3 24 226 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5b1d9c213c0332d160266e5a8a69547f.pdf 7efe8186fd6b805d7f647e229b3b1bf2 PDF Text Text /{ cl0 0-~'-' l '1/ /~ IS'o Holocaust nightmare remains for three honored heroes By TODD TREMLIN There is no oompcnsat ion monetary or otherwise - that could make up for the fear and horror experienced by those condemned to German death camps during World War 11, or those who risked their lives hiding themselves ind others from the wrath of the Third Reich and its SSmcn. But last Wednesday, Grand VaUey State University recognized the courage of Grand Rapids residents David Mandel, and Pieter and Adriana Tennaat with Doctor of Humane Letters degrees at a highly emotional public ceremony in the Kirk:hof Center. But while the awards are sweet, the three insist that their stories and the truths about the Holocaust and German atrocities is the most effective revenge. THE TERMAATS Pieter and Adriana Tennaat were leaders of the Dutch underground resistance movement during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. They printed underground ~ewslellers, forged ration and identificlnion cards, and found hiding places for hundreds of Jews, allied forces pilots who had been shot down behind enemy lines, and Dutch men who fled the Nazi's forced labor camps. The Termaats had been married only a year and had an infant son in 1940 when the Nazis invadl!d the Netherlands. Their memories are vivid. The sight of refugees streaming off the trains in their small village north of Amsterdam to escape the advance of German troops is clear in Adriana's mind. ..This was a very difficult time in our lives, when everything seemed , without a future," Pieter said. The refugees were Pieter TermHt (lelt), his wile Adriane; and David M1nd1l, received honorary Doctor of Humane Letters d1grNs trom Grand Valley Stile University 11 an emotional ceremony lasl Wednesday. The recipienls are survivors - or helped other survive - the Holocaust. taken in by Dutch fami- were part of . the Dutch 1i es, and soon the resistance. In the spring of 1944, Termaats had a family of an informant told the eight living with them. That was their in- Gestapo, the Secret Nazi troduction to the war that police, that Pict.er was would envelop the entire part of the resistance. world, and leave it reeling Luckily, resistance leadcrs five years later. For the karned of thc betrayal in Termaats, it was five time 10 gel Pi.:tc:r mto years of constant fear of hide.ling. being caught, along with Nothing in their liv.:s thousands of others who pu:parl!J the Termaah for the hmrihk: expcricm:e of the Na1.1 oa:upa11on nothing prepared them for the circumstances i1110 which they had been thrw,1. They lived day 10 day, and will never forget the horror of that time. ..The Jews had been concentrated in a11 Amsterdam ghello, and forced to wear the Star of David,"said Pieter. He said that at the beginning of the occupation there were J 50,000 Jews in the Neth.:rlands. At the end in 1945, only IO percelll remamcd. Tiu: rest had been killed by the Nazis. In I986, Yad V,,shem, the Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembranc.: Authority of lsrad, awarded lhc Terrnm11s the Mal.ii of the R1ghu:ous Gentile - thal coulllry's high.:st a"'ard - for 1h.:1r Pliilse ill HEROES, P191 16 �60 ?."3. 19? r. todd .r:- 1.:.n c/o -ivanco . Jear r. _ro'1.iri , r s. ier~ st and~ w nt to xprass our thnnk ~ for yll l!' e;__,r sit t ve \ ,.~ ll:~c r.r.qt ,., "'?' of the -~c~~ber 7, 19{2 ;c~v¢c~t~~ •. t0 :ro'l ·, r') L ~,.. l i i·A to .-:x t an:'l cur 1-:cst wishes for vour c.gr •,j :-- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1988-12-13-Advance-Convocation-report Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tremlin, Todd Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-12-13 Title A name given to the resource Holocaust nightmare remains for three honored heroes Description An account of the resource Photocopied newspaper clipping about Pieter and Adriana Termaat lecturing at Grand Valley State University. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Americans Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/849befdc8bb96de50dcb5fd31dd602fb.pdf 97cf6c7be36648c6529830e083252b28 PDF Text Text '02 • FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11. 1988 • THE GRAND RAPIDS PRESS O • 0 0 .Key Gennan official guits after furor over J(ristallnacht speech The Associated Press BONN, West Germany - The president of parliament resigned today after being bitterly a,ttacked for saying on the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht that many Germans initially found Hitler's rule "glorious." The furor overshadowed West Germany's carefully organized ceremonies marking Kristallnacht, the night of terror against the Jews that signaled the start of the Holocaust. Parliament President Philipp Jenninger announced he was step. ping down as assembly leader after meeting with other top-ranked members of the governing Christian Democratic Union. The conservative politician's speech Thursday, which also called the early years of the Nazi's Third Reich a "triumphal procession," set off waves of outcries throughout the country and abroad. · His speech, at a special session of the Bundestag, or parliament, triggered a walkout by about 50 lawmakers and calls for his resignation from opposition Greens and Social Democrattc parties. "My speech was not understood by many listeners the way I had intended it to be," the. ,56-year-old politician said in ·a written statement to the news media. "I am deeply sorry and I am very hurt, if I have offended the feelings of others." He added: "During my whole political career - most recently as president of the German Parliament - I have been active in working for reconciliation with the Jews and for the vital interests of the state of Israel." "I always have been an uncompromising foe of every type of totalitarian rule," Jenninger said . Jenninger said he was stepping down as Bundestag president because he wanted to avoid any damage to the office itself and because he believed he lost the trust of many colleagues. The statement did not say whether Jenninger would remain a member of Parliament. Jenninger had been the No. 2 West German official after President Richard von Weizsaecker, under the nation's rules of diplomatic protocal. A member of Chancellor Helmut Kohl's Christian Democratics, Jen- AP PHOTO Philipp Jenninger said many Germans initially found Hitler's rule "glorious." I ninger has been a lawmaker since 1969 and was one of Kohl's closest aides before he was elected Bundestag president in November 1984. In his speech Thursday, Jenninger talked at length about the positive feelings of many ordinary ; Germans early in the Hitler dictatorship. "Didn't Hitler bring to reality what (Kaiser) Wilhelm II had only promised, that is to lead the Germans to glorious times?" Jenninger asked. ' "Wasn't he chosen by Providence, a Fuehrer such as is given to a people only once in a thousand years?" he continued. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1988-11-11-German-official-quit-over-Kristal-Nacht-comment Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Grand Rapids Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-11-11 Title A name given to the resource Key German official quits after furor over Kristallnacht speech Description An account of the resource Associated Press article about the West German Parliamentary President, Philipp Jenninger's resignation following his comments praising the Nazi Third Reich. Subject The topic of the resource Jenninger, Philip Third Reich, 1933-1945 Germany--History--1933-1945 Kristallnacht, 1938 -- Anniversaries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/225cfda67045960dbe41b18a918e0868.pdf a78d4ccc47df109584763ac7887bbcbb PDF Text Text t,.il -13 Documents said to link Waldheim to crimes in war The New York Times serving "as an interpreter" at: tached to the Pusteria Division in WASHINGTON - The Justice May 1942. But in a book entitled iWaldheim's Wartime Department based one of its princi- "Kurt pal charges against President Kurt Years," published on his behalf last Waldheim of Austria, possibly September as a rebuttal to charges making him an accessory to war that he had been involved in war crimes, on captured German docu- crimes, the authors state "he was ments that point to his involvement not involved in combat operations in the deportation of 488 Yugoslav or the deportation of civilians." civilians to slave labor camps in The deportation of the Yugoslav 1942. The documents were cited in civilians in 1942 and Waldheim's support of the department's deci- purported •role in it were reported sion to bar Waldheim from the last week.in The -New York Times on the basis of Yugoslav docuUnited States last year. Knowledgeable administration ments and interviews conducted by officials said the 49 pages of docu- Bozidar Dikic, a Belgrade journal­ ments concerning the episode ist. It was not known then that the show that Waldheim, then a lieu- Justice Department had built part tenant assigned as liaison officer to of jts case against Waldheim on the the Fifth Italian Alpine Division, same incident on the basis of sepa­ nicknamed Pusteria, was informed rate documents in the possession about the roundup of the Yugoslav of the United States government. civilians - reportedly all males Waldheim has called for the re­ over the age of 14 - and their lease to his government of the doc­ transfer to the authority of "the uments reportedly incriminating higher SS and Police Fuhrer, Bel- him; the Justice Department re­ grade, for forced labor in Norway." fused. The officials said further that on The Justice Department has said the basis of the documents, assem- that it did not want to set a prece­ bled mainly from German army dent by making public "an internal, headquarters records in Belgrade pre-decisional document." The de­ from the first three weeks of May partment has also said that nearly 1942, the Justice Department con- all of the material cited in those in­ cluded that he must have facilitated ternal documents was available the deportation operation in his ca- · through other sources. pacity as liaison officer. The docuNow, in the case of the Yugoslav ments cite Waldheim by function deportations, an administration of­ ficial cited a series of captured Gerbut not by name. Last April 27, the Justice Depart- man Anny documents in the Na­ ment announced that Waldheim tiona}Archives. The documents are had been placed on a list of people available to the public on micro­ barred from entering the United film. States on the ground that he had Examination of the cited docu­ "participated in activities amount- ments shows that, while they might ing to persecution" of civilians dur- lead a prosecutor to conclude that ing his service in the Balkans from Waldheim had been an accessory 1942 to 1945. At the time, depart- to a war crime, they do not provide ment officials cited, as one of its direct evidence to that effect. charges against Waldheim, the An administration official, transfer of civilian prisoners to the speaking on condition he would not be identified, said, "In legal SS for exploitation as slave labor. Article 6 of the Charter of the In- proceedings you never have every­ temational Military Tribunal, thing" that would lead to a sure adopted by the United States, Brit- conviction. He said that the Justice ain, the Soviet Union and France Department's specialists in the his­ on Aug. 8, 1945, defined "ill-treat- tory of World War II had "looked at ment or deportation to slave labor the military practices, functions or any other purpose of civilian and responsibilities" of Waldheim population of or in occupied terri- and that "they had no doubt he tories" as a war crime. would have had to be involved" in Waldheim has acknowledged the Yugoslav deportations. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1988-02-18-Waldheim-315 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The New York Times Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-02-18 Title A name given to the resource Documents said to link Waldheim to crimes in war Description An account of the resource New York Times article about President Kurt Waldheim of Austria, and his possible involvement in the deportation of 488 Yugoslav civilians to slave labor camps in 1942. Subject The topic of the resource War criminals -- Germany Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe Waldheim, Kurt United Nations. Secretary-General (1972-1981 : Waldheim) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3aafbdbbefb759e4f3a96ccbae5bb8b7.pdf 75c9b6246f794d2596eee5b63cd2d6c4 PDF Text Text THE GRAND RAPIDS PRESS • MONDAY1NOVEMBER 21 1987 g \9 Jews 'deserved to die,' says Nazi in Syria The Associated Press CHICAGO - Convicted war criminal Alois Brunner, a top target of Nazi hunters for decades, is living in Syria and still believes his involvement in the mass murder of Jews was correct, a newspaper reported. "All of them deserved to die because they were the devil's agents and human garbage," Brunner was quoted as saying by the Chicago Sun-Times. "I have no regrets and would do it again." The newspaper said Sunday one of its reporters interviewed Brunner, 75, from Damascus last week in a brief telephone conversation in front of a witness. After making his comment and confirming he had been living under the name of George Fischer, Brunner hung up, the newspaper re- ported. French Nazi hunters Serge Klarsfeld and his wife, Beate, first reported that Brunner had fled to Egypt and then to Syria after World War II. He has apparently been living in Damascus since 1955, a year after he was sentenced to death in absentia in France for crimes against humanity. Brunner, reputed chief aide to Adolf Eichmann, was held responsible for the deportation to death and slave labor camps of at least 128,500 Jews from Nazi-occupied territories. Eichmann, architect of the Nazis' "Final Solution" for the Jews, was captured in Argentina by Israeli agents and tried and hanged by the Jewish state. Brunner is being protected by the Syrian government in exchange for service in "security matters," the Sun-Times said, quoting one of Brunner's relatives living in Austria it did not identify. Syria for years denied that Brunner was living in Damascus, and continues to rebuff extradition attempts by West Germany, saying he has committed no punishable crimes, the newspaper reported. "Syria is continuing to ignore our requests, but we know he is there and well guarded," said Alfred Streim, senior prosecutor for war criminals in West Germany. Evidence at Eichmann's trial in Israel in 1961 identified Brunner as an SS chief who specialized in brutality against children and "humiliation before death." Records with the United Nations and in American militaiy files show Brunner was responsible for deportations of Jews from Vienna, France, Slovakia and Salonica. 1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1987-11-02-Nazi-in-Syria-313 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Grand Rapids Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-11-02 Title A name given to the resource Jews 'deserved to die,' says Nazi in Syria Description An account of the resource Associated Press article about convicted war criminal Alois Brunner, captured in Syria. Subject The topic of the resource Brunner, Alois, -- 1912-2010 War criminals -- Germany Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Europe Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/46bdd2bfe5d5c9440df789aa4d9863c4.pdf 39a4b6368be8816b21eb7dbc5c6fd84e PDF Text Text 21e jaargang 18 - 3 mei 1985 7 Jaap Frederiks Bevrijding langs een omweg De bevrijding van 5 mei 1945 werd niet binnen onze eigen grenzen maar in Duitsland bevochten. Na de verloren slag om Arnhem werd Nederland voor de geallieerden van secundair belang. Hoewel daarvoor de prijs van een hongerwinter moest worden betaald, bleef ons land daardoor een vernietigende veroveringsoorlog bespaard. Jaap Frederiks reconstrueert het militaire verloop van de laatste maanden van de oorlog. Voor de Nederlanders kwam er op 6 juni 1944 een keer in de oorlog. De geallieerden landden in Normandie en zouden ongetwijfeld snel naar Ned~rland oprukken. Voor generaal Eisenhower, de Amerikaanse opperbevelh_ebber van de 'Allied Expeditionary Forces', lag ons land echter wat bezijden de route. Hij wilde over een breed front primair het Duitse rijk in het hart aanvallen. Slechts de noordelijke vleugel van zijn strijdmacht, voornamelijk Brits en Canadese troepen onder generaal Montgomery, diende op weg naar het Ruhrgebied en Hamburg terloops Nederland te bevrijden. De opmars verliep boven verwachting voorspoedig: al op 25 augustus rolden zijn tanks door de straten van Parijs; op 3 september waren ze in Brussel en reeds de dag daarop viel de haven van Antwerpen onbeschadigd in Engelse handen. De bevrijding van Nederland moest voor de deur staan. Het land werd tenminste overspoeld door afgeladen Wehrmachtvrachtwagens met soldaten die in alter ijl Belgie de rug toekeerden. Alles wat Duitsgezind was, kreeg het op zijn zenuwen. NSB'ers pakten hun biezen, en op veel.plaatsen begon de bezetter al archieven en legervoorraden te vernietigen. Die stemming· liet het volk niet onberoerd. Op 5 september (dolle dinsdag) werden in Haarlem de vlaggen uitgestoken en in Amsterdam kwam het illegale blad De Baa11breker zelfs met een bevrijdingsnummer, waarin de namen van alle medewerkers stonden afgedrukt. Maar het grootste dee! van Ors. J. A. Th. Frederiks is docent geschiedenis. Nederland wachtte in september vergeefs op de bevrijding. Onder de indruk van de snelle vorderingen in Belgie, waren op het geallieerde hoofdkwartier de gemoederen ook verhit geraakt. Montgomery wist Eisenhower te winnen voor de gedachte om het zwaartepunt van de opmars naar zijn noordelijke sector te verleggen. Hij presenteerde een vermetel plan, waarin het Britse 2e leger, door luchtlandingstroepen ondersteund, een diepe bres in de Duitse verdediging zou slaan, om tangs de lijn Eindhoven-Nijmegen-Arnhem door te stoten naar Westfalen. Op deze manier hoopte hij met een verrassingsaanval het Ruhrgebied vanuit het noordwesten af te grendelen en te omsingelen. Het hele westelijke front werd voor deze 'operatic Market Garden' praktisch stilgelegd. Montgomery kreeg alle voorraden toegewezen. Al spoedig bleek dat de ineenstorting van de Duitse legers zwaar was overschat. Uit de ongeregeld teruggetrokken soldaten waren nieuwe eenheden gevormd en tangs de grote rivieren waren duizenden 'spitters' (ter plaatse gerecruteerde dwangarbeiders) ingezet om stellingen te bouwen. In oost-Brabant kwamen de Britten maar moeizaam vooruit: de tegenstand was groot en het bleek dat hun_ zware materieel buiten de gebaande wegen onherroepelijk vast kwam te zitten. Weken later dan was voorzien kon Nijmegen worden bereikt (26 september), maar de luchtlanding bij Arnhem was een brug te ver geweest. Door deze vastgelopen aanval was ·eind september een grillige frontlijn door zuid-Nederland komen te !open. Het uiterste zuiden van Limburg was bevrijd, maar Noord-Brabant bleef bezet gebied - behoudens de diepe corridor waarvan de uiterste punt iets boven Nijmegen lag; hier ontstond een soort niemandsland. Met het oog op een nieuwe aanval hadden de Duitsers op verscheidene plaatsen de rivierdijken doorgestoken. Uitgestrekte stukken van de Betuwe kwamen blank te staan. De meeste inwoners trokken weg naar het vrije Nijmegen; alleen de boer .zelf bleef meestal achter op zijn bedrijf. In de late herfst kon hij zowel Duitse als Engelse patrouilles zijn erf op zien komen. Geregeld waren er bloedige schermutselingen als ze toevallig op elkaar stuitten of wanneer de bezetter merkte dat burgers door de linies heen naar bevrijd ·gebied trachtten te 'crossen'. Nijmegen zelf groeide snel uit tot een' echte frontstad met tienduizenden militairen. De geallieerden waren met groot gejuich ontvan- gen, ondanks de grote verwoestingen die hun komst met zich mee had gebracht. Ze hielpen mee de ergste schade voor de winter te herstellen, en de gestadige aanvoer van voedsel maakte veel goed. Maar toch, zoveel vreemde soldaten zo ver van huis. Al op 5 oktober 1944 verscheen in De Gelderlander een hoofdartikel over 'De Nederlandsche Jonge Vrouw en de Nationale Eer', waarvan de strekking precies die was, die u zich daarvan voorstelt. Ultstel In heel het bevrijde gebied bleven militairen de dienst uitmaken. Iedereen moest zich in de eerste plaats richten naar de bevelen van de geallieerde bevelhebber. Maar in zijn spoor verschenen onmiddellijk ook Nederlandse officieren. Het Nederlandse kabinet in Londen had voor het bevrijde gebied een overgangsregering gevormd: het Militair Gezag �,.. ._ ..... d _· _. ,._ ......... ,._ ... . •• 1 I 21 e jaargang 18 - 3 mei 1985 BevrlJding langs_een omweg onder leiding van generaal Kruis. Dit nood- ~ bestuur kon in de korte tijd dat het bestond de < meest impopulaire maatregelen nemen, waarna de ministers ongecompromitteerd met een schone lei konden beginnen. Doch Nederland werd niet in enkele dagen tijds bevrijd en in het zuiden regeerde dit door niemand feitelijk gecontroleerde gezag vele maanden tang. Daarbij liet het zich weinig aan regels gelegen liggen bij de omgang met de burgerautoriteiten of de justitie. Velen die Kruis na de oorlog - terecht - een te groot eigenmachtig ' optreden verweten hebben, gaan er echter aan voorbij hoe chaotisch de toestand na het vertrek van de Duitsers was. Voor het nog bezette gebied waren in Londen eveneens maatregelen genomen. De georganiseerde verzetsgroepen werden samengebracht in de Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten (BS) onder leiding van prins Bernharc,l, en een college van Vertrouwensmannen werd benoemd om in het geheim de bevrijding bestuurlijk voor te bereiden. Het college kon nadenken over een proclamatie en de allernoodzakelijkste benoemingen. Boven de grote rivieren bleef de toestand zeer gespannen. Verzetsgroepen voerden de sabotage-acties op, maar de Duitse vergelding werd eveneens grimmiger. De represailles na een aanslag op enkele soldaten bij Putten vormen misschien het meest spectaculaire voorbeeld. Talrijke huizen werden opgeblazen en de mannelijke inwoners naar Duitse concentratiekampen weggevoerd. Op bescheidener sch_aal gingen echter in het hele land de executies door. Met spanning zagen de mensen uit naar het zuiden, wachtend tot een nieuwe aanval op Arnhem zou komen. Maar het geallieerde opperbevel had anders beslist. Montgomery had uit 'Market Garden' een lering getrokken die voor het oorlogsverloop in Nederland van grote betekenis was. Kort na de bevrijding deelde hij een verslaggever van Het Vrije Volk mee, 'dat de gebeurtenissen in Arnhem hem de overtuiging hadden gegeven dat er, indien hij het gehele gebied (west-Nederland) strijdend zou moeten veroveren, geen steen op ·de andere blijven zou ·. Inderdaad moeten we er niet aan denken wat er gebeurd zou zijn, als Arnhem wel was genomen en de honderdduizend Duitseis de vesting Holland van stad tot ·stad hadden verdedigd of de dijken hadden doorgestoten. Het westen zou de hongerwinter bespaard zij_n gebleven, maar tegen wat voor een prijs. Om Nederland voor deze ramp te behoeden en omdat het in het natte polderland met tanks toch moeilijk opereren was, besloot het geallieerde opperbevel om de bezetters in de Randstad niet aan te vallen, maar hun overgave · op een slagveld elders in Europa te bedingen. Oat gold voor de kwetsbare Randstad, maar evenzeer voor Denemarken, waarvan de verovering met al die eilanden ook een moeilijke zaak zou warden. Hoe hard het er in Holland aan toe had kunnen gaan, kregen de Zeeuwen in oktober 1944 te merken. Hier konden de g·e allieerden , de confrontatie n"iet uit de weg gaan. Op 3 september was triomfantelijk de verovering van Antwerpen gemeld, maar in de feestroes was over het hoofd gezien dat het gebruik van de haven stond of viel met het bezit van de Scheldemond. Aanvankelijk had dit gebied een !age prioriteit op het hoofdkwartier. De blik was op het oosten gericht en bovendien eiste Montgomery alle middelen voor de slag om Arnhem op. L .. ---- ---- ---- -- - 9 ·" ' . Montgomery en Patton _/ . havenstad goed bewust en waren vastbesloten de Scheide tot het uiterste t~ verdedigen. Daartoe waren ze uitstekend in staat. De Canadezen hadden langs de Kanaalkust het Duitse 15e leger voor zich uit gedreven dat, ruim honderdduizend man sterk, in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen vast kwam te zitten. Langs het kanaal" Brugge-Gent ging het in stelling en het bleek ongenaakbaar. Aan organisatorisch talent ontbrak het al evenmin: de bevelhebber generaal Von Zangen speelde het klaar om met, meest ter plaatse gevorderde, vaartuigen en onder voortdurende luchtaanvallen in tweeeneenhalve week tijds 86 000 manschappen, compleet inet zesduizend voertuigen en zeshonderd kanonnen, van Breskens ilaar Vlissingen te verschepen. Ongeveer veertienduizend man bleef achter in west Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Zij' slaagden erin, toen de aanval kwam, om achter elke dijk of sloot een nieuwe zeer effectieve stelling op te werpen. Met vlammenwerpers en hevig mortiervuur moest het half ondergelopen polderland meter voor meter warden veroverd. Dicht onder de kust bij Cadzand kregen de bezetters dekking van de zware kustbatterijen. Er was bijna geen doorkomen aan. De balans van een week strijd, van 6 tot 13 oktober: 533 doden en gewonden en een terreinwinst van anderhalve kilometer. Maar de Scheide moest open, onverschillig de verliezen en verwoestingen. Pas op 3 november gaven de Duitsers zich hier over. Aan de overkant· van de Westerschelde was op Walcheren iets dergelijks te verwachten, maar hier werd' voor een andere tactiek gekozen. Op 3 oktober hoorden de inwoners van West-Kapelle de Engelse bommenwerpers naderen. Doelwit was de zeewering. Verkenningen hadden de geallieerden geleerd dat veel Duitse stellingen op het lage deel van het schiereiland lagen. Door nu zelf de hele zaak onder water te zetten, konden ze Scheide die vijandelijke ·versterkingen onbruikbaar Ten onrechte, bleek spocdig, want het gehele maken en het slagveld bijna decimeren. Het westelijke front dreigde vast te komen zitten was triest voor de bevolking, maar die zou bij bij gebrek aan brandstof en munitie. De hele felle gevechten minstens zqveel te lijden bevoorrading kwam nog steeds uit Norman- krijgen. die en deze aanvoerlijnen werden met de dag Alie Duitse troepen werden door het stijgen(anger. Het leger schreeuwde om een haven de water naar de smalle kuststrook gedreven. met een grote capaciteit, die zowel dicht bij Daar werden ze eerst op l november door Engeland als dicht bij het front lag. Eisenhow-. enkele slagschepen zwaar onder vuur genoer zag de bui gelukkig op het laatste men en vervolgens kwam er een landing van ogenblik hangen. Hij gebood Montgo·mery, commandotroepen. De operatie stond onder wiens gedachten meer bi_j de Rijn waren, Canadees bevel, maar er waren eenheden van uitdrukkelijk eerst alle aandacht op de Schei- . allerlei nationaliteiten bij betrokken: Britten, de te richten. Met enige tegenzin moest hij Fransen, Belgen, Nederlanders en zelfs Nozijn troepen in de Brahantse corridor west- ren. Sommige kustbatterijen verdedigden waarts dirigeren, richting Tilburg en Zuid- zich tot het laatst, en ook in Vlissingen kwam Beveland. Ook het bi_i Antwerpen liggende het tot felle straatgevechten, doch _de tegenCanadese leger kwam weer in beweging. stand, was niet in die mate als in Zeeuws. D.e. Quitsers ~~ar.en .,zjcb_dc; _h-<:;.ts!_t~~i~ Y~<J!l QC: _ _YJl.lllJJOereo. Na cen week was · d~ strijd I gestreden, en nadat de Scheide van de vele mijnen was ontdaan, kon al op 26 november het eerste militaire convooi Antwerpen binnenvaren. Naarde Rljn De slag om Arnhem en die om de Scheide hadden twee maanden het westelijk front beheerst. In oost-Frankrijk was weinig of niets gebeurd. De legers kregen bij tijd en wijle nauwelijks genoeg toegeleverd om hun posities te handhaven, laat staan dat ze grote initiatieven hadden kunnen ontplooien. Aan die schaarste kwam nu een eind. Eisenhower bepaalde dat de -Rijn het volgende .doe! was. Hij wilde geen wilde planneri meer zien· met· spectaculair geslagen bruggehoofde_n; eerst moest de bele linkeroever in handen zijn, voordat aan de overkarit kon warden gedacbt. Voor Nederland betekende dit, dater weinig aan de frontlijn zou veranderen. West-Brabant_was tijdens de strijd in Zeeland veroverd, en nu ging het offensief niet noord- maar oostwaarts. De geducbte Duitse Westwall (ook Sigfriedlinie genoemd) moest worden doorbroken en ~en uitloper daarvan· lag iets ten westen van de Limburgse Maas. In de -Peel en voor Venlo vonden hevige tankslagen plaats. Het is niet toevallig dat juist in Overloon bet oorlogsmuseum is gevestigd; de ter plaatse gestrande tanks zijn er nog te bezichtigen. Half december was bijna overal de Maas bereikt. Er kwam net een beetje scbot in de zaak, toen een nieuwe born barstte, die alle middelen aan bet westelijk front opeiste. Volkomen onverwachts ontketende het Duitse leger op 16 december een massale tegenaanval via de Ardennen. Het eerste doe I was Antwerpen. Op die manier werd een diepe wig tussen de verschillende geallieerde legers gedreven en tegelijkertijd kon, bij het begin van de winter, de bevoorrading onderbroken worden. De voorste Amerikaanse linies werden onder de voet gelopen. Alleen op enkele strategische punten konden ze zich handhaven. Generaal Patton moest van de ene op de andcre dag zijn opmars in het Saarland afbreken om het gat te dichten. Spoedig bleek dat de vijand over onvoldoende materieel en manschappen beschikte om het offensief over een langerc tijd vol te houden, maar toch zorgde het ervoor dat de Amerikanen half januari nog even ver waren als begin december. Hoewel, misschien is dit toch wat te negatief uitgedrukt, want ofschoon de terreinwinst bescheiden was, hadden ze wel de beste Duitse troepen die nog in West-Europa voor handen waren, vernietigende verliezen toegebracht. In Mord-Nederland hield iedereen zijn hart vast. Zo dichtbij waren de Canadezep, en toch · '. zo veraf.-£0 veraf bleven ze; want Eise~how- �-~ 21e jaargang 18 - 3 mei 1985 11 Ardennen-offensiet Arnerikaanse troepen nabij Malmedy Bevrijding langs een omweg er had geen enkele reden zijn plannen te provisorische IJsselstelling opgeworpen om pardon doodgeschoten. Hetzelfde lot trof de wijzigen: eerst naar de Rijn. Uitdrukkelijk de Veluwe, de toegang tot de vesting Holland, meeste gevangengenomen Georgiers zelf. Ze had hij zijn onderbevelhebbers geboden geen zo lang mogelijk te verdedigen, maar verder voelden dat al aankomen en vochten zich eigen acties aan de overzijde te ondernemen. trok hij zich weinig aan van de onzinnige daarom liever dood bij wanhopige pogingen Hij zag al aankomen dat Montgomery aanbevelen over tegenaanvallen die hij dag in dag enkele versterkte plaatsen in handen te houzienlijk minder tijd nodig _had om van Nijmeuit van het Fiihrerhauptquartier kreeg toegeden. Tegen de met opmerkelijk groot fan agen het Duitse Wesel te bereiken dan Patton stuurd. Hij wist dat de weg naar het noorden tisme vechtende Duitsers was geen kruid voor de lange weg naar Mainz. Montgomery, van het land openlag. Plaatselijke commangewassen. Ook de hulp van een tweehonwieris prestige- een flinke deuk had gekregen, danten boden soms nog harde tegenstand en derdtal plaatselijke verzetssti-ijders mocht nan1cnu het zekere voor bet onzekere. Hij,had de verw.oestingen waren dan dienovereenniet _l;>aten. Op 21 april moest bet laatste tweehonderdduizend man bij Nijmegen en ·komstig. Illustratief is dat Doetinchem al.opJ bolwerk .worden opgegeven: de vuurtoren. als eep wals rold~,!_leze troepenm~cht,richting · april'wef d·bevrij~,.maar •Doesburg pas· op<!~ Maar groepjes Georgiers en Duitsers bleven Kleef. Alles wat•hij op zijn WC?,g_tege_nkwam, -16e. nog jacht QP elkaar maken tot de Canadezen werd letterlij~ verpulverd: legers, steden•en Overigens'heten1de bcvrijders zich niet op,uiteindeiifk op 20 mei arriveerdc;n . Texel bossen. Een maanlandschap met diepe· bornhouden door zul\ce verzetshaarden., Het kende op ·5 niei geen bevrijdingsdag. Slechts kraters liet hij achter. Op 9-maart was hij bij zaak zo snelmogclijk naaralle·tioclc:en.van ;bet '250 opstandelingen overleefden de helse de.resten van Wesel. Het duurde tot de 23e land. door te .stoten, want elke·gevechtspauze strijd:. voor Mainz was bezet en hij zijn oude idee van gaf de Duitsers tijd voor hergroeperingen. een omsingeling van het Ruhrgebied kon Om belangrijke bruggen te veroxeren werden Hongersnood ..uitvoeren. op 12 en 13 april nog Franse en Belgische Voor de Canadezen'· in de derde week van ·Begin maa,rt was bij toeval e_e n brug bij paratroepen rieergelaten.- Vee l meqewerking - april de Veluwe op konden tr~k~e~, ·had een Remagen, iets ~en zuiden van Bonn, intact in kwam eveneens van de kant van het vefzef. Jn slag:om Arnhem op,het programma gestaan. Amerikaanse handen gevallen. Terec_h t de chaotische sit~atie. was het vaak rrio~elijk Alleen"ipsychologisch al stoi:Jd er veel op het m_eende de Duitse bevel~ebber generaal M9- _ dat verzets,lieden d~rde g~vechtslini_e s trokspel. De hele zriidelijke toegang tot de stad del. dat het zwaartepunt ·van bet geallieerde ·· ken en de gealli!:erden precies op cte •hoogte w~s door de verdedige!"s onder ·water gezet, offensief van d~( reeds geslagen bruggehoofd ·stelden van de beste verkeersverbindingen en het oosten - waar de. aanval •kwam - Z\\:'aar zou komen. Hij had 325 000 man in Sauerde locatie van Duitse stellingen. In Friesland versterkt. De burgerbevolking, die zich nog land verzameld om de aanval op bet Ruhrgetroffen de Canadezen zelfs Parijse tonelen goed kon herinneren wat straatgevechten bied af te wachten. Hij wachtte tevergeefs. aan; evenals in de Franse hoofdstad hadden waren, had de stad grotendeels verlaten . Zowel Montgomery. in het noorden als genede !eden van de Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten Blijkbaar waren de geallieerde commandanraal Simpson in het zuiden ·trokken met een steden als Sneek en Bolsward al in handen ten hiervan op de hoogte, want zonder enige boog om het industnegebied heen. Hun letoen de geallieerde tanks er aankwamen. schroom lieten ze een ongekend artilleriegers vormden een tang die zich op 1 april bij :ongevaarlijk waren deze acties niet. De bombardement op Arnhem neerkomen. De Paderborn slooi. Model restte slechts de Duitse soldaten stelden alles in het werk om Duitsers moesten letterlijk wezenloos geniet in handen van de verzetslieden te vallen, overgave. Ondertussen ging de geallieerde schoten worden. De opzet slaagde, want toen in de Canadezen hadden ze aanzienlijk meer hoofdmacht richting Leipzig. Op 25 april de Engelsen en Canadezen op 13 en 14 april vertrouwen. de stad binnentrokken, stuitten ze slechts hier werd het eerste contact met de Russen bier en daar op enig verzet. Ze kregen een gemaakt. Het Duitse rijk was in tweeen Bij zo'n plaatselijke poging om de macht over spookstad in handen: rokende puinhopen en gesplitst. leder van de geallieerde mogendhete nemen, ging bet op Texel helemaal mis. Op instortende huizen, mensen ontbraken. den kende zijn taak bij het opruimen van de het eiland lag een ·garnizoen van ongeveer Al v66r de val van Arnhem was generaa l laatste verzetshaarden. De Russen namen achthonderd Georgische militafren. Ze waren Berlijn voor hun rekening, de Engelsen rukBlaskowitz begonnen met de strategischc aan het oostfront krijgsge;angen. gemaakt, terugtrekking op de vesting Holland, die met ten op naar de Duitse Noordzeehavens en de min of meer geprest om in ·het Duitse leger Amerikanen concentreerden zich' vooral op de oude Grebbelinie uit 1940 samenviel. Op dienst te nemen,''cJoch voortdurend uitziend midden- en zuid-Duitsland. 1 I 9 april was bijna heel noord- en oost-Nenaar een 'ka"ns ertusse~uit te knijpen. Die derland bevrijd. De Randstad hield de adem gelegenheid leek op 6 april gekomen. Met zijn Verzetshaarden in voor wat ·volgen zou. Maar er volgde niets. achthonderden moesten ze bet opnemen teEn Nederland? In het spoor van Montgomery Kort voor Amersfoort kwam de opmars van gen goed vierhonde_rd Duitsers en dat in een waren Britse en Canadese legers bij Wesel de de geallieerden tot staan. Het bevel luidde: hun gunstig gezinde omgeving. Van begin af Rijo overgetrokken, om dfrect daarna af te geen aanval op west-Nederland. aan liep het echter mis. De beide kustbatterijbuigen naar J:wente en de Achterhoek. Het is Voor de mensen daar was het nauwelijks te en op de nooid,- en zuidpunt, die _samen bet tekenend voor de bescheiden plaats op Eibevatten. Het moest toch bekend zijn hoe hele eiland bestreken, bleven oncJanks versenhowers prioriteitenlijst, dat deze legers de groot de ellende was, dater een hongerwinter woede .aanvallen' stevig in Du_itse handen. Nederlandse grens pas op 29 maart overwas geweest, dat - nu de Randstad ook nog schreden; twee dagen erna had de hoofd~ .Evenmin-ko~ worden verhinderd dat_reeds de van oost-Nederland was afgesneden - er eerste dag uit Den Helder Duitse versterkinmacht het hele Ruhrgebied i i• omsingeld. helemaal niets meer te eten was. Op 7 april gen werden aangevoerd. Op 8 april waren dat Verwonderlijk is het natuurlij_k niet: alleen in had ir. Louwes, directeur-generaal voor de er al tegen de vierduizend en ,dat i,tantal werd Duitsland kon de beslissende slag geleverd voedselvoorziening, de situatie gekenschetst warden. · steeds grater. als de overgang van hongersnood naar honHeroverde delen van bet eiland werden letVoor de Duitse commandant in Nederland, gerdood. Vanuit de Binnenlandse Strijdterlijk huis voor huis uitgekamd; mensen die generaa l Blaskowitz, viel er weinig eer te krachten en het College van Vertrouwenservan werden verdacht hulp·aa~ de opstandehehalen aan de strijd. Hij had met dwangarmannen (het illegaal opgezette noodbestuur lingen te hehben verleend, werden zonder heiders op bet laatste ogenblik nog een dat kl aar stood om de macht over te ne men en ; as· --:- :: �-------~--~-~-~--------~--~-----------------~---------~ -~ --_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-; Ir -~ .' . 21 e jaargang 18 - 3 mei 1985 .,. Bevrljdlng langs een omweg . . . ,.,. -.~ . . ........ -· . {< ...,.. ... De Duitse bevelhebber in Nederland, generaal Blaskowitz (rechts in het midden) ondertekent in hotel De Wereld de capitu/atlepapieren ten overstaan van de Canadese generaal Foulkes 13 ~., ...... ., dat steeds.. openlijker aan de dag k_on treden) -i werd een drjngend beroep gedaan op rijks- ~ commissaris · Seyss-Inquart om 9e nood te ~. leriigen. Na overleg-met Blasko.wffz !_ooiide hij zich b~reid een officieuze Yt'.apenstilstand· met de geallieerdt;n te sluiten. Ge_dureilde die tijd zouden er dan geen executies of_,,vernielingen meer plaatsvinden en kon er voedsel en stee'nkool worden aangevoerd·. De vertrou- • ·wensmannen Neher en Van dcr Gaag kregen toestemming op 13_april door de linies been· naar Breda.te reizen, waar enige Nede~laildse ministers aanwezig waren. Hef·voors~el werd bier erg gunstig ontvangen. Het- ~esten WH dus nog van de h·ongerdood:te·redden, maar cian moest er we! heel snefworden gehandeld. :Elke;dai,' ja elk uur werd de toestand-~r_itie~ ker, .. .,. Toen kwam de kater. Bij de geallieerden vie! ~het:voorstel erg slecht: Pe stelregel was dat ~ met Duitsers uitsluitend over onvoorwaar~ delijke capitulaties we:i:o onderhandeld. Wa'·penstilstanden kwamen in dit draaiboek niet vM r. Premier Gerbrandy deed alles orri .Churchill aan het verstand te brengen dat ~tienduizenden mensenlevens op het spel stonden. Dagen gingen voorbij. Washingtcin ~ werd geraadpleegd, Moskou van het voorsf~l 1 op de hoogte gesteld en ond_ertussen gin gen ;in ;: L ______.__...,..._..-_ Holland de terechtstellingen door. Qe Prlns Be(!'hard in het bevrl/de Deventer ~liaarste werd steeds nijpender. De Duitser~ zelf voelden het einde eveneens na·deren en 'riuiarschalk schikte hen te ontvangen. Op zijn werden onberekenbaarder in hun reacties. vraag wat ze wilden, deden ze het verzoek om Qe discipline nam af en de onderdelen waren drie legers in het noordoosten van Duitsland nauwelijks meer door de legerleiding in de aan de Britten te mogen overgeven in plaats hand te houden. Eindelijk kwam het verlos- van aan de Russen, van wie ze na het sende bericht. Eisenhower had toegestemd in beestachtige optreden van de SS in Oosteen gesprek tussen Seyss-Inquart en zijn Europa weinig goeds te verwachten hadden. stafchef, generaal Bedell-Smith. Ze ont- Maar Montgomery peinsde er niet over. Ze moetten elkaar op,30 april 0in Achterveld bij moesten zich aan hun ·directe tegenstander Amersfoort. De voedselaanvoer was snel o~ergeven. Het enige waar hij zelf over,.wilde geregeld, maanoen Bedell-Smith een pog!ng praten was een slagveldcapitulatie van de waagde om de rijkscommissaris tot ca"pitulatie Duitse strijdkrachten in zijn sector van :-het te tiewegen, wefd dat ·resoluut verworpen. front. Als 1d~ar niet onmiddellijk t~ besloten Oat- was een zaak voor het Oberkommando werd, dreigde hij,zelfs geen vluchtelingen.uitder Wehrmacht; d1;1t kor:i alleen Berlijn-be- het oosten meer doorgang ,te verleil~n. Verslagen keerde de deJegatic terug naar slissen. Flensburg, waar Df>nitz zijn regeringstep"'"' trum had ingericht; Er was geen .keus. I>e". Cepltulatle · Eh in er.lijn viei cle beslissing. D~genlang volgende- Hag al was Von Friedeburg· weer vochten de Russen·;zich een weg aaar de tenig. H_ij: was gemachtigd toe te stem men in Fiihrerbuitker. Toen ,ze tot·op enkele•honder- de onvoorwaardelijke overgave,van de Duitse den meters waren genaderd, pleegde Hitler strijdlfrachten· ii! de noordwestelijke sector op_30 _april zelfmoord. De.verant~oordelijk- .van het front, inclusief het nog bezette deel heid over zijn totaal vernietigde Grootduitse van Nederland, Denemarken en Noorwegen. rijk droeg hij over aan admiraal Donitz. Deze Op 4 mei gaven de Duitse troepen in Nedermaririe-officier was ook voor de ·geallieerden land zich dus over. Wat op 5 mei in Wagenineen aanvaardbare gesprekspartner. Donitz gen gebeurde, was een bevestiging hiervan en had weinig keus. Hem kwam de twijfelachtige de feitelijke capitulatie ter plaatse. Daar eer toe de oorlog tot een goed einde te verscheen aan het eind van de middag in brengen en hij was realist genoeg om te Hotei De Were Id generaal Blaskowitz aan het beseffen dat 'goed' een spoedige capitulatie hoofd van de Duitse.delegatie; Seyss-Inquart betekende. was kort daarvoor per schip naar Flensburg Op 3 mei verscheen rond het middaguur een gevlucht. Ten overstaan van de Canadese Duitse militaire delegatie onder leiding van genera al f oulkes en onder aanwezigheid van admiraal Von Friedeburg bij"Montgomery op prins Bernhard tekende de Duitse bevelhebde Lilneburger Heide. Ze konden zich opber de capitulatiepapieren. Nederland was stellen onder de Britse vlag tot het de veld- vrij dank zij de overgave in de sector van 1 Montgomery, maar daarme~ was de oorlog nog niet voorhij. Na deze capitulatie was admiraal Von Friedeburg overgebracht naar het geallieerde hoofdkwartier in Reims. Hier waren alle papi~ren ·voor·. een volledige capitulatie van alle Duitse strijdkrachten al klaargemaakt, doch de admiraal bleek hiertoe geen instructies te ..liebben-ontvangen. Donitz werd telegrafi~ch:geraadpleegd. Hij zegde toe generaal Jodhtaad~.eims te sturen, maar toen deze op 6 niei- arriveerde beschikte hij evenmin over die macht~ging. Eisenhower zag in wat de ~uitse,legerl~iding van plan was. Ze wilde de ·definitieve overgave uitstellen om nog zoveel m9gelijk militairen in de gelegenheid te stellcn ·naar het westen te vluchten en zo uit fumden van de Russen·te blijven. De Amerikaanse generaal'had er·geen enkel belang bij hieraan meete werken en zich de ergernis van iijn boitdgenoten op de hals :te halen. Joell kreeg een halfuur,bedenktijd, metachter · de deur dezelfde stok·waarmee Montgomery twee dagen eerder al had gedreigd: werden de geallieerde eisen tot een onvoorwaardelijke capitulatie niet ingewilligd, dan zouden alle westelijke linies voor mensen uit bet oosten worden gesloten. Op 7 mei om half twee 's morgens kwam de telegrafische machtiging uit Flensburg binnen in Reims. Jodi kon de capitulatie tekenen, ingaande op 8 mei te middernacht. Deze plechtigheid werd op 8 mei in Berlijn nog eens herhaald. Uitdrukkelijk moest Duitsland ook buigen voor de Sovjetunie. Pas toen dit achter de rug was, werd de capitulatie officieel bekendgemaakt. Over nazi-Duitsland was het dock gevallen. [lJ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1985-05-03-Intermediair-Liberation-by-a-detour Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Intermediair Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-05-03 Title A name given to the resource Bevrijding langs een omweg Description An account of the resource Article about the liberation of Nazi-occupied Netherlands at the end of World War II. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Netherlands -- History -- German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ce5eeead1e77aafca7bd154f81d1a645.pdf 4f6a3df8ef61da2cfecbb8d72fc23da3 PDF Text Text _ _ _ _ _ THE PEOPLES OF AMERICA _ _ _ __ Second in a series on the ethnic minorities who make up what President John F. Kennedy called "This nation of immigrants." TheJews Among Us Their manifold contributions to the country's vitality and inventiveness constitute a sparkling chapter in American history BY LEO ROSTEN W E CROSSED Liberty ; and my mother carried me down the gangplank to Ellis Island , the magic portal to the new, free world. We waited in large, caged rooms for five endless days to hear our name called. The place was packed with wrinkled Russian women in babushkas , Greeks in funny hats , gypsies who gave me candy, and gentle Jews who prayed three times a day . When at last the $25 my father had saved and sent from Chicago arrived, my mother led me on the ferry to the mainland , whose twinkling lights we had marveled at each PHOTO : ERICH FRE AKING 153 the Polish border at Cz~stochowa, and my mother clutched my hand. We shivered in the train to Berlin, where we were "deloused," even though my mother was cleaner than the scary , smelly guards ; and then somehow she found a train to Hamburg , from which we sailed. She was only 22; I was three. Ten people were jammed into our suffocating cabin , far below deck, and the sea was very rough. On the 14th day, I was held up above the throng on deck to see the Statue of �THE JEWS AMONG US night. I sensed that a miracle had nancial assistance throughout ' the come to pass. _ long years of the rebellion came Pushing the Frontier. My parents from Jews like Haym Salomon of and I were but three of the millions Philadelphia. Indeed , James Madiof Jews who have sought freedom in son recorded his profound indebtthe United States. The first to come edness to Salomon, who refused were 23 Portuguese Jews who fled to take a promissory note, or to the Inquisition in Brazil to New Am- charge interest , for successive loans , sterdam in 1654. Jews were accepted and who "obstinately rejects all in America , especially by the Puri- recompense." tans, who appreciated the Hebraic The Jews who arrived after 1820 foundation of Christianity . · were artisans and· small traders . The Founding Fathers greatly re- Many were peddlers , their knapspected the Jews . John Adams said, sacks stuffed with pins , needles, "They are the most glorious nation thread , buttons , cloth. These Jews that ever inhabited this earth." Ben- walked the land and slept in barns jamin Franklin and Thomas Jeffer- and open fields. In time, they bought son proposed as the great seal for the wagons, and added pots, pans , ketnew republic a depiction of the He- tles , bedsteads to their wares. The brews crossing the Red Sea, crowned Jewish peddler became a welcome by this legend: " Rebellion to Ty- figure in America's rural areas and rants Is Obedience to God . ~ And the helped push the frontier westward. Jews never forgot George as fi mg- Some opened trading posts or dryton's letter to their congregation m goods stores. They moved into newNewport, R . I.: " [Our governmentl ly opened territories, across the gives to bigotry no sanction , to per- Mississippi , over the Rockies, to the West Coast. secution no assistance ." Some of these resourceful men From 1654 to 1800, some 3000 Jews had immigrated to America, a laid the foundations for great departminuscule group compared with the ment stores and retail chains : GimEnglish, Scots, Irish or Germans. bel, Saks, Altman, Straus (Macy's) Often they settled in the flourishing of New York City; May of Los Anseaport cities of Charleston, New geles; Magnin , Strauss and Haas of York and Philadelphia, where trade San Francisco; Neiman and Marcus was spurred by already established of Texas. Perhaps the most famous Jewish merchants. was Levi Strauss. He created an inConsidering their small numbers, ternational phenomenon called blue Jews played a significant role in the jeans, for California gold miners American Revolution. Thomas Jef- who wanted trousers of the utmost ferson used David Franks, a Jew , as durability. Levi had only very tough his diplomatic courier. Critical fi- tent canvas; he used copper rivets to strengthen pockets crammed with LEO ROSTEN , PH.D. , politic a l sc ienti s t , tools or nuggets. To his surprise, screenwrit er , humori st , is author of 31 books, miners poured into his shop, asking including Th e Joys of Yiddish , Treasury ofJ ewish for " them pants of Levi 's ." Quotations, Captain N ewman, M .D . a nd Th e Edu cation 0J'Hy111w1 Kap/an . Jewish pioneers scattered all over 1 54 �THE JEWS AMONG US the expanding nation and live on in dozens of American place names: towns like Castroville and Kaufman, Texas ; Solomonsville, Ariz.; Levy, Ark. ; Mayersville, Miss. A Jew named Sigmund Schlesinger was a famous Indian fighter and hero of the Battle of Beecher Island in Kansas. Philo Jacoby founded a Jewish newspaper in San Francisco, and became the champion rifle shot of the world. San Francisco's pioneers included the Fleishhackers, Koshlands , Schwabackers , Hellmans. In Cincinnati, the Freibergs , Fleischmanns and Friedlanders stamped the city with German-Jewish influences, as did the Baers and Stixes in St. Louis, and the Lazaruses in Columbus . Lovers of tantalizing trivia will relish the fact that one of the Old West's legendary figures , Wyatt Earp, is buried in the Jewish cemetery of Colma, Calif. Earp married Josephine ("Sadie") Marcus of San Francisco, an actress, after the famous shoot-out at the O.K. Corral, and the two spent the next 48 years prospecting for gold , gambling, and running saloons in Colorado , Texas , Mexico and Alaska. A Sacred Commandment. While American Jews prospered, Jews in Eastern Europe suffered. Pogroms, wholesale massacres organized by Czarist regimes, brutalized Russian Jews . In Germany and Austria, restrictions had forbidden Jews to own land, vote , enter colleges or professions, even to travel or marry freely . New waves of refugees fled to "golden" America and sent New York's Jewish population soaringfrom 500 in 1825 to 60,000 in 1880. In 1881 another explosion of pogroms in Poland and the Ukraine drove thousands more westward. At one point, 100,000 Jews a year were arriving on our shores. By 1930 one of four New Yorkers was Jewish. The newcomers had little in common with older Jewish settlers. Jews whose ancestors had come from Germany, Spain or Holland could not easily communicate with Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazim from Eastern Europe . Older settlers were now thoroughly acculturated , and they feared that the bearded , "medieval" refugees would offend American sensibilities and ignite anti-Semitism. Nonetheless , New York's Jews organized to help "our poor cousins. " A Jew does not "give" to "charity." (Indeed, there is no word for "charity" in Hebrew or Yiddish.) He fulfills a sacred commandment to care for his fellow mortals . Certainly one reason the newcomers succeeded was because the Jewish community was so energetic in caring for its people. New York's Jews helped immigrants get jobs , open stores, start businesses. German Jews supported free night schools that offered courses on citizenship, English , hygiene and medical care . The Ashkenazim also helped themselves. "The Jews had their own values," notes economist Thomas Sowell in Ethnic America. "And they took those values into and out of the slums." By religious precept, Jewish respect for the law and the closeness of Jewish family life set strong boundaries for moral behavior. Generally , the crime rate among Jews was low , and their children had lower truancy and juven- 157 �1HE JEWS AMONG US ile-delinquency rates than others. Jewish families were child-centered and moved heaven and earth to get their children a good education. Upon arriving in New York's slums, a Jewish mother would hasten to the public library, where she would hold up one, two, three fingers-the number of children for library cards . Returning from their first day at school, many Jewish youngsters would find cookies baked in the form of letters of the alphabet. Jewish immigrants planned to settle permanently; they did not want their children to suffer the poverty, terrors and humiliations they had known. And they became Americanized fast. Tyranny of Quotas. By the turn of the century, however, the paradoxes of America's competitive system produced social tensions and fanned old hatreds carried from Europe. Industry flourished , but depression and unemployment periodically recurred. The sheer speed of social change sparked blind hostilities: in the West against Chinese; in steel towns against Poles; in many places against Catholics . And now the Jews often encountered the dreadful bacillus of anti-Semitism. Housing covenants forbade the sale of homes to Jews in many places; "gentlemen's agreements" kept them out of banking, shipping, the better clubs. Many a country club sprouted such signs as: NO JEWS OR DOGS ALLOWED. In the early 1920s prestigious private universities attempted to limit Jewish enrollment. Many graduate schools discriminated against Jews. At the University of Chicago I was advised 158 by a friendly dean not to enter graduate work in English, history or philosophy: "Jews can't get teaching posts in those fields." I had begun to feel the lash of prejudice as a child in Chicago. Our neighborhood was periodically invaded by Irish or Polish hoodlums, who tore the beards of elders and smashed store windows. Frequently, I was taunted, chased or stoned. I was called a "kike," a "sheeny." World War I and the Great Depression fueled the fires of prejudice. Harshly restrictive immigration laws were passed in 1924. When Hitler came to power, Jews sought to flee to the United States, but a stringent quota system was in effect. In all the 1930s, only about 200 ,000 Jews got into the United States-but among them were people who transformed American science. A handful of refugees from NazismEinstein, Teller, von Neumann and Franck-led America into the nuclear age. The democratizing experience of an immense army and work force, united to fight racist dictators during World War II, made prejudice go out of favor. Racist theories, allegedly "scientific," were exposed as silly. The basic incompatibility of democracy with discrimination became indisputable. In the past 40 years, new Jewish immigration has shrunk to a trickle. Today there are about 5,700,000 Jews in the United States, around 2.5 percent of our population. Judaism in America is split into three branches: Orthodox (about a tenth), Conservative (about a third), Reform (about a quarter). But the connection of many to a synagogue �THE JEWS AMONG US or temple is so tenuous that perhaps 50 percent of American Jews are "secular." Only a small minority observe kosher laws. Roughly 35 percent of the Jews who get married today marry non-Jewish partners . "Jews have become more American than Jewish," says Rabbi Marc Tannenbaum of the American Jewish Committee. "And this has caused a great ambivalence. They want to be a part of the mainstream, but they also ask themselves what price they will pay for this in their survival as a people." Yet even the self-described agnostics or skeptics have a strong identification with Jewish history and values. Above all they feel the moral-ethical obligations of the Jewish tradition. The ethos of Judaism rests in part on the idea of study, which is sacred. Every synagogue had a "house of study" attached, open day and night for discussion and argument. Certainly the Jewish population has made spectacular contributions to human knowledge and welfare. More than 28 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans have been given to Jews. Jews today are also significantly "over-represented" in ·medicine, mathematics and law . Faith and Reason. Jewish talent is just as conspicuous in the arts. Playwrights include George Kaufman, Moss Hart, Ben Hecht, Lillian Hellman, Arthur Miller, Neil Simon. Music and musical comedy were transformed by George Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, Leon-, ard Bernstein, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein. With brilliant contributions by Jack Benny, George Burns, the Marx brothers, Woody Allen and Mel Brooks, the liberating lunacy of Jewish wit revolutionized American humor. Movies were pioneered by men named Zukor, Lasky, Mayer, Fox, Goldwyn, Warner, Selznick. But the vast majority of Jews in America are not intellectuals, scientists or artists. They are ordinary people, burdened by everyday problems . A favorite saying among Jews is, "Only in America." No more is said, because no more need be said. Human history has never before seen so astonishing a phenomenon as this nation's creative hodgepodge of races, religions, cultures, creeds . And since this "melting pot" does not entirely melt, what our republic has created is a politically open society in which variety can flower in unprecedented richness. The Americanization of the Jews, and their manifold contributions to our health and education, to our economic vitality and inventiveness, to all the sciences, art, entertainment, constitutes but one sparkling chapter in the story of American civilization. For information on reprints -'~c "' of this article, see page 235 ""··· .•. ,!.-',..._ <WHEN my son turned 16, he took his driver's test. Afterward, I asked him if he had been nervous. "I was while waiting to drive," he replied . "But once the examiner got in the car, I just pretended he was Dad and ignored him." -Contributed by Rose Marie Price 160 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1985-03-Jews-Among-Us-317 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosten, Leo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-03 Title A name given to the resource The Jews Among Us Description An account of the resource Second article from "The Peoples of America" series on the ethnic minorities of the United States of America. Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c56660a9eb8a7d887f15f336491eedf0.pdf f53b1917018691a2cc9335cc88ec4aa9 PDF Text Text Eight Area Residents Hailed In Holocaust Remembrance By Theresa D. McClellan Berendina Erlich, 62; was a young woman looking forward to marriage when she became involved in the Dutch resistance movement to help a Jewish co-worker living in the Hague. That was before her fiancee, Haans, was executed by the Gestapo for his resistance work. Erlich was among eight resisters from western Michigan honored Sunday by the state and the Men's Club of Congregation Ahavas Israel, 2727 Michigan St. NE, in commemoration of National Holocaust Remembrance Week. "My work was to get (phony identification) cards for my Jewish friends so they could move from different places," said Erlich, of 2610 Ramona St. SE "The Gestapo came to my parents' house every two to three weeks." Uke the other resisters, the slight greying woman credits her faith for keeping her active in tbe movement, despite the constant fear of being discovered. "I was terrible scared they would find out who I was, and as a young girl I was often disappointed in my Christian friends who had such little faith." Besides Erlich, others honored were Jan Dirkmaat, 181 Lantern Drive NW; Albert K. Flikkema, 1071 Village Lane, Jenison; Pieter N. and Adrianna Termaat, 1730 Westlane Drive NE; Johan Weerstra, Holland; Johannes Witte, 2216 Edgewood Ave. SE; and the late Marten Weestra, of Holland. The program also serves as a rebuttal to "revisionist historians" who claim the crimes against Jews during World War II never happened, said Professor Dwayne Cole of Grand Rapids Baptist College. "There are people out there who will believe what they want to · believe despite the facts. The horror is when our younger generations begin doubting this ever happened," said Cole. Witte remembered his Netherlands home as a land of freedom for everyone until "May 10, 1940 when the Germans entered our borders and forced our young people into the labor camps to be reeducated in the Nazi philosophy." The events of the Holocaust in which an estimated six million Jews were slaughtered are "bard to comprehend now, and were incomprehensible then," said Witte. "There were signs and rumors and even newspaper articles, but we could not comprehend such a thing." Even now it is difficult for Erlich and others to speak of the deaths without being visibly moved. "I just pray," said Erlich, "that we will never be subjected to that kind of horror, ever." Pieter N. Termaat Berendlna Erlich • This week's gathering in Washington, D.C., of an estimated 18,800 U.S. and Canadian survivors of Nazi death camps should serve as a reminder to the world that what happened during World War II can happen again, an !)rganizer says. Page SC. Johannes Witte � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1983-Ahavas-award-345 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McClellan, Theresa D. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Title A name given to the resource Eight Area Residents Hailed in Holocaust Remembrance Description An account of the resource Newspaper clipping about members of the Dutch resistance movement living in Grand Rapids. Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands -- Awards Dutch Americans Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/885d6b99abdaf591b2830fb3c9c7a767.pdf b23689c47b3cbcc5f5ecb0cd44c2c12b PDF Text Text Prins Bernhard heeft gisteren op paleis Soestdijk bij wijze van v e ~ uitgereikt gekregen. W. van Lanschot, voorzitter van het Nationaal Comi · ,·,·a,retsll;JS'ê~::kingskruizen, speldde hem de onderscheiding op tijdens een informe e ontTimJ:r.st. Soestdijk. Prins Bernhard was zichtbaar geëmotioneerd door de ondersciheidin.g prinses Juliana kon haar ontroering nauwelijks de baas. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1982-10-photo-of-Prince-Bernhard-receiving-Resistance-Remembrance-Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-10 Title A name given to the resource Prins geroerd bij ontvangst Verzetskruis Description An account of the resource Newspaper clipping about Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands bestowing the Resistance Rememberance Cross. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands -- Awards Dutch Americans Netherlands--Kings and rulers Bernhard Leopold World War, 1939-1945 -- Jews -- Rescue Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c1efe82d36b9ffd69eff6268176282c7.pdf 3a68089e728e38d2f8d05079aa7f2a7f PDF Text Text '!'lit.: WAStuNtil'UN POST By Thomas O'Toolc Soon after Dutch resistance fighter Teengs Gerritsen was put in the concentration camp at Natzweil~r by the Gestapo in 1943, he fell ill with pneumonia and was placed in a hospital with five members of the French Maquis who had just been caught by the SS. "One of them was already dead and two of the others had bullets in their lungs but they began to softly sing the 'Marseillaise' together," Gerritsen recalled recently at Washington's Army and Navy Club. "When the Gestapo guards heard them, they filled hypodermic needles with gasoline and injected and murdered · each one of the Frenchmen on the spot. I never got the injection and to' this day I don't know why. I would have liked to have met that Gestapo fellow after the war and ask him why he didn't inject me." Another time, Gerritsen said he hid himself in a toolshed when the concentration camp commandant ordered the prisoners to appear at roll call on Christmas Day. Gerritsen remembers that the commandant was drunk and picked out six prisoners to be hanged that night. "One of them was the man standing in my place," Gerritsen said. "They never noticed that I was missing and that is why I am alive today." Gerritsen, a legend in The Netherlands because of such stories, came to the United States to help. celebrate the 200th anniversary of Dutch-American friendship and to honor the members of the Dutch resistance and the U.S. Office of Strategic Services who lost their lives in Holland during World War II. Gerritsen wasn't the only Dutch resistance fighter to make the trip. Men with names like van den Heuvel, Hofmeester, Hergarden, Zeegers, ( Peijnenburg and van Lamichot also came and told their storiei1. Among the many listeners were Prince Bernhard, Dutch Amhasi1ador J.H. Lubbers and Central Intelligence Agency Director William J. Casey, who had been liaison chief between the OSS in London and the Dutch resistance during the war. Dutch resistance was stronger than most of the rest of occupied Europe. Three inonths after the war began, Queen Wilhelmina, from exile in London, ordered the Dutch to resist. More than · 10,000 Dutch resistance fighters were captured and killed by the Germans, fully half the Dutch resistance force. Gerritsen was caught in a scene that could have come right out of the movie "Casablanca." Two men wearing black leather overcoats showed up one day at his office in the Ministry of Import and Export, showed him their papers and took him off to prison. "Most of my friends were already there when I was brought into the prison," Ger~ ritsen said. "We had a traitor in our ranks. I suppose you can't avoid it." But one Dutchman who managed to avoid the Gestapo all through the war was Cees (pronounced Case) van den Heuvel, who was the intelligence chief for the Dutch resistance during the war. While Gerritsen worked in The Hague until he was caught, van den Heuvel did his job in Rotter• dam. "Rotterdam was the best place to be in Holland during the war because it was the most chaotic," van den Heuvel said. "The Hague was a company town like Washington where everybody was recognizable and Amsterdam was overrun with Gestapo because that's where they thought all the Dutch spies would be." Van den Heuvel escaped capture by changing his identity and disguis- ~" 1n.:-n ,, A 1 Thumlav, Oeleler 28, l98Z Visions of the ~ars of Danger Dutch Resistance Members Recall the Nightmare , ing himself. Only 25 when the war · Channel to Great Britain. "We soon discovered we couldn't began, van den Heuvel said he managed to look 40 by never being clean- start the boat's engine without its shaven, wearing old people's clothes distributor," van den Heuvel said. and his hair a little long, and walk- ''The 10 sailors who'd left the boat to ing stooped, with his coat collar up. go to lunch on shore had taken it "Nature helped me, too," he said. with them." To this day, van den Heuvel "I never had too much to eat and if you look thin you look older." thinks he's alive because the tied-up His job was estimating German sentry told his comrades he'd been military strength and movement in attacked by a squad of British comHolland. He had 600 agents scat- mandos. At least, that was the story tered across the country, watching that circulated through Rotterdam the roads and the railways. The all the next day. agents checked the repair shops Like van den Heuvel, Gerritsen where the Germans took their tanks had some good fortune. Captain of and trucks when they broke down. the Dutch ice hockey team before Among the agents were young the war, Gerritsen took his entire women who took advantage of Ger- team with him into the resistance. man soldiers drinking in the pubs. He decided to go to work for the Van den Heuvel discovered that Ministry of Import and Export, as any time a German soldier died, he . he put it, because there had to be a was buried in a local Dutch lot of good information there. Said graveyard with his rank, company, Gerritsen: "Only Germans came in battalion, regiment and army group and only Dutch goods went out. The marked ·on his cross. Into the Germans were so organized they put graveyards at night went van den lists out through the ministry of exHeuvel's agents, for fresh intelli- actly how many troops, how many gence on German troop movements. tanks and how much petrol they "That stopped when one of our brought into the country." couriers was arrested and his How did Gerritsen get that inforgraveyard report confiscated," van mation? He asked the director to den Heuvel said. "The next day, all give it to him. Gerritsen said the dithe German crosses were gone from rector told him: "Every Friday, I will the graveyards." leave the papers in my desk drawer, Van den Heuvel had his share of give you the key to my office and close calls. Once, he and four other drawer before I leave and you may resistance fighters stormed aboard a .come in and copy what you wish." German "schnell" boat at the enGerritsen and his hockey players trance to Rotterdam harbor, killed used to meet every Friday in a hotel one of the sentries left on board and bar across the street from what is tied up the other before preparing to now Holland's Disneyland. Charlie, run the boat across the English the barman, would see to it that the From left: Kees van den Heuvel, Teengs Gerritsen, Gerard Peijnenburg " 1 · & William Casey; by Lucian Perkins-The Washington Post , 1· bar would close down for an hour every Friday evening between 6 and 7 o'clpck. German officers frequented the bar but Gerritsen said that was an advantage. "It was good cover," he recalled. "The Gestapo would never check out a bar that German field officers drank in." It all ended when Gerritsen was arrested in May 1942 and locked up for five months in a tiger cage by himself. Twice transferred to Dutch prisons, he was finally sent the next year to the concentration camp at Natzweiler, which had the reputation of being the worst camp in occupied Europe. Gerritsen said that when he got there, 150 people a day were being murdered by the Gestapo guards. 1He was almost in tears as he told the story. "You have no idea, you have no idea of how they killed people there," he said. "People were being shot and hanged and killed by dogs. If you've ever seen a man with his hands and legs tied together and being killed by dQgs, it's the most horrible sight you can see." When the war ended, Gerritsen .· and van den Heuvel went to work for the Dutch Federal Bureau of'Investigation hunting down Dutchmen who collaborated with the Nazis and :1 Germans who served in Holland with the Gestapo. Gerritsen was· . questioning one former S.S. officer ·. . in a Dutch prison when he was told ' Hanns Rauter, the one-time German general who had been S.S. chief. in Holland during the war and who ..yas in the same prison, wanted to see him. . Rauter had saved Gerritsen's ~ife when he was first taken prisoner because Rauter had played in the 1936 Olympic Games for Germany and had met Gerritsen in Berlin where ' the games were played that year. . "He was a fearful bastard, 6-foot,6 and murderous," Gerritsen recalled. "Do you know what he said to me? He said, 'I'll tell you, Gerritsen, the only way to stop Germany · is ·to shoot us and disarm us for the rest of time. Germany will one day try to . win a war, they want someday to ·win , a war. That is what Germany is .all . about.'" · � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1982-10-28-Washington-Post-Years-of-Resistance-Danger Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource O'Toole, Thomas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-10-28 Title A name given to the resource Visions of the Years of Danger: Dutch Resistance Members Recall the Nightmare Description An account of the resource Article about the Dutch Resistance Movement in The Washington Post. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Washington Post Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Netherlands -- History -- German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d1ecb43447ccad26c2688bc5abcec9aa.pdf 5e6029ce27ca74b748addf883a14c390 PDF Text Text -, ·---..: ~ I - . . ' 1/' ,'t·J'~- • . . . ... ~ I ' Lau·a hina Wi,t h ~ohn Con.ne1:1. See Weekend With Flair, Page 1B J 1 '1 '• ' ..... : I , I l - Mids .. '10,JM Obits ...•.. 1OC People .... l4D Sports ....... 5C State ••.•..... 5A Thea ........• 5B T.V•••••• 10, 11 B W.eather ...3A ";.,91S1' YEAR, NUMBER I _____ _ L - ..!. - ~ ·- ~ · ~lJt82 TH~ GRANb RAPIDS PRESS rFRIDA¥, ~)~-~ ~ER 8, 19~2 ~.. --- I I ~~ ~ - . ~hursday Lottery 539 Thur~day Dally-4 '5 516 'Wltly Superplay 1 27 022 Card Game 4 •, J • The: G· r a: n d Ranids Press· · * . •• _ .. Bridge ...... 9B Classified 11 C Comics .•.... 6B Editorials 12A Flair .......... 1B Horoscope 8B Landers ..... 8B Metro ....... 1C 52 ,PAGES "Ir 25 CENTS -c. • -~ . -· ... -- ----- �--------------------.. -.- -,-. ....._-,........ ....----,--.~ --. -. - -- -,--·-- -- -- - .,.... - -- -·- t - - - - - -· - - - - - - - - - - . ' The Grand Rapids Press Metro /Sports ,and Classified Ads Friday, October 8, 1982 Seven From Area To Be Honored For Resistance Work in WWII By Elizabeth Slowik Peter and Adriana Termaat sat at the dining room table in their Northeast Side home, o,·erloolcing a wooden deck, a clutch of pine trees and autumn Dowers in the back yard. There is little in the well-kept home that points back to the Termaats' five years in the World War II Dutch resistance movement, when they risked their lives to become part of the underground railway to London and to recapture the freedom they lost to the Nazis. Married Just a year and with a newborn son when the Netherlands was invaded, the Termaats belonged to a resistance group known as , Trouw, which means faithful or loyal. They helped to find hiding places for Jews, Allied pilots who had been shot down and Dutch men escaping the forced labor of the German war machines. They hid some of them in their own home. "If we speak of it now, it affects · us deeply," said Peter Termaat, 68, a retired auditor and credit manager. "It's amazing, after all these years, it's still only skin deep." The Termaats are two of 38 former Dutch resistance workers now living in the United States who will receive Resistance Remembrance Cross medals today from the Nationaal Comite Verzetscherdenkin~kruis of the Netherlands. Seven West Michigan residents, the largest group from any one area of the nation, will receive the awards. Presenting the medals at a 5 p.m. ceremony at the home of Dutch Ambassador Y.H. Lubbers in Washington D.C. will be Prince Bernhard, husband of former Queen Juliana and father of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Some of the T·e rmaa\s' memorabilia of wartime. who said she once macfe underwear from a bedspread. Radios and newspapers were outlawed, travel was restricted and curfews imposed from 8 p.m. till 6 a.m. Telephone conversations were tapped by Nazis and their sympathizers. "It is so hard to imagine, I think, Also receiving the medals will be . for anyone living in this country," Berendina Roelofina Hendrika Er- added Weerstra, a 68-year-old relich andlohn Witte of Grand Rapids; tired real-estate broker. "Suppose John Dirkmaat of Comstock Park; you had a law in this country, that Albert Flikkema Sr. of Jenison; and you would have a minority group, John Weerstra of Holland. and any kind of help you extend to Termaat said he and his wife are this minority group would be punaccepting the award on behalf of ishable by death, without any pro many others. "There were so many cess, without any trial. How man people participating at our level, people would extend a helping hand even more at another level, cooper- in one way or another? Our freeating, hiding people. So many of us dom is worth the price." did not survive. The honors are givBerendina Erlich entered the en to the entire movement," he movement when she and her fiance said. tried to help a Jew with whom she The resistance operated in condi- worked in The Hague. tions that made it difficult just to "The Gestapo came right away to eat, the Termaats said. the home of my parents, in the midRation cards at one point limited dle of the night. They had very meals to 665 calories per day, so heavy material against me. I could housewives traveled to rural areas not be ·where I was living because to find food on farms. Clothes were they were hot on my trail," said the hard to find, according to Adriana, 62-year-old mother of two. Erlich went underground, using , false names, stolen identification cards, rarely staying in one place more than a few nights. She slept in her clothes, lest the Gestapo come after her at night. Her fiance and another leader of their group were executed. She was arrested while transporting false identification cards needed by downed pilots to slip out of the country - in an envelope slipped into her brassiere._ "I was terribly scared. If they found out who I was, it could have been the end of me," Erlich said. The Termaats' home was raided while they were hiding a 17-year-old Jewish boy. A Dutch woman spying for the Nazis betrayed them. Adriana Termaat sent the boy now a patent attorney in the Netherlands - into a hiding place and fabricated a story for her son, then three, so that be would not give away their secret. The Gestapo did not find the boy, but Peter Termaat went underground for his own safety. For all their dangerous efforts, the Dutch resistance could save Press Photos by HOYT E. CARRIER Ill Peter and Adriana Termaat of Grand Rapids, who are being honored for their work in the Dutch resistance movement in World War II. only 10 percent of the Netherlands' 150,000 Jews. · ' Last spring, the Termaats trav~ eled to Jordan, Israel, and Egypt. "It's still going on," Peter Termaat said. "Victory (in) Europe did not bring a final solution to peace. It's all temporary." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1982-10-08-GR-Press-Resistance-Remembrance-Cross Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Slowik, Elizabeth Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-10-08 Title A name given to the resource Seven From Area to be Honored for Resistance Work in WWII Description An account of the resource Article about Termaats' and others honors with the Resistance Remembrance Cross. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Grand Rapids Press Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands -- Awards Dutch Americans Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/822a6c8eada60ca96d6acab890ad5a65.pdf d3c63f2c86ddeddd8048c6c4e8a0cb49 PDF Text Text - THE LESSON OF ~BLIN On August 2, 1943, at one of the most infamous of all Nazi death camps, 600 victims staged a revolt that redefined heroism for this century TERRENCE DES PRES B ecause so many vzctims p erished th ere (three to four million), and because it was th e la rgest of th e Nazi concentration camps, , Auschwitz has become alm ost syno nymous with the H olocaust itself B ut whereas Ausch w itz served many purposes-it was a source of slave labor and a transit camp as well-th e smaller "killing cent ers" now seem in a more naked and brazen way the pure apotheosis of evil. For in Sobzbor, B elzec, M aidanek , Chelmno, and especially in T reblinka, th e entire existence of these places was designed/ or, and dedicated to , death for death 's salre . Wh en mass extermination of the J ews began in Treblinka on J uly 23 , 1942, the Na zis jneserved the lives of some prisoners to do the actual work of "jJro cessing " the oth ers. But on August 2, 1943, against incalculable odds, th ese ajJproximately 600 "work J ews" armed themselves with stolen weapons, attack ed th e guards, burn ed down th e camjJ, and fl ed into th e nearby Polish f orests . T he Germans, to hide th eir cnm e, leveled w hat remain ed of th e camjJ. 1h e Ukranian farm er who I/lo ved zn was instructed to say th at h e an d his family had lived th ere always. Of the 200 J ews who lived through the revolt, a.few more than 40 survived th e war. Th ey claim that, at the very least, 800,000 men , women, and children died in Treblinka. But Franciszek Z abecki, w ho was tra(jic superviso r at th e Treblin ka railroad station and also a member of the Polish underground, ihinks dUJerently . Th e methodical Germans ha-d marked numbers on th e outside o.f arriving cattle cars to indicate how ma ny victims each car contained. B y keeping a record of these numbers, Zabecki was able to tell Gitta Seren y , autho r oflnt o That Darkn ess , " Th e number of peojJle kllled in Treblinka was 1,200,-000, and th ere is no doubt a/Jo u/ it w hatever." 'l'/11' 1w111h!'r.1 rl,,/)(Jli' is / )()mtl1•.1.1 . G1·11" ci1!1' is !.lit• 1.1.1111' onrl wh o/ UJ(' 11cerl lo lmuw is 1/() u, it lir1/1/Jl'lll'lf-th e story of 'f'reblm lw and how the uictilll .1· tlu:111.1·el1Je.1 reuo ft eri. '/ he testzm ony of th e suruiuorsfonns th e basis of Treb linka, by J ean -Frnnc;ois Stein er. Treblinka was originally published in Fran ce in 7966; it ap p eared in this coun try in 7967 but has been ou t of pnnt for five years. This month , it is bezng rep ublished by N ew Amerzcan L ibra1·y. Th e following article by T en ence Des Pres, author of The Survivor: An Ana tom y of Life in the Dea th Camps, was written as a new introduction to th e book. T h e particul a rs of the H olocaust are end less. Blunt shove ls as a preferred method for hacking prisoners to dea th. C hildren dumped into living ditches of fl a me. Medical expe rim ents. L a mpsh ades . So perverse a re such detai ls th at simply to mention them seems shameful. Sta tisti ca lly the Holocaus t is less imm edi ately sickenin g because less sharply seeab le; but here, too , rea lity ta kes on a fee ling of unreality which terrifi es . Extermination of m ore than 11 ,000., 000 people in 11ve years, at leas t 6,000 ,000 of th em J ews, 1,000 ,000 of them children. D eath camps so effi cient that 20 ,000 human beings cou ld be ''processed" -turn ed from fl es h to smoke-each day. Th e boast of Treblinka was " from door to door in 45 minutes ," from open ing th e cattle ca rs to slamming shut th e gas cha mbers . As a n itemi za tion of ev il truly demoni c, the record of th e H oloca ust g0es on a nd on , nor ca n we sum its mean ing, nor does it cease to hau nt us deeply . At Ya le U ni ve rsity in th e ea rly 1960s, for exampl e, socia l psychologist Sta nl ey M ilgram performed his famous "o bedience experiments" to determin e at w h a t point a person would r es ist "officia l" directi ves a nd refuse to continue in a process of obvious cruelty. The resu lts were un ex pected . Two-thirds of iv1ilgram's voluntee r participa nts (people of di verse ages a nd jobs) did exactly as they w ere told : und er the guise of a " learning Lest" th ey followed th e in stru ctions of a ma n dressed as a "scienlist" a nd appli ed high er a nd hi gher ch arges of electri ca l shock to "subjects " who were fa iling to " lea rn " properly . This process went on , in some cases, until the "s ubjects" a ppeared to be h av in g heart a ttacks . Th e whole thing was faked, including the electri ca l cha rges, but th e volunteers , who were the real subj ec ts, did not know this.* On e of 1hc pcnili ;1ri1ics nl' 1hc experiment was th ;11. 111 ;111 y v11lu11tccrs lcnd cd lo su ffer increasin g ly l'rolll stress as th e vo lta ge appea red to be in creasing, yet the y were un a ble to stop. In some cases they bega n to la ugh h ys terica ll y, la u ghter so pain ed a nd j agged th at *The "s ubjects," who were trained acto rs, were st ra pped into cha irs, a n electrode a ttached lo each wrist. The volunteers read a loud li sts of sim ple word pairs w hi ch th e subjects were required to remember a nd repeat on dema nd . Wh en the su bjects did not a nswe r proper ly, the scienti sts , or a uthority figur es, ordered the volunteers to adm ini ster shocks up to 450 volts, Milgram concluded th a t " rela ti vely few people have the reso urces to resist a uthority ," even when they believe their obed ience is producing evil. Copyright © 1979 New Ameri can Library Qi @4 g a a C JUNE a 4 .. , 15 �Their aim? To bear witness. To rise up and fight against impossible odds so that at least one person among them would survive to tell the world. thus, by some mad logic, remain pure and remote from their own evil. The great killing centers were six: AuschwitzBirkenau, M a idanek , Ghelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka , all of them named for rural villages near which , in the occupied territories of Eastern Europe, they were built. A camp like Auschwitz murdered very large numbers of human beings daily , but it also served as an administrative center for the camp system as a whole a nd likewise as a source of slave labor for industries producing war materiel. Other camps, Treblinka in particular, were designed for one thing on ly: to kill as many peop le as possibl e, as fast as poss ible. These cam ps, often referred to as "death fa ctories ," embody a principle I would call demonic rather than merely in sane, for insanity has neither . firm structure nor a steady goal. What went on in the killing ce nters was highly organized, and the goal was very definite indeed: routines were established; different methods of killing were experimented with; solid bureaucratic systems implemented the extermination process at every stage of its operation; and large numbers of men an d women went daily a bout their jobs fully awa re th at the ent ire a im of this gigantic underta king was murder , that the main and final produ ct of this modern ized fa ctory system was dea th . The dedi cation of life's energi es to the production of death is a demoni c principle of the first degree. Concomitant with it is a second , similar principle, na mely, that unlike any example of genocide I can think of from the thi ck history of mankind's inhum a nity- the slaughter of the American Indians 5 for exampl e, or the decim a tion of cities that dared to resist this or th a t "world co nqueror" (as Genghis Khan liked t.o ca ll hiin se lf)- t he destruction of the European Jews had no ra tion a l moti ve whatsoever, neither politics nor plunder, neither military strategy nor the moment 's blind expediency. The demonic irrationality of this policy becomes all th e more apparent when we observe th a t if the killing ce nters were geographically remote, they were neverth eless connected by a massive railway system th a t shipped "cargo" mar ked "s pecial treatment" from al l corners of Europe , as far east as Greece. This geographic "swee p" involved the crossing of many national borders a nd is again a n indication of the apocalyptic dimension of the Holocaust. For here, too , the point was not to get rid of this or that group, this or that popul at ion which had come into pol itica l or tact ical disfavor , but to re,1ch as far across the earth as poss ibl e in order th ;1t death , for the Jews , mi g ht be abso lut e. The frenzy ;ind obsessiveness of this drive m ay be gauged from the fac t th at during the last days of the war , when Hitler 's Reich was clearly collapsing a nd every soldier and every piece of a rtillery was desperately needed to defend what was left of the homeland , trains that mi ght have been used to transport troops and war supplies were in stead·, and without objection, employed to ship the last large community of Jews - those of Hungary-to Auschwitz. the soul itself seemed torn. But the worst and most revealing part of their experiment cam e later, when they were inform ed of the ro le they had innocently played. Disturbed by what they ha d don e, some felt compelled to judge the·mselves and they did it in term s of the Holocaust. They suddenly saw themselves as men and women who could indeed behave as Hitler's SS troops behaved-only following orders to be sure, but fol lowing orders nonetheless. And a lthough it is ludicrous to compare a clini cal experiment a t Ya le with events in the death camps, the fact that we do m a ke such spontaneous connections reveals a central truth of our time. At some unconscious level, the image of the Holocaust is with us-a memory that haunts, a sound in g boa.r d for all subsequent evil. For the vict im s of the Holocaust I cannot speak. Th eir ago ny, wh ich to this day is visible in the millions of scratches made by fingernails on the ceilings of th e gas cha mbers , is theirs with a finality none of the li ving ca n know . But for us who dwell in its aftermath, th e most awful thing about the Holocau st is simply that it happened. h entered the world not of fantasy or science Gction but of fact , of history , the world that is real a nd present a nd ours. And judging from things like the Milgra m experiments , from the perpetual fascination with Hitler a nd the Nazis , from the sudden eruption of interest in the Holoca ust itself, its prese nce in memory has not only lasted but-40 years after the event-has grown in force and authority. Simply as a fact and as a precedent , it mocks our desire to affirm life' s goodness and undermines our hope th a t never again will huma n beings gather in such vas t and well-ordered numbers to commit mass murder. It sta nds as proof of the hum an potential for ra di ca l evil a nd therefore also as a prophecy of our possib le future . Which is to say th a t after the Holoca ust , we know, we know full we ll , that life ·can be governed by death . T he first N azi camps, which were set up soon after Hitl er came to power in 1933, were d esig ned as places of dete ntion a nd as training g rounds for the SS. Dachau and Buchenwald were among the most notoriou s, and , although we cannot forget that thou sa nds of people peri shed in these places , we shou ld alsn keep in m ind th at ca mps of this kind were not intended or equipped to be instrum ents of genocide , nor were Jews their only victims. After the outbreak of the war, however , a nd as the N azi po li cy of mass extermination took shape w ith the Jews as primary target, the major " killing centers ," as they came to be called, began to operate. And all of them were located outside the Reich itse lf-as if in this way the Germans co uld indulge in atrocity without tainting German soil a nd JUNE . - . . ,.,,_ 17 ~ - . -~ ..... - ' �Th e H oloca ust is an unpar a ll eled exa mple of power run wild , whi ch is to sa y th a t once evil on this scale pi cks up enough momentum , once it esta bli shes itself in a system of fun ctioning structures, it ca nnota fter a ce rta in cru cia l point - be stopped by any counterforce within itself. Th e worst thing th a t can be said of vas t power is not tha t it in evita bly co rrupts its agents , but th a t a fter som e point its depl oy ment becom es grea ter th a n th e w ill of th e m en wh o serve it. Wh at ca n be d es troyed , will be destroyed , a lesson the H olocaust confirms a nd which w e, with our B- 52s a nd nuclea r subma rines, our ta lk of " death yi elds" a nd " ove rkill ," might wi sh to remember. l "l Th en we think of the N az i camps (of whi ch , by I VV the w ay , there w ere hundreds) , w e tend to think of the m ost notoriou s exa mples , Auschwi tz in par ti cula r , a nd furth er to think in terms of a few compelling images . In th e mind 's fea rful eye, we see long lin es of men a nd women digging th eir own graves. We see Dr. M engel e, immacul a te in his SS uniform , sta nding before endless column s of peopl e on a r ail way ra mp, sl owly moving a single fin ger of hi s g loved ha nd to th e rig ht (d eat h) , to the left (tempora ry life). W e rem ember , from frag m ents of docum enta ry film , open ove ns full of as h a nd bone a nd , perh a ps most per sisten tly, th e giga nti c pil es of the dead being bulldozed into pits . All of this is true , of co urse , bu t such im ages ar e themselves so overwh elming, so fin a l in their a utonom ous horror , th a t the mind stops, defea ted in its effort to comprehend . The dra m a ti c na ture of th e H oloca ust, th a t is to say, a nd es pecia ll y wh en it becomes ma nifest thro ug h iso la ted images, obscures one of its most importa nt as pects. F or th e co ncent rat ion ca mps w ere not only fac tori es of dea th , they were w orlds in whi ch m a ny thousands of m en and women lived, th eir ra nks co ntin ua lly depl eted by dea th from sta rva ti on , from bea ting, from r a ndom killing, from sickn ess a nd exh a usti on , a nd sometimes from shee r suffocation in horror , bu t ra nks imm ediate ly r efill ed with oth er pri so ners w ho th en w ent on with the wo rk o f runnin g th e ca mp , la boring in the fa ctories , sorting the tons a nd tons of clothing a nd utensil s left behind by the victim s. The dea th ca mps we re a world unto themse lves , a nd the wor st thing a bout exi sten ce in such a pl ace, a pa rt from th e filth a nd pa in a nd consta nt da nger , was th a t those pri so ners wh o ha d been "chose n ," who had bee n sent to a wo rk deta il ra th er th a n th e gas cha mber , stayed a li ve onl y by in volvem ent in th e process of killing. Wh en we try lo im ag in e such a wo rld , three qu esti ons of furi ous signifi ca nce a ri se: I low did th e inm a tes of th e dea th ca mps stay a li ve a t a ll ' Wh a t did li vin g und er such co nditi ons do to th eir so ul s, th eir sense of th em se lves as hum a n beings' And w h y did th ey go on w ith th eir horrid wo rk w hen , as survivo rs tell us, it was so mu ch eas ier lo die a nd th e tempta tion to slip into pe rm a nen t ob li vion or deli berately ge t oneself kill ed w a s infinitely m ore a ppealing th a n the w ave ring will to go on ' 18 QUEST /79 C hi ef a mon g th e virtues of J ean-Fra n c;oi s Stein er's T reblinka is that it a nsw ers th ese ques ti ons. N ot in their enti re ty , perh a ps, nor to ever yo ne 's sa ti sfacti on, bu t w ith a degree of passiona te a ttention that provides a n overa ll pi ct ure of th e death camp as a world of its own . !vlore th a n th a t, however, from a mid such da rkness T reblinka p roj ects a n im age of hum a n streng th a nd hum a n goodn ess so fra il ye t stu bbornl y persistent , so ravaged a nd mutil a ted yet rebelli ous again st its own defea t, its own extin cti on , th a t th e H olocaus t itself begins to loo k different wh en the story of this camp beco mes known . Th ere a re ma n y studies of the conce ntra tion camp system (Euge n Kogon 's T he T heory and Practice of H ell is es pecia ll y in st ru cti ve), m a ny m a ps a nd sta ti sti cs , a ll of them va lu a ble. There a re a lso ma ny excellent , indeed in va lu a bl e, acco unts by survivors themselves, persona l ac ts of bearing w itness th a t a llow us to see , if onl y na rrowl y a nd in fragm ents, wh a t survivo rs them selves sa w a nd experi enced. But , so fa r as I know, exce pt fo r J ea n-Fra nc;•- is Ste_iner 's T reblinka there exi sts no story , p resent ed from th e inside, of the orig in , th e busin ess-as- usua l, a nd th e fin a l dem ise of a m aj or dea th ca m p. By "s tory" I mean ex act ly wha t Ari stotl e m ea nt : a hum a n ac ti on throu gh whi ch the age nts th emselves are d efin ed , a n ac tion with a beginning, a middl e , a nd a n end , w ith a ll its pa rts-i~ thi s case a ll th ose free-Fl oa ting im ages th a t ha unt ussubordin ated to a w holeness th a t g ives th e de ta il s a t least some degree of perspecti ve a nd mea ning. Stein er ma nages to reco nstruct the rea lity of one of th e p rin cipal killing ce nters by giving us th e story of the men w ho b uil t it , th e men wh o ra n it , th e m en a nd women who dest royed it. H e did thi s by perso na ll y interview in g a ll th e survivors he was a bl e to find or wh o wo uld permit th emselves lo be fo und -a di stin cti on I ma ke only to suggest th e diffi cult y of Stein er 's und erta king, sin ce to thi s day th ere is un ce rta inty abo u t th e p recise nu m ber of peop le w ho ca me ou t of T reb linka. Th e num ber is somew here aro und 40. Fo rt y out of th e 1,000 ,000 inm ates. Fo rt y out of th e 600 w ho revo lted . The number is pitiful , ye t w ithout thi s tin y remn a nt th e fac ts abo ut T re blink a would never be know n . Th e whole thing would neve r have happe ned . Wh ere th er e is no story, th ere is no rea lity. This meth od has its dra w.bac ks a nd , sin ce it s publica ti on in Fra nce in 1966, T rehlin lw has rema in ed co nt ro versial. Bcc;iu sc tellin g th e stor y from in sid e rc4uircs noveli sti c techni q ues , St ein er free ly portrays d1 ;1racte rs, rcconstit ut cs co11 ve rs;1tion s, a nd (ill s in mi ss in g dc1;1il s in o rcln to co n vey the csse nti ;il s pirit o f th e events on w hi ch th e sto ry depe nd s. I le a lso sulist itu les fi cti ona l na m es lo pro tect the na m es of su rv ivors (th e na mes of th e kill ers a re not cha nged), a nd th ere has bee n hea ted deba te ove r parti cul a r cha racte ri za ti ons. But th ese a re not, I fee l, se riou s obj ecti ons so long as th e st ru ct u re of the story as a w hole re(Da in s tru e to know n facts. And in thi s respect, 'T reblinka is as cl ose to th e fac ts as we a re lik ely to com e. A more vigorou s criti cism has been S tein er's insistent th eme l �of J ewi sh passi vity in the face of impending disaster. But aga in , the centra l event whi ch sets the story of T reblinka a part a nd m a kes the book spe_cia l-the eventu a l revolt of th e p ri soners a nd .the destruction of the ca mp- tempers if not boldl y contradi cts the theme of in action . N ew inform a ti on has com e to ligh t sin ce T reblin ka w as publi shed , but none of it di scredi ts or se ri ously qu a lifi es th e stor y Stein er has give n u s. The possibl e exce ption is S teiner 's depi ction of the m eti culous care w ith w hi ch the " techni cia ns," as he ca ll s th em , went abo ut perfecting th eir infern a l m ac hin e. The arc hitects of th e death camps a ppear as m as ter pl a nners w ho, exce pt for th eir mi sjudgm ent of the J ewi sh will to resist, r a n th e camps with a techni ca l expertise a t once detac hed , controll ed , a nd precise. T o some extent thi s was tru e, a nd Stein er uses hi s portra it of th e " techni cia ns" to give us a se nse of th e deliberate ness, th e fa mous Germ a n at tention to order a nd efficiency w ith whi ch the higher offi cia ls- men not th em sel ves directl y in volved in th e d ay- to-day m adness-oversaw th e opera ti on as a w hole. W e now kn ow , how ever, th a t a gr ea t deal of sloppiness, of tria l a nd error, a nd a lso mu ch heavy d r inking undermin ed th e powe r of these na m eless m en wh o we re once thoug ht to be so full y in comm a nd . Th e most va lu a bl e ev id ence com es from Gitta Ser eny 's se ri es of in terviews w ith F ra nz Sta ngl, w ho had bee n th e comm a nd a nt of Treblink a a t th e tim e of th e re volt. H av ing Aed to Brazil by way of th e so-ca ll ed " V a tica n E sca pe R ou te ," Stangl was extradited in 1967 (th e year a ft er Treblinka ap peared ) a nd sen tenced to life im p ri sonm ent in Du sseldorfR em a nd Pri son . During th e las t days of hi s life he ag r eed to ta lk w ith Sereny, and Into That D arkn ess, the record of th ei r encounter, revea ls a m a n for whom fear a nd bew ilderment had a lways been s pr ings of behav ior . Intelli gent a nd in so me ways ge n u in ely hum a ne but neve r sure of him se lf, S ta ngl was a man w ho was onl y, a nd oft en with mu ch hesita ti on , doing hi s job as a dmini stra to r- a _job w hi ch in volved pa perwo rk more th a n ac tion but w hi ch a lso, in S ta ngl's case , required a la rge g lass of bra nd y so tha t slee p might com e after th e stench a nd outcry of a ty pi cal da y in Treblinka . I T The stages through which the prisoners passed on their way to open revolt can be seen as a regeneration of spirit amounting a lmost literally to resurrection. her e a re, as I have indi ca ted , sca tte red acco unt s of surviva l in T reb link a. But onl y in S tein er 's boo k do we get th e stor y of th e ca mp fro m its beg innings in th e su111111 er of 1942 to it s a brupt end on Au g ust 2, 1943. And wh;1t m;ik es thi s story importa nt is ;i hovc a ll it s endin g. So n ea tl y docs our ha bit o!' bl a ming victim s mes h w ith th e idea that th e J ews "we nt to their dea th lik e shee p" tha t ev id ence to the cont ra ry goes unnoti ced . Bruno Bette lh eim , himse lf a n "ea rl y" survivor of Bu chen wa ld and surely not a sheep , has co ntribu ted more tha n a n yo ne else to thi s mi sta ken noti on by in sisting th a t ca m p pri son ers could not "see th emselves as full y a dult pe rsons," th at th ey fell into an "a non ymous m ass" a nd be haved lik e " in competent children ." S uch p rocla ma tions ignore J UNE 19 �th e ca refull y ca lcul a ted , full y a dult tac ti cs th a t, ever ywhere in th c· concc ntra ti o n ca mps, th e pri so ne rs u sed to cre;1tc und e rgro und o rga ni za tion s a nd ne two rk s of res istance , thu s sav in g th ou sa nd s of lives. Ce rt ;1inl y th e 13 ette lh c im th esis does no t acco unt fo r th e s m a ll revolts w ithin va ri o u s ca mps, a ll of th em doom ed fro m th e sta rt , not to m e ntio n th e W a rsaw G h etto upri sin g, th e des tru ction of Sobibor , or th e hope less r evo lt of th e Au sch w it z Sondercn mmando , w hi ch was ab le, be fo re ba tta li o ns of SS troo ps m ac hin e-g unn ed th em down , to bl ow u p o ne of th e m a in crem a to ri a . Th e stor y of Tre blink a not onl y di sc redits th e "s hee p " th eo r y, it in stru cts u s a new in th e ca pacity of th e hum a n s pirit to e ndure. 1'v1 en a nd wom e n brut a lized beyo nd hum a n recogniti on , ho pe less as we sha ll never be ho pe less, a nd with a bso lutely no h elp or en co urage m ent from o utsid e fo rces- th ese peo pl e w e re neverth e less ab le to rega in a sen se of th eir own worth as hum a n be in gs, o rga ni ze a sys tem of underg round res ista nce, suffer setback a ft e r se tback as me mbe rs we re kill ed , secure a rm s und e r very ti g ht su rveill a nce, a nd th e n m ove togeth e r , w ith o ne spiri t a nd o ne a im , to su ccess full y shoot down th eir ca pto rs a nd blow up th e ca mp . Th e ir a im ::' Th e " mi ss io n " th a t ca rri ed them throu g h month s a nd m o nth s of des pa ir in a project tha t from th e beginnin g seem ed in sa ne? T o bea r witn ess. To rise up a nd fi g ht aga in st im poss ibl e odd s so th a t o ne-a t leas t o ne pe rso n a m o ng th e m -wo uld survive in a bsolute o bliga ti on to te ll th e w o rld wh a t th e n a m e " Tre blinka" ha d com e to sig nify . · C o nsid e r th e cos t, the m ora l d a m age, of such a n u nd ert a kin g. /\ su ccessful ba ttl e could ta ke pl ace onl y throu g h th e co ll ecti ve act io n of pri so ne rs w ho ha d stayed a li ve lo ng eno ug h to orga ni ze th em se lves in to ri go ro us fi g hting units. You ca nnot wage w a r w ithout pl a nnin g , w ith out lea ders, wi th out a strik e for ce di vid ed into specia li zed squ a ds, each w ith its _a ppoin ted tas k. But a n y su ch o rga ni zati on , es p ecia ll y if it mu st sta rt from nothin g, ta kes tim e , a nd tim e in Treblinka mea nt o ne thing onl y: surviva l. Pri soners sta yed a li ve by killing others so th a t th e killin g it self rn uld be sto pped a nd th e crime be m a de kn ow n . Th e logic of thi s p redi ca m e nt w as as te rribl e as th e pl ace itself, a n in to le ra bl e to rm ent som e how to be bo rn e if life and res ista nce we re to support each oth e r. G ivc n th e cxtrc mit y of th e ir initi a l dcg ra d a t io n , the stages throu g h w hi ch the pri so ne rs passed o n the ir way lo open revol t ca n he see n as a rege ne rat ion of spirit ;1111ounting almost lite ra lly to res urrection . Th e first st;1gc of revo lt , th e first hum a nl y pos iti ve an in thi s de rnoni c;1ll y perver ted world , was sui cid e. i\t so m e point , pri son e rs bega n to see th a t by ta kin g th e ir own li ves th ey co uld th e reby say No lo Treblink a, a nd durin g th e ea rl y m onth s th e re w e re m a n y su icides each ni g ht. But th e n the second s tage asse rt ed itse lf. /\s pri son ers bega n to kno w a nd tru st each o th er , esca pe beca me poss ibl e. Tra in s loaded w ith th e clo thing a nd possess ion s of th e dead we re co ntinu a ll y lea ving th e ca mp , a nd , with th e coo rdin a ted he lp of I 20 QUEST/ 79 co mra des, a p r iso ne r could co ncea l him se lf in a loa ded boxca r . Or , aga in w ith th e h elp of o th e rs, a p ri so ner co uld m a ke hi s way to the o pen dit ches wh ere th e dead we re pil ed a nd , lying th e re as if dead , a w a it ni g htfa ll to craw l from th e g rave, slip und er th e w ire (not e lect rified as in Au schwitz), a nd brea k for th e for es t. So m e a tte mpts fa il ed , o th ers su cceeded , a nd t heir su ccess tell s us two thin gs. P eop le o utsid e th e ca mp ce rta inl y did kn ow w hat was go ing o n in sid e. But a lso, in thi s seco nd ph ;1se of defi a nce . small unit s of coopera ti on beca m e es ta bli shed a m o ng the pri so ne rs. w hi ch not o nl y ge ne ra ted a reb irth of hope but sta rted th e process of tru st a nd coll ective orga ni za ti o n w itho ut whi ch th e third a nd fin a l stage could neve r have occurred . i\nd just as esca pe rul ed o ut sui cid e, th e stage of a rm ed revo lt rul ed ou t esca pe. Wh ere th e help of eve r yo n e w as needed , sui cid e and esca pe beca me person a l lu x uri es. To burn down th e camp a nd release pri so ner s in numbers la rge e noug h to in sure th e sur viva l of ;tt leas t a few, no thing less th a n a n absolu te comm u nit y of ~tru gg le, tra nscending per o na l ho pe, beca m e th e o ne w ay to victory. And hence th e va lu e of Freblinka , its hi storica l impo rt as a slory . Th ro ug h tim e a de finite sequ ence of ac ti o n g rew a nd asse rted it se lf, culmin a tin g in o ne of th e m os t unlik e ly triumph s in the hi sto r y of hum a n stru ggle. And with th e sto r y com es a new definition of h ero ism . F o r if, in thi s age of to ta lit a ri a n gove rnm ent a nd m ass murd e r , we a re tcrs pca k of h eroi sm a l a ll , it m a kes sense on ly in te rm s of co ll ecti ve ac ti on deli bera te ly a nd oft en ho peless ly pitt ed aga in st e normous stru ctures of ev il. I t ca nn o t be fr a m ed in te rm s of the old he roi c ethi c, w h ere in th e indi vidu a l, as a n indi vidu a l, de fi es powe r a nd w illin gly di es fo r a g lo ri ous ca use . The re is no g lo r y a nd , in a w o rld w he re death rul es, d ying fo r a n ything at a ll becom es stu pid , becom es a bdi ca ti o n . V e ry few of th e pa rti cipa n ts in th e Treblinka revo lt survived , but w ha t th ey foug ht fo r was life. W e li ve in da rk tim es a nd th e sto r y of Tre blinb is wo rth kn ow ing . It is w o rth holding to w ith a ll th e soul 's streng th . It is, th at is to say, a n exa mpl e of w ha t a ha ndful of hum a n be ings can do, of s piritu a l da m age susta in ed without ca pitul a tion , a nd lik ew ise of a bsolut e power w hi ch tu rn s o ut to he less tha n a bso lute. i\ nd it re mind s us, les t we o ve rlook a s ig nifi ca nt fan, that in th e Mil g ra m ohccli e ncc ex pe rim ents, w hi ch I m e ntion ed ea rli er , if two-third s of t he voluntee rs did as th ey we re o rdered , o ne-third did no l. Th e st ru ctu res of ev il g ro w m o re sop hi stica ted , m ore finel y tuned a nd orga ni zed . Th ey proli f'c r;ttc a nd int e rl ock and a id c;1ch o th e r and cove r th e pl ;1tH'l a nd beg in , lik e th e I l o loca ust, to a ppea r overw he lming. Wh en gove rnm ent s ac ross th e face of th e ea rth , no t ex cluding o ur ow n , a re p re pa red to sac rifi ce po pul at io ns a nd s hoo t clow n protest in a n y form , w hen da rkn ess begin s to see m to ta l, proo f to th e co ntra r y beco m es in va lu a bl e. Wh a t hap pened at Trebl ink a is proof lo th e contra r y, a nd on su ch ha rd ra re p roof o ur hum a nness de pe nds. ~ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1979-The-Lesson-of-Treblinka-335 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Des Pres, Terrence Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource The Lessons of Treblinka Description An account of the resource Photocopied magazine article. New American Library. Subject The topic of the resource Treblinka (Concentration camp) World War, 1939-1945 -- Atrocities World War, 1939-1945 -- Prisoners and prisons, German Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9e06e37ee73bef361d8bbca2d90c732e.pdf f338541d3c7e8c18f98ba50c29578a10 PDF Text Text ,,, l • ·' Nixon Found a Close ·Friend ·in Hom.anian _Nazi United Feature Syndica te • _,_, ANOTHER BLACK chapter in Richard Nixon's history has been hidden in secret government files for ~~ nearly three decades. As a California senator in 1951, Nixon eagerly assist" ed one of Europe's most notorious and wealthy Nazi collaborators to rel main in the United States and keep . the Midas-like fortune he had reaped · · from the suffering of his persecuted countrymen during World War 11. The mysterious Nazi was a fabulously rich Romanian industrialist named Nicolae Malaxa, whose farflung financial empire provided tanks and guns tc the vicious Iron Guard, noted for its zealotry in perse., cuting the Jews and maintaining Hit7 Ier's reign of terror in Romania. Malaxa was a Howard Hughes-like business wizard whose character included equal parts of amoral ruthlessness and unbridled Just for money. He fled to the United States in September 1946 and remained here until his death in New Jersey in 1965. His real-li fe adventures In the United States were more bizarre than any fictional account. This column followed Malaxa's double-dealing, including his ties . with Nixon, from the · moment the Nazi sympathizer first alighted on l ·u.s. soil. Now the shameful history of Malaxa'i, collaboration with top American officials has been fully documented in recently declassified files obtained by Sen. Max Baucus, DMont., who is investigating Nazi ac_tivities in the United States. Malaxa's fiight to America was dis• •honorably aiped by a host of highranking U.S. government officials, diplomats and Wall Street lawyers, many of whom actually went to work for Malaxa, although they knew about his · fascist, money-grubbing background. To their shame, -immigration bosses schemed to allow Malaxa to stay in the United States, ·even after < }· I · -.after visiting Canada, Nixon .tobbiec · hard for Malaxa's cause. 1: Pennis.sion was initially ptt>pe_rl) denied, but Malaxa won an appeal and the favorable decision was af• •firmed by then-Attorney General Wil• . Uam •Rogers, .another Ni_xon 1rieild. . . ,curiously, after Malaxa . got'>,- back being briefed by th~ CIA on his unsa- . through the border, .•plans "Jor.' ~e vory background, according to these- ,plant slowly faded into obUVion. _ · cret files. · · ' . ~he late FBI chief J:.Edgar Hoover In one confidential memo, .then- ,and ·othet' intelligence bosses :were CIA Assistant Director Lyman Kirk- -: also - aware- of Ma:Iaxa's unsavory patrick told Immigration executive past, but took no action against him. W.W. Wiggins tha~ "(Malaxa) ls con- · .. An Internal Revenue Service insidered entirely ,pnscrupulous • · · a. vestigation disclosed that Mala,pi had ,dangerous type of man ,1rom the given fancy Cadillacs to as many ,as standpoint of ~Ing an op.~~nent of a ,; ,. '56 'influe·ntial people, ,1ncluclirig th~ truly democratic regime .JD R~ma- , , ,wife of,one leading Washington ,offinia. · cial,. puring the days when some of The CIA further divulged that Ma- the same "red baiting" ~polltic~ans. laxa gained his own ends "through were publicly pillori~ State J)epartbrlbery" and "ls positlv~ly known to merit clerks and movie stars for ~eir have thrown his support _a t on~ .time alleged Communist c:~nnections. : or another, to the warious totalitarian · · In the end Malaxa's' blood-tairtted regif!les" which ruled oppr~d Ro- _. golden hoard spoke -iouder ~:.the mama. , •few olficials protesttng the notonous Malaxa found American greed as Nazi's presence in a country where hospitable as the Nazis. He regained - thousands of families had lost loved a large portion of ~is huge fort~me . _pnes t.o the unspeakable -cruelties of and used it to stay in the United the vicious Iron Guai:d Malaµ so fa• States, with ~e friendly belp o~ .a natically supported. number of congressmen, lncludmg ).., • cronies of Nixon's, who introduced private bills on his behalf, sources told our associates Jack M1tcheH and Gary Cohn. . The documents reveal "that when Nixon was a senator, he was unduly concerned about Malaxa's fin~cial progress. Jn 1951, for example, he urged the Defense D~partment to permit the Western Tube Company to · build a plant in California to manu- · facture seamless tubing for oil wells. Western Tube'Streasurer, curiously, was none other than Malaxa, and the vice president or µie com~any was an old Nixon friend. When the Romanian Nazi found himself ·10 danger -of being banned from re-entry into the United States • Jack Anderson -------- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1979-Nixon-and-Nazis-309 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, Jack Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Nixon Found a Close Friend in Romanian Nazi Description An account of the resource United Feature Syndicate article about President Richard Nixon's personal associations. Subject The topic of the resource Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/926dcd820f1340151e740787ea76e9a7.pdf 889e128aebaffc61ba8e7ed0db27cf4d PDF Text Text ZATERDAG I JUNI 1954 TIEN JAAR GE:LEDEN: .. .Een gra.ndzoze ·z·t " mi, ,z. a,i .re ·.. ; i--"-. ~- ---- ' INVASIE- opera t· .ze bracht dageraad der vrijheid Op het uur-H werd de Atlantik Wall doorbroken (Van ~en onzer redacteuren} V OOR MIJ liggen drie tekeningen. Het zijn impressies van voedselbren• gende vliegtuigen, grote in de lucht zwevende pa;k.~ette!}, L ~gertrucks ,van de Canadezen. Ze werdèn gemaakt, nu negen Jaar geleden, op een Noordhollandse dorpsschool door Piet Broekhuizen, Antje Willemsen e~ · Kees J aruen. Antje kleurde in de linke~bovenhµe;k. een grote rood•- wit-hliluwe vlag. Kees schreef onder de leger~agens met- hoekige letters WELC0ME. Piét en Kees heb ik na die laatste Meidag~ n van 1945 niet meer gezien. Antje is misschien wel get'l:.ouwd, al wilde ._ze t!)en graag verpleegster worden. Maar de drie tekeni~g~ zijn mij lief geworden om.dat ze ontstonden op zo'n ,•hijzo~der momen,t, omdat·ze wellicht nooit gemaakt zouden zijµ zonder D-day, juiiit op . die zesde Juni 1944, omdat ze nooit op die geliniëerde velletjes zouden zijn gekrabbeld als Hitler& bluf géén bluf was gebleken, als .de Führer eerder over zijn vliegende hommen had k~nnen beschikken en zijn gelee;rden hij hun pogingen ait'oomwapens te coDBtrueren meer geluk hadden gehad. ,, · Dit is Johnny Parks uit Mill Creek in lndiana (USA). Ook liij kwam ·naar Normandië. Deze foto werd genomen .t ijdens een gevechtspauze, toen Johnny even uit zijn tank was gestapt. Hij vocht met veel succes, doch viel later in de strijd. voor een vrij Europa, voor ons. Angst -omknelde ons ·hart, maa,r he·t. moes t werdèn aangevallen. Dat wordt je 'dood bij daglicht, dacht ik, toen ik in de · • , , kó1:?alt~lauwe, lucllt dè_ l:io!11fflen uit de vliegtuigen zag neerzwaBlen. De apKEES EN PIET en ook René Legrange uit Caen zouden op dit moment misschien voor de Duitse heer~-~sl 1P~l,roene zee als ~en vulkaan omhoog· b 'd ·h '• · d · b b p l · d' b k d B • l /!Poot. Ik ·had gelijk het gevoel of de d wangar ei verric ten in e som ere ossen van ommeren a I niet ie twee on e en e , . nt,e so • tw:~eld én mijn hart bleven stilstaan. ·I k daten vele maanden vóór D-day in een kleine bàot, de dood trotserend, naar de Normandische kust waren >hoorde nog in de onbarmhartige \vóesop de . stranden •zandmonsters te halen opdat kon worden vastgesteld waar uiteindelijk ,tij~ oij Tobroek de gr!lnaten· 'vlakbij g eroeid om daar . . . ' · · _ · • mij ontploften. Je kreeg een gevoel de zware geallieerde tanks· aan land zouden kunnen rollen. Als niet ontelbare kikvprsmann,;n in de · over je, al.sof je, zoals ·een Londénaàr vroege uren van D-day binnen vijf uur ond~r de ontstelde ogen vdn de vijand meer dan 3000 ,tälen ver- 'he~ z_o u . uitdrukken, ,,spiernaakt de · · d • • d -k · h dd • bl · ,P!.çc.~dil!Y ~reus ci;vèr~ak". Ook deze 1perrmgen in e _zee ~oor • e u,t a . en opge azen. . . . • . '.tQclit droeg m_e t zich d~ aµgst in allerlei Europa zou misschien nog gebukt liggen onde_r _de ·knoet van de SS al, de Brit Hughe, Hallett niet op h~t 1g~gl\anten. • Je wist, dat er geen uitgeniale idee was gekomen om een machtige, drijvende haven van .beton te doen construeren om later voor' -w~g was.. ?et .zou onvermijdelijk zijn "k k k ~ d als het guillotme-mes. · ,onzichtbaar bleef. Wij zouden ze spoedig genoeg zien .... pichter de kust ·naderencl, hoorden wij reeds de. scheepskanonnen bulde.ren. (Zes~onderd kanonnen schoten elken· 10 mmuten 2000 granaten af op de Duitse bastions, die de nacht tevoren al door de RAF waren gebeukt. met 5200 · ton bommen)._. Al ga1;1w werden gele en rode flikkermgen zichtbaar en zagen wij de granaten een grijze en .en: groenbruine kleur uitspuwen in àe ,vijaµdelijke verdedigingswerken en heuvelen. Achter elkaar vuurden de grote oorlogsschepen.· ~achtig hieven de negen 630 m.,.m. kanonnen van de "Rodney" hun enorde F ranse k ust h. et noo d za k eliJ e wer te unn,en oen. . . me, vlammende lopen. Onder de béHet ilagen van D-day was afhankelijk van talloze kleine toevalligheden. Eén enkele ogenschijnlijk ge• INk een ~g-zag-;:1f' vo!gde: wij ~nz~ sclierming. van een rookgordijn voeren ringe mi&rekening kon de gehele operatie doen mislukken Da~ waren d 70.000 tran_ · sportwagens ~er• , oers.. t,oven _ed .w a der Frmg een ,kl\~et: •w:ij ~lan~aam nadl;!;· Ons . tankontl~: .. . . . •• • · e .. • .zomermis waar oor e anse• us dingsschip hees ziJn amphieboten. WJJ geefs bi1eenge~racht in de i1_!schepingshaven,, dan had de enor!"e armada va~ bi1na 5000 schepen .geen, ,klommen 'er in en bevonden _ons spoerd zin gehad. Enorm wa, daarom de ápanning in de kleine, witgekalkte villa in Cot,wold Hill's, waar Eisen• De machtige ·ve edigingswerken, ,dig op _het Wl\tei:; Onder het yijandelijk ' ' h "d '"d t k " 'l tb k' h d· D •• • -l l' d b -l' , welke de Duitsers tot ile Atlantilc vuur ronkten wij naar de kust. Het h.. ower zie v~n tiJ . tot tiJ terug ro _om ZtJn ~- q e1p~e ingen te ou en. aar vie ten, otte e es iumg Wan hadden samengesmeed, wáren ,s~eepsgeschut bleef dreunen. Schepen over de landingsplaatsen en de aller. belangrifkste, die van de datum, van het uur-·H. niet bestand.. tegen de veren'iiîde Ivan allerlei klasse voeren aan. Amphi. : aanvalskracht der We,telijke : geát~ fbie~tánks niet snelboten, kruisers, .t orlieerden. -Deze Duitse foto van Hein- . 'pefij?a~, •s~öepen vol-- mansçhappe,n; enorme g!!v,olgen kon .hebben ten go.ede ·sp. erde vaargeulen w!'-r.en dank__ zij del· riêh en een. ,,dikke Bèrthä'1 11»ilile ·sleepbooten, lichters. of ten· kwade... . o_pnamen der ver_ltenru _ ·n-gsvliegtuigen· de onoverwint_ ijkheid der, ncizi'j . lli . . M . d Wij t ·1d d ' d 1 .;,... l Iru,de nacht werden in .P.ortsm~en•l . ~kend! Tweehonderd mijnenveg~s;, ·-,W:1i:#ic?c~#,zi~ev~fJ:}; e ba;:._.._0.:: v.eo.·.1 ,~lfo~ 0 ......,-......_ _ _ _ _ _ _....,13u.~ rJ;~;..iU1.:1u;;:11e. __ _ _ ,in~yn,lOutli" ef! '\!~ ;Wd~~ .h11,vens a~ 1:>~!!l!!ll,d '. met ·~~~e~:n~Ld::·:::-~ ~~-!ili•'~ ej_...:.:::::::.==::=::S::::::::::::::::::=:::::::.1"t:l'.S:::i~ !:S-..::=:- ~ ..._U~ë:,l.à=. naar ~ 1 :t:f!!I:J!~e Zodra .de landingsvaartuigen hun posities hadden ingenomen en · met de bodem 1chuurden over · hét ruwe zand voór de Nonnanische kust, sprong de infanterie te water om d9or de branding de . vaste wat te bereiken, of ... soms direct door vijandelijk vuur getroffen, neer te vaUén. Anderen namen de plaats der gesneuvelden in. De deur in· de vesting . werd. geopend.: :derzeese ve~sperringen, leg~en_ wU aan op het strand. De eerste ,redode Duitser hadden wij á.llanr achter ons &'e• _laten. De granaten suisden onophoudelijk over ons heen. Eén· raakte een met g-eweren ,reladen vaartuig. Een ander sloer in een benzine-tankschip, waarvan ter~tond ho,re v;uurs en rookzullen op11te,ren. Bebloed en verminkt verdwenen Uclulmen lp i!,.e zuigln,r dt!r golven. . Deze jonge doden worden verreten als niet ie~d erièlul .op de wereld ~~ ,r~'bed voor lien doe_; misschien wel · op het ogenblik zelf· van 'h · · d d un oo . ,h'e.~wae , ~~IDl' _! ·.hi~blerwe~en . r.erl·uidl!):àldeo ·~o-ll···.d _..ho'oe!_ :~--n'fufJr'::.~·- • oe>: - - • - - - -• �ALLES was gereed, doch het weer scheen tenslotte de overtocht nog onmogelijk te maken, De zee was t~ onstuimig. Als dat op 5, 6 en 7 Jum zo zou blijven, zou de aanval moeten worden uitgesteld, zou het ganse plan van de invasie kunnen uitlekken en wat dan? Pas in de morgenuren van de vijfde Juni kon Eisenhower z~jn besluit nemen. Nog was de zee met kalm genoeg, maar het moest! Zes Juni zou D-day zijn. Zes Juni zou in d~ volle betekenis van het woord beshssend worden. Om hal! zeven in de morgen dienden de eerste landingen op de Normandische kust te beginnen. En voor daarná was alles bijkans van minuut tot minuut uitgestippeld. Zelden in de wereldgeschiedems had één man een besluit moeten nemen, dat zulke Goebbels beweerde, dat de bevrijders door de Franse bevolking ( z.g. in verband met de verliezen onder de burgers en de verwoestingen) met v erachting werden gemeden. Hoe het werkelijk was, laat de ze foto zien. De "tricolore:'. hangt na zo vele jaren weer vr1J aan de gevel. Zie de verheugende boerin eens! Frankr ijk werd bevrijd en het voelde. zich dolge• lukkig. trossen losgesmeten, klonk uit één van' de landingsboten de gramofoonplaatstem van Bing Crosby, die zong over Sweet Leilani" en ging het voor~aarts. De mannen, de Britten, de Amerikanen, de kanonniers van de N~erlandse oorlogsschepen "Soemba" en "Flores", zij wilden doen wat er te doen stond. Zij voelden in hun hersenen de opdracht trillen van de Opperbevelhebber, die hij hen meegaf in de strijd: ,.De ogen van gans de wereld zijn op U gevestigd. De gebeden va_n alle vrijheidslievende volken begeleiden U. Wij gaan tesamen de overwinning tegemoet. Wij zullen niet meer halt houden voor de beslissende eindoverwinning. Laten wij Gods zegen afsmeken voor dit grote en goede werk". En zij, de mannen, zij begrepen het. Zij zouden volhouden, zij zouden het klaren. . De vloot 'voer door de nacht. Vierduizend schepen onder escorte van twaal! grote slagschepen, tachtig torpedojagers, tientallen kruisers, onderzeeboten en torpedoboten. Op weg naar de monding van de rivier de Orne en St. Laurent sur Mer op het schiereiland Cotintin. Op weg naar de stranden, welke de namen Utah, Omaha, Gold, June en Sword hadden gekregen. Op weg met talloze divisies, tanks munities, voedselvoorraden, . benzi~e. geneesmiddelen. De niet ver- an öormensen, . allèn , hadden in het Kana!ll zoveel inogelilk l onderwaterprojectielen opgeruimd. De vloot kon komen. DE oorlogscorrespondent van . ,,United Press" Richard Mac Millan, aan boord van één der tanklandingsschepen schreef over die ogenblikken: "Boven onze hoofden gonsden al de luchtarmada's met de parachutisten (drie divisies). Het waren de moedige mannen, die ik in Normandë zou ontmoeten, de ik zou weerzien in de onvergetelijlte nachten en dagen in Holland bij Nijmegen en Arnhem en in de Ardennen. De mannen hier liepen onrustig rond op het dek of leunden over de railing, uitziende naar de eerste glimp van de Normandische kust. Anderen speelden kaart of schreven een brief naar huis" Maar aan allen drong zich de gedachte op: Waar zijn wij morgen om deze tijd? Wij stelden ons van alles voor: Misschien zijn velen van ons dan gedood of gewond, misschien ben je er zelf bij .. Ik herinnerde mij het onzalige gekkenhuis van 1 schietende scheepskanonnen en kruisers, toen wij bij het doorbreken van 1 de Middellandse Zee-blokkade naar Malta, uit de lucht bij volle maan De man aan de top Onkreukbaar en onwankelbaar trouw }N die veldtocht bewees Eisenhower (om zijn eigen woorden te gebruiken) ,.dat de geallieerden onder een éénhoofdig bevel als één natie oorlog kunnen vo eren". In 1944 voerde .hij als opperbevelhebber bij de operaties tegen de kust van West-Europa het bevel over acht legers en vloot- en luchtstrijdkrachten van acht verschillende naties. Hij maakte er het hechtste militair verbond van, dat de geschiedenis heeft gekend. In het rapport, dat Eisenhower later over de periode van 6 Juni 1944 tot 8 Mei 1945 voor de verenigde chefs van staven, die hem zijn opdracht hadden ver. strekt, uitbra:::ht. concludeert hij: .,De Ver, Stalen ,! . . . . ... ....... LATER werpt Richard MacMillan ( Van D-dag tot V-dag", Elsevier, Bru;sel) nog een blik op de gevechtsterreinen. Hij zegt dan: ,.Waar de Britse luchtlandingstroepen waren neergekomen, lagen over de korenvelden en langs de heggen de wrakstukken van de zweefvliegtuigen. (Er namen 1400 van dergelijke toestellen aan de operatie deel. Elk toestel vervoerde 120 volledig uitgeruste mannen, Allen tezamen vormden deze vliegtuigen een stoet van 80 km). De geraamten van de toestellen staken nu vreemd af tegen de lucht. Beneden ons zagen wij de Schotse troepen vechten in' een weide, die vol lag met dode en stervende paarden. Het deed denken aan liet slagveld van Waterloo .... Op de rechterflank gingen Amerikaanse amphibie-tanks bij het bruggenhoofd Carentan in vlammen op. Daar vielen de do• den bij massa's toen de Duitse geschutsstellingen van bovenaf met kanonnen en machinegeweren het zand doorwoelden". DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER GENERAAL Dwight D. Eisenhower, de man, die ~e teugels van de enorme operatie "Overlord", de invasie op de kusten van Frankrijk in handen hield en daarna de opt,·ekkende geallieerde strijdkrachten n~ar de over• winning leidde, was een opperbevelhebber m de meest volstrekte zin des woord,. In Decembe'. 1941_, toen Amerika in oorlog kwam, was de toe?t!fl~hge . luitenantkolonel Eisenhower al 26 jaar beroepsmilitair. In het leger had hij de manschappen opgeleid, legerzaken .. beh_andeld en eschiedenis bestudeerd. Dit laatste was zi;n liefhebberiÎ Hij was als hoofdojficic!r nóóit bij de troep ge~eest. E!f ~aunden later voerde hij het bevel over de geatlteerde invasie van Noord-Afri~a, toes no17 de. grootste onderneming van die,i aard m de geschied1mis,, • J · ·1\'arcn àp I<'ran..°" bodem. WWûrölf&'~ de Vestinr Europa binnen. Het llchl der vrijheid becon te cloren!" en Groot Brittannië hebben niet slechts als bondgeten samengewerkt, doch als één enkele natie, al hun hulpbronnen, mens.€:n ~-n materiaal hebben ZIJ gel!Jkelijk tegen Duitsland in de strijd geworpen. De expeditielegers, die ik de eer heb gehad te mogen leiden, zowel op de slagvelden rondom de Middellandse Zee als in Noordwest Europa, werden beheerst door een geest van samenwerking die zijns gelijke niet heeft in de wereldgeschiedenis". Naijver voortsp~iten?e uit nationale gevoehghe1d, kon niet altijd worden vermeden maar was niettemin hoge uitzondering. En de wrijving, die zich nu en dan voordeed, was bovendien merendeels het gevolg van invloeden van buitenaf. HET geheim van E!senl~?wers succes lag m z1.1n pc,·soon. Hij is bescheiden, openhartig en vlug van be- sluit en even bereid anderen te prijzen als zijn eigen :fouten te erkennen, aldus een artikel in het door de Amerikaanse Voorlichtingsding in ons land uitgegeven blad "Kijk". Toen de Amerikanen bij de Faid-pas in Afrika waren verslagen, werd er bitter geklaagd, dat Amerikaanse en Britse afdelingen door elkaar waren gelopen. Toen hem dit ter ore kwam, verklaarde Eisenhower "Als de afdelingen door elkaar hebben gelopen rlan treft de blaam mij". Eisenhower kon streng zijn. Hij stond er op, ~~t zijn troepen er behoorhJk uitzagen en was nauwgezet in kwesties van etiquette. Maar zijn vriendelijk en informeel optreden hebben hem bemind gemaakt bij de troepen van alle naties. In een rede, welke hij kort na het einde van de oorlog in Europa uitsprak, schreef hij zijn eigen succes toe aan de mannen, die onder hem hadden gediend. Dat tekende hem. En hij voegde er aan toe: ,.Ik weet wat zij willen, zij willen vrede. Ieder onzer met goed begrip wenst, dat gewone mensen in de gemeenschap der geallieerde volken de gelegenheid zullen hebben voorwaarts te gaan naar grotere welvaart, niet voor óns rond deze tafel, maar voor de volken, die wij vertegenwoordigen. Dát betekent vrede". In "The Illustrated Londen News" schl'eef Cyril Falls in dat eerste jaar na de oorlog: ,.Het zal over jaren gemakkelijker zijn Eisenhowers plaats te bepamaar niemand kdn twijfe- len aan zijn geschiktheid, als strateeg en tacticus. De geschiktheid van de generaal berustte niet slechts op zijn talent als organisator, doch tevens op zijn onkreukbaarheid en onwankelbare trouw". HARD en bloedig was de strijd. Op die zesde Juni, 's middags om twaalf uur stelde Churchill het Lagerhuis formeel in kennis van de bevrijding van Rome en de landingen in Frankrijk. .,Tot dusverre melden de . bevelhebbers, dat alles volgens plan verloopt." In de middag stelde hij ook Stalin van de actie op de hoogte. De maarschalk antwoordde prompt uit Moskou, dat het grote zomeroffensief in het Oosten, zoals in Teheran was afgesproken, op 22 Juni zou beginnen. Na 24 uur van bittere gevechten leverden eenheden van het Britse Tweede Leger en de Canadese Derde divisie straatgevechten in Bayeux. Het Amerikaanse Zevende Corps rukte met tanks landinwaarts en men had radio-contact gemaakt met de Amerikaanse en Britse parachutisten. die zes uur vóór de landingen al waren afgesprongen om vernietigingsacties tegen geschutsstellingen uit te voeren en bruggen voor vernietiging te beveiligen. De toestand op de oeven van het riviertje de Vire, landingsplaats van het Amerikaanse Vijfde Corps, was onri..stwekkend, maar niet zorgbarend. Na vijf dagen waren reeds 16 geallieerde divisies in Normandië geland. Op 12 Juni was 120 km. van de kust in geallieerde handen. Hier en daar was · men al 30 km, het land binnengedrongen. In een langdurige slag bij Caen wist Montgomery de Duitse hoofdmacht vast te houden en talloze Duitse tanks werden er voorgoed onschadelijk gemaakt. Het zou nog twee maanden duren eer Parijs bevrijd kon worden. En nog schreef een onbekende dichter in het bezette Nederlandse gebied, dat zo verlangend naar de vrijheid, een barre winter tegemoet zou gaan: .Wij zijn zo moe van te lang wachten, God, Zo moe van te lang strijd en te lar1g smeken. Maar zo Gij ons alsnog verlost, o God, Geef, dat wij vóór die dag niet zijn bezweken. �..-~-• -------- ---- . --------· ZATERDAG lS JUNI 19154 Vrij Nederland Trouw Het Paro·ol Das Reich "Erg vervelend dát we nu niet uit Duinkerken weg kunnen" Times Reacties van verdrukt volk en onderdrukker op de invasie ZOWAS MONTY _,, Voor 'teerst hebben wij weer 1 , het licht gezien'' WAT IS MONTY voor een man? Met enkele typeren~e voorbeelden van zijn optreden kenschetste A. P. Herbert, M.P. in de "Daily Telegraph" • van 28 Maart 1945 deze mili• tair, die onder generaal Eisen• hower het · bevel voerde over de geallieerde expeditionnaire legers, die aan de invasie op de kust van Normandië deel• namen. Misschien mag ik pro• beren, aldus Herbert, hierop een antwoord te geven. HET IS ongemeen boeiend thans, nà tien jaar, te lezen welke de reacties waren op de eerste berichten van de inva.sie in Normandië, zowel in de ondergrondse pers als in oHiciële Duitse bladen. Tenslotte _willen wij even stilstaan bij de wijze, waarop het bekende Britse dagblad de "Times'' zijn lezers het grote nieûws mededeelde. Met ingehouden adem wachten wij het ogenblik af, waarop het burgerlijk verzet in Nederland gekoppeld zal kunnen worden aan de militaire aanval. In straffe zelftucht en in stipte gehoorzaamheid aan de orders der regering en de bevelen van het geallieerd opperbevel, en zó alleen, zal ons volk, zowel door DOEN als door QNDER de juichende kop: 6 Juni 1944: LATEN, medewerken aan de bevrijDecision Day. De legers der bevrij- ding. ding bestormen West-Eur'opa. De be&lissende aanval is -begonnen. De grootste militaire ondernemnig van alle tijden is aan de gang, schrijft VRIJ NE· DERLAND in die eerste Junidagen o.a.: Strijdend en hopend zijn wij tezamen de duistere nacht van de Duitse heer- ~ VOOR de samênstelling van ~ schappij doorgetrokken. Hoop en wan- ~ deze pagina's hebben wij ~ hoop hebben elkaar in de jaren 1940, o.a. mogen putten uit de ~ '41, '42 en '43 afgewisseld, maar than5t op de vroege morgen van de zesde Jum ~ grote hoeveelheid uniek ma- ~ 1944 weerlicht de rode ochtendgloed ~ teriaal voorhanden in het ~ offers van een' mijnramp, aldus Pieter ~ 't Hoen. moesten wij wachten tot ons van de vrijheidsdag boven West- N Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogs- ~ van buiten hulp geboden werd. De redEuropa. De soldaten der geallieerden be•. ~ d t · A d ~ ders daarginds hadden echter een moeistormen de Atlantic-WaH. Van uur tott ocumen atie te mster am. lijk en langdurig werk. Terwijl zij hun uur zijn onze gedachten en gebeden met ~ Ook diverse hier gepubliceer- ~ voorbereidingen troffen, steeg ons het de jonge mannen, die voor deze groo~~e maar moeilijke en bloedige taak ZlJ!l ~ de foto's, waarvan sommige ~ water in de nood bijna tot aan de lip.t d d ~ pen en brachten ontelbare offers. Reeds opgeleid. Laten wij naast onze vreugde N over de komst van de bevrijdingslegers N me eer er on er ogen van ~ wanhoopten sommigen, ma~r dan wer9plaats geven aan de ernst van dit ver- ~ het publiek kwamen, werden ~ ploU!eling OI? de. zesde Jum, het eerst!: schrikkelijke gebeuren. Er zal verbit- ~ ons door het Instituut in ~ g_~t m de g~1mm1ge muur geslagen. WIJ . . .. . ~ z1Jn nog met ~~red, ~aar VO?r het terd en bloedig gevochten moeten ~ worden, maar de troepen zij~- b~ter ~ bruikleen afgestaan. W11 wi!• ~ eerst _hebben WIJ weer hcht gezien. De getraind en bewapend dan V!Jf Jaar N len op deze plaats voor die ~ bres is geslagen en zal steeds groter .. ~ ~orden, tot de volkeren van Europa geleden en meer dan ooit overtuigd ~ ~ medewerking "gaa~ne . onze ~ zich df:! weg kunn~i:i ~al!~n naar een van de noodzaak van hun "hard job". ~ leven in zon en vr1Jhe1d. De prijs voor de vrijh~id is ho~~• ~ grote erkentel11kheid uiten. ~ Ook Pieter 't Hoen wijst op het grote maar ieder, die eenmaal m deze vr1J- ~ 1belang van een weldoordacht verzet ~~~~~~~'s..~~/ZZZZ~~z. heid geleefd en gewerkt heef~, weet, dat · geen prijs te hoog kan z1Jn. Dat hebben ook duizenden Nederlanders bewezen, voor de executie-peleto~s, in de martelkampen en de gevangeruscellen en in de dagelijkse strijd tegen de onderdrukker. Dat zullen wij in de koTWHOII: IRITll EERSTII: AMERIIC. LEGER mende dagen, weken en maanden op' LEGER nieuw bevestigen. Jong en oud, vrouw en man zullen daartoe zeker nog alle gelegenheid krijgen. Heft uw hoofden op volk van Nederland. Aan de kusten va~ Normandië bulderen de kanonnen der geallieerde vloten de eerste maten van uw vrijheidslied. !®c1&rnl l ~ I Het Rijksinstituut N Toen rukten wij op, de Britten om de Noord (bij Falaise), wij (de · Amerikanen) om de Zuid. Tevoren waren dè Duitse colonnes op deze weg door onze luchtmacht gebombardeerd. Zo ge ziet, met succes • •• N N l * Nimmenneer zullen wij slaven ~-ijl!, zijn ·moet worden afgewacht Mogelijk is het een afleidingsmanoeuv·re. Mogelijk komt er nog een vierde, vijfde front op de Europese kust. De vij_and bezorgde ons 2een verrassing. De v)Jandelijke luchtlandingstroepen hebb!';n het zwaar. te verantwoorden en ZlJn deels al opgeruimd." Op zeven Juni zegt ditzelfde blad: ,,Het Duitse volk is er van overtuigd dat het een zaak van leven en dood is. De vijand speelt al zijn militaire kracht I I Het verloop van de invasie in Normandië 1111 Gnlllnnll 11'!1111 op alddtrftaclll .&7J•t11,, i1111110J1nltH• AtlJVftltt« - - - Grn1 ,tUUID flct lrflH trt Aacrlkeo"•• leger IOk 1 .,. * NADAT hij landde in Normandië met een atlas in de zak en een uitgewerkt plan voor de overwinning in zijn hoofd, is mij de eer te beurt gevallen de veldmaarschalk aan het front te mogen bezoeken. Dit was in de week van de Fa• . laise-saillant. Het hoofdkwartier, een klein trailerkamp, bevond zich in de buurt van het Bois de Cerisy, een idyllisch plekje. Hoge bomen, heerlijke zonneschijn. Door de dich• te varens liepen konijntjes. Montgomery's dwaze honden: Rommel, Keitel, Hitler en Co., waren aan het stoeien .op een grote hoop camouflagenetten - en in de trailer van de generaal zong een kanarie het hoogste lied. Na ' twee maanden van vliegende bommen boven Londen was dit hoofdkwartier te velde een vredige haven en ik genoot val) de eerste rustige nacht ... En tóch had de Chief, zoals zijn ondergeschikten hém noemden, orders gegeven om voor het eerst die nacht de Falaise-saillant onder vuur te nemen. Langzaam maar zeker werd het tenondergang gedoemde gebied van de wereld af• gesloten. In tegenstelling tot hetgeen men zou verwachten. heerste er op dit hoofdkwartier koortsachtige bedrij· vigheid. Montgomery is van oordeel dat de voornaamste taak van de opperbevèlhebber is te denken.-:en hij staat erop dat daarvoor tijd en gelegenheid 1s. En zo dineerd.~n wij dan die avond, toen onder Z)Jn bevel een van de bloedigste slagen van de oorlog werd geleverd, in een omgeving, die uiterlijk een vol• komen rust ademde. Toch zaten we nu niet wat men noemt gezellig bij elkaar. Verre van dat. Deze onbe•vangenheid is welbewust en wetenschappelijk. Na het nieuws van negen uur gingen we naar de kaartenwagen om te horen wat "de jongens" te vertellen hadden. Deze "jongens" ~ij n_ de adj~ dan!~~. en de J~E;a~i~_: van hem uit, maar hij is ook vol van een gemoedelijke soort humor. Later bv. gedurende het onverwachte offensief van Von Runstedt in de Ardennen liet zijn humor hem geen ogenblik in de steek. Op het hoogtepunt van de crisis, want een crisis wás het, zei hij bv. 's morgens aan het ontbijt: .,Erg vervelend dat we dit keer niet uit Duinkerken weg kunnen, want daar zitten de Duitsers nu". · Als het slecht gaat, is Monty op zijn beat. ,.NOOIT heb ik Montgomery zekerder van zichzelf gezien dan op het ogenblik", schreef de Britse oorlogscorrespondent Alan Moorehead in zijn boek "Eclipse" over de vierde Mei 1945 toen op een woeste heuveltop op de Lüneberger Heide, in een tent de capitulatie van Duitsland een feit werd. Het was even na vijf uur. Terwijl het vuren langs het front wegstierf, werd een stilzwijgende wapenschorsing in acht genomen. In de voorafgaande dagen waren al onderhandelingen met de Duitsers gevoerd. Nu riep Monty de oorlogscorrespondenten in zijn tent bijeen om hen de toestand uiteen te zetten. De generaal was rustig, bijna opgewekt. Toen hij halfweg was gevorderd, -k :W~l'!L een koloriel binnen om te �· God zelf ·zat onze · haven .wären zun . , • · · · HET NUMMER van TROUW van midden Juni 1944 lezen wij onder de kop. ,.De Atlantik·'\\'.'~11 door,b ro~en". Duitsland heeft al ziJn troeven uitgespeeld. De geallieerde hebben hun kaarten op tafel gelegd en zij hebben llet sterkste spel. Dat is de betekenis van de invai;iedag. West-Europa zal" a~n zichzelf worden teruggegeven. VriJheid Wij zijn optimist, omdat wij met en Chr'..atelijke beschaving zullen weer Gerbrandy b id d e n om de overwinlevenskansen krijgen. Het Westen zal nir. g. de overhand bekomen en - daar moeten wij voor zorgen - behouden over Op wagens, paarden en op helden dat afschuwelijke monster uit MiddenZij onze vijand stout Europa, het Duitse Rijk. Wij zullen de eer en grootheid melden van God die ·01ts behoudt. Teneinde zich tijdig meester te kunnen maken van vitale punten in het achterland, werd met een lange reeks zweefvliegtuigen een soort luchtlift van Engeland naar Normandië ingesteld. De toestellen vervoerden elk 120 geheel uitgeruste manschappen. Een verlaten zweefvliegtuig (ze werden door "motor"-vLiegtuigen gesleept) in de buurt van het riviertje de Orne. UIIP~®l ...., VIII) ONVERVEERD ...,. JN HET PAROOL (no. 67 - 19 Juni 1944) ook al die vreugdevolle .. k~p De invasie is begonnen - De vr]Jheid ~adert - Weest bereid". Als de slacht- tegen de vijand. ,,Wij zullen moe~en strijden met alle kracht, met alle list, met alle kameraadschap die in ons is. Deze oorlog maakt ons harder, droever en wijzer. De hardheid is voor onze vijanden, de droefenis is vooo.- onze gevallen makkers. De wijsheid diene ter voorkoming van zulke rampen voor onze kinderen". DE "DEUTSCHE ZEITUNG in den NIEDERLANDEN" van 6 Juni 1944 toont hoe goed het verrassing~eleme1;1t van de invasie werkte. Men wist nl. m het kamp van de vijand op D-day nog niet waar men eigenlijk aan toe was. .,D-dag is begonnen". aldus dit naz_iblad . .,De spanning, die sedert weken m Europa heeft geheerst, begint te v:erminderen. Het derde front vormt zich. Of de landing op de kust. van. Normandië werkelijk de grote invasie zal je-ep telkens ~grote , afstarièfen afleg-; · ieruggékeerd mët hun antden •om de situatie op te nemen. woo'rd. Daarvan zou afhangen- of Nu · komen ze ieder op hun beurt er al dan ·niet een einde zoµ komen naar de grote kaart aan de wand aan tweeduizend dagen van dood, om de Chief verslag te doen. ,,Het vernietiging en ellende. ,,Zeg hun 21ste is het bos door . . . Bij de mote wachten" zei Montgomery en het len is het een beetje modderig, de volgende half uur ging hij voort brug is opgeblazen, maar ze hopen, met ons te spreken. De Duitsers dat ze het met de ducks kunnen hadden te wachten. Montgomery klaarspelen. Het 44ste valt aan om eindigde zijn oorlog precies zoals 0400 uur". Zo gaat het door .. . De hij die begonnen was, volkomen Chief stelt een paar vragen, m~ar overtuigd dat hij gelijk had en dat geeft weinig commentaar. Het liJkt de dingen zouden marcheren zoals haast of het zijn zaak niet is. Maar hij dat wenste. dit zijn de mensen door hem zelf "En nu" zei hij tenslotte, ,,gaan gekozen, die volgens zijn method_e wij het laatste bedrijf bijwonen. werken en men kan het met weiDe Duitse officieren zijn teruggenig woorden af. keerd. Wij zullen gaan zien wat hun antwoord is." Hij ging ons HOE IS MONT~? Ik wilde wel dat voor naar zijn stafwagens op de heuveltop. De Duitsers stonden in ge met hem mee had kunnen rijeen halve cirkel bij de conferenden zoals ik het op een middag heb tietent met nauw aangehaalde riegedaan door Normandië, om te zien men, stram, zwijgzaam en zenuhoe de soldaten hem groeten, Halfwachtig. Toen Monty langs ons naakte, zwetende pioniers aan het kwam, mompelde hij goedgehuwerk langs de stoffige wegen kijmeurd: ,,Dit is een groot moment". ken op, herkennen hem. schieten Hij begaf zich -rustig naar de tent overeind en groeten meestal zó buitenmodèl alsof ze willen zeggen: en ging aan het hoofd van de tafel zitten, die bedekt was met een "Dit is m ij n speciale groet voor mijn generaal". Hier voelde men legerdeken. De voorlezing van de de diepe betekenis van het militaire capitulatie-formule duurde drie misaluut. nuten. Toen hij geëindigd had, nam Er is zo veel gesproken en ge&chre• Montgomery een ongeverfde postven over de zgn. .,asex?tische fikantoor-pen op, doopte deze in de guur", die aan Cromwell zou doen inktpot en zei tot de om de tafel jdenken, die noo~t rocict ,en niet zittende Duitsers: ,,Thans zult gij de drinkt, die de Spreuken leest en stukken tekenen". de Bijbel aanhaalt, dat ik vermoed Het zou dagen, weken, misschien dat velen zich een verkeerd beeld jaren duren voor wij de betekenis van hem hebben gevormd. Deze van deze dag in ons leven volkoman is niet gestreng. Er gaat zonmen naar waarde zouden kunnen der twijfel een sterke geestkracht schatten. uit. Het Duitse volk brengt al zijn ijzeren vechtlust, fanatieke beslotenheid en onbuigzame wil tot overwinnen in de strijd en zal deze voor zich en voor Europa beslissen", DAS REICH D 1t U T I C. H t W 1) C II E N /1. lt I T tl N G • • U llW ,._ lf<IVU" I • Nóg bluffende.r uiteraard is de taal van dr Goebbels. Op 11 Juni 1944 schreef hij in zijn lijfblad "DAS REICH": Nu hebben zij hun avontuur! Ondanks alle eigen aarzeling hebbenzij het tenslotte onder Mciskou's eis van een nieuw Westelijk front er op gewaagd .. Zij namen daarbij een onberekenbaar risico op zich. Nu zijn ze op de verenigde kracht van de Duitse weermacht gestoten. Doch de Wehrmacht is volkomen klaar om ook deze hoop van de Westelijke staten, door een directe aanval op l!:uropa Duitsland ten val te brengen, te verpletteren. Op 25 Juni, toen toch wel duidelijk werd, dat dit .. verpletteren" van de geallieerde strijdkrachten geen peuleschil zou zijn, ook niet v.oor de "superieure" Duitser, . toen in de bezette landen een kreet van vreugde was opgegaan over de nu toch naderende bevrij ding, wist Goebbels in "Das Reich" te vertellen, dat hij berichten had ontvangen, dat de bevrijders in het reeds door de geallieerde veroverde deel van Frankriik "met koele verachting" waren ontvangen. ,,Onze kracht zal blijken onoverwinnelijk te zijn", zo vervolgde Josef G . .,Tenslotte zullen wij zegevieren. Wel is ons front hier en daar ingedrukt maar nergens doorbroken. Men hèeft de laatste troef uitgespeeld. Vele jonge mannen van de vijand zullen nog in het gras moeten bijten voor en aleer Churchill en Roosevelt zullen beseffen, dat ook deze onderneming tot mislukken gedoemd is .. .'' EN NU DE TIMES. Op de dag van de invasie bevatte de editie van dit oerdegelijke, statige Lo r. dense dagblad nog geen enkel bericht over het grote gebeuren. Wij vonden er slechts enkele regels in ove-.r luchtbombardementen op de Fran~e kust. En wie !!edacht zm1 hebben, dat de "Times" dan op de zevende Juni het goede 1: ieuws met vette letters op de voorpagina zou brengen, vergist zich evenzeer. Volgens, wij zouden bijna zeggen eeuwenoude 1 traditie toonde de voorpagina ook nu weer het gebruikelijke beeld van louter kolommen kleine vnl. familieadverterities. Slechts náást de kop van de 1Times stond de swniere mededeling I "Het gaat goed met de grote aanval". Meer nieuws over de invasie kon men eerst vinden op pagina vier van dit nummer. Welk een tegenstelling met de hoogborstige taal in de Duitse pers! Maar wellicht was de bedachtzaamheid en de kalmte van diezelfde Times een afspiegeling van de weloverwogenheid en de zekerheid van de zege, welke rotsvast in de harten van de Britten verankerd lag. 1 Waar zo bitter en soms wekenlang om bepaalde punten in het landingsgebied moest worden gevochten, kon verwoesting van dorpen en steden (Caen, St. Lo) niet uitblijven. Ook deze fraaie kerk met prachtige altaren en schilderstukken ging verloren. De prijs was hoog, maar voor bevrijding van de onderdrukker moest alles worden gewaagd om alles te winnen. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1954-06-05-DDay-10-year-commemoration_comb Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954-06-05 Title A name given to the resource D-Day Tien Jaar Geleden Description An account of the resource Dutch newspaper featuring articles about World War II, the German Occupation, D-Day, and liberation. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3df6e18bd27a950835d854f1aeb9efb2.pdf f5f04aa3f09349a3811aa6bf31bb2f0a PDF Text Text • • / ' • / ALiiMAARSCH.E EDITIE, DllGB,llD VOOR • Deze courant verschijnt dagelijb. Abonnementsprijs per 3 maanden bij voo1 uitbetaling voor Alkmaar .f 2.10; fran co door het gebeele Rijk / 2.63. Losse llt1.1JUDers 5 cents.' · Tel. Administratie (abonn., adver t.) 3320, Redactie 3330. Prijs der gewone advertentlën ; / 0-10 per m.M" minimum 14 m.M. 1.40, elke 31/• m.M. meer J 0.35. î al'ieve11 op aanvrage. Brieven aan de Uitg. N.V. Boek- en Handelsdrukkerij v/h. Her ms, Coster & Zoon, Voordam . 9, Alkmaa,r, postgir o 37060. NOORD-HOLLAND -:-::-:--:----:::--:--:-:---------.;.__--__,;,----------------,------------- 1ftfte Jaargang No. 168 % pagina's Geme~nschappelijkheid in front en doel. ACHTERVOLGING DER SOVJETS,- IN VÓLLEN GANG. r/ . :Bolsjewistische colonnes bij Rostof I vernietig~, \ • ' " Redevoeringen van Haupt• dienstleiter Schmidt en van Geel.k erken. Strijd tegen den sluikhandel. ( Pant,entrijdkrachten ln Egypte bult~n \.gevJcht gesteld. Spoorwegdoelen bij Moskou aang eva Il en. ( Duitsch legel'bericht. HOOFDKWARTIER VAN DEN ~'UHRER, 20 -uuli (,D.N.B.) Het opperb~vel der weermacht maakt bekend: In het Zuiden van het Oostelijk ~front zijn de achtervolgingsge, vechten in z. en o. richting weer in vollen gang, na er een eind is gekomell' aan den regenval. Formaties gevechts- en slagvliegtuigen hebben vijandelijke colonnes ten 0. van Rostof vernietigd, belangrijke etappe-verbindingen van den vijand bij den mond van denDon vernield en de achtervolgingsgevechten in de bocht van den Don doeltreffend gesteund .. De vijand heeft ook gisteren met sterke strijdkrachten het bruggehoofd Woronesj · aangevallen. Alle pogingen tot herovering van de stad werden in zware gevechten afgeslagen, ten deele in tegenaanvallen met succesvollen steun van de luEh~acht. Hierbij werden van 60 aanvallende tan1's 36 vernietigd. . · In de omgeving van Moskou zijn ove1·dag en 's nachts spoorwegdoelen met vernietigende uitwerking aangevallen. Ten Z. van het 11.menmeer mislukten plaatselijke aanvallen van den vijand. Bij deze gevechten ~e_rd eei\ bolsjewistische groep vermetlgd en 19 vijandelijke tanks werden kapotgeschoten. Het ~avengebied van Mq,ermansk werd gisteren met bijzonder succes gebombardeerd. In haveninstallaties: autoparken en benzineopslagplaatseri ontstonden groote branden. Jachtvlie~t1.tigen schoten hierbij boven de ba_ai van Kola 17 ,vijandelijke v licgttagen neer. Dinsdag 21 Juli 1942 Hoofdredacteur!\, R. JONKER, Alkmaar In Noord-Afrika wederzijdsche gevechtsbedrijvigheid- van plaatselijke beteekenls. Ten N.O. van Londen heeft een gevechtsvliegtuigen overdag voltreffers geplaatst op een belangrijke wapenfabriek. In h et Duitsch-Nederlandsche grensgebied heeft een Britsch vliegtuig gisteren enkele bommen laten vallen op woonwijken. Het vliegtui~ werd omlaaggesèhoten. De Britsche luchtmacht heeft 's nachts met vrij zwakke , strijdkrachten 'n aanval gedaan op enkele plaatsen aan de Duitsche bocht, vooral de steden Bremen en Oldenburg. De burgerbevolking leed verliezen. Drie vijandelijke vliegtuigen werden neergeschoten. _ Bij de succesvolle afweergevechten op het bruggehoofd Woronesj heeft een Silezische divisie. infanterie zich bijzonder onderscheiden. Het jachteskader Udet heeft zijn 2500ste overwinning in de lucht behaald. Italiaansch legerbericht. ROME, 20 Juli (Stefani.) Het Italiaansche wcennachtbericht luidt als volgt: VijandelijJ,e aanvalspogingen zijn afgeslagen j,1 den N. en Centralen sector van onze stellingen aan het Egyptische front. Ecnige gepantseràe strijdmiddelen · van den v~jand werden vernield. Duitsche jagers hebben een krachtige formatie Hmricanes aangtwallen en er 7 van neergeschotc1,. Slechts atmosferische omstandigheden beperkten de operaties tegen het eiland Malta,' waar desondanks ('Cnjgc belangrijke doelen werden getroffen. t Timosjenko's nederlaag. . Prov. Kantoor van den Landstand 1n N oord~l1olland. neu worden. Alles, wat de La.ndOfficieele opening door den sta11d tot nog toe deed, was slechts boerenleider Roskam. een voorbereiding, om de geheele Een goed geontillee1·d gebouw, waa,r in allen, ongeacht hun gezindheid, die de boereneer willen verdedigen, en voor het boerenrecht willen opkomen, de v1·iendcnhand 1v-0nlt gereikt. leiding, van de voedselvoorziening te kunnen overnemen. In kamcraadschappeJjjken g·eest. RO'I'TERDAM, 20 Juli. Wanneer 1 Vóór de officieele· opening hield de politieke leiders der N. S. D. A.P. de stafleider, de heer A. A. Roze11en N. S. B. iederen Zondag, nu eens daal een rede, waarin hij betoogde, 1 in deze, dan in gene plaats in Nedat diegenen, die de toegestok~ derland, elkander in g"roote schohand nog steeds afwijzen, wel onder lingsdemonstraties ontmoeten, dan Gister(Maandag)middag werd. het zware narcose moeten staan, want komt daarin de gemeenschappelijke doelstelling van hun strijd, vooral gebouw van den Ned. Landstand in het ls onbegrijpelijk, dat zij nog met hel oog op de groote taken, tai Noordholla.nd, dat gevestigd is in steeds niet tot de ontdekking zijn uitdrukking, dte uit ~ groot-Ger- het voormalige Alkm;Jarsche burge• gekomen, dat de Landstand er niet maansche gemeenschap reeds thans, meestershuis aan den K ennemer- is om hen dwars te zitten, maar en vooréd in de toekomst, voort- straatweg 23, officieel geopend, in gaarne bereid is, ondan!i:s alle µiis-vloeien. De grootheid van die laak tegenwoordig'heid van den Presse- kennihg, die zij totnç,gtoe ondervormt de hechte en onverwoestbare referent voor Noordh1Jlland, Eggert, vond, op kameraadschappelijke wijbasis van vastberaden nationaal- den Landwirtschaftrat Ufer, den ze ook met hen den nieuwen opbot1,w socialistischen wil. Op den voo}·- boerenleider Roskam, den prov. boe- ter hand te nemen. BlijKbaar wachgrond staat daarbij de beveiliging renleider J. Saal, de lundbouw-, vee- ten zij op het oogenblik, dat hun van de Europeesche ruimte tegen de teelt- .en tuinbouwconsulenten, de overwinning komt en Wij, ·aldus :.pr., (Polygoon-ZeylemakerJvernielende krachten van het bolsje- leden van den próv. raad en dé lei- onze matjes kunn~n oprollen. Ik kan ders ,van de bedrijfsgroepen. Ter DE VERJAARDAG VAN DEN wisme en de beveiligin_g . van. hei eere van deze feestelijkheid w.1pper- hen echter de / verzekering geven, Westen tege11 democratie en rmpe- tiè een aantal Landstandvlaggen mat dat zij dit oogenblik niet zullen be- \ leven en dat het niet zoo heel lang RI.T"KSCOi\T..\llSSARIS . rialisme. Onbegrijpelijk is het derdaarboven de Oranje-Blanje-Bleu- meer zal duren, vóór zij tot d e Zijn levensloop. halve, dat er _nog steeds vel~ . mei:i- vlag van den gevel. scl1Tikbarende ontdekking komen, Op 22 Juli _ den verjaardag va•l schen, zijn, die ~e noodzakel!J~~eid De officieele ope_ning ges_chiedde dat wij in den tijd, waarin· zij slieden Rijkscommissaris _ worden in v~. dezen gei:neenschap_J?.ehJken door den boerenleider, hoofd van pen, onzen plicht hebben gedaan en breéden kring beschouwingen aan str1Jd vo9rgeve1'. m et t~ - begriJpen of den Nederlandschen Landstand, den een werk tot stand zullen hebben diens persoonlij kheid en iobpbain ook werkeliJk met beguJpen. ,heer Roskam, die betoogde, dat d_e <>ewijd l • Nadat des ochtends de plaatsver- internationale wereldmacht vanuit gebracht, waarvan zij versteld zullen staan. Spr. gaf den boerenleider 0 Dr. Seyss-Inquarl woonde in zijr vangende s~h~l~gsleider Kullmann Londen .e n New-York, die ons boe- en den provincialen leider de verzejongensjaren in het oude marktdmu en de vormmgsleider der N. S. B., rendom liet zuchten onder de macht kering. dat de staf van het bt1Ieau Stannern in het Duitsche bevd-- van Gen~chten, gesproken. hadden van grootkapitaal en wereldtnist, Alkmaar bereid is, zich voor de volle kingseiland Iglau over de idee van het natio~aal-so- voor goed voorbij is. 100 pct. voor dit werk in te z~tten _'.-['oen de wereldoorlog uitbrak Wil$ cialisme, nam in de vergadering de_~ Op het oog,enblik hcerscht maar en dat zij onder alle omstandighe-< hJJ student in de rechten. Hij onder- middags h~t eerst de -plaatsve1 één wet voor het economische leven den, op dezen staf iullen kunnen re~~·ak_zifn studie en stond als keizer- vangend~ leider der N. S. B.. van en wel deze: de oorlog; moet gewor~- kenen. Spr. verzekerde, ervoor te hJk Jager aan het Isonzo-fronl en ~-~ Geelkerken, het woord. zullen waken, dat de geest op het è!en 001:log v~ltooide hij zijn studie Als een roode draad liep de nabureau er eene van kameraadschap ~n vestigde zich vervolgens als adnadruk op de gemenschappelijke de Duitsche legers ouk door dit ge- zal blijven. ,-ocaat te Weenen. , t •·d 1· ht· d • d' bied tegen het imperialisme fan het Rede boere~leider. Hij interesseerde!" zich dadelijk s l'IJ verp ic mg oor iens Westen strijdend moesten aantreden. Het leven van den boer, aldus cle sterk voor het politieke leven en rede heen . Hau}ltdienstleiter Schmidt boerenleider Roskam, wordt genam de~~ aan de. oprichting van den Waarover echter debatieeri men adeld door arbeid en stl'ijd. In strijd OostennJksch-Duit schen volksbond. in Nederland: s prak vervolgens ove1· de beveivindt de rechtgeaarde boer de ver.,.1 welke een Z?O nauw mogelijkcll 1. Wat gebeurt er met Nederland liging van d~ levensmiddelen vulling van zijn leven. De Landband rnet , Du1tschland beoogde. na den oorlog'/ voorziening in Nedel'land en . stand is gekomen, om de boeren er~P. 16 Febr. 1938 begon zijn gro·ote '2. Behouden wij onze diplon1aten kondig·de den a!Jerscherpsten van te 'doordringen dat allee11 de da• politieke laak toen hij benoem<l en wat e1ebeurt er met de geëmigeli,jksc11e strijd ons recht op cei1 werd tot bondsminister_ ':'an _Binnen- greerde ~egeering? sh'ijd tegen den sluikhandel t·echtvaardig aandeel kan verschaffe~ l~ndsche Zaken en Veiligheid. Kort Op de eerste vraag kan gezegd aan. op de goederen der aarde; want W~J aaarop. trachtte Sehusclmigg een worden : W~i nationaal-socialisten Zich keerende· tot de Duilsche telen niet voor ons zelf, maar voo1· staatsgreep te ondernem?n! waarna vragen niet, maar handelen. 12.0~0 partijgenooten zeide hij: Gij zijt, ons ~olk. En ~oot_ zijn de machten Dr. Seyss-Inquart de leidmg nam onzer kameraden staan met de. Duit- zooais gij uit den mond van den in dat volk, ~_1e zich keeren tege11 van het lot der_ Ostmark door ah sche soldaten aan het Oosteli.jk front Rijkscommissaris vernomen hebt, •de den boer_ en z~1n re~ht._ Z?O was ~et 1 h~ofd __van de nieuwe Oos~~mijksc:h, · en strijden tegen he\ b~lsje":'isme. ~è~·lenging van zijn arm. K~i,kt ,d:-~: f ~~'" dien ,,l:b~,:a~l-~(a_pi~~.~::~;c~;~) -~d; ~~g~~u~t.• t;0 ;~e~,:?: ~,V. :":fZ_'Vt~\'.-_'ê\~'l!er deze striid ten emde is. zal ?.~ I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_NWS_1942-07-21-NH-Dagblad Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daglad voor Noord-Holland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Daglad voor Noord-Holland Description An account of the resource Front page, above the fold of the daily newspaper of Noord-Holland, Netherlands of Tuesday, 21 July 1942. In Dutch Subject The topic of the resource Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3d5374814734e9bdc8b3092d0c5c8a1e.PDF 26e1f25f37c2740c8955b93a17eedf6a PDF Text Text SERVICE OF COMMEMORATION KRISTALLNACHT NOVEMBER 9, 1938 - NOVEMBER 9, 1988 PARTICIPANTS Albert M. Lewis, Rabbi Rev. Thomas Johnston, D.P. Michael Rascoe, Rabbi Rev. Donald J. Heydens, Pastor Stuart Rapaport, Chazan Robie Dan, Cellist Congregation Emanuel Campus Ministry, Aquinas College Congregation Ahavas Israel st. Thomas The Apostle Church Congregation Ahavas Israel Grand Rapids Symphony Orchestra PARTICIPATING IN THE CANDLE LIGHTING CEREMONY Glenn Barkan, President Morton Hoffman, President Peter O'Connor, President Marni Holtzman, Vice ~resident Jason Goldsmith, President Joe Schmitz, Chairperson Parish Council Congregation Emanuel Congregation Ahavas Israel Aquinas College Grand Rapids Temple Youth - GRTY United Synagogue Youth - USY St. Thomas The Apostle Church Portions of this service were excerpted from "The Six Days of Destruction" by Elie Wiesel and Albert H. Friedland er. �NARRATOR We begin our service in remembrance o= the Holocaust in silence. Let us surround our worship, our community in prayer, with silence, silence in preparation for the Presence of God. SILENT MEDITATION Silence does not just bring to a standstill words and noise. Silence is more than the temporary renunciation of speech. It is a door opening before prayer, toward the very realms of the spirit and the heart. Silence is the beginning of a reckoning of the soul, the prelude to an account of the past and the consideration of the present. May our shared silence lead us to awareness of a time of total evil that degraded our most precious values, the very meaning of religious existence, and life itself. Our silence is to be a committed accounting for other silences, that accepted persecut:i.ons and were indifferent to debasement and crime. For there was a time when silence was a crime. We think particularly of one night of silence, half a century ago; Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Crystals, the 9th of November, 1938. Then, all the synagogues in Germany rose up in flame and smoke to the skies. The churches next to them stood in darkness, and in silence. Glass littered the streets - the broken shop-windows of the Jewish community. The neighbors walked upon the crunching splinters and were silent. A few prayed. Some churches courageously expressed their grief. But a dark cloud of silence filled the .world. When will that silence end? When will we speak out on behalf of suffering neighbors? Not until we affirm God together; not until we acknowledge that we are all God ' s children. From the silence of uncaring, let us move on to the silence which is the search for God, the search within ourselves. Then we can move beyond that silence: we can affirm the One God, we can proclaim God's Name to the worldl (congregation stands) Reader: Praise and proclaim God's Name, to whom all praise is due! Cong: Praised and proclaimed be the Name of God, to whom all praise is ?Ue, now and forever. Hear, O Israel: the Lord is our God, the Lord is One! Blessed is His glorious kingdom for ever and ever! -1- �NARRATOR out of silence, out of darkness, the creative Word of God was spoken. It first took the form of wind, of ruach, God's spirit hovering over the waters of chaos to control them, to hold them back and make possible the goodness of creation itself. Through the millennia, the process has continued, as humanity came to share in the work of creation. Days of light and nights of darkness were linked together. We turn back to those days of creation; and we link them with the days of destruction in our time, so that the ruach of God may drive back the darkness and give us light. READER In the beginning of God's creating the heaven and the earth, the earth was without form and void. And darkness hovered over the face of the deep. And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said: let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And it was evening and it was morning: the first day. SECOND READER (Congregation joins in) Lord God of Creation, we thank you for the light and for the darkness, for the dark flame which engraved your letters into the firmament of creation, for the unending light shining out of the six Days of Creation. o Lord our God, help us to find that light again in the Days of Destruction. Your daughter Hava looked for it in vain. It was swept up as shards on the streets on a night of crystal, it was lost in the chambers of advocates who killed souls with stamps. There was no shining in the sky-lights of the cattle-trains. It was dark there. Yet somewhere, underneath the shells pushed back and forth in cruel sport, the light is shining. Break the shells, o Lord; let the light come forth. And help us to remember those who moved from light to darkness. We praise You, Lord, Giver of light and darkness. READER And God said: Let the earth bring forth living creatures, each of their kind, cattle and creeping things, beasts of the earth ... and it was good. And God said: let us make humanity in our image, after our likeness, and let it have dominion over all ... in God's image, male and female created He them. And God blessed them ... and God saw everything that He had made, and behold, it was very good. And it was evening and it was morning, the sixth day. READER AND CONGREGATION Then came the destruction. o Lord, how we have fallen. In the night of Sobidor, Treblinka, Birkenau, we have forgotten Your blessing. We have lost our identity; but we have been cursed with memories. o Lord, what will happen to us and to the world when the days of destruction are finished? Will the kiddush of rest become tne final kaddish? Will this world end? Will a new world begin? -2- �We do not demand answers, God. But if this is the last page of the human chronicles, assure us that we had the right to ask. And we will always glorify Your Name: yitgadal v'yitkadash sh' may rabba •.. READER These Hebrew words which glorify the Name of God come from the Jewish tradition, from a people which have emerged from the Shoah, that devastating, diabolic wind which scoured Europe and left death and desolation in its wake, a chaos of destruction. Six million Jewish men and women, one million children among them, were taken into the death chambers to die in gas of fire. Others died alongside them: NARRATOR Not only did Jews die; caught in the eddies and swirls of the Holocaust, millions of Poles and Gypsies, Russians and other Europeans also ended their lives as victims of Nazism's diabolically efficient technology of death. But to be Jewish in Nazi Europe of itself meant alienation and death . READER Martin Niemoeller, a pastor in the German Confessing Church, spent 8 1/2 years in a concentration camp. He wrote: First they came fo r the Communists and I did not speak outbecause I was not a Communist. Then they came for the Socialists and I did not spea k outbecause I was not a Socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists and I did not speak outbecause I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews and I did not speak outbecause I was not a Jew. Then they came for meand there was no one left to speak out for me. READER Pope John Paul II, a Pole who knew well the heel of Nazi inhumanity, prayed during his pilgrimage to Auschwitz in 1979: -3- �I kneel before all the inscriptions that come one after another bearing the memory of the v i ctims of Oswiecim ... In particular I pause with you, dear participants inn this encounter, before the inscription in Hebrew. This inscription awakens the memory of the people whose sons and daughters were intended for total extermination. This people draws its origin from Abraham, our father in faith as was expressed by Paul of Tarsus. The very people who received from .God the commandment "thou shalt not kill," itself experiences in a special measure what is meant by killing. It is not permissible for anyone to pass by this inscription with indifference. THE LIGHTING OF THE MEMORIAL CANDLES NARRATOR We now light six candles in memory of the six million. As .we light these candles, we commit ourselves to responsibility for one another, to build on this earth a world that has no room for hatred, no place for violence . Together, we pray for the strength to fulfill this vocation. (Congregation stands) PSALM 22 Cong: My God, my God, why have You abandoned me; why so far from delivering me and from my anguished roaring? Reader: My God, I cry by day - You answer not; by night, and have no respite. Cong: But You are the Holy One, enthroned, the Praise of Israel. In You our fathers trusted; they trusted and You rescued them. To you they cried out and they escaped; in You they trusted and were not disappointed. (Congregation be seated) -4- �TESTIMONIES NARRATOR Jewish voices were heard in reciting prayers and biblical texts, on the trains to the concentration camps, at the doors of the gas chambers, in hiding, in fighting the enemy, manifesting grief, hope, despair, trust in God, faith. One of those voices, Moshe Plinker, an adolescent hiding in Belgium, expressed his religious fervor and commitment in verse and prayer. One afternoon he wrote in his diary. READER "I am sitting at the window and readying myself for the Minha prayer, I look out, and I see that all is red, and the whole horizon is red. The sky is covered with bloody clouds and I am frightened when I see it. I say to myself: 'Where do these clouds come from? Bleeding clouds, where are you from?' Suddenly everything is clear to me, everything is simple and easily understood. Don't you know? They come from the seas of blood. These seas have been brought about by millions of Jews who have been captured and who knows where they are? 'We are the bleeding clouds, and from the seas of blood have we come. We have come to you from the place where your brothers are, to bring greetings from your people. We are witnesses; we were sent by your people to show you their troubles. We have come from the seas of blood: we were brought into being by an inferno of suffering, and we are a sign of peace to you' ... " Young Moshe who died in Auschwitz was able to find hope in his faith in God, and in the continuity of Jewish peoplehood: NARRATOR A A A A A A A SONG: Jew Jew Jew Jew Jew Jew Jew CONGREGATION in thought in trouble in speech in arising in God in life you were born A Jew A Jew A Jew A Jew A Jew A Jew A Jew El Moleh Rachamim SPEAKERS: Peter & Jean TerMaat; David Mandel -5- in deeds in joy in silence in sitting in people in death you will die. �NARRATOR A popular Yiddish song expressed the Jewish people's determination to stand up in the struggle against the oppressor, and to affirm and reaffirm Judaism's covenant with God. Zog nit keyn mol is an example of human affirmation that can inspire us today. Let us read together the English translation. NARRATOR AND CONGREGATION So never say you now go on you last way, Though darkened skies may now conceal the blue of day, Because the hour for which we've hungered is so near, Beneath our feet the earth shall thunder, "We are here!" NARRATOR We remember the six million by reciting the Kaddish, the traditional Jewish prayer for the dead. This prayer is not a funeral hymn but an affirmation of God's everlasting Presence and dominion, praising God's existence and creative love. It is in this spirit that we pray the Kaddish remembering the victims of the Holocaust. We also pray for the survivors, whose faith in life enabled them to rebuild in other countries their shattered lives,their destroyed worlds. Joining together they brought about new life, they raised new families in new lands, in defiance of absolute terror and despair, an invincible hope. Exalted by that spirit of lifegiving and faith we pray today. (Congregation Stands) -6- �1 MOURNER S KADDISH , illJlY7~ ~l=?-'1 ~97~:'.\1 l:~~7 ilDtv tv'"]j:21:):1 '7)D' Yit·ga·dal ve·yit·ka-dash she·mei ra-ba be·al·ma di-ve-ra chi·re-u -tei, n':i-,.:;,~ ,~n:il li:Ppi':;r1 ri.J'~0:;1 ilnl.J?D 7'?9~1 ve-yam·lich rnal·chu-tei be·cha-yei·chon u-ve-yo·rnei·chon u-ve-cha·yei de·chol beit Yis·ra-eil, ba·a·ga-la u-vi-ze-man ka·riv, ve·i-rne-ru: a·rnein. -~:97¥ '97!2~ 1 tJ?}l7 77~9 ~:;il ilQ~ ~i? Ye-hei she·mei ra-ba me·va·rach le·a·lam u- le-al·mei al-ma-ya. - T ; •: Yit-ba-rach ve·yish·ta·bach, ve·yit·pa·ar ve·yit ·ro-mam ve-yit·na·sei, ve-yit·ha·dar -~~-19 ~?~7 ,~li1 7'7:;i ,N~i7~P7 ilqtq '~iJit1 i1?~0:1 ve-yit·a·leh ve·yit·ha-lal she-mei de·ku-de·sh:1, be·rich hu, le·ei·la min kol ,~97¥~ 17'9~7 ~Q9CH1 t{QQ~~~ ,~Q7'~1 ~Q~7~ bi-re-cha-ta ve-shi·ra·ta, tush-be ·cha -ta ve ·n,:-che-ma· ta, da·a·mi·ran be·al· ma, ve·i-me·ru: a·mein. ,'~l~:-,~-'l::'1 :D'?.~ • '~n, t--~:P.~-19 N:;7 ~97~ Nil' Ye·hei she·la-ma ra-ba min she -ma- ya ve-ci- a·yim a-lei-nu •.1 e·al kol Yis·ra·eil, ve-i-me-ru: a·mein. -,~-?l'l 1J'~~ Di?~ i1tVl7~ ~li1 ,'l'9i79~ • il:,~ i1tqy O-seh sha·lom bi·me-ro-rnav, hu ya-a-seh sr1a-lom a-lei-nu ve·al kol -F:?~ ::i79~1 Yis·ra·eil, ve-i·me-ru: a·mein. -7- I ?~l~: �READER Hallowed and enhanced may God be throughout the world. May God's sovereignty soon be accepted, during our life and the life of all Israel. And let us say: Amen. CONGREGATION May God be praised throughout all time. READER Glorified and celebrated, lauded and praised, acclaimed and honored, e xtolled and exalted may the Holy one be, far beyond all song and p salm, beyond all tributes which humanity can utter. And let us say: Amen. CONGREGATION Let there be abundant peace from Heaven, with life's goodness for us and for all the people Israel. And let us say: Amen. READER God who b r ings peace to the universe will bring peace to us, to humanity, and to Israel. And let us say: Amen. CONGREGATION Exalted, compassionate God, grant perfect peace in your sheltering Presence, among the holy and the pure, to the soul of all the men, women and children of the house of Israel, to the Righteous Gentiles, to the millions who died defending the right to be dif f erent, at a time of madness and terror. May their memory endure, may it inspire truth and loyalty in our lives, in our religious commitment and tasks. May their memory be a blessing and sign of peace for all humanity. And let us say all together: Amen. (Congregation Be Seated) SONG: El i , Eli NARRATOR We end our worship by reciting together the words found on the walls of a cellar in Cologne , Germany, where Jews hid from the Nazis: -8- �NARRATOR AND CONGREGATION I believe, I believe even when I believe even when I believe even when in the sun it is not shining. in love feeling it not. in God God is silent . NARRATOR We have proclaimed together our faith in the One God, Ground and Nurturer of us all. Before we go our separate ways again, let us extend to one another a sign of reconciliation expressing our hope for peace. (Congregation Stands) Please turn to those around you, share the blessing of peace, wholeness, and life, and wish them Shalom! CONGREGATION Shalom! -9- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kristallnacht Service of Commemoration Description An account of the resource Program for an interfaith service of commemoration, including participants from Congregation Emanuel, Aquinas College Campus Ministry, Congregation Ahavas Israel, St. Thomas the Apostle Church, Grand Rapids Temple Youth, and United Synagogue Youth. Mostly in English, with some passages in Hebrew. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-11-09 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 Kristallnacht, 1938 -- Anniversaries Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1988-11-09-Program-Kristall-Nacht Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng he Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc885bb0f787ae6b2bca1e6ad1ff17e6.PDF f587183e6147f2d39964e84ddf646e55 PDF Text Text 4 Q_} - ~ -, / ':"~."lf<. De Zeehoeve, een "kringenwetboerderij", is in ~-:-.::-,;_;·'·'!;':. · , - .;: '::-,.;.:· ·~ · X{f1 !f 1) ~ ,9,~0 / ~ 1880 gebouwd in een gebied dat viel onder de zogenoemde Kringenwet. Deze wet stelde beperkingen aan gebouwen rond militaire vestingwerken. In dit geval was dat de kustbatterij bij Diemerdam. De plaats van de Batterij bij Diemerdam gaat terug tot de 16e eeuw. In feite is het een verzameling geschutsopstellingen en munitieopslagplaatsen. Het was, met Batterij bij Durgerdam aan de overkant, gebouwd ter verdediging van de toegang tot de haven van Amsterdam over de Zuiderzee. Batterij bij Diemerdam en Batterij bij Durgerdam zijn het begin en het eind van de "Stelling van Amsterdam" waarmee, volgend op de Vestingwet uit 1874, in 1880 is begonnen . De Zeehoeve viel onder een wet uit !853, oorspronkêlijk gemöakt vcor de Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie, waarin het gebruik van land binnen •• . zogenaamde 'kringen' rondom de vestingen en' forten was geregeld . Deze "Kringenwet" gaf voorschriften over wat binnen bepaalde afstanden van forten gebouwd mocht worden . Voor de Zeehoeve, die ligt in de tweede of middelbare kring van 300 tot 600 meter rondom de batterij, betekende dit dat de boerderij zeer licht en eenvoudig gebouwd moest worden; dit om in geval van oorlog snel te kunnen worden gesloopt. Behalve het aller-noodzakelijkste metselwerk voor fundering en schoorstenen, is de constructie en de afwerking van de boerderij geheel van hout. In tegenstelling tot de zware kolommen en balken voor de constructie van de stal bij een "gewone boerderij" is in deze "kringenwetboerderij" de houtconstructie zeer licht uitgevoerd . �5 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Verval __!J:t; De Zeehoeve heeft sinds de laatste bewoner in 1996 vertrok, ernstig te lijden gehad van weer, wind en vooral verwaarlozing. Tijdens de storm van oktober 2002 is de gehele kap van de stal getild en verwoest. Eind maart 2003 is de rieten kap van de hooiberg afgebrand. Herstelling heeft toen gelukkig al zoveel mogelijk origineel materiaal en bruikbare elementen veilig gesteld . Eind 2003 kon de Zeehoeve door Stadsherstel Amsterdam worden aangekocht. Restauratie Nadat Albert van der Lugt als toenmalig directeur Herstelling was benaderd door Stadsherstel met de vraag of Herstelling met haar deelnemers in staat was een bijdrage te leveren aan de herbouw en restauratie van de inmiddels vervallen Zeehoeve. Toen daar positief op gereageerd werd kwam het proces in een stroomversnelling . Met medewerking van de gemeente Diemen, Amsterdam , Maatwerk Amsterdam, Provincie Noord-Holland en na het realiseren van de benodigde subsidies en fondsen werd in 2003 een aanvang gemaakt met de restauratie door Hillen & Roossen met ondersteuning van deelnemers van de Herstelling en onder leiding van Stadsherstel. 1 Uiteindelijk idee was om de Zeehoeve te gebruiken als uitvalsbasis voor het management Herstelling en centraal punt van waaruit de administratieve ondersteuning plaats zou vinden. Dat Albert van der Lugt bekend stond als een visionair kwam ook toen weer duidelijk naar voren. Bij het horen van de beoogde methodiek " Slagboom " waar collega's als Janneke Veldhuizen, Koos van de Burg, Rob Moerbeek en anderen mee bezig waren en het zoeken van hen naar een passende locatie die deze methodiek recht kon doen, was de deal snel gemaakt. DIT was de plek waar de pilot plaats moest vinden, een betere was er niet en de plannen en de inrichting werden snel nadien aangepast aan dit voornemen. Dit vroeg nogal wat aanpassingsvermogen en creatief financieel management van betrokkenen . Het realiseren van een pand voor 25 permanent aanwezige deelnemers plus personeel en bezoekers, rekening houdend met alle regelgeving, vroeg iets meer dan een kantoorachtige omgeving . Ook de eigenaar is erg tevreden met deze passende herbestemming. " Een betere huurder kunnen we niet ;,vensen", aldus Stadsherstel. Als we het · , 'boerenterrein' van de Zeehoeve opkomen, dan worden we erg gelukkig van de heerlijk ru stige sfeer die er hangt. Helemáál begin je van dit project te glimmen als j e vriendelijk gedag wordt gezegd door de jongens en meiden van de Zeehoeve, die bijvoorbeeld vol trots bezig zijn in de moestuin en weer anderen die de groenten en fruit verwerken in de lunch . Het is net alsof j e bij een boerenfamilie op bezoek komt. t Stella van Heezik Stadsherstel Amsterdam N.V. Met alle inventiviteit, inzet en betrokkenheid van velen is dit uiteindelijk gelukt, waarbij de "echte" samenwerking benoemd mag worden: deelnemers Herstelling , werkmeesters, werkvoorbereider, Stadsherstel, aannemer met medewerkers, architect, gemeentelijke diensten en alle andere betrokkenen waren zeer coöperatief en realiseerden hiermee het prachtige sprookje van de huidige Zeehoeve. De opening in 2005 door niemand minder dan Ahmed Aboutaleb, destijds wethouder in Amsterdam, samen met alle betrokken directeuren gaf aan dat hiermee een gezamenlijk doel was bereikt. Nu, vijf jaar verder en met de afronding van het laatste project de Hooimijt in· het verschiet, is menig nieuwe deelnemer, bezoeker of participant nog steeds onder de indruk van wat er toen uit die " bouwval" is gerestaureerd . Wij als bewoners en gebruikers zullen het gebouw en de omgeving met respect en liefde blijven behandelen en in goede staat proberen te behouden voor die generaties na ons. .oo--~~ f,· !'•· ' r1 ! i,: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Zeehoeve family farm information Description An account of the resource Informational flyer about the Zeehoeve farm in Netherlands. In Dutch. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Farms Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1988-11-09-Program-Kristall-Nacht Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8df2d464eee2ffd6a8d42155e685aea9.pdf fd4700807cf0379b6a29feb159b0515d PDF Text Text GSEENHEDEN EN UTRECHT : 400.000 ebled dat zljn tl'lertol//fe w•rer zee of op het ljuelmffr loost. deze bart door •erschlllende ,ebled rot twee ,fwater/nfseen• rcerlnf weerrere•en (Waterland j //1)-1//) ~ Y-#--D ~ arerln1seenltede" zijn. ~oor zover ers lnfetokend. (bi/•- RIJNLAND, ,,.. nheden zijn dj(ers (f t/m 21) ,erkl••rd. (•;• op,2. kur< 1'4A_ benoemd) _ ,,._ lf. llffrombo<ht U, SUtt(lttrlc t6. Vierambtdtienbotnm 17.,-tul 11.0vda-boutffl 19. Kmluc llomm lll. O..,.JJud..... lf. 0.-. "' Nlffw-lf.eyerwur4 ll. Nicvw-lM<MrlMd • IJSSEL- rt /tet Jur un waarin de dn>Of• b.,. de wareM>OrZ/enlnf ,.d. fl'Ole oderlljk af,,,ator/nfseenheid ,ornit. renomen zljn sl«/ou de remalen nrseenhedelt ... betelen/, zljn. een poarso pijl nof eon gemaal ndlfheden •rlJ• of kunstmatJ,e rlnJen. lnplulr. 1fuoD#Nh-:-v-: ~;7 --'~9~T+~;__*~~~~'?Ini~~)~~~ flfll "1 E E ---------, 1 1 1 1 1 \ WOIUWlb'!'Y \ 0 \ \ ' �.\JGSEENHEDEN EN UTRECHT : 400.000 gebied dat zijn OW'ertolllre water fe zee of op het IJsselmeer loost. p deze ka.art door "e,schlllende , gebied tot twee afwaterlnfteen• arcering weergege"en (Waterland ,ateringseenheden zijn, voor zover tors ingetekend. (bijv. RIJNU.NO. ,,,eenheden zijn cijfers (1 t/m 12) verklaard. (niet op kaart l-4A benoemd) f 2. 8,e,t,rm,oud,r fJ. Neue f4. krramöacht 15. Strff(brlt t•. Viuambachtenbouem 11. PoorWtul ft. Oude l(OJHoodbouem 19. Krttki,r bitm ']f), Oosc•l]nelmonóe 21. Oud· en Nifllw•R.r,itf"WUrd IJSSEL 21. Nievw•L.tlcb:rl.nd ~ het Jaar aan wairfn de droog• b.Y. de watervoorzlenlnf 'f.d. grote nderliJk afwaceringseenlteid rormr. >fenomen zijn slechts de femalen fngseenheden van betekenis zijn. pune pijl nog een gemaal ,sr.andlgheden vrije of kunstmatJ.re st een :rlnten. "1f EER ·rfnru/uis. 1 /. t,I tG~ ' {),,·~ \ \.I 1 1 / / 1 E M �A graat amou.nt of work has been performed by Y,rs,G.Beets-Zwa-4n ( whose mother was a Termaat) and Cornelis Barend Termaat (1918) . Preface. The research took place mostly in the city of lllkmaar' · tirchives , where the records of the city of fi.lkmaar and ether West-Frisian cities are kept re baptism, marriage, burial and also the population registers • Mrs.Beets states that she has reached a nearly complete line of ancestors fromts~ mother's fa.l'Jlily Termaat. Her part begins when Barent Jansz. coming from Schagen settles in the polder (diked-in lake) the "Schermer". The part which deals with the prior Termaats in Vollenhove and Blokzijl has been given to Yirs.Beets by Cormelis Barend Termaat (1918) whose information has been incorporated in Mrs.Beets booklet. Even though it proved to be nearly impossible to be complete, every effort has been made to reach that goal. Despite that, she is aware that errors may exist innames and/or dates. Work record.s have in many instances been copied frlbm the marriage certificate. Often changes took place which have not yet been recorded. Mrs. Beets entertains corrections and/or additional information. She has expressed her thanks for assistance in gathering family dataand for making pictures available. A special thanks has been expressed by her to Mr.Bert C.Mantel for his help in typing the manuscript and for his kind advice. Mrs Beets wishes the readers of the Termaat geneology well. December 1990. THEME. Time passes we say, but we are in error Time stays and it is we who pass. Introduction: This book consists of 3 parts. The first has some thoughts about our name and a short history of the city of Blokzijl the place of origin. The second part contains the geneology which .dates back to about 1550 and is brought up to date to December 1989. Family members are written up in the family to which they belang • The head of the family has been assigned a number consisting of 2 parts. The Roman numeral indicates the generations counting from . the first forefather , who carries number I . The other figures indicate the number of the family cou.nting from the first forefather. Multiple ma.rriages are indicated as a orb or c. Example �C!""f~ - ~-"'~ - ~ / 14-~- U,,~ l--lw-j'-f-'A- w414~,(~7 ~-~~~-- • • ~ - pl.~ ît.u1~.,..._~~ ·A... ,,,,.~~ ~ ~ ~~ F~;._;-,LWL~ 4;f ~_,.,; /:f;" Q - « . , ~ ~ --/f fl-o-t.~6'. ~..cJ,, 'iLt- ~/IA~/ ~ Lf&d_~ ~~ ~ ~ ; _ , ~ ~ - , +·e.:~ ~ d o ~ c / 4 ~ - k._ ~Ik ~ o/f'? ~~ 11,._,,, t ;.[f"""~ ,~,jf'~~~Ud. 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(1 A-1 é, .( 8 lt :i<L _.: )_~ '.,., y_ P- t)A '/ ½ 17 J f {;u,,- • ~Tl/ l 7 J/~) /lft1T A- 5r;-111e11'1tr1;,J Pte..r' /?vT /'r vN'PK.ttlhlJtJJtP y/)1) Jt To ;/T/t.L,AJé:jT~ 'J) /5 l!.1/s /!. Á-/V# AtRI>~ , ,é-SPI!.. e,~t,,l..'-Y- yov )1, ~/f.l 7v<;c~/?TI "''- ~ i~t-K"~ r,~,.;,s" LAcir o~ J;, lfl' /'t f 7J'/? ïFllf · · /(AI IÏJ O ,t;,nz 1<,/ ~ ll/1, 1;,,. /à at--- 0 • • �The prioe of liberty is eternal vigilance. " The elation of victory has become a memory of the elderly. It should not be so" '1hile the world is rid of Hitler's physical presenoe, still contend with his monstrous legacy. Senator Biroh Bayh is aware that itlives in our country and that f>ap thy ani ignorance together will allow this cucer to be eborn , to f ester and to grow • e statect that this evil should be excised now ~ WAITED TOO LONG THE LAST TIME. w On January 29, 1989, the Republikaner Partei, which calls itself 11 a cleaner extension of the Nazi's gained 11 seats in the City of Berlin's Senate. Some party members have called themselves the "Zyklon B" group after the chemical used with deadly effect in the gaschambers. erner Zellien, a Berliner concludes : " The on~ thing German;y learnt from the Holocaust was how to make poison gas" He was referring to the U.S.A. having to tell· the German Government about the Libyan chemiohal plant scandal. nd Newsweek juat report.ecl th&t 2. German firms have d-eli~ed all the becessary components to Pakistan to start produving atomie bobs . l ter Cronkite was scheduled as speaker for the award of the Spirit o:f Liberty , of which he himselt had been the recipient • nd gripping the arms of bis chair, he said in bis sonorous barito e-/i I was just mad. I have been mad. Still am. ~nd he spoke these words: �CONTINUED FROM Cl ed enough to understand that a newsman could wear several bats and that we had the ability to turn off - nearly, you can't say perf~1y but nearly - all of our preJudi~es and biases." . . lt bas been a long tim~ sm<:e Cronkite sat in the anchor,f ch_atr at the "CBS Evening News, whi~ he turned over to Dan Rather m March 1981 With an a~nual salary reputed to be $ 1 million Cronkite was given a ' f direct seat on the CBS board o ors and the title of special correspondent, under an exclusive agreement that ran through last Nov. 4, the day he turned 72. For the decade to follow, he was to become a consultant to the network, at a sharply reduced salacy. Unhappiness crops up ,As Nov. 4 drew closer, how_ever, ess d h. nh Cronkite voice 1s u ap~m ~tb his status at CBS, as bis apr..earances on the "Evening News" an " -d other CBS pro~ms grew fewd af er and ~e networ turned a e ear to _h1s proposals. tb h d be~~~: ~i h."~g';, 1 even leave the network - something CBS clearly didn't wish to see happen. Cronkite would not discuss the financial terms of bis new agre~ment with CBS, other than to say 1t is substantial. It obligates neither hlm nor the network to any specific projects, which Cronkite said is just fine. public on complicated t rues. It allows him to work for the Pub- Cronkite said, "and that's one lic Broadcasting Service, for cable the problems of putting issues o television and, with some excep- that 23 minutes." tions, other outlets. lnsisting that people ought t f ti ti n have used newspapers and mag And the process O renego a O zines, as well as television and r did get him back on camera; he was dio to get a full sense of the IS there with Rather at the convend d .. },/ tions last summer, commenting on in the campaign, he ad e , the race for the presidency. should have done an hour at "lt's always hard, after you've once a week, minimumly, m y been in command, to take a lesser more than that, in prime time, ru role," he conceded. marizing the campaign." "But quite honestly, 1 wouldn:t on the other hand, he could doi have wanted to work that hard this bis director's bat and admit that h year. 1 had my turn at that. I'm !lot understood whrthe networks r · reluctant yield likely primetotime to the slightest bit bitter about h avt ng shows thattoweren't t ract. a lesser role. 1 wouldn't have exdi pected anything else." large au ence. Nevertheless, he regrette_d holdWH gn C V Confllctlng a ers ing bis tongue about campat ~lndeed that conflict betweén erage by the news media at e Walter cro' nkite the straight-atTOW time of the debates between the presidential candidates. newsman and Walter Cronkite the "Television is not an adequate corporat functionacy is one he bas medium to qua.1.if.::.orm=-=-:th_,,.._,n--=o'-t..:!.ye_t_fu_ll..;;,y_re_so_l_ve_d...._ _ _ __ ad ,, e '-S~Ue ofpubbc U.IM.t /zas been intensil:nd, nk by t,.LU::_ r'-Se ofsensationafism 'J«: •.:0 lle sqys, • • - part~Utar,ry • J l thOSe progranzs • teleV'-SW'! oueradmg a.s new1'-". 1 u During his eight years on the CBS board, the network and its news division have been torn apart by internal conflict, a takeover attemp~ by Ted Turner, a libel suit brought by Gen. William C. Westmoreland and countless executive changes. "lt was very difficult for me, during strike situations, during the takeover situations with Turner," he said, "I did find myself in conflict between the openness I would like, the right of the public to know and the board's responsibility and the necessity to do some business in the dark, if you please. "1 fight against that all my life, against anybody doing the public's business in the dark, and yet, 1 find, now that I'm in it, that there is a necessity to do that to a degree." Something else carne up during the campaign, a/'ié hàs fn almost ry election ear since Cronkite commenced bis very public career: the moves to draft him into polities. He would not deny that he had been tempted, hut he feit it would have been wrong: "1 do sincerely believe that anybody who's been an anchorperson - even eig_ht years after he's been an anchorperson - should not get involved in polities. I've said this all along and the biels to run for office began years ago. And they carne from both parties, incidentally." There was another issue for him, · as well. Was Cronkite ever resentful of all the trust that had been vested in him all those years? "Resentful wouldn't be the word," he said, rolling it around in his mouth. "Appalled, maybe. Somewhat frightened by it. 1 always have been concerned about . the idolatry connected with anchorpeople on television. lt bothers me a -great deal that people would say, 'I believe every word you say.' Heavens, that's terrible for them to think." The issue of public trust bas been intensified, he said, by the rise of ·sensationalism on television - particularly those programs masquerading as news. · He broached that subject in the second of bis recent surprising ubhc .statements, h1s one on Dec. 5, at a dinner in his honor given b the Museum of Broadcasting. Cronkite used the occasion 11 come out strongly against sensationalist television programs particularly those fflat parade 85 news. Referring to that after-dinner speech, he recalled the time when "The CBS Evening News" trailed NBC's "Huntley-Brinkley Report" slightly in the ratings when Cronkite became the CBS anchor in 1962. • Even then, ratings were ve1y much on the minds of the neiworks, and he told the netwoiit bosses that greater numbers were within easy reaeh, simply by "going tabloid." With someone else iri the anchor's chair, of course. "So, this is nothing new," Cronkite said. "What is new is that the outlets are available." His primary concern, he added, was that the popular new tabloid programs could ultimately influence network news broadcasts - a vulnerability drawn in starker relief in this age of corporate ownership of ABC and NBC and a corporate sensibility at CBS. "This will be the test, perhaps, of this generation of owners of. the networks as to their sense of rens1bih •" �The sheds neuirality, speaks out Inore By Jeremy Gerard N,Y. Times News Service N ~ ' . EW YORK - Walter Cronkite had always been more comfortable delivering the news than making it. But sometbing was gnawing at him, and when the opportunity arose one evening not long after George Bush was elected president, Cronkite made a speech in defense of liberal values. It surprised people more than he cou.Id have imagined. Although it'Was nearly nine years since the most welcome house guest in the country, Uncle Walter. Old Iron Pants, the Most Trusted Man in America, had relinquished bis anchor's chair at the ''CBS Evening News," many still seemed to think; as Cronkite put it, that he ought to go on being an "ideological eunuch." Those day~ are over. Not so objective ,1 In recent weeks, a~r years of being the conduit and never the conscie'hce of the news, Cronkite bas begun speaking ou(.on issues that concern him - issues mostly having t.o do with joumalism and polities. At the same time, he has carved out for himself more personal time in a more private life. A renegotiated contract with CBS that pays hun a great deal to do little more than stay away from the other commen:ial networks will allow him time to develop projects and to begin work on a long-overdue autobiography. But don't expect him to drift too far trom the camera's eye or the reporters notebook. Un_packed dlrtons sit outside the door and around the corner from Cronkite's new-Office on the 24th floor of the CBS headquarters at 52nd Street. Inside, in bis shirt sleeves, he sat talking about that speech, about the rise of so-called tabloid television and about his role as a director of CijS. the company he joined in 1950 after 11 years as a re. porter for the United Press. On Nov. 17, he was scheduled to introduce Barbara Jordan toa gathering of People for the American Way, the nonpartisan group founded by the producer Norman Lear in 1980 to focus on constitutional issues. Jordan, a former Texas Congresswoman and one of the Democratie Party's most articu!ate advocates, was the recipient of the organization's annual "Spirit of Liberty" award. Cronkit~, tl!e previous.Y-ea_rs winn~. ~there to pass thé torch. In the fn'St araft of bis .introductory speech, he wrote that he was going to rèSist a temptation. to digress , fn that much•abused subject, liberalism. _ But then he Iooketf'Sf hVApeech. and at those words, and he chan ed his mind. emocratic . ss t e e ection he said.._ ..,....was the fäult Qf tQQ.nmi ~ T u ~ e i r iciK:es stilled by not-SQ•8Y.btle.k 1)1.Qii.cal intimid~on. _ ~ox instance. we know.. that u n i l a t ~ action in Grenada and Ttipoli was wrong. We know that Stru'. Wars means unçontrollable escalatioiiofitïe_~nn race. We know that the real threat JQ.iiemocracy is in half the 11ati9n in po-verty. "We know that Thomas Jefferson was rii)lt \rli.e.n..be said. 'A demöcracy, cannot be both ignorant and free.' We know, we know, that no one .s.twuld teil sb~ tQ..bear an qnwanted .child. We lg}ow th ligj.QUS belie.fs cannQtdefine. patriotism. "We know that it is not how one's ~ are fo nned hut what they say. And we know thêre is f~m.JQ..~_a™-.witn ·all or part of what I_'v_e_ _ just said. "But God almightyJ. we've got to shout these .truthsln which we believe from tlîerooftgps." 1 Gripping conviction That is what C,ronkite said, and sitting in his office as he recalled the speech bis body language was as eloquent as his recollections were awncular. Without noticing it, he gripped the arms ofhis chair as he remembered that night and the events that had inspired him. By the time he finished, bis grip on those arms looked strong enough to crush coat into diamonds. "l was just mad." he said in the famous baritone. ..1 have been mad. Still am." Cronkite sai<i that he bas spoken bis mind throughout bis career, especlally during the years on radio prior to becotning the anchor of the "CBS Evening News." . _ , " .. ~ "Fot my whole life, long bëfore CBS, whèn l was at United Press - and goodness knows, press.service reporters are supposed to be ideological eunuchs if there ever were any. and I made public speeches under the auspices of United Press. All through my llfe, I have never disguised my sentiments about polities in genera!." l Well, maybe he had always registered as an independent so as not to appear partisan. Still, "lib• eralism carne out in almost every -speech in one way or another, on radio.'' . As he continued to talk, however, Cronkite seemed to arrive at bis own understanding of just how significant the Roseland speech had been. " On television, I tried to absolutely hew to the middle of the road and not show any prejudice or bias in any way," he said. r "I did not believe that the public was sophisticat• se/! CRONKITE, C2 �CONTINUED FROM Cl ed enough to understand that a newsman could wear several bats and that we had the ability to turn off - nearly, you can't say perf~1y but nearly - all of our preJudi~es and biases." . . lt bas been a long tim~ sm<:e Cronkite sat in the anchor,f ch_atr at the "CBS Evening News, whi~ he turned over to Dan Rather m March 1981 With an a~nual salary reputed to be $ 1 million Cronkite was given a ' f direct seat on the CBS board o ors and the title of special correspondent, under an exclusive agreement that ran through last Nov. 4, the day he turned 72. For the decade to follow, he was to become a consultant to the network, at a sharply reduced salacy. Unhappiness crops up ,As Nov. 4 drew closer, how_ever, ess d h. nh Cronkite voice 1s u ap~m ~tb his status at CBS, as bis apr..earances on the "Evening News" an " -d other CBS pro~ms grew fewd af er and ~e networ turned a e ear to _h1s proposals. tb h d be~~~: ~i h."~g';, 1 even leave the network - something CBS clearly didn't wish to see happen. Cronkite would not discuss the financial terms of bis new agre~ment with CBS, other than to say 1t is substantial. It obligates neither hlm nor the network to any specific projects, which Cronkite said is just fine. public on complicated t rues. It allows him to work for the Pub- Cronkite said, "and that's one lic Broadcasting Service, for cable the problems of putting issues o television and, with some excep- that 23 minutes." tions, other outlets. lnsisting that people ought t f ti ti n have used newspapers and mag And the process O renego a O zines, as well as television and r did get him back on camera; he was dio to get a full sense of the IS there with Rather at the convend d .. },/ tions last summer, commenting on in the campaign, he ad e , the race for the presidency. should have done an hour at "lt's always hard, after you've once a week, minimumly, m y been in command, to take a lesser more than that, in prime time, ru role," he conceded. marizing the campaign." "But quite honestly, 1 wouldn:t on the other hand, he could doi have wanted to work that hard this bis director's bat and admit that h year. 1 had my turn at that. I'm !lot understood whrthe networks r · reluctant yield likely primetotime to the slightest bit bitter about h avt ng shows thattoweren't t ract. a lesser role. 1 wouldn't have exdi pected anything else." large au ence. Nevertheless, he regrette_d holdWH gn C V Confllctlng a ers ing bis tongue about campat ~lndeed that conflict betweén erage by the news media at e Walter cro' nkite the straight-atTOW time of the debates between the presidential candidates. newsman and Walter Cronkite the "Television is not an adequate corporat functionacy is one he bas medium to qua.1.if.::.orm=-=-:th_,,.._,n--=o'-t..:!.ye_t_fu_ll..;;,y_re_so_l_ve_d...._ _ _ __ ad ,, e '-S~Ue ofpubbc U.IM.t /zas been intensil:nd, nk by t,.LU::_ r'-Se ofsensationafism 'J«: •.:0 lle sqys, • • - part~Utar,ry • J l thOSe progranzs • teleV'-SW'! oueradmg a.s new1'-". 1 u During his eight years on the CBS board, the network and its news division have been torn apart by internal conflict, a takeover attemp~ by Ted Turner, a libel suit brought by Gen. William C. Westmoreland and countless executive changes. "lt was very difficult for me, during strike situations, during the takeover situations with Turner," he said, "I did find myself in conflict between the openness I would like, the right of the public to know and the board's responsibility and the necessity to do some business in the dark, if you please. "1 fight against that all my life, against anybody doing the public's business in the dark, and yet, 1 find, now that I'm in it, that there is a necessity to do that to a degree." Something else carne up during the campaign, a/'ié hàs fn almost ry election ear since Cronkite commenced bis very public career: the moves to draft him into polities. He would not deny that he had been tempted, hut he feit it would have been wrong: "1 do sincerely believe that anybody who's been an anchorperson - even eig_ht years after he's been an anchorperson - should not get involved in polities. I've said this all along and the biels to run for office began years ago. And they carne from both parties, incidentally." There was another issue for him, · as well. Was Cronkite ever resentful of all the trust that had been vested in him all those years? "Resentful wouldn't be the word," he said, rolling it around in his mouth. "Appalled, maybe. Somewhat frightened by it. 1 always have been concerned about . the idolatry connected with anchorpeople on television. lt bothers me a -great deal that people would say, 'I believe every word you say.' Heavens, that's terrible for them to think." The issue of public trust bas been intensified, he said, by the rise of ·sensationalism on television - particularly those programs masquerading as news. · He broached that subject in the second of bis recent surprising ubhc .statements, h1s one on Dec. 5, at a dinner in his honor given b the Museum of Broadcasting. Cronkite used the occasion 11 come out strongly against sensationalist television programs particularly those fflat parade 85 news. Referring to that after-dinner speech, he recalled the time when "The CBS Evening News" trailed NBC's "Huntley-Brinkley Report" slightly in the ratings when Cronkite became the CBS anchor in 1962. • Even then, ratings were ve1y much on the minds of the neiworks, and he told the netwoiit bosses that greater numbers were within easy reaeh, simply by "going tabloid." With someone else iri the anchor's chair, of course. "So, this is nothing new," Cronkite said. "What is new is that the outlets are available." His primary concern, he added, was that the popular new tabloid programs could ultimately influence network news broadcasts - a vulnerability drawn in starker relief in this age of corporate ownership of ABC and NBC and a corporate sensibility at CBS. "This will be the test, perhaps, of this generation of owners of. the networks as to their sense of rens1bih •" �The sheds neuirality, speaks out Inore By Jeremy Gerard N,Y. Times News Service N ~ ' . EW YORK - Walter Cronkite had always been more comfortable delivering the news than making it. But sometbing was gnawing at him, and when the opportunity arose one evening not long after George Bush was elected president, Cronkite made a speech in defense of liberal values. It surprised people more than he cou.Id have imagined. Although it'Was nearly nine years since the most welcome house guest in the country, Uncle Walter. Old Iron Pants, the Most Trusted Man in America, had relinquished bis anchor's chair at the ''CBS Evening News," many still seemed to think; as Cronkite put it, that he ought to go on being an "ideological eunuch." Those day~ are over. Not so objective ,1 In recent weeks, a~r years of being the conduit and never the conscie'hce of the news, Cronkite bas begun speaking ou(.on issues that concern him - issues mostly having t.o do with joumalism and polities. At the same time, he has carved out for himself more personal time in a more private life. A renegotiated contract with CBS that pays hun a great deal to do little more than stay away from the other commen:ial networks will allow him time to develop projects and to begin work on a long-overdue autobiography. But don't expect him to drift too far trom the camera's eye or the reporters notebook. Un_packed dlrtons sit outside the door and around the corner from Cronkite's new-Office on the 24th floor of the CBS headquarters at 52nd Street. Inside, in bis shirt sleeves, he sat talking about that speech, about the rise of so-called tabloid television and about his role as a director of CijS. the company he joined in 1950 after 11 years as a re. porter for the United Press. On Nov. 17, he was scheduled to introduce Barbara Jordan toa gathering of People for the American Way, the nonpartisan group founded by the producer Norman Lear in 1980 to focus on constitutional issues. Jordan, a former Texas Congresswoman and one of the Democratie Party's most articu!ate advocates, was the recipient of the organization's annual "Spirit of Liberty" award. Cronkit~, tl!e previous.Y-ea_rs winn~. ~there to pass thé torch. In the fn'St araft of bis .introductory speech, he wrote that he was going to rèSist a temptation. to digress , fn that much•abused subject, liberalism. _ But then he Iooketf'Sf hVApeech. and at those words, and he chan ed his mind. emocratic . ss t e e ection he said.._ ..,....was the fäult Qf tQQ.nmi ~ T u ~ e i r iciK:es stilled by not-SQ•8Y.btle.k 1)1.Qii.cal intimid~on. _ ~ox instance. we know.. that u n i l a t ~ action in Grenada and Ttipoli was wrong. We know that Stru'. Wars means unçontrollable escalatioiiofitïe_~nn race. We know that the real threat JQ.iiemocracy is in half the 11ati9n in po-verty. "We know that Thomas Jefferson was rii)lt \rli.e.n..be said. 'A demöcracy, cannot be both ignorant and free.' We know, we know, that no one .s.twuld teil sb~ tQ..bear an qnwanted .child. We lg}ow th ligj.QUS belie.fs cannQtdefine. patriotism. "We know that it is not how one's ~ are fo nned hut what they say. And we know thêre is f~m.JQ..~_a™-.witn ·all or part of what I_'v_e_ _ just said. "But God almightyJ. we've got to shout these .truthsln which we believe from tlîerooftgps." 1 Gripping conviction That is what C,ronkite said, and sitting in his office as he recalled the speech bis body language was as eloquent as his recollections were awncular. Without noticing it, he gripped the arms ofhis chair as he remembered that night and the events that had inspired him. By the time he finished, bis grip on those arms looked strong enough to crush coat into diamonds. "l was just mad." he said in the famous baritone. ..1 have been mad. Still am." Cronkite sai<i that he bas spoken bis mind throughout bis career, especlally during the years on radio prior to becotning the anchor of the "CBS Evening News." . _ , " .. ~ "Fot my whole life, long bëfore CBS, whèn l was at United Press - and goodness knows, press.service reporters are supposed to be ideological eunuchs if there ever were any. and I made public speeches under the auspices of United Press. All through my llfe, I have never disguised my sentiments about polities in genera!." l Well, maybe he had always registered as an independent so as not to appear partisan. Still, "lib• eralism carne out in almost every -speech in one way or another, on radio.'' . As he continued to talk, however, Cronkite seemed to arrive at bis own understanding of just how significant the Roseland speech had been. " On television, I tried to absolutely hew to the middle of the road and not show any prejudice or bias in any way," he said. r "I did not believe that the public was sophisticat• se/! CRONKITE, C2 �NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE MILITÄR- UNO ZIVILVERWALTUNG IN DEN EROBERTEN GEBIETEN IM WESTEN ff17·PS 1. Be r 1 c b t (-eet,ehn] 'k über dl• Lage u~d Entwlckluag 1n den beaetzteD u1ederliànd1acben Gebietec Berlcbtazelt 29.llai bie 1,.Jull 1140 , ..t! .'fi .. J48•1i•inu Rridisiadirtj Auftra« und Autgabe lllt der Bestellung 1ua ltelch1kouhaar ht du lui'\rac gegebe11. ln labrung der l11terea1e11 dN lelcbea die Bffectllche Ordn1112g UDd du Dffentltcbe tebe11 etcbern1telle11, u.nd die Au!gabe Terbunden 0 dle au, Cröaden der Erbaltwig der 11ederl1Dd11cb.-llldtscbe11 Geblete UDA'bblllgic su balt•Dll•n llederlande abpsehen TOD den a111tlrtachen S1cherunge w1111ohaftl1ch • ögl tc!lat an du let eb n bladtlll. l)leae Aufgabe lat n u,..... HDD u pltngt, dne po11thcb• 11lleub1ldimg suataadeaubrlJIPD, die 41e w1rtaohaftl1che BlndUIII der llederlande aa du lelch ale Aua!ld dN Willena des D1e4erläncl 1cdlen Volk•• erachetnen 11st. El Uepn konkrete Anhalt.spunkte datllr ~or, daB ISO-teute lil der tJDifor• Diederlïncllseber Soldaten zugunsic der e1Dur1chlerendcn Relchstruppea eiqegrtfteu 'haben. J• ntederläDdlschen polltlachea tebeD sind Persönltchkettea kaua ,orbanden. Au• da GlelcaaB ragt der eimandalebiigjä'hrtge Coltjn benor. Obirohl ln seinen Grundetgenschaften herrtecb IIDd etnsataberett, lat er Tollkoaaen den w1tlerl1cbllberalea AmcbaaUDgeD nrbmaden IIDll ale htonttr Cah1nht tllr Dat10D&l.1oztall1ttaobe Cedankea,lage lTpodwelcher Art ntobt n haNa. Der 1. Bericht aus den Nicdcrlandcn vom Juli 1940, mit dcm Bild von Dr. ScyA-lnquart, dcm Rcidukommissar fûr die bcactztcn Wcstrcbictc. Juli 19~ 1 320 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_Starvation-documentation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Pieter Title A name given to the resource Starvation documentation Description An account of the resource Map of the Netherlands annotated by Pieter Termaat, and notes from Termaat documenting the starvation conditions during the Nazi occupation, and locations of farms visited to acquire food. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9b14d7d1b6787db8f255616959c995eb.pdf 48cac07746bed65ee835ddc65e978df7 PDF Text Text ?ieter Nicolu.s Termaat :ind Adrian~ 3,irbar~ Termut Background information PNT ·verzatsherdenkin1cs kruis .Rasistanci, Cross H.M. Beatrix I\BT X Service medal Netherl~nds Interior ?orces X X Netionaal Joni;eren Verbond (:,J.J.V.) 1932.19co x Honorary Chair Wom~n: E.K.H. Crown Princess Juliana Erasmus Medal 1985 x C-47, Inc. 82nd f\.irborne Division X Yad Vashem Citation M;irtyrs ~nd Heroes Remembrance Authority Jerusalem Israel X Doctor (h.c.) of Humane Letters Grand Calley State University Citation U.S.A. President Ronald Reaean X X X X Senate and House of Representative State of Michigan Concurrent Resolutions #107 and il08 For Service to the ti llied Cause 19t.1_19L1 5 x Citation Congre~~tion Ahav~s Israel X Interfaith Avenue of the Ri~ht9ous Citation and tree Winetka Illinois Honorable Citation and Commemorative window with the Star of David by the Solomon Schechter Day Schools Evanston Illinois X X Citation /Inti Defamation Leae:ue B'nai B•rith Life member Graater Consistory of Central Reformed Church Grand Rapids, Michie!ln X X X X Past member Board of Directors of the West Michig~n Chapter of the N. A. C.M. x X � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_ABT-PNT-List-of-honors Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Pieter Title A name given to the resource Pieter and Adriana Termaat list of honors Description An account of the resource Typescript list of honors and awards bestowed on Pieter and Adriana Termaat Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Americans Netherlands -- Awards Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d6b449024744c7a8afa6046410f7e31f.pdf 0ca96ff01c2cbf9f72cd8abcda57f07d PDF Text Text ··· . Jewish Foundation for Ouistian Rescuers . 4000 Town Center, Suite 420 Southfield; Michigan 48075-1405 ~~~ -~ . •• Moral Courage During the Holocaust and in a Post Holocaust World. '1~ _ A · Hol<>aU$lM~oria.1 ~~ One Day Conference _ . . . .. , WEDNE.SPAY, .QCTQBER. 23;.1991 . . . . . �Mllri4 Dumul, heroine of Huguenot history, writing "RESIST" Tdlere site tDOS imc prisontll. Drtnoing by Slllfllld. Bastidi. · . . From gmeration to gmtnztion . , . Mme. Haitw (cmta bthind boy), 11 rescllel" · "Bllnality "[ /r/Jffl Le 01111nbcm, llppt!ll"8 here with four lldditional gmmltions of her family. (from "Wtapans of the Spirit"). Eflil" "'J flllly Otitllgo, 1989 . ·" The Jewish Fou~da~ion f_or Chri~tian·Rescuers ·. · · _ _. -·_ -~.-: . of.the . · . · . · ·: -··An.J i-Defamation League . . in cooperatio~ with • . . The HoJocaust Memorial Center . · presents Moral Courage During the Holocaust and in a Post Holocaust World . .. . .Wednesday, ·October 23,1991 _:· .on the ca~pus of . The_Jewish -~ o~munity Ce~ter . ·West Bloomfield, Michigan_. · "Moral Courage During .t he Hol~caus~ and i11: ·a Post Holocaust World" is a oneday co~ference .examining from .historical and psychological perspectives;.the questions: What .were the motivations of those righteous few during ·the Holo- · caust? Why were there so few people U?ho acted righteously? . Can the moral-under-. . · pinnings of th~ righteous be taught and practiced today? · of · _· Designed for:·att ethnically diver~e group edu~ator~, religious leaders_an·d : other interested parties, the conference will serve as a catalyst - for 'further .discussion and dissemination information and will promote· creative and · 'effective ways of teaching and helping to put into practice valu_es of righteous.ness and moral courage. . . . . . . . . of s •• ,· �:· MORAL COURAGE .. ... . . . . ' '·. . . ·Wednesday, c;>c!ob_er 23, 1991 _Program .· 8:30A.M. - . · ' ... _, REGISTRATION AND CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST ,1 MORNING SESSION - "Historical Perspectives" · _.... OPTION A .· . .._. - .. . -: ·. . . • . Dr. ·-oavid Wyman ·_ · ·. ·.. · • Response: . Dr. ·Melvin Small · · . Moderator: pr. .·Guy Stem ... : . . . . . 9:30 -A.M. , OPTION u· _· . ._ :.' .• · Audio Visual Presentation .. . . Viewing and discussion of a ·sampling 'o f films curr~ntly available .. on the subjects of the Holocaust, Hidden Children -and :i;no:ral courage. ·. . . . . . . ..· . · Moderator: Dr. Carol Rittner . NOON - l_:00 P.M: LUNCH . . Program to be announced . _ - · 1:lSP~~s P.M.__. -.-.. . . . u· AFTERNOON sESSION . "Psycholog~ Perspectives" . · ·· · · • · Dr. Yehudah Nir • · Response: Dr. Emanuel Tanay · . Moderator: _Dr. · Guy Stem . OPTION A · · · ··. · . · . or:rioNs · . . , .· - . . ·· • Audio Visual Presentation continued ·. : .Moderator: Dr. Carol Rittner ' i3REAK' · - ·. 3:15 P.M:-.3:30 P.M. ·. . ··. 3:30 P.M. - 5:00 P;M. : · ,· · . . OPTIONA ·. . Small group discussions to be facilitate4 by staff and other ,. guests . .· .· . . . . OPTION B ·, . . . . . ~ Independent viewing of the Holocaust Memorial Center; . ·. · ··. Docents available . ·. . · . · . . : · · ' .· . · · ~ 5:00 P.M. - 7:30 P.M. . . BREAK/INDEPENDENT DINNER · , . 7:30P.M. . ~ ··• ' : III EVENiNG SESSION::. PUBLIC-LECTURE : • Keynote Speaker: -Professor David Wyman . - .. · · _Summarizing the day's events ang. looking tQ the future . • : .DESSERT RECEPTION . . . . ·_: ' ' . . "The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones." Wm. Shakespeare (Julius Caesar, Act 3) . · · :A~ti-Defamat_ion League of B'n~i B'i.ith -·. · · 4000.TownCenter ~ ·suite420 • .Southfield,Michfgan48075-1405 • ·_ ~313)355~3730 . PRINTED ON RECYCLED. PAPER . .. 1,,J · �The Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers The Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers is a program of th,e Anti~DefamationLeague. The Foundation provides recognition of and support to individuals who rescued Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. The Foundation: • sponsors conferences, publications and films on moral courage, altruism, and other ethical and educational implications of the rescuers' acts; · • provides modest grants to over 650 rescuers in 15 countries who are in finandal need; and • organizes, through its Reyim ("friends") project, regular volunteer visitation, phone contact, and other services to isolated rescuers; • The Foundation's program budget is raised entirely by public support. We thank you for your support! This conference has been made possible through a generous contribution from the Carol and Joel Dorfman Educational Foundation. TheJewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers gratefully appreciates their.support. · The .Participants · . · Yehudah Nir - Dr. Nir is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell Medical College, Cornell University. A recognized authority on the psychological aspects of victimization, he is the author of The Lost Childhood. Sister Caro'I Rittner, R.S.M. - Dr. Rittneds the co-producer of the AcademyAward nominated documentary film, "The Courage to Care".· She is widely sought to speak on the subject of moral righteousness_. Melvin Small - Dr. Small, a Professor of History at Wayne State University has focused on the historical context of The Holocaust and will offer his insights during the morning session. Guy Stern - Dr. Stem is Distinguished Professorof German_and Comparative Literature at Wayne State University. The author of several books and pamphlets incl tiding "Nazi BookBurningand the American Response", he is expert in the literature of exiles. Dr. Stem will serve as Moderator of the Conference. Emanuel Tanay -Dr. TanayisProfessorof Psychiatry at Wayne State University. Himselfahiddenchild,hehas gained international recognition as a forensic psychiatrist. David Wyman - Dr. Wyman is Professor of History and Judaic Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. The authorof the Abandonment of the Jews, he will open the Conference's morning Session and be the Keynote Speaker during the Evening Program. ----------. -------. REGISTRATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - · -Moral Courage During the Holocaust and in a Post Holocaust World Program - Wednesday, October 23, 1991 · Jewish Community Center Campus, West Bloomfield, Michigan · Names of all participants are required; guests are welcome. If you h_ave any questions, please call the AOL office, (313) 355-3730 -----'-----------------•FEES: NAME ADDRESS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ OCCUPATION/TITLE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ $ 35.00perpe.rson, . No._ at$ 35.. 00 includes Options A or B, Conference materials, Continental Breakfast, Lunch . and Dessert Reception following the · Evening Program $ _ _ __ HOME PHONE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ WORKPHONE GUEST _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ADDRESS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ OCCUPATION/TITLE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HOME PHONE - - - - ' - - - - - - ' - - W O R K PHONE______ Please provide additional guest information on a separate sheet $ 25.00 per person, includes Options A or B, Conference materials, Continental Breakfast, and Lunch. No._at$25.00 $ _ _ __ $18.00perperson, Evening Program only including Dessert Reception. . No._at$18.00 Student rates available on request, TOTAL ENCLOSED. $ _ _ __ $ _ _ _--' Make check payable to Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers/ AOL/MI · . Please return regiStration form and remittance to: Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers, c/o Anti-Defamation League • 4000 Town Center,Suite 420, Southfield, Michigan48075 �ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI B'RITH National Chairperson: Melvin Salberg NationalDirector: Abraham H. Foxman MIOilGAN COMMITI'EE JEWISH FOUNDATION FOR OIRISTIAN RESCUERS/AOL . Chairperson: Fran Gross Linden JEWISH FOUNDATION FOR CHRISTIAN RESCUERS/ ADL Founding Chairperson: Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis Chairperson: E. Robert Goodkind Director: Dennis B. Klein MI OUGAN REGIONAL OFFICE ANTI.:.DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI B'RITH President: Norman H. Beitner Director: RichardLopenthal Committee Esther Applebaum Cheryl Bloom Rabbi Ernst Conrad Carol Fogel Jay Gerber Howard Goldberg Barry J. Goodman Tammy Gorosh Nancy Grand Greg Herman Jonathan Jaffa Nancy Kurland Simpson Rene Lieberman Lisa Mendelson Paula Milgrom Shelley Nadiv Judi Rosen Cheryl Scott Cherie Selis Michelle Sider Charles Soberman Leslie Taub Arlene Victor Harold Zucker Vice Presidents Gene A. Farber Barry J. Goodman Fran Gross Linden Ruth Lando Sheri T. Schiff HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL CENTER Rabbi Charles Rosenzveig Founder & Executive Vice President Founded by:.ShaarH Haplaytah For Information on the HMC, tours or membership applications, contact the Holocaust Memorial Center 6602 W . Maple Road, West Bloomfield, MI 48322 • (313) 661-0840 JEWISH FOUNDATION FOR CHRISTIAN RESCUERS • · 4000 Town Center, Suite 420, Southfield, MI 48075 • (313) 355"3730 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1991-10-23-ADL-Moral-Courage-Conference Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-10-23 Title A name given to the resource Moral Courage During the Holocaust and in a Post Holocaust World conference program Description An account of the resource Conference agenda for "Moral Courage During the Holocaust and in a Post Holocaust World," sponsored by the Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers and the Anti-Defamation League. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 Courage Heroes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/caa5bd91c381c933b6a638fb6405d362.pdf e331fb7b755b3e94145e20413966a9c2 PDF Text Text EMBASSY OF ISRAEL Programma van de bijeenkomst ter gelegenheid van de uitreiking van de Yad Vashem onderscheidingen op donderdag 1 november 1990 Welkom s twoord door de Edelachtbare heer drs. A.J. van Duist, Burgemeester van de Gemeente H aarlemmermeer Toespraak door mevrouw Frieda Yovel, Eerste Secretaris voor Culturele Zaken van de Ambassade van Israël Toe spraak door de heer Dr. Ir. E.M. Wikler, Voorzitter van het Nederlands Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap Ui trei k in g der onderscheidingen Toespraken door een aantal personen die gered ztJn. Toesprak en door een aantal personen die gedecoreerd z1Jn !\1uzikale om lij st ing door mevro uw P. Tieman - harp t< .t ;1flol:p van de plec hti gheid zal koffie en th ee worde n geservee t'd . �r i. Geëerd wordt de heer Robert van Amerongen; hij neemt zelf de onch..·1·..: rlieiding in ontvangst. Mevrouw M.E. Gom i1~. s-Lohatto was 14 toen zij haar ouJerlijk huis moe st verruilen voor het onderduikadres dat de heer Van Amerongen voo r haar had gevonden. Haar broer Jaap moest in september van het?.e lfdc jaar ook onderduiken. Mevrouw Gompes had van Robert van Amero,1gc11 gehoord dat haar nichtje Betty de Vries, op het nippertje had ku nnen <.;ntsnappen de dag voordat haar hele familie door de Duitser:-; werd .~cdepo1teerJ . De heer Van Amerongen kenck B-2t1y omdat zijn vader Eugcls doceerde aan het Vossius Gymnasium, waa r Bdty naar school ging. l'vkvronv Gompes dook eerq bij de familie Visser onder en daarn:t vo lgdr nog: een hele rij v:m andere ondercb i!"<id r:sscn in Alkmaur, Bergen, I\-1aastricht en uiteind e lijk in Brecht, \vaar zij ble ef tot cic be\'rijding. Gedurende deze hele Odyssee bleef Robert van Amerongen haar help..:n, niet in het minst door haar regelmatig van distributiekaarten te voorzien . De groep die door Robert van Amerongen werd geleid, bestond uit , mgcvecr zeventien leden, w,rnrvan er enkelen in de Laai aanwez ig zij 11. TcgL·n het einde van de oorlog h:td deze groep zo'n 100 zo ge naamd e 'klanten'. De heer Van Arncr<lllf!Cll onderhield het contact met andere organisaties die voor valse papieren, geld enz. zorgden. Tijdens cle oorlng had hij geen baan en wijdde hij zich dag en nacht aan zijn dappere illegale werk. 2. Geëerd worden de heer Alhertus Johanus Brinkrn_an eu mevrouw ·M argaretha Sofia Alberta Brinkman-cle Groot en zij nemen de onderscheiding in ontvangst. Tegelijkertijd wordt postuum geëerd de heer Theoclorus Henricus van den Berg en zijn vrouw, Antje Geertrui eb Petronella van den Berg-de Groot die eveneens wordt geëerd, neemt de onder:-.cheicting in ontvangst. ''- Kort voordat hij gedeporteerd werd vroeg de heer Frankfort aan J\1argaretha <le Groot om voor zijn zu~ter en haar twee kleine kinderen te zorgen. Voor de oorlog werkten Margaretha de Groot en de oom van John en 13LTlha Koekoek in dezelfde fabriek. Toen het ec11tp· i:1 r Koekoek gechvongen werd om naar Amsterdam te gaan, vroegen zij Ma rgare tha ck Yael Vashem Blz.~l~ 1990 �zorg voor de kleintjes, John en Bertha Koekoek (tegenwoordig mevrouw Riecker-Koekoek), op zich te nemen. Margaretha, die net getrouwd was met de heer Albertus Brinkman,smokkelde de kinderen uil wal de'joodse \ wijk' werd genoemd en liet ze bij hen thuis onderduiken. John Koekoek was vijf jaar oud en erg "praatgraag". Margaretha zocht en vond een veiliger plaats voor hem bij haar zuster Antje die getrouwd was met de heer Theodorus van den Berg. Bertha bleef bij Margaretha. Beide families behandelden de kinderen alsof het hun eigen kinderen waren. De heer en mevrouw Van den Berg namen nog een joods onderduikgezin bij hen op, de heer en mevrouw Meier Mannheim en hun zoon Sally. Ook deze woonden bij hen van november 1943 tot aan het einde van de oorlog. De heer en mevrouw Brinkman werden na de oorlog officieel de pleegouders van Bertha Riecker-Koekoek en zij gaven haar een goede opleiding als basis voor een vrij en zelfstandig leven. 3. Postuum worden geëerd mevrouw Clasien Haasnoot-van E1:mond en haar echtgenoot, de heer Cornelis Haasnoot. Moses van West en zijn vrouw waren eerst ondergedoken bij de familie De Koning. Na ongeveer 4 maanden werden vele razzia's gehouden in de omgeving en de dreiging van een inval bij familie De Koning werd acuut. Mevrouw De Koning zorgde ervoor, dal de heer en mevrouw Van West in huis konden komen bij Cornelis en Clasien Haasnoot. De heer en mevrouw Van West kregen een dochter, Rosa. die op 13 juni 1944 in het Elizabeth Ziekenhuis in Leiden werd geboren. Dankzij de medewerking van Dr. A Kuiper kon de geboorte van Rosa daar plaatsvinden. Na 13 dagen in het ziekenhuis kwamen moeder en baby terug bij de familie Haasnoot. Daar bleven zij tot het einde van de oorlog. Het echtpaar Haasnoot stond het gezin Van West hun eigen slaapkamer af. De familie Haasnoot was gelovig. Zij waren Gereformeerd en zeer trouwe kerkgangers. Hun Christelijke levensovertuiging gaf hun een groot vertrouwen in G'd's voorzienigheid. Gelukkig waren de buren te vertrouwen. In het dorp voelden de families die onderduikers in huis hadden zich gesteund door de plaatselijke verzetsorganisatie. Yad Vashem Blz. ~2~ 1990 �4. Geëerd worden de heer Martinus Leenderd Mussert en zijn echtgenote mevrouw Alida Jacoba Mussert-Paats; zij nemen zelf de onderscheidi ng in ontvangst. Gedurende de oorlog.._ funC' ;_ ·'leerde de heer Mussert als een soort 'verdeler' van onderduikadressen voor joodse medeburgers. Hij zocht en organiseerde de onderduikplaatsen totdat deze medeburgers veilig naar hun nieuwe adres konden komenen. Soms bracht hij cle mensen eerst een tijdje onder in zijn eigen huis. tvlevrouw P. Rosenberg-de Leeuw en wijlen Dr. Julius Leydesdorff zijn twee van cle door het echtpaar Mussert geredde onderduikers. In haar getuigenis schreef Mevrouw C. van Rhijn-Leyclesdorff dat haar vader, Dr. Leyclesclorff ,blind was . Toen het risico van deportatie groter werd, nam een bevriend medicus haar vader op in het ziekenhuis van Apeldoorn, waar hij een oogoperatie fingeerde. Een verpleegster daar, mevrouw J. Paats, hoorde dat de nazi's het ziekenhuis wilden ontruimen en zij waarschuwde vanuit het ziekenhuis haar zwager, de heer Mussert, die in Leiden woonde. Diezelfde dag nog kwam hij Dr. Leydesdorff halen. rvlevrouw J. Paats werd al enige jaren geleden geëerd met de Yael Vashem onderscheiding. Naast het huisvesten van onderduikers. had clc heer l'vlussert ook andere grote verdiensten: hij bracht op cle fiets distributiebonnen voor levensmiddelen naar de diverse onderduikadressen. Deze bonnen waren gestolen door het Verzet in Apeldoorn en \varen voorzien van een zegel van een zogenaamde "Ziekenvoedsel" organisatie en de handtekening: "Mussert". Ook Mevrouw P. Rosenberg-cle Leeuw is door Rein en Ali Mussert .._ geholpen. Zij bleef twee maanden bij hen ondergedoken totdat er ook voor haar een veiliger adres was gevonden. 5. Geëerd wordt mevrouw vVilhelmina C.Ch. Sarstädt; cle onderscheiding zal in ontvangst worden genomen door haar kleinkinderen, Ruben en Ilana Vogel. Benno Vogel was enig kind. Voordat zijn ouders door de Duitsers werden weggevoerd, vroegen zij een niet-joodse vriendin om voor hun zoon te zorgen 'totdat zij terug zouden komen'. Beide ouders kwamen echter in Auschwitz om. 13enno kwam als baby in 19..J.2 bij mevrouw Yad Yashem Blz. ~3~ 1990 �Sarstädt en zij verzorgde hem gedurende de gehele oorlog met veel liefde. Zoals zij de ouders had beloofd, vroeg zij na de oorlog aan de Joodse organisatie voor Oorlogspleegkinderen of zij Benno Vogel mocht adopteren. Volgens de archieven van deze organisatie werd de voogdij aan de Stichting toegewezen met mevrouw Sarstädt als een soort covoogdes. In die dagen probeerde deze organisatie contact te behouden met joodse kinderen die in niet-joodse gezinnen verbleven. De aantekeningen in het archief van de Stichting "Joods Maatschappelijk Werk" getuigen, dat mevrouw Sarstädt de contacten met de organisatie verwelkomde en dat zij Benno opvoedde in het besef dat hij een joods kind was. Vanaf 1942 heeft zij zeer hard gewerken om in hun lv' idcr lev ensonderhoud te voorzien. Nog steeds noemt Benno Vogel mevrouw Sarstädt 'moeder' en hij getuigt van haar goedheid en liefderijke zorgen. 6. Geëerd worden Mevrouw Trijntje van Stam-Jansen en haar echtgenoot, de heer Cornelis van Stam: zij nemen zelf de onderscheiding in ontvangst. Cor van Stam coördineerde als 'Cor van de Meer' in de jaren '40-'45 het verzet in de Haarlemmem1eer. Dat verzet richtte zich in het bijzonder op de plaatsing en verzorging van ruim 3600 onderduikers, onder wie circa 600 joodse Nederlanders. Diverse joodse onderduikers, die door de heer en mevrouw Van Stam werden gered, zijn hier vandaag aanwezig: Mevrouw D. Busnach-van Bienen, de heer M. van Kleef en mevrouw S.A. van Kleef-Blitz, de heer R. van Kleef, mevrouw F. Jansen-Deen, de heer I.S. Meyer, en mevrouw A.S. Spier. Van september 1942 tot de bevrijding in mei 1945, bleef Ant oincltc Spier ondergedoken bij het echtpaar Van Stam. De heer en mevrouw van Stam waren nog maar net getrouwd en beiden waren actief in het Verzet. Toen het voor Antoinette te gevaarlijk werd om in hun huis te blijven, · moest zij tijdelijk op een veiliger plaats onderduiken. Het echtpaar Van Stam waarschuwde anderen over op handen zijnde razzia's en was voortdurend in de weer om goede onderduikadressen te vinden. In september 1944 werden de activiteiten in en om de Haarlemm ermeer een onderdeel van de Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten. Op 25 jarige leeftijd werd ,, , 1 1 1_ A ,nnn �de heer Van Stam Gewestelijk Commandant van de B.S. voo r Gewest 12, te weten Noord-Holland. Op 5 mei 1982 ontving mevrouw Van Stam-Jansen het Verzetsherdenkingskruis uit handen van Z.K.H. Prins Bernhard. De heer Van Stam, die inmiddels burgemeester van de Haarlemmermeer was, werd op 11 november 1982 eveneens met het Verzetsherdenkingskruis ge~e rd. 7. Geëerd worden de heer Cor Termaat en zijn echtgenote Mevrouw Dorie Termaat-Bartelds_ e n zij nemen zelf de onderscheiding in ontvangst. i\1evrouw Betty Strijland-de Vries werd in de oorlog do or Cor en Dorie Termaat gered. De heer Strijland heeft d onderschciJing aangevraagd namens zijn in 1987 overleden vrouw. Kort nacb t Betty door de hee r Robert van Amerongen, die eveneens vandaag wo rdt geëerd, clcle rs was ondergebracht, werden al haar andere gezinsleden, te weten haar ouders, haar twee broers en haar zuster Vera, weggevoerd van hun laa tste woonadres. Betty zei dikwijls: "Aan Cor en Dorie J ank ik mijn 1cven". Op 20 juni 1943 kwam Robert van Amerongen Betty halen. Zij werd naar de familie Harder gebracht. In juni 1944 , besl oot Jan Harder. de zoon, geen gehoor te geven aan de oproep om zich bij de Duitse rs te melden en besloot onder te duiken. Daarom moest er voor Betty een veiliger plaats worden gezocht . Deze werd gevonden bij Cor en Dorie Termaat, waar nog drie andere onderduikers waren. Eerst Mau en Hetty Klijnkramer en later ook hun zoontje Rudi, die hier vandaag aanwezig is. Toen Cor en Dorie hoorden dat het zoontje van de Klijnkramers in Den Haag was ondergedoken, zeiden ze meteen, dat deze ook bij hen moes t komen wonen. Rudi werd opgehaald en naar de familieTermaat gebracht. Betty de Vries verbleef bij de familie Termaat van juni 1944 tot maart 1945. Om dat het toen te gevaarlijk werd om daar langer te blijven, verbleef zij vanaf maart tot de bevrijding bij de familie van Amerongen. Na de oorlog werd Betty opnieuw door Cor en Dorie Termaat als het ware gered. Zij verleenden haar een grote mate van geestelijke bijstand en gaven haar voortdurend blijk van hun grote liefde en vriendschap. 1 (_) (_)(\ �8. Postuum wordt geëerd de heer vVillem Vader. Zijn echtgenote mevrouw Truus Vader-vVoudenberg die eveneens wordt geëerd neemt de onderscheiding in ontvangst. Tegelijkertijd wordt postuum geëerd Or.Marinus Jacob Heering. Zijn vrouw neemt de onderscheiding voor hem in ontvangst. Mevrouw en de heer Van Frank waren in 1943 ondergedoken by familie Kramers. Gedurende haar verblijf raakte zij in verwachting. Zij hebben Dr. Heering gebeld (die zelf in het verzet zat en in 1943 ook was ondergedoken). Voordat hij zelf ging onderduiken heeft hij de familie van Frank het telefoon nummer van zijn onderduikadres gegeven en gevraagd hem te bellen als er gevaar dreigde. llij beloofde bij de bevalling te assisteren en iemand te vinden die de baby zou "adopteren." Dit heeft hij allemaal gedaan. Dr. Heering bracht mevrouw Van Frank naar een ziekenhuis waar dochter Carla werd ....2.eboren. Na een week kwam mevrouw Vader de baby halen en Carla bleef meer dan een jaar bij hen Toen de ouders na de oorlog haar dochtertje kwamen halen, gaf mevrouw Vader nog nieuwe kleertjes mee in een tijd van groot tekort. De relatie tussen deze twee moeders is in al die jaren bijzonder hecht geweest. Helaas is mevrouw Van Frank om gezondheidsredenen niet in staat bij deze uitreiking aanwezig te zijn,maar haar dochter Carla 1s samen met haar broer uit Israël overgekomen. Yad Vashem Blz. ~6~ 1990 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1990-11-01-Program-Yad-Vashem Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Embassy of Israel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-11-01 Title A name given to the resource Yad Vashem meeting program Description An account of the resource Program of the meeting on the occasion of the presentation of the Yad Vashem awards on Thursday November 1, 1990. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eb06702526118a2b229fc91d76f4699d.pdf a9262d941e349006fd7cba2ac79f8fc1 PDF Text Text 11 .,-'.Termaat ~730 Westlane Drive N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan k9505 25 Februari ·1987. Basto vrienden , De politiok~ situatie in Alkmaar voor de oorlo~ ~&1' een verw.flrd en verdeeld boold • !Sr.ezien V.tln de !'-qr~erij , waren er in '!l')>r.eentedienst een u.!ltal led.on of geheime leden v,n de N.S.B. l')ll /,rnold M"yer's nationaal Front. (;nier hen bevond.en zic:i li. alravo:n Co~ssiris va.-i Politi~ , V!l'l'l misrlevelt Inspectour van folitie en de a.~btensron FRber, J~n fl~s, Ei v,n den .• euvel en as els • ~·roe~ in de beztti~ or1tvinr, ik het eerste nu"'f'Tlcr v.m Vrij ?Je:!el"l111n<l anoniem por post, en ver~en1gvuldi~1'3 dat. '\,. .iet werd door r,ij o.a. a4n ~as els en · 1as n~n~eboden. Do re,ctie van do eerst~ , zoals ik d eerder heb P"esc11reven l'3tt~rlijk : Zo moesten eon fuik zetton voor de :iervorm~ l'm de Gerefor"lieerde Kerken ä.an -ws.s het wol uit Met dat (sorry) vordorrrle verzet • Fbs sloot zie:i hierbij a.a.n • '.adien ·kon ik door·~a~n n:~t het. copieren v,n Vrij 'e-:J9rh.nd door nedewarkinri: vsn d<3 concîer;,-e C. V~l''l ""J!'rl~nt die mij "s avonds binnnn liot. Van dan 'euv~l , ~las an ~els Ma.akten zich verdienstolijk bij de bezott~r door rnonsP-n te dwin~en te uaan werk~n op het vlie~veld Berren. De eerste twoo worden beloond o.a. met het gebruik v~n een auto en benzine bonnen van het JUitsc~e le~er • •~erkw!lardir- dnt die auto en benzino e13n zonderlijke wondin~ n.•ur: • Je ,.S.l ,. hie1-:l op eon ?'Or:-~von darr een de"l!onstr "tie voor het Stadhuis in de Lan!".estraat te Alkmaar. Na de 't4,ospraken gingen do rechteramen om.~oorr en werd er iets r:ezonpen. · Vanaf da ho~e stenen brwç naderde oen-auto met jonillge mensen , ·bestuurd door een zoon van V4n don Heuvel zon-:ler rijbewijs, welke pardoes inreed op do e-roep r;.s.D.ers • Arrestaties volgden en toen bleek dnt het hier eon Duitso~e auto welke benzine rebru.ikte van ne Duitsche le~er instantios, werd deze"diefstel" r,estraft mot de arrestatie va.n Ed vande11 Heuvel, die daardoor in een_ concentr11tiekamp terec:it kwam, w&ar hij ovorlead • Plas ~dst zich dasrbuit~n te houden. Van den Heuvel en Plas r:aven aan de Gestapo do namen door van man't'lAn die door hen Favaarlijk warden ~eacht voor de Duitsc:ie bez~tt~. Zij behoorden tot die groep welke de Februari stakin~ in 1911 or~anL seerde. De Inspecteur van }:aarlevelt mankte zich daarna verdienstelijk door deze mensen uit hun wonimen te ranselen naär de overvalwa~ens. Gaan heoft het overleefd • :e;;sen als Joh,m Korver on Ioin K°lasin": en vele andoren werden slachtoffers. 1:adat het fetij voor de P.s.B •. 'a~ "'ationul Fron't berron te verlopen gaf de opric~til'llI van de B.S. op 5 Serte~bor 1911 Jan Flns aanloidinovoor eon soort macht~reep, niet in het Minst o~ zijn verloden to'verbargen. rlij koesterde een abnormale haat teren W!lt·de O.D. had biji:redragen • "a V~ Day hadden 1,.'1.j eon fotoreportao-e irw:oric~t in de l-1n)f'estraat hook :. ui~brouwerstr~ut • c" a. w11s daarin opç,-eno-:rion e~n foto van het lijk van i.annie Schaft Met een kleine schot"-"OJ'.lri in haar slaap • Jan Flits vérwijderde die foto • z.o.z. , ,.•. . �. De overste Gonlag gaf Mr.5urlage en mij de cp1r~cht or, rapport ui~ te bre'1.~en OYAr de omstandigheden waiironder eeb lid vnn de B.s. was r.esneuvclà. îocn ~-:i.j zijn persoonlijke bezittingen na~inren, zat 2.ijl1 rortc:rmi11,:- vol m0t foto's van hem temidden r.:roepen Duitsche sol.:1:1-:.e:~ • ~· cor was het J.:in Fl11.s die deze foto's wernr.m • (',,.-1cr d: i....,r.ri,rntur van Jn.n Plas en tevens <ie na.11m VRn de Stichting 191 0/1 ·; b ~isbruikon , wer;'l 38· j1.1ren n1.1 de oor]o"' eon boekj~ uit_ ;:-:e::-0v11:~ :.i-::t bcruc11t '\-Tl?r.1 ,foor het l-:eq}.-ton van zovel9 n1.1men van vor~ie~sto7 ij :,c v .c:rz.cts:"le:1s"1"\ P-'1 vordr~ .,ir.,.. on "-•C," '"latinr: van feiten • .J 3.:, : 7 -.~ ,,-ls t br:tor •r:H'!' 1,".}rsc':1rncf rie r-i,sc'.1iorl nis voor politieko rP:1cn:.•n , ri'.'. ']'.:. t j,:, '"ll)~stn c-Atuir:m1 wr.ren over11:'drm • :t!0 ir-~~~2.~.' :tur 1-:'[1S cr;!J sc""!..., '1:1f'.1. l'-1 is or:::-lo ,..,:~ lv~zr•tti'1- r.i~t. n~r 11 'icc i'lc,i o!' nv,.,.,,t~ l,li')ro ""!'?:1 bP.h.'.lve ;is :ic~~nt1:v ;is t~r,v l-:on]~ in y;e,'.'.!n ti"'!':' Il ?,r:,o s~'.,re')f r~~"rn1 Sir c1 0',·1 :.,.c'~r::tt • In 19'•:; 1-: :is i'.-: ,~r:>1Jr d,.,_ ?m•-P'.')'}1'.!Sbn· v:,-, i-lb::i"'.r uit,...on0-.--Jir-i o~ els V'Jcr-;:-.,li - v~rz~tsstrij·hr d'J l O_jnri"e :1rird,nl:i•r bij tn "'on~n !tlS zijn .~ ast • :· !; in :;€' 1 lr:-·~:-cr 1?21 in :ïj-r:~- en te ieb~en d<é>~l : -- cno'T'r>!1 l'l"!'l 1e bi)·v-ri,:i·:i•r s•101".:>m1:iri~ in è.ic st-;-:1 , W'J s :r.ijn ou·h woonpl:1,its 11an :-!'ote trr::~·r-•l'}iStP.r • û: c:1t~0stti:: bij die hordcnkin~ in :\lkm,,•n· we~r de r':n:i toin r,1sters destijds tOP.;::-evoc:_,;d a:in do First Cl(füfl(I:::anlldi:rn :\rmy , :·.:::irinus :.1~rbus , a.1!!.n Groet , ,' ri~ Vtl"l den Eur7 an ::nvrou,,_. de ~,onr , '\-.'O':lm..·o van Dirk r:iA '\"()~:-- ·;n..,r ".1 :·•-=)n ~·,.~ n0r"\'..":;• nsc~ott:?n • :..}: r"'l,: èo;;l aan een 'i"; intorvieu"' on woorida de h-~'1S1!:lc-r·inc- bij op de ~r:iven v:m do tm,,, ~nerlsche vliecrers op de r l";r:?!"l<.:me Be""raafplat1.t~ door a~ r;url!c".".oestt1rs van fl lhllnr en va.11 hn11r zusterstad ?,at~ in sn~ola~d • , :ijn broer en zijn vrouw en mijn zoo:-i en ik w~ron de nnip-en die de nooit8 hn~d,;n r-Ano:"len na:,;r-bij ter-~nvoor:ii~ t~ zijn. Voor ik ec'.1tl:!r r, lkm:ur wirliet had I l.qs no:,,- ..:et t.~ ze,...,,.en • ;·'oton:fo r.at ik ½P-'!! al in 19l O 0'1 19L'l had r--esir--nP.lA1:rd , viel hij mij bijnellià.C?:,elijk R-'in o.a. over de r:lo011 v,1n m'rrncientj'3 11 • Dit ·w1s in feit') '10 ,'.";r.,!';bro srionne ?r!!~Sjq ,fo '•'unk • :!ij --=-ciro-3,,. zie~ alsof liij di:i Stic'ltinr, 191 O/l '5 Kis on denr-J ::1e-'lP,dclin~en zoo vij~~~i~ en ~at8lijk dat duidelijk bleek dat hij tot allos in stn-'.lt l-:1 s , voornl to':!n ik h'31'1 herinn13rdFJ a'l.n zijn sl.'lc~toff'ers v,1.n 0 19l 0/ l 1 • \, cl ontv-'i~"''Jl!J'! o~ze h,irte}j jk rror.:itP,YJ rm best11 WP,nc;rm. • L3. .1 t el)ns v0tcn over cl~ y:J innnn voor eer. br.:ite!'0 r,utilil.:'ltie r111n fl -'.l.s 1 bo'3kj0. \ls <Jr vr~~rm zij~ o:-n ~111'?s te- ·coor 'lin'3r'3n , l'lat 1 het mij d:t"". w1-1t11~ • Je;1 .ieer e!l. :,8vrouw :;.!; •. ,,rbus • �Piet en Jannie Termaat 1730 Wastlane Drive N.E., Gra.m Rapids , r:ic~ifan l!9505 27 Januari 1987 Beste wienden, U'll te beginnen met _typefouten maakt geen erg goede indruk; r;ecf or da stijve vinr.-ers maar de schuld 11an. Cm maar met de deur in huis te VAllen, hier is dan een varvolr op mjn brief van 6 Januari j.l. ~n~esloten heb ik het vol~endP-: een afsc11rift vnn mijn brief aan Vevrouw Feld van vandaaic ; e8', hoofdartikel uit Trouw van 30 CctobP.r 19L·3 ; een artikel uit het :Jieuws val'l den d:i!; V!!n 2 J:mugri 191 1 "" rr.8t enn korte notmtie van 1939 vr.n Dr.cif>. Brouwer; een afs~~rift van een ~uitsche inst~ntin vavi Juli 19~0 ovor Dr.Colijn en hêt deolneman van NS3-ers a,m rlo inva1 in '~erierland een afschrift van de oproep om in1ichti'rren i"1 hot :Ioordhollandsch Ja-:-bhd van 17 Juni 19u omtrent ?"ransje 1fo ~'. unk ( zij W'lS de s\i0~ die voor de Gestapo werkte en nij vorri'Xl : ;çn afsc~1!'ift V'ln 'r.ijn ontslacr O!'.' VP.rzoet~ V."1'1 28 >lei 19L5 , getekend door de kapit•ün Luris ; een afsci~rift VR.n een brief van r.~evrouw Vorsc~ure , een P.:einterneerde !JSB-st"3r a11n mijn vader ter i,elagonheid van zijn verjaardar in l9L:6 ; een afschrift van zuster Slvira vn::-i ,et St. Slis<?bet~ Ziekf:\nhuis in /, 1k:r:aar , ter rele;;ren~eid v11'1 de s1 ui tinr; van het internerin1:sk1lll1p aa.~ de Westerwer te fl.lkmaar, gericht aan mijn vader. Zoals ik al aan Eevrouw Feld schreef, heb ik eon onderhoud ~ehad mot Gerrit van Slinpeland nadnt 5urp.er.i"}estor van Kinschot in be;dn 191;2 was ontsla.f"en ~ van S. werd toen loco-bur;:,_-emeester maar weigerde or,1 dio positie op principale redenen te verlaten • In dat zelfde voorjaar werd er twoo maal eon k~be1 ~es4boteerd welke naar het door de Duitschers bezette vlieP'veld Berc;,;1m leidde • Jat voorjaar , toen ik >nijn ontsla'< n!lm v;in het G.fl.B., en ik een telefoon drin~end noii~ had ook al voor het verzet, heb ik een gesprek gehad met de plaatselijke leidinr van de telefoondienst. Er waren wel toestellen aanwezirr in het ma~azij~ ma11r in het geheel ~een kabel. hls ik voor k8bel kon zorren zouden zij hem wel aansluiten. Binnen enkele da'"'en kon ik de hand lerrP-en op onl!eVe'3r ~ meter Duitsc,e kabel , vim zo'n kw~.!titeit dat de F.T.T~ m~;,sen dio hem kwl'l:nmn aa.nslui te11 zeiden : "da 'lr kun je wei 5 dozijn toestellon op aansluiten 11 • Wij woon:icn toen in l1ct huis Sorfstr•rnt 28 ( later 'Tieen ik vernu.~ard ) en har:lden o:1ze telefoon • Zo!ils ~cT.eln heb ik sinds Jir1u:tri 1931.1 tot Juni 19l 1 als collar"a. Sa."l'len·•ewerl:t met Jan 1tlas • ~iet WA s in hat R-lr::e"'leen eAn f"O&'.le verhoudinf , bohalve al~tot poli tiok kwa~ • Jlm beschom::le het ac:,teraenvol<?ens aan do macht ko~o11 van Sa.lazar , ;;ussolini, Hitlar en Fra..'YlcO , .als eon t'3kon dR.t het rijk va.n K~rel V wel e'3:'1S kon worden hersteld • :iij werkte samen n:et l:llebrants va.n het C. ri. B. om Salazar' s b0ek: 11 Jo corporatieve sta-'lt" an, de man te bren<;en. i,al, ontvan~ onze hartelijk~ ~roeten en boste we~s~n. Hoop binnnekort te vervoleen • hls er eni~e vra.ren zijn dia ik welJicht zou ku."'lne!l beantwoorden zal ik die ,;ras,,. o!'ltv11n;r,An. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1987-02-25_Marbus-letter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marbus, M. A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-02-25 Title A name given to the resource Letters from M. A. Marbus Description An account of the resource Two letters from M. A. Marbus to Pieter and Adriana Termaat relating to the political and social conditions in the Netherlands before and during World War II. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec0c5fbb256c0e23fd87c5bab31288fe.pdf 8524dadbc13112b315957172fa1a37f5 PDF Text Text 1945 - 1.9 85 40th Anniversary Liberation of The Netherlands COMMEMORATION WASHINGTON, D.C. May 4 and 5, 1985 �-2- BOOKLET PRESENTED BY THE ROYAL NETHERLANDS EMBASSY REGARDING THE COMMEMORATION OF THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS ON WHICH OCCASION SOME EVENTS WERE HELD ON MAY 4 AND 5, 1985 IN WASHINGTON, D, C. �-3- CONTENT I INTRODUCTION BY HIS EXCELLENCY AMBASSADOR RICHARD H, FEIN II PICTURES (COPYRIGHT MARY JOYCE HARDEY) Page 4 - WREATH LAYING CEREMONY AT ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY, VIRGINIA 6 - CEREMONY AT THE NETHERLANDS CARILLON IN ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 7 - COMMEMORATION OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS HELD AT THE CHANCERY OF THE ROYAL NETHERLANDS EMBASSY 8 - WELCOME OF THE GUEST SPEAKERS BY AMBASSADOR RICHARD H. FEIN 9 - CONCERT G1VEN BY MRS ELLY AMELING AND MR RUDOLF JANSEN 10 III ADDRESS OF THE NETHERLANDS AMBASSADOR, RICHARD H, FEIN AT THE NETHERLANDS CARILLON, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA, MAY 4, 1985 11 IV WELCOMING REMARKS BY AMBASSADOR RICHARD H. FEIN AT THE CHANCERY 12 OF THE NETHERLANDS EMBASSY ON MAY 5, 1985 V ST , EUSTATIUS AND BASTOGNE, THE PAST THAT BROUGHT US TO THIS DAY - MAY 5, 1985 BY MRS BARBARA W, TUCHMAN 14 VI THE AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS BY DR LOUIS DE JONG 24 VII ON THE SPOT, PERSONAL EXPERIENCES IN WW II NETHERLANDS BY BRIG ,-GEN , NICHOLAS E. ALLEN (RET , ) USAF 29 VIII MUSIC PROGRAM TO COMMEMORATE THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS ELLY AMELING, SOPRANO RUDOLF JANSEN, PIANO 31 �-4- INTRODUCTION This year, 1985, The Netherlands, as many other countries, celebrated the 40th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. In a sense, this fourtieth anniversary had a ~pecial character, since it represented what could be called a watershed. The generation that had actually lived through the events of World War II in their early youth was being overtaken gradually by a generation for whom those events were past history, Thus, for some this anniversary represented an occasion, perhaps the last one, to look back and to remember in sorrow. For others it represented a victory and a beginning of what now is. Now it so happens that in The Netherlands the end of World War II is traditionally commemorated each year on two different days: on May fourth we remember the dead and on May fifth we celebrate the victory , This distinction became, as explained, especially relevant on this fourtieth anniversary , Also in Washington D.C , this distinction ·was respected. Another distinction that should be born in •mind is that The Netherlands was liberated by two different efforts: those of our allies and especially the Americans and those of our own, Dutch forces, both military and of the resistance, A third distinction I should wish to make on this anniversary, is that the liberation of The Netherlands was achieved by two different efforts: by force of arms based on political and philosophical concepts, and by spiritual force, rooted in our culture ,· This too we tried to reflect in our commemorative celebrations here in Washington . Thus, rendering homage to · the elements I mentioned, on May fourth, first of all, in an impressive ceremony performed by the US military forces, we layed a wreath on the Tomb of the American Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetry. Immediately thereafter we went to the nearby Netherlands Carillon, a gift of the Dutch people to the American people, and some Dutch music was played and a few speeches were made in honor of the Dutch resistance and military forces and the many civilians who gave their lives. The next day, May fifth, there were also two events. In the afternoon, at the Chancery, there was a gathering and speeches on the political perspectives of the liberation were made by American·historian Barbara Tuchman, Dutch historian Lou de Jong and Brigadier-General Nicholas E, Allen USAF (ret,) who was a member of the 82nd Airborne Division, In the evening, at the Embassy Residence, a concert was presented by Dutch soprano Elly Ameling and pianist Rudolf Jansen, both outstanding representatives of to-day's Dutch culture, �-5- We ar e most grateful to all tho se who participated 1n these events . Apart from tho se already ment i oned I s hould like to thanK es peci all y the Commanding Genera l U.S, Army Mil i ta ry Disttic t of Wa shi ngto l"I , MaJot General John l , Ballantyne and the Superi ntendent of Ar l i ngton Nat iona l Cemetery Mr Ray J . Con sta nzo and als o Mr John Byrn e of the Nati onal Pa rk Serv ice and Deputy Ch i ef of Chapla i ns U. S. Army Bri gaai er Pau l O. Fo rs berg . A speci al wo r d of appr eci at i on goes to Mr Frank Laws who pl ayed the Nethe rl and ~ Ca rill on fo r many yea rs but unfort unatel y pa ss ed away the end of Ju ne , Th i s booklet i s offer ed i n tr i bute to the men and women , Ame r i can and Dut ch, who contributed to and made sa c.r ifi ces fo r the l ibera tio n of my coun try , We do so al so i n the hope that fut ur e gene r at i ons l ea r n f r om i t . The Amba ss ador Ric ha r d H. Fei n �-6- May 4, 1985 Commemoration of the victims of the Second World War Wreath laying ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia Foreground left: Ambassador Richard H. Fein Foreground right: Major General John L. Ballantyne Commanding General U.S. Army· Military District of Washington, D.C. �-7- May 4s 1985 Commemoration of the victims of the Second World War at the Netherlands Carillon in Arlington, Vi r ginia FROM PEOPL E Of AMOS Speeches delivered · by Ambassador Richard H, Fein (center) and Brigadier-General Paul 0. Forsberg, Deputy Chief of Chaplains U,S, Army (left) On the right Mrs Richard H, Fein Afterwards music was played at· the Netherlands Carillon by Mr Frank Law �-8- May 5, 1985 Commemoration of the liberation of The Netherlands Speeches at the Chancery of th-e R-oya,l Netherlands Embassy From left to right: Dr Tuchman, Mrs Barbara Tuchman, Ambassador Richard H. Fein, Mrs Fein, Mrs Allen, Brig,-Gen, Nicholas E, Allen USAF ( ret). �-9- May 5, 1985 Commemoration of the liberation of The Netherlands A series of speeches was delivered at the Chancery of the Royal Netherlands Embassy From left to right: Ambassador Richard H. Fein, Mrs Barbara Tuchman, Dr Lou de Jong and Brigadier-General Nicholas E. Allen, USAF (ret) For their speeches see index . �-10- May 5, 1985 Commemoration of the liberation of The Netherlands Concert given by Dutch soprano Elly Ameling at the Residence of Ambassador and Mrs Richard H. Fein Mrs Ameling was accompanied at the piano by Mr Rudolf Jansen, also from The Netherlands �-11- Address of the Netherlands Ambassador~ Richard .H. Fein, at the Netherlands Carillon~ Arlington, Vi rginia, May 4, 1985 Today 40 yea r s ago the Nether lands was l i berated from the wo r st 5 yea r s in the hi story of our country . Those wer e years of great sufferi ng and i nhuman sacrifi ces. There was a great loss of life, both civilian and military . Ci vi l i ans by tens of thousands gave · their lives for their political or religious beliefs , Many Dutchmen gave their lives simply because they wanted their country to be free .· The Dutch armed forces, even after the country had been occupied, as was most of continental Europe, continued their military oper ations aga i nst the enemy from the·,British isles o They waged war in the air and at sea, and fina ll y again on land~ in the lowlands across the sea. We are grateful to England for providing our Queen and our government in exile and oar· armed · forces · the opportunity to continue the fight in those years when all seemed lost . And we have a debt of gratitude to the other allied forces, but especially to the United States of America for coming to our rescue and turning the scales of fortune of this cruel war and finally l i berating our country and restoring our freedom and ou r democracy, We are here today to r emember and hono r those who gave thei r l i ves in that struggle· for survival and liber ation of the Netherlands , We honor the Dutch civilians and -the resistance fighte r s and the military; not only the soldier s of our own · nation · but also those of our all i es who gave their l i ves fo r ou r freedom , In so doing · we are · resolved that those sacrifices wi ll not have been in va i n. Even-as the generations change and move along, we know that if we stand united·and strong we · can say to those who gave their lives 40 years ago, as we · can say to our children, that it wi ll never happen again , �-12- Richard H, Fein Netherlands Ambassador to the United States Chancery· of the Royal Netherlands Embassy May 5, 1985 As most of you know, in The Netherlands we commemorate the events of World War II on two different days, May the 4th and May the 5th , It was so decided almost 40 years ago for what might be called practical reasons'' . It was felt, even then~ that it would be appropriate to separate, on the one hand, the commemoration of the dead, of those who lost their lives · in •that terrible war, therefore a sad and sober occasion; and on the other hand the celebration of oar· final victory, our liberation and the restoration of our democracy ander ·our Queen, the old Queen Wilhelmina, of whom Churchill once said that she was the only man in Europe (but that was some· time earlier than -the ·war we are concerned with today) . 11 11 11 11 , 11 Therefore, as most of you know, yesterday, on the 4th of May, we went to the · military cemetery in Arlington and we did two things . First, most appropriately I think, we placed a wreath on the tomb of the American · unknown -soldier, · thereby rendering homage to the valiant American fighting men ·who·had · given their lives for us . Next, we went to The and listened to some freedom fighters and of·coarse, about our Netherlands · Carillon, nearby, and we said a few words music- in commemoration of the Dutch, both civilians, the mtlitary who died in that war, and we also spoke, allies. But today is the 5th of May and we are here, mainly, for a different purpose: to remember the positive events and to celebrate our liberation and to look forward ·with confidence · to our future . To do this we have been most fortunate in securing the cooperation of some friends who are eminently qualified · to speak to · us on this subject on this occasion, today . In the first place there is Barbara Tuchman, a historian whom I have always greatly admired and·whom I sometimes try to copy when I write my reports, not very successfully I 1 m afraid, Imitation, as you know, is the greatest compliment. Barbara Tuchman will speak to us about Sint Eustatius and Bastogne, the past that brought· us to this day, May 5, 1985 11 11 , She will, if I am not mistaken, pick up the American-Dutch military cooperation from· its historical conception~ way back, two hundred years ago, when the young American Republic was being born, a process in which the Dutch took an interest and gave a helping hand. We are looking forward to her words with great eagerness. �-13- Then we are also most grateful to Dr Lou de Jong who has come from Holland to · be with us this day. He will talk about our next encounter in history, when,·4o years ago the · United States repaid its modest debt · to The Netherlands -with a huge interest; he will talk about the U.S. contribution to our liberation . Finally, and we kept him to the last, we will hear from the personal experiences · of a man who did not· write history, but who made history, Brigadier General Nicholas E. Allen~ who actively participated in the American military operations in The Netherlands , �- 14~ St . Eustatius and Bastogne The past that brought us to this day - May 5, 1985 by Mrs Barbara W. Tuchman As we assemble here on the anniversary that we are al l thankfully celebrating. I would like to rec a 11 for you two epi sodes of our mutual hi story - without which there might be no free Netherl ands today and no independent United States, The two central figures in these episodes may be known to some of you, but I expect not so many . I would like to draw them out of the dim mis ts of history and present them so they may share in the honors of our celebration . The nearest in time was an American, Genera l Anthony Clement McAu li ffe, artillery commander of the 101st Air borne Division in World War II, who di ed last summer in Washington at the age of seventy seven. On the eve of D-day, June 6th. 1944, he parachuted his troops i nto Normandy and after seven months hard-fought progress northward found himself holding the Belgian village of Bastogne again st the thrust of the last great German offensive of the wa r , known to us as the Battle of the Bulge . The offensive, as you r emember, was intended to smash its way through to the coast, seizing Antwerp, divi din~ the British and American ground forces from each other and, had it succeeded, isolating the Netherl ands f~om he~ allies and cutting her off from access to the coast . American for ces in the Ardennes, trying to stem the German advance, were putti ng up a strong but outnumbered defense . Bastogne as the hub of several roads ma rked out for the advance of the German tanks, was a decisive po i nt , Surrounded by the enemy the First SS Panzer Division at odds of four to one, the Americans 1 numbering • Barbara W. Tuchman is a non-academic historian, and autho r of A D1S1ANT MIRROR, THE GUNS OF AUGUST, THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM, STILWELL AND lHE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN CHINA, among other works . She received the Pu li tzer Price for general non-fiction in 1963 for THE GUNS OF AUGUST . Born In New York City in 1912, Mrs Tuchman graduated from Radcliffe Col l ege in 1933, and then served as a researcher for the Institute of Pacific Relattons9 including a yea r in Tokyo 1934-35 , She has worked for 1'The Nation"~ "The Satut'day Even i ng Po st" . The Washington Post", and wrote for a score of othe·r publications from all parts of tne world . �about 10~000 gripped the position through seven days of ceaseless battering at a cost. among others, of eighty-six Americans killed in what his tori ans of the war remember as · the··Ma lmedy massa cre. On December 17, 1944 members of a U.S; ·battalion were herded·together after their surrender to be shot down by pistols and machine guns . Today it is difficult to avoid reference to ·that other ceremony that had just taken place in Germany by our visiting chief of state whose gesture of reconciliation may not seem a· happy choice to families and· comrades of the victims of Malmedy . Five days after that episode, the defenders of Bastogne received an ul ti ma tum demanding their surrender from Genera 1 Heinrich von Luttwi t.z • commander of the SS Panzer Division, opposing them , The ultimatum required a decision within • two hours, failing which the Germans would destroy the defenders ~ the town and all the people in it, McAuliffe fa ced a military and moral decision of fearful import staking the lives of all his men and of the Belgian•civilians against the defense of a critical allied position . He did not weigh or ponder the values for to do so would have reduced him to paralysis. Instead, obeying his instant reacti on, he scrawled on a piece of paper a one word reply - "Nuts!" and handed it to a junior officer to deliver - Mt;Auliffe 1 s classic reply is no doubt known to all of you as it is known to all Americans, but the response of General von Luttwitz on receiving this curiously wo r ded message may be less familiaro "Does that mean Yes or No?" he asked, explaining through an aide that he did not understand the English expression . The American messenger was glad to oblige with a translation, "My commander's reply is "Nuts" he said, "It means go to hel'l - you can understand that, can 1 t you? 11 • Upon the defenders' refusal of surrender, the battle to dislodge them was pursued . For another week under the Panzer 1 s fearful hammering and systaining heavy casualties, McAuliffe 1 s troops held grimly to their position until, on the day after Christmas, the American 4th Armored Division from the south broke through to relieve them . Testifying to the intensity of the struggle, they found the batt1 eground 1ittered with the debris of two hundred German tanks , The prolonged American resistance at Bastogne, like the unexpected Belgian resistance to the German invasion of 1914, threw the German plan of offensive off schedule, and nothing is so intolerable to the Teuton i c mind as a disarranged schedule , After the relief of Bastogne their offensive lost energy and conviction, As it was by now overextended, Hitler 1 s generals advised withdrawal, advice which the F~hrer of course ignored o Allied counter=attacks now moved forward al1 along the line and by the end of March crossed the Rhine at Remagen br1 ng1ng the war onto German soil . On all the we~tern fronts in France, Austria and Italy advances were general while in the East Soviet forces penetrated the outskirts of Berlin , The rest you know, On the last day of April Hitler comm1tted suicide, leav i ng Admiral Doenitz as his successoro On May 4th Doenitz delivered to General Montgomery a proposal of surrender of the German forces in the northern zone including the Netherlands . At 8 a,m, the next morning. May 5th. 't0aay 1 s anniver sary, the surrender became effective , Three days later on May 8th, the British and Americans proclaimed VE Day, �-16- We must all want to draw a deep breath upon recalling the closing of that terrible five years ordeal . Then I should like to go back two hundred years to an action by the Netherlands, less dramatic but decisive for my own country. In the 1770's when the American colonies were in the midst of their revolution to overthrow the dominion of Btitain, their fortunes depended on obtaining arms and ammunition. St. Eustat1us, a small Dutch island of the Lesser Antilles or Leeward Islands ly1ng about 200 miles east of Puerto Rico at the northeast corner of the West Indian chain, proved to be the horn of plenty and primary transmission point of supply . A rocky, barren volcanic outcropping, barely seven square miles in area it was an unlikely place for a rendezvous with history, Its closest neighbor, eight miles distant was the British island of St. K1tts . Antigua~ Barbados, St . Croix and other British, French, Dan1sh and Spanish islands of the Lesser Antilles were ~cattered around . Set in the midst of the rich multi-national West Indies • St, Eustat1us had nothing but its location and the will and energy of a thriving mercant1le people to make it a hub of international trade and among the most prosperous of its neighbors. The indomitable will of the Dutch people had already carr1ed them through an eighty years war of rebellion to overthrow Spanish sovereignty and brought them through by their seafaring enterprise to overseas empire and to an equal role w1th the great powers. As such they were not now disposed to acquiesce readily to British dictation as to what their ships could or could not carry as contraband to the colonies or submit to search and seizure on command . 9 From the beginning, Dutch instinct for commerce had led their rulers to reject the system prevailing among other nations of attempting to monopolize the commerce of their colonies, and had adopted instead the principle of free colonial trade. As a free port, St , Eustatius had flourished as the focus, according to British complaint, of all clandestine traffic to the Colonies and a storehouse of the goods of all nations. Merchants and shippers reaped the proceeds and found a profitable opportunity in American offers to buy arms, food,clothing, meaical supplies and all the needed provisions to feed a hungry war, for which they pa1d high prices . The pressure of the merchant class, represented by the formidable Dutch West Inaia Company which held a monopoly over trade with America, and perhaps, too, the open sympathy of popular opinion with the cause of the colon1es induced the States General, governing body of the Netherlands, although favoring the British as fellow-rulers, to declare the Republic neutral in the war between the Brjtish crown and its colonies , According to the laws or doctrine of the time, a neutral had the theoretical right to pursue a normal trade with either belligerent so long as the goods provided did not operate to the mi 1 itary disadvantage of the other. At the same time the theory allowed a belligerent to prevent the subjects of the neutral state from supplying military supplies in aid of its enemy , Between these two assertions - the right of a neutral to trade and the right of the belligerent to interfere to stop the trade - there could be no reconciliation. Determined to take advantage of this opportunity, Dulch merchants and nav1gators, bra~ing the physical and financial risks, were soon making it pay richly . Wealth filled their warehouses. The American colonies sent the i r products, - tobacco, �-17- indigo~ 5ugar - to exchange for naval and military supplies and other goods from Europe" Their agents in Amsterdam arranged the purchases aod the delivery to St" Eustatius for trans-shipment some 1.400 miles across the Atlantic to the American coast where Cha,letton 1n So~tn Cafo11na was the nearest port. Vessels l oaded with 1,000 to 4,000 pound~ made tne,~ way to Amer1ca , To the rebels plagued by a shortage of gunpowder. St , Eus tati us made the difference ,. "A favorite way to take amm;_ioi on to the Americas"., reported a pro-British merchant to tn~ Br·iU:;h Amba; .s ado'(, "is to load for the coast of Africa but then go to St . Eustatius where the cargoes are instantly bought up by the American dgents ''The Br•tish ~igorously protested and in October 1774 proclaimed the e:x:po-rt. ot "wa1i1ke sto"'es" to the co:onies in America to be contraband. t, Unwilling to risk war with Britain, which nad at that t1me more than one hundred warships of sixty guns each compared to sixty-odd of the same type each for France and Spain and eleven for the Nethe~lands. the States General complied -with the protests ~ In March 1775 it announced to its subJects a s1x month~ prohibition of shipments of contraband and other stores, even clothing, under penalty of confiscation of the cargoes, and neavy t i nes. As an unbearable restraint on their lucrative tradei the order aro~sed wrathfu l ~esentrnent and was routinely disobeyed , I must put in a word here about conditions in the Netherland~ at tne time, The glories of the seventeenth century 1 s Golden Age had faded leav 1 11g an o1igarchy of ruling families governing in stiff conservatism under the f1fth Prince of Orange as hereditary stadtholder, with executr ,1e and legis1at ·h e power exercised through the States Gene·:-a·1 ,. As men of pr operty, the States Genera 1. fear fog the revolutionary tendency of the American rebels against estab11sned authority and the infection of·politica1 theories breeding in France, favored the British, a11 the more as their own pr1nces were closely connel ted w1th tne British Royal family, William III of Orange through Stuart aricestry ana ma,"r1age to Mary. daughter of tne overthrown King James II of Eng1and, nad oeen 1niited to assume the English crown in 1688 , As William III. he betame King of England and reigned together with his consort as William and Mary , The ruling stadtholder and Prince of Orange in the 1770 1 s was a cousi11 and naturally swam in tne o~bit of the British monarchy, al though the major1ty of his ~ubjects did not . l~ey supported the American cause mainly to show opposition to tne1r own ~u l ing cl 1ss , and for a more cogent reason , They anticipated that the free1ng of the Ame,,ic.an colonies from the grip of British mer cant1lism would weaken the British and open to the Dutch the possibil1ty of a vast commerce which was expected 1n the words of one enthusiast to, ''multiply like sand 1 ' . Exasperated by the defiance of Dutch shippers, the Br1t1sh augmented their guard of the island sea roads to check on ships heading across the Atlant1c. Ironically British vigilance threw West Indian commerce even more tnto the hands of neutral Netherlands and enriched the free port of St . Eustatius . lhe barren i ittle island was 11 d1fferent from all the others 11 sala Edmund Burke in a speec. n of 1781, when SL Eustatius was in the public eye " "It had no ptod1.1ce- . - no fon i f1cat 1 ons for its defence, no rnania1 spirit nor rnil ita-ty r egii"iation.s --" lts ut11H.y was its defence ., - . The universality of its use; the neijt~a11ty of its natuie was its security and its safeguard" Its proprietors in tne spir1t of commerce had made it an emporium for all the world .,, Its wealth was prodigious, arising from its industry and tne natute ot hs commerce" �-18- By a strange twist of history, this very wealth would become the factor that was to entrap the British in defeat , But that is getting ahead of eventi . Stil l i n 1775 , the States Gener~l fn response to inc reas i ng British 1nsistence that the traito~o ·s r ebels 1n the colonies must receive no aid or nouri shment from any friendly powe r , agreed to appoint a new governor of St . Eustatius to r eplace the incumoent who was regarded as too favo rab l e to the American cause and too lax restrain i ng the smuggling·of· contraband . I must now introduce to you the McAuiiffe of this situation . Although not a hero in the McAu l iffe sense he is yet a figure who played a determining role 1n the course·of ·events when the outcome wa s st111 uncertain and he dese rv es our r emembrance . His name, Johannes de Graaff, though litt l e known 1s, I am glad to say, now permanently preserved in St , Eustatius on a bronze plaque over the signatu re of Pr esident · Frank11n Roosevelt . De Graaff was appo i nted 1n mid-1776 as the new Gove r nor . Ac cording to compla i nts made about him by fellow residents of the island, he was a "r<ich man owing a numbe~ of farms and holding mortgages on many others, being thus in a position to hold many·people dependent on him, the more so as he put friends and relatives in administrative office so that he entirely controlled the five-man assembly or Counsil of St . Eustatius . Evidently autocrati c , he was complained of for acting arbitrarily . Such · ev1dence makes it quite cl ear that De Graaff was not a·nominal or absentee governor, but fully aware and in contr ol of the activities on hi s island , If he was expected to put guards on the port to suppress the smugg l ing trade, any such hope was disappointed c He proved to be even more of a parti san of the American cause ·than his predecessor , The port is "opened without rese r ve to American ships protested an English sea captain, while the American agent in St . Eustatius, Van Bibber of Maryland wrote home, I am on the best terms with H, L the Go·vernor· ... Our Flag flys current every day 1n the road , , , The Governor is daily expressing the greatest desire and intention to protect a trade with us her-e ; 11 The · nutch West India Company, which emp l oyed the Gove r no r , could hardly have been ignorant of these sentiments, and being eager to augment its revenues from the American trade, doubtless appointed him for that reason . 11 , 11 In that same summer when De Graaff took office, history lurched 1n a shake-up that changed the balance of the world when in July the united Ameri can Colonies proclaimed ·their Declaration of· Independence as f ree and sovereign states . Three months later the Congress authorized a navy to consist initially of four ships of ten guns each with two battalions of marines for manpower . When the infant arm was but nine days old, the Congress gave it an active function by announcing that British ships were open · to ·capture in retaliation for raids on American coastal towns " This was news that excited De Graaffi s bold sp i rit for-~ as we shall see, he acted upon it, or assisted its perforcmance, whether de 'l iberately or not we do not know , Before doing so, he committed the audacious, and from the Br i tish point of view, outrageous act for which he is known , On November 16, 1776 an American vessel of the new-born Navy, the Andrew Doria, bearing ·a commission from the colony of Maryland and flying the 13-stripe flag of the Continental Congressj entered the po~t of St . Eustat1us where it dropped �-19- anchor and fired an eleven gun salute in the tustomary ritual on entering a foreign po:rL To the astonishment of a·n, Fort Orange, the lone fort of St . Eustat l us, returned the salute with either nine o~ el even guns (the number is disputed) thus registering the first recognftfon in hi story of the American flag by a foreign nation . The date was almost a full year, eleven months to be exact 1 before the startling American victory at Saratoga in October 1777 showed that the raggle-taggle colonial troops were a substanti al force that might actually wfn , This was the event that decided France, Britain "s great enemy, to enter into overt alliance with the Colonies and by the addftion of her fighting force enable American indepenaence eventually to prevail, I do not pretend that De Graaff 1 s salute had a comparable impact on American fortunes, except indirectly by what it led to, as you shall hear , More than a mere routine ritual as De Graaff later pretended when under investigation, the salute was intentional and deliberate , In the subsequent furor, the commander of Fort Orange testified that he had been reluctant to fire Dut the Governor at his elbow had ordered it and the applause of the islana ' s lnhab1tants tells why , It confirmed to them that De Graaff was not going to enfor ce the prohibition of contraband or cut off the wealth it engendered . St. Eustatius rejoiced. After the salute, as the Maryland agent reported, the Captain of the Andrew Doria was 11 most grac.iously received by his Honour and all ranks of people , , . All American vesse1s here now wear the Congressional colors . . , and Toti es sneak. and shrink before the Americans her e , 11 Wrath in London, when informed of the salute by obsetve s of SL Kitts, was tremendous, and hardly mollified on learning that the Andrew Doria on depart i ng had taken on arms and ammunition fo( the Americans , Denouncing the salute as a 'iflag,.,ant insult" to His Majesty 1 s colors, the British informed the States General in the most peremptory terms that it must formally disavow the act, punish the culprit, and recall and dismiss the Governor of St , Eustatius . Further, unt111 satisfaction was received, they warned that, nH1s MaJesty will not delay one instant to take such measures as he will think due to the i nterests and dignity of his crown" . A storm of diplomatic missive~ descended on the Hague transmitting statements by the Governor of St. K'itts that the i nhabitants of St , Eustatius had "daily and openly" furnished supplies to the Americans, adding sorrowfully that it was a Dutch colony belonging to a friendly nation that had "ass 1 sted the Americans in their treason and hact become the protectors of their buccaneering '' , The reference to buccaneering referred to another outrage when De Gr·aaff, no doubt informed by the Captain of the Andrew Dor1a of the American claim as a full-fledged belligerent, to capture British snip-s. , had allowed an American privateer, the Baltimo,·-e Hero, to .sei ze a Btitish vessel within r ange of the guns of Fort Orange and return afterward, so the British said, to the roads of St. Eustatius, "apparently enjoying eve'('y p·r otection" . Moreover when given a chance to explain himself to the Gover"or of St , kitts, De Graaff nad refu5ed to enter 1n any discussion " �-20- meant that the Netherlands recognized the American par·~ in the struggle as an equal belligerent, not merely as rebels, Nevertheless the Dutch Republicg divided by the pro-American party of Amsterdam and the pro-British party loya "l to tne Prince of Orange, was unprepared to meet tne threat of war~ and ordered the recall of De Graaff and the post1ng of cruiser& off St, Eustatius to search Dutch ships for- arms and ammunition and other contraband , Pleading reasons of health and family responsibilities, and the burden of official duties, De Graaff tried to avoid going home, but was not excused , On his return in 1778 he was examined by a committee of the Wes t India Company. He maintained that the salute · to the Andrew Doria was a regulation courtesy to passing vessels with no regard for nationality and that it did not imply recognition. With regard to the trade with American vess-eh, he said St, Eustatius depended on outside sources for all its supplies and ne believed it was his duty to do· nothing to disturb its commerce , Outgoing cargoes were examined as strictly as possible, but there were always men who would vto1ate the rules. He denied the charge of equipping American vessels, exept to let them take on provisions and water for a period of six weeks and the charge of daily furnishing contraband. He demanded witnesses and asserted that it would violate his commission as governor to prosecute anyone without a plaintiff or condemn without evidence , Proudly 11 he insisted, '1 no one on earth" but his superiors was entitled to call him into account for acts of his administration. As for the· Baltimore Hero, he stated its action had taken place outs1de the range of his guns and he could no more have prevented it than if 1t had taken place off the coast of Africa. Taking the offensive, he charged that the Netherlands had more to complain of in British conduct than the other way around and reminded the Committee that two Dutch merchant ships had been seized for alleged contraband and·should be released with their cargoes and indemnity paid for costs and damages . ·Obviously pleased by this approach. the examining committee reported De Graaff 0 s defense to be perfectly satisfactory and recommended to the States General tnat he be returned to St, Eustatius as Governor, With more courage than bureaucracies normally exhibit, the States General~ refusing to bow to the British, accepted the verdict and sent De Graaff back to resume to governor ~htp in 1779 . Selfrespect for its sovereignty was no doubt one motive and the knowledge that De Graaff would keep open the gainful trade with the Colonies to the satisfaction of the merchant class was certainly another. In all this business of supplying the rebels, the primary Dutch interest was undeniably a profitable commerce rather than liberty, Commerce is generally considered a purpose and an act1vity on a lower level than · combat, but if judged by achievement of useful ends and in being less destructive and cruel, it should occupy a higher plane of respect than all that banging around amtd bloodshed that men so love . De Graaff resumed his post at St . Eustatius in 1779. His return was an insult to the Br1t1sh rather than the satisfaction London had demanded and they began to contemplate active reprisal . 9 The salute of the Andrew Doria and the incident of the Baltimore Hero seem to have given impetus to the shipping ventures of St. Eustatius , Es~ecially after De Graaff 1 s return as Governor, the trade of his island with the Americans visibly increased. �-2i- In thirteen months of 1778-79, according to the records of the Dutch admiral in command of convoys for merchant vesse1s~ 1,382 vessels sailed from the island, just about three a day . Although dest1nat1ons were of course unrecorded, an unusual number of heavily loaded ships reached Charleston and Philadelphia in this period . One vessel. sto pped and searched by the British, was found to be carryi ng 1,750 barrels of gunpowder and 750 stands of arms~ complete with bayonets and cartr1dge cases . Fo r- the a 1most empty American war cupboards, supplies 1i l<e these sustained them in action . In their turn the Americans shipped to St . Eustatius 12,000 hogsheads of tobacco and 1,5 mi lli on ounces of indi go in exchange for naval supplies, The governor-who presided over all this activity is memorable fo( rio act of heroism or heroic utterance like McAu11ffe :s» but rather for steady unwavering purpose effective l y pursued . The i mpo rtance of what he did to promote and encourage the prov isi oning to the Colonies' s~ruggle was recognized by contemporary Americans by the naming of two P"·ivateers for him and his wife, and by a selfdescribed "grateful American cit1zen 11 who in honor of the "fi r st sa ·! ute" commissioned De Graaff 1 s po rtrait. It now hangs i n the state house of New Hampshire . Mo r e notably. in December 1939 when the Netherlands lay 1n the path of German offensive Pres1dent Roosevelt. always proud of his Dutch ancestry and wishing, one can su:m1se, to express solidarity with the land of his fathers 1n this dark hour 1 delivered to St , Eustatius on board the training battleship Wyoming a p1 aque to be presented as the President's gift bea rin g the inscription, in commemoration of the salute to the flag of the Un ited States fired in this port November 16, 1776 by order of Johannes de Graaff i n reply to a national gun salute fired by the U,S , brigantine Andrew Doria , Here the sovereignty of tne United States was first acknow l edged to a national vessel by a fore i gn off1c1al 11 " Rooseve1t 1 s words confirm De Graaff salute as nolding a permanent place in Ame rican annals. British indignation at the unstopped flo~ that repeatedly rescued the rebe1s from the brink of empty arsenals reached a pitch in 1780 The government decided that no matter how drastic the method, the flow mu5t absolute l y be stopped, In December 1780 Britain decla r ed war on the Netherlands. and de ; patched the Admiral commanding West Indian waters~ Sir George Brydges Rodney, under secret orders, to seize St . Eustatius , At this point. the third significa~~ acto~ 1n my story takes the stage, not hero but ant i -hero . In naval service since the age of 14, a rea·r Adm iral at 40. Rodney had cornlll6nded the Leeward Islands station in the late war with France and had ca ptured Martinique, Grenada and other islands from the French . Like many British offi cers, h~ held a seat in the House of Commons where he was widely regarded as an opportunist who gave his support to whatever minister had favors to bestow, He has been described by one historian- as a "complete slave to women and gambling 11 and by another as ''the · most enterprising and irascible, able and bombastk, intolerant, in tolerable and successful British naval office r between Drake and Nel son . " His fatal weakness was money. or to be more preci se avaricej the sixtn dead l y sin , rle wa s re po rte d to have spent 30,000 Br itis h pounds to win hi s seat 1n Par li ament and had fallen so deeply in debt from his other expensive pu rsui ts that he f l ed to Paris to es ca pe his creditors, Recalled to serve in the Ameri can war, he was promoted to full Admiral and given the West Indian command in 1778 - �-22'.t Well knowing the wealth of St, Eustatius he himself had advised his government to undertake the capture for, as he wrote, the West Indies "Is the golden mine of the moment", where the most immediate reprisal might be made 11 wi th most effect, for it was SL Eustati us, Curac;;ao and other Dutch settlements, but, "above a 11 the former", that were the chief source of supply to the rebels , " Apprised of the Deel a ration of War and of his secret orders on January 27, 1781, he set sail on the 30tn and appeared before St , Eustatius on February 3rd to demand the instant surrender of the island and all it contained , With a garrison of only 50 or 60 men and a naval force in the roadstead of only one 38-gun frigate and five smal1er American vessels, there was no possibility of defense against Rodney 1 s 15 ships-of-the-line and 3,000 land troops . Given an hour to surrender unconditionally, De Graaff after firing two broadsides as a show of resistance to satisfy the nonor of the Dutch convoy commander in the harbor, surrendered, as did a large body of American sailors on the island who ·offered to fight but were cut off by the British from food, The taking of St. Eustatius was complete , He hoped, Rodney reported to the Admiralty, it would never be returned to the Dutch as 11 it has been more detrimental to England than all the forces of her enemies, and alone had contributed to the continuance of the American waro" That was a definitive tribute from the enemy, Rodney confirmed it e·ven more emphatically to his wife when he wrote, 11 Thi s rock, of only six mil es in 1ength and three in breadth, has done England more harm than all the arms of her most potent enemies, and alone supported the infamous American rebellion°" That an island so important to Dutch interests should have been left defenceless after the British declaration of war was a condition of the 18th Century , There was no means of communication to alert the governor much less of rapid deployment of reinforcements (none too reliable, one suspects, even today) , Rodney found loot on St , Eustatius like the treasure of Monte Cristo, beyond his expectations, enough to restore his fortunes, intoxicate his avarice and, in the end, betray his mission , "The riches of SL Eustatius are beyond all comprehens1on 11 he wrote his wife. Off shore 130 ships were taken with their cargoes valued at half a million pounds sterling . More than 50 American vessels loaded with tobacco were seized and hardly a night passed without an additional capture, All the houses on the island were filled with goods and even the beach covered with tobacco and sugar . The island according to Lord George Germain, British Secretary at War. was a "vast storehouse of military stores of all kinds 11 • The inhabitants of St . Eustatius had waxed so rich on trade, that the annual rent of its houses and warehouses amounted to the huge sum of a million sterling, and altogether the whole va1ue of the prize was estimated at more than three million sterling , So preoccupied was Rodney in counting his spoil and holding auctions of seized property (which rightfully belonged to the new sovereign power). that he could not bring himself to leave for duty on the high seas. The lure of the money gathered on St . Eustatius by the genius of Dutch commerce proved as decisive for the American Revolution as did the defense of Bastogne long afterward for tne liberation of the Netherlands , Rodney remained on the island for three months, more intent on wealth than on war, While he delayed, Admiral De Grasse, commander of the French West Indian fleet set sail, unwatched, with 3,000 French troopst across the Atlantic �-23- · for the ·meeting that would decide the fate of the New World. His destination was Chesapeake Bay, where in reply to a plan of General Washington he had promised .t o be· avatl able with his entire force for operations by midOctober : In that expectation, · Washington and his French ally, General Rochambeau were marching from Rhode Island to Virginia with 16,000 French and · American troops to take up battle against the British army under Lord Cornwallis at the coastal base he had established at Yorktown. Unmet and uncontested by Rodney's fleet, now holed up·at . St. Eustatius while its commander -stuffed his pockets, De Grasse passed by unseen and made good his ·promise, landin~ ·ahead of time . Arriving off Yorktown on August 30th, he set up a naval blockade of Cornwallis's position ·and sent his marines to reinforce · Lafayette in the sealing off of Cornwallis by land. At the same time he s·ent ships to ferry the bol k of Washington I s and Rochambeau I s troops from the · head of· the Chesapeake to the •rim of Yorktown . I shall not take up your time with the further course of that famous siege. With Cornwallis unable to break out, •it ' ended as the world knows, in his surrender and the· triumph·of the·American Revolution . The climax has no connection •with today• s· anniversary except in so far as the Netherlands, through · st ~ Eustatius and •its governor~ helped to bring about the conclusion at Yorktown ·; ·rn · memory of that share in American independence, ij gif~ in advance, so~to speak, in exchange fo~ America's share through McAuliffe and his men in ·· the liberation of the Netherlands, I am glad to recall for you a vital Dutch contribution· to my .country. �-24- The American Contribution to the Liberation of The Netherlands by Dr Louis de Jong* Attending yesterday the sober and m~ving ceremony on Arlington National Cemetery, I once again realized that oppression and liberation, mourning and joy form but one style entity like night and day. I was, as many of you, haunted by countless memories, in particular however of a visit I paid over twenty years ago to the remnants of the most typical expression of the essence of Nazi Germany: the concentration-camp of Auschwitz , Auschwitz I, the original camp, mostly consisting of the buildings of the Austrian garrison which had been located there. The 19th century was, I felt, too much of a contrast to what it had been at the time of the Holocaust: too well-preserved, too well-ordered, too placid - everything I saw: the tidy barracks, the splendid trees, the Museum even, imposing itself, the reality of the sixties covering, hiding so to speak, the reality of the forties, Auschwitz II, Birkenau, however, the huge camp that the German SS had had built in 1 41 and '42 at the cost of tens of thousands of human lives, was nearly bare. A gate building, a few drab sleeping barracks ( not much more than extended hovels), a railway track, remnants of a ramp, and where the chimneys of the gas-chambers, never flattened by Allied or Russian bombs, had risen into an indifferent sky, a few heaps of stones. Here free run was given to that human faculty which, I am confident my distinguished colleague Barbara Tuchman will agree, is essential for any historian: his creative but controlled imagination. Creative because he has to combine everything he is as a human being and everything he knows in order to recreate the past, controlled because he has to stay within the narrow bounds of what really happened, Standing there all alone, I had an overwhelming feeling of being right in the middle of a vanished world of suffering, infinitely distant from my own country. Silence was absolute, There was not a bird in the sky. There was a faint smell of a foul morass, There was an atmosphere of indescribable danger. I was at the edge of the universe, at the edge of life itself, facing, as so many had done, extinction , Germany's defeat has been the end of a nightmare . * Dr Lou de Jong, born in Amsterdam in 1914, studied history at the University of Amsterdam , In 1940 he escaped Nazi-occupied Netherlands, and worked until 1945 as a member of the broadcasting staff of the Government in exile in London , In 1950 Dr De Jong was appointed Director of the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation, a post held until 1979 , He was commissioned by the Netherlands Government to write the official history of The Kingdom of The Netherlands in The Second World War , Ten volumes have been published, with three to follow , �-25- Now I have been asked to say a few words on the American contribution to the liberation ~f the Netherlands rt seems a simple swbject but it is not. It is not because at that time the Netherlands, or rather: the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisted of four parts: one, the Netherlands proper, that is: the Netherlands In Europe, two, Cura~ao and a few other islands on the fringe of the Caribbean, three, Surinam or Dutch Guyana, and four, those vast territories in Southeast Asia where the Dutch had made their first en try at the end of the sixteenth century: the Netherlands Indies whicn two generations ago were perhaps the richest colonial possession of any European power . It was the Kingdom of the Netherlands which on May 10, 1940, when Hitlerus armies suddenly started their invasion, declared war on Germany, it was that same Kingdom, which, the Netherlands proper having been occupied and the government of Queen Wilhelmina having settled in London, declared war on Japan the news had come in of the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and Manila and of the Japanese landings on the coast of British Malaya , There was no need to liberate either the Dutch territories in the Caribbean or Surinam because they were never occupied by our common enemies, but I would like to stress that both areas have made an important contribution to the Allied war-effort , Much of the aviation gasoline used by the British Royal Air Force was produced by the refineries of Cura~ao and Aruba and much of the bauxite necessary to build the hundreds of thousands of planes of the Air Forces of the American Army and Navy, was supplied by the bauxite mines of Surinam - indeed, that area was considered to be of su ch paramount importance for any American war-effort that a small American garrison was stationed there shortly before · the outbreak of war in the Pacific . The Netherlands proper were occupied by Germany and the Netherlands-Indies by Japan , No American forces were involved in the fighting in the Netherlands in May, 1940, but they did take part in the desperate defence of the NetneriandsIndies against the Japanese who, as is known, moved Southward in overwhelming forceo One American artillery battalion and fighters and bombers of the Army Air Forces helped defend Java and the American Navy fought gallantly in the waters of the Indonesian archipelago, the heavy cruiser 11 Houston", which was particularly dear to President Roosevelt, being its most important loss , In May 1 45 the last Germans in the Netherlands cap1tulated. We were able to build a new future of our own . It was as simple as that . Developments in the Netherlands-Indies however, were infinitely more complex . So was American policy " Generally speaking public opinion in this country favored the end of colonial rule·by European nationso Dutch rule in the Netherlands-Indies was, rightly, not · seen in the same unfavorable light as British rule In India, let alone French rule in Indo-China, still president Roosevelt found i t extremely difficult to make up his mind whether or not to support the return of the Netherlands-Indies under the Dutch crown" In the end he did, but with the important proviso · (it was never put on paper but it is clear from the events that it did determine American policy) that no American for-ces would be used to effecTThat return, Plans drawn up by general MacArthut to land on Java were cancelled by the American Joint Chiefs of Staff and on the day the Japanese Emperor announced·Japan's capitulation, August 15, 1945, responsibility for the �-26- entire area where the Netherlands-Indies were situated, was t~~ned over to the British, the Netherlands Government not having been consulted . Two days later Indone$1an nationalists on Jaifa procla1med the setting up of a new independent 5tate, the Indo~esian Republic. There isi therefore, no resemblance between the li beration of the Netherlands proper and that of the Netherlands-Indies . Indeed, what happened tnere seemed more l1ke a nightmare to the Important Dutch minority, some three hundred thousand people, who nad suffered horribly during the Japanese occupation, and deeply snacked mo~t of the people of the Netherlands whom it took over four years to accept a situation whicn had come as a complete and painful surprise . Happily we are now commemorating the end of the war not with Japan but with Germany . That was a triumph on which we can look back without any reservations, without any bitterness, indeed with unmixed feelings of pride and joy . I will come back to this " Now, when I w111 try to give you a pictu r e of what c.ontdbution the United States made to the liberation of the Netherlands In Europe, you might expect me to give details on the part Amer1can units took in that grand campaign that was led by general Eisenhower, as far as the fighting took place on Dutch soil . Some deta1ls I w1l I give, but l pfefer to put that campaign 1n a wider pers pective . lhe American contr1bution to the liberation of the Netherlands has many more aspects and 1 am tninking first of all of two . One: the fact tnat America was at war , Two; the American influence on the strdtegy that wa s followed to defeat Italy and Germany . In any war moral is an impo~tant factor, In May 8 40 I arr fv ed in Britain as a penniless refugee, having bee~, with my first wife, one of the very few people able to escape from the Nethe rl ands on the day our army surrendered. One of the first habits I resumed 1 n London (I had been a jo~rnalist in Amsterdam) was to read American papers" Most of them, at that t1meJ made highly depressing reading, one military analyst after the other pointing out that Brita1n had out ltttle chance to withstand future German attacks, let alone to defeat the Wehrmacht , Happ il y, President Roosevelt did not share this pessimism . Nor was 1t shared by tne people in the occupied Netherland~ , As eatly as the summer of 1940. indeed even Defo'(e tne Battle of Britain had been fought and won by tne Roya l Aii• Fo n e, mo -s t of them were convinced that Germany would be beaten. An occupjed nat~on lives on hope and this applies both to ordinary people who, faced with the ne cessity of stayjng alive, adapt themselves to the demands of a new situation, and to the courageous minority of resistance fighters who put their l1fe at stake, for instance in printing and distributing underground pape~s {we have had over one thousand), 1n collecttng intelligence, in helping Allied airmen escape, in carrying out sabotage and in giving aid to the vast groups wn1 ch hdd to hide within the folds of D~tch soc1ety, among them twenty fi~e thousand Jews and some three nundred thousand otner Dutchmen wnom the Germans interded to set to work in Germany . There were five years of occupation, but psyc hologically 1t wou l d be mo re correct to say: nearly two thousand days and n~ghts . Now, let me assure you tnat American support of Bf·itain in 1 40 and '41 had Deen d t,emendous encouragement to the DuUh nation and that, after tne United States had entered tne war, they were who11y con vi riced tna t the AYsefla1 of Democra c.y woU1 d pour out not only tne weapons but also the men needed to gdin v1cto1y . �-27- This has taken a long t1me. much too long, as peop )e felt . Hav1ng no 1dea of the 1mmen5ely complicated logistics of modern warfare, Hiey were deeply disappointed that the Al lied armies d1a not land i n Western Europe either in ' 42 or in i43 and that Pearl Harbo~ wa2 btit followed by O-day 1n Normandy after two-and-a-half years - nearly nine-hundred days and nights What was America 1 s influence on the strategy that wa s fo ll owed to defeat Italy and Germany? There is hardly a quest1on which can be so clearly answered, in thi s case on the basis not only of off1ctal British military h1sto~y out al;o of the magnifjcent series on the h1story of the US Army 1n World War II which was written in this country under the auspices of the Office of the Chief of Mi1ftary History . I do not intend even to give a brief summary of tne debates that took pl ace and the decisions that were taken at the Brit1;hAmerican top level conferences that 'I/ere he "id in WashF1gton. lfl Casablanca, in Quebec, in Cairo and on Malta, no r of the constant discussions which, subject only to the supervisio~ of President Roosevelt and Prime M1n1ster Churchill, tilled the many meetings of tnat body of or 1lliant m1litary leaders who led us to v1ctory: the Combined Chiefs of Staff . Wnat nas struck me in study~ng this hi ghly 1mportant aspect of World War II 1s that t1me and again agreement was born out of disagreement and that this disagreement had its deep roots in the differences between the hi story and the na t 1 ona l character of tne British and the American nation . There nas been a con5tant clash between British strategy which favoured attack s on the per1pnery of German-occupied Europe ta strategy which to a certain extent had been succe~sful i n Britainis struggle with Napoleon) and Amer-ican strategy wn tc h, true to tne maxims of Clausewitz never tailed to stress that, of the two ennem1es in Europe, the strongest one, Germany. should be attacked first - and attacked in an area which made mass-dep)oyment possible. that Is ; in the plains of Weste~n Europe , One of the many climaxes of this protracted Br1ti5h-American struggle took place in Algiers in January ' 44 when a landing on the Greek 1s1and of Rhodos was advocated by Churchill who, having been unable to convin,:e General Marsha l l. the Chief of Staff of the American Army~ finally declared with all tne solemnity he could muster; "His Majesty:' s Govern.rnsnt cannot accept the coi7sequences if we fail to make this operation", whereupon Marsnall 1nstantly rep'i1ed: No American 1s going to land on that goddamn is1and 11 " 9 i, British strategy has nad tne important pos1tive effect tnat American proposals to land in France 1n 1 42 (fasn proposals perhaps. but to be appreciated as tokens of that furious energy whi ch drove the American war-effort) were nipped in the bud - American strategy had had tne ,mportant po~Jtjve effect tnat, after all the delays and fr-ustrat10ns of the Mediterranean campaign, the maH1 battle when it was joined, took place where the American~, and they a·1 one, wanted 1t: in France, close to Germany . I have no doubt that t~e \iberat10~ of the Netherlands would have taken p·lac.e later (many days and nights later) 1f Briti":ri counsels had prevailed and for tnis reason I conclude that the contribution ot the American strategists had been no less important than that of the men who commanded the American armies In the field and the American A1~ Fofces tn the sky . The Netherlands lying on tne left flank of the Allied Armies break1ng out of the Normandy beachnead, tnere were more British and Canadian troops involved in the fighting on DJtc.h soi ·1 tnan Amerlcan Sl11 l the fi·fst r.wo towns in the Netherlands 9 �-28- to be liberated, were entered by American troops: Maastric,ht on September 14, 1944 by parts of the Ameri'can First Army, Nijmegen three days later by one of the most notorious of the American divisions, the 82nd Airborne , It is therefore fitting that many American men and boys who crossed the ocean only to be killed in battle, have found their last r esting place in an American War Cemetery on Dutch son, not far from the spot where the first Amer ican 1nfantry-men had crossed the Dutch frontier. thus confirming the promise of complete liberation . Forty years have passed but to many peopl e in the Netherlands and particularly to those who suffered most (I am thinking first of all of the prisoners in German concentration-camps, many of whom were liberated by American troops), it seems as if i t al l happened yesterday . The wartime years have been the central event in the life of many of us . Of course, there is a tendency nowadays to belittle the importance of Wor l d War IL People say: look at the world as it is to-day! Look at all the antagonisms between states, great and small, the local wars, the conditions of poverty on a major part of our globe, the pollution of our natural environment, the threat of mass-extinction by the atomic weapons that have been divised - look at the fact that democratic liberties as understood and rightly cherished by us, are suppressed in many parts of the world and denied to so many nations! Did World War II make sense? Was victory worth all those sacrifices? I for one do not hesitate to say: yes . lhe turmoils of the post-war and the present-day world do not offer a proper yardstick to measure the importance of the tremendous struggle that was brought to a victori ous conclusion . That proper yardstick c.an only be found when we try to i magine, be it for a brief moment, how Europe and how the world would have looked like if Hitler and his fellowcriminals had won the war " A11 who contributed to the i r defeat have helped save civilization as we understand it - a civilization·which we, Dutchmen, intend further to develop, to deepen and . to defend in close partnership with this great American nation o In many ways in the eighteenth century we may have assisted at its birth and even inspired its origin . Well, if the Americans who fought tne War of Independence felt they owed some gratitude to the Dutch Republic, then it can now be stated that in the twentieth century this debt has been paid to the Kingdom of the Netherlands . In full! �-29- On the Spot Personal Experiences in WW II Netherlands by Bri g. Gen . Ni chola s E. Al l en• ( ret) USAF Ambassador Fein, honored guests, and friends of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, I am honored, as a veteran of the 82nd Air borne Divisi on to part1cipate in this celebration of the final liberation of your country 40 years ago , At the outset, I want to pay tr i bute to all the thousands of Ameri can, Br itish , and Polish soldiers of the First Alli ed Airbo r ne Ar my and the men and women of your country who pa i d wi th their lives, back in September and October 1944 for the liberation of large areas of your country from the Belg i an border northward through the cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen to the vicinity of Arnhem . As you have heard, the story of the First Allied Ai r borne Army ass ault on these areas of the Netherlands in September 1944, ha s been told by em i nent hfstorians , I shall not r epeat that story he r e except to poi nt out that thts was the l argest airborne assault i n hi sto ry, a fo rc e composed of some 35,000 ai r-bo r ne troops of the Br itis h Fi rst Airborne, and the U.S . 82nd and 101st Ai r bo~ne Divisi ons an d the First Polish Airborne Bri gade . Their mission was to seize and hold the canal and river crossings and clear the way for the XXX Corps of the Bri t is h armo r ed and i nfantry forces driving no r thward from Belg·ium, After seizing the bridges ove r the canals and the Maas and Waal Rivers, against strongly defended pos i t i ons, and after throwing back heavy enemy counterattacks all al ong their perimeter frontlines the American Div i sions were withdrawn l ate r to their base camps i n France . The Waal Rive r Bri dge by the way, was captured by simultaneous attac ks at both the north and south ends of the bri dge, troops of the 82nd ' s 504th Reg i ment having paddled across the river unde r heavy enemy fire, and then fighting the ir- way to the north end of the bri dge . One of your heroes , Jan van Hoof, pa rtici pated in that engagement and i s credited with saving tne bri dge against destructi on by hl mself destroy i ng the enemies ' demoliti on equ i pment befo re t ney cou l d use it aga i nst the bri dge . * Nic holas E. Allen 1 bo rn in Atlanta i n 1907, graduated f rom Princeton in 1929, and Harvard Law School i n 1932 . He was a member of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Fo rce Reserve s fro m 1937 to 1967 in grades of 2nd Li eutenant to Bri gad ier Gene ral . He serv ed f ive yea rs as a U.S. Army Judge Advocate in World War II, including service as Staff Judge Advocate of the 82nd Airborne Divis ion, wh ic h took part in Operati on Ma rk et Ga r den in the Nethe~l ands in 1944 . �~30- Now for some recollections of my own . I believe two instances will suffice . Let me say first tnat my official assignment was staff judge aavoca te of the 82nd Airborne D1vislon , That means that I was the law officer fo~ the Dfvision Commander, General Jim Gavin, In that ass1gnment I directed the court martial system by which Army rules and d1sc1p11ne were enforced . Bearing in mind that all our officers and men, more than 12,000 of U5, wefe all volunteer paratroopers and gl1de ri sts, it is understandable that our discip l ine was tight and strictly enforced , The first i nstance~ I snall mention was a most unusual one . An off1ce~ of the division who had been entrusted with a copy of the 01v1 s1on ' s Order of Battle. the documents which spelled out the Divis,on 1 s batt 1e plan. ~1o l ated stric.t standing orders b_y carrying the document with him when ne went into action against the enemy . In the ensuing fire figrt the document ten into the hands of enemy so "l diers. But fortunately fo r us those 5-o'ld,ets were captured along with the battle pian before they could pass tt on to tne1r superiors , After the combat situation had stabilized suff1ciently tor 1 court mart1a l proceeding to be held the officer was charged w1th ai ding tne enemy by hi s negligence in tak ing the Order of Battle with him In to the fire f i ght . It is my reco ll ectfon that the Court acquitted hlm inasmuch as the document had been re capturea. without actual harm to the Divisi on . One other instance that may be of interest concerns the U. S. pres1dent1a1 el ection that was conducted in the fall of 1944 about the time of our campaign in Holland . Our Congr ess had dec r eed by special 1eg1":>lation that every American servicemen 21 years old or older wou l d have the right to vote in that el ect i on , Absentee ballots were pr in ted and sent out to all Command3, enough for every man in the American forces . 1 wa s put 1n cha r ge of vot1ng procedures for the men of our Division . The ba ll ots were delive red to me at our Dase headquarters in England, where I had to wait for the hi ghway torrider from tne Belg1an border to Nijmegen to be opened sufficiently for me to tran ; port the ballots up there . The moment we received word that I could get through l took off with my jeep load of ballots on our DC 3 airplane for Bru ss els . There [ off-loaded my jeep-load of ballots and made a dasn up the narrow highway cou i do r to our Division position in Nijmegen . Ther e, in a ha stil y a~ranged meeting. in an underground dug out, with officers from all of the 01v1 sl on 's units I distri buted the ballots and instructed them 1n the strict control proceau r es they were to follow. As it turned out, all of the ballots were accou nted for and returned to higher headqua r ters with just one exception . One vot i ng officer was cri tically wounded by enemy fire while making hi s way to r·eturn h1; ballot~. He was evacuated through medical channels andi so, his ballot s disappeared, and were lost for good . Ironically, the fact is that most of our Divis i on il s troops were too young to vote anyway . By actual count not more than 2 percent of tnem were o1ct enough to vote, In clos i ng, let me say in beha lf of our Divisi on Commander General Ga,ln, and all the other troopers of the 82nd Airborne Di visi on, we shall dlways remember the kindnesses the people of Nijmegen extended to u; while we wete there and also, and es pecially, the courageous and tremendous ass1stante the members of the Dutch unde r ground gave to the 82nd Airborne Div isi on in Cd rrying out our mission - the liberation of Ni jmegen and sur r ounding areds of your country . �-31- MUSIC PROGRAM TO COMMEMORATE THE 40th ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS E L L Y A ME L I N G SOPRANO Rudolf Jansen Piano PROGRAM Bede voor het Vaderland, from Valerius 1 11 Gedenck-Clanck 11 The Wakeful Nightingale, John W~ldon An die Musik, Franz Schubert Auf dem Wasser zu singen, Franz Schubert Wiegenlied im Sommer, Hugo Wolf Botschaft, Johannes Brahms Der Nussbaum, Robert Schumann Die junge Nonne, Franz Schubert IN TE RMI SS I ON La Rosa y el Sauce, Carlos - Guastavino Garota de Ipanema, Antonia Jobim Les Chemins de l Amour, Francis Poulenc Sophisticated lad i es, Duke Ellington By Strauss, George Gershwin Moeke, folksong 1 * * * * * * * It �-32- ELLY AMELING was born in Rotterdam, The Netheridnds , Her career started when she won a first pri ze at the Concours International de Musique i n Geneva . Miss Ameling has appeared th r oughout Europe, the Far Ea st and Austra li a and has per formed with every major orchestra unde r wo r ld renowned conductor s . Her Ameri can debut was i n Lincoln Center i n 1968 and s i nce then she has made annual tours of the Un i ted States and Canada , She was awarded most of the world ' s eagerly coveted hono r s, including the Grand Prix du Disque, the Ed i son Pri ze and the Stereo Preview Reco rd of the Year Awa r d" In June 1985 she r ecei ved a honorary docto r ate from Pr i nceton Un i vers ity , In her own country she has been kn i ghted i n the Orde van Or anje Nassau , Mi ss Ameling has made many r ecor dings, among other s, fo r; CBS Maste rwor ks, Phil i ps, RCA, London, Angel, Odeon, EMI Ha rmon i a Mund i ~ OGG, Peters, Inte r nat i ona1 Don emus, BASF , * * * * * * * * * RUDOLF JANSEN, born i n Ar nhem, The Nether l ands, studied as a young man at the Amsterdam Conser vatory , Upon t ri umphantly completi ng hi s t r ai ni ng i n 1966, he rece i ved the Pri x d' Excellence, and i n the same yea r was awa r ded t he prest1gious s il ver medal of the Amsterdam Con ce~tgebouw . Mr , Jansen is well rece i ved as a r ec i talist as well as an orchestral solo i sti although his special interest is the art of ac compan i ment . He i s conside red a completed, f i ni shed perfect Duo Pl ayer, rather than an ac compan is t, by the soloists wi th which he per forms , He has concerti zed th r oughout t he wor ld wi th many of today ' s most di sti nguished artists, i nc l ud i ng Ell y Ame l i ng, Tom Krause , Eve l yn Lear, Thomas Stewart, Bri gi t Fi nn il M, Ernst HM f lige r , I ri na Ar kh i pova, Agnes Gi evel, Jean-P i er r e Rampa l and Hans de Vr ies . A renowned teache r , he is al so much sought after fo r hi s maste rcl as ses , t o wh ic h he devotes a generous portion of hi s t i me, both at home and on hi s in t er national tours , Rudo l f Jansen is a featured artist on many chamber music record1ngs . Hi s di sks wi th Ell y Ameling incl ude : a dig i ta l r ecord i ng of Mendelssohn li ea€~ on CBS Masterwo r ks Hugo Wo l f 1 s Mi gnon Liede r on Etceter a, and two mi xed r ecita ls fo r Phonogram . * * * * * ** ~ * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1985-05-04-Commemoration-Liberation-Netherlands Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Royal Netherlands Embassy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-05-04 Title A name given to the resource Liberation of the Netherlands, 40th Anniversary Commemoration Description An account of the resource Booklet commemorating the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands from Nazi occupation in World War II. Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3caf9c7202e5b0a64e3dbe8933371192.pdf 34d956a764d64a294450633d98153bac PDF Text Text R · D ~ ., F ed, th:reo ch .ld.ran 17 9 11 and 8 ye ,.s al f ot'lll3d Church J Ci izen ince Septemoo1-, 1957 W:l Hember Cen M , ag November 1957 untill now Accountant with L.G.Cook Distributor, Inc. Empl ntt 0 19 l l I th o h NOif m 9~7 c Niven., &i.il y & Smart 5 Cart· f ad Pub 1.c Accoun Rapids, Mich g lieb Uey r I y, :1952 - October, 1952, 8 month Supenna-rklrts anuary 1952, oan P\Jbl ic A.cc ; 5 .fu.11-t st.a f m 19h2, Neth oo n , in aceoun nting P l nrls I Ci 11 S Th ce-- =Ill!!JU'i.~eroor1t 0 • Edu.cat on: High echo 1 Te chs 8 De e 19 on 19.38; Gav rn Corpora Stru. :u a nd Tax S<X:ie y, Chicago• C.PoA. C.,P 0 A.- Examination ... El gibl EJ..-perien f cco\rnta.nt wit T.'!. B & s., I hav; h d con iderable ith i.t1dustr· companie , l rg nd ., U in the fi of u CJ'llobil • , app iances, elect onic and other a c:rai't ccrnponent , .ls.stic and plywood structures Also experience jth a large drug .manufactuxer., a foundry-, local stores of a nationa mall ordet and re ... il department store chain, and a brokerage firmo I pa ticipated in xpel" enc audits leading to certification of financial. st.a ments nd in various projects in the field of man g nt s rvices including cos work on ge production contrao • nd ge I'ally co isted of Refe nces: Duties d lng these S ye rs varied n or and semi...senior re ponsibi. 1.tie o A'/ailable on re over �salary data : with Touche, Niven, Bailey November 1952 April 1953 October 1953 October 1954 October 19 55 October 1956 October 1957 & Smart with L. G.Cook Distributor, I nc. December 1957 J anuary 1958 J anuary 1959 $300 per month $350" " II $400" 11 $ 450 II + bonus 11 II $500 + bonus It $ 550 II + bonus II $600 II + bonus $450 $600 $ 750 $750 $ 90 per week $100 per week+ bonus $100 $130 per week+ bonus $350 Note In December 19 56 I wa s injured while on an audit engagement and after that wa s not able to - carry on extensive traveling requirements. Opera ted on in May 1958 by Dr. Andre considera ble improvement was experienced so that I am a ble to work a 40 hour we ek without diff iculty. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1958-Pieters-resume-359 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Pieter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Title A name given to the resource Pieter Termaat resume Description An account of the resource Mimeograph and typescript resume of Pieter N. Termaat, 1958. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Americans Résumés (Employment) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a5b35245f807e21724f33dc90bb0f6d5.pdf 62cb17f4d736805c5fcfc22799ea4f86 PDF Text Text P. TERMAAT Accountant en Belastingconsulent WESTERWEG 45 ALKMAAR - Tel. 3072 - K 2200 Bankrelatie : Robaver Alkmaar Postgiro 31 56. 79 lien t T uestmonna ire i t 7 ) 11 65 ~ OU il 0 iu tion I e no i t igh pr b b i 0 t s) .1 Yor e y o e n in mi ' Yor .i 0 non-i 1:,03 i nn - r 957 •t i . b e 0 . 21 , 1948 060362 I - 0 ic ' ble I ot 1 u d b c use o t e out to . 0 it ow ion 0 ri ht • �1948 1951 1946 1951 .A o tion nc br. 12 , 1952 ; have in e_gium , Ger d ·d t" rland ot left the c nd y ter the ~ tx ~te nee be£ore the r . oner ( r. , t:. 0 t • 1 2 19 1 n e no end Lend ncl Lenderink . o Jo V nD 1 .:e 2~ . 20 .:g ri \ nd ids i oh. 2 ) 45 7 incl ir e. G:r nd .p_ ] io ·1 907 ls S. · • r nd Ra ids ioh 21 • �P. TERMAAT Accountant en Belastingconsulent WESTERWEG 45 - ALKMAAR Tel. 3072 - K 2200 Bankrelatie : Robaver Alkmaar Postgiro 3156. 79 12..? Gr nd - 2.0 r .n. 1. c· ·1.:1 ... ns to i e chi dr n of :19) s r. rt n ieth. • d . docter. D • • den Oud - n 1.'1a.i:>-::H~,u1. r . C. de n e Al.ana r Rotterd unsoh nk • s 3roek op r •• chel n resident of . ngendijk llan~ar br noh of the e th. or � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1953-P-Termaat-Alien-questionaire Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Pieter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Title A name given to the resource Pieter Termaat Alien questionnaire Description An account of the resource Answers by Pieter Termaat to Alien Questionnaire, including past work history, political and social associations, and family history. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Netherlands Emigration and immigration Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives