!O li':\C n~'Vnt-t :: :mu~ .ni~i~tT i'~ C~iQ li7tN' rtt iTrJ U~.1f?l U'f pt,tp N?9~ rt-t :c'r:tQV/ U'!O U~lJ nito~h :~ :il?~ClJ nito~? :~ i'T\'7,'1; C'll7ti:r ::ii~ c'~'f;>~;, u1;:r~rtntt :~ il~~rv ,,,~i) N:i~"N:J ,,,~iJ l71!.in~; N~J il!:>~1 ,1~ ,;,;:r :1i~R~ ilrJ~ :Pnb?N NWJ m,:i T \-, - T • : Sheer ho-mo-a-lot b'shuv A-do-nay et shee-vot tsi-yon, ha-yee-nu k 'l}ol-meem, Az yi-rno-loy s 'J;ok pee-nu, u-/'sho-nay-nu ree-na, Az yo-m'-ru va-go-yim, hig-deel A-do-nay, /a-a-sot im ay-leh, Hig-deel A-do-nay la-a-sot i-ma-nu, ho-yee-nu s 'may-J;eem. Shu-vah A-do-nay, et sh 'vee-tay-nu, ka-o-fee-keem ba-ne-gev, Ha-zo-r'eem b'dim-o, b'ri-na yik-ts6-ru. Ho-Joi} yoy-/ayl} u-vo-J;o, no-say rneh-shel} ha-zo-ra, Bo ya-vo v'ri-na no-say a-lu-mo-tav. When the Lord brought back those that returned to Zion, it was like a dream. Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with singing. Then the nations said : "The Lord has done great things for them." Yea, the Lord has done great things for us; we rejoice! Bring back the rest of our homeless, 0 Lord. They that sow in tears shall reap in joy . Though sadly they carry seed to the field, gladly they bring home the sheaves. - Psalm 128 2 �GRACE AFTER MEALS :,,~ 'JJ1::11 ,~n ill;l~Q 11:l~ =~ Cf 'i'.'f: :C?i31 ,~n ill;l~Q 11:l~ =~ C~ 'i:J: :D?i31 :leader :Response :leader 'JJi::111 H~11 Hl9 mro7:J :i?~Q U~~t$~ U'i;J~tj 11~~ :U'~'J i:n~~1 i?rfQ u'?;t$f 1l'p.i,~ 11i~ :Response :U'!,:t i:11~~1 i?rfQ u'?;!:$f U'p·?~ ,1,~ :leader .c?il10 nl:$ HiJ .01111;:, 179 u'p.i,~ -!: i1J;l~ 11,; ?~~ 1?1'~ 1JJ1l N1i1 . C'QIJ1:j11 ,t;,0=;1 llJ=;l .i:11~:;l i~,? iQIJ N.i, ,'QJ!I ?i,jij i:11~:j11 :i~[?IJ C?il1'? '~ . i~~ .?i,!iJ iC~ i1:li:;) .,1Jl C?il1? 1if9 1l'z iQ,:t! ?ttJ .1l? ?~? lif7t l'~Q1 .',:,i :l'~Q1 ?:,~ on~~1 l! ?tt N1iT '~ :?:>iJ nt$ liiJ !~ ilQtt 1 :tt1; ,,~ ,,i:i;•7:;i 1,~ Boru!J atta Adonai, e/oheynu me/el} ha-olam, ha-zan et ha-olam ku-lo b'tu-vo, b'IJen b'hesed u-v'ra!Jamim. Hu noten /el}em !'!Joi basar kee l'olam l}asdo. U-v'tuvo hagadol tamid lo l}asar lanu, V'al yel}sar lanu ma-zone l'olam va-ed, ba-avur sh'mo ha-gadol. Kee hu el zan u-m'farnes /a-kol, u-maytiv /a-kol, u-mayl}in ma-zone /'hot briyotav asher ba-ra. Baruh atta Adonai ha-zan et ha-kol. RESPONSIVE READING Praised be our God of whose bounty we have partaken and through whose goodness we live . By Thy grace and loving kindness, 0 Lord, Thou dost nourish and sustain us. Praised art Thou, our God, King of the Universe, Who providest food for all. We thank Thee for our liberation from bondage and for our heritage of freedom. We are grateful for Thy gift of the Torah which enriches and ennobles the mind and soul of Thy people. Remember in mercy, 0 Lord, Thy people Israel, Jerusalem, Thy city, and Zion, the place of Thy glory. 3 �0 merciful Father, bless all assembled at this table (these tables) . Amen. 0 merciful Father , bless all who are rebuilding Zion so that Thy Word may again go forth from Jerusalem. Amen. 0 merciful Father, bless all who help to bring justice and peace to mankind . Amen flt.$0-'ll '9'iJ'?~ !;·nt;t J!l-?"'J~, 1!'¥;~ ti?~tt] .::im;,;, :1ir9iJ",ll1 Y1~iJ"'ll ·!~ i1J!I~ 711;,. ·1~7JJJ it~ i1~b,:r iii:,~ 71,;,. .U'9!~ i1liJ7t~ W'!RiJ ,,l! c~i~,; i1~1 :pJ~ .c~'z~i~ P9Q"'J~ i1~j ·!~ .1J~7Q U'~~ '~iJ .c'?wo 1?~ iJ'O-i,~ !; i1Qt:'.t .,,,;,. ll,\?i1 .:lj,i~ rui,R iJ~,R U")¥i' U?~l 1ltt"Ji:l 1l")'1t:'.t c;,-',~:;i~ .',.::,'? ::i'~QiJ1 ::ii~iJ 1?~iJ .'t:'.tl~~ i1lJii :u~ :l'~~ Nii1 ::l'~Q Nm ::l'~.J N1i1 ci'l On Sabbath add: <:C'Q7iViJ '~IJ7 i1QU7t1 n~~ ;,~~ Ci' 1l?'l'.1~~ Nm 19C1"'Ji;J) ,,9;17t~ c;',~ ~ :1Q~ 117tt:t1 ~~,tr. :c;',tf~ io.11 n~ T1~~ !~ lJJ~ iOlJ? t~ :! -,~ 'lll 1l'?ll c;',~ i1~i~ Nm Ka-ka-tuv, v'a-lJal-ta v'sa-va-ta u-vay-raf:,-ta et A-<19-nay e-/o-hehha al ha-a-retz ha-to-va a-sher na-tahn /ah. Ba-ruh a-ta A-<lo-nay, al ha-a-retz v'a/ ha-rna-zon. · · Uv-nay y'ru-sha-la-yim ir ha-ko-desh bim-hay-ra v'ya-rnay-nu. Ba-rulJ a-to A-do-nay bo-nay v'ra-lJa-rnav y'ru-sha-la-yim, A-rmyn. Ba-rulJ a-ta A -do-nay, e-lo-hay-nu meh-lelJ ha-o-lam, ha-ayl, a-vi-nu, mal-kay-nu, a-di-ray-nu, bo-ray-nu, go-a-lay-nu, yotz-ray-nu, k 'do-shay-nu, k 'dash Ya-a-kov. Ro-ay-nu ro-ay yis-ra-ayl, ha-meh-lelJ ha-tov v'ha-may-tiv la-kol, sheb-1:,ol yom va-yom hu hay-tiv hu may-tiv hu yay-tiv /a-nu. On Sabbath add: Ha-ra-f:,a-man hu yan-1:,i-lay-nu yom sheh-ku-lo shabbat u-m 'nu-lJa l'IJa-yay ha_-o_-_la_-m_im_ _ _ _ __ 0-seh sha-rom bim-ro-mav hu ya-a-seh sha-lom, a-lay-nu v'al ko/ yis-ra-ayl v'im-ru A-mayn. A-do-nai oz /'a-mo yi-tayn A-do-nay y'va-raylJ et a-mo va-sha-lom. May God give strength unto His people; May God bless His children everywhere with peace. Amen. 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1983-04-10-Ahavas-Isreal-348 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Congregation Ahavas Israel, Men's Club Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-04-10 Title A name given to the resource Recognition of Pieter and Adriana Termaat Description An account of the resource Typescript text of recognition of Pieter and Adriana Termaat for Resistance work by the Men's Club of Congregation Ahavas Israel. Subject The topic of the resource Holocaust Remembrance Day Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3255ae73c042cf43d6c626677e22353f.pdf 6c207a3b2a858194625dcd450c5c65f1 PDF Text Text Tuesday, June 4, 1991 • Hidden children lreak their silence They thank those who kept Nazis away BY DAVID CRUMM Free Press Religion Writer When Gisele Feldman pulls out the photos from World War II, she no longer is a retired French teacher living safely in Farmington Hills. Suddenly, she is a scared little Jewish girl, desperately trying to hide from the Nazis. At age 8 in France, Feldman was separated from her parents and admitted to a children's clinic by a ~ - ...•-kind-hearted doctor. The doctor treated her for several years for · .:. rickets and passed her off to au. thorities as a Catholic. That was half a century ago, but as she told the bittersweet story on Monday in the Southfield offices of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL), she broke down in tears. "I told myself I would not cry • about this. I didn't wantto cry," said Feldman, 60. Abraham Foxman, who also was hidden as a child during the war and now is the ADL's national director, hugged Feldman as she wept. Moments later, as Feldman returned to looking at photos of seven of her relatives who died in the gas chambers of Auschwitz, the emotion rushed in again. "It's fine," Foxman murmured, holding Feldman's hands. "It's all right." Foxman understands the intense hold the Holocaust still has on Jewish children who were hidden and survived the war. Last week in New York, Foxman and Feldman participated in the First International Gathering of Children Hidden During World War II. "As hidden children, it took us a long while to break our silence about our experiences," Foxman said. The famous story of Anne Frank, who was concealed in an , attic, may not have been as common as the Jewish children hidden by Christian rescuers who adopted them and changed their identities. At age 2, Foxman was saved from the Nazis by a nanny who baptized him a Catholic and claimed to be his mother. After the war, his real parents had to wage a traumatic legal battle to reclaim him. Many of the Christians who rescued fleeing Jewish families also have remained silent, largely because they did not consider their actions heroic. "You tell these people they're heroes and they say, 'We're not heroes; we didn't do anything,' " Foxman said. "These people are common folks who didn't debate whether to help, didn't discuss it, didn't rationalize it. They saw human beings in need and they risked their lives to help." Under Foxman's leadership, the ADL launched the Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers in 1988. Tonight at the Jewish Community Center in West Bloomfield Township, Foxman and others will ~lebrate the creation of a Michigan chapter and honor two Michigan families of rescuers: the Termaats and the Chorazyczewskis. Peter and Adrienna Termaat, now in their 70s, were a young couple in the Netherlands with a 13day-old son when Germany invaded their country. They helped countless Jewish men, women and children escape the Nazis. They now live in Grand Rapids. Helen and lgnacy Chorazyczewski concealed a Jewish teenager in their barn in Poland and also enlisted their oldest son, Ce1.ary, in caring for the boy. After nearly 18 months, they helped the boy escape. lgnacy Chorazyczewski has died, but his wife, who is 85, lives in Hamtramck. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1991-06-04-Hidden-children-break-their-silence Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crumm, David Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-06-04 Title A name given to the resource Hidden children break their silence Description An account of the resource Newspaper article about hidden children during World War II, and honoring those who rescued and assisted them. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Americans World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3df6e18bd27a950835d854f1aeb9efb2.pdf f5f04aa3f09349a3811aa6bf31bb2f0a PDF Text Text • • / ' • / ALiiMAARSCH.E EDITIE, DllGB,llD VOOR • Deze courant verschijnt dagelijb. Abonnementsprijs per 3 maanden bij voo1 uitbetaling voor Alkmaar .f 2.10; fran co door het gebeele Rijk / 2.63. Losse llt1.1JUDers 5 cents.' · Tel. Administratie (abonn., adver t.) 3320, Redactie 3330. Prijs der gewone advertentlën ; / 0-10 per m.M" minimum 14 m.M. 1.40, elke 31/• m.M. meer J 0.35. î al'ieve11 op aanvrage. Brieven aan de Uitg. N.V. Boek- en Handelsdrukkerij v/h. Her ms, Coster & Zoon, Voordam . 9, Alkmaa,r, postgir o 37060. NOORD-HOLLAND -:-::-:--:----:::--:--:-:---------.;.__--__,;,----------------,------------- 1ftfte Jaargang No. 168 % pagina's Geme~nschappelijkheid in front en doel. ACHTERVOLGING DER SOVJETS,- IN VÓLLEN GANG. r/ . :Bolsjewistische colonnes bij Rostof I vernietig~, \ • ' " Redevoeringen van Haupt• dienstleiter Schmidt en van Geel.k erken. Strijd tegen den sluikhandel. ( Pant,entrijdkrachten ln Egypte bult~n \.gevJcht gesteld. Spoorwegdoelen bij Moskou aang eva Il en. ( Duitsch legel'bericht. HOOFDKWARTIER VAN DEN ~'UHRER, 20 -uuli (,D.N.B.) Het opperb~vel der weermacht maakt bekend: In het Zuiden van het Oostelijk ~front zijn de achtervolgingsge, vechten in z. en o. richting weer in vollen gang, na er een eind is gekomell' aan den regenval. Formaties gevechts- en slagvliegtuigen hebben vijandelijke colonnes ten 0. van Rostof vernietigd, belangrijke etappe-verbindingen van den vijand bij den mond van denDon vernield en de achtervolgingsgevechten in de bocht van den Don doeltreffend gesteund .. De vijand heeft ook gisteren met sterke strijdkrachten het bruggehoofd Woronesj · aangevallen. Alle pogingen tot herovering van de stad werden in zware gevechten afgeslagen, ten deele in tegenaanvallen met succesvollen steun van de luEh~acht. Hierbij werden van 60 aanvallende tan1's 36 vernietigd. . · In de omgeving van Moskou zijn ove1·dag en 's nachts spoorwegdoelen met vernietigende uitwerking aangevallen. Ten Z. van het 11.menmeer mislukten plaatselijke aanvallen van den vijand. Bij deze gevechten ~e_rd eei\ bolsjewistische groep vermetlgd en 19 vijandelijke tanks werden kapotgeschoten. Het ~avengebied van Mq,ermansk werd gisteren met bijzonder succes gebombardeerd. In haveninstallaties: autoparken en benzineopslagplaatseri ontstonden groote branden. Jachtvlie~t1.tigen schoten hierbij boven de ba_ai van Kola 17 ,vijandelijke v licgttagen neer. Dinsdag 21 Juli 1942 Hoofdredacteur!\, R. JONKER, Alkmaar In Noord-Afrika wederzijdsche gevechtsbedrijvigheid- van plaatselijke beteekenls. Ten N.O. van Londen heeft een gevechtsvliegtuigen overdag voltreffers geplaatst op een belangrijke wapenfabriek. In h et Duitsch-Nederlandsche grensgebied heeft een Britsch vliegtuig gisteren enkele bommen laten vallen op woonwijken. Het vliegtui~ werd omlaaggesèhoten. De Britsche luchtmacht heeft 's nachts met vrij zwakke , strijdkrachten 'n aanval gedaan op enkele plaatsen aan de Duitsche bocht, vooral de steden Bremen en Oldenburg. De burgerbevolking leed verliezen. Drie vijandelijke vliegtuigen werden neergeschoten. _ Bij de succesvolle afweergevechten op het bruggehoofd Woronesj heeft een Silezische divisie. infanterie zich bijzonder onderscheiden. Het jachteskader Udet heeft zijn 2500ste overwinning in de lucht behaald. Italiaansch legerbericht. ROME, 20 Juli (Stefani.) Het Italiaansche wcennachtbericht luidt als volgt: VijandelijJ,e aanvalspogingen zijn afgeslagen j,1 den N. en Centralen sector van onze stellingen aan het Egyptische front. Ecnige gepantseràe strijdmiddelen · van den v~jand werden vernield. Duitsche jagers hebben een krachtige formatie Hmricanes aangtwallen en er 7 van neergeschotc1,. Slechts atmosferische omstandigheden beperkten de operaties tegen het eiland Malta,' waar desondanks ('Cnjgc belangrijke doelen werden getroffen. t Timosjenko's nederlaag. . Prov. Kantoor van den Landstand 1n N oord~l1olland. neu worden. Alles, wat de La.ndOfficieele opening door den sta11d tot nog toe deed, was slechts boerenleider Roskam. een voorbereiding, om de geheele Een goed geontillee1·d gebouw, waa,r in allen, ongeacht hun gezindheid, die de boereneer willen verdedigen, en voor het boerenrecht willen opkomen, de v1·iendcnhand 1v-0nlt gereikt. leiding, van de voedselvoorziening te kunnen overnemen. In kamcraadschappeJjjken g·eest. RO'I'TERDAM, 20 Juli. Wanneer 1 Vóór de officieele· opening hield de politieke leiders der N. S. D. A.P. de stafleider, de heer A. A. Roze11en N. S. B. iederen Zondag, nu eens daal een rede, waarin hij betoogde, 1 in deze, dan in gene plaats in Nedat diegenen, die de toegestok~ derland, elkander in g"roote schohand nog steeds afwijzen, wel onder lingsdemonstraties ontmoeten, dan Gister(Maandag)middag werd. het zware narcose moeten staan, want komt daarin de gemeenschappelijke doelstelling van hun strijd, vooral gebouw van den Ned. Landstand in het ls onbegrijpelijk, dat zij nog met hel oog op de groote taken, tai Noordholla.nd, dat gevestigd is in steeds niet tot de ontdekking zijn uitdrukking, dte uit ~ groot-Ger- het voormalige Alkm;Jarsche burge• gekomen, dat de Landstand er niet maansche gemeenschap reeds thans, meestershuis aan den K ennemer- is om hen dwars te zitten, maar en vooréd in de toekomst, voort- straatweg 23, officieel geopend, in gaarne bereid is, ondan!i:s alle µiis-vloeien. De grootheid van die laak tegenwoordig'heid van den Presse- kennihg, die zij totnç,gtoe ondervormt de hechte en onverwoestbare referent voor Noordh1Jlland, Eggert, vond, op kameraadschappelijke wijbasis van vastberaden nationaal- den Landwirtschaftrat Ufer, den ze ook met hen den nieuwen opbot1,w socialistischen wil. Op den voo}·- boerenleider Roskam, den prov. boe- ter hand te nemen. BlijKbaar wachgrond staat daarbij de beveiliging renleider J. Saal, de lundbouw-, vee- ten zij op het oogenblik, dat hun van de Europeesche ruimte tegen de teelt- .en tuinbouwconsulenten, de overwinning komt en Wij, ·aldus :.pr., (Polygoon-ZeylemakerJvernielende krachten van het bolsje- leden van den próv. raad en dé lei- onze matjes kunn~n oprollen. Ik kan ders ,van de bedrijfsgroepen. Ter DE VERJAARDAG VAN DEN wisme en de beveiligin_g . van. hei eere van deze feestelijkheid w.1pper- hen echter de / verzekering geven, Westen tege11 democratie en rmpe- tiè een aantal Landstandvlaggen mat dat zij dit oogenblik niet zullen be- \ leven en dat het niet zoo heel lang RI.T"KSCOi\T..\llSSARIS . rialisme. Onbegrijpelijk is het derdaarboven de Oranje-Blanje-Bleu- meer zal duren, vóór zij tot d e Zijn levensloop. halve, dat er _nog steeds vel~ . mei:i- vlag van den gevel. scl1Tikbarende ontdekking komen, Op 22 Juli _ den verjaardag va•l schen, zijn, die ~e noodzakel!J~~eid De officieele ope_ning ges_chiedde dat wij in den tijd, waarin· zij slieden Rijkscommissaris _ worden in v~. dezen gei:neenschap_J?.ehJken door den boerenleider, hoofd van pen, onzen plicht hebben gedaan en breéden kring beschouwingen aan str1Jd vo9rgeve1'. m et t~ - begriJpen of den Nederlandschen Landstand, den een werk tot stand zullen hebben diens persoonlij kheid en iobpbain ook werkeliJk met beguJpen. ,heer Roskam, die betoogde, dat d_e <>ewijd l • Nadat des ochtends de plaatsver- internationale wereldmacht vanuit gebracht, waarvan zij versteld zullen staan. Spr. gaf den boerenleider 0 Dr. Seyss-Inquarl woonde in zijr vangende s~h~l~gsleider Kullmann Londen .e n New-York, die ons boe- en den provincialen leider de verzejongensjaren in het oude marktdmu en de vormmgsleider der N. S. B., rendom liet zuchten onder de macht kering. dat de staf van het bt1Ieau Stannern in het Duitsche bevd-- van Gen~chten, gesproken. hadden van grootkapitaal en wereldtnist, Alkmaar bereid is, zich voor de volle kingseiland Iglau over de idee van het natio~aal-so- voor goed voorbij is. 100 pct. voor dit werk in te z~tten _'.-['oen de wereldoorlog uitbrak Wil$ cialisme, nam in de vergadering de_~ Op het oog,enblik hcerscht maar en dat zij onder alle omstandighe-< hJJ student in de rechten. Hij onder- middags h~t eerst de -plaatsve1 één wet voor het economische leven den, op dezen staf iullen kunnen re~~·ak_zifn studie en stond als keizer- vangend~ leider der N. S. B.. van en wel deze: de oorlog; moet gewor~- kenen. Spr. verzekerde, ervoor te hJk Jager aan het Isonzo-fronl en ~-~ Geelkerken, het woord. zullen waken, dat de geest op het è!en 001:log v~ltooide hij zijn studie Als een roode draad liep de nabureau er eene van kameraadschap ~n vestigde zich vervolgens als adnadruk op de gemenschappelijke de Duitsche legers ouk door dit ge- zal blijven. ,-ocaat te Weenen. , t •·d 1· ht· d • d' bied tegen het imperialisme fan het Rede boere~leider. Hij interesseerde!" zich dadelijk s l'IJ verp ic mg oor iens Westen strijdend moesten aantreden. Het leven van den boer, aldus cle sterk voor het politieke leven en rede heen . Hau}ltdienstleiter Schmidt boerenleider Roskam, wordt genam de~~ aan de. oprichting van den Waarover echter debatieeri men adeld door arbeid en stl'ijd. In strijd OostennJksch-Duit schen volksbond. in Nederland: s prak vervolgens ove1· de beveivindt de rechtgeaarde boer de ver.,.1 welke een Z?O nauw mogelijkcll 1. Wat gebeurt er met Nederland liging van d~ levensmiddelen vulling van zijn leven. De Landband rnet , Du1tschland beoogde. na den oorlog'/ voorziening in Nedel'land en . stand is gekomen, om de boeren er~P. 16 Febr. 1938 begon zijn gro·ote '2. Behouden wij onze diplon1aten kondig·de den a!Jerscherpsten van te 'doordringen dat allee11 de da• politieke laak toen hij benoem<l en wat e1ebeurt er met de geëmigeli,jksc11e strijd ons recht op cei1 werd tot bondsminister_ ':'an _Binnen- greerde ~egeering? sh'ijd tegen den sluikhandel t·echtvaardig aandeel kan verschaffe~ l~ndsche Zaken en Veiligheid. Kort Op de eerste vraag kan gezegd aan. op de goederen der aarde; want W~J aaarop. trachtte Sehusclmigg een worden : W~i nationaal-socialisten Zich keerende· tot de Duilsche telen niet voor ons zelf, maar voo1· staatsgreep te ondernem?n! waarna vragen niet, maar handelen. 12.0~0 partijgenooten zeide hij: Gij zijt, ons ~olk. En ~oot_ zijn de machten Dr. Seyss-Inquart de leidmg nam onzer kameraden staan met de. Duit- zooais gij uit den mond van den in dat volk, ~_1e zich keeren tege11 van het lot der_ Ostmark door ah sche soldaten aan het Oosteli.jk front Rijkscommissaris vernomen hebt, •de den boer_ en z~1n re~ht._ Z?O was ~et 1 h~ofd __van de nieuwe Oos~~mijksc:h, · en strijden tegen he\ b~lsje":'isme. ~è~·lenging van zijn arm. K~i,kt ,d:-~: f ~~'" dien ,,l:b~,:a~l-~(a_pi~~.~::~;c~;~) -~d; ~~g~~u~t.• t;0 ;~e~,:?: ~,V. :":fZ_'Vt~\'.-_'ê\~'l!er deze striid ten emde is. zal ?.~ I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1942-07-21-NH-Dagblad Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daglad voor Noord-Holland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Daglad voor Noord-Holland Description An account of the resource Front page, above the fold of the daily newspaper of Noord-Holland, Netherlands of Tuesday, 21 July 1942. In Dutch Subject The topic of the resource Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fa607081cfb5f5a05192a8bbc96307a.pdf 9b569e0050b1d48426218bac7bb14342 PDF Text Text THE ARTS BOO KS AWar to Remember Looking back at the causes of conflict and the horrors of combat B Y JIM M ILLER t 4:45 on the morning of Sept. 1, 1939, the city of Danzig (now Gdansk) awoke to explosions and the roar of gunfire. While German Stuka dive bombers screeched overhead, salvos from German battleships pounded the port. Shortly afterward Berlin radio broadcast a proclamation by Adolf Hitler, announcing the invasion of Poland-and the onset of World War II. The catastrophe that began ~n Danzig 50 years ago eventually engulfed five continents, leaving few people untouched and an estimated 50 million dead (box). Cities were leveled, nations dismembered, terrible new instruments of mass destruction perfected, from the concentration camps to tlie atomic bomb. The unprecedented-scope and brutality of the war oblige us not to forget it. And so, to mark the 50th anniversary of its onset, publishers are offering readers a host of new works that endeavor, with varying success, to commemorate, explain and put the conflict into some kind of historical perspective. Among the many new reference works, the most striking is The Times Atlas of the Second World War (256 pages. Harper & Row. $45, to be published in October) edited by John Keegan, author of "The Face of Battle" and "Six Armies in Normandy." Plotting the course of the war in its far-flung theaters, from the deserts of North Africa to the jungles of Burma and the steppes of Russia, the book's lucid text and spectacular full-color maps, designed by the staff of Times Books in London, offer a sweeping and vivid overview. At a glance, the reader can see the impact of German CT-boats on Allied shipping in the Atlantic between 1939 and 1941, the Japanese mastery of combined sea and air operations in the East Indies in 1942, the devastating effect of the Allied breakout from Normandy in 1944. Leafing through this atlas, the war sometimes seems like a grand, larger-than-life chess game. This illusion vanishes after consulting the Encyclopedia of the Second World War by the British military journalists Ian Hogg and Bryan Perrett (447 pages. Presidio. $40). The 3,000 entries and 500 photo- A 64 NEWS WEEK: SEPTEMBER 4 , 1989 The Murderous Wages of 'Total War' The horror of World War II was unique. I As the estimated death toll in several countries shows, civilians as well as combatants died in unprecedented numbers. COUNTRY DEATH TOLLS CIVILIAN MILITARY Britain 264,000 61,000 China 1,325,000 6,000,000 France 206,000 173,000 3,300,000 3,600,000 Greece 16,000 155,000 Italy 262,000 93,000 Japan 1,140,000 953,000 Poland 320,000 6,028,000* Soviet Union 13,000,000 7,000,000 United States 292,000 6,000t Germany "INCLUDES 3 MILLION JEWS. tlNCLUDES MERCHANT MARINES. SOURCES; GILBERT'S 'THE SECOND WORLD WAR'; PERRETT AND HOGG'S 'THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR' ROBERT CAPA-MAGS.UM Terrible destruction: What it all led to �Acatastrophe of unprecedented brutality, the second world war began with the invasion of Poland: Stuka dive bombers (above) zero in on targets, Hitler's Army enters Danzig in triumph ofan age to have lived through the events of 1914-18, let alone to have fought in them, could, wittingly, wish to go to war again." War, however, was precisely what some veterans yearned for. They missed the idealism and camaraderie of wartime, the thrill ofliving dangerously and the license to kill. Such were Hitler's lusts. "He did not fall into war," concludes Watt, "nor was he pushed. He leapt into war, past the warnings of his more cautious advisers, past the efforts to appeal to his love of peace, past the clear statements from the British and French Governments." As Watt points out, this is not a reassuring interpretation of Munich and its aftermath. Implying that no course of action could have stayed Hitler's hand, he concludes that a world war requires only "the will or miscalculation of a ruler or ruling group intent on global hegemony to the point of unreason and mental instability." In The Second World War: A Complete History (800 pages. Holt. $29.95, to be published in No vember), the Oxford historian Martin Gilbert, best known for his official biography of Winston Churchill, picks up the story where Watt stops: with the invasion of Poland. Gilbert's flowing narrative is spiced with anecdotal details culled from diaries, memoirs and official documents. He is especially skillful at interweaving summaries of military strategy with vignettes of civilian suffering- the genocide of the Jews is never far from view. Still, in some respects this is a disappointing work. Phlegmatic in tone and often numbingly dull, it makes little effort to graphs, maps and diagrams, arranged in the British prime minister for his "almost explain the calamitous events it describes. alphetical order, run from the A-4 rocket petulant egoism" and tendency to dither, It also fails ultimately to convey the horror (German, with a mean range of 183 miles) Chamberlain's fear of plunging Europe of the war. That Gilbert must so often reto Zyklon-B (a cyanide gas compound used into yet another bloody war he considers sort to mute statistics to summarize the in the "showers" at Auschwitz). With its entirely creditable. Almost all of Europe's carnage offers ironic testimony to one of dry descriptions of innumerable, often leaders, Watt reminds us, shared his fear. the war's greatest triumphs: the transforfiendishly clever weapons, the book makes Anxious to remain flexible, their action mation of millions of men into faceless cogs for somber reading. was "predicated on a model of how war in vast, impersonal machines of war . Why, so soon after the hecatombs of the might come, constructed from what they Commenting on this transformation in Somme and Passchendaele in 1916 and believed to have happened in 1914, rein- his important new study of Wartime (330 1917, did the world plunge back into war? forced by a sense of incredulity that anyone pages. Oxford. $19.95), Paul Fussell points out the popularity in America That riddle is illuminated as of the sobriquet "GI Joe." "The never before in How War Came proud anonymity of the [sol(736pages. Pantheon. $29.95) by dier's] uniform," according to Donald Cameron Watt. A proan American editorial in 1945, fessor at the University of Lon"demanded a name as proud don, Watt draws on a lifetime of and as anonymous as itself and archival research. With somegot it in 'GI Joe'. " times withering wit, his new With its telling recourse to book brings brilliantly back to the oxymoron "proud anonymlife the politics and diplomacy ity," this passage offers the kind of the 11 months between Nevof cultural evidence-offbeat ille Chamberlain's notorious and inadvertently revealingsurrender of Czechoslovakia to that Fussell glories in. A proHitler at Munich on Sept. 30, fessor of English at the Univer1938, and England's declarasity of Pennsylvania and the tion of war on Sept. 3, 1939. author of "The Great War and Watt's research has led him Modern Memory," a classic BETTMANN ARCHIVE to a major reassessment of Chamberlain. Though he faults Pyrrhic peace: Chamberlain (left) with Hitler at Munich, 1938 study of the impact of World N EWSWEEK : SEPTEMBER 4, 198 9 65 �T H E A R T S War I on English literature, Fussell in his new book seeks to evoke "the psychological and emotional culture of Americans and Britons during the Second World War." He also wants to splash cold water on readers accustomed to other, more "sanitized and romanticized" accounts. "In unbombed America," he writes, the suffering of the war "was wasted. . .. America has not yet understood what the Second World War was like." This bitter generalization is not entirely convincing. Fussell altogether ignores such influential works as John Hersey's "Hiroshima" (published in 1946) and Hannah Arendt's "The Origins of Totalitarianism" (published in 1951). No matter. His passionate convictions drive his book to a furious, disturbingly effective climax. And in his final pages, in what may be his finest feat as a critic, Fussell introduces the reader to a hitherto unsung but remarkable author named Eugene B. Sledge. In 1981 this former Marine published a neglected memoir, With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa. Still in print (344 pages. Presidio. $15.95), this book richly merits a wider audience. It is, just as Fussell says, "one of the finest memoirs to emerge from any war." In some of the passages singled out by Fussell, Sledge recalls watching a comrade in the aftermath of combat carving out the gold teeth of a wounded Japanese soldier, slicing open the cheeks of the living victim. One Marine officer routinely relieved himself by urinating into the mouth of the nearest available Japanese corpse. During the bloody Okinawa campaign, fresh reinforcements arrived and disappeared with mechanical regularity, so quickly killed or wounded that they seemed "like homeless waifs, unknown and faceless to us, like unread books on a shelf." "We were expendable," writes Sledge. "It was difficult to accept. We come from a nation and a culture that values life and the individual. To find oneself in a situation where your life seems of little value is the ultimate in loneliness. It is a humbling experience." The searing honesty of these words makes them, as Fussell recognizes, a fitting epitaph for the ordeal that began in Danzig 50 years ago. When the killing was done, countless survivors knew all too much about the "ultimate in loneliness." Japan lay in ruins. Europe, in the words of Watt, had committed "suicide," in the process destroying irreplaceable buildings, paintings, sculptures-the patrimony of 2,000 years of Western civilization. As a matter of policy, Germany had exterminated roughly 70 percent of Europe's Jews and an even higher percentage of its Gypsies. "A humbling experience" indeed-important to recollect and, as this latest outpouring of books suggests, essential to comprehend. • 66 NEWSWEEK: SEPTEMBER 4 , 1989 In Lieu of 'Chatterton' First Light. By Peter Ackroyd. 328 pages. Grove Weidenfeld. $19.95. I magine "Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy" with a New Age piano score by George Winston and you'll have a pretty good idea of Peter Ackroyd's new novel. "First Light" is clearly by the same author as last year's "Chatterton"-it has to do with the grip of the past on the present-but it's different, too, in an unsettling way. It's as if Ackroyd had concluded that his success with "Chatterton," a complex and brilliant comedy of ideas, was a fluke. A farce might be safer this time out, with cartoons for characters: preposterous London lesbians rubbing up against coarse country farmers-that kind of thing. As for ideas, well, New Age romantic treacle about star maps reflected in our blood plasma might be easier to digest than playful questions about art, forgery and the ambiguous border between them. husband," MIRIAM BERKLE\ Off into the ozone: Ackroyd tries to blend farce, creepiness and mysticism ill." "Dykes, dear," the old trouper repliei Had Ackroyd wanted to make "Fin Light" a frisky social comedy, he mig} have brought it off, too-but that's not h intention either. Apparently what he wants is to combi the creepiness and the farce with an ov lay of dreamy mysticism. One of the mis is a failed astronomer who promotes a lo chatter like this: "Our bodies are made of dead stars. We carry their light inside So everything goes back. Everything is r of the pattern. We carry our origin wi us, and we can never rest until we } returned." Thoughts of such gravity w put even Shirley MacLaine to sleep. Any story that features a promi tomb must stand or fall on it. Ad keeps his tomb pretty much constan sight: it is not what it seems to be. Tr course, is what we look for; disappoin sets in when we learn that this 1 ground warren is considerably les, what we'd expected. Even the di! reader will guess its secret long befo royd is moved to spell it out. For tiresome characters, "First Light some clever scenes-but Ackroyd implausibilities as well. His stor men ts-the hoary old tomb, the elf <loners and the pulpy metaphysics cohere as they should. It might see were taking on too much in this n that's not quite right. "Chatterton us what Ackroyd can do with a characters and themes. Here he's too little. PETERS � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1989-09-04-WWI-book-reviews-329 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource De Boek, René Strijbosch, Margreet Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-09-04 Title A name given to the resource Duitsland Eerst Description An account of the resource Dutch magazine article about Franz Schönhuber. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Schönhuber, Franz, 1923- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2176b82c0877564297d7032bddc520b3.pdf 92ea32b9f1584c26d6408f2acf4e836d PDF Text Text '. ... : ! : : : : : : : : : ; : ., (1 : ~ ~ : : : : : : : : : ~ : : : : : : : : : ;. : : : : : : : : : ~ ~ : = ~ ~ ~ ..,' ,. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ·: : : : : : : : : : • : : ~ : _., ~ ~ ' d e 7 r ij e p e r s 12 Jaa::-_,i- :mg l~o . 1150., Woensdag 25 April 194-5 : : : : : : ~ ~ ; ~ ; ; ~ ! : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ : : : : : : ·;_,-.: -J_G C-:RI L1J T\~!J}l;~:=;::.r .,;:-:- V.'I.J.ir D3 '.5f Gi~ :'JJIIEER::9EN OPP:!!JRBEVEE-IBBBER . - __. . ·-·------.. ·- -• •.O•----·-·- -----.- ·--·--..-·- ·- - ···· ·- - - -----··---------------------- !pri_P.'raal B:.i..8 e..:~ ::J ·" '.?r he0.f't ;!:,""'. ~.J. ,-::t'0'1. ::·4 A:o:ci l 1945, de vol gende mede cl eli_,,, ··, . -... •-,:,~g E"t1 en 1 .";8Ti c:U.t to t d e -0ffvo 1-~.::... ,16 l:a ie t door de Duit sers bezett,e d Ge :î_ v a -:. •"9 d8r~.3J1.d . l c. f .: v ,1nc_1 . 0.ie. v e:r1:1.ntvrn ordA1ijk is "', oor Uw · vo edse l voorziening, heeft veré ·1·· 1..!, • ~ v1;n.rr-c.2::m aan te vo er on. to -::?:::1 cl e verbj_ndinge n met Duitslétlld :!.10[; s _,,.·,.:. war C':1 . f . il e v V ,nà èlco r oase st r ljti:1i;:1~ ::-tr 1.~ 2 n (~E6 s ole erd is en be l egerd vnrd. t •? 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L:-~-E-·:1 zul_l ~n do0 ~ vlicgtvigen Vffil ·alle'rl e i type wordfm af gew or .1JJ1.,_, :.· o .:; r n n.nel ii1 : (:' e r r·wc,r c b ·)111~ ,mwerpers. De toest ell c·1 zal l on 120 g -~·=Li l"' ::- P'l1 er;. d•-, J e ,-ens.1., Lc.l r: cü e::-> 112kk:c· t t en daur afwe rp en, w.:.:ar zo g elli,--v~·:,e l i'lc J o 0r U ~..:11J1?wn vn ·r J m: -· 0 r '7.ame l <l . Wij k-_111:nen ni e t t :i.j,.l:'.. g !t.,,,«e,e:1 7 1vu1:::.· è:. c l nv cr..s.mid del onpR.Jd.: ct ten zuL. C'n worJ3n afgeworpen e n gev en U da~1~m de volg en de i ns ~Tucrties: Ile v n, ':l ::;el.:,:.:..: ..~: :: 1 V e1." Y'O. l'."h t onze vlieetuigen 7.owe l bjj ,, ::.g als b~i !'l~cL~ . Gs·: ft dus v o.:n m,: rt!J.n 1..,ht c,p :).:"."_~~~, ~,1 ~_eg -Lui [;':n. 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N _~"':~1 .; -;alschP:rr:.i t1n wor den a f g '),:;c rp E n1 en zull 8n ï;waar geno eg zjjr. l'iJ 1 ë-.~ _ ~~ D _c ·c~~en r a ken, U er~stig l e t 8e~ ·toe te breng en of U t e do i6~z0-G, c .. : s ,:mze v li eg-tuig 2n nadei~ e.n., op v as te punten wachten uit O"J ,ra s c t e s t c""!_le n , waar de p akkette n Ii eerlrnmen; v e rdee lt het voedsel onderlü.[. ac~-1 :j:.: • .Al s do vjjan.d p:ro:)eert om Uw voe d .se:;., t e st e len of op onz e vli egtu:_gan t o G,: 11::;__ .:·s r:;n, noteer-'t dü.::::t zorgvu.J_di .s o l_J_ c moge J.~jke bijzonderhede n en V;,G:'.'al d.c n a::aei:: ·., ,'.,Hl hen , d:5 e d c,t doe n. lVfe ::.. ~ 1:; ö. c z e öjj zonderheden. Loden v an de v~j,J.:nd el :J:.:e s +:r.i,.1dkr ac:i.1ten, cli e zich lE •') r c r•n s chu .l dj,'.s ma ken, zullen als oorl og smi sdadig -:J..' 6 ·norden b e.. .:. cl1. ouV1d e::.1 ·1.l o ;..; c d. .1..."l.l.g wo r de n b eh and.s ld. Let we l: wjj k1r1n en nie t b cl c-;; cr: i:n -2 ik ge 1::i:.i. e cl het juiste aandeel in de ;p .'.lkke tt en a f t e w ir:9en; in h et s 11-1 ;,; l :::. 3d. zc.l he t 8andeel te kl e:Lr_. j_n h et and e re gebied t e groot z ijn. ~~1 rg -~ da.s zelf voor een eerl~1k e v ,: rdc ling. Vergee t niet: wjj z ijn Uw vri end e n e11 zu.llen voortgaa n alles t o ·doen v-,L-t in ons vermogen li g t om U te helpen • 0 ...,:. ,J .._... _ _ _ _.,. �L::TJ,·:..~GRI.TKE 11/iE:DZ:;:mL:ï:r-ïJ VAN DF!J G:8 /1,:-.,1,=Y;?TIE.li'T OPPERBEV I::::.,:::-3:-;) ;-:s~ "~·-, .... . . .. _ , . , . , _ _ _ ____ , r- · · - - · · · - ~ -· ·- - · -- · ·- · - · . . . . . _ . _ _ _ --- - - · - - - -· - ---- - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - · . .. . . . . · - Gene r ael Ej__s"nho·vVc::: 11= ·3.•~t g i e t e~,.~:c., 2i~ .April 1945, d e voJ Q',.•;,c.1 · u .i tgcgevs.11; f,(Jr:i·-::ht to-i~ de DUITS:8 BEZETTINGSTROEPEN IND-.::' .' .GJJ'_.·, _1 .• _ U weet ze e r goed , à. 8.t 4-½ milliocn mensen verhong eren e.ch+, e:r Uw l:'.:r4:. ..:b . U weet ze ,.;:-' t!'"Jed.ç èrtt è.e Du:i tse r9gering h n.ar gezo.g heeft verlcr im, h :1. - i~ gezc.g b er.•,~rk·t z-:..::::1 -t0t enke l e lno.:~s t 2 weerstandsnest e n in Du::. ts 1.r-..r,.'~, I-:Tt. ·L· Du:.tse leg "; r kru.1 :!.Üc l ;:;ieer o.1 '3 een gdorga.niseerde strijdmn.eh"'i .:1 ~-.::• W')Td • chouwrl. B~ toch v0l.::; :~ D d e misd .1dige bevelen op om wecrstm1d ~c.'. o-LcJ.e"l. . Uw t egens tru:. d b8.;; ek Fn !: ·:oor du::;_~2~1Jen Ne r:erl8ndse burgers d0 hJügc>-.. d co c.i. en vo or Nede:::-lund. nog p;7'.'•.:it8re ve r.n i el:'i.nc; . Om in de e indfaze v 2.n d.F: gcvoch :~c -hc.r1d :ü::;. ng ~ ·.1 cl0 =,.:,;,-. n,.~,- NGdE::rl '.:'..Y1js e 1.Je-, -:;1~cLng t e h el pen 9 zullen ·v::1.n1.ü -t clc lucll c 1.Jve~,r,:i.J•.i.C.~ s.- :)n .rnrdcm a:!":'g2i,-:c.r:v:;.t1. Voor deze op e r :i.t i e ze:::. 69.'.1. groot .:12ntal "':. =• j "<:, ;:._ · -~~ ::L VC..'.l al lerl e i -:,?P0 ·o:ij dag en b:ij n acht it"g e za·:; vu=·:e:.1. Deze vl :'. ,· 1~;:..'.~~., 6er. .,· i..:.~_ ,ë):'.l ni0t v.)r:-:::.- oc•T~.oc;sdoeleinden gebruikt w,yc --lff.~; zij 7 st c::i,n sl'.:':·i,t t. n,:-m n~·::<2:f:-::-<J:i.de o"'·, r::·. l·~._·:;_g t en d ienste . De vli eg·cu::..5.-_ :1 .:x 7..Le::--1 e:r:- op ge ring e boug·c~ vJtc 1; e:n un z·ie ·..:. 7an a lle a ctie onthouden , n:;v 1ei. wij'.3e de m:.'. .I..:. -r: 2.:'...Te v~1c:rc.-t ies z;c:1ä. .:n1 kunnen beïnvloede:::: . 1 J;..; ·1 .. · 7,,_._--; Jen geen bommen 2..fwc:-c·per.; er zull(Hl geen beschi e tingen mr. t ,, r< .r .. , ,· .. ·. unt sheb"t.1en . le. ·riie zich tcgr:m d.e •t~_iegtulger>. 1 1i. · ]_evC::nsmiddel,:>n v cu l:' ,i.1: .L' ~ •. -, ... ·__~ ~1, s._ bevolk·l~ir; n.:cw·•:::.··p,=m , ~e VPJr zal .r~a llen, begaat een rnls J. •c• ; ·.: "'{:, J 1 ,u.1 Vh ,.:, tcv,,ü z.'.l:i . 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V)s ':2.!5;_ ..:'. <-• ··-, <' ~'Yl ·::1 :;,.,r· '2. --·-, Tji.b b:J. 0 1 :;(' 7 2 , 50 ,an i;>u.Piè"?'.' 1 \ -~HJ: '1.c!•= 1 . - ·- 211 ),-<:.. yt ')j_". ~--o ,;Gt,:r 20 ,-- 1 l ·- ;i,:.,,~'.'.<)=.~ l; ,;0 , ";{" J.~ -. J" D ~ - -•· en ?[!.T.,H,~- ·_, v~d.:., . 2 7 55~ E. 1> -- - 1 -:-~.. • i 01s Clubj e 39,75 '.2r;:ic1-:. "'::n:::- 2;:"50; ;·, 17 ,:: D • . ~.)O , Pic~:..,: c .J:'· ;.:;_: : .... , · .• 1L 2~--, J .::.n en P:'..ci-: 2~5 1 ) , i\'i['.U.::.i/ ":•· - .. -,~::: ~Cjï-:;P'"'l)Cre:rae J.(_) ".... _· ;. 2 Sjoni e l~--, C:n J, ·· , -,·;; , 2 -·-, ,7'H ' ~ 1 - ~: ~C . S . 2 , 5C~ J,_·-_ . -~- 9 l Dj_rk 1, -·- y ::,, .. r V. ~~'._i:J·.-- 1 1".0~~:,":,,,ét : u:.J P.n). G. 1n , . -> .; .,;, _, ~- J.l .. ~, - - / � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1945-04-25-Message-from-Eisenhower-to-NL-people-food-drops-405 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource De Vrieje Pers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-04-25 Title A name given to the resource General Eisenhower Announces Air Drops of Food Description An account of the resource Dutch Free Press article announcing U.S. General Eisenhower's plan to air drop food to starving citizens of the Netherlands. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands International relief Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/822a6c8eada60ca96d6acab890ad5a65.pdf d3c63f2c86ddeddd8048c6c4e8a0cb49 PDF Text Text - THE LESSON OF ~BLIN On August 2, 1943, at one of the most infamous of all Nazi death camps, 600 victims staged a revolt that redefined heroism for this century TERRENCE DES PRES B ecause so many vzctims p erished th ere (three to four million), and because it was th e la rgest of th e Nazi concentration camps, , Auschwitz has become alm ost syno nymous with the H olocaust itself B ut whereas Ausch w itz served many purposes-it was a source of slave labor and a transit camp as well-th e smaller "killing cent ers" now seem in a more naked and brazen way the pure apotheosis of evil. For in Sobzbor, B elzec, M aidanek , Chelmno, and especially in T reblinka, th e entire existence of these places was designed/ or, and dedicated to , death for death 's salre . Wh en mass extermination of the J ews began in Treblinka on J uly 23 , 1942, the Na zis jneserved the lives of some prisoners to do the actual work of "jJro cessing " the oth ers. But on August 2, 1943, against incalculable odds, th ese ajJproximately 600 "work J ews" armed themselves with stolen weapons, attack ed th e guards, burn ed down th e camjJ, and fl ed into th e nearby Polish f orests . T he Germans, to hide th eir cnm e, leveled w hat remain ed of th e camjJ. 1h e Ukranian farm er who I/lo ved zn was instructed to say th at h e an d his family had lived th ere always. Of the 200 J ews who lived through the revolt, a.few more than 40 survived th e war. Th ey claim that, at the very least, 800,000 men , women, and children died in Treblinka. But Franciszek Z abecki, w ho was tra(jic superviso r at th e Treblin ka railroad station and also a member of the Polish underground, ihinks dUJerently . Th e methodical Germans ha-d marked numbers on th e outside o.f arriving cattle cars to indicate how ma ny victims each car contained. B y keeping a record of these numbers, Zabecki was able to tell Gitta Seren y , autho r oflnt o That Darkn ess , " Th e number of peojJle kllled in Treblinka was 1,200,-000, and th ere is no doubt a/Jo u/ it w hatever." 'l'/11' 1w111h!'r.1 rl,,/)(Jli' is / )()mtl1•.1.1 . G1·11" ci1!1' is !.lit• 1.1.1111' onrl wh o/ UJ(' 11cerl lo lmuw is 1/() u, it lir1/1/Jl'lll'lf-th e story of 'f'reblm lw and how the uictilll .1· tlu:111.1·el1Je.1 reuo ft eri. '/ he testzm ony of th e suruiuorsfonns th e basis of Treb linka, by J ean -Frnnc;ois Stein er. Treblinka was originally published in Fran ce in 7966; it ap p eared in this coun try in 7967 but has been ou t of pnnt for five years. This month , it is bezng rep ublished by N ew Amerzcan L ibra1·y. Th e following article by T en ence Des Pres, author of The Survivor: An Ana tom y of Life in the Dea th Camps, was written as a new introduction to th e book. T h e particul a rs of the H olocaust are end less. Blunt shove ls as a preferred method for hacking prisoners to dea th. C hildren dumped into living ditches of fl a me. Medical expe rim ents. L a mpsh ades . So perverse a re such detai ls th at simply to mention them seems shameful. Sta tisti ca lly the Holocaus t is less imm edi ately sickenin g because less sharply seeab le; but here, too , rea lity ta kes on a fee ling of unreality which terrifi es . Extermination of m ore than 11 ,000., 000 people in 11ve years, at leas t 6,000 ,000 of th em J ews, 1,000 ,000 of them children. D eath camps so effi cient that 20 ,000 human beings cou ld be ''processed" -turn ed from fl es h to smoke-each day. Th e boast of Treblinka was " from door to door in 45 minutes ," from open ing th e cattle ca rs to slamming shut th e gas cha mbers . As a n itemi za tion of ev il truly demoni c, the record of th e H oloca ust g0es on a nd on , nor ca n we sum its mean ing, nor does it cease to hau nt us deeply . At Ya le U ni ve rsity in th e ea rly 1960s, for exampl e, socia l psychologist Sta nl ey M ilgram performed his famous "o bedience experiments" to determin e at w h a t point a person would r es ist "officia l" directi ves a nd refuse to continue in a process of obvious cruelty. The resu lts were un ex pected . Two-thirds of iv1ilgram's voluntee r participa nts (people of di verse ages a nd jobs) did exactly as they w ere told : und er the guise of a " learning Lest" th ey followed th e in stru ctions of a ma n dressed as a "scienlist" a nd appli ed high er a nd hi gher ch arges of electri ca l shock to "subjects " who were fa iling to " lea rn " properly . This process went on , in some cases, until the "s ubjects" a ppeared to be h av in g heart a ttacks . Th e whole thing was faked, including the electri ca l cha rges, but th e volunteers , who were the real subj ec ts, did not know this.* On e of 1hc pcnili ;1ri1ics nl' 1hc experiment was th ;11. 111 ;111 y v11lu11tccrs lcnd cd lo su ffer increasin g ly l'rolll stress as th e vo lta ge appea red to be in creasing, yet the y were un a ble to stop. In some cases they bega n to la ugh h ys terica ll y, la u ghter so pain ed a nd j agged th at *The "s ubjects," who were trained acto rs, were st ra pped into cha irs, a n electrode a ttached lo each wrist. The volunteers read a loud li sts of sim ple word pairs w hi ch th e subjects were required to remember a nd repeat on dema nd . Wh en the su bjects did not a nswe r proper ly, the scienti sts , or a uthority figur es, ordered the volunteers to adm ini ster shocks up to 450 volts, Milgram concluded th a t " rela ti vely few people have the reso urces to resist a uthority ," even when they believe their obed ience is producing evil. Copyright © 1979 New Ameri can Library Qi @4 g a a C JUNE a 4 .. , 15 �Their aim? To bear witness. To rise up and fight against impossible odds so that at least one person among them would survive to tell the world. thus, by some mad logic, remain pure and remote from their own evil. The great killing centers were six: AuschwitzBirkenau, M a idanek , Ghelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka , all of them named for rural villages near which , in the occupied territories of Eastern Europe, they were built. A camp like Auschwitz murdered very large numbers of human beings daily , but it also served as an administrative center for the camp system as a whole a nd likewise as a source of slave labor for industries producing war materiel. Other camps, Treblinka in particular, were designed for one thing on ly: to kill as many peop le as possibl e, as fast as poss ible. These cam ps, often referred to as "death fa ctories ," embody a principle I would call demonic rather than merely in sane, for insanity has neither . firm structure nor a steady goal. What went on in the killing ce nters was highly organized, and the goal was very definite indeed: routines were established; different methods of killing were experimented with; solid bureaucratic systems implemented the extermination process at every stage of its operation; and large numbers of men an d women went daily a bout their jobs fully awa re th at the ent ire a im of this gigantic underta king was murder , that the main and final produ ct of this modern ized fa ctory system was dea th . The dedi cation of life's energi es to the production of death is a demoni c principle of the first degree. Concomitant with it is a second , similar principle, na mely, that unlike any example of genocide I can think of from the thi ck history of mankind's inhum a nity- the slaughter of the American Indians 5 for exampl e, or the decim a tion of cities that dared to resist this or th a t "world co nqueror" (as Genghis Khan liked t.o ca ll hiin se lf)- t he destruction of the European Jews had no ra tion a l moti ve whatsoever, neither politics nor plunder, neither military strategy nor the moment 's blind expediency. The demonic irrationality of this policy becomes all th e more apparent when we observe th a t if the killing ce nters were geographically remote, they were neverth eless connected by a massive railway system th a t shipped "cargo" mar ked "s pecial treatment" from al l corners of Europe , as far east as Greece. This geographic "swee p" involved the crossing of many national borders a nd is again a n indication of the apocalyptic dimension of the Holocaust. For here, too , the point was not to get rid of this or that group, this or that popul at ion which had come into pol itica l or tact ical disfavor , but to re,1ch as far across the earth as poss ibl e in order th ;1t death , for the Jews , mi g ht be abso lut e. The frenzy ;ind obsessiveness of this drive m ay be gauged from the fac t th at during the last days of the war , when Hitler 's Reich was clearly collapsing a nd every soldier and every piece of a rtillery was desperately needed to defend what was left of the homeland , trains that mi ght have been used to transport troops and war supplies were in stead·, and without objection, employed to ship the last large community of Jews - those of Hungary-to Auschwitz. the soul itself seemed torn. But the worst and most revealing part of their experiment cam e later, when they were inform ed of the ro le they had innocently played. Disturbed by what they ha d don e, some felt compelled to judge the·mselves and they did it in term s of the Holocaust. They suddenly saw themselves as men and women who could indeed behave as Hitler's SS troops behaved-only following orders to be sure, but fol lowing orders nonetheless. And a lthough it is ludicrous to compare a clini cal experiment a t Ya le with events in the death camps, the fact that we do m a ke such spontaneous connections reveals a central truth of our time. At some unconscious level, the image of the Holocaust is with us-a memory that haunts, a sound in g boa.r d for all subsequent evil. For the vict im s of the Holocaust I cannot speak. Th eir ago ny, wh ich to this day is visible in the millions of scratches made by fingernails on the ceilings of th e gas cha mbers , is theirs with a finality none of the li ving ca n know . But for us who dwell in its aftermath, th e most awful thing about the Holocau st is simply that it happened. h entered the world not of fantasy or science Gction but of fact , of history , the world that is real a nd present a nd ours. And judging from things like the Milgra m experiments , from the perpetual fascination with Hitler a nd the Nazis , from the sudden eruption of interest in the Holoca ust itself, its prese nce in memory has not only lasted but-40 years after the event-has grown in force and authority. Simply as a fact and as a precedent , it mocks our desire to affirm life' s goodness and undermines our hope th a t never again will huma n beings gather in such vas t and well-ordered numbers to commit mass murder. It sta nds as proof of the hum an potential for ra di ca l evil a nd therefore also as a prophecy of our possib le future . Which is to say th a t after the Holoca ust , we know, we know full we ll , that life ·can be governed by death . T he first N azi camps, which were set up soon after Hitl er came to power in 1933, were d esig ned as places of dete ntion a nd as training g rounds for the SS. Dachau and Buchenwald were among the most notoriou s, and , although we cannot forget that thou sa nds of people peri shed in these places , we shou ld alsn keep in m ind th at ca mps of this kind were not intended or equipped to be instrum ents of genocide , nor were Jews their only victims. After the outbreak of the war, however , a nd as the N azi po li cy of mass extermination took shape w ith the Jews as primary target, the major " killing centers ," as they came to be called, began to operate. And all of them were located outside the Reich itse lf-as if in this way the Germans co uld indulge in atrocity without tainting German soil a nd JUNE . - . . ,.,,_ 17 ~ - . -~ ..... - ' �Th e H oloca ust is an unpar a ll eled exa mple of power run wild , whi ch is to sa y th a t once evil on this scale pi cks up enough momentum , once it esta bli shes itself in a system of fun ctioning structures, it ca nnota fter a ce rta in cru cia l point - be stopped by any counterforce within itself. Th e worst thing th a t can be said of vas t power is not tha t it in evita bly co rrupts its agents , but th a t a fter som e point its depl oy ment becom es grea ter th a n th e w ill of th e m en wh o serve it. Wh at ca n be d es troyed , will be destroyed , a lesson the H olocaust confirms a nd which w e, with our B- 52s a nd nuclea r subma rines, our ta lk of " death yi elds" a nd " ove rkill ," might wi sh to remember. l "l Th en we think of the N az i camps (of whi ch , by I VV the w ay , there w ere hundreds) , w e tend to think of the m ost notoriou s exa mples , Auschwi tz in par ti cula r , a nd furth er to think in terms of a few compelling images . In th e mind 's fea rful eye, we see long lin es of men a nd women digging th eir own graves. We see Dr. M engel e, immacul a te in his SS uniform , sta nding before endless column s of peopl e on a r ail way ra mp, sl owly moving a single fin ger of hi s g loved ha nd to th e rig ht (d eat h) , to the left (tempora ry life). W e rem ember , from frag m ents of docum enta ry film , open ove ns full of as h a nd bone a nd , perh a ps most per sisten tly, th e giga nti c pil es of the dead being bulldozed into pits . All of this is true , of co urse , bu t such im ages ar e themselves so overwh elming, so fin a l in their a utonom ous horror , th a t the mind stops, defea ted in its effort to comprehend . The dra m a ti c na ture of th e H oloca ust, th a t is to say, a nd es pecia ll y wh en it becomes ma nifest thro ug h iso la ted images, obscures one of its most importa nt as pects. F or th e co ncent rat ion ca mps w ere not only fac tori es of dea th , they were w orlds in whi ch m a ny thousands of m en and women lived, th eir ra nks co ntin ua lly depl eted by dea th from sta rva ti on , from bea ting, from r a ndom killing, from sickn ess a nd exh a usti on , a nd sometimes from shee r suffocation in horror , bu t ra nks imm ediate ly r efill ed with oth er pri so ners w ho th en w ent on with the wo rk o f runnin g th e ca mp , la boring in the fa ctories , sorting the tons a nd tons of clothing a nd utensil s left behind by the victim s. The dea th ca mps we re a world unto themse lves , a nd the wor st thing a bout exi sten ce in such a pl ace, a pa rt from th e filth a nd pa in a nd consta nt da nger , was th a t those pri so ners wh o ha d been "chose n ," who had bee n sent to a wo rk deta il ra th er th a n th e gas cha mber , stayed a li ve onl y by in volvem ent in th e process of killing. Wh en we try lo im ag in e such a wo rld , three qu esti ons of furi ous signifi ca nce a ri se: I low did th e inm a tes of th e dea th ca mps stay a li ve a t a ll ' Wh a t did li vin g und er such co nditi ons do to th eir so ul s, th eir sense of th em se lves as hum a n beings' And w h y did th ey go on w ith th eir horrid wo rk w hen , as survivo rs tell us, it was so mu ch eas ier lo die a nd th e tempta tion to slip into pe rm a nen t ob li vion or deli berately ge t oneself kill ed w a s infinitely m ore a ppealing th a n the w ave ring will to go on ' 18 QUEST /79 C hi ef a mon g th e virtues of J ean-Fra n c;oi s Stein er's T reblinka is that it a nsw ers th ese ques ti ons. N ot in their enti re ty , perh a ps, nor to ever yo ne 's sa ti sfacti on, bu t w ith a degree of passiona te a ttention that provides a n overa ll pi ct ure of th e death camp as a world of its own . !vlore th a n th a t, however, from a mid such da rkness T reblinka p roj ects a n im age of hum a n streng th a nd hum a n goodn ess so fra il ye t stu bbornl y persistent , so ravaged a nd mutil a ted yet rebelli ous again st its own defea t, its own extin cti on , th a t th e H olocaus t itself begins to loo k different wh en the story of this camp beco mes known . Th ere a re ma n y studies of the conce ntra tion camp system (Euge n Kogon 's T he T heory and Practice of H ell is es pecia ll y in st ru cti ve), m a ny m a ps a nd sta ti sti cs , a ll of them va lu a ble. There a re a lso ma ny excellent , indeed in va lu a bl e, acco unts by survivors themselves, persona l ac ts of bearing w itness th a t a llow us to see , if onl y na rrowl y a nd in fragm ents, wh a t survivo rs them selves sa w a nd experi enced. But , so fa r as I know, exce pt fo r J ea n-Fra nc;•- is Ste_iner 's T reblinka there exi sts no story , p resent ed from th e inside, of the orig in , th e busin ess-as- usua l, a nd th e fin a l dem ise of a m aj or dea th ca m p. By "s tory" I mean ex act ly wha t Ari stotl e m ea nt : a hum a n ac ti on throu gh whi ch the age nts th emselves are d efin ed , a n ac tion with a beginning, a middl e , a nd a n end , w ith a ll its pa rts-i~ thi s case a ll th ose free-Fl oa ting im ages th a t ha unt ussubordin ated to a w holeness th a t g ives th e de ta il s a t least some degree of perspecti ve a nd mea ning. Stein er ma nages to reco nstruct the rea lity of one of th e p rin cipal killing ce nters by giving us th e story of the men w ho b uil t it , th e men wh o ra n it , th e m en a nd women who dest royed it. H e did thi s by perso na ll y interview in g a ll th e survivors he was a bl e to find or wh o wo uld permit th emselves lo be fo und -a di stin cti on I ma ke only to suggest th e diffi cult y of Stein er 's und erta king, sin ce to thi s day th ere is un ce rta inty abo u t th e p recise nu m ber of peop le w ho ca me ou t of T reb linka. Th e num ber is somew here aro und 40. Fo rt y out of th e 1,000 ,000 inm ates. Fo rt y out of th e 600 w ho revo lted . The number is pitiful , ye t w ithout thi s tin y remn a nt th e fac ts abo ut T re blink a would never be know n . Th e whole thing would neve r have happe ned . Wh ere th er e is no story, th ere is no rea lity. This meth od has its dra w.bac ks a nd , sin ce it s publica ti on in Fra nce in 1966, T rehlin lw has rema in ed co nt ro versial. Bcc;iu sc tellin g th e stor y from in sid e rc4uircs noveli sti c techni q ues , St ein er free ly portrays d1 ;1racte rs, rcconstit ut cs co11 ve rs;1tion s, a nd (ill s in mi ss in g dc1;1il s in o rcln to co n vey the csse nti ;il s pirit o f th e events on w hi ch th e sto ry depe nd s. I le a lso sulist itu les fi cti ona l na m es lo pro tect the na m es of su rv ivors (th e na mes of th e kill ers a re not cha nged), a nd th ere has bee n hea ted deba te ove r parti cul a r cha racte ri za ti ons. But th ese a re not, I fee l, se riou s obj ecti ons so long as th e st ru ct u re of the story as a w hole re(Da in s tru e to know n facts. And in thi s respect, 'T reblinka is as cl ose to th e fac ts as we a re lik ely to com e. A more vigorou s criti cism has been S tein er's insistent th eme l �of J ewi sh passi vity in the face of impending disaster. But aga in , the centra l event whi ch sets the story of T reblinka a part a nd m a kes the book spe_cia l-the eventu a l revolt of th e p ri soners a nd .the destruction of the ca mp- tempers if not boldl y contradi cts the theme of in action . N ew inform a ti on has com e to ligh t sin ce T reblin ka w as publi shed , but none of it di scredi ts or se ri ously qu a lifi es th e stor y Stein er has give n u s. The possibl e exce ption is S teiner 's depi ction of the m eti culous care w ith w hi ch the " techni cia ns," as he ca ll s th em , went abo ut perfecting th eir infern a l m ac hin e. The arc hitects of th e death camps a ppear as m as ter pl a nners w ho, exce pt for th eir mi sjudgm ent of the J ewi sh will to resist, r a n th e camps with a techni ca l expertise a t once detac hed , controll ed , a nd precise. T o some extent thi s was tru e, a nd Stein er uses hi s portra it of th e " techni cia ns" to give us a se nse of th e deliberate ness, th e fa mous Germ a n at tention to order a nd efficiency w ith whi ch the higher offi cia ls- men not th em sel ves directl y in volved in th e d ay- to-day m adness-oversaw th e opera ti on as a w hole. W e now kn ow , how ever, th a t a gr ea t deal of sloppiness, of tria l a nd error, a nd a lso mu ch heavy d r inking undermin ed th e powe r of these na m eless m en wh o we re once thoug ht to be so full y in comm a nd . Th e most va lu a bl e ev id ence com es from Gitta Ser eny 's se ri es of in terviews w ith F ra nz Sta ngl, w ho had bee n th e comm a nd a nt of Treblink a a t th e tim e of th e re volt. H av ing Aed to Brazil by way of th e so-ca ll ed " V a tica n E sca pe R ou te ," Stangl was extradited in 1967 (th e year a ft er Treblinka ap peared ) a nd sen tenced to life im p ri sonm ent in Du sseldorfR em a nd Pri son . During th e las t days of hi s life he ag r eed to ta lk w ith Sereny, and Into That D arkn ess, the record of th ei r encounter, revea ls a m a n for whom fear a nd bew ilderment had a lways been s pr ings of behav ior . Intelli gent a nd in so me ways ge n u in ely hum a ne but neve r sure of him se lf, S ta ngl was a man w ho was onl y, a nd oft en with mu ch hesita ti on , doing hi s job as a dmini stra to r- a _job w hi ch in volved pa perwo rk more th a n ac tion but w hi ch a lso, in S ta ngl's case , required a la rge g lass of bra nd y so tha t slee p might com e after th e stench a nd outcry of a ty pi cal da y in Treblinka . I T The stages through which the prisoners passed on their way to open revolt can be seen as a regeneration of spirit amounting a lmost literally to resurrection. her e a re, as I have indi ca ted , sca tte red acco unt s of surviva l in T reb link a. But onl y in S tein er 's boo k do we get th e stor y of th e ca mp fro m its beg innings in th e su111111 er of 1942 to it s a brupt end on Au g ust 2, 1943. And wh;1t m;ik es thi s story importa nt is ;i hovc a ll it s endin g. So n ea tl y docs our ha bit o!' bl a ming victim s mes h w ith th e idea that th e J ews "we nt to their dea th lik e shee p" tha t ev id ence to the cont ra ry goes unnoti ced . Bruno Bette lh eim , himse lf a n "ea rl y" survivor of Bu chen wa ld and surely not a sheep , has co ntribu ted more tha n a n yo ne else to thi s mi sta ken noti on by in sisting th a t ca m p pri son ers could not "see th emselves as full y a dult pe rsons," th at th ey fell into an "a non ymous m ass" a nd be haved lik e " in competent children ." S uch p rocla ma tions ignore J UNE 19 �th e ca refull y ca lcul a ted , full y a dult tac ti cs th a t, ever ywhere in th c· concc ntra ti o n ca mps, th e pri so ne rs u sed to cre;1tc und e rgro und o rga ni za tion s a nd ne two rk s of res istance , thu s sav in g th ou sa nd s of lives. Ce rt ;1inl y th e 13 ette lh c im th esis does no t acco unt fo r th e s m a ll revolts w ithin va ri o u s ca mps, a ll of th em doom ed fro m th e sta rt , not to m e ntio n th e W a rsaw G h etto upri sin g, th e des tru ction of Sobibor , or th e hope less r evo lt of th e Au sch w it z Sondercn mmando , w hi ch was ab le, be fo re ba tta li o ns of SS troo ps m ac hin e-g unn ed th em down , to bl ow u p o ne of th e m a in crem a to ri a . Th e stor y of Tre blink a not onl y di sc redits th e "s hee p " th eo r y, it in stru cts u s a new in th e ca pacity of th e hum a n s pirit to e ndure. 1'v1 en a nd wom e n brut a lized beyo nd hum a n recogniti on , ho pe less as we sha ll never be ho pe less, a nd with a bso lutely no h elp or en co urage m ent from o utsid e fo rces- th ese peo pl e w e re neverth e less ab le to rega in a sen se of th eir own worth as hum a n be in gs, o rga ni ze a sys tem of underg round res ista nce, suffer setback a ft e r se tback as me mbe rs we re kill ed , secure a rm s und e r very ti g ht su rveill a nce, a nd th e n m ove togeth e r , w ith o ne spiri t a nd o ne a im , to su ccess full y shoot down th eir ca pto rs a nd blow up th e ca mp . Th e ir a im ::' Th e " mi ss io n " th a t ca rri ed them throu g h month s a nd m o nth s of des pa ir in a project tha t from th e beginnin g seem ed in sa ne? T o bea r witn ess. To rise up a nd fi g ht aga in st im poss ibl e odd s so th a t o ne-a t leas t o ne pe rso n a m o ng th e m -wo uld survive in a bsolute o bliga ti on to te ll th e w o rld wh a t th e n a m e " Tre blinka" ha d com e to sig nify . · C o nsid e r th e cos t, the m ora l d a m age, of such a n u nd ert a kin g. /\ su ccessful ba ttl e could ta ke pl ace onl y throu g h th e co ll ecti ve act io n of pri so ne rs w ho ha d stayed a li ve lo ng eno ug h to orga ni ze th em se lves in to ri go ro us fi g hting units. You ca nnot wage w a r w ithout pl a nnin g , w ith out lea ders, wi th out a strik e for ce di vid ed into specia li zed squ a ds, each w ith its _a ppoin ted tas k. But a n y su ch o rga ni zati on , es p ecia ll y if it mu st sta rt from nothin g, ta kes tim e , a nd tim e in Treblinka mea nt o ne thing onl y: surviva l. Pri soners sta yed a li ve by killing others so th a t th e killin g it self rn uld be sto pped a nd th e crime be m a de kn ow n . Th e logic of thi s p redi ca m e nt w as as te rribl e as th e pl ace itself, a n in to le ra bl e to rm ent som e how to be bo rn e if life and res ista nce we re to support each oth e r. G ivc n th e cxtrc mit y of th e ir initi a l dcg ra d a t io n , the stages throu g h w hi ch the pri so ne rs passed o n the ir way lo open revol t ca n he see n as a rege ne rat ion of spirit ;1111ounting almost lite ra lly to res urrection . Th e first st;1gc of revo lt , th e first hum a nl y pos iti ve an in thi s de rnoni c;1ll y perver ted world , was sui cid e. i\t so m e point , pri son e rs bega n to see th a t by ta kin g th e ir own li ves th ey co uld th e reby say No lo Treblink a, a nd durin g th e ea rl y m onth s th e re w e re m a n y su icides each ni g ht. But th e n the second s tage asse rt ed itse lf. /\s pri son ers bega n to kno w a nd tru st each o th er , esca pe beca me poss ibl e. Tra in s loaded w ith th e clo thing a nd possess ion s of th e dead we re co ntinu a ll y lea ving th e ca mp , a nd , with th e coo rdin a ted he lp of I 20 QUEST/ 79 co mra des, a p r iso ne r could co ncea l him se lf in a loa ded boxca r . Or , aga in w ith th e h elp of o th e rs, a p ri so ner co uld m a ke hi s way to the o pen dit ches wh ere th e dead we re pil ed a nd , lying th e re as if dead , a w a it ni g htfa ll to craw l from th e g rave, slip und er th e w ire (not e lect rified as in Au schwitz), a nd brea k for th e for es t. So m e a tte mpts fa il ed , o th ers su cceeded , a nd t heir su ccess tell s us two thin gs. P eop le o utsid e th e ca mp ce rta inl y did kn ow w hat was go ing o n in sid e. But a lso, in thi s seco nd ph ;1se of defi a nce . small unit s of coopera ti on beca m e es ta bli shed a m o ng the pri so ne rs. w hi ch not o nl y ge ne ra ted a reb irth of hope but sta rted th e process of tru st a nd coll ective orga ni za ti o n w itho ut whi ch th e third a nd fin a l stage could neve r have occurred . i\nd just as esca pe rul ed o ut sui cid e, th e stage of a rm ed revo lt rul ed ou t esca pe. Wh ere th e help of eve r yo n e w as needed , sui cid e and esca pe beca me person a l lu x uri es. To burn down th e camp a nd release pri so ner s in numbers la rge e noug h to in sure th e sur viva l of ;tt leas t a few, no thing less th a n a n absolu te comm u nit y of ~tru gg le, tra nscending per o na l ho pe, beca m e th e o ne w ay to victory. And hence th e va lu e of Freblinka , its hi storica l impo rt as a slory . Th ro ug h tim e a de finite sequ ence of ac ti o n g rew a nd asse rted it se lf, culmin a tin g in o ne of th e m os t unlik e ly triumph s in the hi sto r y of hum a n stru ggle. And with th e sto r y com es a new definition of h ero ism . F o r if, in thi s age of to ta lit a ri a n gove rnm ent a nd m ass murd e r , we a re tcrs pca k of h eroi sm a l a ll , it m a kes sense on ly in te rm s of co ll ecti ve ac ti on deli bera te ly a nd oft en ho peless ly pitt ed aga in st e normous stru ctures of ev il. I t ca nn o t be fr a m ed in te rm s of the old he roi c ethi c, w h ere in th e indi vidu a l, as a n indi vidu a l, de fi es powe r a nd w illin gly di es fo r a g lo ri ous ca use . The re is no g lo r y a nd , in a w o rld w he re death rul es, d ying fo r a n ything at a ll becom es stu pid , becom es a bdi ca ti o n . V e ry few of th e pa rti cipa n ts in th e Treblinka revo lt survived , but w ha t th ey foug ht fo r was life. W e li ve in da rk tim es a nd th e sto r y of Tre blinb is wo rth kn ow ing . It is w o rth holding to w ith a ll th e soul 's streng th . It is, th at is to say, a n exa mpl e of w ha t a ha ndful of hum a n be ings can do, of s piritu a l da m age susta in ed without ca pitul a tion , a nd lik ew ise of a bsolut e power w hi ch tu rn s o ut to he less tha n a bso lute. i\ nd it re mind s us, les t we o ve rlook a s ig nifi ca nt fan, that in th e Mil g ra m ohccli e ncc ex pe rim ents, w hi ch I m e ntion ed ea rli er , if two-third s of t he voluntee rs did as th ey we re o rdered , o ne-third did no l. Th e st ru ctu res of ev il g ro w m o re sop hi stica ted , m ore finel y tuned a nd orga ni zed . Th ey proli f'c r;ttc a nd int e rl ock and a id c;1ch o th e r and cove r th e pl ;1tH'l a nd beg in , lik e th e I l o loca ust, to a ppea r overw he lming. Wh en gove rnm ent s ac ross th e face of th e ea rth , no t ex cluding o ur ow n , a re p re pa red to sac rifi ce po pul at io ns a nd s hoo t clow n protest in a n y form , w hen da rkn ess begin s to see m to ta l, proo f to th e co ntra r y beco m es in va lu a bl e. Wh a t hap pened at Trebl ink a is proof lo th e contra r y, a nd on su ch ha rd ra re p roof o ur hum a nness de pe nds. ~ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1979-The-Lesson-of-Treblinka-335 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Des Pres, Terrence Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource The Lessons of Treblinka Description An account of the resource Photocopied magazine article. New American Library. Subject The topic of the resource Treblinka (Concentration camp) World War, 1939-1945 -- Atrocities World War, 1939-1945 -- Prisoners and prisons, German Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives