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YOUNG LORD QUIZ
Please circle the best answers
1.
From what Chicago neighborhood did the Young Lords originate and become
a National Political Movement?
•
•
•
•
2.
A) Humboldt Park
B) West Town
C) Lincoln Park
D) Wicker Park
What was the modern day land question that sparked Lincoln Park into action
and raised the political consciousness of the Young Lords?
•
•
•
•
3.
A) Police brutality
B) Aids
C) Military occupation of Puerto Rico
D) Forcing Puerto Ricans and the poor from prime real estate areas like
downtown and the lakefront.
The Mission of the Lincoln Park Movement and the Young Lords was:
• A) To elect John Kerry President
• B) To kick out Daley and elect a new Mayor
• C) Puerto Rican and worldwide self-determination and neighborhood
controlled development
• D) Elect Latino politicians
4.
The Young Lords believed in what Mao Tse Tung called a People's War.
What does this mean?
•
•
•
•
A) Leaders will wage battle for the People
B) Individuals don't make qualitative change. Change is brought about by an
organized People
C) Since we have no leaders, we must wait for a Messiah
D) The "Latino Revolution" must be conducted only in Spanish
�The Young Lords believed that a People's Party is necessary for change. It is
the representative of the most progressive elements of its class. What other
goals must it achieve?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Unity of will
Become the vanguard of its class
Discipline bordering on military
Build unity with the many to defeat the few
All of the above
Democracy Under Centralized Guidance was the system of management used
by the Young Lords. It includes:
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Majority rules
Lower leading bodies submit to higher levels and to Central Committee
Individual submits to organization
One always follows a directive. It can be discussed later.
All of the above
The first Young Lord's study group consisted of readings and speeches by
Malcom X, Albizu Campos, Che, Frantz Fanon and Eldrige Cleaver. It was
held at:
A) Peoples Church
B) Cha-Cha's apartment
C) People's Park
D) McCormick Seminary
E) All of the above
A "Cabezon" is someone who is selfish, and an individualist who also:
A) Is ashamed to do "dirty or low class" work
B) Gossips about members
C) Fails to educate the people
D) Lets things slide to avoid blame or for the sake of peace
E) All of the above
�Many reasons were given for the "split" between National Headquarters and
the New York chapter. The Truth was:
A) Minimal communication and major police infiltration
B) National in Chicago lacked ideology, leadership skills, and discipline
C) A physical fight took place between Andre Gonzales and Yoruba Guzman
D) Cha-Cha was a criminal and had used drugs
After being jailed nine months and exonerated for alleged kidnapping
charges in support of the F.A.L.N., Cha-Cha Jimenez and the Young Lords
resurfaced to help elect Harold Washington, first black Mayor. In June 1983,
Cha-Cha helped organize the first city sponsored, neighborhood festival and
introduced Mayor Washington in Humboldt Park; demanded humane
treatment for the F.A.L.N.; and demanded Puerto Rican self-determination,
before an elated crowd. How many were at the event?
A)
B)
C)
D)
100
10,000
100,000
5,000
The first political action ever taken by the Young Lords was to "thrash" the
entire Department of Urban Renewal office.
True or False
The Young Lords platform spelled out its principles and was used as an
organizing tool.
True or False
The Young Lords believed that before any battle one must unite with others
and therefore decide "Who are their friends and who are their enemies."
True or False
�14.
Manuel Ramos, Julio Roldan, Jose "Pancho" Lind, Methodists Eugenia
Johnson and Rev. Bruce Johnson were all affiliated with the Young Lords
and were murdered. Now they are also victims of unsolved murders.
True or False
15.
The Young Lords helped set up a People's law office, "survival programs", a
free breakfast for children program, a Puerto Rican cultural center, free
health and dental clinic, voter registration campaigns, and a free day care
center. These involved the community, exposed injustices, and helped destroy
enemy "encirclement and suppression campaigns"against the Young Lords
and the Lincoln Park Movement.
True or False
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
BTS00063_01
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords quiz
Description
An account of the resource
Young Lords history quiz
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
Community activists
Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
In Copyright
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
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LATINA/O LEADERSHIP OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM
1993-1994
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Young Lords Oral History Project
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-Presented by:
Yolanda Quinones
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Vicky Romero
Chicago Region
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. DePaul University Library
Special Collections and Archives
FHOTOCOPf
�DePaul University Library
scial Collections and Archi
PHOTOCOPY
�BRIEF BACKGROUND
OF
THE YOUNG LORDS
(dates are approximations. Research is on going.)
The Chicago Young Lords, founders of this Hispanic Movement, were
iifu
the sons and daughters of the first Puerto Rican immigrants to
Chicago. Without funding, they successfully built a national grassroots
movement within the Hispanic Barrios of the United States. It all
began when City Hall decided to create an inner city suburb in Lincoln
Park and in the process displaced the entire neighborhood of the first
Puerto Ricans.
DePaul University Library
Special Collections and Archives
PHOTOCOPY
�(page 2)
1945-1950
Luis Munoz Marin becomes first popularly elected Puerto
Rlcan Governor.
Fomento replaces sugar cane with Industry and Tourism In
Puerto Rico.
U.S. and Mexico In conflict with Bracero Program
Massive unemployment forces Jibaros to emigrate to U.S.
migrant camps.
Jlbaro Tomateros" move from migrant camps to large cities.
1950
1955
Neighborhood barrios of La Clark and La Madison develop In
Chicago.
More massive migration: La Clark and La Madison expand.
I960
Carl Sanburg Village and University of Illinois displaces
thousands of Puerto Rlcans.
;
Lincoln Park and Wicker Park develop Puerto Rlcan Barrios
k
Sons and Daughters of first immigrants go from Athletic
Clubs to gangs.
4
Lincoln Park and OldJTown become an 'Inner-City Suburb."
1968
Young Lords thrash urban renewal office.
Local Mafia owned real estate office Is picketed
All windows of Anglo businesses on Armltage Ave. are
busted.
Jan. 1969
Wicker Park Welfare Office Is stormed by Young Lords and
Latinos.
Cha-Cha conducts political education classes In his living
room.
TIJerlna literature and Black Panther movie is shown to
Young Lords.
EOO People picket Chicago Ave Police station after arrest of
Cha-Cha Jimenez.
DEPAUL University Library
S p e d ! Collections and Arduves
P
PHOTOCOPY
�FEB. 1969
(page 3)
Young Lords go to Corky Gonzales Youth Gang Conference, In
Denver, CO.
Demonstration to Wicker Park Welfare Office.
Cha-Cha is Indicted 18 times In 6 week period. Ranging from
aggravated battery on police to mob action
Ralph Rivera's button Tengo Puerto Rico en ml Corazon"
becomes symbol of Young Lords.
Chicago Ave Police workshop Is taken over by Young Lords.
Meetings begin with Armltage Ave Church for space for
Young Lords programs.
Young Lords march against police brutality.
Alblzu campos march.
Cha-Cha speaks at University of Puerto Rico. Students
spontaneously burn down R.O.T.C'building.
Fred Hampton, Cha-Cha and Young Patriots meet to form
Rainbow Coalition.
Cha-Cha goes on speaking tour with Fred Hampton.
APRIL 1969
Young Lords and 350 Latino community residents take-over
and sit In at Mc Kormick Theological Seminary for one week
until demands are met:
Demands Met;
$ 6 5 0 , 0 0 0 Is to be invested In low income housing.
$25,000 opens a clinic In West Town for Lado.
$25,000 opens People's Law Offices In Lincoln Park.
$S5,000 (committed but never received for a Young Lords
Cultural Center.)
Mayor Daley, Hanrahan and others call for a "War on Gangs"
to attack Black Panthers and Young Lords.
MAY 1969
Manuel Ramos is shot at Orlando Da vita's party by off- duty
policeman James Lamb. Four Young Lords are arrested.
Policeman is not charged.
Service is held at Mc Kormick Seminary for Manuel Ramos
IOOO people join Young Lords in purple berets at St. Teresa's
DePaul University Library
Special Collections and Archives
PHOTOCOPY
�y
( page 4 )
funeral Mass for Manuel Ramos.
Puerto Rlcans side with Young Lords against police abuse.
Young Lords take-over Peoples's Church and set up a Day
Care Center, a clinic, a cultural center, and National
Headquarters.
Gang Intelligence unit and Red Squad station a car 2 4 hrs
day photographing anyone entering Y.L.O. Church, (later It
was learned that "Colntel Pro" was also Involved In inciting
riots. Infiltration, and creating divisions within the Latino and
African-American movements.
i
•
i
JUN€ 1969
Urban renewal land to be used for a $IOOO a year tennis
court Is
taken over and 4 0 0 people camp out on Armitage
and Haisted for a week. Later it becomes People's Park arid
Playground equipment is added.
Police create a riot In.People's Park. Cha-Cha arrested for
mob action.
Young Lords march to Humboldt Park with over 10,000
people. Many In purple berets carrying Alblzu Campos and
Manuel Ramos posters.
Chapter of Young Lords opens In New York.
Young Lords Join Black Panthers In support of Bobby Seale
conspiracy trial.
Young Lords visit California and meet with Brown Berets,
Black Panthers, and Black Berets.
Chapter of Young Lords opens in Hayward, CA.
Young Lords march with I.W.W.
S6PT. 1969
Cha-Cha marches with Nationalist Party at Grito de Lares
march in Jayuya, Puerto Rico.
United people to Inform good doers- Uptight is formed to ,
discredit Young Lords. They pass fliers at suburban churches.
Alderman Mc Cutheon's press conference is taken over by
Young Lords. Mc Cutheon is exposed for soliciting prostitutes.
Caballcros de San Juan vote to support Young Lords.
Puerto Rlcan Bishop Antullo Parllla celebrates Mass for
DePaul University Library
Special Collections and Archives
PHOTOCOPY
�( page 5)
Young Lords in Chicago.
Cha-Cha and Fred Hampton arrested at Wicker Park Welfare
Office. Obed Lopez Is beaten by police. Mary lou Porrata Is
assaulted by welfare case worker.
Cha-Cha travels with Corky Gonzalaes on speaking tour.
Young Lords visit Alcatraz during Native American take-over
led by Richard Oakes.
Young Lords visit Cuba through Venceremos Brigade.
Police attempt to disrupt Young Lords block party.
OCTOBER 1969
Emeterlo Betances Health Clinic screens people door-to-door
for lead poisoning
Murals are painted on church walls.
Young Lords donate blood for local Puerto Rlcan
businessmen.
November 1969
Fred Hampton arrested for liberating ice cream and giving It
to ghetto children.
Day Care Center Is fined $ 2 0 0 each day it remains open,
(unless floor is raised 3 feet and the celling Is lowered 3 feet.)
Cha-Cha arrested for $23 dollar theft of lumber, while ten
people flee and escape police, (later Cha-Cha pleads guilty and
receives one year sentence.
DECEMBER 1969
Fred Hampton is murdered by State's Attorney Hanrahan and
Chicago police.
Young Lords attend funeral.
Cha-Cha is told by attorneys not to sleep in same house 2
days In a row.
1970
New York Lords and Chicago Lords meet and both agree to
work independently as revolutionary companeros.
Jose' (Pancho Lind is murdered by a white street gang. The
killer Is a brother of a policeman at scene and is not arrested.
DePaul University Library
Special Collections and Archives
PHOTOCOPY
�( page 6)
Young Lords march to court to no avail.
Rev. Bruce Johnson and his wife are both found stabbed to
death In their beds. Rev. Johnson was stabbed 17 times, his
wife 9 times.
Women members of Young Lords meet with Vietnamese
women at Canada Conference
Young Lords march with Methodist Bishop In memory of Rev.
Bruce Johnson. The Rev. Bruce Johnson case has never been
Investigated nor solved.
Cha-Cha decides to go underground, (while underground
forms 2 chapters of Young Lords sets up a training school,
and works on Young Lords newspaper.
DECEMBER 1972
Cha-Cha turns himself In... before 5 0 0 people at the Town Hal!
police station In 46th ward.
Cha-Cha serves year and then released only after putting up
bond for remaining IO cases.
Cha-Cha plea bargains and decides to plead guilty for mob
action In return for no Jail and probation.
Cha-Cha visits Peoples Republic of China
SEPTEMBER 1973
Cha-Cha announces campaign for alderman of 46th ward.
FEBRUARY 1975
Cha-Cha comes in 2nd and gets 39% of vote in an area with
only IOOO Latino registered voters.
ALSO IN THE MID 7 0 s.
Cha-Cha is wanted for burglary. While In hiding the machine
controlled Uptown Lerner Newspaper runs same article
several times. The burglary case never goes to trial.
Fain Group Is arrested. Cha-Cha Is arrested the same week.
Demands trial and Is released when time expires on speedy
trial law. No witnesses or accusers are brought to court by
state's attorney.
FEBRUARY 1983
Young Lords work together with Puerto Rlcan Parade
Committee.
Cha-Cha introduces Mayor Harold Washington before a
crowd of 100,000 Puerto Ricans In Humboldt Park.
DePaui University Library
Special Collections and Archives
PHOTOCOPY'
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A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF
JOSE CHA-CHA JIMENEZ
GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE
YOUNG LORDS ORGANIZATION
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A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF
JOSE CHA-CHA JIMENEZ
GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE
YOUNG LORDS O R G A N I Z A T I O N
�I Ull IT I U 1» i- iili Ultllir. I i u n
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CHA-CHA JIMENEZ
DEFENCE COMMITTEE
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�PLATFORM: SELF DETERMINATION FOR LATINOS
AND ALL POOR AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE OF THE WORLD
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.1. We .want Independence and s e l f - d e t e n n l nation
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2. We want an end .to al 1 Ilmperi a l l s t wars—
economic. a n ^ m u i t a r y . . ; ^
* We want an end ; t o the' mercenary": nature ofmQStffiiF
the U.S. m i l i t a r y system ^nd'an end t o o p p r e s s l ^ ^ ;
o f Latinos and o t h e r poor and oppressed people.o||n
by threats o f Imprisonment o r by economicalTy ^ ^ ^ J .'
- V . depriving them o f t h e i r b a s i c needs then f o r c i n g ^ ?
them t o volunteer o r allowing thera t o be
: / I n t o unjust, imperialist: w i r s . . ^
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... : . 4 . . We want e q u a l i t y f o r the s e x e s .
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5 . W e want an end t o the i n n e r - c t t y removal^o^^v
- l a t i n o s and o t h e r poor and oppressed p e o p l e ; - W e 9 "
want Latinos and a l l poor and oppressed people t o \
control the housing t o be b u i l t 1n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e conmunltles so that they can be sure 1t 1 s w
f i t f o r human beings and economically reasonable. '
We a l s o want a l l e x i s t i n g housing brought up t o .
comply with the codes.
6. We want a guaranteed Income and f u l l emoloyment f o r Latinos and a l l poor and oppressed
people.
7 . We want b1-!1ngual education f o r Latinos.
An education t h a t teaches Latinos and a l l poor
and oppressed people the true h i s t o r y o f t h e i r
past -»d exposes the true nature o f t h i s decadcnt
,1ety.
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�8. We want an end to the robbing o f Latinos and
f l a i l poor and oppressed people by GREEDY YANQUI
» BUSINESSMEN 1n the Latino cowminlty.
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® 9 ^ ; ^ M w a n t : ; a n i e n d - t o the enormous drug problem m
^ c a u s e d by ;th1 s ^ e w d e n t ^ s o c i e t y
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W d n i g ; - pushers £ithe|r1 ch perpetrators o f t h i s
I ^ s6c1etyi ; arrested >nd t r i e d by t h e l r y l c t l m s ^ H e : '
t ^ w a n t a l l those now In j a l l f o r crimes r e l a t e d ' ^ o
to drugs discharged t o coemmlty-control 1 ed rehabX ? , n i t a t 1 o n centers and provided with good and ^ ^
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e f f l d e n t m e d l c a U c a r e . We want research begun v
r 1nmed1 ately so t h a t the use o f methadone
heroin addicts can be discontinued; ' ••''•V'^. f - P ? .
#'10.
We want the same good and e f f i c i e n t health H:
I care that 1s given to the rich t o be given t o '
Latinos and other poor and oppressed p e o p l e .
We want 1t to be f r e e t o Latinos and a l l poor
n and oppressed people. HEALTH CARE IS A HUMAN
I RIGHT.
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11. We want an end to the brutal1zat1on and
cold-blooded murder o f Latinos and a l l poor and
oppressed people by Yanqul p o l i c e 1n t h i s country.
We want p o l i c e 1n Latino convnunltles t o be , ' ...
Latinos and under the control o f the Latino
comnunlty.
12. We want a l l Latinos released from f e d e r a l ,
s t a t e , county, and c i t y j a i l s , because they have
not had f a i r t r i a l s nor have been t r i e d by a
jury o f their peers as defined by the U.S. Cons t i t u t i o n . They have been t r i e d by Yanqul courts
and jurors who have no basic understanding o f
Latinos nor o f the conditions to which Latinos
are subjected.
Cha Cha Jimenez, General Secretary
Young Lords Organization
Cook County J a l l
December 31, 1972
�:ktrcdj:':in
Cha Cha's story shows the 'lenctht to which
the rich who run this country will qc to keep
Door people and Latinos down. Born ir, Puerto
R1co and raised 1n a U.S. slum, Che Cha 1s only
a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t from other Puerto Rlcans;
that 1s, he has already spent ten years of his
l i f e 1n court and 1n j a i l f o r rebelling against
tne system. Those near him 1n his teen-age years
would ask i f he had been anything more than a drug
addict and i gang member. But what 1s a gang but
a chjup of younc people—products of the ghetto
in r e b e l l i o n — d i r e c t i n c their H o s t i l i t i e s toward
rther poo- v i c t i m Instead of their oppressors.
Drun addiction is only ar extension of the gang.
Altiiouah ccrfused fo** many years as to who
thr oppressor was, Cha Cha used "his time 1n
tc think. He l e f t j a i l with a vague conception
of nr. oppressor— a conception he sharpened as he
experienced continued abuse. He saw that his
problems were not unique but common among the
p o o r , e s p e c i a l l y among Latinos. He reorganised
the dissolving s t r e e t gang—then on the verge o f
f a l l i n g into drugs—and turned 1t into a p o l i t i c a l organization f i g h t i n g f o r the s e l f - d e t e r mination o f Latinos and other poor and oppressed
peoples.
The Young Lords Organization was concerned
with the issues o f welfare, health, day care, and
p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y . I t also dealt with the
questions of Puerto Pvicar. Independence and urbar.
renewal. These were the issues which brought
repression from the oppressor. Mayor Daley and
his "Maquina Demoeratica," who had dominated the
Latino vote ever since we can remember, could not
tolerate a Latino organization opposed to their
scheme f o r driving the poor out of their neighborhoods so that suburbanites could return to
the inner
Daley drove the Latinos froir,
the areas r:
^curled" by the Carl Sandburg Village
and the b: • <tv" of . " H i n d s . Wher, ht promised
then relocc'w * and decent housinc, h€ swindled
I
�them. He did the same thing to the Lincoln Park
conmunity. But Cha Cha, the Young Lords, the
Latinos and the poor of Lincoln Park who had been
driven out of t h e i r homes too many times saw
through Daley's demagoguery and p r o t e s t e d .
This
Daley could not t o l e r a t e . A deluge of indictments
poured out o f S t a t e ' s Attorney Hanrahan's
o f f i c e to Lincoln Park residents and Young
Lords. The Young Lords leaders g o t f o u r and
f i v e cases each—they were charged with e v e r y thing from l e a f l e t t i n g too c l o s e to a school
to mob action. Cha Cha alone got eighteen
cases dumped on him. He was given a year f o r
taking $ 23 worth o f lumber. He has now won
thirteen cases. He s t m has f o u r cases
pending.
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What were the crimes committed by the poor
and Latinos of Lincoln Park 1n 1969 and 1970?
Demanding self-determination 1n a democratic
society? What was so d i a b o l i c a l about a fonner
s t r e e t gang and I t s leader trying to serve t h e i r
people? Why was the news media used to slander
them? As long as s t r e e t gangs k i l l and b r u t a l i z e
their own people they are Ignored and sometimes
even aided by the oppressor, but when they attack
the r o o t of "the problem, the creators of the
ghettos, the actual criminals o f t h i s s o c i e t y — t h e
oppressors—will u t i l i z e every means in t h e i r
power—the courts, the p o l i c e , the S t a t e ' s
Attorney's o f f i c e , e t c . — t o suppress them.
The only crime that Cha Cha committed has
been to wage a struggle f o r self-determination
and to refuse to humble himself before the
oppressor. For t h i s , he is new in j a i l . As
Cha Cha himself said a f t e r the Young Lord Manuel
Ramos was murdered in cold blood by an o f f - d u t y
policeman:
They can
They can
They can
But" they
j a i l us;
brutalize us;
even k i l l us—
c a n ' t stor> us!
�CHA CHA JIMENEZ
Jose (Cha Cha) Jimenez was born or, August 8 , v
1948' in an apartment 1n "El Mi 11 on,
a slum of
Caguas, Puerto R1co. His parents came from a
rural area. The youngest o f 15 children, his
mother Eugenia had been raised 1n a convent because her' father was bl1nd and there was no one
to take care of her. At the age o f 16, she l e f t
the convent to marry Cha Cha's father Antonio.
In her pregnancy, she went to Caguas to be near
a doctor. 'Antonio had already l e f t to find a job
1p the United States; he was in a migrant camp
near Boston when Cha Cha was born.
Cha Cha's
older s i s t e r died of pneumonia shortly a f t e r his
birth leaving him the only male and eventually
the oldest of four children.
When Cha Cha was two years o l d , Antonio had
earned enough money to send f o r him and his mother.
They lived near Boston f o r a year, then moved to
Chicago with Cha Cha's new-born s i s t e r . There
they became tenants 1n a hotel which had been converted into r a t - and roach-infested apartments.
Known as the Water Hotel, 1t was on the corners
of Superior and La Salle streets on the near-north
side in the old Clark Street area. There, the
family lived near r e l a t i v e s and friends who had
l e f t Puerto Rico f o r similar reasons.
In the l a t e f o r t i e s and early f i f t i e s , migration of Puerto Rlcans to U.S. c i t i e s skyrocketed
from an average of 10,000 peonle a year to 50,000.
They came looking f o r jobs to establish some
savings with the hope of eventually returning to
their homeland. In Chicago, two centers of the
Puerto Rican community grew up—an area around
Madison Avenue from Ashland to Kedzie and the
neighborhood where Cha Cha lived from Ohio to North
Avenue with Clark Street as i t s nucleus. Among
Puerto Ricans these "barrios" were corrmonlv
called "Ls. Madison* and "La Clark." "La Madison"
i
�"<2c been an established r e s i d e n t i a l area with twoana three-story apartment houses.
I t had a sense
c f ccnm/nity with Latino b u s i n e s s e s , t h e a t e r s ,
and agencies. "La Clark" was d i f f e r e n t . Long
before the Puerto Ricans moved t h e r e , 1t had been
an area under syndicate c o n t r o l .
"Los chinos"
from "La Clark" had a firm g r i p on " l a b o l i t a "
(the numbers game); there was a l o t o f gambling,
drugs, p r o s t i t u t i o n , and homosexuality, e t c . .
"La Clark" had "mixed h o u s i n g " - - i f you could
call i t that. Although many Puerto Ricans lived
1n the Cabrini p r o j e c t s , most o f "La Clark" was made
up of dilapidated hotels bandaged and divided into
apartments and single rooms. In renting these
buildings, i t seemed as 1f the landlords were
trying to coin the l a s t b i t of p r o f i t from t h e i r
Puerto R1can tenants.
Cha Cha's family lived 1n the Water Hotel f o r
a couple of years until i t was f i n a l l y condemned
and torn down. Drifting northward two or three
w
blocks at a time, by 1956 the family had reached
1Q
the boundary of "La Clark." In a t o t a l o f s i x
\J
y e a r s , they hadl^been-fo-rced 'to move nine t i m e s all because ofmrban^enewalX
I t never dawned
-is OO l . on them that trfe c1^~aeTTBerately intended to
x Ho**
a> * — ; push the Puerto Ricans out o f t h e i r homes. The
Puerto Ricans thought the buildings would e i t h e r
<
a> be renovated or leveled and then reconstructed
O K W) so that they would be able to return to l i v e in
them. The men who ran the c i t y had a d i f f e r e n t
O 5®
plan. Today the expensive areas o f the Carl
- o sL
Sandburg Village and "Old Town" have replaced
>
^
ft P most of "La Clark" and Puerto Ricans are a r a r i t y .
To make way f o r the r i c h , the Puerto Ricans from
"La Clark" were pushed into the adjacent
community of Lincoln Park or into the new
barrio o f "La Division." People from "La
Madison" poured in there t o o . The other
pockets of the Puerto Rican community in
Chicago—"La Blue Island," "La 63," "La
Sheridan," etc.—grew un l a t e r .
h®
!
**
o
i y
-eJ
�Che. Che. had alreacy attendee Mo'iv Name
Cathedral, St. Joseph and Frank!ir, schools when
he entered Newberry Elementary School 1n Lincoln
Park 1n the t h i r d grade. At f i r s t he had a
d i f f i c u l t time adapting. Lincoln Park was a
conwunlty of poor white Americans—Irish, I t a l tans7~peopTe from Appalachia, e t c . . ChaTChars
tMli-y~was~one of the f i r s t Puerto RicajPfamITtrrTnJIhe neighborhood. Kids at scRooTTwould
call "IfvT"few Puerto R1can children "spies" and
beat them on t h e i r way home. Cha Cha came home
injured many times. He told his Darents he had
"tripped and f a l l e n , " but they understood otherwise because they had seen a f i g h t 1n the a l l e y
next to their home. The s c u f f l e began among
gypsy youth, whose families shared the building
with the Puerto Ricans. All the residents o f
the apartment house got a panoramic view from
t h e i r windows as 1f they were watching from separate booths in an outdoor stadium. The youths
were belting a young gypsy who was Cha Cha's
f r i e n d . When Cha Cha raced outside to help him,
the gypsy youths converged on him. When Puerto
Rican youths poured out of the building, the f i g h t
s h i f t e d to a b a t t l e between gypsies and Puerto
Ricans. Even Cha Cha's friend sided with his
kinsfolk. The soectators began casting t h e i r
b a l l o t s arguing with each other, screaming and
cheering v i c t o r y f o r t h e i r s i d e . After l e t t i n g
the f i g h t go on f o r some time, the adults i n t e r vened and brought i t to a halt.
As more Puerto Ricans from "La Clark" moved
into Lincoln Park, Cha Cha's family followed the
current a block upward as I r i s h , I t a l i a n s , and
Appalachian whites moved further north. Cha Cha's
father began guzzling liquor (two of his uncles
had already died from l i v e r infections caused by
a l c o h o l ) . To get her husband to stop drinking,
dona Eugenia made a "promesa" to dress 1n black f o r
a year. She persuaded her husband to j o i n the
Knights of Saint John, a Latinc organization
r
�f c m e d by the Catholic archdiocese of Chicago.
Through the aid of a p r i e s t assigned to L a t i n o s ,
she organized Spanish catechism classes in her
home f o r Puerto Rican children 1n the area.
Meanwhile, Cha Cha was getting Into t r o u b l e according to the neighbors who t r i e d to keep
their sons away from him. Cha Cha c o u l d n ' t understand the d i f f e r e n c e between his actions and those
of the neighbor kids nor did he know why people
were t a l k i n g . In f a c t , a recording at the time
with the t i t l e "Everybody E l s e ' s Son's a Troublemaker But Mine," would have been appropriate.
At his mother's request, the p r i e s t talked
with Cha Cha and met with him a l l summer. Soon
he became an altar boy at the Spanish mass 1n
Saint Michael's church. His mother arranged with
the p r i e s t to enroll him in a Catholic school —
« p j a i n t T e r e s a ' s . Though a poor f a m i l y , they did
§ h o t have to worry about t u i t i o n which the p r i e s t
^had taken care o f . Most of the classrooms 1n
- g O e s t . Teresa's were f i l l e d with Germans, Polish
X - § i J>®ople and I t a l l t a n s . There were only a few
O 8 bblacks and Latinos 1n the s c h o o l . In Cha Cha's
—4 cf. sslxth grade c l a s s , there were none.
O?, ®
O w 2.
When he entered St. T e r e s a ' s , he had been
O § C o m p l e t e l y transformed from nrischievousness to
3S ^ cplety. His teacher—a nun—took special i n t e r e s t
y rfn him and became his f r i e n d . He put his mind to
J5 sMs studies and no longer spent much time with his
ST.'Neighborhood f r i e n d s , who people thought had been
£ the cause of his mischief. Before and a f t e r class
w
and on weekends, he helped around the church and
school—shoveling snow, sweeping, mopping and
waxing the f l o o r s , and dusting the pews in the
chapel. In the three years he attended St.
T e r e s a ' s , he was always f i r s t o r second in the
number o f candy sales made to raise funds to build
a new church. Continuing as f *ltar boy at St.
T e r e s a ' s , he else sane ir
. i r . Hear comple-
L
�ticn of her "promesa," dona Eugenia had set up an
altar in their home. Latino neiahbords o f t e n asked
her to lead in the r e c i t a t i o n of a rosary; i t became part of the d a i l y schedule at home. I t was
not surprising then that at the age of eleven,
Cha Cha had made up his mind about his f u t u r e .
After graduating from eighth grade, he wanted to
enter a seminary to prepare f o r the priesthood.
Meanwhile, although there were s t i l l only a
few Puerto R1can businesses in Lincoln Park, the
influx of Puerto Ricans continued. I t was the
early 1960 1 s and s t r e e t gangs were spreading over
the c i t y . There were a few gangs 1n Lincoln Park
among the European m i n o r i t i e s , but none as yet
among the Puerto Ricans. When Puerto R1can newcomers were detected in non-Puerto R1can sections
of Lincoln Park, they were beaten mercilessly
like someone was beating dust out o f a carpet.
From time to time, the Puerto Rican grapevine r e ported incidents l i k e t h i s . St. Teresa's had no
gangs although there were a couple o f gang members
in the s c h o o l , which was l o c a t t d in the t e r r i t o r y
of a European gang.
In hopes o f preparing f o r the priesthood, Cha
Cha stuck to his s t u d i e s .
In the spring—when the
gangs surfaced—he became inadvertently involved
in an incident. A group of Puerto Ricans who
l a t e r the same year would form the Black Eagles,
the Paragons or the Young Lords, retaliated against
some of the European gang members. Because some
of their own had been hurt, the European gang was
out f o r revenge. Although Cha Cha had riot been
involved in the i n c i d e n t , some of the gang members
ranembered him from Newberry. One day as he was
walklnc home from s c h o o l , they caught sight of him
from across the s t r e e t and yelled his name. He
kept walkina t.ni pretended not to hear. They
veiled aaai•
"his time he looked at them, turned
the come;
"an down the Mock. The gang
ris shed a f i e -r cha:" : nc M r :nt * 1 he net into
�the Puerto Rican s e c t i o n . To avoid f u r t h e r beati n g s , Cha Cha found a new route home from s c h o o l .
More f i g h t s accurred between Puerto Rlcans
and European gangs. The Puerto Rlcans—who by
now had grown 1n number—began to organize themselves in s e l f - d e f e n s e . Orlando D a v l l a , founder
o f the Young Lords, asked Cha Cha to a meeting.
He had met Cha Cha at his mother's catechism
c l a s s . Cha Cha decided to attend the meeting
along with nine other youths. At t h i s meeting,
the Young Lords were formed. The Young Lords
remained a nominal organization f o r Cha Cha: he
was not an active p a r t i c i p a n t . Most o f the
b a t t l e s were fought at the p u b l i c school while
he was at the Catholic school. Further, at this
time, gang organization in Lincoln Park was j u s t
beginning.
During the summer vacation, Cha Cha was in a
few scattered f i g h t s at the beach, but when classes
resumed, he s p l i t from the gang to readapt h1mg1
s e l f to a d i f f e r e n t environment. He returned to
» ^
M s s t u d i e s . Now he was 1n his eighth year—th«
g. year o f d e c i s i o n . He sent his a p p l i c a t i o n t o a
^
Redemptorlst seminary 1n Wisconsin f o r which he
TJ Q
needed l e t t e r s of reconrnendation from the p r l n c i anc* pastor of St. Teresa's.
X tf r
Although Cha Cha
O o 3 had behaved himself all semester, toward the end
tf. 4* o f the term he and another classmate were caught
O a | throwing eggs at a bus in which—they found out
O 4/5
later— the pastor was r i d i n g . They were suspended
O S * from school f o r a few days. Instead o f a l e t t e r
C 0 * recommendation, the pastor asked the seminary
^ > Sfto deny entry to Cha Cha. The seminary wrote him
o <5to try again the following year. This would be
. H T . ^ d i f f i c u l t . Because Cha Cha could not a f f o r d
^
t u i t i o n to a Catholic high s c h o o l , he would be
w
going to Waller, the public s c h o o l , which would
make 1t less easy f o r h1rr to be accepted at the
seminary the following year. Further, Waller
was the school which the Young Lords and other
neighborhood gangs would attend.
t
�Like his other classmates, Cna Cha t r i e d to
find people from St, Teresa's who would be going
to his new s c h o o l . Although Waller was the nearest high s c h o o l , only one other classmate planned
to go so Cha Cha d i d n ' t find many a s s o c i a t e s .
Soon a f t e r graduation, some of his classmates'
families organized a graduation party to which
neither Cha Cha nor his family were 1nvited—an
example of ant1-Puerto R1can f e e l i n g which
he had experienced c o n s i s t e n t l y at St. T e r e s a ' s .
He found out about the party while walking down
the s t r e e t with two other Young Lords dressed
t h e i r purple and black sweaters. Two o f his
f e l l o w classmates stepped out of the s t o r e f r o n t
where the party was being held. When they saw
Cha Cha they asked him why he wasn't at the
party.
"I j u s t d i d n ' t f e e l 11ke going," he
r e p l i e d . The Young Lords were anxious to move
Into the dance, but Cha Cha persuaded them not
to.
By now, Lincoln Park was flooded with Puerto
Ricans and other Latinos. By sunnier, gang f i g h t s
were routine. When e i t h e r side 1n the c o n f l i c t
had I t s members roughed up, both sides would come
together quickly l i k e s o l d i e r s 1n a f o r t a f t e r the
sounding of r e v e i l l e — w i t h their weapons and ready
f o r b a t t l e . However, gang f i g h t i n g was not the
only wave of action the gangs created 1n Lincoln
Park. The Puerto Ricans hung out on the playgrounds in their i d l e time. Cliques of twos and
threes would disappear f o r hours at a time to
get drugs, s n i f f g l u e , smoke marijuana, shoot
heroin, burglarize homes, s t r i p c a r s , snatch
purses, and s t i c k up people. After awhile, the
Young Lords—the youngest of four or f i v e Latino
groups on the playground—got Into t h i s . Cha Cha's
Catholic education and previous environment did
not help him here.
I f he wanted to be accepted
by the crowd—or as i t was called then, i f he
wanted to be considered a "regular"—he had to
change his ways. He did so and a f t e r awhile he
a
t
�.•found himself in j a i l .
In f a c t , by the time
classes began at Waller, he had been arrested
many times, had spent nearly two of his summer
months in a juvenile home, and had been placed on
a y e a r ' s probation.
c/i
H
P. O
%
Cha Cha lasted only two months at Waller,
Soon a f t e r r e g i s t e r i n g , he was arrested and spent
two months in j a i l before going t o t r i a l .
When his
case f i n a l l y came up, the judge decided to deport
him to Puerto Rico f o r a year. Discharged from
3 Q IL
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J o- £
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j u v e n i l e home, he was put on a plane f o r Puerto
R1co. For the eight months he stayed 1n Puerto
R i c o , he kept out o f trouble with the p o l i c e .
When he returned to Chicago, he t r i e d to enroll 1n
school but was turned down. A week l a t e r , he was
back in j a i l . When the judge asked him how long
i t had been since he had been 1n p r i s o n , he t o l d
him eight months. So he put Cha Cha on probation
f o r another year.
5".
|
By the time Cha Gha was seventeen, he had
developed from a "regular" to the president o f the
Young Lords—not f o r being tough but f o r being
••trusted" a f t e r so many trips to j a i l .
I t was
1964 and gang fighting had stopped some. Cha Cha
and most of the other members concentrated more on
s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s and their g i r l f r i e n d s , but the
p o l i c e wouldn't leave him alone. They caused
trouble f o r him and his g i r l f r i e n d .
Because they
eloped and because Cha Cha had i long p o l i c e r e cord, his g i r l f r i e n d ' s probation o f f i c e r t r i e d to
keep the couple apart by forcing her family to
leave the community. It was d i f f i c u l t f o r Cha Che
tc accept t h i s . He had been discharged on parole
a f t e r two more months in the j u v e n i l e home and now
her probation o f f i c e r and his Drobatlon o f f i c e r had
taken i t UDon themselves to keep the couple apart.
Cha Cha and his g i r l f r i e n d managed to meet s e c r e t l y
f o r some months, but a f t e r awhile the g i r l found
another romance in her new school. The authori t i e s ' scheme worked.
the
10
�When Cha C'na's friends told h i * , he l e t i t
ride at f i r s t , but one day they raised the subject
again while drinking wine. Cha Cha and three otheYoung Lords took the El to the neighborhood of
the g i r l ' s school where they found her with her
boyfriend in a small restaurant. One of the Lords
had given his k n i f e to Cha Cha because they thought
Cha Cha too t i p s y to f i g h t and they d i d n ' t want to
stab the youth. When the Lord threw the f i r s t
punch, the boy started to run. He ran straight
1ntc Cha Cha who had been standing near the door.
Cha Cha reached into his pocket, pulled out the
blade, and stabbed the boy three times. The boy
rescued the other side of the street when a gathering from the school stormed Cha Cha and the Lords.
When Cha Cha lunged at the group with a cleaver,
they took o f f . The g i r l also pushed her way into
the f i g h t . Cha Cha belted her and stabbed the
boy two more times, then took o f f v/ith the Lords
i
leaving the youth stretched out on the s t r e e t with
f i v e knife wounds. Chasing the Lords, a group
from the"school cornered them 1n a drugstore
until the p o l i c e came and arrested them. When
^
they went to c o u r t , Cha Cha took the blame and
got six months in a state penal farm. The other
Q
Lords were discharged.
—j
O
When Cha Cha got out in mid-1966, the street O
gang had broken up. Most of the* were in the
O
s e r v i c e , in j a i l , or married. A few stayed t o gether on. the corner but there were no mo^e
^
meetings and nc gang structure. Besides the
Lords on the c o r n e r , there were others who came
just to l o i t e r and get high. If there were any
f i g h t s , they were with this combined group rather
than with the Young Lords street gang, ' h i s s i t uation was pure gold f o r Cha Cha because he had
nc desire tc be part of e gang.
When he get out of the nena1 fan:., he founc
job Li t £tocl:b©v ir t nearby *acter\ rr.akinc
3 * . 6 : ?.r h * j r .
He faunc i nev p-".'>*, enc who*
11
li
�he be.*;an to cake s e r i o u s l y . Problems i>-cse when the
g i r l ' s family found out <?bout C'na Cha's o o l i t e
record. Without t e l l inn
, they l e f t ths rommunity. This time, however, Cha Cha managed to
keen in touch with M s g i r l f r i e n d .
n
2. O
L %
g
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y c
I 5.
5"
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P»
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§
All was going well until he got i n t o an argument with a neighbor. Because he had spent so much
time 1n prison, Cha Cha d i d n ' t knew his neighbors.
I t was a Friday evening and Cha Cha had come home
from work with Manuel Ramos. They had stopped to
have a few beers before reaching Cha Cha's home.
They planned to wait f o r each other while they
changed clothes and washed up. They were going to
a dance that night. While Cha Cha washed up,
Manuel decided to leave because he d i d n ' t want
doffa Eugenia to see him 1n a s l i g h t l y drunken
s t a t e . He l e f t a message to t e l l Cha Cha he'd see
him l a t e r at the dance. When Cha Cha g o t the
message, he walked down the block t o catch up with
Manuel to t e l l him his mother wouldn't mind, but
He couldn't find him so he turned around and
walked back toward home. From a distance next
door to his house he saw an o l d e r man y e l l i n g at
a young g i r l , who took o f f toward the backyard.
A l i t t l e drunk, Chi Che mistook the g i r l f o r
his s i s t e r . Not knowing that Cha Cha was his
next-door neighbor, the man thought Cha Cha was
provoking him. He t o l d Cha Cha to "mind his own
business and go to h e l l . " Anytime he wanted t o ,
he said, he would y e l l at the c l r l .
He f e l t
p e r f e c t l y in the right since the o i r l was his
own daughter, but Cha Cha took a swing at him
and his son, who had come down to help his
father.
Dofia Eugenia came out to explain that Chi Cha
was her son, he was a l i t t l e drunk, e t c . .
She told
Cha Cha that his s i s t e r had beer, 1n the house all
alone. Apologizing to the mar
' his son, Che Chi
shook hands with theft; and s v : - '
toward home., f t
that p o i n t , i Dclice ca*- drew u
The o f f i c e r c-de-ed
II
�Chs Ch= to get into the car. Ir borken English,
dofie Eugenie, tried to t e 1 . the policeman that the
problem had been settled. ''No trouble, no trouble,'
she repeated. While she v/as t e l l i n g Cha Cha to
go upstairs, the policeman kept pressing him to
get into the car. Cha Cha told his mother not to
worry—he would explain to the policeman and
everything would be all right.
Cha Cha never got a chance to explain. The
policeman—angry because Cha Cha had not come right
away—grabbed him by the c o l l a r . When Cha Cha
reacted by grabbing him by the c o l l a r , another
policeman came up from the rear and cracked his
club over Cha Cha's head. Cha Cha lay unconscious
on the pavement. The policeman knelt down on his
arms and began banging his head on the sidewalk.
Tn tears hi? mother screamed, "My son, my son!
Por favor, no hit my son!" She and one of her
daughters tried to pull the policeman o f f Cha
Cha; another s i s t e r put her hands under his head
as the policeman banged 1t on the concrete. The
third s i s t e r grabbed the policeman's club and
hurled 1t across the street. The neighbors—
including the man and his son whom Cha Cha had h i t screamed at the p o l i c e to stop when doPla Eugenia
nicked up a b o t t l e and threw 1t at the o f f i c e ^ .
Blood streamed from his mouth along with two of
his teeth.
When he came t c , Cha Cha was in a police
wagon with his mother, who was praying over a
rosary. Though not arrested, his three sisters
had asked to go tc the d o ! i c e station with their
brother end mother. Cha Che did not know his
mother had been arrested. When he found out he was
so shocked and Infuriated that he began to fight
with the policeman again. This time at least
ten policemen beet him black and blue. He was
lucky tc be e l l v e the next day when he appeared
in court. His face was swollen; his neck showed
signs of internal fc'e^-'nc where they had choked
�him; h& was 1 imping, or. one leg whore they had
kicked him. The neignbor who had argued with him
brought no charges against him. The only charges
brought against him were those of the policeman.
Cha Cha was accused o f knocking out his tooth—
or aggravated battery.
Cha Cha's mother was charged with d i s o r d e r l y
conduct, but her case was l a t e r dismissed.
After
the dismissal of her c a s e , Cha Cha eloned with
his g i r l f r i e n d and l e f t the c i t y because he
knew that he would l o s e his case 1n c o u r t . The
courts would uniformly accept the policeman's word.
Because of his previous p o l i c e r e c o r d , whatever
he said in court would be of no value.
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A f t e r about a year, he and his underaged wife
decided to return to Chicago. She was pregnant.
They both f e l t they could c l e a r up t h e i r d i f f e r ences with her mother while Cha Cha wanted to
c l e a r up his case with the courts b e f o r e the baby
was born. When he went to the p o l i c e s t a t i o n ,
the p o l i c e could find no warrants f o r his previous
a r r e s t so they told him to f o r g e t about the case.
Q
T h e a i r l ' s mother, however, did not want a "criminal"
&
g
f o r a son-in-law so she v i s i t e d the court and had
5Cha Cha j a i l e d . She got a court order preventing
h 1 m f r o m v i s i t i n g his wife or
his new-born c h i l d ,
g.
Cha Cha went to the penal settlement again. This
<
time when he returned he was r e a l l y depressed. He
g
began shooting heroin. Daily until he was addicted
and l a t e r f o r what seemed a milennium, he kept
f-4
taking narcotics. He was in and out of j a i l until
5 . in 1968 while in prison he made up his mind to
ST
beat the drug problem.
At the time he was in maximum s e c u r i t y because
of a rumor that he and twelve other Latinos were
trying to escape from the House of Correction.
He had not read a book in i t s e n t i r e t y since the
eighth grade, but in his i s o l a t e d c e l l , there was
nothing else to do. At f i r s t he started w J th
�r e l i g i o u s books—Seven Story Mountain by Thomas
Merton. He began to think about his l i f e . He
pot into r e l i g i o n . He wanted to go tc church
service but he c o u l d n ' t get out of his cell
except to shower once a week. S t i l l he began
mental invocation and regretted the mistakes of
the past. He asked to see the p r i e s t and on his
knees 1n his c e l l through the bars he confessed
his s i n s .
He read every book he could get his hands
on. When a cousin who was also 1n j a i l told a
Muslim trustee that Cha Che was Puerto Rican, the
Muslim began to supply Cha Cha with p o l i t i c a l books.
He could not see Cha Cha as a Puerto Rican at f i r s t
because of -his l i g h t complexion. Jokingly, he
would say, "But hs looks l i k e the devil—the
beast." Then they would all break out in laughter.
While Cha Cha was in maximum security reading
about Martin Luther King J r . and other p o l i t i c a l
leaders, protests were flooding the nation. It was
1968. Martin Luther King J r . had j u s t been murdered
and r i o t e r s were streaming Into the j a i l s . He saw
them as they passed the maximum security c e l l s .
Along with the r i o t e r s he watched Mexican Immigrants
being brought 1n—100 and 200 at a time—for having
no passport papers. Cha Cha talked with their: in
Spanish. They t o l d hirr, they had come to this
country to get jobs so they could feed and clothe
t h e i r f a m i l i e s . They had never been arrested until
now when they were picked up at their work places.
They would be flown back to Mexico, but they would
return again to look f o r another j o b . The prison
guards shoved them around because they coule not
speak English. Chi Cha and the other"Puerto Ricans
translated f o r them from their c e l l s and yelled
at the guards f o r harrassing them.
When Cha Che got out of j a i l , he returned to
Lincoln »erk. The druc addicts on the comeo f f e r e d hirr hercir. but he had decided no* that he
Ir
• "D
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O
3
�wanted to help his people. He d i d n ' t want anything
to i n t e r f e r e . He knew this was t h e i r way of
t e l l i n g him they were happy to see him o u t , so he
p o l i t e l y told them he d i d n ' t want drugs. They
weren't surprised: people who g o t out o f j a i l
usually said that at f i r s t — a couple o f weeks
later they were back on drugs.
But Cha Cha was s e r i o u s . He kept on reading
and studying—about Malcolm X, the Massacre o f Ponce,
don Albizu Campos, e t c . . . He found other people in
the community who thought l i k e him. They Invited
him t o urban renewal meetings. The people at the
meetings were all white middle c l a s s peoDle.. There
were no Latinos or other poor. Cha Cha began to
see hov,' with the help o f these white middle c l a s s
people urban renewal plotted to f o r c e the Latinos
and other poor people out o f Lincoln Park. He
O
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p
£-
was angry, but what could he do? I f he t o l d
his f r i e n d s , would they help? They seemed to
be Interested only 1n drugs and gang f i g h t i n g .
S t i l l he knew some o f them had been f o r c e d out
of "La Clark" before and he knew that only the
people could stop Daley's urban renewal plans,
so he began to talk with them 1n the taverns,
on the corners, and any place he found them.
He put together three o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The
f i r s t , the Concerned Puerto Rican Youth, was
<
co-opted by the YMCA and the same white middle
class people who were pushing Latinos out of Lincoln
Park. Concerned Puerto Rican Youth preferred to
play basketball and b a s e b a l l ; they spent t h e i r
time throwing dances to earr, money f o r more sports a c t i v i t i e s . Cha Cha could not see himself doing
this while his people were being f o r c e d out o f
Lincoln Park so a f t e r quitting them he organized
the Puerto R1car Progressive Movement, which held
classes on Puerto Rican issues. Later the Puerto
Rican Progressive Movement disbanded t c become
Da»*t of the Younc Lords which Cha Cha reorganized.
It wasn't d i f f i c u l t *or the Young Lords tc under-
[6
�stand what Chi Chi was saying aoout urban re/ewtl,
racism, p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y , e t c . . After a l l , they
lived i t . They developed quickly. At f i r s t , Cha
Cha turned his apartment i n t o an o f f i c e and organized c l a s s e s . Later they shared an o f f i c e with
another organization until eventually they occupied
a church, renamed i t People's Church, and turned 1t
into their national headquarters.
The Young Lords held meetings in Lincoln Pari:
on the problems o f housing and urban renewal. From
early morning until late at night they would d l s t r l
bute l e a f l e t s announcing t h e i r meetings until all
Lincoln Park had been covered. In the cold winter
months, poor people would come to People's Church
with their children to t e l l the Young Lords that
the s h e r r i f f ' h a d evicted them from t h e i r homes and
dumped their belongings on the sidewalk. Taking
the family's belongings i n t o the church, the Young
Lords would ransack Lincoln Park looking f o r a
vacated apartment. Because many landlords were
remodeling t o . r a i s e r e n t s , many apartments were
empty then. When the Lords found one they
would move the family i n , v i s i t the landlord, and
pay him the f i r s t month's rent i f the family had
no money. They would t e l l the family to call on
them 1f the s h e r r i f f returned. The s h e r r i f f , who
had b u i l t no bonds with the people of Lincoln
Park, usually took o f f when conmunlty people
gathered.
The Young Lords helped to organize the
Poor People's Coalition of Lincoln Park, an
organization of all races which protested Daley's
urban renewal and fought f o r low income housing.
With 250 poor f a m i l i e s , they seized and occupied
an empty l o t at the corner o f Halsted and Armitage
to protest the construction o f an exclusive tennis
club (membership fee—$1 ,000) where Latino homes
had once s t o o d . In May o f 1969 the Young Lords
and other comnunity grouns confronted HcCormick
Theological Seminary, en i n f l u e n t i a l backs'- c -
II
�urban renewal. Among other demands, they r e quested $601,000 f o r low income housing. When
the administration of the seminary refused the
demands, community people—Latino, b l a c k , and
white—took over the Stone Administration Building
and occupied 1t f o r four days 1n one o f the f i r s t
conmunlty occupations o f I t s kind 1n the country.
They renamed the Stone Administration Building
a f t e r Manuel Ramos, the Young Lord who a few days
before had been shot down in c o l d blood by James
Lamb, a Chicago policeman. Lamb was not on duty
at the time; when four Lords turned him Into the
p o l i c e , the p o l i c e pressed charges against them,
not Lamb. Recognizing that Manuel's murder was
part of a broader movement o f repression 1n the
United States, the Lords immediately organized a
march o f 3,000 people from P e o p l e ' s Park to Division
S t r e e t , the heart o f the Puerto Rican community.
Shouting "Manuel Ramos v1ve en todos r e v o l u c l o n ar1os!"and demanding the a r r e s t o f Lamb, they were
also marching f o r the Independence o f Puerto Rico.
The Lords were the f i r s t to bring the Issue
of Puerto Rican independence t o Chicago. Over
3,000 people took part 1n the w e l l - d i s c i p l i n e d
Albizu Campos march. In a d d i t i o n , the Lords
sponsored cultural f e s t i v a l s f o r the community with
entertainment, f o o d , and c o l d drinks f r e e to a l l .
They were involved in welfare marches to
protest the harrassment o f Latino and other poor
women not receiving t h e i r welfare checks. They
set up a free breakfast pTtgram f o r c h i l d r e n , a
clothing program and a f r e e health c l i n i c f o r
f a m i l i e s . Chapters of the YLC grew up all over %
the country—in New York, New Jersey, C a l i f o r n i a .
They were in the process of setting up a free
day care center and a druc ^ u s t program when
Daley's systematic repress•'
^egar,. Mayor
Daley coulc' buck nc inte*
ce with his tr-bar
�rerusial s(.her..a. Gctti ng funds frfir tf.fe r e d v i '
government, he could no I at*orri to be emo?rr~
ssstid or to frighten the federal o f f i c e r s frcm
HUD (Housing tno Urban Development}, so wrier- the
Latinos and'other people o f Lincoln Far'; under
the leadership o f the Young Lords oecww an obs t a c l e to Daley's plans, he stflrinoned a press
confcronc* tc announce his "War on Gangs." To
carrv out t h i - wsr, he appointed his close
•friend Howard Hanrahan, who followed his orders
w e l l . From the way i t looked as indictments
b i t all Lincoln Park residents objecting to
urKsn renewal f Daley thought all Latinos *nd poor
people in the area were gang members.
The repression beosn a few months before
Manuel's r.iuraer--in January 1569 when Cha Cha
was nicked up and charged with two old warrants
from 1967. He was standing on a comer explaining urban renewal to a crowd o f young people
when a car with two policemen from the Gang Int e l l i g e n c e Unit drew up and ordered him to get
in. "Am I under arrest?" he asked. "No, we just
want to talk with you," they r e p l i e d . "Well,
I d o n ' t want to talk with you," Cha Cha
answered. The two policemen jumped out of
the car and told Cha Cha he'd "better get i n . "
The young people began to taunt the policemen
t e l l i n g them Cha Cha d i d n ' t have to get in the
car. Cha Cha t o l d them to cool i t and got into
the car. The young people then rounded up
community people and lawyers and marched tc the
Dolice s t a t i o n .
At the s t a t i o n , the p o l i c e keDt Cha Cha
unstairs f o r two hours while the o f f i c e r s combed
their f i l e s f o r warrants. Cha Cha was 1»to
what seemed to be a f r i e n d l y argument with the
p o l i c e about Balev's urban renewal. The o f f i c e r s
upstairs were all Dcllce who had arrested
Cha Cha 1n his gar.c
- » r s — l i k e Commander
Brasch, who is n-. '
indictment for exH
�t o r t i o n . In the conversation, they brought up
Cha Cha's p o l i c e record and advised him to
" o u i t while the quitting was good." Cha Cha
replied that he d i d n ' t see anything i l l e q a l in
what he was doing. He had been 1n j a i l b e f o r e
f o r stealing from his p e o p l e . If he had to go
to j a i l now f o r helping them, he d i d n ' t mind.
The p o l i c e downstairs f i n a l l y came up with two
old warrants f o r Cha Cha's arrest—from the
aggravated battery case in f r o n t of his parents'
home. Cha Cha t o l d them the p o l i c e hadn't been
able to find these warrants when he turned himself
1n f o r them long b e f o r e , but the p o l i c e were bored
with talking to him and stuck him in the l o c k - u p .
Cfl
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The Puerto Rican young people raised the
bond money which got Cha Cha o u t , but the r e pression continued. A week or so l a t e r , Cha Cha
and twelve others were arrested at a welfare
demonstration and charged with "mob a c t i o n . " -The other twelve were l e t o f f : Cha Cha was n o t .
The same day they charged him with another "mob
action" 1n r e l a t i o n to an urban renewal meeting.
Again he was the only one i n d i c t e d . Three times
he was arrested f o r d i s o r d e r l y conduct—a charge
placed on people when nothing e l s e can be found.
He was then accused o f aggravated kidnapping o f
his own c h i l d . The c h i l d was with i t s nether who
had been separated from Cha Cha f o r some time.
I t was his mother-in-law who with the generous
help of the p o l i c e aeoartment had f i l e d the carp l a i n t . The case was sc ridiculous the judge got
mad and mismissed i t the next day.
As the Younc Lords " e r t Peonie's Church f o r .
another welfare demonstration, Cha Cha and eight
or nine others were arrested f o r aggravated
battery against a policeman.
(No oolicemen we^e
taken tc any hospital f o - i n j u r i e s — n c one was
bruised or scratched.
Nc one had been touched.
Ir court, however, oo* 1 cemen
considered J n*t~" ik'e':. Mesnw1*'" 1 s ctner v ounc Lords we'"6
«- r
�netting t r a f f i c t i c k e t s and being cneckec for
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The idea was to keep all of then*
o'Jt of the welfare demonstration.
Two policemen told Cha Cha they had two
warrants f o r his f a i l u r e to appear 1n court. Cha
Cha was sure he had not skipped a court date so
he asked i f he could phone his attorney to have
his lawyer sncsk with them. They agreed. They
couldn't dn much e l s e ; a f t e r a l l , when Cha Cha
asked them to show him the v a r r c n t s , they had none.
While Cha Cha was phoning his lawyer, comnunlty
poon'e began to gather. This was enough to prompt
the policemen to make Cha Cha get o f f the phone.
They shoved him 1r,te the car and drove away. The
lawyer went to the station to t e l l them there were
no warrants f o r Cha Cha's missing a court data, so
when the p o l i c e could find no warrants, they
charged him with resisting--arrest.
The arrests and indictments continued through
1969 and early 1970 until they totaled 18. The
p o l i c e tried everything 1n t h e i r power to isolate
Cha Cha from the community. Because he had many
cases against him, he not only had to appear 1n
court three and four times a week, he had to appear
in d i f f e r e n t courts at the same time. When he
arrived l a t e , the court would Issue a warrant. When
lawyers told the court Cha Cha would appear l a t e r ,
the i r r i t a t e d judges invariably answered they
weren't interested in talking to attorneys, they
wanted to see Cha Cha. When all cause for arrest
was exhausted, they started charging him with
possession of marijuana.
It is true that Cha Cha voluntarily pleaded
g u i l t y on petty t h e f t charges o f taking $ 23 worth
of lumber. However, the S t a t e ' s Attorney's o f f i c e
acknowledged that this was the only case Cha Cha
was g u i l t y o f . They placed i t f i r s t on the court
case agenda while shunting and procrastinating
or, the prior cases.
Because Cha Cha had already
Zl
�pleaded guilty he did not think a t r i a l was necessary. However, at the l a s t moment, the S t a t e ' s
Attorney, who "wanted to give Cha Cha all his
legal r i g h t s , " added the charge of burglary t o
the same case which made a t r i a l necessary.
If
Cha Cha were convicted o f burglary, instead o f the
one year sentence, he would get f i v e years f o r
a p i l e o f lumber worth $ 23.
Of those protesting urban renewal in Lincoln
Park, Cha Cha was not the only v i c t i m o f r e p r e s s ion. Because o f his leadership r o l e , he got the
most indictments and i s currently 1n j a i l .
But
many community people were harrassed f o r nothing
more than entering People's Church. The ttRed Squad"
and "Gang Intelligence Unit" photographed the people
from t h e i r cars and l a t e r v i s i t e d them in t h e i r
homes. They stopped and questioned people
wearing buttons distributed by the Young Lords
l i k e the one which read "Tengo Puerto Rico en ml
corazon." (I have Puerto R1co 1n my h e a r t . )
They were arrested at demonstrations protesting w e l f a r e , urban renewal, and p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y . Members
of the Central Conmlttee of the Lords got f o u r and
f i v e indictments apiece. Along with Cha Cha, other
Young Lords and conmunlty people were forced i n t o
hiding to avoid Hanrahan's and Daley's repression.
Although the indicments were supposedly
related to Daley's War on Gangs, the Young Lords
Organization proved to the p o o r — e s p e c i a l l y
Latinos—that they were not a s t r e e t gang as
their enemies portrayed them. They were not in •
any gang f i g h t s . Instead of harming the people,
they served"them. Cha Che Jimenez was no gang
leader. He was the leader o f a bonafide Latino
pol 1 ti cal organi zation—struggl ing f o r sel f determination within the confines of the United
States.
LL
�HISTORY
Charges/Court
OF
CHA
Bond
1. Petty Theft (Lumber Case)
$20,000
Judge Rom1t1
None
2. Disorderly Conduct
it
Judge Wachowski
$30,000
3. Disorderly Conduct
Judge Mooney
4. Disorderly Conduct
$5,000
5. Aggravated Battery
Judge Dunne
6. Aggravated Kidnapping
$25,000
Judge Epton Br. 43
7. Aggravated Battery
8. Resisting Arrest
$1,000
Br. 46
9. Curfew Violation
10. Unlawful Use of WeaDon
L3
$500
$10,000
�CHA'S
CASES
Maximum Sentence
Won/Lost
1 Year
Lost
$500 Fine
Won
$500 Fine
Won
$500 Fine
w°n
1-5 Years
2 Years to Life
1-5 Years
1 Year
$500 Fine
$500 Fine
and/or 1 Yea-
Won
w°n
Won
Won
w°n
Won
�Charges/Court
Bond
11. Unlawful Use o f Weapon
$20,000
12. Possession o f Marijuana
$10,000
Judge Olson
13. Possession of Marijuana
$1,000
Judge Surla
14. Resisting Arrest
15. Mob Action Etc.
$20,000
Judge Rom1t1
16. Mob Action
$5,000
Judge Romi t1
17. Aggravated Battery
$5,000
Judge Romitl
18. Jumping Bail (3 Counts)
$30,000
Judge Rorriti
Total
$60,000
t&. hntndmtnt ol
Er.c.tulvt
bcuZ thiCS. not be Ke/tiU/ied, not
limit oat puniiK
2.S
�Maximum Sentence
Won/Lost
$500 Fine
Won
and/or 1 Year
90 Days t o 1 Year
Won
90 Days t o 1 Year
Won
1 t o 5 Years
Won
1 to 5 Years
Pendi ng
1 t o 5 Years
Pending
1 t o 5 Years
Pending
1 to 5 Years
Pending
oo
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5
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^
Jfi
Oa! ^BSfflj
r
r r
.tne. U.S.
ConiZUwtion
cxct&A-ivc (IntL -unpoivi. noK cAueZ and
X
�cm* cha : s lumber case
In August 1S70, Cha Che pleaded guity to
taking $ 23 worth of lumber from a building contractor in Lincoln Park. A?. h< stood unemotional
and s i l e n t before Judge Rom1t1 , he was given the
maximum sentence one can rece1/e f o r petty
theft—a year. He is now ser/ing the one-year
sentence, We have included '.his section as part
of the pamphlet because we f eel that 1t 1s Important f o r oeoDle to know ;he circumstances o f
^hs case.
In the spring of 19CrJ, the Young Lords Organization began planning a new day care center
where welfare mothers could leave their children
wh1U looking f o r work. It was also seen as a
means of involving welfare mothers 1n the community—
especially 1n the issue o f urban renewal, as they
would be most a f f e c t e d by Daley's i n n e r - c i t y
removal of the poor.
The comuunlty"responded w e l l . Many persons
dropped Into People's Church to o f f e r t h e i r s e r v i c e s . The Young Lords gathered long l i s t s of
children, parents, teachers, and personnel who
along with the Young Lords would make up the
center. They had v i s i t e d other centers to see how
they were managed. They repainted the church
ir. bright rainbow colors f o r the children. Community residents painted c o l o r f u l pictures of clowns,
birds, &no animals on the walls inside the church.
It was to be named after Manuel Ramos, whose port r a i t was painted on the w a l l . Coronunlty r e s i dents also put together a mural of Puerto R1can
history.
Preparatory meetings began with people who
would be involved in the cei t e r . The opening
date was set. People's Park was to be used f o r
recreation. Nutritionists we-e busy making up
menus. A few large companies ind many small
£7
�conmunlty stores promised to donate food and
supplies. There were more than enough nurses
a v a i l a b l e . The Young Lords refused any aid from
the federal government or the c i t y . They did
not want the program co-opted.
As opening date approached, Mayor Daley
began t o move. . The Board o f Health and the F1re
Department paid a v i s i t to P e o p l e ' s Church. At
f i r s t , the Young Lords prevented t h e i r e n t r y ,
but the center s t a f f and the c o n g r e g a t i o n — s a t i s f i e d
that the church was 1n p e r f e c t c o n d i t i o n — t o l d
the Young Lords that no harm could be done. For
two o r three hours, the o f f i c i a l s Inspected every
corner o f the church. When they f i n i s h e d , they
ordered f i r e e x i t signs be put up 1n a l l entrances.
They concluded that the church f l o o r (the s i z e o f
a gym) had to be raised two or three f e e t . They
also decided the c e l l i n g was too high. They
Insisted that 1f these things were not done, there
would be no day care c e n t e r . They announced they
would come t o the church on a weekly basis to
check f o r more v i o l a t i o n s . Meanwhile, the Young
Lords and the day care center s t a f f who were d i s tributing f l i e r s about the center were harrassed
by the p o l i c e and charged with d i s o r d e r l y conduct,
l e a f l e t t l n g too c l o s e to a s c h o o l , e t c . .
Attention had to be refocused on the people being
j a i l e d f o r whom bond money had t o be r a i s e d .
The Health Department took the minister and
congregation to court over code v i o l a t i o n s . The
judge Imposed a $ 200 f i n e f o r every day the
church stayed open. A t r i a l had to take place to
determine whether or not the church could remain
open. This Involved not only the f a t e o f the day
care center but the f a t e o f the church and the
Young Lords' o f f i c e .
Authorities had ordered that room p a r t i t i o n s
be b u i l t along with the enormous ^ o o r . The
Young Lords and the center s t r ^ f
,t around
28
�to all the lumber yards In the area asking f o r
donations. They came back with two o r three
scraps o f wood. Cha Cha could not understand v/hy
these huge lunber yards could donate only a few
scraps o f wood when they supplied the same b u i l d ing contractors who were pushing the poor out o f
Lincoln Park. .He went himself t o ask f o r donations. When they brought Cha Cha more scraps, he
told them a n g r i l y , "You keep that garbage. We
d i d n ' t come here to beg from you. This donation
1s something you owe to the cormunlty.' 1 With that,
they l e f t , got Into their c a r , and drove o f f to
the o f f i c e . That night Cha Cha and a friend were
arrested. At the p o l i c e s t a t i o n , Cha Cha told
the Young Lords that he did take the lumber; that
he had mlstaklngly reacted and that he would be
willing now to pay the consequences.
In c o u r t , the building contractor could not
prove the wood belonged to him. Further, Cha Cha
had been given a r e c e i p t f o r the wood. There were
no witnesses who had seen Cha Cha take the wood.
In the l a b o r a t o r y , sand, dust, and wood p a r t i c l e s
had been found 1n the defendants' c l o t h i n g , but
1n c o u r t , the l a b technicians said that these
p a r t i c l e s could be picked up almost anywhere. The
only reason Cha Cha was found g u i l t y o f taking
$ 23 worth o f lumber was because he himself told
them he took 1 t . The only reason there was a
t r i a l was because at the l a s t moment the State's
Attorney placed another f i c t i t i o u s charge on Cha
Cha related t o the case. I f he had been found
guilty o f the other charge, he would have gotten
f i v e years Instead o f one—all f o r $ 23. The other
defendant got t h i r t y days 1n j a i l f o r the same
case: his sentence was l a t e r n u l l i f i e d .
CHA CHA'S BOND JUMPING CASE
At the end o f June or 1n early July o f this
year, Cha Cha w i l l go to
'al f o r three counts
of bond jumping relateJ *
he f a c t that he did not
Z1
�show up in court when he was supposed to s t a r t
serving his one-year sentence f o r the lumber
case and begin t r i a l f o r the remaining c a s e s ,
which at the time totaled n i n e . The charge o f
jumping bond 1s usually dropped, but Cha Cha 1s not
j u s t another case. Before Hanrahan l e f t o f f i c e ,
he made sure Cha Cha—al though away from the
conmunlty at the time—got charged with Junplng
bond, which brought the t o t a l cases pending t o
ten.
Bond jumping 1s a case which c a r r i e s a
maximum sentence o f not l e s s than one year and
not more than f i v e years f o r each charge.
When a person f a l l s to appear 1n c o u r t , he 1s
Issued a warrant and has t h i r t y days to appear
to quash the warrant. I t 1s very easy f o r the
S t a t e ' s Attorney to prove a person g u i l t y o f
jumping bond. All that 1s necessary 1s to place
the clerk o f the court on the witness stand
to declare that the defendant did not appear.
The judge then f i n d s the defendant g u i l t y .
However, 1f 1t 1s a Jury t r i a l — a s Cha Cha w i l l
have—1t 1s up t o a jury t o hear .the defendant's
side of the story to f i n d him g u i l t y o r not g u i l t y
o f intentional bond jumping. The whole matter
hinges upon " I n t e n t . " Did the defendant have
Intentions o f jumping bond o r was he placed I n . e x position where he had no o t h e r c h o i c e ?
The matter now w i l l be in the hands of the
j u r y . I t will be Interesting t o see what type of
jury Cha Cha g e t s . There are not many Latino
j u r o r s . So the case r e s t s on 1) whether there
1s a jury o f Latino peers t o l i s t e n to the e v i dence; 2; whether the judge and S t a t e ' s Attorney
w i l l permit the choosing o f Latinos 1f there are
any Latinos to be chosen; 3) whether the jury w i l l
be able to understand Cha Cha's background and
culture and 4) most Importantly, whether or not
there will be a f a i r t r i a l .
30
�CALL FOR ACTION
The hypocrisy o f the judicial system in t h i s
country is clear in the f a : t that poor and oppressed
people c a n ' t get a f a i r t r i a l by a jury of their
peers. This in turn r e f l e c t s the f a l s i t y and
contradictions of the s o - c a l l e d "democratic way
of l i f e . " The self-determination and s p i r i t of
struggle of an oppressed oer.ple can never be
t o t a l l y repressed as shown oy the heroic struggle
of the Vietnamese people a id as reflected in the
words o f Cha Cha Jimenez:
They can
They can
They can
BUT THEY
j a i l us;
b r u t a l i z e us;
even k i l l us;
CAN'T STOP US!
Cha Cha represents t h i s growing s p i r i t of
"lucha" and p o l i t i c a l consciousness among Latino
people in the U.S.. That consciousness comes
from the i n j u s t i c e , the repression, and the
e x p l o i t a t i o n which v i c t i m i z e us. We can c l e a r l y see
how this process comes about when we look at the
transformation of the Young Lords from a
s t r e e t gang defending i t s e l f against other
s t r e e t gangs—including Latinos—to a true
Latino p o l i t i c a l organization defending
Latinos against Daley's gang*--including the
p o l i c e department and the court system.
We should f i g h t against the injustices
of this y&nqul government which wants to
oppress us and put Cha Cha in j a i l . We should
f i g h t against the i n j u s t i c e of Door housing
which f o r c e s our people to l i v e in rat-androach-infested gnettos, where, f a l l i n g plaster
and cheap paint give lead-nolsoning to our
children—our children who c'on't know what 1t
means to l i v e in one place f o r more than four
or f i v e years because urban renewal oushes
our families frorr, one qhetto to another.
3[
�We should fight against the i n j u s t i c e of racism
which keeps all poor and oppressed peoples
divided because of color and keeps Latinos
divided among themselves. Hermanos are
constantly fighting each other f o r j o b s , government funds f o r education, and t u r f , while this
r a c i s t government makes no c o l o r d i s t i n c t i o n
when i t decides who 1t w i l l oppress—economically,
educationally, or by means o f open aggression
Including police b r u t a l i t y . We should f i g h t
against the Injustice of a court system which
places high bonds our people c a n ' t a f f o r d , so
they have to stay in j a i l separated from family
and friends until they are c a l l e d to c o u r t ,
where their "court-appointed a t t o r n e y — - a l i a s
PUBLIC DEFENDER—has made a deal f o r them with
the State's Attorney's o f f i c e to get them l e s s
time f o r a crime they did not commit.
We should f i g h t not only against these
i n j u s t i c e s but against all the i n j u s t i c e s o f
this yanqui government which f o r c e s Its culture
and l i f e s t y l e s on our country.and f o r c e s our
people out of our country by promising them
bigger and better j o b s , homes, and l i v e s , that
do not e x i s t here 1n the American ghettos. We
should and must f i g h t against a l l the i n j u s t i c e s
of this yanqui government that wants to put
people who struggle—people 11 ke Cha Cha—in j a i l .
Que viva
elISsPueblo!
m > „
Libertad a Cha Cha!
u
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
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<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
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Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
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2017-04-25
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
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eng
spa
Type
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Moving Image
Text
Identifier
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RHC-65
Coverage
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2012-2017
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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BTS00061-01
Creator
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Quiñones, Yolanda
Romero, Vicky
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1993/1994
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords history (English), 1993-1994
Description
An account of the resource
History of the Young Lords Organization.
Contributor
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Depaul University Library. Special Collections and Archives
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
Community activists
Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
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In Copyright
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
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application/pdf
Language
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eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0688adc7ffd6351d02a2640adddc5976.pdf
2c3d090edb637d26772e9fece2ee15f9
PDF Text
Text
�J
INTROT/UCCION
Puerto Rlcoy esta situado a 1,000 mlllas de distancia del cabo de Florida
'el mar del Caribe, es una colonic: de lea Estados Unidos (Yanqtic»)f qua ha estado
Estados Unidos, cons l l l ^ b a j o su .dominacion desde 1898s Aztlan, es el suroeste de loa
:
ido,
Nuevo
Kexi'co,
Arizona,
y Tejas) que
M&ilii'teistis de cineo estados (California, Colorad
Wg.'iiiiM'ti fueron
:
rotados de Mexico por el tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo de 1848, Hay rauchas
Sltli;,
il^P" similardades'en .la lucha por liberation del puertorriqueno y chicane, primero bf.jo
Pf^,''la dpminacio*n de : Espana,,y ahora bajo la .dominacion de: los Estados Unidos, lo cual
•J ' aqui n 0 aotros tratare men.
Los chicanos y puertorriquenos han sido sometides al impe'rialismo de los
^r?";''., Estados Unidos''por la pe'rdida de sus tierras; y despues por ser forzados a defender
a los mismos capltalistas, quienes les robaron sus tierras en guerras por adelant
'f''
taraiento del imperialisrao. Coijio resultado del imporialismo, han sido v'ictimas del
racismo que se ha; creado en este pais; han side forsados a trabajar como campssinos
f^silfemigrantes de sueldos simamente abijo de la line a de pobreza, y al m.ismo tiempo son
mantenidos'quietbs;,por la iglesia, drogas y otros metodos de control. A consecuen. cia .se mantienen pobres y. han sido forsados a vivir bajo las mas peores condicionesJ
1 "'' | mientras no solanente como chicanos 'vpuertorriquenos,
puertorriouenos, sisso
siao tambien
tambien como
eomc latinoameri can OS'han sido lentamante despojados de'su cultura. Por todas estas similaridadcs
y mas? hoy dentro de los limites de loo Estados Unidos estan tratando de unirse
m m
para pelear por .su libertad y destxuir el inperialismoo
If^Mf,.
....
. ..
' '
Un grupo-que ha desempenando una parte significante on este movimiento, es la
organ5.2 acion de Los Young Lords, quienes por sus luchas de derechos de la gente
latina han ayudado a' traer esta unidad.' Por su eiemplo, la•'organizacion de Los
Young-Lords ha:;dado iniciativa a la lucha de autodetermininacion de la poblacion
^ . ; latina.
: •• *y- '
vi
v^-.w-'i^,-.
.
' -
' ••.. i..-
Gha-Cna.Jimenez ha manifestado direccion desde el comienzo de la organizacion.
El ha sido la fuerza que formo'la organizacion de una pandilla callejera a una
„';
o^Sanizacipfj^bllticaj y ; hasta la fecha la ha mantenido funcicnando. Para empez&r
a entender la historia de la organizacion de Los Young Lords, debemos de principiar
. > x con la historia del Ministro de Defensa.
w<
V
Aqui sigue una brave historia tanto del Kinistro de .Defensa Cha-Cha Jimenez
m
.como de la organizacion de Los. Young Lords. No hay ninguna idiologia envuelta. e a
escrito, ; Esta aqui estrictamente para su propia justificacipn e interpreta" , ' cion. ;
J i ms
] V',/ , - *
1
•'.'
IH •.
�PARTE
Is
KISTGRIA
BP CHA-CHA
'•
.
- .:'•• - . a
.San Salvador es una secc'ioh campina de Caguas, Puerto iiieos Dona
Eugenia-y Don-Antonio padres.de Cha-Cha son de es'ta area en Puerto
|,;'Ricot- Dc'fta/ Eugenia era la ma's -joven do 'una familia de 15? ella fue
trasladadaa Un convento, porque su padre era ciego y no habi'a nadie:.. -.'mas para.cuidarla. Alii, ella no aprendlo' nucho de leer y escribir,
pero .le dieron.una buena edu'caci on religiosa, lo bastante para : poner' la a pensar v e h ;ser una isohja; vivid*: allx hasta que conocio a Don Anfjf; .'tonio'j cor,' quien se ca'so a la edad. de 16 anos« 'Dor. Antonio t&mbicn si, efldo-de la rci'sma seccion de C'aguas fue creado dent.ro una familia'pobre.
vT
::
'. .
Don Antonio, en b u s e a d e trabafjo fue*a Boston, Massachusetts,
trabajc? como campesino mifrrante. en un cbnservatorio de totoates, era un
7. :' recolectador de tomates. Penso','que viniendo a Los Estados Unidos pot'f. dfa propcrc.ionar las neces.ldad.es de• su'''familia de la'vida diaria» Se
'vi vino- a Los Estados Unidos,. y Dona Eugenia se' fue a vivir a El 'Millon, •
'r barrio'bajo en Caguas, .'El Mill-on, es cpnocido-por sus drogas, roboa,
prostitutes y otrss-' caracterlsticas de un barrio bajo. Ella fue'a
'
vivir en una c a s a de "otras-;familias conbcidasei Una de las raz'oncs de -/:.
;
I M ? , ' • mudarse fue para'ostar cercaiV.del hospital,adonde iba a toner su ninojr
l^iit''' antes tuvo' una nina que murio'de pultcenia tres. messes despuos del nacimiento de Cha-Cha* Ello fue a causa de falta -de dinero para propor; cionar adecuadas "atericiones' rridicas., Don Antonio.no podia mandar ninfe-'ii V' gun dinero a su. ie'sposa, y por cbsas no'esporadas Cha-Cha. no pudo ser
nacido. on el hospital{ y tuvo que haber nacido en ; la casa en El Millon.
1
I®®!' '
. '-.T{. ;' j'VfoS-'5'VI • • V.•• !j.-'j''••••::\i: '. :'• '•••"•••
i" •
I • t i :• !;.. r
p
.A la edad'de un ano, Cha-Cha y su mama regresaron al catapo.
Otra '.vez, por razones monatarias, Dona .Eugenia fue'a vivir con los padres de Don Antonio, En Boston : Don Antonio no estaba haciendo'nucho
dinero.no podia e m d a r lo suficiente para mantener su familia. -.Un ano mas tarde,. Don Antonio regreso con un poco de dinero que
;
se habia ganado. , Como DoiTa Eugenia- tenia - pocos vestidos, la llevo al
fflWWt- •'
para-, comprar unas ro'pas. Despues, llevo a ella y a Cha-Cha a
Boston, 'Massachusetts adondo el trabajaba. Lo habfan puesto de eneargad o del coriservator.ro de tomates, dandole alojamientp de casa. Como
vivian cerca del trabajo, Dona Eugenia le .ayudaba a trabajar, des'
quitando el alojamiento que les proporcionaban. En este lu.car nacio una
de las hernianas de Cha-Cha.
• .
A la edad de tres afios, Cha~Ch'a y su familia se mudaron a Chicago.
Don Antonio tenia familiares ,'en Chicago, y asi so "mudo en busca de mejor
traba jo, para poder soportar a la familia. A qui, ellos vivieron en
;|||®fe.ter Hotel, localizado en las callss' Superior y IaSalle un bloque (cua- !
ifll^dra); de la Clark. : De nuevo, por falta: de dinero para cuidados medicos, ,
S otrajhermana fue obligada a nacer en ol hotel, ca'e-a infestada do ..rato- . .'
filches y c u c a r a c h a s . Despues, de haber se establecido en Chicago con fa- •
i
miliares y amigos, se tuvieron que mudar, porque el hotel iba a ser demo•lido(donde el Water Hotel estalxi situado, all era, be encuentra un hotel
similar a :Hollday. ;Inn,.: pifsoina.,-: sal^.uo deccanso ]ote.).jijDo aqui la fa- •
\ m m i
�-JlSs 5.
! .*:,
4;V'
....
p -;{:/.
:
7
S>.'
•i
/
"
milia '<3© Cha-Cha se r.ud o tree o cuatro bloquss al norte, en la calles
LaSalle y Oak? all5' la -ultima do sus hermanas fue nacida. Despb.es, do do*
o tres mudatizas, la farailia do Cha-Gha aparecio on las calles Gothe y
LaSalle, donde despues de habor sido situados en osa comunidad, se tu~
vieron cue mudar porque la oiudad iba a rer.ovarla.Cada ves que, la ciudad
mud abar~ari<r~gcrnte -para-ise-j o-ras'-la-ooRdici. o»es- de...la_c.ojrAiiiid3<dj.: las vi~
viendft-s eran modernizadas solamente para gents de r.uoldos medianos y .
altos» Asf fue el caso aqui.En el area dentro de los 1'/mites de estas calles esta'ahora situado el Carl Sandburg Village, adonde hay una ciudad dentro d.e una ciudad, conciste de "townhouses" y 10 a 15 edificios
>)j ,
de altos apartamentos, con rontas de $3C'0 para arribaj y su polioia de
seguridad privada. Para dar el aire de una " ciudad real", tambien tiene
tiendas, laundries y hasta sus parques privados. Do las cal].es Gothe y
LaSallo se mudaron a una area 'ahora conocida comb "Old Town". En este •
tiempo Old Town era un barrio bajo, pero ahora es bien conocido como
area de clubs nocturnos y atraccioh turi'stica para las gerites de los
suburbios. Otra vez igual quo antes; al pasar una temporada su farailia
fue empujada por renovacion urbana hacia la comunidad de Lincoln Park,
alii Cha-Gha vivio' por el mas largo tiempo, Al mudarse a Lincoln Park
Cha-Cha tenia 9 anos de edad. En un total de seis afios ellos habian
] !.•
sido forzados a mudarse de la comunidad nueve veces. y todo era a causa.
de renovaciohes urbanas. Lincoln Park era una comunidad de americanos
MjJ 1',
blancos, aun no habia sido tocadn por renovacion urbana. En ese tiempo '
esa comunidad consistia de irlandeses pobres, italianos, y hlancos pobres de los raontes de appalfichia« Era tod a via un barrio bajo, pero esta
vez era. un barrio bajo de gente blanca
Cha-Cha habia vivido en comunidanes latins.s pero por renovacion urbana, ahora, estaban dividiendo
a los latinos.
•
, .
j
.
^
En Lincoln Park fue adorrte Cha-Cha Jimenez y otros companeros ayudaron a forraar la pandilla callejera de I.os Young Lords. Estos siete
jovenos eran de las prineras familias latinas que vivieron en'esta area. •>' • ..• '
Todos ellos eran victimas do renovacio'n urbana, viotimas del racismo en
la coiiiunidad al igual quo Cha-Cha. Los jover.es eran molestados constantomente llamandolos "spies" y nuchas veces los golpeaban, llegaban'de la escuela a sus cases sin poder resplrar despues de ser correteados por las pandillas americanas blancas. Esto roalmente, fue lo
que unio'y creo'a Los Young Lords. I'iasj y mas puertorriquenos de la
comunidad vieja de Cha-Cha eran sidos vaciados, y eran movidos hacia la
comunidad de Lincoln Park. Mas grande, y ma's grand© crecia la pandilla
callojera de Los Young Lords. Ya no habia que correr de la escuela a
sus cases, ahora era al revels.
•
Dona Eugenia habia sido c rend a en un converito, v era muy religiose; coroo resultado, clla no podia er.terider las rasoiies de la actitud de
Cha-Cha, solamente sabi'a que su hi jo se estaba metiendoso on "trouble"
(problemas). Dona Eugenia einpezo'a dar clases de catacismo, preparando
a nines latinos para su primera coriunion. Un sacerdoto de rnudia confiar.za, de una iglesia cercana(San Kiguol), le ayudaba a pre'parar esas ''"::' ; . v
clases. Daspuds de ciert.a
tcr.porada ol'iba ye;car.5'nnbo a los nifios' para'
-^ - V
:
saber quo tan to habian aprcndidc. Porque Don Antonio cot a ha bebiendo
mucho, y Cha-Cha siampre se estaba metiondo eh "trouble", Dona Eugenia
;
hizo una pi'unnBa, vir.t1^»v1 or.o do n o p m jv.r nn a no. Ella lo suplioo al
' t- • - '•}'•;
. I ...... •
..i-Jm. . ...
�:
:
turn
:
:
padre,
quoJ le hablara a Ch'a-Chaif pdnsaba que el lo podia- manteriOr fuera • : .
:
d'o . " trouble"0 ' -El padro le :hn."blo' acerca- de sor un mchaguillOi -para las '•' ':' misas de espariol -de dos 5.gle siac,. .de ..San -Miguel .y Santa Teresa.
v:^-
la mama do Cha-Cha, sc volvio M e n in tip. a con una r.:on;ia que era
maostra. do Cha-Cha. Esta monja empezo' hablarle a Cha-Cha acc-rca de
entrar al sacerdocic, ar.i eft crapc-so a tenerle• un gran -respeto. Por
.
toda esa influencia, Cha-Cha se corivencio'de que sus amigos (que por
.
,
. easualidacL succ.djen sor todes latinos)» e r & h l a causa tie que o l se motie.
ra en prohlenas ("trouble"). Tambie'n estaba convencido, de que-el se a r r e - . .
penticra, y aytidara a con vert ir a la gente a la igics'iav Todo esto paso'
. *
cuando el estaba en sexto, soptlmo. y octavo grado.
Cha-Cha era-1 rat a do con desprebi'o por su difcrente estilo do vida, .
y por ser el unico nine latino en toda. la escuela. Un ojemp3o de esto,
paso', cuando e'l fue. el unico on no serinvitado a la fiesta de.graduacionde-octavo grado, organizada por uno de los otros estudiantes (despues,jinas latinos ontraron a la escuela do Santa Teresa).
,
;
. •;
Por todo esto, otra 'vez Cha-Cha empezo a juntarse- con sus viejos
amigos. Tod a via el queria entrar al sacerdocio, pero de . nuovo empezo' a
meterse en problemas® Ccmo rosultado, su principal y ol sacerdote de la
i'glesia mandaron cartas al seminar.io adondc-.o'l habia hplicadoy y asi fui*-.= •:.
ccrco no lo fc.ee'ptaron> SI neninario-le replieo'quo tratara ol proximo aho.
pallor era la union, escuela que or. aquol ticmpc Cha-Cha podia atonder, era /
mas o monoG Ids cusrtoles de^Los Young Lords/ No tcniendo dinerb para
' .;:
a tender a una secundaria catolica, fue*. f orsacici - a ir a esa. secundaria.
En el verar.o antes 'de 'entrar a .Wallor, .Cha-Cha se hizo popular on
.
la policia juvenil local. Fue* llevado por robo de carro,inhalacion de
pegadura, pelea de pandillas, y por romper ventanas. Durante todo el
vera n o , estuvo seis rue so s en la correccional. El sacordote le ayudo'a
que saliera dos voces, pero de spues perdio las espcranzas. Estuvo un ano
bajo vigilancia. Ese veraho fue llevado para ser interro/redo de 25 o '30
voces (todo su record juvenil fue' dado'de baja por habar cstado en la estacion d e policfa eomo 52 voces. Tod.?,s esas voces no fuoron arrostamlentos aunque nuchas veces era llevado coir un grupi tevtodos ellos'quedaban en
libertad).
Cha-Cha duro' dos noses en Waller antes de ser arrestado por un caso
de robo. Durante sucscancia en Waller, fue conocido muy bien por el
oficial Truent. Paso" eineo meses en la. correccional (Audy Home),esperando por cl juicio dc la acusacion del robo, Su mama no perdio'animo.
Consigui o un abogado, quion le robo todo el diriero • porque el juez ya habia
tornado una decision. El juc-s le dio' a Cha^Cha una aliernativa, irse a prisio'n por un ano (por violar
la proeacion), o irse a vivir a Puerto Rico
por un ano. Su mama prefirio que se fuera a Puerto Rico. Una semana despue's,
Cha-Cha fue' entregndo ante sus padres on el aeropuerto
asegurandose de que
abordara el avion con destino a Puerto Rico,
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Cha-Cha regreso* a Chicago echo meses desput^s para reunirse con sus
amigos. Trato de volvor a la escuela, pero no fue* aceptado, Ni siquiera
se preocuparon por decirle que aplieara en otra escuela.
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Otra vcz, en el r-eri'edo de tres semanas Cha-Cha fue arrestado por
.el rcbo de un carrc. Fue' enviado a la correccional por un mes esperando
para el proceso de.corte. Violc'varias voces la probacion, pero su of icial'lo nculto'P'-rquo vie'"que Cha-Cha tenia interos en ayudar a gente que
tenia los mismos problenias que el. Trato'de hablarle a Cha-Cha acerca de
quo 'fuera a la-eseu£la,_y lle^rra_a..se.r un.jraba4ador_soclal_..(''Ceia.1
worker) 0
Cuando Cha-Cha tenia 1? anos • anunalo cinco veces a un jcven por el .
pecho y la 'espialda. Se penso'quo el jcven iba a morir, por la • se'riedad de .
este caso las autoridados juveniles dijeron quo no auerian tener.nada que
ver con Cha-Cha. • Otros tres Lords., estaban enredados en el mismo caso^
uno de ell os" era. Manuel Ramos. El los tenian abogadc menos Cha-Cha. Su
mama fue a visitarlo, y le dijo que un abogadc queria. $1500 dorales para
comenzar el caso, que clla tenia ahorrado un dlnero y que iba, a sacar un
pre s tamo. (Cha-Cha les habf'a dicho a las autoridades que su mad re estaba muerta. El no quiso comunicarle a su mama del incident,o porque sabia que la iba a doprireir? pero el]a se dio" cuenta por medio de los noti- .
cieros,) Ko obstante lo dijo quo se clvids.va y quo no se proocupara- por el abofrado.
•Cuando Cha-Cha fue' llevado a corte, lo pregunto al juez que si podia
hablar. • El juez le pregunto que si tenia un abogado. Como ofl no
tenia abogado fuo'parmitido que hablara. Cha-Cha. decla.ro que. el habia
sido til culpable,
cl unieo quo apuna.lo al joven, y cue los otros arres- ,
tados solamente t.rataron de evitar la peloa. Fuesto que esta era un?. corte
menor, el jues no Osporaba que cl se confensara culpable. El defensor publico todavia no le habia hablado a Cha-Cha, y asi se prosento con el juez
en la cdm&ra. Cuando aparecieron do nuevo, e.1 juez lo pregunto al joven apunalado cue si podia identificar a Cha-Cha, El jovon ocultando,
dijo quo el rcalmente no sabia. El defensor publico trsto de convencer
a Cha-Cha. para oue retraetara su confosion. Pero como no pudo ser, el
defensor publico le pregunto al juez que temara on considcracion la sinceridad del joven; Cha-Cha no tenia n i w u n record adulto(en c-se tiempo la
corte no permitia contar records juveniles), y como la arma alegada no
habia sido encontrada. De spue's do una explication del jues, Cha-Cha fue'
sentenciado a seis ir.osos do prision en Vandalia, Illinois, granja. del estado penal. Todo c-1 juicio dure? como vc.-in.te manutos. Cha-Cha. cumplio'casi
todos los seis mesee en el calabozo por pelcar y negarse a trabajar.
f
Cuando Cha-Cha salio', emposo' a' salir con una muchacha. Plaiinaba casarse, 'cstablcserso y queria olvidarse do las peleas callejeras, drogas etc.
Su novia so habia mudado al barrio previanente antes do su libertad. Algunos vecinos habian hablado ma] en contra, de Los Lords, y como Cha-Cha ,
habia sido el lider principal del grupo, los padres de la novia sabian
lo- suficiente para no accptarlo. Lo hieicron dificil para los dos
peder llcvar; acabo i-:U'.s nnos»Cha-Cha no era permitido ir a su casa, y despue's de un tiempo sus padres se mudaron del barrio para separarlos. Su
novia eneontro la manora do comunicarse y le dio' su n u e v direccidn. De
nuevo Cha-Cha fue a pedir permiso para podorla ver. Esta vcs le dioron per-'
miso, y todo iba bion por un tiempo hasta que empesaron a entremeterse
de nuevo lo hi cioron dificil pars quo se vis rati, y entonc.es Cha-Cha cmpez'o
a trnliajar activamenvo oon el grupo. Aunquc era dificil todavia continuaban
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^Puesto/que Cfe-Cha e m e l liderc del groupo, y era M e n conocido por \i;.les pollen a s , siempre que algo pasaba on el barr":o, o cualgUier cosa relacionada con algun miembro pandillei-o, Cha-Cha
era llevado a interroga:
torio. Kuri'ca daba a la policia ninguna informacic>n. Nuchas de las veces
lo dejaban i r W o r o a voces lo detcnian por cargo's de mala conducta, por'
^-fAt.^.^n r r n r ^ , Ite vea en cuando lo culpaban por de-., .
litos que el ios bier, sabian que no los habi'a cometido^ .Habia veces que
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Cha-Cha sabia quien habia cometido los delitcs, pero el cayadamente lo ..' X £
guard aba - y servxa las sentencias. Por esto y ma's, era respetado por los :••••'
roiembror. r?r>1 gruno D .,
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callo, y a uno. de -los Lords se le ocurrio' ir y coger una cachiporra. De's-.
pues de tomarla regreso a la esquina adonde Cha-Cha y Los lord's se e n c o n - , • '
traban, les di.jo a t.odos de lo que habia hechO* El policia regreso' al car-,
ro y se d i o c u e n t a de que la cachiporra no estaba| la primera parte adonde
fue',fuoaJa esquina adonde Los Lords rondaban. Al'Jx vio'a Cha-Cha con un
grupo do otros Lords, dliguio' a Cha-Cha y lo llevo a la estacien do poll- j •.
c5a. Estando allx, el policxa le dijo a Cha-Cha que alguien lo habia visto tomando la cachiporra. Cha-Cha rcplico', "JYo no se de que tu hablas'"
El policxa lo eiapeao' a golpear. sangrandolo do la na'ris. Aunque Cha-Cha ;•"•
sabla quien lo habi'a hecho, el se quedo cayado. Minutes despues un poll- -..
ci'a entro con otro Lord, la cachiporra y la tostiga, quien ya habi'a identificado al culpable. Cuando el policxa Is pre gun to a la testiga que si A.-]
habia. visto a Chn.~T!ha cercas del carro* ella dijo quo solamente habia yisto i
a una persona, y que no era. el» Allx todavxa Cha-Cha se encontraba encerrado culpandolo de conducta desorcdenada.
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En otra ocasion, cuando trabajando en un reciente empleo. Una tarde
del viernes, de spues de haber reoibido su sueldo Cha-Cha y Manuel Ramos,
quien estaba trabajando en el misno sitie, decidieron comprar unas cuan- )>'•
tas cerbezas y ir a la casa de la mama de Cha-Cha a tcmarselas. Manuel no
queria ir y beber en su casa, porque jahabl'an tornado y la mama' de Cha-Cha
podia tonar una mal impresion. Cha-Cha convenc:! o' a Manuel de que fuera a su
casa y esperara miohtras se barlaba y se cambiaba do ropas de trabajo; y
as£ llevar acabo cl plan de ir a un baile esa noche• Mientras Cha-Cha se ,
estaba bariando, Manuel le dljo a Dofia Eugenia que iba a su casa a cambiarse de ropas, y que el encontraba a Cha-Cha en el baile. Cuando Cha-Cha
termlno de banarse, canino por la calle para ver si podia alcanzar a Manuel.
Como no pudo verlo, entonces regresaba a su casa. Cerca de su casa escueho a_r<n hombro^de edad gritandole a una nina, como el habi'a Ibebidp
penso" que la nina era su. hermana. El fue hacla e l hombre y le dio'una
bofetada, despuo's un hijo del hombre snlio'de su casa a pslear con Cha-Cha ••
(Cha-Cha estaba en la car eel -cuando. sus padres se mudaron a ese sitio. . , Como arenas acabato de haber llegado de la carcel, el no conocia a sus vecinosj sin embargo sabian- de el por medio de su.mama). Su mama'ya habia .
salido de la casa. Solamente tres punetazos habian sido lansados, y la \
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pelea .termino. Dona , Eugenia le pre punt o a Cha-Cha que, que habia pasado;
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y el le dijo que habia cncontrado a el hbmbre gritandole a su hermana. Su"" ' ' '.'. '•""''.;'
mama le probo'el echo de' que sus• h'enrsanas estaban en la casa. El y su mama -. . : - ;
' so disculparon del hombre y.su hijoj ya todo se habia arreglado.
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En esto,
policiaca
y su
mama' que camiuabari a su caca. La patrulla paro", y uno de los policias le , ';!
grito' a Cha-Cha para que fuera hacia. el. Su mama'le dijo al policia. en
ingl eo ihal pronu'neiado,"everything O.K., no trouble 0 " El policia de nuevo le grito'a Cha-Cha para que fuera? entonces Cha-Cha le dijo a su mama
que' e»pc7rarai~qne---3^--a-habla4rls_al_pftllc:ra. Cuando Cha-Cha camino hacia
el, el policia lo agarro' per el cuello y le dijo,"JMo~Te"d'i"j5~'qne-tra-jeras —
tu culo aqui?" "J Maid it o J" Cha-Cha entonc.es. probocado tambien lo tomo' del:
cuello y le di jo, "J Ponds jot" "JQuita las m'anos de mi condenadoj"1 ya la
calle esta.ba llena' de patiullas, y'ol.ro policia vino por atras de Cha-Cha
y lo tiro" al suelo de un naeanaso. Cha-Cha estaba inccnsciente. El poll-'r:=';".'
cia que primefo lo'-'agarro', ahora. lo tomo de sus brazes atrapandolo bajo
, .•'•
sus rodillas, ;'y asotandclo contra el suelo. La mama'de Cha-Cha y una de
sus hermanas trataron de quitarle de ensiina el policia. Su hermar.a puso
sus manos entire su eabesa para que no se golpeara, mientras otra jalo'la
;
macana del policia y la tiro'al otro lado de la calle. Los vecinos, in- ,'rr v
cluyendo el hombre y su hijo, estaban alrededor, gritandole a los policies
que lo -dejaran en pa's,
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Cha-Cha fue' llevado a custodia. Su mama" y hermanas querian ir con
el para ascgurarse que nada le pasara. la mama'de Cha-Ch.a, aun no habla
sido culpada de nada. • De spue's de muchas dudas, su mama'y hermanas fuer'ori
permitidas que ac'ompanaran, pero sus hermanas. tuvieron que irse en otra
patrulla. Cuando Cha-Cha recobro' conocimiento. vie'a su mama resando el ..
rosario. Le .pregnnto' que. que' estaba haciendo alii. Ella contesto'aue
solamente oueraa a.companarlo, le di jo que se recast?.ra y descansara. Entonces ella continue' resando el rosario.
Cuando llegaron a la estacion de policia, Cha-Cha fue' encarcelado.
En el otro lado de la estacion su mama!* espcraba infomacioh de los ca.rgos
y la hulta.Los policias que lo arreataron entraron a 2 3 celda, Cha-Cha estaba • despierto y era fichado. El oficial culpable de'todo el incidente, se
encont.raba furio-o v alegaba de que habia psrdido unos dientes. Dijo que
debian arre star a su madre por "privar el derecho de justicia." En esto
le estaban tomando las huellas, se voltio'y dijo, " J No oi' lo que tu dijistes!" "I Due fue'?" El oficial replico", "I Voy arre star a tu madre!" Cha-Cha
enojado dljo,"iTu': va's arre star a mi madre? ICondenadoJ" Cha-Cha empujo'al
oficial que lo estaba ficl.vj.ndo,
y per el lado lo brinco'al'oficial que lc habj.a ar-ostado. Como 5 ma's pel iclas brincaron sobre Cha-Cha, lo tirarcn a?, suello.
Lo goltcaron con sus sacanas ahorcandolo y pegandole por tod as partes. Cha-Cha
ahora tenia una hemorragis interna, y tocia sangre.
Finalmente ,"'le torcieron sus brazos, esposandolo por detrasj de nuevo inccnsciente se enccntraba
recostado en su cama.
Mientras Cha-Cha era golpeado, su mama era arrestada por "privar el
derecho de justicia," Tres sacerdotes, un capita'n recintoj familiares y
amigos'quienes vieron el incidente : fueron a ver lo que habia pasado y die- '
ron $25 dolares de multa para Dona Eugenia, Uno de los sacerdotes, acompanado por un oficial se condujo nacia la celda par?, ver a Clja^Cha. El
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estaba toca a bajo, el. sacerdote trato" de despertarlo'' pero no pudo. El po- '
licia. le dijo al' sacerdote que toda via estaba borracho. ( A su regreso le
dijo a su mama' que Cha-Cha estaba bie'n, rerco poroue todavla estaba borracho
que era mejor dejarlo esa noche y sacarlo al otro dia.
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siguiente, Cha-Cha entro'a corte cojeando (de las patadas que .: /.r^
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le babi*an - dad o' la noche anterior). Su cara estaba hjnchada, su cabeza
estaba tajada, y de la hemorragia tenia una 'sena roja en su cuello.. Pagaron la multa de $100 do!ares, y salio*
' / ' ' '-'vi.
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prim id o por lo que le habia pasado a su osposa e hljb; el salici' esa noche
y se emborraoho. Le dijo a sus amigos". que esperaba quo los policias era- t
.pezaran algo con el. El es con'ocido por sus ainigos por ser cayado y por
ser una persona que no le gusta envoiverse en peleas. Esa noche, en la
taveina habia la ordir.aria pelea de siempre, y esta ves .el se envolvio,
Cha-Cha, con. su cheque quo ann-lo..tenia, se encarcino'solo a la estacion de . /
.policfa - adonde el habia estado el dia anterior 5 pago' la ..'nulla de su papa y , '.'7
salio'. Was tarde, Cha-Cha y su papa' bromiaron aeerca del incidence* en vez .. .
del papa sacar al hi jo, el hijo saco al papa.
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E l . caso de su papa'fue' dado'de ba-ja, pero el caso do su mama consistio
en el pago de los dientes de oficial (aunque ella no lo habia hecho, los
pago) antes de que fuera a corte.
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El caso de Cha-Cha fue mas complicado. El abcgado le dijo que su
caso era impossible. El sacordote, el capitan del recinto democrabico, y
su abogado, le segufan dic-iendo que era toda su culpa,, que deberia d e . ;
avergonza.rse por haber metido a su ma.ma' en p r o b l e m s (ella nunca habia . :
tenido problr.tnr.c-, con la 1 *>y)» Tcdo lo escucho cayad.ameht.3* De spues .pregunto'"que, que le pod 5a pacar a su mama' si se iba. SI abogado le dijo,
que nada le pass be. a ella, pero que el se iba a meter en muchos problemas,
si trataba de irse, y que los poiicias lo agarrari'an.
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Cha-Cha decidio irse. Le dijo de su decision a su mama y novia. Su
novia le dijo que ella queria acompaiisrlo. Como por un ano se fueron. Los
dos estaban trabajando, y para este tiempo ella estaba embrazada, querfan
arreglar todo con sus padres. Despue's de hablar con sus padres, tcdo iba
bien en el transcurso de un jsesj entonces ella fue' a pasar una eemana con
sus padres* D u r n t e esa semana* sus padres la influyeron para q\ie se quedara mas tiempo. Cha-Cha todavfa podia verla, pero ahora siempre que iba
lo hacian sentir ma's y mss desgraciado, Se aoeroaba el nacimiento del bebe,
y se estaba convenciendo ella de que.se quedara a vivir con sus padres.
Cha-Cha trabsjabn fueras de la ciudad en el turno da la noche. Una
noche de spues de vi.sita.rlo todo el
dia
fue a trabajar sin do'frairr el cansancio lo a^oto'y se durmio' en el trabajo, como resultedo fue despedido, Se
puso bien deprimido* y teniendo un dinero que hnbi'a ahorrado fue' y se entrego' (por el ineidente que pa so'con el poll cia). Cuerla aclarar todo
para
/
que cuando el bebe' naciera no tuviera que .preocuparse. Se entrego , y las
autoridades no encontraron .ninguna cita para ru arrestamiento. Cha-Cha
les dijo que rovisaran bienj al no encontrar nada, las autoridades le
agradecieron mucho p o r haberse entregado, Le dijieron que ya no tenfa
. nada de que preocuparse. (Dos anos ma's tarde, de spue's de educarse pollticaraente, apaicecio' esa cita para su arrestamiento, que fue servido.)
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^ Todavia Cha'-Cha tenia p r o b l e m s para ver a su novia. Cadi- vez- que iba,
"sal fa discutiendo con los padres. Ho se sentia l ien acudir sin dinero.;
P o r todo lo que habia pasado, tampoco se sentfa bien vivir eon sus.padres.
Como no tenia ningun sitio adonde vivir, se quedaba en diferentes easas.
Todo deprimido
y sin nada, el unieo refugio que .encontro fueron las drogas.
>
.•ffF'nrHrtft ''fl~hrriMi'iiij oinpczo''a vender'drogas para, otros vendedores. Solafoeri•te vcndia lo suficiente para softener su habito,' que
"'h.ab1a-convertido- i.-;'
en necesidad. .Despues de un tiempo no pudo venderla ma's. Necesitaba tan- .
to la droga que rcbaba a los vendedores. Ya lo conocian por eso, y ya no
lo daban nada para revender. Como resultado de todo, Cha-Cha tuvo que r. » 1
robar casas y asaltar prente.
'". .V -,Un dia,' no pudo conseguir ningun dinorc para comprar la. droga. Cha-Cha
se eiicontraba onfermo y desesperado. 131 vendedor en la esquin'a estate,
impasiente,-ya. estaba por irse a su casa; Cha-Cha lo convened o'para que
esperara por'el una hora mas. Cha-Cha era so' la calle, tcmo' un desatornillador y lo puso cercas del cuello de un hombre para que le diera su dinero.
El no se did' cuenta que eran dos hombres, el otro hombre ompujo^a Cha-Cha,
y les dio suficiente tiempo para irse en el carro. Trataron de atropellarlo con el carro, y rapidamente manejaron a gran vslocidadj regreso'
hacla el vendedor pidiendole que esperara de nuevo, le dijo que estaba
scguro de conseguir dinerc. En el otro lado de la calle el vendedor observaba todas las manicbras de Cha-Cha. v como no quiso mas esperar, le dio'la
droga a credito, Dos dias despues, Cha-Cha regreso^a la misraa esquina trata ndo de conseruir la droga.. El hombre que i nfconto' robar dos dias ants'riores estaba en la esqu?r.a con la policia, senaio a Cha-Cha para identificarlo. Ma's tarde fue a corte y sirvi o 60 dias de prision.
Cha-Cha. fue' enviado a la correccional. Al principio, fue' puesto en
el dormitorio que tenia 12 latinos. Esto era bastante rare; por lo regular ponen 5 o 6 latinos juntos, y lo hacen, dado a la tendencia que los
latinos tienen de unirse rapido. Alguien en la seccion, habia hablado
acerca de huirse? tan pronto como lo oyeron, culparon a los latinos.
Cha-Cha solanente tenia. 40 dias mas de servir (comparado por otros tiempos,
cuando tenia que servir de 6 meses a un ano), lo dijo al guardia que no tenia porque eeoaparse; pero no obstante, fue'' rnandado al calabozo con el resto
de los latinos. Despues los mandaron a maxima seguridad. En maxima segu- •
rida.de habia un reli&ioso, 'que a escondidas repartfa librcs, pa pel y lapiz e s . A Cha-Cha y a los otros, les facilito sus servicios. Algunos de- los
libr.os que Cha-Cha pudo leer fueron de Martin Luther King, y un libro H a mad o "Seven Story Mountain" (hasta ese tiempo no habia,leido nada desde el
octavo grade), r i e n t m s estaba en prisic'n, su novia fue a verlo con la
be b e . Por la.s visitas y los librcs, Cha-Cha empezo a pensar en porque
deberia dejar las drogas.
m
Cuando Cha-Cha salio y fue al barrio, sus ojos vieron mas. Los morenos
en ese tiempo estaban rotinando; conocio nucha gente en la carcel cue habian
estado envultc-s en los motines. Cha-Cha continue" estudiando, ahora estaba
y
estudiando mas de otros grupos en las comunidades morenas y chicanas. Se
llevaba bien con los grupos chicanos, r-uesto que eran latinos, y tambien
porque en el movimiento latino todavia no habia ningun grupo puertorriqueno.^ Como renovacioh urbana era la principal fuersa, bloques completes
en la area de Lincoln Park eran demolidoc. Cha-Cha so mudo tantas veces,
que cauhdo sus padres le dljicron, q^e. tenXan-'q^Te mudarse de nuevo, o.l dijo,
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i ustedes se pueden mudar? pero yo me 'quedare a qui I" ";ya estoy cansado de v
mudanzasS" P o r todas esas contradicciones que eran M e n c'laras, Cha-Cha via la ,,
necesidad de former un grupo que peleara per-los desachos do la gento lati:;a« .
1
-Ens' la comunidad comenzo a ir a reuniones de renovacion urbana y
oouocio a otras gentes que teriian eT~ mis mo .tirtT5res-que~el«— -Esas -reunicnesJLa:
ayudavon a ver mas claramonte las contradicciones*
Cono todavxa era presidente.de Los Young Lords, el penso que este era el
grupo que intenta edificar trato de establecer politica en Los Young Lords,
pero no dio re'fjultado proque todavia Los Lords euerian tales cosas cono ir a
baile
s y partoo sociales. Organ!so oiros dos grupos permaneclendo presidents
de Los Young- Lords* El conocio a esta gente en tavernas y centros de la comunidad, AX princiipio nadie le escuchaba, pore Cha-Cha seguia incistiendo y no
perdia el anino., Los Lords may ores no iban de acuerdo con la idea de Cha-Cha
porquo estaban muy ocupados "arre'batandose." Pero Los Lords menores ya hablair
ido con Cha-Cha a algunas rbiroioses de renovacion urbana* Lentamente, re/rresaron al grupo porquo Cha-Cha estaba hablando del racismo y brutal.idad policiaca.
1
Con Los Young Lords mayores (Manuel Ramos era uno de ellos) Cha-Cha fijo' una .
junta para la reorganizacion del grupo. Cuando Manuel Ramos murio' esa.misma seman'a las contradicciones se veian bien claras y todos los ultimos Young Lords
se reunieron de nuevo. Cha-Cha no sabla mucho acerca de como organisor, solamente sabla lo qua habia aprondido por medio do la practice diaria.
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jjesde entonces, Lcs Young Lords han ho oho y 1 participado en los siguientes
eventos: se apoderaron del "Theological Seminary " (on ei oual, las d e a a n d a s p o r
$601,000 dolares para construir casas de salaries bajos, fuercn e'ehas y confirm a d o s , pero nunca cuplidas); se apoderaron de una area vacia y la llamaron
"People*s Park;" tuvieron demostractones para Welfare Rights y marches
ortar.do la independencia de Puerto Rico? tuvieron festiyaies en las calles,
relacionardoce con la cultura latina; atendieron a conferencias chica-ras- para
formar unid&d entre toons los "latinos 1 y hasta esto memento, tienen en funcicn
una clinica gratuita.
Cha-Cha ya no se relac.ionaba con peleas calle jeras 0 drogas. Los Young
Lords ya no eran una pandilla. cino, una organisaci.cn politica. Cha-Cha fue
arrestedo 1? veces en un ano v medio, Estas voces fue'arrestado, segun ellos
por acciones de desoxd&n, por atender a juntas de renovacion urbana, y por
otros actos politicos. P o r tcdo esto, y mas fue"for;',ad0 a salir de la comunidad.
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Parte II'»
EH. LPS PRIMERCS AMOS
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Historia de la Crpanizacion de Los Young Lords
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En 1959, siete jovenes fornaron una pandilla para protegerse} en ese tiempo #
era cuando muehos" puertorriquonos y latinos eran maltratados por pandillas blancas
en la area de Lincoln Park (cerca del lado norte de- Chicago)• El principal proposito y actividad del grupo era p a r a p e l e a r con las pandillas blancas que los
molestaban, por controlar los sitios- de ronda.,. calles, y territories pandilleros*
Al. misao -.tiempo que el grupo crecaa, se ramificaba a otras areas cercanas, a
escuelas secundarias a donde otros latinos esta ban teniendo los mismos tipos de
problemas.
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En ese tiempo, cuando la mayoria de Los Yc-ur.g Lords.tenian problemas. de.
pobreza, con la polieia, con oficiales de vigilancia, con renovacion urbana, con
drogas y con otras pandillas; los jover.es constantemente eran plagados por trabaj ad ores sociales que tenian por solucion a esos problemas, ,el de jugar baloncesto
en una iglesia local.
En 1964, Cha-Cha Jimenez fue"nombrado presidents de Los Young Lords ifu^ra, de
los siete originales, el fue' uno de los poccs que quodaban. En ese tiempo, el
grupo empezo"*a tener actividades sociales en una YMCA local. Algunas hermanas por
medio de los eventos sociales en la YMCA se estaban asociando con Los Young.Lords.
'Mas tarde ellas fueron organizadas por Cha-Cha en un grupo llamado Young Lordettes.
Represion golpeo a los Lords, al mismo tiempo se transfornaban pasivos jugando baloncesto en la iglesia cercana, y ycndo a los eventofe sociales en la YMCA.
Tcdos los prin'cipales lido res del grupo fueron encarcelados incluyendo a Cha-Cha',
a qui en por ser el principal lider fue atacado con mas fuerza, Despues de pocos
meses; el grupo de Los Young Lords se destruyo". Ya no iban a la YMCA o a la iglesia local; el proposito de los eventos sociales y programas que habian sido originalmente planeados para los Lords, ahora eran descontinuados. Como resultado de
todo eso, la u'nica cosa que esta ban haciendo ahora, era "arrobatarse" en la esquina. Una cosa que continuaron haciendo fue'llamarse Young Lords.
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Despues de casi'dos anos,y en 1968, Cha-Cha regreso a la comunidad de Lincoln
Park. En ese tiempo la mayoria de Los Young Lords estaban casados, tenian en sus
casas problemas financiered, en "welfare," y todavia rondaban en la esquina arrebatandose.
Muchos de ellos tambien habian sido mudados por renovacion urbana.
Al ver todo eso, Cha-Cha quien a la rnisna vez tenia problemas con su novia, se
deprimio bastante, y recurri'o"a la heroins, y asX.otra vez aparecio'en la carcel,
A su regreso, despues de haber leido libros acerca de pasividad social, , y de
unidad dentro de la comunidad morena, 61 reorganiso Los Young Lords. Esta vez'fue
corno la organisacio'n "de Los Young Lords-que iba a pelear en contra de las' injusti- '-.-•;
cias de la "maquinaria Daley," injusticias. recivida.s pOr el pueblo latino. En . :
algunas de las cosas ^oue la organizacion paptieipo', fue''en . la recaudacion de fondos (bailes, Has do Salsa;, dinero que fue" recoiectado, y utilizado para la compra do comida, rcrpas y .jugetes.,dis.tribuiaos a familias necesitadas.durante la na\
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Cosas que la gente pobre experimenta todos los dias pobreza sol Ida> hambre,
y casi dcGer.ploo total atccarcn <r-acv.' esquina de la vida puertorriquena. Un grupo
de "interesados" duenos de tierrasj quienes habi'an formado una organizacion proyanqui, ellos tnlegrafieron al presldente Roosevelt diedendo "existe un estado
actual de anarqufa, pueblos sitiados; policias sin potencia y negocios paralieados;" ;
Jorge Bird Arias, admjnistrador y viceprcsidente da la companta azuonrera Fa.ia.rdo,- : U y {
coritrolada nor los americanos, mando"'un telegrama al secrotario de guerra Stern, .
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y decla "condiciones existentes, econolnicas y polfticas demandan un hombre bueno
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fuerte y capaz."
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IGenei.Jj. Blanton Uinship! asf penso'ol departamento de guerra, que el era el
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hombre "capaz". Con sus acciones claramente comprabo'qUe no disgusto al gobierno
ameri carlo, El General Uinshipenposo 'ligerame-ntc. moviiizandq. el aparato federal
ii'f;
y ordeno el arresto de Don Pedro Albizu Campos, y de otros lideres puertorriquenos .
independentistas. Pero el movimiento independentista se aguanto firrco y el pueblo
siguio"luchando®
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Poco
mas' o renos por el l'l- de marzo do 193?; les lideres locales ihdependentistas notificaron a las autoridades de un desfile (en protesta por el encarcelamiento de los lideres independentistas) que seri'a celebrado el domingo 21 de.
m a r z o . Aunque rsalmente el permiso no era requerido, la peticion fue enviada al
alcalde? el respondio' dando el permiso rapidaracnte (la peticion era una cortesia
de los independentistas que extend.iercn al gobierno municipal).
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Arribando a Fence el viernes 19 de marzo, el eoronel Crbeta jefe de policia
' llego^ a estudj.ar la situacion; despues de su regreso a San Juan el eoronel Orbeta
hablo* con el general kinship quien en ese momento nlaneo* y ordeno"'el masacre de
Ponce. El eoronel Orbeta fue* regresado a Ponce para conveneer al alcalde que diera
fin
al desfile.
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En los dias. anteriores del 21 de marzo en Ponce una significante central!sacion de policia. fue ll.eva.da a cabo. Ctra fuerza adiclonal de 200 hombres fue
llevada para ayudar a la rutins ria. guarnicio'n policlaea' de Ponce % '"so encon traban bien
armados de rifles, carabinas, semiametralJadoras Thompson, gases lucrimogenos, granadas y ademas con las comunes naeanas.
Despues de largas discuclones con el eoronel Orbeta, finalraente el alcalde se :
convencio. El alcalde inmodiatanonte notifico'a los lideres independentistas, les
informo que no habi'a notado que el di'a del desfile era el Domingo de Ramos, festividad religiosa, que los sacerdotes Paulinos lo suplicapon que' no permitiera dar a
cabo el desfile. Ignorando el hecho de que el' estaba' nintiendc.,- lob independentistas
'
le dijieron que la gente quo iba al.desfile ya estaba en Pence 9 que el desfile pro^
seguiria en orden y^ que ellos le dirlsn a los •sacerdotes-;'de las realizaciones. En 1
eso el alcalde paro la. con versa cio'n y les di.-jo que. el permiso habia sido cancelado. '
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�Alii siguio una discucicn agitada en contra de uno y otro, por un lado el coronel
Orbeta, el capitan'Felipe Blanco (jefe de policia del distrito de Ponce) y por ol
otro los lideres independentistas«,
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•--.' * Hlentras las dlscuoiones proseguian, la policia se consentraba excesivamente
en toda las calles alrededor del sitiotty /euuiou y larebien-en—6-squina:d.e_ .las ._
calles Aurora y Marina. Los independentistas ontraban al sitio de reunion junto'
con sus esposas y nines. Bastantes evidencias Questran que aquellos que no erai» -.;:'
independentistas fueron avisades por los policies que no fueran dentro de la area
de las calles Marina, Aurora y Jobos. Los que eran permitides crusar las lineas
It.eran independentistas-, facilmente rcconocidcs per sus uniformed y por insignias
puastas en alguna' parte do sus ropasV."""•
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El coronel Orbeta y el capitan .Blanco visitaron el area brevemeute arites de •;
los disparos. Hasta la misma atmosfera se encontraba tonsa» Los poiJiH'nr. ofih.-VKm
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los independentistas ya eran rod ©ados. Ma's tarde dijeron que no les habian
dado ordenes ,a los policias. Segu'n Orbeta fueron en una patrulla a los orrillas y
cercanias.de Ponce sola,mente para, ver el paisaje; que despnos de .los d:isparos ellos
regresarepn. ' ••
La calle Marina corre de norte a sur, la calle Luna es la primera calle que
crusa. Mas arriba, la calle Aurora crusa
la calle Marina, es en esta esqUina en
donde los independentistas tenian su sitio de reunion. La policia se alineo'en
los dos lados de la calle Marina, entre las calles Luna y Aurora. En donde la ca~
11c Aurora crusa. la calle Marina, uri giupo namcroso se paro'esp&rardo ayuda de
cualquiera de ley dos 2ados. Todos se encontracan armados con rifles, con gases
lacrimogenos, con carabinas etc. No obstante otro grupo de policias armados con
•semiametralladoras se paro'detras de la formaoion de los independentistas.
Testigos quo vieron y fotografos ensehan como en todos los respectos, los
independentistas estaban desarmados completamente atrajpatlos en la esquina. Tarnbien demuestran que gente en grupos grand.es, casi todos se reunieron on. la esquina
de las calles Aurora y Marina, aproximadamente enfrente del sitio de reunion de
los independentistas!
Completamente rodeados sin posibilidades de escapar, es evident© que la for™
macion policiaca solaiaente tenia un propo'sito en mente. No solamente era para
romper el desfile o desenvclver un motin.• Despersion classi ca y tactions antimotinantes dan oportunidad a'despersarse. Puertorriquenos independentistas en ese
fiel Domingo de Ramos eran deliboradamente negades de esa oportunidad. £,Cual era
el proposito? Era aterrorisar al pueblo puertorriq-.cno eon nria-et±ibiciou'de" brutal.idad vulgar-—un masncre e
Por tolas ..partes los llovieron a la gente descargas de fuego. Por aproximada- .
mente diez minutos fueron sonetidos a disparos crusados. Los ultimos disparos .terminaron su mision y 20 muertos eran tendides. En un hospital cercano, un nino lloraba a causa de he'ridas, mas de 150 personas fueron heridasf algunos fueron. mutiladas para el resto de su vida.
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La ultima media hora antes de los disparos y los mortiferos die?, minutos de
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masacre nan pa sad o a la hir.torla como un insuperable ejempl o de calrca y valor de la, -.
gente bajo fuego«
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Aproxi.madamehte a fines de dleiombre de 1968, la organizacion de Los young
Lords se die cuenta de que tres campanias de bienes y raices on la area de Lincoln
Park,""estaban--tra:b3->.nd<^Gon-renQvaGloajirlaMj_plane^,n rindsr afuera a todos.los
latinos. Fue en este tiempo cuando Cha-Cha decidio^qiiFla "6rganiSa6I"on do "Los- Young
Lords tomaran una posicion sobre el problema de "Renovacion Urbana." Una demost^acion fue planeada'en rrotestacion de "Fat Larry" (un agente de bienes y raices) por
sus abuses en .la comunidad hacia la gente latina y por sus notas racistas en contra' '
de ellos«
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grupo de Los Young Lords, represantando los demostradores, entraron a hablar
con "Fat Larry", el respondio'sacando una pistola automatica *38 y otra semejante a
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una ametralladora que apunto'a Cha-Cha* Despues su a n d a n t e comenzo'a llamar a la
policia. Cuando la policia llego', ellos inmediatamentc c-mpesaron a esculcar a
Cha-Cha, mientras "Fat Larry" lo vigilaba. Tcdo esto pasaba adentro de la oficina
de "Fat Larry"j mientras, la gente era ordenada a dispercaroe* Ellos no se fueron
hasta que Cha-Cha salio'
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A l dfa
siguiente una3 hojas sueltas fueron distribuidas para informar a la '
comunidad de las conexiones entre "Fat. Larry" (incluyendo a los otros agentes) y
la renovacion urbana*
En enero de 1 9 6 9 , EX Concilio de Conservacion de la Comunidad (CCC) se reunie- :
ron para aiscutir el futu.ro do la comunidad latina. (El CCC deciden en'asuntos de
renovation urbana, tal cono, cualer, cases debon ser demolidas y cuales no deben ser
demolirlas*) La organizaeion de Los Young Lords, y otras gentes de la comunidad
asistieron a esa reunion. Despues de vcr a todas las gentes que asistieron, la junta directive decidio posponer la reunion porouo no tenian los principales miembros
de la ;unta directiva.
Al mes siguiente, el CCC vote unanimemente (despues de ser forzado por la co- }'
munidac) para no reunirse de nuevo hasta que tuvieron en su junta directiva a repres e n t e e s latinos y morenos de la comunidad. Al dia siguiente de la primera reunion
de CCC, Cha-Cha fue arrestado, Dijeron que solawente querian hablar con e l , pe*-o
cuando se nego a ir con olios, eacaron dos citas viejas de arrestamiento de 1 9 6 7 ,
las cuaj.es ya estaban ac3.ara.dao (una tenia que ver con el caso de asalto grcvio
en el cual un policfa .psrcio'unos dientes; pero Cha-Cha ya se habia entregado). Su
multa fue fijada por $2,500 dolares, el nismo dfa salio'en libertad con dinero donado
por la comunidad.
BIENES TAR Pi'ELICO
El 31 de enero, Cha-Cha acompanaba a la Oficina d e l BJenestar Publico, a una
recipients, este es un procedimionto que generalmente oojc todo el die sin'dar aingun resu.tado al final^del.dfa. Y a era tiempo para cerrar la oficina, las recip- '
ientes que estaban alii, docidieron en no irse hasta oue las atendieran. Cor.o consequencia, una confrontacion resu.lto" cuando una cafetera accidentalse voltio: El Director Asistento de la oficina viendo esto, camino hacia
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�do« f.onoras y las empujo, una tie ellas estate embarazadai Cha^Cha viendo•.I'd slicedidoVk'^
fue y tuvo nu'as; cuantas palabras con el Director Asistente. En ningu'n tiempo; ChaCha toco' al Director, porque-el sabia que la policia lo queri's, tantc que lo arrestarian por cualquier cosa; y tambien porque las recipientes .tenian•la situacio'n
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La policia fue llamada, y cargas de agravlos fueron fxjades a Cha-Oha, por lo
c u a l u n a inulta fue dad a de $ 5 w 0 dolares. Cuando 1.1 ego a la estacion de policia • ;.
otra cita vieja de arre's tam3.cnfcofue' encontrada, la dual era por. "acolon de muche- .",';
dumbre," y otra ves $5000 do!ares de multa fueron fijados, Un total de $1000'dol-' V.&
ares en dinero en efectivo tenia que ser r e u n x d o — y se reunion Cha 7 Cha fue' sacad o esa-misma noehe* ••
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Como resultado del incidents on la oficina del. Bienestar Publico y porque Iks
recipientes no estaban recibiendo sus cheques, una marcha fue' planeada en la comunidad lati.. . Mas de 500 recipientes y otras gentes de la comunidad marcharondesde la
esquina de las ca.Lles de California y Division (cerca de la parte* norte ."'•"•'.
de C h i c a g o — a l oeste de Lincoln Park) hasta la oficina del Bienestar Publico, Ifielcer -'
Park, localinada
en las cal3.es de Daroen y Milwaukee« la organ.izac3.on do tc'.? .Young '[I '
Lords, otros latinos, morenos, y grupOs de blancos pobres marcharon. bajo uav bands ia. que decia: "In.iuR+.ir.in hacia uno, cs in just tela ha.cia t o d o W
Cha-Cha no pudo asistir a esta marcha. Apenas saliendo de la oficina de Los
Young'Lords con camino hacia la marcha, Cha-Cha en el proce'so de explicar a lbs
miembros algunas cosas relaci.pnadas con la marcha{ fue' arrestado junto con otros
Lords por conducta desordenada. Algunos de Los Young Lords fueron a la estacion
de policia para depositar la multa de Cha-ChaJ mien bras ,ei resto fue' a la marcha.
Cuando la marcha terai.no, Cha-Cha todavi'a estaba encarcelado® No porque Los
Young Lords no depositaron la nsulta, pero porque la policia estaba deteniendolo.
La gente en la marcha oyo'quo Cha-Cha habia sido arrestedo, y asx continuaron la
marcha hacia la estacion de policia. Cha-Cha y lor. otros Lords salieron en libertad; pero no hasta que $100 d d a r e s (dinero en efectivo para oada uno) de rescato
fueron pagados.
Mientraa la gente
estaba protestando la p(>bresa y la b!cu!.a.lidad policiacaj
el establec5.miento estaba demostrando a la gence que ellos en realidad no tenian
ningun interes ,por sbs d'emandas. Esto fue mostrado por medio de, los arrestamientos
y las multas dadas a Cha-Cha y a len otros Young Lords,
Mas tarde hubieron otras marchas de recipientes- en las que la organizaeion
de Los Young Lords participnron. En cada una de estas marchas Cha-Cha fue' arrested o por aiguna cosa u otra, tol eon.o por ixieitar un mot in j conducta desordenada;
y por aselto gravio.
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ASESINATO^DE
KAHUEL RAMOS MARCHA .
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EI sabado tres do mayo da j.969, un grupo 'de casi 15 amigos, incluyendo Young
y sua lamalias.estaban en la casa de unos-do "loo '.orris -odloTbrando el 21 'cum?.•• -V ' • Pl^anos de Manuel Ra.ir.os y tambien el del otro compahero. La casa esta' 1 ocaliikda^v.f
on el lado sur de Chicago, en un barrio predominante de blancos que es conocido "
por su racismo. Era una noche cal^rosa, la puerta.de entrada oe habia dejado .
abierta para ventliar el apartamento. Cerca • de las once de la noche, Manuel y.. ''' ';';'•
otro bensa.no .oyeron dicputando, y oian much03 otros ruidos que venian de afuera,
entonces
olios decidieron sali'r a haber que e m lo one estaba pasardo; Desde la
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hasta^el apartamento habia un pasillo, alii fue donde Manuelr.fu.a disparado
por el policia James Lamb. Lamb tenia su brazo ernpunado en el cuello de un Lord,:-rAi^
con un .38 en su otrs ma no one aguantaba sobre el hoxbro dorcnho del Lord, • aquien
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agarro usandolo para protegerse. El dispare a Manuel en cl ojo a kJj u I w I o y a olvo '-'r
•'.' Lord lo raspo por el cuello.
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policia James Lamb estaba descansando esa noche.
pios, una camiseta y unos pantalones todos chorreados de
presentss, : nmediaitamente atendieron al lado de Manuel,
ensangrentado. Durante todo ese tiempo, todavia Lamb no
Traia pueatos unos -'chainpintura. Los Young Lords
quicr. estaba tendido tcdo
se identificaba. . . 1 .
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En unos cuantos minutos, las calles se llenaron con patrullas policial's.
"Los Cuatro Lords" llevaron a Lamb ante los policies, y no fue'hasta ese entonces
cuando por primera vez se identifico como un policia. En vez de que James Lamb
:
fuera arrestsdo, "LuL Cuatro Lords" fueron los arrostadosj les forjaron cargas in- '
ventados, tal como el de "agravios."
Mientras Lamb conversaba con las nollelas, tirades en el suelo se encontraban
Manuel y el otro hermano que tambien..habia sido disparado. Iamb afirmo'que el
habia inicialmento salido porque oyo un di spare. Tambien sostuvo que vio'"un revolver que..era apuntado desde la puorta; asi pues el disparo, sol amen be Viendo el
revolver y no a Manuel, quien segun Lamb, tuvo que haber toninido el revolver apuntandolo desde adentro "el apartamento. Conforms al la forme de la entrada del apartamento totalmento expuento on la entrada'do la puerta. ' • .
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Para "Los Cuatro Lords", una multa fue'fijaria para cada. uno por cantidad de'
$10,000 d d a r e s (despues fue reducida), "Los Cuatro Lords" fueron sacados al dia
siguiente. Los Lords sabian quo en una fcrna tenian que protestar el asesinato,
tambien sabian que por todo el pais gente
pobre habia sido asosinada asi como
y
Manuel. En ?Jl- horas, una maroha, fue organi'ssda. Comenso en "El Pa roue de la Gente;"
las 3000 personas que participaron maroharon por la calle Division en la comunidad
latina. El estendarte que guxaba la marcha decia,"5 Manuel Ramos vive en todos .
revolucionarios!"
- L a marcha a la fur.eraria, viendo el cuerpo de Manuel• se convert!0 en mas infureciniento por el raciomo y explotacio'n. Una earavar-a de 75 carros fueron mane-:
jados hasta la ,estacion.de poplicia cn las calles 35 y Loue (al lado suroeste), demandaron justicia. por el asesinato. Exlgian el aa-retjto de J.-,nes Lamb. Seguro que
la demanda fue re oh <\.v, ad 3 .
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El d£a del funeral, Los Young Lords sirvierch de guard!a a la'carrosa..En la" ,|f
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ruta
al sementerlo, ir.anos empuriadas eran eleyadas desde casi todos los cien carros.
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La organizacion de Los Young Lords sabia el vordadero significado
de "unidad/' Y - . A*
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hasta la fecha saben la importancia de unir a tcdos lod gentes pobres, oprimiuas
xtl^—-^—y-de—todos-C-Qlores. para que asi" yeleeii en contra- de los verdaderos opresores.
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En mayo 1 9 , el abcgado defensor de "Los Cuatro Lords" presento en corte, ante
el juez Oerda una queja fi.rn.ada por los familiares de Manuel Ramos, la queja era*
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en contra del policia James Lamb; solieitaba una cite de arrestamiento y encarcelamientb por el asesinato de Manuel Ramos.. El juez Corda solamente replied, " INoI"
Kasta..ahora,. James . Lamb es.exisicnte cor.o un "oficial dc la paz"- (uti policia).
LA TOMA DEL SEMINAR 10 Kc CORMICK
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Durar'-r la misma sernana de la muerto de Manuel el McOormiek Theological Stone
Administration Building fue' tornado por la organizacion de Los Young Lords, todavia
7,
se encontraban enojados por el asesinato de Manuel y renombraron el seminario con
el nombre de "Manuel Ramos Memorial Building." El seminario McCormick ha contribuido a crear problemas en los alrededor.es de la coaunidad, el mayor problema es'
el de casa y vivienda*
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Junto con otras instituciones en la comunidad, el seminar!o' soporto' y empeso
un programa de renovacion urbana, que fue' i'ntentado para raudar a las gentes pobres
de la comunidad y reemplazarlos por rasident.es de altos y medianos. ingresos. Eso
lo hacen constantemente, priricipalmente por la exterminacion de mas de 1100 casas
familiares y la remocio'n de tres a cuatro voces mayor In cantidad de familias? son
areas do viviendas tornados por instituciones y tambie'n para viviendas de precios
ma's altos p-ra los residentes en la -conuniuad. Como resultado Cha-Cha dijo, "Queremos que ellos,».empiezen a ecsprar algunas casas y propicdades' para la gente pobre \y algun
as viviendas ae baja r e n t a g ( C h a - C h a Jimenez, Ministro de Dofensa, de la
organizacion de Los Young Lords).
La organizacion de Los Young Lords tuvieron una. junta con representantes de
la administracion de McCormick; la junta fue' una sen-ana antes de la toma del seminario, presentaron una. lista de dies demandss con el punto principal de una requisicio'n de $601*000 dolares para viviendas do bajas rent as. CincO dias despues,
tuvieron una junta en la que Kc Cormick presento'una serie de respuestas formales,
la. mayoria. de las demandss fuoron rechazadas. y el rest-o fueron contestadas en
'_"'[' voces enganozas.
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.Dos dias despues tuvieron otra junta, en la Que se hizo ver, que era evidente
que las respuestas dad as por McCormick habfan sido totalmente insuf icientes y que,
ahora los Young Lords ten!an. que reeurrir - "vna. accion educative en la comunidad".
A media noche, el Stone Administration Building fue' tornado. Inmediata seguridad fue' fijada en el odificio la ontrada y la sal Ida de todas las personas fue controlada por aproximadamenta GO personas de la com>midad, quien oficientemente cerraron todas las entradar. del odificio, A la srhniri is Iranian so lo inforjad de la
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Toina rlVl erHficio; mientras la gente esperaba las respuestn.s de las demandas.
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Una de las rrimeras respuostas fue deliberada en forma de tribunal, ordenando
a la gente que desocuparan el edificio. Finalmente, despues de cuatro dras el director del semlnario 11a mo' una c.onfcrcncla de prensa, prosponld* eljtribunal y dijo
que iba a Ilevar a cabo las demandas. El edificio fue desocrupado >eea
uiendo una junta popular.
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Aunque los funcionarios del semlnario estaban de acuerdo con las demandas? aun
hasta ahora, todavxa las demandas no re han llevado a cabo. El unico dinero que
.fue,recibido fue' el dinero. para "La Oficina de Loyos para la Gente" (localizada en
las calles Hals ted y Webster), los Lords ayudo'a establecerla para el sirvicio do
la gente do esa area. Tambien otras cantid&des chicas fueron recibidaa rara cier--.v,: A',.tas actividad.es en la comunidad, pero son insignificantes comparadas con. las demandas originalss -que fueron pedidas y e.cordadas, El dinero para' viviendas ($601,000
dolares), es una do las diez mas import,ante dcmanda que nunca fue' cumplida. Hi tampoco se llevo a cabo la demanda de $25,000 dolares en la que la organisacion de Los
Young Lords pedran para eropezar un centro cultural, quo era forsosamente necesita- ,.,
d o en J a c .munidad,.
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Para exagerar la sign if i can sa de esta accio'n serla dificil. En recientes anos A
en Los Estados Unidos esta.es probablemente la primera vez cuando gente de "la comun i d a d — g e n t e p b b r o — t o m o en posecion una instituci^n principal en la comunidad. cor.o
la de McCormick que fud con la intenci^n de una ejscucion ccmpleta" de una lista de
demandas polxticas y economicas. Ademas, los grupos que tomaron el edificio no fueron solamente latinos, pero tr.mbien morenos y blancos. Ellos son en general, politicamente radicales? ademas do sxmplemonto tratar do forzar unas cuantas conce«*
siones, interrogan la legalidad del sistema y su poder,
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LA COjhFEPENCIA DE D g W g H
La organiaacion de Los Young Lords, consciente de la necesidad por unidad para
obrar
con tooos los p r o b l e m s que efectan a la gente latina, y pobre, asistieron a
La Gonferencia. de la Juventud en Denver, Colorado. La raso'n principal de la conferencia, fue para que los chicsnoa y latinos de los cinco estados suroestes (Tejas, California, Colorado, Arizona, y Nuevo Mexico) se unieran todos bajo el nombre de "Aztlan." Estos cinco estados una vez pertenecieron a Me'xi.co, pero fueron
robados por los Estados Unidos en 1893.
- Aztlan - - -
I.os Estados Unidos empezaron infiltrando a Tejas. Desde el comienzo'de la
migracicn, hasta la abolicion de la esclavitud; la csclavit-ud era el principal, argu- ..
mento en la historia de T c j a s , porquo la. oconomia del nlgcdon do los inmigrant.es do
lcr. Estados Unidos depend5a totalmente en esto. Cuando el Fstado M«?x}cano descen- •
die?'
una constitucion abollendo la esclavitud, Stephan Austin, quie'n estaba. hablando -.jAAA
por los enojados blancos poseedoros do eoolnvos, fue' a la ciudad de Mexico con una
propuesta para separar
Kd>r1 on. El amenav?o', que el gobiei'n.o de ••n-M
v ^ p - a.y Tejas
- ^ ^del
S srosto'
? » deif?"T'ia
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Tejas iba hncei- derrocadc por los GoJ-Onistas blaneos si cstos arraglcs no se T i e - ' : ' •
varan a cabo, Como Mexico. se nego, los americanos (bajo 1:?- orden del Presidents ,. :
Polk) se rebslaron y veocieron a. las fuerzas Msxicanas (ba.io la orden de Santa Ana/
la batalla de San Jacinto pero
on abril
de el
1836»
Santaa .Ana
fue' capturado
y forzado
a". aV
.,—'•en
f lxmar^la.iaiifreg2L._dalXeJaff,'•
cuando
rcgreso.
Mexico,
el renuncio'
la concurYa que el tratado de pa's nunca fue'.discutido, ninguna frontera entre las dos
lactones fue fijada, Tejas reclame'el territorid hasta el Bio Grande, p e r o Mexico.. .x
insistio que la frontera se fijara on el Rio Nueces. Porque Mexico no reconocio'
,las..fronteras. f i j a d a s p e r . los _Estacios_ Unidos. clla continue' ocupando la f a c a d e
\ >
tierra entra ; el Rio Nueces y el Rio Grande, ' (Esta'faja de tierra fue conoCida come';
la zona sangrienta por las continuadas guerras-.de guerrillas.) En este tiempo habia un fuerte movimiento en La Republica-de Tejas (Kex.ics.nos Vendidos).; era gente.
que estaba lUchando por el estadismo al principles de
Tejas se .convert.to' es- .
tadoi •.
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Como Tejas ya era un estado, el gobierno da. los Estados Unidos estaba en la
po.sicion ?•> enforzar la reclamacio'n fronteriza de La. Republica de Tejas. El .Presidents Polk qiseria• fornar a Mexico a pelear, asi el iriando H-000 tropas para ocupar
tierras Mexicanas en el cur del Rio Nueces, un terrltorio que Tejas nunca habia
controlado. Antes del final del ano do i 8^5, Polk habia ordenado sus tropas a el
otro la do de la faja de tierra del Rio Ilueces testa el Rio Grande* Los Mexicanos t todavia no hablan ensenado niguna opcsicidn. En la mil-ad de 1 "nkf>. T-olk se canso' a
de esperar, a s i el mando sus tropas para floouear la embccadura del Rio Grande.
Este acto da o gresi on fue" respondido por el ejercito Mexicans, Ahora Polk tenia
el "derecho" para declarer la guerra.
El ejercito de los Estados Unidos planeo un ataque triangular en contra de
Mexico, Una orden fue' da d a a el general Taylor para capturar Monterey y avangar '
hacia Mexico desde el nortej el general Winfield Scott iba a capturar Vera Cruz, y
avanzar hacia la ciudad da Mexico por el surj y coronel Kearney fue' ordenado a ocupar el Nuevo territorio Kexica.no, Los Estados Unidos ton San un ejercito bueno y
almas buenas, y asi puss conduciercn una ofer.siva total en contra de Mexico.
^ Pero el resultado de la guerra dependi'a, en los grupos dominantes. Ellos le
• tenian mas miedo a los campesinos que a ningunos otros invasores, asi ellos se aseguraron quo los campesinos estuvieran desarmados, Como habian sido los campesinos
qu.ienes fueron llamados a pelear; este acto por la clase dominant^ Mexicana", fue"
prcbado ser desastroso para tcdo Mexico, Los Estados Unidos estaban avanzando mas
adentro de Mexico, y los campesinos fueron dejados (desarmados) defendiendo su pa~
tria lo mejor posiblo que ellos podian.
Los campesinos mexicanos y los indios estaban haciendo lo posible para rechazar.a les americanos, Ellos no estaban propiamente armndes y no habian tenido entrenamiento militar, sin embargo la rcsistencia aumento. Presidente Polk habia
sido afrontndo con la posibilidad do desastre. No era solameirte que la resistencia mexicana estaba crosiendo y que el tenia la posibilidad de una larga ocupacion'''
de Mexico, pero tambie'n texia que ol 'Congrcso negara. la vctacion para fondes de
guerra. Polk quteria torminar esta guerra lo m s pronto posible. El mando a su oficial mayor del departamento estadista, Nicholes Trist, para negociar un tratado con
el gobierno mexicano.
�•'••• U n ano mas tarda, ya habia sido tomada la cuidad'do Mexico,' el Presidente
fornia. Trist no pago'ninguna
v — / - para..sus^^vjLag_.demandas en el Tratado del Guadalupe-Kidalgo. (151
. brado asi, porque Trist escogid para +'ir:SaT~<t~TOTTtra-to nl pueblo
i/i'rgen"de Guadalupe, El .esperaba que los.mexicancs qvdeh.es son muy
pensa.riari que la Virgeh habia perraitldo que esto pasara y que ella
Vdirigiondo.") .
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Tratado fue' nomdedicadp a.la.^ ..
religiosos, " / los estaba «
Aunqua Polk queria mas tierras, el recomendo' que el Senado aceotara el Tratado,
El.Senado acepto'todo pero mends .cl a r t l c i Q o , ol •'Cua'Lvparanti.zaraa 16s'. txtuLcs a
las tierras de los mexicanos viviendo en Tejas. Los maxicancs no querian ver todas
sus tierras despojadas dc su gente que vivia en Tejas, entonces^ellos no ciorabinieron con esos arreglos en el Tratado. Polk en bonces respondio que r, i no wdiaii ,-b
guerra podia- continuar.
Por su economia pobre y dispues de hacer vcncidos tanta veces en batallas con •
los Estado? Unidos; sintieron que perder la mitad de sus tierras era mejor, qiie perderla t.oda.; Fueron forsados a firmar la entrega de su territorios que ahora 11amamos Nuevo Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada?
partes de Colorado Kansas,
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Oklahoma y Wyoihir.g.
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LA T-: MA de LA IGLESIA
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El 29 de septiembre de 196?, el reverendo Brace Johnson J r . y su esposa fueron
enc ontradns
apunalados a muerto en su casa localizada en cl 2028 norte do Sem:
inary (en Lincoln Park). El reverendo Johnson era el passer de la Igle'sia"Metodista
en la avenida Armitage, fue renombrada La Iglesia de la Gente (mayo de 1969) cuando
la organizacion de Los Young Lords y la gente de la comunidad se apederaron de ella,
despues de una solicitud negada por espa'cio para establecer una oficina y un Centro
de Kinos.
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Explicando a otros la exactitxid de las acciones de la organizacion de Los
Young Lords; el reverendo, su esposa v la junta directive de la iglesia empesaron
a ayudarlos en sus sixpence para abrir el Centro de Cuidados de Ki'nos Gratxjitt.o. Esas
gentes defendieron a Cha-Cha y La Organizacion a pesar de presiones y amenazas; •
cuando Cha-Cha y La Organizacion eran atacados por la policia, por el regodor del •
distrito, por otros politicos, y ademas por los intentop de los inspectores de estructura de cerrar la iglesia.
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En los mesas previos a su muerte, el reverendo Johnson a lo nenos una ves por
la semana iba a corte en conexi on a "violaciones" legales tales como violaciones
de estructura codiga; violaciones sanitarias; y por el peligro de combustion en la,
iglesia.
�Lea participation do la comunidad tenia que extenderso a todas las gentes pobre
en la comunidad, incluyendo a .madres de families. . La organisecion de Los Young
Lords sanla esto. Una de las racones brincipa.Les por la cual no podicn envoiverse
-a-ca_por su vlgorozo envolvlr,lento en el cuidado de sus nines. El "centro-'de cuidado
de ninos" fue "ihtendad.o pare cuidar a los ninos de laS seis de- ia-manana-a la seis-—.
de la. noche. Esto reducia el di'a de labor de las madres para darles oportunidad a
participar en las actividades de la comunidad.
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Cuando la comunidad fue informeda del Centro, ayudaron a establecer las fac alidades, .en la Iglesia de la Gente. Hacioron tales cosas como pir.tar, poner parti-"
clones, cor.siguieron mate'riales, litres y coeinaren etc. E l Centro de Cuidado de
Kinos consist'ia en educar a los nir.os a su culture, pin tar, leer, escribir y a tender
a varias actividades de campo, etc.
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El Centro de Cuidado de Minos nunca se pudo Ilevar a cabo, porquo fue atacado
con difcrentes violaciones falsas, segun ellos decien que el techo era muy alto y el
suelo muy bajoj- y que las series do e m e r g e n c e en las sal Idas no tenian sus requis- .•
itos. tiki, de 30 miembros de le organizacion fueron arrestedos por,causes como, por
• re part, ir ojad sueltos cercas de las escuela s , por conducta desordenada' por 'distur: i*'
ber 1a pas y otros cergos conectados con el Centro de Guide de Ninos. Cha-Cha tam'-i i
bien fue arrestado supuestamente por hater robado $23 dolares en madera para, el Centre, Le fijaron una multa por cantidad de $5000 dolares.. (rocibio* una sentencia de
un ario do prision solamente por este caso)*
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Por cade di'a que el Centro Permanccla habierto la corte fijo, $200 dolares de
multa. El sisten.a no queria que los Lords continuaron educando a la gente en sus
necosidades5 ni tampoco querian que recibieran el apoyo do la comunidad.
Cuando los Lords'vieron que no podian operar el Centro (por causa de la Maquinaria Daley)» Cha-Cha y los Young Lords no se dieron por vencidos. Trataron otros
me todas pare servir a la comunidad. Ademas del "Prograna de ropes C-ratuites" que
hasta la feche continue y el'Trograraa de Desayuno Gratuito" que funciona durante
la tempors.de- de escuela, ellos se reuniercn con estudiantes de -medicine de la universidad Northwestern y planearon una "clinica de salud gratuita" para la gente latina
y la gente pobre de la comunidad de Lincoln Park.
PROGRAKA. DE SALUD
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Las condiclones en la area de Lincoln Park son los misses come on tcdas partes.
Los latinos no cst-an irformados de la seriedad del cuidado do salud. No saben de
las vacunas anuales, de cosas venenosas (por re suit, ado de malas condiciones de vivienda) y otras preceuciones de salud. La gente pebre tione que ser educada a cerca de le salud de sus hijos, Las sehoras embarazadas tiene que tornar varias medidas de precaucion durante el estado de enbarazo para a segurar un alurnbramiento sa- ;
ludablo. Una dieta baloceada, vacumis fr~cuonc.es, y viviendas adequedas son necosidades que les hace falta a la rente pobre; como resuliado sufren una male salud; .
�I i m m i t e
Por eso, Cha-Cha y la organizacion de Los Young Lords ompezarcn la ; clinica de
oalud para educer a la gente en sus necesidades de salud y dereehos. Pero porquela clinica no tenia tolas las facilicad.es y equipo,, hicieron arreglas con Grant
Hospital .(tree bloques de dista.nc.ia de la Iglesia do la. Gente) para llevar ar sus ...
pacientes, para rayos X y otros exam :'.r,aci ones sofisticadars Un arreglo fue hecho
tuvioran que pagar, pues la clinica es gratuita.
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Viendo que la clinica de los Young Lords habia tenido una reaccion bueria en .
la comunidad, la .administration y la con,junta del Grant Hospital empezaron-a da.rles .'.
a los pacientes una actitud mala en la recepciones y ompezarcn a cobrarles. Varias.'' .
reuniones se llev-iron a cabo entre la comunidad' y la administration de Grant Hospital. Los Young Lords desenmascararqn en cuanto a el arreglo de'-. admision y las realidades que • ellos piac+,5 caban; dos maneras de cuidado de saluds cuidado de salud '
para los rices,y cuidado de salud para los pobres, esto se revelo claramente a la
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gente de la comunidad. Ellos habian dado a la gente el ultimo traio de atencion, '
Como resultado de las reuhiones; las rienandas de la organizacion fueron reconocidas
y la clinica recivio mss equipo medico,
• Unos '«. -uip'os de salud fueron f'ormados. Yendo a casa por casa, ellos informaban a la gente pobre de la clinica y sus servicios, v tomaban .examines s e n c U l o s
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en l a c a s a r La Clinica de Salud Gratuita ofrece cxaminaciones fisicas y de ojos,
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trabajos dentales, vacunas, cuidado de nine, cuidado prenatal y postnatalj y si algunos do los pacientes necesltan cuidado bajo supervision de hospital, son mandados•
a Grant Hospitel, Poolores y enfeaaeran do habia copancla fueron ccpccialr.cnto pro-.
cur?.oos, Ssi los pacientes puedea hablar libremente, sin dixicultades. La clinica •
al principio era abierta una vez por la semana, pero fue' rrolongada dos veces por
.la semana por la buena respuesta de la comunidad.
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Por el envoiviniento de la organiaacidn de Los Young Lords en la comunidad,
el sistema hizo todo lo pcsible para cerrar la clinica- 'Los Young Lords han reci- varias citac jones para aparecer on corte a Dropueota, cue la "clinica ruederser un peligro de combustion y por no tenor liconcia. El sistema sa.b£a cue"la clinica tenia doc tores licenciad.es y adecuados. La razon que ellos ouieren fa clinica
.Licenciada es para que la junta de Sanidad Pueda investigar en cualquier tiempo los
archives unformaeion podri'a hacor tomada de estos archives y u s arid--para morootar a los pacientes), Abierto a todos, la Clinica do Salud Gratuiita no rechaza a
nadie„ Lor empleados voluntaries quieren que todos sus pacientes sean sinceros
acerca de su salud y condiciones famiiiares; cualouier informac-ion respecto al paciente son nantenidos confidencialmeute, y no seran enceriaacs a la-junta de sanidad
o a cualouier otro que pueda usarlos para molester a l o s p a o i n t e c .
_EL PARQUE DE LA GENTS
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El Parque de la Gente es un terreno vaci'o en la esquina de las calles Halsted
y Armitage (cerca de la parte norte de Chicago) adondo la gente rica estaban pen-. .,,,
sando- con.stru.ir un club privado de .tenia, en el cual el pago de cada miembro era
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$.1000 dolares al.ap.o, Cohs-ciontes do la real i dad de que f ami lias pobre s habian
v
vivido en ese sitio: y habian sido fcrzadoc a mudarse; v ademas tambien conscientes V
de xa ..necesiaad.de tener un campo do recreo para los n.inos, la organizaci6n. de Les . ' '
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Young Lords decidieron tomar ol terreno. Tomaron el terrene aproximadamente eon
250 families pobres sorportandolos para formar ol Parquc.de la Gente; esto era,
mientm.s que la gente; empezara hacer planes para viviendas de bajas rentas para.
contruirlas en ese lugar.
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- \ Renovacio'n Urfena forzo que^e~T^ittar3.rra- -5:5CO -gentea- pobres ,en_l9 ->5o JL©r osta
razon el terrene vacio aun existe, Despues do cuatro aiics que se dejo baldio, la .
ciudad decidio que la mejor cosa para ol t e r r e n o fuera una cancha.de ter.ls. Cuando vl/;;
la gente lo supo, empozaron hablar para recobrar el terreno,
'.. La organizacion de Los Young Lords
soporto.a la gente en sulucha,' a.yddandolos
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'a- iomar' el .terreno' vactf.ai'' El'parqne se limpie>•• •• colurvpios y Ibarras fueron puestae. ; p
Esto essolamente uncs de los muchos cases adonde la gente pobre osta lunhando por .
sobrevivir en una ciudad que esta tratando de expulsarlos.
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LA FIESTA BCRIKQUENA
Otro ajemplo do la "lucha por sobrevivir" fue en la fiesta llamada "Recordando
a Boriqueu que la organizacion de Los Young Lords patrocinaron. Iba hacer;una
fiesta pacifica; la'organizacion de. Los Young Lords abastecio comida gratuita y , ; /
entretenimi.en.to» Como 200 policias' aparecieroh. para parar la fiesta. Dijeron que
Los Young Lords no tehian permiso, y a r r e s t a r o n cinco Young Lords por decirle a la '
gente que se que.da.ran ,y no se - 'fue ran.
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Sin embargo,'ellos no' pudieron parar la fiesta, porque las gentes llenaron
las calles y sopori.aron le organizacion de Los Young Lords? e'so otra, vez demuestra,
cuanto respeto el "establecimiento" do les Estados Unidos tiene por la gente latlna« Cha-Cha Jimanez oomento' sobre los inoidentes del dia, y dijo, "No hay necesi- .
dad de dadicar esta fiesta a 'Boriquen,* la policia ya'la dedicaron ensenadonos,
que todavia somos esclavos."
Puerto Rico Puerho Rico se \nri : vo
i l.,UkC'j anas b? io la, dominscio'n espanola* .Se convertib a
territorial en noviembre 25 de j.t59y con una constitueich de gobierno autonomo,
Un gobierno mtlitar fue' esta.blecido ocho meses despues, cuando e.l ejercito de E.U.
bajo el general Miles ocupo La Isla y la declare colonia, yanqui.
En 1900, La Ley Yanoul Foraker lie go a existencia. Esto establecio un gobierno civil, pero todo los cficiales eran mandados por los Estados Unidos. (Los E.U.
con el tiempo, tenian eai mente hacer a Puerto Rico un estado, pero si se hiciera,
• je de desarollo do La Isla ,) Un ejsmplo de la "ayuda" de
dependia en el porcenta,
E.U, a Puerto Rico fue en su donacioh que les did a las vietimas del hurracan d®
San Ciriaco (tenpranos 1900's) dinero que aumaba a no mas de ochenta centavcs per
persona.
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El Acto Jones fue pasado on 1917-. Esto estampo la ciudadania do los E.U., al
pueblo puertorrique rio0 Uno de los "privalegios" de la ciudadania es el dereeho de
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ser reclutado.
En yorfad este fue el a n o , en que los" t i W entro a • la' primera" giier-
ra mundia'J
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i
Los 1930's fueron anos terribles para el pueblo puert'orriqueno. Dos hurracanes y La Depresion Grande trajo casi dest r a d o n total a Puerto P i c o , una isla
colonial del pais r,as rico del raundo. Habia anargufa polftlca, desempleo en ;masas*-•-,.•.;.
y hambre on dondc quiara. Fue en este tiempo' que 'las TucHas'' puertotriquenas-por- :
independencia empezaron. Alii habi'an muchas. corifrontacionss entro los "Indeponfjentistas". y la policia puertorriquena (vendidos). un ejemplo fue'"El Masacre de
Ponce." Un grupo de marchedores pesivos, iban andsndo, bajo la calle principal de
,
Ponce tocando el himno puertorriquefco el Domingo Die de Bancs. Una ordon vino, originaliriante do general Wjnship (Yanqui), y disparos fueron descargados entre el gen- '
tio,. raatando a 21 persona e biriendo a mas d e 150«
En este tiempo, las condiciones eran igual que los de los ternpranos 1800, E l
mejor ingreso de'un trabajador de fines era de $il8 dolares a l aMo* Puerto Rico,
en 1 9 ^ 7 , fue' dado el privelegio de electar su propio gcbernador. Luis Munoc Marin
se hizo el primer gcbernador de Puerto Rico P elcctado en 19^8. Como nadie mas corr i o , en.contra de e l , el ga.no la elecioh®
-
El Pre. id elite Truman firrco' el proyecto de la Ley, "Commonwealth"'de Puerto
'
Rico (conocido como la loy Publica 600)«. La gente estaban protestando por toda L a ; t
I s l a . Un policia y cuatro demandantes fueron matador, cuando un grupo de 'gento ata• caron La Fortaleza, la mansion del gcbernador en el viejo San J u a n . Mientras, al-'
zamientos sucedian en P o n c e , Utuado, Arecibo, Narraniito y Jayuya. Dos puertorri- .-,.-'
queries de Kueva Y o r k , en 1950. fueron a Washington B . C . y atentaron asesirmr al
presidents Truman.
Hoy Puerto R i c o , sigue siendo ussdo por los Imperialj.stas americanos, por medio del gobernador Ferre'i I-ks de
de la tiorra de Puerto Rico es usada por •
bases inilitares do los 2 . U . , para protejer la costa surena de lor. B . U . (Primeralfiente. la base Ramey de Fuerza Aerea en el costa oeste y la estacion Roosevelt via.
Naval, on la costa este.) No puoden volar en cleccionos, por legisladores que declaran guerra.s en l.os E»U», pero tienon que eervir en lac fucrzas armadas de los
Estados Unidos, En el Congroeo no tienen ni voto, ni v o z . Bajo el control Federal
esta el corcesi nnario do la. caoa de correo, la radio, la television y el serv.ic.io
de derechos de aduana*
Mientras la mayori'a de su poblacidh se mantiene pobre, es llamndo "El apartvlor
de America, en el mar del Caribe,"' • Negocios amc-rio.mas tienon cadenas.de tiendas
alii (Gulf, M o b i l , y estacinnec faRilnnr-rar. Esso; S e a r s , J - C . Fenney's, y Woolworth's),,
Ademas do todo esto, Puerto Rico comparado con otros pai'ses del roundo, tiene
la rcS's grande poblacion en drogaa, do acuerdo a, su tamano. Los Estados Unidos, forza a los ninos puertorri quenos- a hablar ingle's en las escuelas y esta tratando de
hacerloa civ5 d a r su. culture..
•••'•;.'
Puertorriquenos hen sido expuestos al racismo de la. democracia en los E.U.
E<3tau oprimidos, como toda la domes gente pobre que esta. bajo el imperialism©. .Ell- .i£(§j
o s , son msntenidos pasivos, por drogos; subyugadc.3 a viviendas inadoonatlasj proven- ,
tides a recibir una buena educacion; y
> mir.'ar ayuda mediea en
el unnn-n fjnf t.i r-JK-n
nr> <l.in<-•»•«.."
�•
I L
I INDEPENDENCIA PUERTORRIQ.UENA
MARCHA FOP.
—
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^
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La organizacion.de Los Young Lords dirigio a la comunidad lat'lna en una marcha' '
para dera'osirar apoyo a la lucha por Indepehdencia .de los pnortorriquenos y tambien
""para"-protestar e l a.Q061na.to da Manuel-Ramos»..asesiri.?,do._en el Otono d e 1969«
La marcha empezo'en el Parque de la Gente, una. cuadra de distan'cia del Cuari^l
Naclonal de la orga n is acio'n de Los Young Lords. Como la policia estaba.,en contra
de la marcha? * -ma's de 250 policies se presentaron y con la ayuda de un "vendido"' . j-.p'
trataron de persuadir a la gente que no partioiparari.cn la marcha* Pero el; pueblo
respondio diciendo ":Q,ue vivan Los Young .Lords/," y la marcha creclo'"mas y ma's g r a n d p., .•
La policia empezo hacer su retirada, cuando la marcha se acercaba a la calle .
Division, corazon de la comunidad puertorriquena en Chicago. La gents qui en habia.
estado mirando a la policia desde sus vertanas, vajaron de sus casas y se juntaron
a la marcha. Se termino en el parque Humboldt, adonde Cha-Cha To haKlo'a la. gente
acerca de la necesidad de oue los latinos se unioran.
Esta no fue' la unica demostracion en apoyo a tod as las gentes pobres incluyendoa latinos, >rovovida por la organizacion de Los Young Lords. Hubieron nuchas mas,
tratandose de viviendas inadccuadas, brutalidad policiaca? y abuses por el Depart a•V
mento del Bienestar Publico y los hospitales.
; ,
/. 7 . ;.•',.'•'••'. '
'. • •. '•
• ;f".'.; ....
; .V-^.,,.. '•"•' '..rfi'fi.;,»,
El incidents mas rccicnte que c.c llcvo a eabo, relacicnadc con la organizacion •
de Los Young Lords, del Cuartsl Kacional en Chicago, fue el aseainato racista de
uno de sus miembros, asesinado por un grupo bianco.
•"PAMCHO"
«
» •
•
. •
'.'
.
En el domingo de abril 11 de 1971, a las clnco de la'manana, Jose Luis "Pancho"
Lind fue pror.uncia.do muerto do una severa fractura dul cranio en el hospital S t ,
Mary de Nazareth*
Acercandosc a la media noche del viernes, despues de habor visitado a farailiares en esa comunidad; Pancho, su herma.no y su curiada andaban cerca de las calles
de la narte norte de Chicago. Un grupo como de 12 blaucos se acercaron, atacandoIcs ccn bates de bcisboJ f sin rringuna razort o cause.> exeepto'el hecho de que ellos
eran puertorriquefios trigeno?, en una comunidsd rac5a.ln.ente tcneaV
Pancho estaba tendido en la cera, inconsciente, cuando la policia llego". Ccr.o
resultado de la pal is a- su herrrano tenia urr. murieca. rota y el cuerpo do su esposa
estaDa magullado. El grupo de blancos huyeron, sin stento por la. policia para cap—
turatios; ni siquiera uno fue'arrestado.
En este tiempo, su esposa estaba en la Conferencia de Mujeres en Canada'con
Los Young Lords aprendionde de las atrocidrdos y brutalidados que el gobierno Imperialista los estaba inflictnndo al pueblo Vietnamitaj- Hiorii.rar, su esposo era otra
vict.ima de la Vmita] idad en las naVlea dr> Chicago*
•
'
':''
: ;
v
'
�: •' EveHittklffienie seis personas
fueron arrestadas y detenidas por $1.5*000 dolares: . ^ v .
s:
de .lianza* Pero despues del line-up" oinco fuerc.i solt.ados por imprcpia identij |,v.""
V-:
. ficacion, El sexto tuvo una jurado en j u l i o 1 de 1971, casi tres neses despues' de*.
la ranerte de PanchO«
•'-.••
' •'
•
\
'"
'-V' ^ ' '
€
—---Ufr-efi-oia-1 ^an-el-^irado_di4_o..qi\e_.Pancho fue pfronanctad.o "Nuerto a lav llegada"
(BOA), sin embargo Paneho estuvo incapaoitado -en el hospital por un dia~.y medio," t:~'.."~
jt ;•
teniendo transfucior.es de sangre y otros
examenes.
.
.„.,.,........
-»-•, •
Pancho fue' miembro de la organizacion de los Young Lords desde los primeros ."• >..
d i a c , .tambien antes que la organizacion se convbrtiera political El activamente !,..
•soportaba.a L a Organizacion, y habia.participado or. las numorosas kctividades que
la organizacion de los Young Lords habia fomentado* Mieniras e:ca' perseguiclq ante's;;""';::
do ir e. una dempstzacioh al departamento del Bieuestar Publico, el fue arrer.tado'.
:
Vl
junto.con Jose'.-"Cha-Cha" Jimenez, y recibieron cargos do asaltds gravios en.
contra de un policia. Tar.bictn, fue' arrestado junto con nuevo Young Lords, . incluf
yendo a Cha-Cha, per cargar ura arma escov.dida, iLa arrsa? Un serxuebo mojoso* . ;
one entrada atras de una "guagua" perbeneeiento a un amigo.-carp'lrtere0 Mas tarde v,, '•'•;•; ^
los cargos'fueron retirados®
..:•''. :
• -k
•:.' J'
a POR QUE NO MPS PUEDEU PARAH?
TSrnpeza.pd o en 1959; como una. raildilla c&liejeraynnng Lords fneron re organ--,•-.-.is ad os en <969, por Jo se "Cha-Oha" Jimenez (uno do los siete originates que • emrezar- /
on la pandilla) como la organizacion de Los Young Lord*. Su proposito no era ya .
el de pelear con pandillas pero m s bien polesr por la liberacibn de tcda la gente .
pobre. La organizacion de Los Young Lords rapidamente se extendio' , foraando ramas
no solamente en Chicago (Cuartel-National de la organizacion da Los Young Lords)
pero tambien en comunidades latinas en otras "partes de los Estados Unidos; fue el
primer grupo do latinos (y el mismo tiempo jovenes) que demandieron*cambios radical-,
es en el gobierno de los Estados Unidas imperial :1st a.
El 26 de julio do 1969, un grupo en Kueva York fue oficialmente i-econocido como
la. prinera rama de la organizacion do Los Young Lords. En septiembre, bajo la dire cci err del Cuartel Kacional en Chicago y por su ejennlo, Nueva York abrio' su oficina
en una. extie nda, er.pezo un program a -de desayunos, exa minacioncs do descubri—
miento de veneno de p i c m c y obraron con los problemas de
derechos de salud.
En oetubre del mir.mo one, dos ramas mas do la orcp.Msacicn de Los Young Lords,
bajo el liderato del Cuartel Kacional en Chicago, fueron reconocidas y abiertas en
I.'uevo Jersey y California. Tarnbi.fn por coo tiempc, una rama local en Chicago Heights
fue formnda, pero a c a u s a de la repression dada per la policia local, la -rama fue
descontinuada.
•
-
.
La rama en Bronx, fue abierta en abril de 1970, otra vez bajo la conduceion de
Chicago, SiRuiendc la apertura de .la rc-ra er: 'Bronx, dor, raoao mas en California,
roconoclpndo a Chicago como on .Vlnv'nv'r.-t r.-vlor, fu^aw; ,-nrlertas: a la. t;onte» En enero
1971, 'las war, rsciente rama so abrio en el esta.do an 'Jir.oonsi:s»
'••
�m
V
o ,Wt K
-1•
Cha'^Cha sabia' que estableciendo Los Young Lords on una organizacion para uni~
icar y .guiar a-tod as las gentes opremidas en su liberacion, era conirario a este
sistema de capitalismo, y indudablemonte se proponon a dar represion. Sin embargo,
'aur.que esta represion las ha golpiado muchas veces'.'en dife rente's formas, ellos la
•Vhan blenvenido, la organizacion do Los^Yrnng Lords, fcajo el mandato de Jose "Chaper el Car3.no hacla las masas de la genie quo es superior, a la represion
sistema ha clavado score ellos»
jHos pueden encarbelar;
Kon pueden- brutali.sar,*
Hos. pueden mata.r;
Pero no. no.s pueden parar!
(Jose "Cha-Cha" Jimenez, Kinistro de a
Defensa, Organizacion de Los Young Lords)
Comite Central
Enero de 1972
m
m
m
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
BTS00060-01
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1972
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords history (Spanish), 1972
Description
An account of the resource
"Breve Historia de la Organizacion de los Young Lords." Spanish language history of the Young Lords Organization.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Depaul University Library. Special Collections and Archives
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
Community activists
Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
In Copyright
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
spa
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aca1b2879f0f4dedffb077f5b1999dd8.pdf
af31cce9dd88ef0d4223e38d92cddfd2
PDF Text
Text
A?
pUERr0
jJP
EN Ml
QPUERtEN Ml
CORAZOJI^ O
0
4
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
BTS00058-03
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Title
A name given to the resource
I Am a Revolutionary with Young Lords and Black Panther logos banner
Description
An account of the resource
Young Lords and Black Panther Party banner reading "I am a revolutionary!" and "Chairman Fred Hampton" and featuring the Black Panther and Young Lords logos.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
Community activists
Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
In Copyright
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7cef672f6257ac6496bd3a44a62e9dc9.pdf
3603cbc1012f888a99cc00d537614325
PDF Text
Text
&
EN Ml
^
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
BTS00058-02
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Title
A name given to the resource
Manuel Ramos Y Pancho Lind and Young Lords Logo banner
Description
An account of the resource
Poster reading "Manuel Ramos Y Pancho Lind" in large lettering below the Young Lords logo.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
Community activists
Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
In Copyright
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
spa
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/555700da32023d9c7f967245a437a0ff.pdf
fdd6bf25e243c1ed649b9510b04c04f7
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
BTS00058-01
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords logo poster
Description
An account of the resource
Poster featuring the Young Lords logo of a raised fist holding a rifle. The phrase "Tengo Puerto Rico en mi Corazon" is arched above the image.
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Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
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Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
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Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
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Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
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�•§m
I
ptit
•
National Headquarters
352 W i l l i s A v e .
B r o n x , New Y o r k
10454
First Printing
— p t -
Feb.
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criticisms
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W i l l be u p d a t e d and r e v i s e d
at f i r s t party conaress
J u l y 1972
All
HBimiffite
and s u g g e s t i o n s
"
welcomé
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3*-»
�THE I D E O L O G Y O F THE YOUNG LORDS PARTY
( P u e r t o Rican R e v o l u t i o n a r y
Party)
Juan Gonzalez, Minister of Defense
Juan " F i " Ortiz, Chief of Staff
Gloria Gonzalez, Field Marshal
David Perez, Field Marshal
Denise Oliver, Former M i n i s t e r of Economic Development
Pablo "Yoruba" Guzman, Minister of Information
"I have lived in the belly of the monster, I have seen its
entrails, and mine is the sling of David."
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
—
Jose Marti
1. INTRODUCTION
2
2. D E F I N I T I O N O F TERMS
3
3. ON HISTORY A N D DIALECTICS
5
by Yoruba
4. P R O T R A C T E D WAR IN PUERTO RICO
by Gloria Gonzalez
13
5. ECONOMIC A N D M I L I T A R Y STRUGGLE
by Juan Gonzalez
20
6. C O L O N I Z E D
MENTALITY
AND
NON-CONSCIOUS
IDEOLOGY
.26
by Denise Oliver
7. THE PARTY A N D THE STATE
33
by David Perez
8. THE PARTY A N D THE I N D I V I D U A L
,,,37
by Juan " F i " Ortiz
9. A N A L Y S I S OF PUERTO RICAN SOCIETY
4I
�INTRODUCTION
This is the beginning of the ideology of the Young Lords
Party. What is ideology? It is a system of ideas, of principles,
that a person or group uses to explain to them how things
operate in the world. Our ideology was developed out of the
experiences of almost two years of struggling everyday with
our people against their oppression.
The systematic ideas and principles in this pamphlet are
guiding us as to the best way to lead the liberation struggle of
the Puerto Rican nation. These are not fixed, rigid ideas, but
constantly developed as we constantly work to serve and
protect the people.
There
are
certain
principles
that
are
fixed
and
unchangeable to us, though. First, is collective leadership, not
individuua I leadership. One individual can never see the
whole of a problem. Only collectives of people, working
together, can solve problems
correctly. Second, we can
understand nothing unless we understand history. One of the
problems of the Puerto Rican and amerikkkan revolutionary
movements is that they have not done systematic, scientific
study of their history and so do not yet understand the
countries that they wish to liberate. Third, a revolutionary
must be one with the people, serving,
protecting, and
respecting the people at all times.
"Wherever a Puerto Rican is,
the duty of a Puerto Rican
is to make the revolution."
GLORIA GONZALEZ,
FIELD MARSHAL
2
�DEFINITIONS
When we begin to read and study things on revolution, on
how other people's have liberated themselves and on how we
can develop our revolution, we come across a lot of new
words we have never heard or seen before. We should learn
what the words mea n and then learn how to explain those
ideas to our brothers and sisters in ways they can understand.
Nation: A people who have had the same history, culture,
language, and usually have lived in the same territory for a
long pe riod of time.
Colony:
A
culturally,
nation
militarily
which
by
is
controlled
another
country
economically,
and
whose
government is run by that other country.
Capitalism:
A
way of running the economy of a nation,
where a few of the people in the nation own the factories,
trains, business, commerce, and the majority of the people
work
for
those owners.
The few capitalists make large
amounts of money by selling what the rest of the people
make--the products, like dresses, cars, copper, oil. This is
called profit.
Vendepatria: A sell-out. One who has sold out his or her
people for money or powar.
Contradiction: When two things are opposed to each other,
for instance, right and wrong, up and down, good and bad.
When you have a contradiction, you have a problem that has
to be solved. If someone says that the way to get to a place is
by turning right, and someone else says it's by turning left,
you can't get to that place until the contradiction is
solved-it's either right or left.
Jibaro: The mixture of mostly spanish and Taino, but also
some Blacks, who developed in the mountains and campos of
Puerto Rico mostly as small farmers and as peasants. The
language is spanish, the culture Spanish and Indian.
3
�Afro-boricua: The mixture of mostly Spanish and African
who developed in the sugar cane plantations and coasts of
Puerto Rico doing fishing, and whose ancestors were slaves.
Most Black Puerto Ricans try to call themselves mulattos
when the language is Spanish, but the culture and customs
are still mostly African, and when the racist societies of Spain
and Amerikkka still treat them as though they are inferior.
Class: The group of persons that an individual belongs to all
of whom make their living the same way. For instance,
lumpen make their living by surviving -stealing, prostitution,
dope, etc.. The workers make their living by working for
someone. The petty-bourgeois make their living by working
for themselves, the peasants make their living working on the
land for themselves or someone else. The bourgeois make
their money off the labor of everyone else. They don't work
at all.
Self-determination:
It means very
individual, every
nationality has the right to determine their own lives, their*
future, as long as they don't mess over other people. A nation
shoud be free from control by another nation.
Independence: When a nation has a government made up of
people from that country, but it is still controlled
economically, and culturally
by
another
country.
National liberation: When a country is completely free from
control by another nation. When the people are in control of
the government, economy and army.
Lombriz: A parasitic worm that produces intestinal disease,
found in tropical countries. We use this word for all the
Puerto Rican traitors, for the parasites they are.
"The price of imperialism
is lives."
JUAN QONZALIS
4
�ON HISTORY
& DIALECTICS
The Young Lords Party has always believed in the correct
studying of our history, the history of the nation. Puerto
Ricans are told
we have no
past,
not as good as the
oppressor's past. So finding out the truth is a good thing. See,
the game that the amerikkkan enemy runs is to tell us that
we ain't got no history, no roots, no tradition, no nothing. In
this way, we are made to feel as though we have just popped
up, and when we move against the enemy, we move blindly.
If we had a knowledge of history, we could study the
mistakes and successes of those who came before; instead of
starting anew, we could begin where the last generation left
off.
It is time that all Puerto Ricans get down to studying our
history. This serves three purposes:
1) We'll be able to check out what our ancestors did and
did
not
do.
Also,
we'll
get
a
sense
of
our
people's
development. In a national liberation struggle like ours, a
movement must be built that comes from the people, from
our experiences, sorrows, joys. There is a certain way to
organize the Puerto Rican nation, as opposed to say, the
Polish nation.
2) Studying history allows us to see the enemy's master
plan develop, such as the one being used to control Puerto
Ricans.
3) Finding out about our roots gives us a certain pride in
the knowledge that we have withstood oppression for so
long. We must transmit this righteous pride to all of our
people.
Let me run something down on history. In school, or in
society in general, we are taught that events in history take
place because of a few "great" individuals, like Napoleon or
George Washington (specifically, "great" white males). We
are taught that history goes in cycles, that it repeats itself.
5
�This is all jive. In the Young Lords Party, we are training
ourselves in thinking scientifically, in looking at things from
an orderly point of view to arrive at the right conclusions. All
Puerto Ricans concerned with their people must begin to see
things in a scientific way.
Scientific?: Well, we learned in school that the way a scientist
approaches a problem is by way of a thing called the
scientific method. The scientist first say, "What do I want to
get out of this thing after I understand it? Where do I want to
go? Now what would be the best way of getting through this
6
�problem and to my goal?" And then the scientist lays out
each step, one by one, until the goal is reached. This is the
way we must lay out the revolution, using our passion, our
feelings, to keep us going, step by step, until we are free.
This means that we will become something called "dialectical materialists." What does this mean?
First, take the word dialectics. Dialectics is the study of
contradictions.
What is a contradiction? We've heard about
something being contradictory, right? Like say you're having
a discussion with someone, and then they say one thing and
you say the opposite. That's a contradiction, and it must be
resolved one way or the other. The both of you could have
an argument and walk away, or a unity of thing between you
will arise. Contradictions are everywhere, even in nature. Say
you have a herd of pigs, the last herd left. Then say there are
some people who are starving , and they come across the pigs,
a decision has to be made. Thft
people or the pigs.
That's a contradiction.
A Puerto Rican in, say, high school who hears
their history teacher say "history repeats itself," will say,
" N o good, teacher. History flows, like a river, and the course
that river takes depends on how contradictions are resolved.
In other words, history is always moving ahead, teacher,
going forward, once a contradiction is dealt with (resolved).
Sometimes a contradiction is resolved in a way that it only
looks as though history repeats itself." That sister or brother
would say, "See, let's say you have a nation where most of
the people are starving, and a few people in power are eating
well. That's a contradiction. It could be resolved either by
the people rising against those in power, tike in Cuba in 1959,
or by those in power taking the country into a war against
another country, like the united states in 1941 against Japan
(sometimes the rulers of a country go to war so that the
people forget their internal problems, like their stomachs)."
This Puerto Rican would say, "That's history, that's life: you
have contradictions, they get resolved, which changes
history's course, and since there are always contradictions,
7
�there will always be new changes."
Some contradictions are the ones between machismo and
male-female liberation, or between capitalism and socialism.
The second word is materialism. This means that all of
these contradiction occur in the real world, the world we can
see around us. Many times, for example, the economic facts
of life cause other things to happen. Yet, we are taught in
school that the united states went into World War I "to make
the world safe for Democracy." This is a lie. The u.s.a. went
into World War I for the same reason it went into the
Mexican-American
invasion, Spanish-Amerikkkan
Korean and Indo-China Wars —
invasion,
economics. Wealth. As an
imperialist country, amerikkka resolves the contradiction of
constantly
needing
more wealth
to
keep
its machinery
running by going to war to rip off land (Puerto Rico from
Spain)
and to
put
people
to
work
at home.
(Defense
contracts=f actor ies=employment=products=consumers).
Scientific analysis show that it is materialism, real things, that
exist in the world. Part of dialectics is that everything has its
opposite, and the opposite of materialism is metaphysics,
idealism. Idealism is ideas that have nothing to do with
reality. It's like saying that the reason why flowers grow is
because of magic, or why people are here is because man was
made from dirt, and woman came from man's rib. The reason
why flowers grow or why people are here is because of
certain
scientific
laws of
nature. That
is real. That
is
materialism.
With this kind of thinking in mind we can now briefly
cover Puerto Rican and Black history. Why? Well, there are
contradictions between people and the enemy; these are
natural contradictions since it is the enemy that enslaves us.
Contradictions with the enemy are antagonistic, non-friendly.
These differences are resolved ultimately through war. Then
there are contradictions among the people. We have been
divided and conquered by the enemy in hundreds of ways housewives
against
against
women,
unionized
prostitutes,
Puerto
workers
Ricans
against
young
against
non-union
8
against old,
men
Afro-Americans,
workers,
workers
�against drug addicts, families against other families, one ar
rabale against another. These contradictions should be kept
non-antagonistic and settled among ourselves, as friends so
we can unite against the enemy.
So, in studying Black and Puerto Rican history, we look
at the history of the contradictions between Blacks and
Puerto Ricans as differences among brothers and sisters
oppressed by the yankee.
"We wasn't thinking
about the other guys
being Puerto Ricans
•••iff he was your enemy,
you kill him."
CEORCIE
We studied the history of Puerto Ricans. First, we saw
that the u.s.a. took control of Puerto Rico because they were
preparing a "safety valve" country in case the "Black
Problem" got too heavy. In case Afro-Americans increased
their efforts to remove their chains, the u.s. intended to ship
the Black people to Puerto Rico, the Phillipines, and Hawaii.
The gringo came claiming to be liberators from Spain, and
our people couldn't even understand the lies since they were
made in english. We were ruled by interpreters. By changing
the currency of Puerto Rico to u.s. dollars, one unit of the
old currency was now worth 60 cents amerikkkan. Then a
hurricane wiped out the coffee crop (the only crop), and this,
combined with the currency devaluation drove people
bankrupt overnight. A severe depression set in. The u.s.
self-proclaimed liberators of the island, sent aid to Puerto
Rico that amounted to about 8 cents a person. Dig that.
Already the Yankees had a master plan — First, to take
military control; then, to make Puerto Ricans citizens; then
change the colony to a dominion status, like Canada; then
make it a state. This plan was made in the early 1900s and
the enemy is right on schedule.
The governors amerikkka picked to rule over us weren't
exactly gems, either. They were perverts and lames. Not one
knew a thing about diplomacy, shown in how they
9
�constantly said openly racist stuff, or got caught either
embezzling or having late-night sessions with ambassador's
wives. We studied how Munoz Marin weasled his way into
power, running an independence line here, a commonwealth
line there. Most important we saw Iombriz Ferre's scheme for
getting Puerto Rico to be a state:
1) Before the '72 elections, he was gonna ask Nixon to
set up a commission to see if Puerto Rico could vote for u.s.
president. (The commission has already been set up). A
referendum would be called for the people.
2) They are then gonna ask that the resident
commissioner who now sits and watches what happens in the
amerikkkan House of Representatives, be doubled (another
resident commissioner) and the both of them would be given
the right to vote.
3) Ferre runs for governor again in 1972 on a maintain
the commonwealth line.
4)
After
Ferre
wins,
after
there
are
two
resident
commissioners in the house of representatives, and after the
island is given the presedential vote (so that Puerto Rico can
vote for Nixon in 1972) Ferre puts out the referendum to
make Puerto Rico a state.
Ironically,
the
u.s.
congress
may
be most
strongly
opposed to this. A lot of those red-necks wouldn't want no
"spanish-speaking
fornicating,
colored,
poor,
rum-drinking,
illiterate,
welfaring,
nasty,
smelly
stupid,
lazy,
troublesome spies" to be a state.
Next,
it
is
important
to
study
the
history
of
Afro-American people. Many people think that Puerto Rican
history is like one circle sitting by itself on one side, and
Afro-American history is a circle sitting by itself on another
side. Actually, the two circles are linked together. To study
Black history is to complete the study of Puerto Rican
history,
and vice-versa. African people were brought, in
chains, to the americas, and the resistance started from day
one. The ships brought Africans to Hispanola, Cuba, Jamaica,
Brazil, Puerto Rico, etc. Moving through history, we see how
many
of
the organizations and tendencies of the Black
movement in Amerikkka are definite outgrowths of history
as are all people's movements.
10
�The Young Lords Party recognizes Black people in the
united states as the leaders of that country's revolution, since
they have been the most oppressed people in that empire's
history. INio other people in amerikkka were ripped off from
11
�their country and brought here as slaves. For 400 years, the
only change in Black people's conditions was that the visible
chains were removed and non-visible ones put on —
segregated
schools,
ghettoes,
police
aggression,
like
or
mind-bending chains like "No niggers allowed" signs. One of
our
most
important
allies in the fight for the national
liberation of Puerto Rico, will be Afro-Americans, and we
must eliminate the racism that divides us now, or else all of
us be killed off separately.
Let us look at the history of the revolutionary struggle in
the united states. For example, most of us never were taught
in school the true history of that empire, how it expanded
from a rebellious little colony of England to destroy a whole
people, the Native American, how it committed genocide
against the Hawaiian people, how it conquered and exploited
the Filipino people, how it forced large numbers of Chinese,
Mexicans, and Japanese to leave their countries to come to
the u.s. like Puerto Ricans did, looking for jobs, how it
massacred large numbers of poor European immigrants who
rebelled against the conditions they were forced to work in.
Most of us were never taught in school about a righteous
white workers' movement of the early 1900's called the
International Workers' of the World (IWW) or the Wobblies.
These were some revolutionary people. In the early 1900s
amerikkka was uptight. It may seem shocking to us now with
the hardhats walking around, but these white workers were
revolutionary. And the IWW was the leadership of their
struggle. One leader of that movement was Elizabeth Gurley
Flynn who was a leader of a general strike of 25,000 workers
in Patterson, New Jersey. What happened to this progressive
movement was the sell-out political parties, like the socialist
party, and the enemy's tricks like World War I, and their
final tool - repression, the jailing and killing of many leaders.
We must study white amerikkka's background to see how
the monster developed, then we can begin to move in the
manner which Jose Marti 19th century Cuban Revolutionary,
described, "I have lived in the monster, and know its entrails
(insides), and mine is the sling of David."
*
12
�PROTRACTED
WAR IN
PUERTO RICO
The concept of Protracted War best describes the history
of the Puerto Rican people. For many centuries our people
have been invaded by one nation or another. Two oppressors
were successful, the spaniards in 1493, and the yankees in
1898.
When a country is invaded by another, it becomes a
colony, slave, of the occupier, and that control stops the
normal development of the people.
In Boriquen, the Taino nation had its own economic,
social and political structure, and was developing in its own
way. When these people came they used the riches of the
island to aid Spain's development and destroy the Tainos.
The Taino people rose up against the enemy. The war did
not last long, because the Spaniards, with their plunder of the
rest of
Latin America, had more power and arms. Many
Tainos died, some because of diseases the Spaniards had
brought,
others through
the war, and the rest fled to
the mountains to avoid slavery.
Then the Spaniards had the problem of who would be
their
slaves. Beginning
in the 1500s, they showed how
barbaric and criminal they were. They began to ravage the
African lands, kidnapping our Yoruba brothers and sisters to
serve as slaves. By the 1600s there had been four slave
revolts. We were once again defeated, but they did not
destroy us, as is shown through the
influence of African
culture in Puerto Rico.
Out
of
these temporary defeats, our people became
stronger, and by the 1800s, the Puerto Rican nation, as we
know
it today,
was formed,
13
of
the mixture of Taino,
�Yoruban, and Spanish, of the most exploited by those in
power of men and women more determined than ever to be
free.
Among
the
many
freedom
fighters
were
Ramon
Emeterio Betances, Maria Bacetti, and Segundo Ruis Belvis.
These were the ones who toward 1868 raised the cry for
liberation on September 23, in Lares. Eventhough we were
defeated again, Betances knew what a protracted war was and
he said, "Men and women pass, but principles continue on
and eventually triumph." And so our struggle for liberation
continued.
In 1898, the Spaniards had war declared on them by the
united states and were quickly defeated. As a result, Puerto
Rico passed from one slavery into another. Now the invaders
were Yankees, and on July 25, 1898, 18,000 amerikkkan
troops landed at Guanica.
This new invader would be the most criminal and vicious
that has touched our land, and with the new invasion began
the new war of liberation.
The principles established by the Taino nation, by the
African people, and then by the revolution of Lares were
advanced
by
the Nationalist Party, which in the 1930s
proved to the Yankees that our people have never been
docile.
During
this
time
our
people
suffered
from
unbelieveable hunger and misery-that was the "democracy"
the Yankees brought to us.
The Nationalist Party, under the leadership of Don Pedro
Albizu Campos, became the defenders of the people. In
1936, the amerikkkans arrested Don Pedro and the rest of
the leadership of the party, because they were considered a
threat to their plans. It was during this period that occurred
what we have come to know as the Ponce Massacre. On
March
21,
1937,
the
Nationalist
Party
organized
a
demonstration in Ponce. The day was the anniversary of the
abolition
of
slavery
in the era of
the Spaniards.
The
demonstration was to let the Yankees know that our people
would not tolerate either political prisoners or continued
occupation.
Throughout this period the amerikkans had one of their
own as governor. At the time the criminal was called Blanton
14
�Winship, and he, along with the lombrice, Corsado, gave the
order
to
assassinate the nationalists;
200
persons were
wounded and 22 killed- With this act the united states
declared war on the Puerto Rican nation. The enemies of our
people
continued
their
brutal
attacks,
arresting
2,000
persons and sentencing many to 400 years of prison after the
revolt of Jayuya in 1950. All of this had one sole aim- to end
the operation of all the just struggle for liberty because we
were receiving international support.
In addition
to all of this, the yankees began operation
"co-option." That is, they looked for sellout traitors, and
during
this
period
they
began
to
heavily
support
the
electoral parties, especially the Popular Party led by traitor
Munoz Marin.
The combination of the repression of the Nationalist
Party and the lies of the Popular Party created a lot of
confusion among the people. Another important factor was
"If our people fight
one tribe at a time,
all will be killed.
They can cut off our
fingers one by one,
but if we join
together we'll make
a powerful fist."
LITTLE TURTLE, MASTER GENERAL OF THE
MIAMI INDIANS, 1791
that the Yankees tried to weaken us by dividing the people
through "Operation Bootstrap," and they moved 1/3 of the
Puerto Ricans to the united states, but our struggle
continued.
15
�It's true that they weakened us when they took away our
revolutionary leadership, but what they did not understand
was that it is impossible to stop a liberation struggle.
Once again, in the united states, we rose up in the belly
of the monster. In 1965, we rebelled, together with Black
people
in Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and in New
Jersey; wherever there were boricuas, the cry of liberty was
heard.
Out of those rebellions, developed the Young
Lords
Organization in Chicago, in 1969. With the example of the
Afro-american people, who throughout their prolonged war
inside the united states, raised consciousness among Puerto
Ricans, and with the principles and examples of Don Pedro,
Lolita Lebron, Dona Blanca Canales, the Y L O began to
organize the Puerto Ricans in Chicago . Meanwhile, in New
York arose a group, the Society of Albizu Campos, young
students and lumpen (lumpen are the class in our
nation
which for years and years have not been able to find jobs,
and are forced to be drug addicts, prostitutes, etc.), all of
whom had the same sole objective, the liberation of Puerto
Rico on the island and inside the united states.
The Young Lords of Chicago united with the Society of
Albizu Campos to create the national organization. With a 13
Point Program the organization began to serve and protect
the people, with free breakfast programs, free health and
clothing programs , and with the taking of the People's
Church, where the organization was recognized as a group
with support from the community .
Each day the organization won more support, but it
found itself with many problems. Because of its oppression,
the Chicago group did not understand the necessity for
discipline and political education, which is needed to achieve
our liberation, and was not able to further the struggle. In
New
York,
was the
Eastern
region with a much more
disciplined and developed leadership, which was anxious to
advance the struggle. We split with Chicago and formed the
Young Lords Party. With three bases in El Barrio, another in
New Jersey, and another in the South Bronx, the Party began
to analyze Puerto Rican society, and we soon realized that
16
�2/3 of our people, almost wholly unknown to us, lived on the
island.
The analysis of Puerto Rican society made it clear that
our nation is composed of distinct classes and social groups
and with this understanding we began to formalize ideas to
bring
the
Party
to
all
sectors of
our
people.
Always
remembering that we are a revolutionary party whose goal is
complete national liberation, and about the job of uniting
that nation.
In August, 1970, two leaders of the Party, Juan Gonzalez
and Juan Fi Ortiz, made the first official Party visit to the
island. From that trip we analyzed a number of things.
For example, we saw that the struggle in the united states
was much more advanced since the conditions in the u.s.--the
racism, the oppression was much clearer; hunger and
oppression expose quickly the lies of the amerikkkan dream.
Although it's true that there were other established
independence groups, the Movement for Puerto Rican
Independence,
founded
in
1959, the Puerto
Rican
Independence Party, founded in 1947, the origin of these
groups was either from the petty or upper bourgeoisie (the
middle and upper classes). Also, they were either social
movements or electoral parties. As the years have passed.
17
�these organizations have raised the consciousness of the
people, especially MPI, but for our revolution to succeed it's
clear that we need more revolutionary leadership. With this in
mind, we began the preparations for the move to the island,
this being the best way to unite the 1/3 of our people on the
island and the 2/3 in the u.s.
The Yankees have divided and weakened us in many
ways--the analysis of
Puerto
Rican society
helps us to
understand the divisions. First, we have to unite the two
most oppressed classes, the lumpens and the workers, and
also the two social groups in which our people are divided,
the most oppressed Afro-Puerto Ricans and the jibaros. This
is not to say that we won't also unite the petty-bourgeoisie
and the students. As we have seen, with a little education,
they will come in large numbers to follow the lead of the
people and will take part in the revolution.
Taking into account our origin in the u.s., we began to
analyze the 2/3 in Puerto Rico.
In the northeast of the island, are the towns of Loiza
Aldea,
Fajardo, Rio Grande, Canovanas:
it was to these
towns that the Spaniards brought the African slaves, and to
this
day
these
population,
towns,
with
are Afro-Puerto
one
third
of
the
island's
Ricans, victims not only of
exploitation, but of racism.
Carolina is one of the most industrialized towns where
the Yankees have built many factories, and the people are all
workers.
In this area are the big arrabales (slums), like El Cano, in
Santurce,
Barrio Obrero,
Martin
Pena, Catano,
and the
housing projects like Lloren Torres where 26,000 people live,
and communities with large lumpen populations, like La
Perla, in San Juan.
With this, we have briefly described the north of the
island,
The
second
area
of
major
importance
is the
center- Lares, Adjuntas, Jayuya, and the south, Ponce, Cabo
Rojo, Salinas, and Guanica. The social group of the center is
what by the 18th century received the name Jibaro. The
jibaro of that period was humble and illiterate because of
their exploitation, very superstitious, and always ready to
18
�defend their honor.
It was rare when the jibaro or jibara visited the town.
Their calendar was the many hurricanes that passed over the
land. The Jibaro of today continues to be illiterate, not so
superstitious, and now not only visists but lives in the big
towns, now that the Yankees have forced them to leave their
lands, turning them into tomato pickers in New Jersey or
dishwashers in New Y ork. The jibara, who once had her herd
of pigs, her house in the mountains, now is a worker in a
factory
making
a
miserable
amount,
while
producing
brassieres. It's obvious why this group, a large part of our
population,
will
give
strength
to
the
revolutionary
movement.Our job is immense. We have called it the Chains
Off
Offensive
nation,
(Ofensiva
Rompecadenas). To reunite our
we began with a demonstration on the 21st of
March, the 34th anniversary of the Ponce Massacre. Together
with our revolutionary example , the Nationalist Party, we
raised once again the cry of liberty in Puerto Rico.
T H M ^ r e many reasons why we chose Poi;
the secoraMjest city on the island, n e ^ d t f P ^ T u a n . The
place where u ^ Q ^ b j o was b o r n ^ ^ t i p M v n e r e the Yankees
have
establishec^^kMfPj^'plants,
unemploymen^^gfPlM^^^^ave
although
the
all sectors of our
s o c i e t y l ^ j ^ ^ ^ P i h e lumpensara^taM&ers
and also the
d j | j | ^ ^ ^ r o c i a i groups, Afro -Puerto R ^ l p f c and jibaros.
unified can we break the chains of slavery.
For the Puerto Rican nation this is another stage in our
protracted war for liberation. To achieve our liberation we
need a revolutionary Party, representative of all the people
with one sole objective, national liberation.
In that way we will give our largest contribution to the
other oppressed people's of the world, as the people of
Vietnam have done for us.
Liberate Puerto Rico n o w !
Venteremos!
19
�ECONOMIC
AND MILITARY
STRUGGLE
On the television, in newspapers, wherever Puerto Ricans
go, they tell us that money is the key to a good life, that if
you work hard you'll make enough money.
But who tells us that money is the key —
the ones who
have the money, who own the televisions, the factories,
azucareras, the refineries, the hotels, the restaurants, the
hospitals, and even own the government. We work and sweat
for $50, $70, $100 a week. We work and the companies
grow, and the bosses get richer, and we stay the same. And
whatever we produce the owners sell for a lot more^poney,
that's their profit, for doing nothing. We, the people, work
and they, the capitalists, profit.
We
must
begin to
demand that all the money and
factories made from our sweat and blood be returned to us.
We know that this is the only system where a woman can
work nine hours in a factory, produce dozens of dresses in
one day and not go home with enough money to buy herseff
a dress. That's why many of us hate our bosses, and we
should —
they are robbing us. That's why many of us would
like to, and do, steal the bosses' products, because they
belong to us.
If we study history, if we talk to our parents, we will see
that things were not always this way.
Capitalism is just one phase of the human race. It has
existed since the late 1700s, but the human race is probably
25,000 years old. The whole history of human beings is the
story of our trying to develop our ability to survive, to have
food, clothing, shelter, and mental satisfaction. We used our
hands, feet, and brains to increase our power to survive, to
20
�produce out of nature, what we needed. First we traveled in
tribes looking for food. Little by little we settled in one
place, the men hunting and the women bearing children and
planting food. As agriculture became more developed, not
everyone was needed to look for food, so some people could
do other things. Some farmed, others made clothing, or tools,
or built homes, and little by little cities developed. Then,
some began to become more wealthy than others and soon
enslaved others to work for them —
like the Pharoahs of
Egypt, the Emperors of Japan, or the Aztecs of Mexico.
Then came the period of feudalism, when there was no
slavery but people were serfs, worked on the land of one rich
prince or another. All these periods did not come at the same
time all over the earth. Some areas, like the African nations
of Mali, Songhay, or the Biblical kingdoms of Mesopotamia,
developed faster, or at different times. Then came the period
of capitalism and of nations with a state and a regular army,
both working under the employ of the capitalists, who began
to buy and sell politicians like they bought and sold goods. In
the 1800s revolutions in France and all of Europe brought
the rising young businessmen to power against the feudal
Kings and Queens. Why was it that Europe, a backward and
barbarian country in the year 1300, rose to conquer the
world by the year 1900 is hard to say. Maybe it was because
Europe was sitting on much of the iron needed to build
factories and had many rivers needed for steam and electric
power to run those factories With that iron they built the
guns that conquered the rest of the world in a few hundred
years.
As capitalism developed, there was competition between
them to control the wealth; the little ones were cheated,
killed, outcompeted by the big ones, who then began to look
to other countries in the world where they could make
money. They looked to Latin America, Asia, and Africa,
trying to find natural resources, cheap labor, and more
consumers. We call this, when one nation oppresses another
nation, Imperialism.
In the 1930s came the world-wide depression. Millions of
21
�people were out of jobs — capitalism had collapsed because
of its own faults. In Puerto Rico, the depression meant
complete hunger and misery. The old type of competitive
democratic capitalism had failed. A new type of capitalism
was suggested by one of their own politicians, named Adolf
Hitler. He put forth fascism, open dictatorship and genocide
as a solution to the problem. Meanwhile, Roosevelt in north
amerikkka put forth the "welfare state", the government
controlling things peacefully for the welfare of the
businessman. We call this monopoly capitalism. Rexford
Tugwell was Roosevelt's lacky in Puerto Rico and he together
with lombriz Munoz Marin developed Operation Bootstrap,
the welfare state idea for Puerto Rico.
Roosevelt was a left-wing capitalist and Hitler a
right-winger. These divisions still exist. Nixon, Reagan (the
governor of California) and Ferre are right-wing and Lindsay
(the mayor of New York City), Kennedy, and Munoz Marin
are left-wingers. Both are enemies of the peoples.
World War 11 was a war between left-wing and right-wing
capitalists. But the ones who fought the war are the ones who
always fight the wars, the poor and oppressed people. The
capitalist and generals always stay far away from their own
wars. While the u.s. and its allies fought Germany, in Asia,
and China, which had been long exploited, was fighting the
Japanese fascists. Twenty million Chinese were killed by the
Japanese but China liberated itself and in 1949 emerged as a
socialist country with 1/4 of the world's population. Since
then Korea, Vietnam, Cuba have also become socialist, and
little by little capitalism is dying. Chile and Guinea-Bissau
and other countries are not far behind.
We must begin to study economics. We must begin to
learn how the yankees invaded Puerto Rico destroyed our
economy and rebuilt another to meet their needs.
The main capitalist countries are the united states,
england, france, germany, japan. They are surrounded by the
2/3 of the world which is starving, homeless, and angry. The
europeans and yankees are like one big city and the Third
World is the countryside. They must fight genocidal wars in
22
�the countryside as well as fight against their own internal
enemies.
The first front is Indo-China.
The second front is Palestine.
Where will the third front be? Puerto Rico? Black
America? Brazil? India? Meanwhile, these wars are destroying
northamerikkka internally. A recession in the u.s., Puerto
Rico, and the world is leaving hundreds of thousands out of
jobs. Layoffs in New Jersey factories, Fajardo sugar centrales,
Mayaguez refineries, the New York garment center, general
23
�motors plants, and the California aviation industry. For the
first time since the depression, workers are looking to
revolutionaries for the solution to their problems.
This is just a summary, but it shows that we have much
to study in economics and world politics. If we are to liberate
Puerto Rico and control our own destiny, we must study
how we have been enslaved and how we will release the
power of the people, through socialist revolution.
The amerikkkans tell us we can't exist without them. But
Albania, Israel, Switzerland, are all countries with similar
populations and area and they exist well. They tell us we
have no
natural
resources, but
they
try to steal
$3,000,000,000 of copper from the island's center. Another
deposit of $2,000,000,000 worth of nickel was found in
Mayaguez, and they are looking for oil in the off-shore areas.
They tell us we have no food but before they came we grew
our own food and ate decently and we fished in our own
waters. Now we eat only canned foods and New England
codfish. Yes, we can and will be free from the Yankee.
MILITARY
People ask how can Puerto Ricans, 2,700,000 on the
island and 1,500,000 in the united states, possibly hope to
fight
a
war
of
liberation
against
the
united
states,
200,000,000 strong and the most advanced country in the
world? Our island is 100 miles by 35 miles. The united states
is 3,000 miles by 1,000 miles. The u.s. is thousands of times
bigger.
First,
the Young Lords Party and the Puerto Rioan
people do not want war. We would prefer peaceful liberation.
We would prefer that the yankees left Puerto Rico and gave
us self-determination in the u.s.a. peacefully. But they refuse.
Instead, they cover 14% of our land with military bases and
bombard our islands of Culebras and Vieques. So we have no
choice but to fight for liberation. The other choice is the
slow destruction of the Puerto Rican nation into the 51st
state.
24
�If they want war, we will fight it on our terms. That
means first that the liberation war for Puerto Rico will not
just be fought on the island but also in the u.s.a. Since there
are Puerto RI cans in every state of the u.s.a. forced to leave
their homes by the yankee, we will fight wherever we are,
because the enemy is the same, from Humacao to Aguadilla,
from Florida to Seattle.
If there are less than 5,000,000 of us, we will show the
strength there is in unity. Since we have lived and developed
close together for 500 years we are more unified as a people.
If they forced us to work in their factories, we will fight in
their factories. If they filled our land with military bases, we
will fight on their bases. If they herded 1,000,000 of us into
their most important city, New York, then we will fight in
that city. If they use us to slave in migrant camps and
factories throughout their east coast, then we will wage war
on that coast. If they stuck us in barrios isolated and
oppressed, we will take control of these communities. If they
have bombers, missiles, modern weapons, and a regular army,
then we will fight guerilla warfare, with few weapons, gotten
from them, but using creativity and our own resources. If we
are a few and they are many, then we will fight a protracted
war, eating them away little by little, one by one, until they
either withdraw or are crushed.
We will always be on the initiative, always fighting to
win. We have the moral superiority because our people fight
for freedom, for their homes, and loved ones, while the
enemy fights for money.
We only attack when we know we'll win. The enemy
attacks whenever he can, and many times loses. Our army
will be made up of free, thinking, men, women, and children
—
a true People's Army. Their reactionary army is made up
of mostly racist, robot-like men.
If the u.s. appears strong, it is just a trick. Thirty million
Black people, 20,000,000 Chicanos and Chicanas, 500,000
Hawaiians, 500,000 Chinese Americans, 250,000 Japanese
Americans, and 700,000 Native Americans and millions of
young and poor white people fight with us. The u.s. is really
very weak.
25
�In the rest of the world, with Indo-China, Palestine, and
Latin America rising up for freedom the amerikkkan army is
weak and overextended.
With socialist countries like China, the Soviet Union,
Cuba, and Korea, watching it, u.s. imperialism can't do
whatever it wants.
So we are sure to win if we maintain
unity and strength, and if we remember that combined with
our fighting is the constant education and mobilizing of
lumpen, workers, and students.
Guerrilla War, People's War, Protracted War, is the key to
an
underdeveloped
people
defeating
a
larger,
more
technologically advanced people.
COLONIZED
MENTALITY &
We are all fighting against an enemy, the Yankee and the
Puerto Rican lombrices. The one major thing that holds us
back in our fight to liberate Puerto Ricans and all oppressed
people is a lack of unity. If we are not united, like a fist, we
are weaker in our battle. In unity there is strength, and a
nation divided is a weak nation. We have been divided
geographically, with one third of the nation on the mainland
and two thirds on the island. To be stronger we must unite.
But even this unification will not be enough if we still fight
against each other. One of the problems that we face is the
fact that we have been taught to fight against each other.
Capitalism is a system that forces us to climb over our
brothers and sisters' backs to get to the top. It is like a race,
in which the prize is survival, with 500 people in it, and only
one person is the winner —
the one who gets to the finish
line first, the losers all starve to death. The prize money
which is equal to life: We fight against each other to live, and
we are divided into groups that fight against each other.
These groups are formed out of artificial divisions of race and
26
�NONCONSCIOUS
IDEOLOGY
sex, and social groupings. The struggle between men and
women, the struggle between lumpens and workers are all
contradictions among the people. Contradictions among the
people must be erased in order to form a solid fist, a fighting
force to destroy the enemy.
Many
of
these divisions that exist are a result
of
colonization. Puerto Ricans are a colonized people. As a
result
of
generations,
the
oppression
first
under
suffered
Spain
for
and
generations
then
under
and
the
amerikkkans we all develop a "colonized mentality". The
colonizers divide us up, teach us to think we are inferior, and
teach us to fight against each other, because as long as we
fight against each other we won't deal with our real problems
—
slavery, hunger, and misery. We are brainwashed by the
newspapers we
read, the
books
they
write for us, the
television, the radio, the schools, and the church, that we
don't know what our real thoughts are anymore. We are
afraid to be leaders, because we are taught to be followers.
We have been told that we are docile so long, that we have
forgotten that we have always been fighters. We are afraid to
speak in public because we have been taught not to speak
out. We are told that we cannot exist without amerikkkans in
Puerto Rico, and we believe it, even though we know that
our nation existed for hundreds of years without them. All of
this brainwashing, this "colonized mentality" holds us back
from our liberation. If you take 10 rats and lock them up in a
cage which is only big enough for 5 rats, some of them will
kill each other and some of them will go insane, just as we
kill each other in the streets for five dollars, or in a stupid
argument, and just as we
27
go insane and turn to drugs to
�cover up the ugly reality of our lives.
We can only unchain our minds from this colonized
mentality
if
we learn our
true history, understand our
culture, and work towards unity.
This colonization is responsible for the racism that exists
in our nation. We do not see it all the time, and most Puerto
Ricans believe that we don't have any racism. Most people
will tell you "we are all Puerto Ricans, we are all different
colors, none of us are black or white, we are just Puerto
Ricans." But that doesn't mean that racism doesn't exist. It is
so deep that we just don't see it anymore. The darker
members of every Puerto Rican family have felt it all their
lives. We have been so brainwashed that it has become
unconscious.
The
Young
Lords
Party
calls
this
"non-conscious ideology." We believe that Black is bad and
ugly and dirty, that kinky hair is "pelo malo," we call Black
Puerto Ricans names like prieto, moulleto, and cocolo. We
are not proud that our ancestors were slaves so many ot us
say we are "spanish" or "castillians." Our birth certificate
says white even if the reality when we look in the mirror is
very dark.
T h e
Spanish
treated
the slaves as
if
they were animals, and none of us want to believe that
our
ancestors
were
animals,
so
we "non-consciously" reject the Blackness we are all a part
of. All Puerto Ricans have a Black heritage, in our culture, in
the way Spanish is spoken, in the blood which flows through
our veins. Having slaves for ancestors is not something to be
ashamed of;
one should
be proud
to know that one's
ancestors were strong enough to live through the horrors of
slavery, strong because of the rich and beautiful history of
Africa. We are taught that Africans were savages, and this
makes us non-consciously ashamed of our past. We must
study true African history, of the civilizations of Mali and
Songhay, for this history is part of our history. The Young
Lords Party is a Party of Afro-Americans and Puerto Ricans.
Both have the same roots in the past, similar culture and the
same types of "colonized mentality." Because of the Black
Power and Black Pride movement inside of the united states,
American Blacks are now able to hold their heads up high
28
�"The chains that
have been taken
off slaves' bodies
are put back on
their minds."
DAVID PEREZ
and be proud of their past. It is necessary that we understand
and study Puerto Rican history, much of which is African
history so that we can move on ridding ourselves of the
barriers that exist between Afro-boricua and jibaro.
We should not be afraid to criticize ourselves about
racism. We are all racists, not because we want to be, but
because we are taught to be that way, to keep us divided,
because it benefits the capitalist system. And this applies to
racism towards Asians, other Brown people, and towards
white
people.
White
people
are not
thè oppressor
—
capitalists are. We will never have socialism until we are free
of these chains on our mind.
The other way in which "non-conscious ideology" divides
I our people is through machismo, or male chauvinism. We
have said for a long time that sisters and brothers should be
equal in the struggle, that men and women should work
together and that Puerto Rican men should not oppress their
wives, mothers, and daughters anymore. When we said that
machismo is fascism, we were saying something that was true,
but we couldn't understand the reasons why men became
uptight when they were accused of machismo. Brothers could
not understand why some of the ways that they treat sisters
are wrong. Brothers did not know how to act differently than
their fathers and grandfathers have always acted toward
women. Is it all right to rap to a sister? Should I give a
woman a complement? Is it machismo if I want to protect a
woman? Because we did not understand why there is this
division we could not explain well enough, all we could say
was machismo was bad, male chauvinism is wrong, you are
oppressing your sisters.
29
�On the other hand, we criticize sisters for being passive
and docile. We want women to become leaders, to speak out
in public, to stop being shy end timid, to learn to be strong.
We tell sisters to change, the way our mothers have taught us
to be, the way our mothers mothers' have always been. And
again, we did not completely understand why our sisters had
difficulty
in understanding what passivity is, and how to
change. Sisters still volunteered to cook and sew, to take care
of children. Sisters still felt more comfortable letting the men
Palestinian Women's Militia
Jordan, July 1970
be the leaders. Sisters don't like other women to be leaders
either. We did not understand why women constantly get
into arguments with each other. When a woman is strong and
a leader she is considered to ba a "bitch." When a man is
30
�strong he is a "good leader." But why?
We have realized that the division of the sexes between
male and female have existed for such a long time, that all
societies have accepted the "fact" that there is a difference
between men and women. We know that the only differences
are biological —
women have a womb and ovaries and they
make eggs, and men manufacture sperm.
All societies developed around the first oppression; man
used woman as a worker, to reproduce, to make babies, while
men were free to do other things. This ideology of a division
of the sexes is called "sexism," just like the ideology of the
division
of
the
"non-conscious
women produce
is
called
ideologies."
races
From
"racism."
the
Both
simple
are
fact that
babies and men didn't, developed all sorts
of ideas that women were a certain type of human and men
another type of human.
What is a man? What is a woman? "Non-consciously" we
believe a man is strong, aggressive, hairy, bad, decisive, hard,
cold,
weak,
firm,
intelligent.
timid,
smooth,
"Non-consciously"
soft-spoken,
a woman
scatter-brained,
is
soft,
warm, dumb, and loving. Both of these sets of descriptions
are a result of the way we have trained "non-consciously."
From the time a baby is born it is taught by its parents and
by society to be a "man" or a "woman." If it grew up alone,
with no outside influences what would its personality be
like? Just because it has a womb, would it be weak? If it had
a penis, would it be aggressive and strong? No. These traits of
personality are part of the way we are taught to be.
A little boy wears blue. A little girl wears pink. A little
boy is given trains, trucks, toy soldiers and baseball bats to
play with. Little girls get dolls and suzie homemaker sets.
Little boys wear dungarees and can play rough and get dirty.
Little girls wear dresses and stay at home near their mothers
to play and watch them cook. When a little boy talks about
what he wants to be when he grows up he dreams of being a
fireman, a doctor, a lawyer, a cabdriver, a revolutionary. A
little girl can dream, but everyone knows what she will be
a
mother,
a
housewife.Anything
else
is
strange
—
and
temporary. Any other job she has must be something for her
to do part-time until she can quit and stay home. If she has
31
�to work she then has two jobs —
the main one is the home.
Women cannot exist in this society without a "man to
protect them." Women who have no men are forced to make
it in a world that doesn't accept them. Welfare mothers are
women with no men. Women compete against each other to
"get a man." So we don't just have division between men and
women, sexism divides women against each other.
By the time a baby is six months old it has already been
treated differently if it is a boy than if it is a girl, and acts
and responds differently. Baby boys are more active. Baby
girls cry more.
Because Puerto Rican society is structured in a sexist
way, it is very difficult to fight against things that we are not
aware of. If we want to change this society and develop a
new one that no longer oppresses anyone we must try to
eliminate the sexism that we "non-consciously" retain in our
minds. We must become instead of men and women —
new
humans, revolutionary people.
Men should learn to cook, to care for children, to be
open to cry and show emotions because these are all good
things —
needed to build a new society. Women must learn
to be leaders, to speak out, to use tools and weapons, because
our army must be made up of brothers and sisters. One of the
ways that brothers can figure out if they are oppressing
sisters is to ask themselves if they would treat another
brother the same way. If you lived with another brother,
would he always cook the meals and do the housework. If
you lived with another brother and friends came over would
you do all the talking? Sisters can judge their passivity the
same way. How would you repair machines if there were no
men around? Who would protect you if you were attacked?
We must think about all the ways we have been brainwashed
un consciously and fight against it. It is a hard struggle,
because everything around us is sexist —
the books we read,
the t.v. shows we watch, the institutions of our society. We
will never«be free until we have broken all the chains of our
"non-consciously ideology" and our colonized mentalities.
32
�THE PARTY &
THE STATE
We are a colony of the yankee. We have been kicked and
pushed around, and forced to work for the lowest wages
while we do the hardest work. All major decisions that
concern Puerto Rico and our people are made by racists in
Washington,
by crooked
politicians who
represent their
bosses, the capitalists that own the factories and tourist trade
of the island. One third of our people were conned into
coming to the united states so that they could divide and
control us better. We are programmed or mis-educated to do
whatever the yankees desire. If they say Puerto Rico should
be a state, we are Supposed to bow our heads down like good
Puerto Ricans or spies and agree.
We are allowed the privilege to vote for some of our own
oppressors like badillo or hernandez-colon. Soon they think
they will give Puerto Ricans the "privilege" to vote for the
pig president of the united states. By keeping us from coming
together they have been able to remain in control. Whenever
we make attempts to liberate our people, they use whatever
force they have available to prevent it from happening. When
the Nationalist Party was becoming successful in educating
the people, they were crushed, by having their leadership
jailed and assassinated, and they succeeded in terrorizing the
people.
Now the Young Lords Party is becoming the force to
organize the nation for a struggle for national liberation, a
struggle where the whole people will be organized to fight
against the colonizer. We are the Party which through our
practice, has raised the consciousness of Puerto Ricans in the
u.s. to the point that "Viva Puerto Rico Libre" has become a
household word and "Power to the People" is replacing the
unhappy good-byes. We have come to understand that
without a revolutionary Party based on scientific analysis,
33
�we will not be able to gain our national liberation. A Party is
necessary because there has to be a leading body to give
direction.
The
revolution
is not
made by
a bunch
of
individuals running around doing their thing. Our problem
has been that we have too many individuals and little groups
doing their thing and forgetting that the struggle for national
liberation is our thing. What we need are leaders that come
from the poor people and who place in their hearts the
interests of the poor people and oppressed above anything
else, and who are prepared to die for the liberation of the
people,
struggle is for "power", power to determine the
direction in which we and our people move. That power
means a struggle for control of the churches, hospitals,
schools, police departments, political system. Any struggle
that builds the consciousness of the people to control their
institutions, helps the national liberation. A
struggle that
raises consciousness abo ut the reactionary and corrupt
commonwealth or amerikkkan state and government is good.
While we fight to control and destroy the old government
organization, at the same time is being formed the new
people's government which grows as we fight. This concept
we refer to as the Party and the State.
We recognize that a Party has to exist to give political
direction (revolutionary theory), that it has to show people
how to organize themselves, how to move against their
landlord, a government agency, a factory boss whatever, and
how
to
build
organization),
organizations
and the Party
that
last
also supplies
(revolutionary
revolutionary
examples of what to do, for example, when we seized the
People's
Church,
or
Lincoln
Hospital,
or
the
National
Students' Conference of September 23. This revolutionary
Party
is composed
of
the most active, most politically
conscious, disciplined and committed revolutionaries in the
nation. We understand that the Party will be a minority in
number compared with the masses. But because we serve and
protect and are one with the interests of the people, we
represent the majority. The Party cadre (members) are all
leaders of the battle of the people, and will coordinate the
national liberation struggle.
34
�We see that there have to exist other organizations which
we call People's Organizations. These organizations are
massed based, try to get as many people as possible involved
in struggle. They are not cadre organizations, like the Party.
They have a specific are of work to control; for example,
student
organizing,
workers organizing,
community
organizing. We think as many people's organizations as
possible should be formed. These organizations work closely
with the Party and have Party members in them, or working
with them. We see this method as preparing the revolutionary
state, the People's government, in th at the people are
braining themselves how to run their own society.
As the People's organizations grow, there will then be
two powers in the Puerto Rican nation-the power of the
reactionary present government, police, and businessmen,
and the power of the poor people, people's organizations,
and Party. These two cannot exist peacefully side by side.
There will be conflict until one destroys the other. And as
the people gain in strength, the revolutionary movement,
together with the People's Army, will destroy the old state
and set up a new revolutionary government.
Many people ask, who will make this revolution?
Everybody? The Young Lords Party feels most of our people
would live better in a socialist society. But there are two
classes of people that will fight harder for the new society,
because they have been most oppressed in this present
society. The lumpen-worker alliance is the name we use for
the two classes who will lead the revolution. It means that
according to our analysis of Puerto Rican society, the two
most important parts of Puerto Rican society are the
lumpens and the workers. The lumpens are the prostitutes,
drug addicts, welfare mothers, hustlers, the street people,
unemployable because the system has no jobs for them. They
don't want jobs because they know already how much the
sys tem makes off of them. They are the prisoners in the jails,
all political prisoners, colonized and messed over by the
system. They come out of school into no jobs, no future,
nothing but drugs, wine, gambling. They try to find
something worthwhile in their lives and only find racism and
greed, or a pimp ready to make money off of them.
35
�The workers, the majority of the population, work five
and six days a week for a lousy $100 more or less, they work
in hosp itals, post offices, trains, and buses, in restaurants and
hotels, in construction, in factories big and small. They are
the housewives and working women oppressed at home or on
the job, who have nothing to do but come home to bills,
credit, T V , and beer, who will never get anyplace though
they have lots of dreams. The lumpen understand the
oppression best, that is why the y and the students (who
come mostly from petty-bourgeois or middle class) are the
first to get involved. The lumpen also form the hard core
fighting force, once they are disciplined, because the
individualism of the streets is still very strong with them. The
workers are usually a little more conservative, because they
have at least an apartment, even if there is no heat, and a car,
even if it's mortgaged, and a job, even if it pays nothing, and
they are afraid to lose their little bit. But they also have the
most power. With their labor they built the society, and with
a strike they can paralyze the whole island or a city. It is
from the labor of the workers that the capitalist gets all the
goods he sells. The workers know how to run the factories,
the hospitals, the schools, the restaurants. They will run,
along with the lumpen and students, and a small group of
professionals, the new society, but first they must be
educated to join with the lumpens and students to wage the
War. Lumpens on drugs and having nothing, are divided from
workers who fear getting robbed by them. Workers who have
a few crumbs, are afraid the lumpen will steal it, so the two
classes fight each other. The duty of the Party and the
People's Organizations is to unite the two classes into a
fighting force, the main force of the revolution.
"Let me say at the risk
off seeming ridiculous that
a true revolutionary is
guided by great feelings
O f
l O V e * "
CHBOUIVARA
36
�THE PARTY
AND THE
INDIVIDUAL
The ideology of the Party is the framework from which
we move. Everything we do relates to the principles on this
paper. Ideology doesn't only talk about what the Party
believes but also where the Party sees itself going. On the
basis of those principles and ideas we do our work among
.the people. We call this practice.
As the Party grows and develops, we are going to be
developing a bigger more defined ideology and we will be
faced with a continuous problem; how do we keep building
that Party of our people that will put the ideas into practice.
It is no good to have an ideology if all you can do is talk and
not practice. fn order to be involved in good practice, two
things must de dealt with; first on the level of organization,
and then on the level of the individual.
On the level of the Party, we ask ourselves, how do
we develop the type of organization that can lead our people
in a liberation movement? How do we structure it? How do
we run the Party? We must remember that the structure is
not for any one part of our people, it must suit the needs of
all our people-lumpen, worker, student. Also, it must help
develop people into good revolutionaries.
The
Party
ministries.
is divided
The
levels of
into
levels of
leadership and
leadership are the branch, the
leadership of the branch, and the leaders and coordinators of
the Party in general. The ministries. Defense, Staff, Field,
Information, Economics, and Education are specific fields o*
responsibility
assigned
to
party
members.
The
level of
leadership is the army that does the organizing of the people,
and the ministry is the function that aides the Party.
37
�We have learned the hard way, through trial and error
some of the problems involved. It is very important for parts
of the Party to communicate with the whole. If this is not
done, there will be no unified Party. Communication is done
in many ways, regular reports, telephone, mail, personal
visits.
One
of
communicating
the
is
most
important
education.
things
Without
-a
besides
structured
educational system in the Party it is very hard for the Party
to organize all sectors of the people. It is also hard for any
individual to develop without political education.
Two of the cores of the Party are the general membership
meeting, where democratic discussion and decision-making
are done, and criticism - self-criticism, the key to Party
democracy. The structure is still changing, but we should
never be afraid of changing to progress.
On the level of the individual the question comes up, how
do we train cadre? What is cadre:
How do we develop
individuals from different sectors of the society at the same
time? In this field the Party went through many changes. We
were
organizing
high
school
students,
lumpens,
college
students, workers, and other sectors at the same time and we
had to fight the bad traits that each group brings with it, like
the impatience of high school students, the individualism of
lumpen, the conservatism of workers, and the intellectualism
of college students.
What is a cadre? A cadre is a person in the Party who has
gone through a change in himself or herself from just another
Puerto Rican to leader of the people, a revolutionary. This
change does not take place right away. First, a person
becomes political, then they join the Party, then, after a
period of time, they become a leader of the people. But it
isn't as simple as that. There is a big change in the whole life
of the individual. This change can be broken into two parts.
First, losing the bad traits from the class they originated
from,
like
individualism,
machismo,
sexism,
racism
intellectualism, superiorities and inferiorities. This is called
"de-classizing". Once you become a cadre of the Young
Lords Party, you are no longer a student, or a lumpen
38
�street-person, or a worker. You have that background, but
what you are is able to organize best that class that you
came from because you understand it best, have dealt with a
lot of the negative parts of it, and have recognized the good
parts.
Second, is the big change that the individual has in
getting rid of the scars that capitalism has left in the person's
mind , like liberalism (not doing something you know is
right), pessimism, and the biggest of all, colonized mentality.
Colonized mentality is the effects of oppression. Because we
are taught that a spie is a lower form of human, we end up
believing it and acting as if it were true. We shy away from
responsibility, we think negative, we don't think we can learn
and then we takeut on ourselves, persecuting ourselves and
fighting with others. We call this change, "de-colonizing".
This doesn't mean that before you become a Lord, you have
completely succeeded in getting rid of bad traits-that takes
years--but that you have made an effort and are succeeding.
The change
in the
individual
of
de-classizing and
de-colonizing goes on at the same time and both complement
each other. The developing of the Party should be seen as
preparing internally for
the prolonged war demands
constant development and change.
39
�ANALYSIS OF
PUERTO RICAN
SOCIETY
In
May,
1970,
the Young
Lords Party
studied the
divisions in our people, divisions that make us weak. We call
this the "analysis of Puerto Rican Society." This is how we
are divided in classes. Every Puerto Rican fits into one of
these classes. Your class is determined by how you make
your
living,
how
you
survive
everyday
in
this
crazy
amerikkkan-controlled world.
Industrial Workers: The majority of the population are
workers.
We
employment,
work
in
factories
and
in
government
in sweat shops and petroleum refineries, in
construction and restaurants. We make $40, $60, $100 a
week and hardly stay alive while our bosses make hundreds
of thousands off our hard work. We don't like to get into
trouble, because we might lose our job, or our project or
casserio apartment, or our children might suffer. We are the
housewives and working wome, who are oppressed not just
on the job but at home by our own husbands, who beat us or
mistreat us because they don't know any better. We are
afraid of the lumpen, because they rob us; but we know that
this is the result of the system that forces them into drugs
and
prostitution.
They
are
our
brothers
and
sisters,
compatriots, oppressed by the same enemy. We will join with
them to free Puerto Rico, and after the yankees are kicked
out, we will take over and run the factories for the good of
all the people.
Lumpen: Are men and women who are unemployable, on
drugs, prostitutes, welfare mothers, people in jail. Most of us
never had a chance for a decent life. We are young, poor,
there were never any jobs waiting for us, there was no future,
so we turned to drugs and crime. The society calls us
40
�¡ • ¡ t sili' %
f¡¡ f*- it ' sfflB.
;
¡H p a w
a "
Vi h.
jì
1 i Si
T• •1-
worthless, good for nothing. But all we are is oppressed
h u m a n beings. W e r o b from our own people because w e ' r e
prisoners, of drugs, of our conditions. We don't ©'ring the
drugs into the community, the businessmen and government irrasssfeisii
d o to keep u s pacified. We are waking up and uniting as a
nonnia tn fioetrAi/ tKo raot
class with
titefl
I J d J u l U H ! y
- 'If 15?'-'- f "Of
E3¥XSMM9B8£IM9MEflS^H
H
H s
-^.••^r—--T |gi J ^ l l ^ i - H t « ! « « « « ™ « ^
enemy--the yan' ' • A g r i c u l t u r a l Workers: We are the last of the campesinos,
who h a d our l a n d s bought up or stolen by the amerikkams,
w h o were tricked i n t o slave-like migrant labor and shuttled
back
and f o r t h
from
the u.s. to Puerto Rico, to pick
tomatoes or other crjps. t h e Petty-bourgeois are people who
don't work for anyone else or who work with their minds not
their hands, b u t who also don't employ anyone or any other
people. In other words, they live off their own labor. There
are three main types o f petty-bourgeois:
Bodegeros: We own our own store or businesses. We have
anywhere from 1 to 5 people who work for us. We make
enough to live on if we work hard ourselves. But now the
amerikkkan chain stores or the Cuban gusanos aré running us
out of business. If we don't joint the other oppressed classes,
we will soon be destroyed by the amerikkkans and Cuban
gusanos (exiles).
Capitalists and Traitors: These are the few Puerto Rican
capitalists, like Ferre, and the big traitors, like Sanchez Vile
Ita; Badiilo, Hernandez Colon, all the politicians and others
whose lives are tied up with the amerikkkan occupation.
There are also the thousands of Cuban pigs, who were kicked
out of Cuba by Fidel. We will kick all of them out of Puerto
Rico to establish a free, independent, and socialist nation
:
The lumpen and workers, allied together, will lead the
revolution. The students, bodegeros, and professionals will
join with them. Some professionals, vendepatrias and
capitalists will bé against u$ , but in the long run, we wi
and Puerto Rico will be frée.
i n w i ^ f
41
IS
ijjjPB
��
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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BTS00057-01
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1972
Title
A name given to the resource
Ideology of the Young Lords Party, 1972
Description
An account of the resource
Document detailing the ideology of the Young Lords Organization, including the history of Puerto Rican war, economic, and military struggles, colonization, and contemporary society.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Civil Rights -- United States -- History
Community activists
Puerto Ricans -- United States
Social justice
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
In Copyright
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b0a895bc12cf1a007103876bba868175.pdf
cc0ae45125a1e0df6fb7bf7e94603247
PDF Text
Text
. .._
~
FOIPA COVER SHEET
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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECTf (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO J1cAN GROUPS
VOL. ~-. EBF 222
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105-93124
·- '"\i'.f-1,
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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
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THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAµEs INCLUDED THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT
TO READ
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ARE THE RESULT
OF THE CONDITION
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AND OR COLOR OF
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
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Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_011
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 5- EBF 222 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 5- EBF 222 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a0c8d3da8bc83f31a97a11cdfd6d2e95.pdf
aef3926d10ef94aaed3e88570b80d334
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
-- -
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
VOL. 3- EBF 196
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
-
_,,.....---.
�NOTICE
1
.
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTIQN
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED .
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
•
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_010
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3- EBF 196 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3- EBF 196 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0f1dc633aa293c2b40bacb4dc7a07e9f.pdf
b4c9561ba110e094bcec9b09c0b39886
PDF Text
Text
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FOIP A COVER SHEET
_;:::..,_
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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
VOL. 3-147 EBF
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
�NOTICE
1
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESU~T OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
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\.f)-rta Sliva, Francisco Verga,·a. Roi Gal'cia, Ana Dolores
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,~arlos Castaf\eda, Jorte Quin,:ina, Andres Valdespino. Ber·
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fredo Mattila. Gladys Tovar
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I_\ UNICA REVISTA PUE£.
'l'ORBIQUE9 A CON PRO YEO ..·.
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Oon e&ta edicion de BOHEMIA, la numero 104 de .su tercera.etapa ~;p~
en Guba,, du.rante 5! aiios; la segunda en Nueva York, durante dos aiiost"y:'f.,..
la tercera en Venezuela- se cumplen dos afws de nuestra Rcvistc e,(_suit_~.
aparicion. Dos aiios de laborar ain descanso, de veneer dificulta.des ~t!Ii todo1.
ro en un constante pro°':80 de auperaci6n i <1.fJs ati.os de .trabajo. ten.a: .'!f 1:jtic.
ro fervoroso. Hoy, gra.caaa a~ fa_vor de! publJCO, podemo~ fl&?i: :.~on,~~~,~~,
cero orgu.Uo que hem.os logrado con.sol,dar nuestra publicacion ..en· el :afecfo
consideracidn de nuestros lectorea y que. debido a ell.a, podcmos contern.pl:
porvenir con la satisfaccion del deber cumplido y la segu.ridad -,1,e" habi·r·Ut
a cabo lo que noa habiamos pro-puesto: Bacer deJJOHEMIA la gra~_:,;--·t
DIAGRAl\lADORES:
Luis AndrC'ani P.
Claudio Doyhamboure L.
!nc.
275 Madison Avenue.
.'\tew York 16. N. Y. En el Ja• ·. 110n: New Japan Representatf·
,·es, Inc. - Shuwa No. 5 Bldf?
'-9 Glnza Nishi Chuo-ku-Tokyo
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CARICATURAS:
l?amon Al'royo <An"<>yito Libre\
REDA_CC',?ION~--=-~:
.,·aracas. Buenos Aires· Bogota
· Mexico • Santiago de Chile
ruo de Janell'o • Centro Amtrl.·a · Washington • Nueva York
. Miami • Parls . Maanct
tepresentantes para Publicldar\
'n los Esta.dos Unldos: Univer•
nl Publlshel's Representatlves
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na. NuestTas e'Lnes· de Venezuela~ Puerto Rico
lnternacionaz;·.-zlevci,tfi,
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labra de nuestra. publicaci6ti a· todo el Ooutinen.te: y la edicion Centroamcri,
que Baldf'ci dentro de poCC18 Bemanas, ampliara atin ma.B la penetracioff"de?~~
Revista en el dmbito americano.
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Todo eate e&/uerzo no hubiera aido posib"le .ll
'!a:. /eli:! tennino"';'con,,
',.,. tro exclusivo aporte. , Han sido los pueblos democraticos de America losqiu
hecho posible ..,...con au carifio y simpatia ha~ia.. nuestra publicaci~~,;;;l&/
. de BOHEJ!l-:1- en e&ta tercera etapa de au. t>jda.,: Esos pueblos 8~ .~,.,.cnt,
. • l ... han dado animoa y fervor para. ·perseuera.r en la tareo emprcnd2da,. afitifl,t
· nos decisivamente en nuestros · propositos. Ellos nos han prcstado su ,._de~i,;
sada ayuda., tnendo en BOHEMIA lo que 68ta ·siempre h-a sJdo: ·. u11~~..1ni.i
cwn al aeroicio de la democracia y en contra de todos las totalitari~nuj.~
decir~ al seruicio de America ,ii .de BUS i.deales ~)ibertad y justjcia_~~iJ
7
Al celebrar esta /~1!,a':~l'Jeji~mii{J,,niversiiffi(~4~~"fa
BEMIA- prometem.os a · nuestros lectores perse1;erar en la tarea· emP.i'"S!.'
mejorando en· ~odo lo posible y de acuerdo cori nu.estros m~dio;; d e;~~!;
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se_ sabe que los Kennedy son . . una '.'.nueva c:~'.', y eia e~an:~~!½~!.~.~c!l~~~!l"aj~
nullonarios). Pero desde el pun. · va &e estaba crcando vcrdade-"··"ti o una fui:a_.:}:i~
le ocurra nada. Esto, unido A to y hora en que la frane<>· · ramente. El dia en quc lc.s sa- er.; a<lemis ;.ma ~:
la ·. acomodHda sltuacllm rinun· americana Jacqueline Bouv_ie,· lones de la primera mansi6n _. ·· ba la v1dkfii1~ali·,
dera-·de'"i\i" farniHa," y a SU ·co.' - enlro a formar pa rte ' del - clan:---yarlquf' -,; -~abrieron·-pua°·q·ui:: -~--Prime~a1? oafo~,
nocida Hficion por los depo1·tes. fueron ademas la suma de 1c1 diera en ell~ un concicrto P.il· . qui::r cri" ' H)\':tiii:,
la,- arte.ti y Jos especticulos pudistinci<'.n Y del refinamicnt 11 blo Casals y la tarde en que 0,:. ·estaba la ~sider.
hlicQ!.. hlcieron de Jacqueline europeos. : Los grandes artistes .. Ja.c:°kie cit6
''t~ ni ra7°J;;; cie. los· ·
una mujer triunfante 'Y adora- eran &US invitados. Los pin lo- moso escritor existencialist,; ~---.nauta Jo~.Gli°r.
hie, que cauti,•aha a todos no res mis famosos Jes vendian SUS Norman Mailer el ' ,:>als
caballo"'con··~ii'm~:
solo con SU belleza esplendoro- _ Cuadros. Los musi~ tes· dedi- prendi6 QUC cstaba frente a im.
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de tanta distinci6n nl fue 'ln_ .. VIDA-AL. Aiiiiri.iBRE •.
cia montada. e'r.i
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..
• era eI2
~ 2 e.. ~!>"t':'!.~-.iguales__ que los .::..:.. .•. . ·- ·i,""-.....:.~ ·nornbre de una cludad anldada .· conqulstadores
transportaban ··. .10 ·. que
u~.. ._,., •.
. le habla devorado los pies.
en lo alto de los Andes perua• al lo~c;, de una mula. Luego fuc_:, l~cia ~ue~~~
~.r
-iMuy bien hecho, Don Her.
nos. Se trataba de wia ciudad a reunirse con Pizarro, qwen ·· diez mil P}~ ::. ......J~
nando! -grun6 el general espa.'. que en cierto modo posela es• estalia' royenilo una piema de ~so, .~ro ~bnll~ga
nol que habia presenciado ·el
interrogatorio desde el_ horde
del claro. Este era Francisco
0
tan diab6lica tortura y de con• vertir a los caballeros de la
0
b_
_peclaJel ·ca.racterist1cu,· ~a que,;;)~balC~!8~::.:f~~-~-}~;hogue-,'1--,,::;~~;~_$
se deda que 10& tech01 de ,us ra del campamento.
·
·
·, "'~d.(.;.'.;edlfica.clones · eran de oro. Pero.~-· Don Francisco -le .dijo- no
-iDOn., ...
Franclsc
.
,,,,,.~
'·. .' .
Pizarro. el t~tor de~ ~oto en .. despuh de todo, fue una C!u_~f. ~~ hacer _habl~~ ,,a-~~.! ~j:.'f~:l.°1~.
·~ .~ .z ~
::;t:-, :,:; ~materla ~.. ~elda~ .. a~q~~~ _' paC!_flca . hasta que ~ Soto~· Yt pal8J;101_· y,.n1_-s1~¢era·',t~~~_;,+.rw;~i~~~
·-;-clertamente · las· relaclones que ·. Pizarro convirtleron su .nombn:.· :· Ja seguridad de . ~~~...!a .~i~d~d ;1}>all'?
.~.~¥~
· •.
tos wiian pasaban de _ser atgo·~· en sin6nimo de saqueo._- No obs-·- exfsta realmente. 1;t-;"'·1~_::h~·"~-ii'r :'· columna. D~~;..¾~L
·· \
mis que las de un alumno y
tante, eao vino despuk. Lo q\le
-il..a ci'1dad existe! -repuso dos los . dos :P,;rm~.
!IU maestro. E1·an rivales en
De Soto tgnoraba· aquella ma·'. \ Pi~.··: y:·"voy~-"a-"."decirle :at.?·'·, silencio:':Lo~~-t~oai
crueldad. sed de mujeres y an-·
era que· la 'ciudad dora~' · go ,·:ace~it·de \ estos '.,.,.paganos. Cajam9rca relucln~:
slaa de oro. Y Cajamarca cons·
da .de Cajamarca yacia a me- EUos ci-een ·_que som.os" die>S4$-:~ jos brilJaban_.~!l'~:
tituia la clave de liUS deseos.
DOS de un dia de jornada d~ ·; pofflu'etenemos.,:i,b.r'pletbian~~~males" en los\~~
.i. Cual era el poder de esa
ciaro del bosque donde torturo . y cabalgamos
rnonstruos. . de. '" ojos espa fic,les .. s~~i.~:
misteriosa palabra. capaz de a su victima lnca.
cuatro patas. CUando lleguernos ~ ·nubes Uena~n eLvall
..
.~Jf
fiana.
0
en
#
~~(,,.,;,,:,,i~c~;k:£i'"~0,J;¥•rZ!,
C~cJ,~' ~f/~~~#!i:itf!ltti¥ill~~~,Jf:fi,;~til
�~~~-~.
1
·
-: •
~
.•
·
estaba~ cerce:fA{lo:J!!go.;;all~~.. e J;
nadas. Entonces hb:o otro · dis-*'?° sagrada: Cogi6~,..e11~1
,.. ,·de · Pizarro .,Y ..
~ pa~ ~- e1 _~.~~~~~L~ .~~~n<~r~~~!~ y
virtleron en cuenteclllas negras.~! to; una ~ flecha> li'u·:.a:-:golpe6 -. au : cruz6J el puente · hasta:;:_llegar; al~ t ~uciente ?·auperficle':•l. 1
Hemaniio:!~1Jo-·"ei"'ll'ite1mo"i";''reiioi6·: ~ ~~erae·,,.. ~'fd71a~am~::A1:r-~':'"desm~
;~~}~;\
J
_ron la eluded~:..... , pa~lo
!!MJoi~i~~..~rWY..~~gran ;_suerte
·r·":· refiejo y nuevamente los ojos}J~d~·gue:su 'cabeza ~estuviera
ba-
.. l<h~~~1t
~!.. So~·:.~~~i;~-~:&.~~:~leji:~~.,?,:!li~~~-
•
r-Don-r
irenera1.-:.:· ·un'iesorctvisto no· es .,. ·en 1as protunw&id~eJ ·~;.-=c- pariir' &te:esie~sTt1o:el :·descenso~-£:: Tei~·:,·:~
,,..,_,.
~
..,.,.,~.~ .. ~-- ,.)
~
"Cl'--.:,:,.,.cy.,..-....,__..~ . , - r ; . ;
~
"'
...
~
.... ~ . . _
..
"""""'"'
,m tesqro ganado. ,Prosigamos!. Si· el conquistador hublera -es• fue~ ttlatlvamente·· fAcil ·. Y:.;__ati'"'.:- tejas con' pint '
,.:;...,-,:,,:.,!..
:::-ertt6 De Soto., En-~, tado:ii-ecto en)a:montura, la' atardecer~·.1mt:conqulstadoreL ~j-~ ···5' :d•"•t'"
'/.;'~:.:;.,..,~-h -·SH
.. ,. '" ',:::::.
., !f, ....,t,.#- --~ ·-,J;• .,r,J:~- ,....., .. 'I,-._. .,,,,, ...~,.-.........., ................ ~·-.
··--c-~ .,..;:..:;.:(.., - "' a--·' -- ~ .. o.,d~j.VJ rlado!
.,
'seguida ~pole6 -~ eadballo
pudiemndsl~~~~~~:~~tl-~~iPii.am,;'que~'iooa~~a
da adelante, ~ ~ e ,.r:epente. · gargant:e,.::.1..V: ·,·· ·- ., ~, :~ ..,_ · · puertas e -.,-.-.. ..a: . ,.;, :-' -:-.;- ha fuera de Ja.sf'.i · · '
tuvo 'que frenarl~:(_El_'.~~~#-':. Al
la vista, De Soto
-iDOD Francisco! . .'. iDon /~". -jMaldita~,f
. termmaba..abruptamente al bor• •. vio a seJs inc:a.s . en el lado Hernando! --8l'it6 una v~. :P~L;. Piza~. 1 , Sig'itn
.. ,1
i de de~"~.,~~,~ profun~o•. :_ opuesto. ~i.·, ~~- .. enarbola:-/ hombn; _ae_ ~bria ~
, ~- •'. ., que !lf.1:!~do :."C? podia vt'l'le·· _ban rudimenta!_i~;.~Chas 1 COn, integr&ntes de 1a CO)umn&,"''" '.;(·.:·~.Los exploradores \'Oh,
·.;t:;;.s-!po.rq~_estaba tapado por nubes_,._~l!~ ,tr.!_t~ban....~~.':,.~rtar. los ca.•. ,· -_i.Ah.i es.tA otra vez esf: ~:~.-montar., en sus_, ~ ·
··~.: :baJas• El caballero espafiol que•• hies que sostent,an:: el; puente•. :· _dito curat -murmur6 De Soto;.'
Ja
do estupefac:to. Desde la cimll El espaiio~ ~c6 SU plstola Y dis··'
-Caballeros -dijo el sacer· De-'repente .vleronr'uti',·11
del paso le ~!ibla ~;ec=id~--que par~;:.~ ,.J~~,~ec!~)1irl6 en el dote-; .~ e l ~o_:_". • .A~ f~ 4 • el_ hueco de .
de ~}~)I
para Uegar . a Caja~rca. solo vfentr~(: ai; uno de los lnca.s. El y al Ca ti O., ~o ea.: mu . que :, De Soto desenrro'll6~SU
'teridria que descender_. gradual· homb1;_. ~~iti6 un a~rido de do,. oro... Pero no ml'lte~ a .estos ·~~ y ~o. agit6 por~ci~
mente por la vertlente del _v~- lor y se ~ujet6 de ·uno de
l.nd.loa n1 vl~~--.8
con
Jla. Pero ahora aquel canon cables m1entras sus entranas Se lo supllco .. :· · , .... ,., · ~:"'''le una leccion'"atfinfie'.
, . ~·surgla4'-:de,.la .nada.fipon impa· · se ,,adaban en el ab.ismo. Lue·_
-:-Pad.r_e~ Valverde~-~inte..
:indio-sali6s'~-.-::~.~
~ 6~.c;r~ciencia·De''Soio'recorri6· el bor· ~·rgo cay6~tras ellas a1.:pn,rundc>''Wrrumpt. · P~~N~to
~~-::::.:~g
~~~ '. "'"'
- .......~ ... , .-:,. ~ ·~JA""'.r.~
·~
- A
_'-,,..,...
·"1J..J~- ...-.... ~. ...:.t;•.,,....,.~.._~~~-~,;,,-,1:·
e;\5-'"£
•
.. .:-- :cle 'del precipiclo.' buseando un eaii6n. Ja.nzando'"un' giito'de ho,; ·.".rea>rda.rle que parte ·ae·nuestra· .~~lf'fen ven fd
aitlo por donde cruzarlo. Media . rror que fue repetido varias ~Um· consiste en la propaga- nando.
··t .. · ~
. _hora mu ta~;~i:~.~-~6 ,1~_,_q~!:t~~-por el~'i*-~~: ,. ·
. ,,·~ o6n de )a sagrad~.fe?. ,:':::
. Era Fllix,
.ans_laba.
.
. .·:•:::~· ...f.?e . . ~ot.o, I ~ su caballo a
~I ~cerdote no respondio, se el Gobernador de Pana:
· Se tntaba de un puente col- ··. la,, ~arga Y.,~os Incas huye~n
liml~, .. a;:.a!eJ~ lentamente,_, bia empleado. romo •. inb
gante de mh de quinientos pies de11pavoridos c ~ Ja bestiR para voJver a oeupar ~'~· pues· -.~ ·En:realidaii:F'11Gi:"~li1'
de. largo; es dee.Ir. de cerca de se Jes. enclmo. El es~ol alcan- to al. f ~..-~~.•~ "~Jumna d,e ln· " ·cipa.f·ag~n'fhe-{~0 1'1
Ja mitad de la )ongitud del z6 a uno de .los Indios Y Je cJa· fanteiia;:~~.;:..
los incas y habia llegrid
Puente de Brooklyn. en Nuen v6 la lanza en la espalda, pero
-Ahora, Don Hernandodesde Panam.i para . 8,1
York. Sus dos cables prlnclpa· _el infe~iz siguio corriendo ha_s• '!·· -9rden6 Piiar:ro- t~me algu. . su pueblo acerc.(d;~
Jes de sostfn eran lianas grue- ta que tropez6 contra un irbol. nos ho~bres Y efectue un ~e- ci6n de De Soto.. '-,.::.:;:':.';t[
sas y resistentes. A lntervalos El encontronaz.o quebr6 la Jan. .conocimiento de la cludad. v. ·. . _ . Por· qu~ estAtdesI:
»regulares otras 1l.anas m1s de}. za Y derrib6 De.Soto del ca•
~--d~_ jinetes Y ~n sar• 'clu~d? -le
gada.s co)gaban los dos cables ballo. Cuando toclavla Jada de gento . de apellido Nunez, De
-La gente na~tJi'Gfdo
Jara sostener e1 paso de ra via espatdu ~ mU)". aturdido por Soto cruz6 la puerta prlnclpat montanas con ci'ri-~AT.
formado por \Dl.a lninterrumpi• la calda. otro mca. ae acerco Lo que vleron al otro ~do _fuf> -repuso cl indio ... ,.::?·
da estera de made~ puestos ~en4o 'Y le di.spar6 W1a Jiu·
una ciudad . capaz ~e nvahza.1·
Al escucharlo, n?{~t
unos al lado de otros como p0. Y.J.a de danlos con UM: cer~ta- ~n su propta Madrid. Lo~ ed!· prendi6 que habia y~~?
lines de un ferrocarril, aunque na. Loi pequefios proyectlles ficlos tentan cuatro Y sel.S P1• quien dio la voz de_- alar
mucho· mu Juntas.
.
envenenados rebotaron inofen· sos de altura 'Y cada uno po- espafiol restall6 ef''
La bravura de De Soto era sivamente al chocar contra la seia una torreta sagrada pro·
rccia tira de ·~"
igual a su brutalidad. Sin va· armadura del espaiiol. De Soto vista de cupula dorada. La se enrollo alrededo
cilar un lnstante, hizo avanzar se puso de pie de·un salto. de. mampasteria ·era soberbia.- ea.---dei ·inca: asfixi!n ·
SU caballo por el puente. Ense· senfundando SU espada Y 1a
da ladrillo estaba perfect.amen- Soto salt6
guida iste se bamboteo, se me- hundl6 en la 1ngle del inca. te encuadrad.0 : ~-... ....;...~•. -· -,-- "
· sujeto par la garxafiti.
ci6 peligrosamente y luego sal· Cuando volvio a montar su caDe Soto comph!'Ddi6' que }OS
-iNU6e:z,:~unJ:eoi~i
t6 como .empujado l)()r __ un__ n?<: __ballo, vlo qu! ~ tres indios hombres que habian construido __ Felix!·· .\:,"~~,~~:.~
rorte. Finalmente _se fue sere, aupervivlente9 ~a Se e~eontr~· esta ciudad y el puente que con·
En cuanto el _i~~-~~·
. nando hasta_que su,unico mo- ban_a media rmllade di stancia'-".A~~-a e~_no era_n .simple~.-~ ..do!_!)e __ Soto_~!.;,Ol=
'··viml~to fue-un·lev~.'estremeci· Y c o ~ co~~ sl hubiera!!.vts:/:'salvajes: sino mlembros de un{, Q':'e.el,- resto _d~/!~X~~
miento lateral. El caballo re- • to una aparicion infernal.
· pueblo tan desarrollado y peli-· ~ntrara en la c1ud_a~:J.:J
linch6 y se par6 en dos patas,
De Soto cabalgo de nuevo groso como el de cualquier na• Y sus hombes lleg!~
estando a pun to de arrojar SU huta el puente e inspecclon6 don europea. Comenz6 a per- plaza central de ... Jald
jinete al abtsmo, pero De Soto los gruesos cables de llanas. El del" iu fanfarronerla. ~ grupo met.ro~ ..::S',;..~...}:'!'~;~~t
se abraz6 al pescuezo de la bes- da~o era _escaso; .. -~~~-.-~.~~-!... de reconocim.iento proslgu.16· aqu~•. ~os·: soldadas:·.:~n
tla y le mordl6 una oreja. Aturavanzando cauteJosamente, con iilas y se esparcieron':
dido, el animal se tranquilizo
las annas en la mano, pues te- das partes, en
y luego comenz6 a crmar cau·
m1an ca.er en una emboscada Pero· ~mo ya .:.~~i~r.
telosamente sobre los maderos
en .cualquier memento. Pero no el registro prehmmar , '
bamboleantes..
se produjo ninguna. Aparent!?<:. a cabo por De Soto,,.!f
Cuando .se encontraba a la
mente Cajamarca se encontr1i· · edificios se encontrab~1
mitad de) camino. Jas nubes se
ba desierta. Para cerciorar.se, pletame.r:,.te vacios. ~:.-*;;·
despejamn Y el caballo vo1Yi6
.
:.!.<:'.ef.'..1-.
las espaii.oles se desmontaron Yi~-.~zarro_. Y-,:,,
a encabrltarse al ver el 1ncre1.
penetrarm(·en uno de ,o, edi- acomodat'On en el ~~ble abismo de mis de mil pies
(
ficios. ·Estaba ,-acio y desnudo... ~tahuaJpa Y~ .... e!t!~~t
de profundidad. En esta opo.r·
de mueblcs O alfombras.
ctenzudamente la. s1tuac:
tunidad De Soto se inclino ha:-::-Ent~ recojamos un ~· •"l~•i'h..!~T~,~~e'."atraer
. ;·
ha;z~~!_!~~_;~~-~i--~~~~do.··-~~-:
~ev~ntar
en~.·.~:.~~J\~H~t~~~-.. -
··adentraron~~mil!'t:n
una.
.
~-'?. . . .•
.,
'
~"r. , :
:os
~~;;;~!:i~Jtt
~:~:k?t~ : :' :
..J,o;.~
-,·
.!~;-~':U~·!t',cabe-za
'c17P!~~!p,
•
··uf,,w-
pregunt6;I
a
de~~u::
11•••••••••••-
•
cia adeJante, cruz6 SWl dos bra·
zos por debajo de 1a quijada
del animal y le sostuvo de este
modo la cabeza en alto para
que no pudiera ver hacia aba·
La larch a
dI.. I~.$..
ABALLEROS
de
H.--ERR-~. . .
1
0
~U:S~,t
su!\2!JS~
co de orc{'.:.....:mamtest6 De Sot~ para -:que ; t t g r e ~
tomando" ..
·de manos
uno de los soldados. Trep6 por -- · -iYo:,tse\-,~~oz.,.~~~e
la escalera que se elevaba · des- .-exclamo De Sot~.';E
de la plan ta baja
a FeHx al caJri~"ine
- ,. ·.' ?l!JO.',i,• •
•"
: •.,.J'.,it'!j,!~
r,.....T":' ,.• ,. Con,i,w.a'"'iiffl,UafJ
un ·p,co
d~i~~::-a~~o~lJ~;!.~~~~:
y
. pron-. -mos
·:\,:. ·ttf.'.~i~r ;{
�' ·.i,~f}~=;~~·\~:1~¼7?
-~ ~:.~P-~~~;+:;;fJ..::
.. -
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~~11~?
.)
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: .·. -·A·v1Acto'rJ·t.:-.:·,.
_HOM~RES
X);1UNR_t~
~
HAGASE EXPERTO EN RADIO-TELE·
- VISION. ~prenda·~nnando··un Tele-visor,
un potente receptor de Radio,
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ticar ery_ su hogar.
un
i ...... ~,. ...,, ..
•
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J
i
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Afamado curso que lo hara EXPERTO
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Cl IAl)_IO:TV. D ·_MICANtCA DE AUTOS ~~ci';l~[
.,,j,.7':--~~1>
P_A~ _HOMBRES ...Y MUJERES. Sea Cam·eramin, Argumentista; A·nunciador de
Radio y Televisi6n, Dibuios Animados,
Tecni~ Sonora, Editor de Films, Esceno .. ·
grafia.
CAMARA CINEMATOGRAFICA
.
. ,
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• . .
I. PROYECTOR Y PANTALLA para
pra.cticar.'-.
[JTKNltD CE AVIAClON
( Pllo't•, M•tanii:.•, ere.)
Direccion _ _
· ·_,_·· _ _ _ _:_\_'i.-_,;i*_,_,f_·:_
~~ ·l:t;ff;_bf~{fit:~.'.~~.~(2t~~::!r.~i{f~}i~~~~!!
Esta
do ____._.;,;-;.;;:~:.:*:.
·· ' "'· Pai,.;~~.;:.
___ ...; __
._..;..
11
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( Catru•r11ro o Ca1r10
Nombre _ _ _ _ _ _._ _ _ Edcd-
.
. . .,-::.":;;,
O PERSONAL OE AVIACIC
�.
.
.
-, ., . . - , ' ~....
~:-·'
.
,.-~
-.
~-Atahualpa. con, una invUoc'6n~,'; lo .. acompanaban ··elnco"m
:I'-
_:(, !.,~£:...{~ ... ~ -.~.:-~_.. , ,i
- baJa·· quer· disparaban/{ ~f.inca~fa\ihlstoria.
' .
Para' que'~~~n·tt.~t~~~i~· gue~eros" in'cai{'ml~~t : ~ ~ ca.la'', af' 'pavline'it~I?if:~1~3~;..-~Ei:a~'fmedlaiioche
Cl
. .::...'.';Qui '1ocuri! ...~rugi6 .Pii!i'..£::.··~. Loa, Incas· ·entraron-·aqu~lla;':llejones·salieron~los'lariceros a . siirg~nto" Nunez"regr1
rro emitlcndo una risotada-:-, ~,. tarde·. 1 en Caja'!l~I'?. ~ po(:' la-'~:· caballo: Sus lanzas ensarta~:.:...:.iD.formari.que; 1.... •.pat.r
·
:;.,4,;~"
...... _,.,~ •
•
•
., Prl ·..
··u -·
.,.,.. ,...... ,...
~
,i,.·"/1:~J•
Acaso p.i..!~~~,.l!,&~!'!t!i4~e~ r;P,!1_!~' pr:_mt;i~~~-~g,. -'~9~!.J~. indioa~ ~~,H~J~~~ . 1~~·;::11abl~el:lClGn
1
:~{~_ fffcreer4 ,·,emejante ·engano!-~7 • garon · tresclen~~.;....~vos-·que.-::-'sus· ca.hallos apla.staban·«·doce- .~· campamento ·de' Atahu
.. ,, ~·. -SI :...:.repJic6 De ,.Soto- si barrian los adoquines con pencH nas de ellos. Los soldados de in·~,-~oro 1 que los:lnca.s hab·
¥ .. -
,._,,.,,_
~ . , - , . ~ . -. . .~ . ,
~ -
t
ii~invitac100~ i,:Ovf~e-Y~tn~ a~'. pa1ma:·i-,a :'"ci~fei po~,,.~~!t~Jt1ante.rta :' ..~~~~'tp1f~.
-~.Jcier.,~uciad:~1~1•
··...:.::>~~Di~:,. :aecuert1e· que·'.'es'~·=-11::1r ··motistan(a"su'\.ey; Despuu en:t½!"·w~en~i r1stii.'''para"':·ma'tar~a~~:-~"'!:r·d;bo decirlel ,
'."~.:=1.. na dij1:f.r{usted ~~·que; 'debiamos t" t~n·~ otros t reticientos escla:.--. aquellos que bablan. ~nseii;i~tto:{1~~.en~~ .
. ·: -..,.;:.,:acentuar·.-:·nuestra' dMnldad .. ; >:i:· VOS que marcahan rt paso· gol-. . escapar a la• carga' de' caballe.:\.:·'Tambi~n-:en~tJ)l~
'i:~f.t~?t~~f;i'~~-~ :i:fi~~:¾~'hx~::~ ~ando unos· -:ecipie_~1:~ ~~ R"i~·: ~~to(~~ tarde, la:: .4-eal. • - ~~
oro:'e_~. .
·:·· ·,!,l:.f!.·:.-.. ~ • • -~·\-:-:~~·:;.
.;-;/j;/jj}.,,,.:..ii,iJ}:;,;;."..
,......:'··:--t "''
Pb.a~·
se· .
Luego avanzaron IO!i <'lnt'O mll plaza qued6 cublerta por una
. -;.Cuint ~.
;.;uerreros ,·estid~" con tunica'-. masa de cuerpos bron~~~O:o;,_y Soto. ·: .. ;t:r};
slntkl ·. halagado.. _ az~l eeles~..,Y ~i~d~. con ai: ;,,. ~ ensangrenta.dos. :' tf..{i~\~~~..€t':t~::.~?,;.:., -Cerca d
F~Ux ~~"~nducl~~in,,Ja' pn.._:~:-. cos, (~~ ,"Y:'. la!l28s:_,l:i!~ti?~J:-1..os leales
"·
gueriirosl~,~~.,r--:o Nunez- peN":.st~
sencia .de ~los COJ!9uistadores. men1e_.1Je~~_A•ah~l~._1:;,'5~:)(, rodearon a su rey para fonnar
das en una e~~ef\cit
Le quitaron el collar de hierro
El rey 1ba sentado en una si- una muralla humana, pero 1os
terlo y se n i e ~ ~
y te ordenaron que le llevam 11a de mano.~ de oro s61ido. Tan jinetes espaftoles cargaron so·
-iCinc:uenta! .,..B~er.
·, · aJ rey Atahualpa el mensa.Je pesada era, que los veinte in· bre ellos y atncaron la silla de
m~s el mismo numero
de los dioses blancos. Antes de- cas que la llevaban en hombro,; manos hasta que esta _cayo en-.. ~-,res~de hierro.~me'h_t
que trascurriera una hora, el
apenas podfan con ella•. Tam·.· .cima .de los que la_transporta•":l,t.,. ·t~:.. Maiiana~·~'p@n,
Inca regres6 para 1n[ormar que bl~n.1a-·coron1i:' del .·rey..
dfr~·1:tan:"'A~huaJpa··~ay6 al pa.vi•.. ;; las' sacaremos: del~edit
., Atahu~lpa"" llegarla al dia si.' ·~
y"estaba"adom'itd~
:.-mento. Pizarro Y De ~~Jj;~~~~.~{i~~
guiente por, la tarde:..,,~~~~;': plµmas -1f,dev~i~guilas ~~~~-~ y ,;;, garon cuando ya Ios solda~~ se ~¥..'.:..advirti6 Piza~:
PizalTO y De S0to·namaron·:a1,J:.blancas~'Un collar de -esmeraJ.--· disponlan a ma.tarlo.
que estos perros sc
padre Valverde. -;iw~·-· , .. :- '!·.··das reposaba en SU pecho. pro-jCojanlo vivo, imbeciJ~_!.." en la derrota,t~
ij
-'
'
.• : •
•
•-I ,..,,._~~r,::r"''"· • . ... ~
-Padre -Je dljo Piun'o-- , tegido por un peto de _oro,;;,,;;i.~:;;. -gntaron - gene~ es.~~i:,,:,')?if De··
i.e que usted nose fia de Don
l.a procesion Ueg6 a la pla• ··· De Soto se abri6 peso, aga.· gue amaneciera"'-V:'"y~se
Hernando y de mi, pero maiin- za y la Ueno por completo. No rro a Atahualpa por los cabeintroduciendo petal~
na el rey Inca vendra a visltar- vieron ni a un solo espafiol. Un . Uos y lo arastr6 hasta el otro
debajo de sui'c<i·
t
nos y le concedo a usted el r,ri- instante mAs tarde·, el padre Jado de la plaza. El rey inca Luego mont6 ii.'§
. vilegio de ser el primero en re- V'alverd.e salioj del palacio y. fue metido a empujones dentro --- hacia el mona.. terio;;&t'
cibirlo:
·
otiUzando a Felix como int~r- de su propio palacio.
do det ,sargento-~Nd
prete, com~nzo a pronunciar un
· Atahualpa fue conducido n
grupo d~· soldados·;l1!L
El sacerdote dio las gracias sermon acerca del nacimiento una habitacion de veintiun pies . de mulas que transpon
a los dos militares Y se march6. de Jesucristo..
·
de largo, quince de aneho y ochu collares Y las cadenai.
Sus pasos resonaban aun en el
-iPero el Sol cs D i o s ! de alto. Esas medid!15_ iban a • la tropa l1ec6:'a¥'~if:i~~
.1g1Jacio cuando Pizarro Y De
-protest6 Atahualpa cunndo pasar a la historia~·'.':"'. ·~- · ·. · · _ . Soto le orden~r:·:\N~~.
Soto comenzaron a planear su el misionero hubo terminado.
-jMa~dito. bastardo. paganor:· encargara de ~~_.r.rl,!
estrategia. La misma se reduSin embargo, el inca era un -le grun6 Pizarro-. 1 Llena cs·
del ·edificio, El
cia a esto: Los caiiones serian hombre tolerante Y le pregunta habitaclon de oro si no quie·
panol se dirigio ~a""un;
Lt
dO arboleda para · observal
..... ~,..
desmontados. trasladados al In• to al ttacerdote CUc:1.t.l era I8 f uen. res QUe t e Baquemos e I 1uga
te1ior de los edificios Y ensam· 'te de su extra.no relato. Alen- y lo Jriamos delante de tu mis- niobra micntras matis<
bJados. dentro con sus bocas tado por esa actitud eJ padre ma cara!
{, '
jas de menta. N~l'sefa
apunt.ando por las ventanas pe· Valverde le ofreci6 inmed.iataAtahualpa permaneci.S sere- esforzarsc demasi;<io:'l
quefias hacia. la plaza central mente una biblia. El rey Ala- no. Pa.sea la rrurada poi· toda la.
manaba con demasiad
de la ciuda.d. Los mosqueteros hualpa peg6 en la oreja en ella. habltacion y calcul6 mentaldad debajo de 'la
abrirlan fuego desde las ven- pues esperaba que el libro ha• rnente SU capacidad:
pano]a )" el cabailcro
tanas m!s altas Y las azoteas. blaria. Cuando no pudo oir na-No puedo entregar tanta
d
ba f
a >:OSas no ':~!!.~.·Cl,,
Los lan ceros a caballo tapona. da a1ToJ·o ta biblia al suelo.
ca'ntidad de oro en una s_ola
de Jaa damakE
··ilitYd
•
•
olfato
rian todos I~ calleJones )"_ cn:.._·-·-;Sacrllegio. sacrilegio! iMa· noche:·quiza nf en·un mes-....:.Jes
Sin perdida'tfe':'tiempc.
lies .que pudieran Ofrecer una ten a. los lnfieles! -vocJferu dijo a SUS captores- pcro da- chas destrozaronttizi:l)t.
avenida . de escape.
Pizarro desde una azotea.
J. J
· - · ~::.:
Ord
"-·~·i6 y el corneta espa.,
· ·. _..,.. puertas de miidera~.del
"""''uuft:\.
Los cafiones abrieron. fuego.., ......h:.,· ,,a ··_.i;.... -::,~nt, •.• ·..._
- :.
::l'.;"!,".c'I.-':.: .. ·
". -~~~·
ftol envio a los cielos centena• ·
·
·
'·· Entonces el gobernante inca·t~' terio. Entonces D~ijSot,
y vomita.ron melralla sobre la
.
bo
,
d b . · 60 a la cabeza d~~stis~j
res de aguilas asustadas. · Una plaza. Los mosqueteros apunta· extraJO . una
Isita de e a.JO
_
• , :i·.!,
de Jas aves descendi6 rtptda:
'da
de su tunica, la abri6 y saco Y los espanoles desapa
ron cw dosarnente 1 por cada
.
I
b a,d ...l\i
mente. dio un picotazo en el
·· ·
un punado de cuentecillas coloen as som .!'~'~ •.-~;;,
yelmo de De Soto y luego, atur.
readas y varios carreteles de
edificio de piedra:,Ader
dida por el golpe. baj6 en espi.
hUo. Luego· comen26 a ensar·
esposas ~e Atahu~~~:/
ral. El caballero sac6 su plstotar las cuenteclllas con el hHo.
conaron Junto a ~;~
la y la hirio en un ala. El agul•
Este sistema de enviar mensa·
redes. Temblaban de·; n:
la cay6 · en la plaza y algunos
jes rec i bi a el nombre de forma ta.l, que sus-.-a~iti:
hambrientos soldados de a pie
"guampum... Consistia en tejer
de oro sonabanrc&m'b'
la agarraron para devoraria
con las cuentecillas y el hUo nitas.
·:.;j;, .... en el desayuno. Cuando Ios es·
unas fajas mu1ticolores cuyo · -;Encad!n!.-.•:.'i.:i...,.
•
pias de Atahualpa in!onnaron
.
;..-;,,_-· ..: ·
, _diseiio representaba un mensa:.~.~~~~~l;;.-"?"~·~,~~::fl!~acerca de ese incldente/el rey
·c""·A·-·at"
Je. Asi el rey inca orden6. 10:.-:;;},·:La orden cumJ)lida::1.1
inca se enfureci6. Las agullas
dos SUS subditos que se
cuenta mujeres quedarL
eran SUS animales' prefe1•idos y
d'
daran a CeJamarca con todo el pad.as por los collares O(•
~I utilizaba sus plumas para
oro que pudleran encontrar.
uno 8 otro calla/ ,
adornar su timica real. EntenEl ..guampwn" fu<! llevado por Jarga cadena. Los s.oldr
di6 que los espanoles le hablan
mensajeros ~· pie.• todos _los,·. gieroii 1~
prodikado un . insulto terrible.
rincones del lmperto inca y asl · dena y Ia esliraron}rAta.:
Cuando Atahualpa parti6'de 1u':.
,.._,•• ,.~,·-··,-·a;,
comenzo UDO de. los mayores de las puntas a los,bar1
eampamento para asitir aTa" ct.
derramamientos ·de
de :...~_' v~~~f !,~la'.''o't.ra,
oro'"i:1uro...
era
~con~
con~st
\·arms
..•••••••••••1111111
La Marcha
de los
·A-LL~EROS .
e.
/ .
trasla-..·
De
H. IERRO
.~~'J!'
·"?11~ ·
-~·<:<'-:;~~;~~-:_.;,4¥;~~p.:;,l},~~l~-..." ! ' ~ ~ ,·-:-.,,::;:;_""':!,~~;~=J!::·J/'~.....Con_t,ntt0:·ett 10:.1
· ;.~~-·::%~~u~;·
····~~rl,:,;.;'iP'
�11
• ;,.
> _ •
-~ _..,
-
\ \ " ·,;:;··,
:•.:•tJ~~:;.:..,-ju,
El.preclo del cemento es mas bajo··en Puerto !ic'tf-:
_queen
otros
paises
del. Caribe·y Norte America
---·::~"I):~"';."
.
'
- __. __ --~_:__ ___ _
~
SI#'
®·,·:\"
~: '\~- -: ~~~1\:?·i:;\±1.~' ;
t
-----------
El precio-del cemento de la Puerto Rican Cement en Puerto Rico
hasido el miamo duranto 101 ultimoa 17 aftoa. Yes m6a bajo que el
PUERTO RICO $0.97"'
~··
pteclo del cemento en otroa palsea del Ceribe y Norte Am6rlca.
$ ..34
1
l
·
La Puerto Rican Cement Company se alente orgultoea de la eficl•
Antigua
$US
. \ _,_..
encla de sua fibricu, que le hen pennitido of,ecer esta economla
Dominica·l ..tf;.~
al pueblo de Puerto Rico. El tener diaponible en toda oca.ei6n
Martinica
$UM
~..,,
· eemento abundanta, do calidad, a bajo precio, ha tido uno de lo• . ·
EE.
·r $1.14 ·
_;r.z~::
factore, determinantH en el r4pido de~am>llo de Puerto Rico.
R. Oominicana 1
PUERTO RICAN .
~,·_
El cuadro qua apareee a la derecha mueetra c6mo compara el
$ .06
precio def cemento de la Puerto Rican Cement en Puerto Rico. con
Trinidad
$1.08
·
el precio del cementa en otro1 pafaea. Eso ea ro que no, permite
Venezuela·..
$1.00
· · ,}·
decir con orgullo que el precio def cemento de la Puerto Rican
,.... .:C .;;·;.;:blt~IQa
COMPANY.'INC.,:-,,,.
Cement en Puerto Rico es mli& bajo que el preclo del cemenlo en
..,._..,_.,J";:f.~...-f~
·,..
· .• :. . otroa pelae1 del Caribe. y Norte .Am6tlca. .:-2.,/ :
·,;.::;11~..,:;:· f.'' b;,.
Dllbtlluldlllt~
, i· •
·-,-~. '\\):JJti]f:f~:}/f; ~-".'~',t,t,'11;½,'?,~}'•;;*!~?f!.'~-:;"Jp:\~:.:':'3-"';-:'1;~_ . ~--J";'·,i:~ •.. .'-,' ,.,..,.. ....,__.: DIQINE(IIIHGNtwl~~PICUUJA 1NDl5Tlil11U1~·~AI
,
'
7
l
uu. ·. :··
i
t
cEMEN11·,·!''·(
=:·,:~·.:_.;;;;;:Ji
I
~
i~.:';
.-:~ ..,/}):~;~.
.-;;;;:=.···;.;.,_,•
.-4;:;;~fi'; i:1 :~t~,1\1
...
,,/4
tfth~l;tf~\~~;r:~
�... IH mayorlas populares chilenas, engrosadas por fervarosas nu,.
sufrapron una W!Z mas por las soludones democratic:as que
las prometldas reformas de Frei comPorlan
lere1,
S ~.0,
~i-~i'.ni~~\·;;;·~~nidad.
paderfcon.
·_~qoced-~ellarass
_ pe~d_·el
decidi6,
•._
..
·Esto
axiomitieo...
0
comportamlento inveterado_del
No era admisible que el pUl'•
pueblo chlleno · en polltlca,· la blo chileno -sobre todo su culnueva victoria del Presidenle turiz.ada_ clase media. o g~Frei en Jas recientes elecciones po social inlennedlo- perma.
parJamentarias · pudo' concltiu·-:.£· neclera indiferente a la politi·
algunas dudaa... irracionales u ca obstnculiz:adora de. conse1·· .
anlihistoricas.
vadores y comunistas.en el Con- ~ ,._....,_---,
En verdad, para cuantos he- greso Naclonal, porque sememos esludiado y analizado a fon- jantes cortapisas tendian a in•
do el maduro razonamlento co, validar, en la inantmidad y el
·1ectivo de los chilenos, el trlun- estancamiento, Jos resultados
Co de Frei aparecla naturaJ e electorales que hicieron al Di'.
inevitable. Siempre Que en In Eduardo Frei Mont:3,lva, Primer
nacl6n austral las grandea ma. Magistrado de la Repub1ica .
. sas han tenido .. que deeidlr 1<h'
Era de esperarse que, tan
destinos del pals, y se le han pronto se presentara a las gran.
ofrecido op c i ones extremas, des masas --aquellas que no
ellas han adoptado la sabia po-. sueJen hacer de la milltnncia .. ,
slcion de equi]ibri~ demostrati• ~ partldarla. cuesti6n de doctrina
va de
SU
es
intimo repudto·'-1i':toda·,.', «{COnsigna:.;.;-"Ja·
ocaaJ6n ·de' evi•
delirante demagogla, a diestra · denciar sus sentimientos an\e
· o siniestra. La mujer chllena la pugna de 10.1 P,~eres 1;,egis·
,; . ·: . J I
�~-cuBRE EN
CHILE
.4)
•
frente a los obstaculos parlamentarios
de conservadores y comunistas, qua coartaban las.
equilibraclas reformas sociales,
... todo en Chile gira en torno al cobre, y Frei I,
las tesis estatistas del Comunismo, que contra';: i
servadora a una r.ana poUtica de intervencion d,
<i6n def progrer.::i nac:ional
.,,
.. l
mismo proposito de
estanc.:i·
miento social, ccondmic<, y arl· r·i,,r:1i 1r.•i<!r>, e
ministrativo. .
.
ho~tilid;id a t1.,r
Segun
,.cifras'· extrao.fi~i!".t:_~1ervenci6n~"cleL
les ·de esta elcccion pal'IamenTodas las dt=
la;
taria, la linea de Frei 'alcanui~
economicas y administrativas del Presidente
ra 82 diputaeiones y 12·escaKos·
Frei, l~s mayorias populares chilenas;.
senatoriales. Comparadas a ·1as
nutridas por fervorosas muieres, sufragaron ·una
bancas obtenidas por radicaJes,
vez mas por las soluciones democrciticas .
socialistas, comunisto.s, Jibera.
11ue· tales reformas comportan. Esta decision viene
Ies Y conservadores. la re~aci6n .
a ratificar la voluntod de cambios
· .- . en favor ~.Ia politica de:equl· ..
·i. civilizados en las· estructuras latinoamericanas, ~ ---· ·· librio reformador del Ejecuti-'
recusando a las t!ndencias retragradas
.
y
a las fratraas seudorravolu-
cionarias. del extremismo prosovietico
en este
Continente
O chino
Por "RMANDO CRUZ COBOS ...
· tE~p~ci.~1 . ~ara
IOHEM,tA)
4 ~ ..
conscrvado;~]
·cambios estruc
democraita:cH~
der chileno::irr,
te al cabo)ira
"chUenizacion d
expresion de J.
ment.e factible t
sarrollo agroind:
vo. salta a la vis°: Y_ ~~~!. t~-~. rica LatimC Nh
do, lo realmente importantc: · recha retrj.~tii}1
tranquea. sin turar··o esguln<'e!S i:.i:quierda.'totatit.
pnrlamentarios, la ~n,·ersl6n
::/r\~?},\
en leyes, de los lllanes de \'l- INTEGRACIOS
,ienda, reforma ngrarfa y se- CONTINENTAi,
mlcb1Jenlr.a.cl6n.~ de)
i.k:},.:1::£. .
,
el PresJdente. habla - ein1ad0:t-..-. Si a
i1
sin ~,dto, a la considernd6~:c1e1F;'dc equilibrl~~
cobie;~f·quf.
eon,re10.
1:; ·
.. ':~(~::~~.1-~'- titUd
.. : ;
• '. .
~csta..
~c1e·~a"nu~C!
Coi.tisifl.
·/·;W
�~~~i~,~~0~f
r·:::~:,. ..
l¥iff~~t~~{<1~ttij~,::._ '!, ~
,.. ~ .,..,,'l'rofimo Desinovlch Lysen-:
ko··-=-ver foto,:.:..; . no es .sota;r
'7'.ll'
...... inente· wi" bl6Iogo:· sino un bl~'
~'~ logo"".·comiuilirta: 'esdeclr~(uri
hombre de clencla que preten:-:_ de'"'qu~." la . NaturaJ~-;e-~,t ~
Biempre de acuerdo · co n lo ~.. .
que dice· el· Partido.' Pero la.
t
.:..:_;.., ··"""'.~, -~,;-,.z'i-,:(. ,y,:a:1,i'-~~1,~iE-~>.
!
·,.,.
..--~
Ir ,•
>· ! -•,..~
·-·: :i/·.t~-,·;:·,:'.·/~~-..::';~;;.~,
· .~:,--::1.i·
· : ''•<'.;·>~•--
r-,.::.,
, -;•
-~~';it"t:/:
. . ·,
-
L~, ... ,.......
~.:'J~-'•:>.J.:~.~~f::.~:._.2-i - "'
Naturaleza no suele ser mar•::.'·:,
xlsta•leninista,
tten,teus
pro-·';.
1
·.~-{.,;/). f\:f~/i~i~ffe/[~ ~~,i;il ·/,:; .::;:n:r1:: : ':u:~;:;-~:7;;~~;~~::i)Ar/...ff~ri::~/~~Sf-~ ~· ·~;''l
·,r..~.·· ·.
I
f~/ ··
:.~;~~$~\·, ,:·~~'!r-~~2~~~0:~·1as · ·:·,·1t.~f~~~~~~~jt~~~~~~~~-~/.~
<-Jfl. ~~i:.'t~;;i. _tribii1ldo~-~~s·
,- . _. _
de,." ....
~·'.
Y diga el Politbur6· aobre eJ
.
1
·-
·
..
, .:
. 1., .,.,.,::;..• •••
.
··~·.": : ~
·eua.ndo Marx madura.ba BUS,..
.!.,·.
,·z.i.\-:'i',dt:'::,.:.S:,.t.,,t.,.._
..-:r
~;1
~ -,~~"'"'... !..;.;:.;_:.!(._~
-~ ...... ,'"-1:..,...
~
'"ll\! teorfas economicas en su exi- · · J ·•' .,,., ··
~
k~ ·~ '
··
·: .-~-. ·
:'i·'._•;,:,·\,;,..::·J~;::•·~;,,:...:,:.:::-s::.'.;<1•,
8,~~'?a: ~e:~·__ }'.1~ !'. _.~ •,
.,,;:,~Si,•....,.., ~~:';,
f-'tjfiJ;]""~Jf•·-· :~
""'.:-<., ·: ·-?-½':'·• ".':~·f:-~r.:t~!,.t~~:".itir~ ·:~-~,a~~:.en""'lngl~~~'~;.,l~~~;:;o:::0-1".,~.,~!ltS~:,.,..5.:~,. ;-, ·/i.,.i.·
·,-~·,.,.
I
·
. ·- .·,~,.;·._...·;-~_.,:;,'."t.r:·
.
·
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,lio d~o•,Londres,:
f.. ;•:":;:;, .;:_
·
"1'\1'.. lt'.,~
•
~!
-:J;.,".t~l
·~i;..,.i ::,>-:~,t;.." ;,,;~:· ._.
I
. ~~~.s,~~
bro furidamental'de""'Biologia;. sis de una creaci6n unica. en mitirestacaracteristicaa.sus~tisfeclio• . con as 01
I
d o a d m1·tr1an que Ia evo• d escen
~<.;dientes. Es dec1r.
· por de Lysenko;
· " 'y este<'1"''.n,r
~
.. . • que corunovio los cimientos de e l J.On
reto.
., ·tj&toda la .. cienr.i~ .,~~!c~9:~ .._e)n~_.iuc~~n ~..U?·_proc~~~que po·
,. -1'9' cluso
mas ~~!.!~-p~;.e~a a los hom-
nuevo
a.' iui.s~~--~~
las convicc1ones meta-.,~· dfa .•eer ~odifica~o~
la se- . b~; ~;.., ~~~Len ,,~l. centro de y a sus staJoruV!~~
·
. - .- _
fisicas de su epoca. "EJ Ori- lece16n natural Y por et me- una sociedad ·Ide.al .socialista, leeheras. El resultado1f .
. ---------:-:- -- -· - - -gen de las Especies'\ de Car- dio ambiente. Sin embargo, ..
nacien- catastrofet sobrc('~~
los Darwin, presentaba. el prQ- las eonclus!o~es de~ fr a U e do. con todos los prejuicios pais como Rusia donde
ceso de la vida. como un largo agustino e r a n terriblemente. burgu~ que tanto preoeu· rra .tiene un solo patr
y ,.lento acontecer evolutivo, descons~ladoras desde ~1 pun- - pan a ·los comunistas -el rea- . Estado. Mie~t~2 @::r
regulado por la "ley de la to de vista humano: ru la su· peto a los progenitores, el tura y la ganadetia·~«
selva" y en el que solo tos pervivencia de los mas aptos sentido de propiedad, el amor listl:'.8" crecian y sc ·d
individuos m e j o r adapt.ados ni el medio ambiente influian a la liberta.d. etc.-, hacien· llaban vertigi.nosameti
podian sobrevivir. De eat u. para ~~da. en el curso de la do por tanto eterna la nece- guiendo 1 as ense~
forma evolucionaban las espc· evoluc1on. Esta se producfa sidad de esa dictadura de par- Men de l, desarrollad
cies. L as conclusiones del al aza.r: _las combinadones de lido, que ellos llaman dicta• Morgan y sus. discipt
gran sabio Ingles -euyo g1·an los cromosomas en eJ inte- dura del proletariado, y ne- la escuela nortcam.eiic ·
merito no ha sufrido merma rior de las celulas generado- gando con ello una de la.s po- agricultura y la ga.nad
por las modificaciones posh,- ras Y las modificacionea ines- cas justificaciones morales de vieticas llegaban af:7 c
riores gue ha sufrido su teo- peradas de estos cromosom.as esa religi6n del odio que es el de tener que importa
ria- venian como anillo al eran las causas que origine.- marximo: el de hacer una so- de Estados Unidos, Ce
dedo al apaslonado Marx pa· ban las mutaci~nes, trasmisi- ciedad mejor por ta modifica- Argentina. ··,t1<,;'i>t;~
ra robustecer eus convicciones bles por herene1a, Y laf! nue- ci6n del medio en que se dt?·
Lysenko cay6 'eiCdt
: .ii:~. econ6micas.
vas especies, por tanto. Y aun- sarrolla el individuo.
d~finiti~amente.
,. ·_:~
Pero mientras esto pasaba ~ue el a:a~ es, .P~ algunos,
r1a hab1a muerto · en ei
ll
en Ing1aterra, alla en un pue• . el seudonun;o -que· usa Dios
Un sabio sovietico, de ope· rro Nicolas I. Vavi.10,
bleclto de Auatria, un monje -cuando pref1ere guardar el reta, el Dr. Mitchurin, apo- tor del Instituto .de.:.
!.
aguati,n~. _Jray _Gregorio l:len- incognito", es lo cierto que yado poc 1a altn j~rarquia dcl m(a Aplicade., de u
t
del, trabajando eon
las-·eoncluaiones del ·fr a i le - Partido,- nego las ·Jeyes men---· do, sabio·-ruso-qu,t.<
guisantes, en el exiguo jar· Me?d~l eran mucho mas m~· deli.an.as y retorno a las vie- Mendel y Morgan,'· y
din de au monasteric, descu- ter1ahstas que las del prop10 jas teorias de Lamark y Dar- M:itc.hurin y au disci:
bri6 las }eyes que regu)an la Marx.
win. Su discfpulo. Lysenko. comunista y aprovech.
herencla en loa seres vivos.
ofieialif.6 estas teorias a las senko. El Partido' hf
Sue sensacionales descubri•
Esto. para el marxismo, Iue que dio su respaldo oficial el que rendirse ante la r
mientos, publlcados en una re- un rudo .golpe: ni la lucha por PC ruso. El prestigioso ''bi6- sin duda se puede es,
vistica para. naturalistas afi- la vida ni la influencia del fogo" Jose Stalin -el dicta• historia de acuerdo
cionados, pasaron inadverti- medio eran capaces de modi· dor lo era todo-- qued6 tran- necesidaces del Parfr
dos para. sue contemporheos, ficar al individuo, s61o las le-. quilo: pod(a continuar cortan- que esto resulte -~.t,
y s6lo 40 anos despues fueron yes sin ley
la casuaUdad do el rabo de toda oposici6n in.moral: pero no se· 11
extraldas del olvido. Darwin regulaban este proceso. Es de- politica en la seguridad de cribir la biolog{a co1
nun.ca tuvo conocimlento de · cir, se podria estar cortando que la bondad del fin justifi· cios dogmiti<:os: x: p
las mismas.
el rabo a los perros durante caba el salvajismo de Joa me· hoy, la gcnetica ~ '
Loe trabajoA del aabio in· generacionea sin que por ello dioe empleados. Muerto Sta- ser ensefiada en .~'lac:
-,1&. como loa de su antece· se consiguiera un solo perro lin, Lysenko cayo en desgra• los cicniificos"/["deJ_.
sor el franc& Lamark --que rabop. Pero, ineaperadamen• eia, pero por breve tlempo. El , birsk de aeuerdo"'coii
creia que la ada.ptacion al me- te, en una familia de perros sabio "agr6nomo" N i k i t a rias mendeUansa~:R
dio era Ja causa de la. evolu- nacla de pronto un perro sm Kruschev -el dictador sabe iniciado la
cl6n-, aunque negaban late- rabo que era capu de tras- de todo-- qued6 encantado y tica con occidente.;,..
':(',y•., rn ·
·-· · ·
aqueJlos""continuariart·
f.
Ir
.
f
:@!;<
t
piantas-de-
de
coexistenl
:-;fffir;·
�En:-Nigeria,
)&-
discrimina-
ci6n. racial DO fundona. · con
la' ferocidad con que tiene tugar en Alabama. por ejemplo. ·
., "'~ .:i';,:~.".: .,. , Al contrario•.. po~·!.1encima ., de.
,;s:~·,f
' ' ,.. las-. ~difereociaa~:·de
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.. ~ ... ._..,. therine Danforth Zastrow, de
.· ...\, ,·. ,_:,,.;[i... .. -:. , Fort Thomas. Kentucky, v~·
':.: ~~~?"?.:1~~~~.~/.;~~w~~- ~r;::,r · luntaria, del. Cuerpo de~ Pu·
,.._,,; ,:<·,:-::. ::·~.. .
norteamerica~o~· dest.acada en
j
Lagos. Nigeria. En la foto
l
aparece con su J.iovio Clem.en
·]
.. Cbukvukadivia Onyemelukwe,
__:.. -:·~I
ingeniero eleetri.eta. · nigerio,
1
con el que contrajo matrimo·
1
nio el pasado 26 de diciembre
en una igleaia de dicha. ciu- ·
dad. En la foto aparecen los
reeien casados poco despuea
de llevarse a cabo la cerem.onia nupcial. La novia, de 24
anos. retorno hace poco a Nil
geria, tra.a haber cumplido alli
~
dos aiios en el Cuerpo de Paz,
i
· para ingresar como profesora
i
·de un centro de scgunda. enLagos.
'
'!'\l,c/i1i«1.
C
"· tamento:·Test6'en
'·Pussi·'
dola hered~ra; uni
dejando timbi~n
preferida,
que ,se atendier~
..•, - de 'por vida, a la's
:
de "Ballottino" y
que la habian-?a~:
· ·su Soledad.. .Desigr
.s...,'il!l.v...
ejecutor testamen
notario
poniendo que a k
___:•Pussy" su-patrir.
. iilvertido en ob'ras
'
de·~su~
. _
M!lc.b:as
personm!_". n~:
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aca·-.'. -ll8r3:ba". _n9:di(~)legar;~~f~,ui~~~,~ro rajllot~~
ban de comprender c6mo al• ·,..asa.. Vivia en· un· apart.a.mien··:. en· metaU&fiy:~par
gunos de sua semejantes pue-- to de cm.co hebitaciones, en s1c1ones bancaria!
den sentir por los anbnales Oltrarno. y para no sentirse varios dias ·'Pussy
dom~sticos un cariiio que a. sola -:-Para que algui~ la.es~ separado-- un -mom
ellos les p.a.rece ridiculo. Los ~ pera.ra-::-::-. tenla cons i g o n. buta<,a donde su ~
que asf pieD!aJlBOD. Bere&.QU.e- "Pussy Una perrita sata, dP taba. y cada \'eZ ·
ignoran lo que es la soled.ad; eineo aiios; a "Ballottino", un el timbre de la ·t,t.
Ja soledad adobada de ternu- gato sileneioso. ariseo y des- l\lia, esper~ndo el
· ra sobrante. Han sido indivi- agradecido, y a una serie de llosible de :la ;'seno
duos normales, que ha.n ere.a- ca.narios, periquitos V torto- tti. Aho.ra;·
do un hogar~ y desconocen to- las.
to y le han quita.d,
do el . dolor de llegar a una.
r.l Ia.zo rojcteoi~t:
caaa don.de no les espera naA finea de enero, la seiiori- sora , .a.costumbrab
die. A la profesora Antonietta ta Favretti f a 11 e· cl 6 ...:_t.in.a~ . na.rtL·: ,,,..,,1-,.t%:,~
Maria Fav.retu,·norentina. de trombosis cerebral-, p e ro
;.Ridiculo?·:.i.D:'f':
66 .an~ de eda~ nunca la es- meses antes de morir hizo tes- Sin;pleme~t~•.1 ~u~
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San Vicenie
Paul'que pres· en los nuevos vestidfr.
..;.:·;:·· ... America hasta -ia actualidad, tan. sus .~caritativos - aervicios-· apretja.rz..~__en_Ia.~og
'de
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~~·
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· · ··~:,];
·r: .Recientemente se ub c6 'en·!'
Z.sobre
·· por la. alta jerarquia eat61ica
· eaia misma secci6n una nota
los cambkis 'acordados·'
..i:f~f"·-,h-·"',.reit~ ·td~d"'""tocioa,,,f_t"'.en''todo~'el"."muii'
dob)aclilJo\hafsa
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65
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' 'cuart.as partes
vtstiendo e] · n ~ e VO . ha~it_~-t,~L1&-'~'{!~~m.
~dop~do P~~1 ~eh~•. ~~~~:.Jf/t!3:!.-~.}~·, f~~/.t~~~
dad.,:&1. lado de•..i~ herman,a.J:ch~~~!\}~i~~~}:a.
prov~c1al superior Mary Ro· da. va por debaJo de.
ae, de St. ~uis, M1!11ri• 9.u.e · y I~ toca es ..~!Cf,~
-.
uaa el &n:~~~o vestido utih• quena.
~ ~::~}
e
w .... __.j.
• ··~: .. -,«!a·.
.·--:·:
Que l o a t:1orteamericanos negocios, nos la of1
La fiebre del oro ha deslum•
constituyen un pueblo queen• amable fotografia. to
brado en muchos momentos a
.tienden de negocios. 'es algo un restaurante' defLt
la. humanidad. La· ilusi6n de
que riadle pone en duda. Nor- les, Californ~i~l.!!!:
enriquecerse rapidamente ha que se ea.saron en ese perio· teamerica "es un pais extra· sirven excelentes-c9n
cegado siempre al hombre. do de tiempo. En li;63, la pro· ordinariamente desprovisto de ra todos los gustos, :
Este cuadro debido a los pin· duccion mundial alcanzo el fantasmaa". "El negocio de entre plato )' plato.
celes de un an6nimo inmigran- valor de 1.355 millones de do· Est.ados Unidos -dijo et pre• entremeses como el
te alemAn, itustra como era . Jares. De ellos, 900 millones aidente Coo!idge-- son Ios ne- de admirarse en la
la vida en los placeres auri· pro1.1enian de Africa, s1· de gocios". 1..6.stima grande que fia, tambien · para': t
feros de California en 185:J. Canuda, 42 de America La- este gran pueblo. tan ducho gustos. No solo satis:
A Ia izquierda. al fondo, un Una, etc.
en el arte de la. propaganda neccsid ad es alimer.
,:;/J. grupo de mineros escenifican
La mayor parte del papel eomercial, no este igualmen· sus parroquia~O:,t]:;,
~ '
una bronca por cuestiones dP. moneda de las mas rkas na- te cnpacitado en ·la propagan· alegran al mis'rno-t
"
juego. En primer piano, a la· ciones del mundo est! respal- da de sus ideates.
vista; no se s::ibe_si
izquJerda, se ve una improvi- · dado por un tanto por ciento
Una .demostracion evidente mo de facilitar;:'.1~
~ ,._ -- -- sada -carrera-de caballos.. A]_:_,de-reservas oro. Reciente esta __~e..:.esta -~i:Sposicion para los
lie. lo ingericl.Q o co:
t
centro, un 'joven borracho. es el .easo del problema creado · <'J.:
p6sito de pr~!.~C!frJ·
£
despojado por dos compane• por Francia a Estados Uni-,.,·
me cerebral cn"!'.'Jos
ros de 1a saquita con polvo dP. dos a.1 rec1amar aqueua, en
De- todiis fonnn.s
l.i
oro que lleva en la mano. _En oro, }OS dola~ que ~tiia en
CO
que este resta~ra~t,
11
el fondo de la e&Ba de made- au poder. Pen> la mayor par.
·
Angeles. Califoi:ni~t1
ra, un gambusino escribe a SU te de} oro existente en _la. ac·
Op
0
n e g O ci o. Sus corr.
f a m i 1 i a. comunicandole sus tualidad no est! en las cajas
tend.ran que aguzar
sueiios dorados. A la puerta de los Bancos ni en Jas reser•
nio para poder. ofre(
de la easa, un hombre lee a vas de los diversos Estados,
marchahtes a I
dos amigos un libro, taI vc.r. sino en poder de particula·
Porque si bien es <:
La Biblia. A la dereeha,
res. Segun Jos aiios, del 50 al
un rollizo biste et
dos gambusinos lavan su ropa. 80% del oro producido, no es
grato a todos los 1
De esto hace poco mas de atesorado. Nueve millones de
su calidad aumenta
un siglo. Hoy las cosas han onzas anuales son consumidns
mente cuando af.~t
cambiado bastante. y son los por )os joyeros, dentist.as y
comerselo se
Estados y las grandes compa. orfebrea. El resto lo. utilizan
. . un _:'bikini" de picl ,
iiias Jos que ordeiian 'las ri- las. induatrias fotograficas, la
•'"'do . eomo el que -oft
queza.s minerales de la tierra. de la porcelana, los laborato·
restaurante ::·~~ i~'
Desde el descubrim.iento de rioa. etc. ....
~
ci6n de
-:
de esta 'canti•
dad ban sido recogidas deade
principtos de este siglo. Africa ha suministrado u n a 8
26.000 toneladas y . America
alrededor de 19.000 toneladas.
La aportaci6n de Europa. ha
sido pequeiiisima. La de Francia, por ejemplo, en un sl·
glo, apenas iii ha alcanzado
para fabricar Jos anillos de
compromises de 1os franceses
tonelad.as
de
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11t•f LIU
aru•.
-LI.EVE SU PROGRAMA CON USTED .•.
., ,·:i el h,-,;.::;r
El "ln~tit~lo de: Prvebo Morino" de Nuevo York, he otorgcdo el prl'm io de producto"SUPER IOR- ol telev i~e,1 portoti I de tr~mitoJ~
(@.).
MENSUALIDADES DESDE $10· TOMAMOS SU EQUIPO USADO
:-:(~,:
a la venta en las Agencias Autorizadas General Electric •
International General Elec.tric Puerto Rico, Inc., Avenida Munoz Rivera 1086, Rio Piedr.ls: Cuatro HcrmJnos 179, Mayiguei·: Criitin,\ "12, I
.:.·-~.
�, ,., . . '·
. ;·,.-_'.><tft~#$. i,t
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Por
REN.E LINN
N
. ., \-~~·t~
~-?\'• ·,.·
-
~\!'
la de un ateo tocado pot'. la gra- tematicas: · _Al__ ," mismo ticmpo dee sc efectua en cir.
cia divina, tal coma~ Pa· hacia _traducclones; y se dice~ cias favo1·ables;7:~xac
(~~:·: bado que una mesa a veladol" blo.
, ... .Jf~i:; .. ·· .·._.. Que. pasaba "mimeros". de ma•":. cuando conierim~~'fa:
(
lienen cerebro para pensar, ner"Nacer, morir, renacei· y so-'°;,gia en'"et""'teatro""de~';Les Folics .· tcnl.'.l\iVaS scriasia'~'fin
vios
que sentir y que pue- brevlvir etemamerite;.
es Ju·~·. Marigey~·.- . (Jo...
no es vet" uetrar el gran mi~terlo c
.
den ser sonirr1bul~s. l\fientra!i·...· ··1ey del misterio de la .vida'', asi dad; Jo cl.erto es que Ue\·aba Ja ca ha dejado de· atom-.
tanto, perml.taseme creer que reza, en sintesis, su credo.
contabilidad defteatro, para ga. Jos -hombres:· "i-Hay·ru
todo eso no es sino un cuento
Allan Kardec naci6 en Lyon. nar a Igo mas).
m~u;. alli · de est a? ;. Lo
de eamino" . • De· qul!n· puede eJ' 3 de octubre de .1804.- Nada
Los espiritus no se le mani;- · ~amos muerte, es una
ser esta declaraci6n-_tennlnan• le .seiialaba como destlnado 9 festaroq hast.a" el afio 1854,
ci6n hacia lai{'regioJJ
te de incredulidad? Nada me- las visiones supraterrestres. De ocasi6n de que el magnetizadol" reas?". La respuesta•a
nos que de Denizard-Hipollto- una familia de abogad·os y no- · Forestier estaba descubriendo na cuestion Jlega a' N<
Le6n Rivail, .ar cual las espirl· tarios, siendo muy joven, fue los misterios de lo invisible. Al rica. Unos golpes pcgaci
tistas del mundo ~tero veneran enviado a la famosa escuela de primer momento el f u t.u r o pared resonaron en.:..el
cual &U gran ·maestro, bajo ·el Pestalozzf, en Suiza, cuyos ·m!- . Allan
no--ai-dej6
El fen6meno se -prod~jc:
nombre de "Allan Kardec".
todos de ensefianza se tenian der: Pero lu~go -como le ocu- 1847 en Hydesville. Ne\
;. C6mo pas6 Allan Kardec del por · revolucionarlos enlonces. rre a mucha gente- pas6 ri,. <m la casa de cif'rta·· fat
escepticismo a la fe -puesto Despu~s de aprovechados estu: pida y · f!cllmente de la duda apellido Fox. Cada not
que el' espiritismo no deja de dlos vuelve a Francia, instalfm- al·interes apasionado.
espiritu invisible" se, !
ser una fe ardiente? ;.Par qu~ dose en Paris donde contrae·
.
, . ~-;ii;.::,<-._..~e· produc~~~~...,.,~¥
consagro _su vida al mundo de matrimonio con una vecina, hi- EL CASO DE LAs·t<-:1~i~?.~~~,t~c:~ tos/ a'b"nendo_·y·:·,cerranc
los esphitus? jAh ... ! He a_qui jade un nolario tambi~n. Co- HIJAS DE FOX -, . . . . ··:_-""<\as:vmoviend~·-'1os''"~u1
otro · mislerio a ·desentFaiiar. mfenza a ensenar. en au doml- ·
... ,.
'i las manos, trias, dcl
Su convers16n es semejante n cilia, fisica, astronomfa y ma.'
La conversion de Allan Kar: aquel agarraban a .ias,s,
:.>o
.
Contimui mi".
i
i
O creere en las mesas que
·,·;t hailan cuando se m~ haya pro.
con
·esa
cu~i~
en.
Kardec
pren--··
la ,
~-,{\\'.' ~:1ci , :, :'.:,,;;t~I~:t:t/''}:}tf
�~,
.
,~q~\;~,;-' ., . ' .. "
I I):•
Los panes puertorriquefios somos los cam
popula.ridad. Gracias a los infatigablesesfue
panaderos puertorriquefi.os, llegamos todm.
los hoga~es de la is":' pa.ra propor'?io:C.,~~=1ji~1
Fleischmann Puerto Rico, Inc.se enorgullec
podido ofrecer la maxim.a calidad y servi~io:".
deros y reposteros de la isla. durante 53 an:?E
Fleischmann
Pu'er~c
�•'
Una de las muchH HcenH de •iolencia ocurridH en el sur de
..o, E1tados Unidos. Manifeatantes • favor de 101 derechos negros,
·... tendian sobN 11 acer•, para ffquivar 101 ladrillos qu• ·1oi fan.6--ticos segregacioniatas arroiaban contra elloa : · · ·
.
TERROR,
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..
.-~-shiti}f{/~:.-.;\, ~;\
r\;
-t .
Ueno de rabia a los segregacio.
nlstas. Habian utllizado en vano las c:achiponas y los gases
~
lacri.rn6genos para acaI1er a. Jos
.r
protestantes. Y como ultima ex·
!'.,
presi6n de su furor, una cua·
dril1a de fan!tlcos ofrecia al
..
pals y al mundo el bochomoso
espectlculo de asaltar a aqueUos tres pastores cuando aban.
donaban el restaurante de negros, El reverendo James E.
Reeb, de 36 aiios y padre de
cuatro niiios, fue brutalmente
apaleado. Le fracturaron ct
. _
crlmeo. Y horas despues moria
F',~,J§,· en -eJ hospital.::·-- . --·-·
;,·, .:B, '. ' Jun to al Jecho· de· muei:t:e es.
;,, ~ taba su esposa Marie. Y afuera, .
• • ,.• '.::: centenares de negros, bajo la
Uuvla., permaneclan en vigiUa,
1
'
orando por el valiente clerigo·
't_·.'
que habla Uegado desde Ia le·
,
jana Boston para acompanarlos
en
su heroica batalla por Jos
'
r
derechos. Si inhurnano habla si,
t
do el asalto de los cuadrilleros
~ · • del prejuicio, tlerna y conmove.
. ,. dora era esta vigilia, en la an. cha calle · proXirna a una lglella de ladrfllos rojos, que ne-
f
f
!
F
t-
gros y blancos mantuvieron firme durante mas de 24 horas.
bajo tos paraguas y las mantas,
mientras all.a dentro el reve·
rendo Reeb agoniiaba y final-
· ·:
El ;efe de s;eguridad
ciad'a .desde
nada historicamente, ese hech,,
que en Alabama se presentaba
con drnmatica tension, de qu,:
es creciente el numero de hom-
Ley de Derechos. co~l
cificacionC?s necesi"'ias
ascgurar el derechoal ~,
habia sido el origen,_de
bres y mujeres de piet blanca
te~ta de Akbamn.
J{-4,~
�:I: :,~~,~~" . , - :L .·. ,· ... El.':Oc:ASO . ,DE~t.
~j?-iii~!?::."~'!!iI*'~.~~~-~~~'f:l~~1-~~~+
'
.:_; i.r~··
LA , 'CULTURA
SE.FARD[f
~·tj~:~~:r;,~~-~~j'f·~'
;!~~-~t:·~ :L}'-':\i't~;~:~•~~li,\~:~!_
1 ~·
~
f'
f ~:~--~·
;·~'.\~if~i~[~jfj-t#f~f
• -,
_:,
• ,,{-
194; 8g6 a Vene%Ue
'f;,~,h~"''
:·de un'os cuarenta aiios de edad/:\ los grandes ojos .
. muy abiertos, conio espantados por'_'los honores, queJ1:
habian visto; era un hombre ·sui'"na'da' deiras""qu~f!
buscaba una patria donde depositar -su maleta de
desterrado. En el campo. de extenninio de Auschwitz habia perdido la familia y la fe; todo su pasado
Labia quedado reducido a un numero y una letra
en el antebrazo Izquierdo: A 15260, su unico documento de intemado. Por entooces lenia un solo dcseo: olvidar ..•
Ahora, 20 aiios despues de baber salido de Auschwitz, Silvano Benadon tiene aim los ojos grandes,
pero ya no miran hacia dentro, espantados; hoy es
venezolano, casado; encontro una nueva patria y
una nueva familia, ambas de elecci6n.
Hace veinte aiios no me bubiera atrevido a pedirle
que hahlara de Auschwitz. Abora si, las heridas
. ;J: ~el cuerpo y del alma cerradas; ·mcluso dice: "~s
,,,'Jt un deber de todos nosotros, los de Auschwitz, contar aquellos horrores, aunque sean increibles para
las nuevas generaciones. Eso· no debe repetirse
jamas,.. ·---. .
. -- -· ' -. .
En · Auschwitz fueron .asesinados cerca de cuatro
millones de seres hiimanos que DO _comelieron otro
delito que no"
sinipaticos a los nazis. Si los
monsbuos son una excepcion en las reglas de la
naturaleza, el mun4o nazi, que era un mundo ~contra natura, tenia por regla general monstruos. Preparese;·· tectoi,. para entiar'"
mundo como
jamas bubo .otro, ,el mas barbaro de todos los
tiempos. · ·.,; .. ,
h;,
.·
,,'.f·;· . . :;
________.. ·
f·
I.
·
'
.. ~ >
'
~
series·
en un
,'
.
..
Al grupo de 65,000 aefardit.u d• S:alonica les ·e~pe.
.-.·
ne9ro final de hurno en el crematorio de~Auicti"
~"-.,:,,.•..;,\;.J.·:~·:,•-:.1 ..; \ ' .:, ~ ".:'4~~
Por LUMO REV A·
:! ,.
�e;it~1w¥:1~1~IJ¥I ~".=;:__: ),~fti~~T.: _~:~,Jf~~~#~#c~~:Ji~::tfiit~~;;.;,~
···<·-:.:.~ -~-h~.,-,.·~'-'-~.. ·
~;,~.J;;,if':• .. ;, -··- .
'
~~~'
,,,,o·&~~i :~.
.
--- .
. .•••. " -- • . .
-,~:•3M'
~
1-,,·;.,f.,:\e!ll,"'1,.:~~~>'-<<·'· ___..,..__.,~..,~-~ ,->·· r.
···-~··•· ·-.:,cc:-.
:.,i.~\7"~~~:~{{-<-:~~··"'"'·cc-; ':"· - ·:
·.~~/1f;J}< ,•, :·
,· ,•
"'-"~"""""'-· '-~""'""'···· ....~ -
,~,;.·!"·•
·,-. "·.
.; ~ ... ·.i>.:.:l~, ,;;;i,:
CO~ZAM.OS estaa con·,;: . hast a 1900, · formaron .una·~~- ..: :···~-;;:, . ~
/~>{_~'
<+:·,. _,t/.:'_,, ...·':::;<~-~·-::l~.::}.,·."
.-,(.·;I/!f~· . versaclones sabre Ausch- unidad; dentro· de ella,,_la .co--c1.,
··--.,4
... -~:~:~\.; :;_~/ .~.
witz en la dis~e~ ..~viend~~}oni.a sefardi~, ~tend}~~j~--~~;·
""··t
~ cua Alb9:'11a, Bui~, Grecia; Ru·~;,··-tt£..~·.'!.,.
·. ·f,-:)·· ~-'.:' -.,,. - ~
dras de la plaza Bolivar, en mama.. Turqu1a y Yugoslavia, ~...~
~.,
medio de una ciudad que no formaba otra unid.ad, econ6:. ·
ha conocldo la ·guerra desde · micosocial y lingiiistica. To.
h'ace imucbos decadas; unn
dos hablabamos el judeoespa. .
... -':-1·
ciudad fAcil. El hombre que iiol o ladino. Los hebreos de
.•
. .- :,.:.;f{.:
esti sentado frente .a mi, pe: . la Grecia turca, es decir, del
.. . . ,.··.?:.~ ,:;:,..i~~' rlodista;·experto'contador, fu;,'· Epiro; Macedonia y Tracia.
· ·:-_J;,,·,;f..-.)?½'.... ~~:ti.~f,t~eii'-'un tiempo un numero de formaban el nucleo cultural
· '
..
:;,);
.;'f.iA'"· ···Auschwiu, sobre el que te·
del muz:ido sefardita. En t900St·.' ·: ;,· : ::
nla derecho de vida o
Sal6nica'' tenia 250.000 habi·
,-... c~a~qu!e~r S.~.•. c~alquier je~e tantes de l?s cuales 1~.0~0
· ·· l'':'.';°->··.::-:~..-.:-'-. · \i
de?.entre ·1os m~os tnterna.::: e~n. s~fard1tas: una:. m1n~r1a,
. .· · ·. · dos. ;, Cuintos hombres se sal-. , · dom1nante; ~ que esta~ ~:Ia,'.
varon, entre los condenados ·_· cabeza del mundo intelectual;
al exterm.inio en Auschwitz? del industrial, del comercial;
.i.CinCO mil, sefs mil, de varioi;
los sefarditas tenian su cul•. ,:~,?,Ma~
Uno, meses despues de la deportacion, las~··mayou,
millones de intern ados? tura propia en le.dino, aunque
serfan 101 problemas del di~ -.,,;~~f.
.,. ;, Cuantos sobrevivieron, des- se hablara oficialmente el turhechos fisicamente al salir co. En 1911 fue la guerra de
del campo? ;. Quinientos, seis- los Balcanes; Turquia la percientos? Hoy es casi tan di- di6; la unidad qued6 rota; aurficil encontrar un ex-interna- gieron nuevos paises, podrido de Auschwitz como un stra- dOft de nacionalismo. Las cod.ivarius.
munidades sefarditas, por ca-;. Por que Jo Uevaron n rambola, se quebrantaron. En
Auschwitz?
Sa16nica se conservo el ma-Por ser hebreo sefardit.n yor grupo hasta el com.ienzo
nacido en Sal6nica. Nada mas. de la. gran guerra europea de
Un caso de los sesenta y cin- 1914. Poco antes de la guerra,
co mil de Salonica, en 1940. ·grandes grupos de bebreos
;, Sabe Ullted cua.ntos de esos de Greeia emigraron a Fran·
~-_;.,-~,1,·, sesenta y cinco mil hebreo11 . cia Y otros paises de Europa
:· :·%·_·1 sefarditas de Salonica queda-. Occiden~, a donde. tradicioron despues de hi.' deport.aci6n - nalmente .. los jovenes iban a
por los nazls? Unos mil qui- estudiar.
nientos.-· El resto· fue - conver_------··-LPorque esa emigracion?
tido en jab6n, tejidos especia-Porque asi como Turquia
Desde el _prlmer::moin~io;:-1a·'mayor ·promisc~j~~'i
lea de cabellos, pantallas dP. habla deja do que los sefardi·
_
:: · . ,u_~~I~ de pudor ~ como reg la gener•!-iw
piel tatuada y abono de ceni• tas conservaran su nacionaliza para los huP.rtos nazis. T"· dad, los griegos los nacionali'"J
dos convertidos en humo en zaron en masa, aunque los se- qula. El negocio fue para Tur- ·si en tiempo de lo:
los crematorlos de Auschwitz: farditas ·se sentian sefarditas. qula que recibio agricuJtores, celebraba alli mas
humo -negro; y olor a earn,. hebreos de la diAspora espa.. agr6nomos, tecnicos de dife-· hebreo que el·-'vie·r
humana quemada... Yo ~- iiola ... Durante la guerra no rentea especialidades; ·Grecia en tieplpO de
mo, a veces dudo de que pue- hubo cambios pero en 1918 en cambio recogio a un mill6n seguia celebrando
da ser verdad tanto horror. Grecia se preparaba para la de pequefios comerciantes y el sabado judio, r.
a pesar de haberlo vivido eor, guerra contra Turquia, que · algunos artesanos. Sal6nica ya domingo griego. E1
todos los poros...
dur6 hasta 1922, que termin~ · no era lo que fue para los el sabadu y las
Respetamos un corto .silen- con el tratado del gran esta- hebreos. La emigraci6n a Eu· fiestas religiosas ;_h
cio.
~-. ·. ..
dista11 Venizelos, dol que de- ropa Occidental fue de . uri :· les como el Dia.'! c
-iC6m~ era eae mundo se--' clan que era mas grande que 30%: 30.000 sefardltas
fufi- ("Yom Kipur!•rTel
fardlta de Sa16nica?
Greaia. Los griegos de Turquia ron y quedaron 70,000. Pero VO ("Roch H~hinc
-Los Balcanes, durnnte el regresaron a Grecia y los tur- Sa16nica, hasta · 1940 sigu.io se celebraron haste
dominio del Imperio Otoman, cos de Grecia ae fueron: a Tur- siendo una.t~~iudad .setardita. guna.s plegar~"";~
,·:. ::'.·:\'!/~~':!P-;"::":ff.~-~~: _I
__
_
de S ..Benado~, _a
J
: .. ·s:-
muerte'"
~1:t
_;L{ti:-
·los ;
se
'
•
~-· ._-.·:~r2~-i!f~/
"• u•:,,:..~:~t~
· · ·· - -
;;.,::;r:;-_;;/:..:::?~litY~t~~f!1f~
�~;i1r,•1t1
:;;~~;till ,; ', .,.· ', ~:;?t~t; ,~~::;: ~-- ' .', '
''..~-"" spaiiol, en Sal6nica.
, :· •.
Ruiz .de YUJtoalavia:·. Habfa:.:-_
apen..11.
· - -··
.............. "~...,..,Th,........ ~-..
r ... -Una
,. . ..minorfa;
. . . . ,..a -.,-1'!'w..t
.... ~~·-·
haelan .ezt'_Sa~i: .. una sina,coga ~e}~ ~~'~i..s.ooo.;_~te;t~-~!~~,.~ __
...!..:~:~:::;-::~··::?At:.--s:;!~±
:ontca loa'hebreosf;~:.,::.:-~ •.:::: ..:: ses/otra "de"·Joa ttallanos.-La ...··los que ttegaron ·huyenc!o·'"de·--·, ..
1
•
:· ~~-~ .·-.-~-Familiart como todos loa principal se ll~aba ·~.: SaJ6nica llegaron ~. s._6..:_6.o~g. . ·
' :: ··. ·-·:. :~:~:~::"::~ . ·uclioa; social. atempre entre Saul'". la Casa de Saul:. habta;i Hoy, en toda Grecia, noJi~y
.cbreoa. N:o ~ a . .el-~~:-.,. ~~J de_~'Bet.~ Aj~··, la~~na__.~~~~..;-~e~'tse.
.,__·-::f.\-,,~~~~:i··--•½"-.::. :iouio mbrto: pero habla can• - Casa de.loa-Xuertoa o cemen•
Se qiieda pensattvo, ~q
·.. !'.·,·-.:,: ·,:....,.. <'.', .·,··-·: ·: ivencla cordial· con los otros terlo. Mi famllia. paterna dee· tando esa· merma brutal.
- i Costumbres. usos de
. ... ,,__ .. · ,abitantea. Y la libertad reli- cendla de·· Murcia. por eso la
~
•ioaa, en tlempo de Joa otc,.. ainagoga de Murcia era la que lonica, hasta 111. gueria!i;~~;... ·
--·noaotroa frecuentabamos...:.,;·
,.,;..:·- T·od--~;.,,""~'i~ti·;
~:.:. ..'..::.i::;:d,
; , , ·. ··,;-i.':.:..:.· AB.Ile&
- fue total
•.. •.~--::
.---~~.-,......,- .. · .....
av1a;;~en~ emtv1t;,,,
·
.
t,
.-::,:'"~d~fii:::.;;;,,/:.:,i\1 · -iQue· vida
••
.:~·/.f.:/ ·
·. :·::-\;_}:t~~~:~)iJ
·,:~~-? :·.>·· .::,/:,:
..\</tt :??:··~.) : Ioa
dem'8. gr,lll)O!.~ ~ 1!·
~:=ca~~!ro~~::°C
_._:·. · :; .-. ·. \Vii
. -~.~:'1°.,
~-""~*'-~.r;X lmpeno· Otoina.nc>'liab~ves
•
dita\~:iv~:~c:~:~:~f~~:~~:~,~--~-~ ..
·a que cada _grupo la CODS-. maban ~a poblaci6.n hetero,. gunos pueblos 'de Castilla.; era. )(:·E~'.'s;toni~a se pub I iuron ~ d'
· · ·· · . rula en recuerdo de la que gi~ea; eJer~Ian d~e las pro- muy complicada y de colores?·'"
en iudio...spanol con~ 1;1,
·
· .. u~ en su regi6n de Espana. fes1ones !11as hum1ld~, ~ta vivos;. y el. refajo y la falda."-;,~:~!~~ como este,
9 ~~1, ~niamos cal (pe~6~~.cal ., las~ .mtelectuales. _La ma.~
c~n muchos adornos: la r:.~ ~ ----~~\7:":··· ·
·~i.~~ • smagoga en .18:dino) · de y_orl.a de los C?b:eros portua fta. costaba mucho porque 1ba . , •·r},i.,~
·~~n, de .Murcia., de Cata·. r1oa ~an se~~1t&;s y la~_,ma-. . , adornada eon monedaa~!l~).f· .1, • _
. ;,.:;'!J'~'f;,'.., ;__-~ -~i(~r.i~::.:
otras. que ~ban
'. ,yorla
~breros
· ~e~~·~~~oro•• a1 uio:muaulmaii·1a··s·~,~.-~~,
'• ~ 4
" 1.• ..,.s.9~,r-4',,-1-·
1
delJm
,
fibrl d~;~~~
,:_-...>.;ir..:-"'•_..>,~.~
~~"'"·-~ ... ~
'. ~ :·.:·:,. ::-' •• >· ,· ·.. l ugar
perlo 0tom4DO,
cas Y 1OS mOlillOS.
·.
. . . jeres llevaban ademu el "mil• . [;,": ", . '-.
, . }. t;londe habia Uegado el:cru• ·
-iNo habia muchos h.... ni" el velo que caia de la co-· : .,. ~
• C
y, •
•
rto,
~H!~ll?·
.. _.,· ....-.·- ....1••~>'
1
:·. t~~~, )1:~I,~~:}~ Ji.~~°'~?l~~~~tt~~1 -/)\ir>.: ·f.ia:.)' ':!~.. ~~~:;¥¼~~Jt);~},:1
r.
las mu fern del mvndo. aef1rdiia de Salon lea les esperaban
los mavorea suplkios, deshonor y mverte
·
-;. L(,s
bomb~:. ·?'7~~·•·· -.:-·,..r.1flt1f.,'i'1;;~·-:~~,
·
-Vestian sobriamente, r..nmo las turcos; - los mas pu·
cllentes, los mas evolucionados iba.n a la europea. Yo conoci a la.a ab•telas de mi jnfancia con cofia. Cada sini•.·
goga tenia su cantor, Uarn?..do "jasan°, que sabia viefa,::
canciones, transportadas de
la. Espana del siglo XV, dP,
memoria••. Una de las mis populares se llama En la mar
hay una torre. Dice asi: "Efl
la mar hay una lorre / Yen 11\
::r~: ~~~;:n;~:/aa!~ ~::
,.
r
~- :._ ..
!;·>,,
101 alemanes qve .. rec
gian a Jos hebreos de Grecia:·pa1
llevar1os .al m.at.adero de'tt
Tres de
~~schwl~~-~Ai;~
rineros llama. / Dame la ma· rante Ja pn.mera guerra mu·
no, paloma, 1 me subire a t11 dial, al llegar las tropas,fra
Did~... I., Mal~~ch.a, que duer·. ces~.- a. S?;l_6~_ca · ~o~~l~:
. ·mes .sola, / quiero dormir yo· · blar su i~~-I'l?a. ·en toda''la ·cL
-·contigo~.. " Esas canciones SP. dad, por lo que le llamaban
: fueron llenando 'de· impurew,!· Sal6nica el pequeE~ ~a.rls.~l
-de palabras hcbreas y turcas- -·-mismo- lesp'a~iaba a los itali:
rumanas, bulgaras... Los d; nos; Muc~os q,ue ha.~la_b~;~.
mi generaci6n hemos visto de• Jectos del sur Y con.di!i~~
-rrumbarse una cultura: ta se- el italiano, aprendieron·"el"it:
farcli ... Los de Sa16nica. apren- liano en Sa.:6nica. ~ he~:
diamos varioa idiom.as. Por nas y yo mtSrno ensenamos
falta de eaeuelas turcas se fun- algunos.
:..,
· daron extranjeras, sobre todo
- ·l Estaban bi en Jos ~h,
e italianas. As{, c.a· breos con los -turcos? ... ·
c1a sefardita, ademas del la···; ~Muy bien. aun4
·dino, que aprendia en casa de mar parte en la cosa. publit~
' BUS padres, y del ldioma' ofV-' en la .. politica n1 en'.' lo~mi.r
: ciat, turco prlmero '.! 'y h.iego' . 'tar; Los turcos eran muy. ti
griego o bulgaro o servio, et·. lerantes con todoa. Sal6nk
cetera, conocla otro idiom.a,. - . f ue la ciuda.d mas important
.. el !ranees o el italiano. Tres . de los Balcanes, en cuanto· .
· ~ idioina.i·'-Jior"'.io menos.· Tanto·,-:, ·1a ciiltura setardi: mus fc\
. se hab1aba el frances que du- teatro, pintura, literatura~.
Continiu, ·en I.a pn.g:"~s:
-francesas
Ue-Si;~t,
·, ;;·?:11
�Intern~cion·.:1es
.s:;:;:s~·s.
Eso es lo que las EsateJas
le ··ofJ~~~~~
fotografias\• ;~ad~os1§t
Nada
de
trucos
y
nada.
de·
artificios.
Cualquiera
que
r.ti
·te:xtci; E·r preci5'fa~<
j
Sea el p_ue~t? que Je interese,_~CUpar-ya sea en SU.·-. mt>dico, }' p~ede pagars'fen Com:fili~~
,
presente ocupaci6n. o en una enteramcntc nueva-las suales. .Miles de estudiantes ban recib:
, ,, . .
. .. .
Escuefas Internadonales tienen un curso.especial, "ait>de s·ueldi{poco:s·
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1/'l~=~i1~J,.~~,~f-~~~ .fri'i.·"
4,;,.•·. ~ oi: en qu~ e afu ar~,a conseguir o:-:-i-£r~~~-,.~~\:.Z~Jft,,;,.,i,7"...,'~,;::::~;;.:~1£!',t.'ot;~~-.,,··~~$tp,;~~
... "· 1 ~·· h::~fo;:t'; <'-::'":..· -~.·;- /
·-=:,Jt:~!',;~,, '~,·r,· ..... ·· ·- '.:."""': .. :r--'f',/ - ~ • . . •·
-.. '.~.• ,
.
LA HORA 'DE DECIDIRSE HA 'LU
·-'
· .; .. · ~. ·.
· · Escuelas Internacionales cs parce de la mas grande ·
i
·
_,,.,
· •\.. ··
•
'
' · ., d.
. I
·d
,iLLENE Y ENVIE EL.CUPON.=
i
f
coniprensil,ra''del
-~esiifdesptrirfii~
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.
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.
~
'
,
r:~t;};r~:n:n:::~: 7!Jri~~~cr~:{/.~~!~f:'J ~aiPf~~!~.-_r,;~i,l{~;i~;~fi~l
. . ' .. estudiJl'es··eri fos"uHiaios. 70 aiios. Cada uno' de" SUS . . Internac1onales; tanto mas pro,nto olitefl
1-:i~~~iit!!t,:~~~~i:?t:•}jf
~..
'···
i-
r·
cursos ha puesto a f!liles de ex·alumnos en altos emp1eos supervisorios y dirigentes. Con· ellos usced
recibe todo daco ·necesario }' la practica para su aplicaci6n en la obra. Todo lo que ustcd aprende tiene
un Yalor inmcdiato en "efcctivo."
Como estudiante de Escuclas Internacionales, ustcd
estudia en su casa, por correspondenda, en sus horas
libres. No pierde ticmpo yendo a la escuela ni tiene
que esperar quc alumnos cardios se pongan al dia.
Los cursos de ~as Escuelas lnternacionales son pre··
sentados en forma de libro, escritos en castellanocon la ma}'Or claridad y sencillez. Y van ilustrados
mayor;,Y..)i~~;1
puesco mejorf _un !ueldo
Escuelas Internac1onalcs,
•·ia &3306-U.S.A.
F. o.
Box
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~'f·un ·ctaro sentidctpolitico,, e''S]'.]>oiltica•··dfi'~coeiiit
,j'·' ,_,_... . "b ···-'"···· ..:...:;,.-,.6.;r·-.-,.t .• -~~- .,..... ,:.
.~,,.~~·
.,...,..,...,._ .....~,.Jto. escapa a a·los~te ricos de · ftca. Pekfn s.e :_v,c
pt?rq_ue,.
Brezhnev y~_Ko1y;in, po~~an fl~J~J~..:,_1_"'-"a:lnlclada ·con' la cafda cle '. ·- Pekin; Lo .. cj"ue»:)ntenta.ban/ situacion, ...
Kr111chn, y acuHban;•. Pelrl!'',;~·-ta,r..-.t1nclo una ·~!!'~n· ~~-Brezhnev ,y:Kciiygtn;'?en.'·wre:~eontlir:co~~
calumnlas y provocatlOhes 'tontra la URSS~~~~'l'"""'....,..,h.,.,te4.,.,....,,..,.,.,,
•• --~"'T'...•'· -....~;,,.. ... =-·:.--:i·1.u·~--~l<i>~
1
.
.,
+'-,<.-·,:···
~
c1samen r,~.ca 1car•que no··co,ts_o~~tP.!!!"J
aceptarian la ·instancia china amena.sa:de guerra
a variar la politica de· coexis-, debilitaria - bastant
'tencia: As(,' en·:et·-toodo 'del~··:para cre'i~rfcoifci:
viaje del premier sovietlco n obligaran ··a:· 1os"fE1
las . capitaJes.-:rojas 'del Asia. dos .a retiranie'Jc
~.estaba el prlip6sito" de contra- asiatico. ,.·.,
:~~;Ja'fc:~ciente-influencia':· ,. ~~~ta
.
.:.,,:.,;:·}t,.~"l.i--:.••.·:.SV-., .• ,,.. :::~,1.·
•
fue la tan decantada)4unidad
monolitlca.. d 1 comunismo
·
.
· ~·.::, ~ ,:., ·"-, ·.. -
e
mundial. Apenas. los- delega•:_
dos liabfan tentdo, tlempo de ,
volver a SUS bogares. cuando
ya 1as··cliscrepancias y los wres"de'polenuca ·,empemban_. a.
""'-'·-··sacudir al- eampo''socialistL~···
~· chiii~m1tni.ras<9quea'su:.veif~;en'f;.eP'recru
(
Tras .: el perlod_o·: de relativa
f~~:?,1~_,!.!,.~1.s,t:_~~£(lllt.r~~~gntt ideol6gi~a.,:
cal.ma ·en las· disensiones ro-t brando para-retener sus posi: lo dio la ·acci6nY°'P.9
jas que· se abrio con e! reem·
. clones Ae dominio en ·'Jap6n i · ·. tada en'iMoscii .
· · pluo de Nikita S; Kru.achev..
_:: · Jogri.r:."'el teontiot "d'el f Part.ido'?.riufidiide'is'f'"a J
;
volvlan a"· api.recer" las. grie,.
fteo~~i~istl'dctli'lndia~que~gi;.;~~dlpiomltiea. ae~Ji
tas. y· ahora no' solo· reauci·
ta 6rbitasovilt1c~-trnidOS:"atacada~
taba e~ conflicto entre Moscu
Los eneuen.troa de Koaygi!1, tes
y Pekin. Ademu, el mundo
Chou En•La1 y Mao Tse Tung . EJ embajador;d,
occidental conocia. de una in&e producian sobre cste tras- lfoscu, Pan Tsii~·I..
tensa puina que estaba confondo de intriga y conflicto. c:r.nciller sovietic7/.i
d C
·
Mao Tie Tvns, supremo Jefe · p
....
moviend o a 1 Parti o omun1s- del comunilmo chino, plant••·
or e11o, 1o~ expertos no se myko, para entreg
ta de China, mientras. Fidel ba un ultimatum al Kremlin: 0 sorpr!ndia~ de Ja actitud que ta de protestn • .:.~tl{
Castro se declaraba virtual• renunci1 a la polltlca de co- asum1a Chma ante 1a confe- mienzo de lagr:in:o
mente independiente de Mos·· exlstencia, o que Ml prepare P•· rencia comunista en la cum- iba a desatar .Pek:
.,. . cu, a la vez que lamaba al• . ra la ofensiva ldeologlc• de Po- bre.
de aqueHa piotes'.
gunos ataques contra Pekin.
kin · · · ··:·/._-.;
Los dirigentes sovietieos sobre todo el final
Yen medlo de este proceso de
creyeron que debian cambiar co y etieo". ECG
agrietamiento, el presidente
el nomb~e ~~ la reunion.. en China Popular decl.:
Gheorghiu-Dej. de Rumania.
virtud de que aiete de los 26 ta accion del Gobi
avanzaba en SU poUtica de 8\1•
partidos convocados. habian tica niega . lo~'~pr'i
tonomia respecto al Kremlin
negado s·..i asistencia., y la ca· marxiamo-leninism,
lificaron con el r6tul~ mis ternacionalismoj. J
y el COM.ECON hasta el punto de estar ya actuando por
modesto de "conferencia eon- Esto nos avergu<
su propia cuenta en aspectos
sultiva... Despues. Jos 50 dele- desespera".
·
decisivos de la politica exte·..
gados reunido.s en los cerros
Mientras esta-}·
rior. la economia y la estraLenin, daban· a conocer su co- tas simile.res~~,
tegia comunista.
--municado·llamando a· la uni• Jos canales-dipJor
El primer alntoma de que. ·
,... dad. . ._;;:~· . ~-·-.., ,. ~i.. ••• .-. •
. el terreno politico
iY&·i \la.a· 'n~ociaC?onts.~,~ciadas
~;y Pero loa lideres" chifl:os es-,.,:\P!~teaban'~:~~~~·!I! · · por Chou ED·La.t no'·hablan
:. taban resueltos a avanzar en,';. qu-e ofrecer defini
el reto al Kremlin Y deman· · ras de su politica
dado reaultados positivos, fue
el boycot que estab}ecio ~bidar definiciones. L,ejos de de- SU actitud freDUii
na contra la conferencia en la
tener el ataque que hablan del Viet Nam. del
cu.mbre que habta. convocado ·
iniciado en Pekin y Tirana - - c
o;'::Pelii
Gheol'llhh• • D\11, president• d •
• l
1.
---Moacd para el primero de Rumanta, culmlnaba IU' polili- (capita de Albania, eJ sate· . Kremlin
este''di;
marzo. Kosygin, en au jira de ca de lncfependencia de Mostu lite chino en Europa) contra siste de su politic.a
once: dias por Asia, habla be- . y el COMECON, · deJando .. , de , la reuni6n de Moscu, ·lo .acen• . tencia pacificaJyfd
cho dos escalaa en Moscu, en •~wlar representaci6".9 . • . la con• tuaron Y finalmente plantea.-. de. entendimiento~c
ban lo queen· los medios iu;~·r·perialistas""(a.ludi£
Jaa.viaperaa de la reuni6n co• £ fe,encla de In cw':°". unln
munista mudial: ·pero·ae· att•-:: Ber la eatrategiarmu.a.dlal C0- ~-.~~ea.)e calific6 eo~o :.:~·yectado.inter'cambi1
po que ~ converaamonea fue- / mWllsta.; a~ fin.'' de .. procedei~~~~~mitum:~
ron frlas, protocolares. Pe:ti~~. deapuea.a· reunlr loa ~~~:~~f:;>.-:"·iE'~·•/. ,. ,. ,. ··,'.'.t.,.,, .. ··"·URsS~i.~.~~~'.
no deaistfa del punto de vista';'" de todo~el mundo y:dar-ez~·~ ;_.Cau~·-~..!,.~•- ~-?~it~-d~.•~~·n~:~ y 1os·..-.a~~o;J,
que habia auatentado lnlcial· presl6n a . la .,revitalJ.mda..
:' ·' r...
·
··
,.'',
las relaciones -. oom,
mente contra la conferencia mddad. del mundo rojo, a ba.-~;~~.·· .Loque vino a colm.ar la co- que se disponga a
mundial. Comlderaba 'que el se del repudlo abierto · y mili: · pa 'de la proverbial pacienci~ empeorami~to. d £
Kremlin. en. vez de persistir tante a la politica de coexis• china, f ue la actitud sovleti->....,,, ideologico"
en el proyecto de Kruachev tencia. pacifiea. -'1,·.:·
;, :· ·.:- --~ ,~ allnearse junto a Fr~n,..·:.;:)~~;\lt
respecto a ese c6ncla.ve, d~b(a . Ob~ente. la persistencia ,. cla para gest!onar la pas e~ Los Sov!et•co.!J;~r
cancelarlo y convenir. COil los de Koscu .en. celebrar la con·, - el sudeste uili.tlco. F..sa era "::,:::.;,:t;;:.;,.~-:ll.'f:,;;)i:.=J~,;.~~
dirigentes. chinos euil debfa ferencfa _,en la cumbre, ~ ; ·una e:q,resi6n eoncreta de la -?·~_,:.Ante~la violench
-raoo·ert'
w,\
#'
. . 1,_:".:/~._
~~r·~.~
0
~~i.~2€:t~~
on-c r.·e-t
en
• • •
~tltdnos.'Jefi!d~I:
_?,.~~"'
:30,..
?:·~···'"·(f~:, \':{/ .
�~, ~~~YJ,.~
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:-
_:,_;_~\--;,!-:,';.;, ··-
.
::.~."'-..~· ..;}~:~~fJ.: ·
· -.-.; .."·,~·.
;
::;~~i~i. ;t
· timos ataques de. China con-: .;..iJllvi!le.ntem~~- se est a ba · 'debatir las cuestiones basicaa .~ Estas;:palabru
f:·~·.·'f'·.. 'tra .Jos dirigentea''iovlettcDB,?~tra·vu'enef~blente de los respecto aJ.a,estrategia"m1.t
dictador';~G
1/(?:r ·:. estos' decidian abandonar la/ intercamblos Jde,,
-~que .·. di.ii'<"laa"relacloneii"eoii ~~c 0e u~;,
.~~j;/i~::.'"-t~ -~~r~-!~*~~~~~lllo\ ·e_if: tlempos )e _~Kl°!?chev:·, lle.· \:,_clde~>ie~·l;-· el .P~oblema de. la cual,
t~.'f,J:. des¥· l~, cafda>_de Kruschev, garon hasta el planteam1ento guerra en As,a, que const1tu· _clarac1ones que~:
~.:';.>::. ,·.; ,-'-que·conaistfa. en eludir la. con· de reclamaciones territoriales yen el centro y verdadero sen· , semanas atris en
.•'
frontaci6n mediante reitera• y la adopclon de medidu mi- tido 'de la discusion "entre Jas ;'del 2 de
ciones de los Ua.madoa a la litares especiales en la fronte• dos capitales comunista.s.
···'desacuerdo,;c '
unidad del comunlsmo mun- ra. entre los dos colosos rojos.
· decisi6n de"Jn
dial.
•/' ~-- ~~
Ahora. segun los expertos, al Tambien los ChiitO~,DivididO~~~,::dc Cub&:"eirYEn tanto que el peri6d1co resucitar la pugna entre .Mos• ,-,1., -~tl::'.;~,·S,.::tff~~#.iittea'do~
~>.·o:.r,:'i~rt;\i;·~vd~" publicaba."~~~)!llt&-~ cu Y Peki11;·.~ente votvian
_Mieut~ Mosel\ ji~P~kin;t&~;;~~los"(-'cltinos. · . .
f'??.:.:'{:_,,·,...··-rial lruustlendo una vez mb a la superf1c1e las profundas rraban. el parentes1s que se t.ro en un discun
en_ que debte. cesar la contro- difereneias poli!,lcas- entre""tos abri6 ..-'coti'"·e1 ~r~~piuo de estudiantes· d~~iaJ1
versia en el cam.po cornunla- dos palses. El mcidente de la Kruschev, una· figura de re-. de La Hab .~...
ta, 108 gobcrnantes aovletlc.oa _ embajada habia. ai~~, s6lo e~ . 1ieve politico coma Erich .M
.~
dabal) respuesta .. a la campa._, . ~~.. o · l~_/"chtap_&.. ~~-~cle,~·'rice..'Caiicilleif
~~Ia!Chtna .
- d. ,..._i . ,, ~~·-""'''''!'°d·'"'' .--:111*-~"f#'.'f<ut.:;-,~tc:P:t~.tw~.;w._,1\'t·~...~ii:,.. ~, .:.,-.fa~Trd ,_til
.
..,
'~i!:i;.tro"'
... '\,l,f'
•-:,ti"';~...,..
D8 e '"'" na. con U1l acumen•,,•.
'. _:"' u18'·-""-'(;I. eD ~-.1.w.,u.1:1 ;a
e ca;!. porque!'no
~~ire:tt:·,··~: to en el
enfoeahan.la cues. Gablnete. y 'jefe del Partido hablare.rnos .. cuando
ti6n de derecbo suscitada por
Dem6crauC'Libre,".informaba que de c· ir!fbenefi
los estudientes chinos y la
que tambien et Partido-Comu~. nuestro cam~~
forma en que la propagand,1
nista de China c.;. ..a ccnmovi· no para !os im~
de Pekin habfa estado interdo por grandes difcrencias.
La tesis del_''j~fl.
nretando Joe sucesos ocurri·
Segun Mende, los comunis- · que las divis'io~,
dos·frente a la embajada not·las chinos se ha.n dividido en do a los
teamericana.
dos f aceiones: una moderada, de los Esta.d ., •.,.,... ..,
El Gobiemo ruao alegaba
encabezada por el primer mi• manda.b:1· a1>oy
-. que los estudiantes chinos,
nistro Chou en Lai, y otra ex.- deJ Norte, con
apoyados oficiabnente por el
tremista que dirige el rropio bres, asumiendo tad,
Gobierno chino, habfan adopMao Tse Tung. El lider ale- gos. Es decir,'·,;r:e1
tado "una conducta que pone
man sefialaba que "por mu- franca actitud de':di:
en tela df! juicio el principio
cho tiempo han existido indi- con la· Union. Sovi,
de la soberania del Estado SO·
caciones de quqe el Pa~d?-;:-: esta.ba propic~~
vtetico". En respuesta a ta no. Chou -En-Lai, primer ministro
Comunista Chino se __h~_E.1\'.;l: .. Asia, y hasta se'-mo!'
la cntregada por Pan Tsu Li de ta China ·1toia, • qvlen ,.. dido en dos cam.pos", Y augu- tantc de Ia conduct,
el 6 de marzo,_ los gobernan- senala como Uder de la ter1• raba que Mao va a ser d<:s- .. na, que ex.igia.;aJ~tes rusos decian que cuando denda maderacfa, ctue u esta plazado .del poder, en una ma-···.- perac:ion · mllitat~ef
los estudiantes chinos, bajo oponiendo • los, radlcallsmos niobra algo· parecida a la que Viet Nem, pero ~~)
la mirada de los corresponsa- do Mao ~ pres:iara su de,plan- desplaz6 a Kruschev: _por_ra~....'.-por -su parte-a--:-ent!
mrento del poder
- -- - -- · . <...:,.,..-.
lee extranjeros y de los es•~--------.. -··;·.-----zones de salud, pero realmen- contienda. al faltarl1
~ctadorea S4?vieticos sorpreri- ~~i~:~l,t~·
te bajo Ja. acci~n de eier~os to de a..P<?~~-~"'~~iltui
dtdos, ..atacaron a los soldl¼·
..;:,
··~;J ·. poderes_que.0 qmeren camb1os.-~,arsena.I ·nuclear.fd
dos y m_iliclanos .•aovi~ticos••,.
:•/tr·:-aubstimciales
-~ri ·1a Hnea·h~s!.~~\i~o~.t~}fi_;·:{:
1
,·
ta. ahora .segwda por Pekm. · Castro TeP,:et •. ~.!:1:
hablan. violado !I .. C6d1go Penal de la Republica Federal
...~ que :llev6 -al desastre del Ila· vez sus demanaal'' e.,
Rusa; y se indicaba aaimi~,rfJ. ·-. mado ··gran salto industrial.::· y hombres P~:lY~
mo que mia de SO millclano:a
causante de los dramlticos - _,1_1co~paiiadas de ~!".~·
y soldadoa fueron be rl do a,
descensos que sufrio la pro- ques · contra..l~. ~
cu.atro de ellos seriamente. ·
duccl.6n agricola china.- desdc dos, y clamabaY~~
En el aspeeto politico, el
1957 y que ha estado calori• del ·comunismci"mun.d
· Kremlin calificaba la. not a
zando un plan de intervencio· practicaznent.e estaba
china de "tejido de mentiras".
nes que condueia a ta situa- do una ·nueva posici6:
denunciaba" la. "campaiia de
:: ci6n tensa y de amenaza de·?: del 'agrietado'·muiiaJfc
catumnlas y provocaciones"
-~·guerra que·esta afrontando et·'.i~·ta. Eso··cra lo~ ,
emprendlda en" China~ contra
·-. Aaia.,·;a.~_-_ ...:1f ~~
. ·:,l5jJj<!:ft,:,~?;:"cla'i'en;ft~adveiten
I
.,..,, ...,,~
\.ri. __ , .. ,,__... .. ~, .....
la Uni6n Sovietica:-8...::<·?' ·- .
~~~,1[~:
;~,, .. cu de' ·que"-no- inte1:~1
Por au parte, Pekin anuu•
.. : __ Castro f~e
,, .. ~ducir propag
ciaba que haria regreaar a
~~~.;t~,~i;,,:..;;.;7,:.1;-:_ .
.:.,.,.,.~·.:: contra Chin
los eatudiantea hosplta.Uzadoa.
di
~ -~te~,'.:-~biente··de fl'fo.. eran
A conaecuenda de la refriega Fida1 Castro • declaraba vir- ciones dcntro de los _"gran:..,. a meter ae· eont~f:,a
. frente a. la embajada norte- tualmente indeJMtndiente de Mos- des., del comunismo .mundia.1:7 .. Cub:1 ·esta di\isi6n.·'.·,:.t.:
•
t.u, y adverl(a ti Kr.mlin que
J ,.._
''
'6
1· •
•
,;_ t
nmcracnnn., porqu<' en In URSS no tr.ate de introdudr de con- su~gia. la \:ll~de Fide ~s!ro ..• t~c!..!'1 po:Jtica C:,~:.~~~.
.··\,·., . no so Jes catRba dando el tra- tr•bando en Cub• su pro ....g.an• gr1tando: "no somos sateht~:1:.-\ttdo es d1ctada S_C;)fame.
·
..d e nad"1e.,-.
",. · .-·. ·-··:,··
· · ~ ··.. .,· .-..,,,;'~',:
,~..,.._,
· ·tros·".
·..:l
:-~-...
. .~ . . taml..... nto n"'... ccaar10.
da contra la China ,omunista
• '.·-·
noso
· .~·i
..
o. . .
ataques
"pronunciamlt
~va~~W
enero~e:
~t~teo
que
c'oreunis'ta.
arm
,f;::.~';'t;
0
-:
•
~
~·~~·
.-~-.J
4
te.rminantes':1,:.n
tlrt.
,.~~rk
:,,
""'\~'.
>};Jf:'!t;;:~,.
�t: :
..... ----·J.'
·..
:.'.;. ,-
,:
�N
UNCA habia oid(.)
ue · un caio mils eAtraiio ~·ll·lt> e1 ctel:inu
}ii~~~~ie_r~ "-~0!1:ado-p~t:ff~,?ir!Jt !is~.~?,'~'J'nifi/i;/~(
,,
crefdo; No· soy el un1co que pcnso .que e1
nntat;uc0. 11~cr~1L>le. La
._
:;, ~i
,;,r-,
r.,
.general
Hombrecito Amarillo. en g1·andes
litularei,,. y cl asombl'O fuc
Han pasado muchos anos desde el sensacional proceso del· ei-mit°nf
- -cuyo verdadero nombre e1·a Ottu Sanhuuer---- y ,k· J,1 s.:>i10nt W;Jt,u:·.
ro el caso esta tan lleno de :;oi-prendentes <lelalles qt:e to<lad~}jniii,r,
'':,.$'!_'·iif~-f,
trada por un tol'beUino .cuanc.to Jo recuerdo.
La invcrosimil aventura de! llo:nbreeih., ,Ii- l;\ JiuhardHll\ come1
en 1908. Tenia entonces menos de \-einte afios .r era amigo rle RaymJr:
fiora Oesterreich. A ella la conocio un dia er: que .ayudaoa. fl. un meet
·ci6n de una m"t,quina de coser en la f!brica de · ropas de! senor.
viaba de cuando en Vez a SU casa con
y paquetes para"4
inesperadamenle, . ~I joven mensajero desap_arecio.
Oeste1
',:ecados
°'
•
~
0.
C
:!
Y
u
;u-e~
·7~1:
4
Ollo Sanhuber se habla ena.morado de la !'eiiurn Oest.:rreich · y;,su
pondido- con igual cntusiasmo. En la declaracion que p•·esto rnl!cho-:des
Jurado en Los Angeles. dijo que entonces fue curmdu comenz6 ·su, v(JHf
du de mut'eiefago en la buhardi!la de l:t c:ls:. d1mtlc ,·,'sid;:1 ~ 1: ;.:1~ ,:·.:
ca hal;fa deplorado Ja sordida vid.a a que estuvo ol.i!ig_ado durante t.:intt
nia la .compensaci6n-<ie-estar al lado de la mujer
cuando ~i~\s:
.. f.:F.;.~'#.~!i:$$~~::- ,.
.
~
Cada ·vez· que los Oestcn-<!1ch se muJal:tHi,
contraba un nuevo esconditc en la casa.
4
s:
-•
,.
..,.. :. .,-\,."
•
}"'"~' ....
• •• •••
~~
(
·-..-
··;.
::
•
::-.:-:·"'·
~.
-~~.
:--~:--,:!
~-:~:-:; ..- _,,
- - ••
t'(t:""~ :, ,f.~'.~:._~anhuber no sabia~~ ·--~~~~i~ -~!!~t!l ._QU!!,:te;S__ e1·ao
---~-mto-Jo·dejaron-abandonado en la puert,1 de una c~1sa: Tan-:poct) ,e~taba ll-·
~ de su nacimiento. En oeasi6n de la muertc de su a~~9,_el joven Rayrpo
~
desconsolada madre Je pidio que fue1-a a visitar)a;~pues "con su preserici,
de la enorme perdida que acabab.a de ··experlmentar. Poco a poco, Sa~t
Z- ·y mAs atraido por lallorosa madre. Luego·<"orrienz6 a \'~rla como ~u . l
C ultimo le pareci6 que "era Ja (inica mu,ier en cJ mundo ...
!
Las rel a clones entre :
1a'-s~fl~;?e>~t!~i~h\: o~;:--:JJb·n-ca~bTancl
Ill se en pasi<'.m amorosa. ~u=;'senora Oesterreil-h todavia. era joven
:C . Un dia en que Otto·htico'mpaii6 ·a unas diligencias;~m;nzo a
)-
0
,~-, z
y teni.,
Uover .'
de la lluvht entraron en la, casa donde Sanhubel' tenia alquiJada una
_
..,.
·r,_,;,~~!:'""1.~:l:.r'T:-:--::· :J;.~
empe26 et idUiol .. · ... , _
,
,~.4-1~1
~."'1~:,,;r .
,... ,.¥,•·_r·
#'~~
:L~~l
· C ha1'dllla, del que se enamor6 mesperadamente. Cuando:10 .vi·por;p-rlmen.
.'"t/:e1~~\
~:H~r~ .,.~
. bre de 'escasi;~estatu·ra.~de·ii1e'1'imar111en~'tf~bii~,~,..aefga"dAr1.t~~
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~\.;:.~_. .. . _·
Sanhuber c:?~e~ -~ Jis.it9;r ~~: ~a]e~~- !n .s~.~c~~•,__l:_u_i!1~,M~mi1·
/ ]'::- .:. . 0 ~)e!. -~"..8:!'~-'~na ,2.!. ~~ i."'.i~lt~~· ~t~~1~h ·. regre~. cuando ~e~
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.L. ,·en tuvo que esconderse en -Un; cuartico que h;ihia en la huhardiHa . ..,;i:
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pues de e.sta lnterrupcf6~decl~~:1lh11 ,l'h~•ti11· c-ai.a·,pr1r In manwdieron que Sanhuber ·se!q~ied"ii~!..,·;;f\'="~~:s.;;~t~;:~b"ii" h;sti• h1 n~
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: ... buhardillas en Mi1waukee y en •.:. salia con su marido, se scntaba ,
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· -~~-·';:
,
!i{;,~:~~4t ~\'-'8S~~:.• Constantemente'f en la escalera co~ ~us_ d~--~...g· 1-_-_,·
~~ , encerrado _y_-en ~~ cubiculo du- queflos rev6lver~s al aJcance ~le_ ·. _ ~~,
rante. el dta y sahendo solamt-n- . · las mano.s preparado para dis·
• _ ,;--:~~-.
te de noche, la falta de sol y
panr contra cualquiera que
. ...,1,t:;
de aire afecto su saluct y i;u ai-·
tratase de penetrar en la casa.
pecto. La piel se· le puso de· u·n
iSe imaginaba que era el gr;in
.
. color amarlll~verdoso.·
protector. de Walburga!
':. ,-::
Algunas·' "veces cua~do , lo~
Viviendo tan to tiempo en la
.
'
Oesterreich salian y el estaba wledad y en el encicrro, Ia
·}·\~~
· ~:..c\" ";,.: :_,_ .. .:: ·.:~:·i-::. ..
de que no
de:' - mente de .Otto --~menz6. 8_ 1)0',./!.;_-.·.i.;,fa ~
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seguro.
~*I, ". -·:::_a
:a ::: estarian
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itt·::.- · _ _. .
?·-:
cortos paseos. ·."En una d_e es-
'
la oportunidad de acudir en au-
(.::: :,'~
~ ~ .,_1 ~s ocasiones co~pro un re\·o!_; -,)'~~~•. ~! ,.~u ,a~~te par~..-~1~;.;__ • .,.: ..:. .._,.--;~/;.~..
~ :--,,·,;c·.:.;._. •.~.,... :· ver para aentlrse seguro"segun?-'·,portane• como. un heroe.· nu.--<;.';,;':'-'.-l'~ •'-'!,;~·.\
5 dec1aro·a1 Jurado:
Sll?i~·rante· d~- ·a:n~~;.,t:-"'"· ~~~
....,-...__,_,. .- . Ha de nae.he. Luego cambl6 ei.· . guardia en la escalera. Una no.
: -.:.~:....:..:~~~/;·.S%-:.:-~~,~ -~, ~,e
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cua~do
contmu(·
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ta arma por otra · m~s pequefla
che mientras se hallaba en lo
y compro una pistola automatrmas allo ·de di cha cscalcrn cou
~
par a regalarselR a su sus dos annas, lleg6 WalhurJ!a
amanlc.
acompariada de su marido.
Otto };eguia \"iviend1> ~n su
El hombreclio de la buharcubiculo. cuando Oesterreich
dilla oyo ruido.s en el primer
decidi6 mudarse para CaHforpiso y una voz de mujer quc
nia_. En esa epoca el extra no pedia syuda. Sin darse cuenta de
amante tenia veinle o v£>inl iun que lo que estaba oycndo, eran
anos de edad. Walburga lo en1os qucjidos de \Valburga quc
Hamai: la atenci6n de las ,·t:ci~· ',. "\'i6 con anticipacion para que
~e habin caido al em-edarsel<' nos. Unn \'ez que la sacarnn
la esperase alli, a fin de prcpaun pie en la nlfomlJra, Y pen·
de alli, debla decir quc un brar olro lugar secreto dondP. sando que alguien la cstaba
dron )a habia~encerrado. I.ue~o
pudiern vivir mu.,• cerca de golpcando -lal vez un ladron-- . de completar sus lnstrucc-iones.
ella.
.
bajo precipitadamente la esca. ,· Otto cenI1 la pucrta de! "ch
Sanhu her_ ei.tu ba en ht . l',-ta· _ · lera esgrimiento ~os dos rev61- ·. -- set" por la pa.He de 3 fuc t·a,
l'ion de Los Angeles cuando lie-. veres. Y por pr1mera ,·ez en
dejando la llave en II\ C('rn,.
i:!R.rnn los esposo!I Oestcr1-cich. · muchos anos se enconh'O con
dura.
·
Lrn, sigui6 al hotl'l dond<' !-oC - Fred Oeste1Teich, quien lo reEn la casa contigua a la de
hospedaron Y apenas vio salir: conoci6, pese a lo mucho _que
los Oesterreich vivian dos· mual marido. habl6 por · telefono - habia- cambiado SU aspecto fi. ---jeres° que oyeron--CU&tro-dispa:-COD Walhur~a. Momen1os dessico. Como cualquier otro maros y un.i vo.i de mujci· que
pues sf' reunian en la calle y rido. Jtt 1·eacci6n de Oesterreich
gritaba: _''iFl'ed! ... Dios mio.
comen211ron n buscar c~sa. Lit
fue _ht de un hombre celoso.
Fred!" Ala1madas· llamaron por
que -necf'!litahan era de c.1raete· · Fren~tico se lanz6 contra _Otto.
lelefono, pero nadie fos rci.ponristicaK l)l"l'Uliares. Era impre!:tratando de dcsarrnarlo. Ludi6 dei;de la casa de los Oestf'·
cindihle que tuviese buhardilla.
charon fieramente Y una de las
11 ,1:'ich.. Decidiel'On. en cons"·
J.('s fut- dificil encontrarJa porarmas
descargo vai-las vec~
cuencia, Hamar a la estaci6n
ciut• <-n el i-ur rll' CaliC01T1ia no
,tlcanzondo ltis proyecliles a
de policia. Dos detectives- acu:
gusta ci,.c l'stilo dl' construeOesterreich, que mul"i6 casi
dicmn sin perdida de tiempo
cion. Poi· £in. Otto tu\·o que
instantaneamente.
y con las dos mujeres trataron
ronfo1·m,u·s(" con un J'{'fu~io J)C·
Con el re\·oh.-e.- todavia I'll SU . de abrir la puerta
la' calle.
q11Pn1,-1111•1. sin se1·,·icio sa.nila·
mano, Otto le dijo a su amant,•
No lo lograron porque estalm
rio y con un homhillo de el~
que ,;uhiera al prime,· pi!iO y
muy bien ce1·rnda por dcntro.
11-k1dad J\111" t.,da 111-,. 11ttP.'i c~~e encerrat'li en un "closet". Al fin penetraron por .ma vcnta huharrlilln no h·nia t1i !!iAgrego que el \'Olvis a i,;u cutan.a.' En la sala encontraron
•
+
..
.
. •
.
'
•
c111ic-ra una \'entan:i 1111mma.
hiculo ,.. que ella dchia oomcn:
el cadaver de Fred O_esterreich:··;-En Lns Angele!\. la falll'iC'ct le ~r ti gritor y goJJM.'ar la pu~rTres balas lo habian alcan_zudo.
ocup.aba in.is ii~mpo n :F!·«t" ::· tJt del ''Closet" con objeto _de
Una Je atraveso cl coraz6ri y
f ___ .
i
se
de
:t I
Continua en la
}Jug. SJ
Walb1irga Oe1,terreicli;~ci
ranle muchos ·anoit'tuv.
dido en su casa~a'-::.U
sin que SU rr.arido ·lo.c!
ra ni so,spec:har.
�. PUERTO
RICO
•,
:>~L~~f-
e SETRATADEAHOGAR LA EMPRESA PRIV ADA DE .
TRANSPORTACION
.
•
VANGUARDIACHOFERIL SE
ENFRENTAAL
GOBIERNO - ~ .
por. Roberto Garcia----··
- fotos de Barca la~
'~-:~i.~"·:j;,;~~~,(J.f/~-::;~~\
.
_UIER~)ia~r de Puer·
Q
to Rico un est.ado to•
talltarlo, tlpo laadsta O eomuPhta que rn esencla e5 lo ml•·
mo ...
Los lideres de los pot·teadores pubJicos estaban airados.·
Y seguian comentando:
,
-Fldel Castro acab6 con la
empresa. prh'ada en Cuba. pd<-ll('atnente de un taJo 7 a otra <'0aa. Pero eete Goblemo de Puerto Rlt"O la ~·a matando po<'o a
poco, eatraopl4ndota; acorr:..16odola, ·. asffxU.ndola~·-~-.. sobre
todo en el caao de los chofel'Cll
p4ibllcos... ; , .•. ";,
El dl~gusto que ·asi obligaba
a hablar a los jefes choferilcs
liene una doble causa:
~",<~. -...
t•) El proyecto de Icy 21
radicado por el senador Orti7.
Stella, enmendando Ja Ley 142.
que quedaria redactada en 111,
siguiente forma:
pollra lmpl.Antarse sin :iu!cdon
a Jaa dlsposlclones de la l.e~· d1·
Seniclo P6bllco dt- Pu~rto IU·
co ... ". ·::.::i:1~:$.;~.;:,"·,
2-) El a~·~ci~ :'de· qu,! b:
"Los rnunJclplos tcndr:in 11lt-· Autoridad Metropolitan& c1c Au.·
nas facult.a.des leglslatius y ad· tobuses se extendera a Ba~·a·
mlnhltrath115 ~n to.do asunto que m6n y otros barrios de la zona
fuere de natunleza munlcJpal urbana eliminando . la , tran·s·
que redlllldan en beneflclo dt'~. "portad6n".de-.1os:
publila poblat'16n y para el fomentJ'',..' cos?~(~~~-·-~;~~--~ ·!"'-:1',·'J:'::'~';,.:a .
.
y progreso de ista: ;\" que,lim
Respecto al proyecto 21 dl'i
autorlzados a. desarrolbtr pro· senador Ortiz Stella, es Narci·
gramu bl~~estar general ,.
Maldonado quien exponc . cl
a· crear aquellos. organlsmo~ punto de vista de Ios choferCl-:
que lueren necesarlos II tal fin,
lnduyendo la operacl6n de ut1': ·
slstem&~ de traaaportad6n.
lar de estudhln~ ya sea n,~.
di.ante pap. o g-ratulto, el que
carros'-'
0
·de:
so
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Plan de lo do~o~a :~eiio~~i'T:·:·,
.de Zayas es cons1derado ~ ·
i ·.~~~ ..
.. .
~"'~'C'i
7
•
como until esperanza '..pa.".
,a controlar el auge de la ~- .
i u v •.nil:enJf;~ : ·
;delincue~cia
Puerto Rico. Age nee as de 1~1-- ,- · ·
gobierno del ELA'sa·unen~fi~-: ·
en esfuerzo comun:·· Vici".::"': ....
laciones· a las Jayes : del.
transito por menores ocu-_.;.< _.
pan cuorto I u gar este~. !'.
ano.
.
Zt3-~·~6~;-,;·".)~::~ ;:;~~~-:-:.-, ;: : ,:~ ·. ,. :
Ei{:~\-=:;.<>·. \~~~1ttiit~}.. ..
'f ••
llu,tracion:
. ., ~
18 ANOS-: SE __E_.j
LOS MENORES D~
a
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OS menores de 18 aftos
Estas cifras revelnron un au. de edad y que un numero mfl. tando a todos Jos miembt"C
de edad se est.an deterio. aumento de 1,314 menores (22.!'l yor de ~stos estll tenicnrlo trc,- 1n familia pucrtuaiqu~fio.
rando en Puerto Rlco.
·por clento) de Jos que (ueron piezos con )a Jey dcbido a lo cspecialmente al nifio
En el transcurso del afio fis. a la atencion de los tribunales complicada que estA haciendose edad.
-r~cat 1963-64 -segun estadistl. sobre el aiio anterior. Tamhi!n Ja vtda en el pais. .,. _
. En el ::u1o fiscal quc t~·.1·.
cas . de la , Adminu,traci6n de reglstro un aJza de 1,054 en las
Paralos'jueces;1trabajadores , en . junio ultimo .se.reve)6
Tribunales- fueron llevados a querellas radicadas y de 773 en sodales, siquiatrat"y otro::~i-:'"~;- a)
- 1a atenct6n de 1u :saias cte jus- et tow de menores quere1tados:'s-!aoiiar~es'pec1a1izado ·en'iN>rega'~ et~esci:iiam1eai-i>''?iie'Iii'u~~
tJcla a tra~s de todo el pal&. Ademas se _SObN!pa.so .
541 '·> con
los·c' . . .ai~metimiento·y~
un total de 7,033 me~ores. Se (38.3%) los sevieios de orien- males que ha traido et auge tinuan sienclo los
radic:aron 8,567 querellas (equi• tacl6n ofrecidos durante el ano econ6mico de Puerto Rico en. principales·porJos cualei's
valente a la denuricla para ·el"· .~iscal!~-;~~:f-•r:·'
los Oltimos af\os ha· sido la per~J;_dicaff<' deriuncias contraffn·..
adulto) a 5,081 menore?s. A los
Se ·considera que en Puerto dida de la institucion de la fa. res de ·edad en las salas d£
restantes 1,952 se Jes ofrerieron · Rico esti aumentando d1a a dla nuua· boricua. Esta situaci6n . ticia de la Isln. Las que1 .
_servfclos de Orienta~-_-·_-. . ~
)a desorientac16n en el menor -seg(m se sefiala- esta a fee• (denuncias) per escalam:
men<.
igua('ciue~en·afiot'r::~·j
en ,.
J ' •• • •
'menoreI..-decdad..-un":'de
acre1f6n,·
tres·:nr~
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.
-..,::~;~-">:?~Alf·'·:~~~if;{~f;Th;;\;;~• .·, .··. ~~-;~~~~ ~~~?;·:
24!
,
_hacia_
·u~e~-~~
. .- ::.;.":(~~
:-~ii~·
.·__-'_ ':, oonstiluycron ese aiio el
na~
una.~v_i~l!.'_!11!5 _um:~. _Hubo
de 8.1,;; en ··:-·~1 total,'~!i!;l
def lOlal de QUen?llas radicaaa~. -·'. ·Que '"eJ . tnenor de ooad no SC }OS menor:-s _~U-~-- J.Cincfdieron ..(.; ~~te,s,..,!1~J.~to
Estt: a~2:}1!5 -~e!!uncias a· m~.-' • siga deteriorando por las ca- sobre el ano flScal anterior qof' qu1enes se.I~:;t
nores de edad por violaciones Ues:
no . tenfan · antecedentes y un durante el.a.iio".1
a las leyes de tn\nsito vinicron
Pero el problema'.mayor··cort-·.. aum~~~o
. ( _..
a
eld~larto lugar d.e Im. _que tropieza eJ'goblemo...
ia".°'" t~!~-~~~~1-~~n~te. .::_,.:_:,-_:De ese..,_~?~.1
~-J_...:.,'.,'!. '. .
por c ~ esp zando el moti---:-·ralta de lnstituciones donde re. nore~.
· · ·· v1,i:.,-.s:,.··¼~ ~Jl.,,~~n~~""-~
· 1·· ..
vo de ~~rreg!~~~dq~i~: ·· habilitar al menor de eda«L El .:,:~,~~- ~~~P1~-~las~-R! ~~~~~-~.. h!111b~;t::. :
. (;,· :.~- ·..... to lugar.~_.,~t~,..:.tw.~~':-~·~!'1::,:-r -:a Depa.·rtam'J
~--e-nt 'd ·Ju~s·t-.-,.·.,.,.eJ-;,.d,t;'?pad6n~t delt'gobierno~del
1
•"r.·.·- '. ,J:':. • Las·
'su- '. Salud Instru~i.eo·n u IClala,AdmlP. _,"poi:'-el· ~Ug; de·
'de' meno." °g' y Jc'istl?~
'
.
bie
125
.
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.
~'C" ••• .-t ··,:~ " .. ~f~~a ·t-~ ....
I
·- ,.~.~
;:J~,;..-. ~---;-..·__ · ~on ~ , !, com~~~- .c~.f."nistracl6n- de",:los-Trfbuna.Ies\iu-1~~~,~e~~...~.C:';.; __~tc·:~.·J'.rec ':11te ·. cen~clmj ...~tr,.
· ~·-:.:-·'.·..,'-.+. •
~ del a.no anterior y _las -de
'atanosamente
ofrece/'.~,.~~ci6n ~el ·cargo de c_oordina· 13 a ~-11 -·ifto:s."1
..
viot_aclones a la ley de drogas lo mas posible en fa:r· del me::;,,.~or~~~-,A~~tos Ju\·en~I~ __q~~ ~ en_tre_]~;...~Y·l
,
sub1eron a 57 o sea, 6 mas que nor de edad que
ha: neon. ·. recay6 en manos de la doc~r~""f~1f-De···1os:3.994\
•~.el pasado afio. ".{,.; ':·· lea· , 1ey.
Esther
Seijo de Zayas
...,. ,...· · • ~--: - · t ra d o en con n·1ct ossecon
.
. ~-. por e11-~f''r1siden':,eil~t'z.
....-..b~". ., ,. - ~
oc=~
-~!.--2:>~.,!f~~~'.~~~~~~".8'-.~cJ!fc-
es
!!
denri&ias'"poi··'robo
casos
"chan
;;_;;o
eda~ _;~
_Ecif~t·,t:as··ec1a~-fl
r
~g
:·!~ __
a~..
que no haya- cuinplldo. Jos 18
aftos de ednd'"· Cuando el menor entra en conflictos con Ja
Iey es llevado ante un Magis.
trado en un tribunal especializado. En cl mismo sc rcaliza un
estudio sobre _~-,..~~cion deJ
menor Y Ja fatta;cometida PQI'
fste. El Juei·''celebra una vis.
ta -al igual que el juicio para
eJ adulto-:-- y oye ia prueba quc
La Adml~~tra~i~~d~~1~;~~r:;~;~~~!~~f~~1tif~~~
bunales, que preside el Hcencia. · La m1sl6n primordial de la_·.," fueion · 'denunci.
do Agustin Mangual, mantiene doctora Seijo de Zayas' es C'S- . de Ia 2:0113 urb~
un Programa de Menores cuyo tructurar firmemente un pJanil~·-·., Eli nw:riero!d
pl-oposito pri nciPal es "pro,·ecr general -publicado-·en···aoHE~~':- al siir ·querellic
11
los nlftos ortentacl6n necesa· MIA el 14 de febrcro de 1965-·- · ra vcz no ash.le
rlo. para su biencstnr en armo- contra el¥ c_~ep_!e .prob_lema de · ni trabajan, con·.
nla con el~~~ pilbll~, m 110••• ~.}~..} ... ~\tn~.!~~iaJi_l!"!~~~~uer...'.:
tener
!~~~;~~--,re~~~~~.2,~JY~:.4~J~~~!~~I plan: .. - de °jl1'eOctJ~c:1$1nes de die~~ ,-~~-·_con SWI fa•
la "eduea'ci6n'p~fra~prevenlr ~· Li ,
Casi el~ 50%'%'<
~Hares; prtnr de la. custodl:, 8_C£~6n _pal'a. red u c, ir I el· pr~~:r;de~Z"e~df'COJi~
de 6stos a 10• padl't'& naa nd0 el., blema/•t:~-,4'"c)f-'f··-,,·.· ~:· "~ ,,,>Cdiciron.qu;'"le~:
.m~-~!M~
r
desfila. 81, su sa.Ja. F1nalmentP . hlenestar de "~.. ! ... el ...~~~~f~z¢~_..:-,s~---ta-r,,an~nci~~o que el,.- ~nales,,~~~~cla:
determma sl el menor resulta p6bllco 10 .fwitl~.q~-1'. b~~r~-57p)an_ 'de· la~, ~~r:c:Im.~~orl'.l- d~~,-fiscal pasado'!ivf,
!--er o no "lnl'urso'• Cculpable)
le, en la medlda que sea post.. ·Asuntos Juvenl1e.c; "esta.'"'empf"~ : padres al
en la querella.
hie, la. orlent:lclon Y la atenclon zando a, rendlr fruto~·~~~:~- cacion d~ la qu,
Las alternativas que tiene e! que debl6 reclblr ea el hogar•.
En u~ ~A.lisis
\~fu-6vimient-·ti>or clento vivtafc
Cinco jucces superiores es tan to de casos de menores eri- los-12.I°%··:con-."otros
mcnot· es el ingreso en una in~tituci6n de Bienestar Publicu. disponibles para atender los ca- tribunales de justicia. del ~pais.
El~totaf't~dc~
recibir tratamiento siquh\trico sos de menores en toda la Isla. la Administraci6n de los Trillu- tuvo baJo · la°"-·~uf
o que permanezca en libcrtad a
Estos no
suficientes para nales seiiala que el mayor nu.mi>. oficiales probat<.
prueba (bajo la supervisi6n de cubrir el numero de casos que do de denuncias radicadas con- asccndi6 a 4,870 :,
sus padres).
llega ante su consideraci6n. El tra ~stos el ano pasado se regis.. 4,1~1~ ~) a~g~~.
Si la gravedad del caso en promedio de tardanza en ver- tro en la zona que. incluye a Rio~ men ores represen
que est! en vuelto el mcnor es se los casos de menores fluctu,1 Piedras, Venezuela, Buen Con. to de un 17.0%.·
muy seria, y si t'!ste cuenta con cntre 8 Y 10 meses, lo que hace sejo y Capetillo. Ademas en el del ano fiscal ..- t,
mas de 16 aiios de edad, el que el menor de edad vaya per. area de In paracln 27; de San- indica -junta al
Juez puede trasladar el caso a dindo la fe y se vaya deterio. tu·rce y A\'enida Ponce de Leon ral. esbozadola(
un Tribunal Superior para que· rando mientras su caso tl~ne eJ·:.·hasto. el barrio· Amparo y La~ . menilre:. dc-'edact
se le juzgue alli como a un dia de co rte que _le r')rres· · Monjas. Un nu~ero creciclo de riorando en Puc
adulto.
ponde.
denuncias SC registr6 en el area motive de] .augefi
La Ley de M.enores de Puer·
De los 5,081 menores de edad de La Riviera, Puerto Nuevo: en formuTan.dr.
10 Rico SC considera como "ei•
a quicnes se )es radic6 denun• Caparra. Heights; Capa1'1"8 Te- registra·do
el!p
t".eleate" por los expertos en Ja cins el ano p:isado en Jos tribu. rracen, L3S Loma~. Rep:1rt~ los esfu{·1·zos f!~l'
materia. La misma esta inspira. nales, et· 78.6% no tenian an- Metropolitnno y Roosevelt.
... realizsn conj:!~:
da en Ia rehabilitacion· del mutecedentes en el tribunal·· El
En el resto de la Isla· el ma- tintas a~n_ci~~
- - - - - chacho, que_reciba orientaci6n---21.4% tenian-antecedentes 'de-· yor·numero· de-dei'i"tmcias pro--·les ~intituciones
·y pueda eventualmente· encomi. anos anteriores.
ccdt6 de Ponce y ?l!ayagiir:z.
d~ la Isla.
,,;.":
··11··
"mo~i
de
son
...
·en'
; " .. i,.•t,•••
A
.....,.,.
- . · ' ; ' ~ ..
.;;~~4?....
1-MdM&iffl!WRM
¥¥kW
;
.
.
- -.
~;,
~
escalamiento, hurlo ·Y
:-'·..-.·.(:-:..:t~:~---.,:~i;.
agresidn fueron· mas de 7.000 men,,
los Ires motivos luer·on ·11e.·v.cido~~:mf.l~principale~
de quere11~·s co'ri'i'rii·; del pais ·ei··,,,·, •..
10s pa·sEActo·
menores_
a_~le\i:~.s(·Jt~-~uiii~tii*.
..·,,--·~;;'ii
an·o-ti"!1cilli~
3-A
�··,,
.
:~-~:•.;,"~ i;·
"': ... :-~· ,,.~,
~~')'···~ ..
t\.
;:-;..--.,
..
-
~J+? ?i:~~:~~~
'-~.--::_ 1)-:f-'/, ·-, ..
.. ·:.·\)~~.W.,.;J';.jj)
�#
·-"
"'•
•
."'ii:'i('\'j~-~-4kt':S•t~~·,:v~"-·
·.·._, _ .,. . _. i. r
1,.
G~.
:~~::m:·::;,:."~ : .:·:, .
,...... ·· _,f}~i{)~:~;.~·:ijT
;~i~:fiJ' ·. i.cooperativa
Na~ e~9m,1~,_u~~nue~,,_~ al tibu~n dia!ruado -~de'.t·,.
. ..
'.. ·:· ~-:· . . ._·.
~ de··. agncultores. termediario que siempre aho-
4
.. '...._~
:. :~
-----:-· : - l
Que. se ~pera tenga e~ bre-
·r~ai:.it-.-1'·:._".'_e Divel lDSW&rt,.~tendida P~t;.
ga a nuestro jibaro con· pre•"
cios ridiculos por SUS frutos
·, -~·.•:=·: :·-~ todos nuestros campos. Dichai··
_.
~ ··
cooperativa se enca.rgaria cle para despu~ venderlos en .el
comprar a eus asociados,toda :ercado mas caros. que los
.
.
- , . _.
la producci6n de frut.oa meportados.
-..;:\~t:,;·;_-f /;:Y~~.:-i~.;.. no~. eapit:81. operacion
- - .;,.·.c, - .. ...
..:•. _
f,s • - 88 levantar6. a base de acciones de $10 cada una. Las uti.. .
•
lidades derivadas de esa vea1
;:·::ta se repartirao entre los mis·
mos agricultores a quienes se
compro. Es el golpe dlrecto
.
l
El
de'.
...nace una nueva
0
••• ··-:--
,
�:·?\:\:,
: ...
~
.
,
...
�.-7~-:}=t~
menos en uno o ·dos afios la
.•
l
,·,·1
,;
t•,
....~ . i'"
·1
!
r
.I:..'-.
carrera de. medicina, ya que
la juventud puertorriqueiia lo
piensa mucho ,'para entrar a
Ja carrera de medicina debi·
ciu a los muchos a.nos quc lie·
nen que dedicar a los estudios .
6. Que en la Beneficencia
Publica para poder prestar a
nuestra gente pobre un buen
serv i c i o medico--hospitalario
es imprescindible que el medico se dedique exclusivamen·
te al servicio· publico no importa el aueldo que justa y
razonablementc haya que pagarle.
7. Que es necesarlo y ur·
1,.~nte qi;,e nuestros medicos
bagan &u internado en Puerto Rico para ayudar asf a. resolver nuestro probiema de es·
casez de medicos.
8. Que debe revisarse la ley
Num. 22 de junio de 1931, so-.
· bre la practica de la. medicina ··
para bacer maa_,. facll el in·
los
greso de
;medicos reclen
graduados al ,seniclo publico.
9. Que .debtpagarse al medico durante· el tiempo que es~
te haciendo· su internado, ya
que Jo que se le paga hoy .dia
ea una miseria y no le da para sus. gastos mis urgentes.
10. Que el medico que combina su oficina privada con el
servicio publico no puede ren·
d.ir de ninguna manera un
flervicio· eficiente en la bene-ficencia pubnca.,'.·. ~ · ·
11. Que una ·solucion al ac~ • "!: ~-.
'
.
..
--~ :.
- ·.:....~ "\ •
;
'
,. •
-iBendito! No creo que ustede's°' v~y~n --~ .traer. aqui. a Gua:yam~ :(o
p~~ un "lrabajo'' ... ; porque para brvjos. nosotros los de lob::a Aldect-?~
-··.:
1.:..A .•
�.•
~.
~j/·/ ?-~~-}::/f\~:.--,',}):<,,: t{~~'i?.
.. ·.~-_::,
•
Por ENRIQU_E PIZZI GALINDO
fotos Barcala
.. EN REPETIDAS OCASIONES LOS LIDERES DEL FAU
HAN RECIBIDO AMENAZAS. DE MUERTE DE PARTE DE LOS 'GANGSTERS' FUPISTAS Y COMUNISTAS. PERO , NINGUNO OE ESTOS INTENTOS DE
AMEDENTRARNOS NOS DETENDRA EN EL SAGRADO OEBER DE DEFENDER A DIOS, A PUERTO RICO
YA LA UNIVERSIDAD, DE LA TRAICION Y EL ENGAf:.10".
•• r ·-·, ~ .. ; -
.. ' ~-.
~·)_j :--~~-:"num11tr~sas
ocasiones, el estudiantado pue~torriqueiia se ha apreudo publicamente contra los }lgent,is que disfraudos de "111a-
ciarse "a nombrt• del estudbn,
~do puertorrlqueno" tanto dentro como foern nc Pul'rto Rico.
Los.de la
bre de ta
triotas de papel" pretenden subvertir el sistema democr,tico en
.__,.,:
Pu-irto Rico_._::,
-~c.~-~,.--..,.:~'i'°t,~.-~-~~~,""': ..... ::·,t·:-h.
- ..
"';,
·,
i
f·
ni~h·acion Cur,1c-1 c:inl ch
se expresc tan cl~ia1
dcfinir los p1·c-:;c,.,ito,; ~
��-··
.Ja
l!.~:~D ..MlSl~ .•se~~!a ~~lODC~'4
M·RTA~~·coNTRA~.~
. .~;·~. ,. . ·. . . .~,
":.~;r.;,?-;~~ '!_array.,f~~.~~El&~~~r.~r
.
\t'r~b..!t•
que ea.e gru1,o de ~UdJ> ~.te.
1:
,~;if;,·::;""i-~.::·.::FAU-;-: no·. deftiii11tner;.limltes!
..;:-;¥:\';ffi'\i,~;r:~
lectue.les
en• est~ha
.•
~-,,
. Todo" Jos
\·M~nos.,....~';. -::.la Fupl/orga.·i\
L i'·r:1·-~:~. . . '.
.-,~~ la democrac~.t~nem
.... '
-:.. ~
'ir·.
F~~. - t'OO, .•..fnatd
i
""""
~
~
lt,y,.
~ ~.. .,.
:.' ·: nlzac vn q~e _ ~!~• l~..~-•e-:~·
~ ~""'~!~'$~;~~,t'-, ,_:~~;;!)e ,~!_t:te~~-~O,!~a!~t
~Jvos agl,tadores ~Htfeo_~~l~ofe. :.;."l?!}"'.1« • : .. r .,. .··:r:•,.f.i::.: ·
••
ant~. ~ualguler looo··que dlsf~;,~~~}i:>
• ... alonales, mu~oa de l~......~!~ ~, "':~
~:'!jt!lff::;:ri~~.,. .
zado de cordero lntente de-s· - ·
.-~ ban ~ !9-tttnado~":en.... l;11a es: ';
tn~lrnos. Nuestrn • d~n.~oe1:1~·~ ';' ·".' ·. ~ : ~
ti,:.,..,:cuel~~.:.:~~: ,e~~~~~~~to_)
;'.,._:: 1 •
·
110~ ser eso mlsmo, nna demo,.'~~.,_"(, . ur,·
.:·~:·;·:·,·:""!'
-;~J marx.lsta, sub,-enl6n Y tenort..~i.i..~:i::.r.:i(~·~;-~- : .
~rat'ln. i.lem1.re hn ~stndo n la .
. . ' , · .. · ·
mo que ~y ,ea.b~ba, Checoes·,lefensh·a. F.s 1•or ello que eada·z,:;..';l, · ·;. ~~ff!~%f-:'-'..
lo\•aquta; Roda:.Cblaa R0Ja1 ).
·~ ~.~ri:-.:~w~
•~•- .'"- HBO de no50tr0s es un esta~da;;J~/. ~-~~~~~-t{~l t~·-~r-.-~"
denu\a palaes~el mund~eo~~--r:·t.:~';!;~'-"":t·•.,- ...
te en la defew·de 8D!II 'prlne1.:T~,:;_.-., •. t·~~~~-:::.~
1·.~,~·:;:~ ~;:~Bri"si1
uista"•.. -~:~.r~··
Seeretarta~~. pi~i.· ,.
if;d~'.1'1deat;· .f- iidep,er
En nwnerosas ocasiones, · 1os'(
·'de la .Fup1 Marta.. Sin- • . ''.Nuestra Jucha h~ sido du· :. Que J,enctic:lo .·;;po;'t.
j6venes estu~_tes..: que ~!lte:~? chei'"o1meda~';,y"Nin:Jso~'Ribeiit~ra·;";.:,1~ :S('g11lni ··.-1..-·ndo: Bat.tu·.... ('4US~ ... ln_dcpendentbita
•
gran el "Frent.e' Anticomunista ~
·;,confereneiiri"-f'piRCi~ti ..
~;-t ··~ceM)S;;~" rrlque~ .;·
_".:::·.:!r'_Universitario" han denu~do_ nalmente''con Mao Tse Tung.·. acoutecldo!ll en octubre en In Ja defensa~dc·· ,in 'd°gbl
; ·, . publicamente -media_nte •. pt. '. presidente · del Partido Comu-. UPR rueron 1>recedldos ·1,or. un nntl-lndepe'ndeiitlstnc'tfn
quetes. folletos, .~oj~s;~uel~, 1 , ni~ta de .Chin.a Roja;'*~;~~'!''.:::..~·.!rn!clooero.. lltaque: al p11cffiro -~,-~~ f1deJ Castro!'.'/a~gt
d~laraciones. matines. etc.,__;._:~: Ademts de haber ··publicado-~'.'mftln que
Frente Antlc:omi"1::~· berto_, Piiia Calderon;--:,
la maquinarla que u1ilizan los £otografias de esas ~reuniones,·· - •nlsta . Unl\•enltarlo rcalizub.a. ri_o de ,Relacioncs Ext~ri.
de la Fupi para intentar con- el FAU h - dad ·· ·1a
bl. 'dad . ,. · -~--1'' ··--J~:;,;t.··,~,,·-·::.>:,v~. .., · -t:~"-FAU-;·;; ... '· -·,:::~....-·~ .• ,
·..,.~ ..•.. ·:;_,<:;,...................~ .....,,..!>.a.....,.,.!~~ .!::,., ....;i,en_.f:" .,_bar_r~;~~~..mp~!~.'f,!1,~.._~(0,.i;t._:,...;;;.~:v::.::(
,
;-:;;-.., trola.r ...1~,..pasos del_ es~~ta·:t·marufiestos explicando_~".l~:.{~~~~1!.~~!-4U4: en repetldas"oca~ ~';-"AJ
1 que~o,e.l!,!r
do puertorrlgueflo. Y en · mas Fupi, tras largos meses de coor." · slones nuestros lideres ban re-- f'D el interior de la Uni·
de una ~si6n. e~~ \·alientes dinacion con el_MPI y otras or· dbldo nmenaz.as de muertc· de todos los 11nertorrlqu:tfti
denunclas .han • Jogrado creai- 'ganizaciones· ... similiares logro pa rte de los "gangsten'' tu ills• ,Ifamoi. 11 F1del Cn.stn
conciencia dentro de· 1a masa provocar un motin dur~te ; eJ .;: ta~ y comunlstns. 1•ero- nlngu· ft" sabldo. 56lo simpail:
: e~tudiantil. Y .P~~~r~!u. repu. cu.al se destruyeron propieda· · no··
estos lntentos de a.me~ 11u. rlginte:n lo.c;· cw1t~"i.
d10 a las consl~s comuni&toi• des de la Universidad. t-C. atac,'i
drentarnos 1~os detendrA ert ·c, Ja Fupl y nlguno~ ,;_;to!1
des de los fuplstas
.... ~' '
d d b
d d
.
I ••
.*
t ,. ,,.."''"'·
':.;'h:~..........,:r~;,i;.e::,""!'.~.'"i"~ 1j;..,:.~Jiri!/.i[!fi~,;: ·, !.~, ~~-- Poli<:i~ y. se dier:o~, ~\'~~"."'' sa·.
? .. --~. e!.... ~-.· ,.~!~nder ~,~~...e:.~~.·-~~~I};;, P.:[,e.t:t<'
.t~l}f'¼,~;.~ll~;~::~111.i:~f·:
-:1:.9astro ~, olrOS Jider§(C~ry'J,il*~~•-.!':~~~~..!!~~;y D la ~U~~~~~+l';;_por•ShOblstnor f
~!Stas.~.-·.' .
. . .,. ,-::· ··~
!1'? )~".tnld~n y cl ~II~~-, ha~e_,nJ.~l-~~.~~ C'~.~J;~.21;
.9}_\'~~~-.)>,;.~...~_c:,1~:~:~~~~-~. ~- ~
~~~r~\ ~~1son M1sla pros1gue:., ,.P~---~l.,.,~:Clara. Edwin .. ~fa.el . re~~ben_!~~~d.~_;Y1,~
'}t,ali,tl~.,e~11~·n~r.en. la cran masattt-i·":"Algunas· person.as, des-cono- · Col6n,,~ecretario del FAU.- ".:,..: ._de,Cu!Ja. Pero.Jo ,,~u, f','
~~;.:;./~nt\frsiia:~~'~, l,0005. esta.·· ::;~dor.t~ de fas tactleas comun~~: •.
ll>ll: nombre,
ban dando la lmpresl6n de que' tas. subestlman el
8.CU~rdo't:on lo- que·. ttplteJi'909""'"' lJUefio repndJa"'dc' ~1'1\Z•.
ba.blaban a· ·nombre de la Uni- repre-11entan c " t o s · efomcnto11 lidcres, la Fupl 'oparenta luchar que se hnn <ksfaeado, re
. "-ereldad de Puerto Rico. Sin sub,·ersl\'os. &Jo el pre-texto por la lndependt-ncia de Poer- siaganalstas llel ~ar~t
f'mbargo, desde hace unos me· di:' q_ut\ "f.On pot'OS.. y dt> quP to Rlt•o. Pero no loginndo ob· nl"'11o, Ejcmplo 11t" ~~
!it'ti nuestra organlzaelon ha
••.-1 imeblo no los slgue'', ba)'
tener cl debldo respnldo 1mr .. tih1yc cl. t-:1so_ ti.el ~r>rol
ereado un antteomunlsmo mlH· mul"bos 1mertorriquefios ,•on Jo,. pa.rte dcl ~tudiantado y el pUt'· !-ol! '.\farfa Llnt_:i:'.!':.C?Pin,?_
tnnte en el estudiant.odo eapa'Z bru:ws rru2.udos. Por eso nos hlo ante l:1s tAl'tk:ls por elJo!o, Ramc-s, dests.cado ~~d
de dar·a1 traste con los plaacs hemos dildo n la tnrea de lht• utillzadas. los lupff-f:\'- han re· FAU.
. ,,'.,JS!it
de subversion de 1011 agltadores mar Ja ntencl6n sobre la pell· l't1rrido a los org:mhn1os 1.utcrPor ultimn, Erl~~
roJos.'', opina Edison :Misla.
grosldad de es.os "i~atrlotu& d,~ naclonnles «1uc f;e han ldenll- \V:lli:"tm James Y c.tfos
En uno de Jos panfletos edi· pupel.. que, ,,or upatia de los flea.do como ncerrlmo1' eneml- tes clel "FrenlC" .Ant.ice.
"'O d"' \"" sl I
t
t
Uni\'"r~·tario" expres'an
tados por el FAU ~on dine- th.•mds, hoy Ke en<'uentran sltu11, ,. s " .a l ng on con e pro· 1.: ..u·,.:r-.~·[·","d no •"· nl ""..r
J'O que voluntariamente aportan
dos tanto en la Unl\·ershl.:ul <·o- 116slto de que fstos 11reslone11
.. ~ " u ,
,.
,,.,
estudiantl?S, profesores, prof~- ~o en otros lm1»ortantes ,;er- t'n la ONU y se le haga t•l Jue- comunistas nl ,fo partl
sionalcs, politicos, etc., se mues· tores de la 11ren$0, cl mngiste- ::·o ,\ sus fines 1101Itlqucros. Por tko alguno; fa Unh·erttra graficamente los hilos que rlo, Jos coleglos profeslonales y csa. razon es que nosotros pre· dt· Puerto Jtfco y debe :
mueven a Ja Fupi desde mas nlgunns agencias gubernamen• ,:untatno& u <'SOS que pN'!tendeu lo!. Interest's f-11.f'Jlcintes ,
;,
alla de ta Cortina de HieTro. tales•·.
r.ubrirso eon cl nmnto del sa· tro pais"•
.
}\~'C
.. ,./
... ... '\. . , · ( ~
•i"~~._::l!{J.:_-._:_. ,-_.,... ,
. . ·flue,. ,. ..
,.,J)~--~ ... ..,
/fi
:r-•.
Los::. '".':. . .
.
:::-r·~~#~
<< .
ROJOS;.,./~i,;c'~~;.. .
:..:r. .
:~n"'igrw'1i
.i:J?:.~
,";;',;.:_-;._,;.
.A.etas
Mart(nez"'
t~nt1at'.t't~cntos.:~:.~':::,~.;f.E-;:_~~
reco-:..7'\:-qiie'; ,' los
ticti;;: r~;m;
el
de.
~=!
,-~~!~•.
!
};;:a~~~.-_d?:S5,~~~~,"t~ro.:_','
a~-;~~,~:
pellpo' ' que· '.
.'..,ffJJna ~<;rie_ .de_ Cotocrafias pone
la vinculaci6n de
l.~~.atlac.'descubierto
fupistas con el movimicnfo
t
t
~
I
f
r-
f,
fl
i
··
, Ill
;"~~.:~ ..,.
y\~~~,~~'l~(a.~:{~~Q:!.~~~.!~li:
" ... hay que mantenerse bien atentos a los. acon!ecimientos
n.ador. ,ort la Reforrna Universitari3 porque los fupistas~p·r
desoricntllr al estudlantado con fah:os testimonies;!;
Y!
comu n ista intemaciona!
qtue_
EN esa d:daliente batalla .quc ·•"'-:':'-·t,· .
en e11a se rccoge 1o s1gu1en e: ha cmpren 1 o contra e 1 comuNarciso Rabell Martinez asis- · nismo. el jo\'en Edison· Misla----
:I :~
·
. •
.•.
:4:~~'~::.
~£;1.:;:::?.=: :~;-~; i;p:=~~:E; , ;· " ,' , :"
un ~itio destacado al Jado del en dcfensa del siste~ · demoentonces Primer Ministro Ni• . cratico. Empero, el F.AU no es·
kita Khruschev·: en 1963 Io., un grupo de ..c:wernfeolas. rea(')"camaradas " Ramon Arbona ~lonarlos e lm11erloll5tas•• y mu,
M,u-tinez, ex•J}resldente de· la cho ·menos de "fnn4.tlcos pltl· -..• ..:~ · ·
Fnpi, y Narciso· Rab<!lJ Marti· )'ankis", Sc trata de uni\'ersi.
nez. delegado permanente de la_ tarfos que han decidido comba· ·
Fupi ante la Uni6n lnternaclo. -~ tir a ios comunistas crioUos en
nal de Estudiantes, con Bede .en au propia madriguera. Y gue
Praga, ocupan puestos de honor opinan asi: ·
en la tribuna. presidenclal del
"La mDILuncla e1tudlantU
Congeso Internacional de Soli- ·· • contra la lnfUtraclon comunlsta
daridad con Cuba celebrado en -expone Francisco Diaz Echc,
e
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�de ,·ista cornunl!,ta. Esto es Men reconoc!_do _P:,.~~)
h1stlga cl odio cntre In Admlnlstraclon y Jos ·_fs1
puertorrlquci'los '.\' yan:.ls, entre riros y pobre~. ·en
lndcpend!entei., et('. J<;n el fontlo, estos 'es.!ud~!tf
i:~
.~
_:,
'.~~:i:::·
no quleren la ,iolm16n del problema unlversltarlo,
1:1. Reforma Cnh·er!.lt:1rla, t>nton<'es dfo.~ rr:o,·l'rfar,
" ... lodas las organizaciones verdaderamente liberales Y democr,Uide di!umarion contra cllu para volwr a. fomcnta_r
cas debemos unirnos por encima de di.fere~ciu pa_rtidistas o religl°:__ "·
Para puntualizar sus ohscn·aciones sobre . Coit
us para demandar una Reforma _Un1vers1ta~I~ hborar y dernoc;rj~'':';'.'.:,
.
.
. . .
. .· "~!:.;;.·.
tica ... ~.·-_,....,.--:··:-;-,- .. -'t ;·asunto, ~f1sla Aldaronr!o sefiala que "ho~· qur. 1:
··
·
'·
utentos a Im, aconkci~llcntoi. refadonados con i:.
,:t-rslt.:irlu porquc los !UJ>i,;tas pretcnden desorlen,
-- tado con folsos testimonlos para h11t>erse
apareeet·, .
de la lucha
... :,-zw.~
~.i1';,
. pro Reform"''. __ , . .
"En realldad los de la Fupl son enemlgos:d~,,
do 1>rogresfsta y .Uberal para b Unln•rsld3d de· Pt:
que reeordar que - ello& no rt>SllOnden a nuestr~s. 1
108 de. !\loseu o Pekin. Sus lotenclones i.on las de ,
de C'onfusl6n en cl campus pau aduefi_arse, d~~~t·
mJsta y 111>i poder luego aumentar uun mlis e l ~
res marxlstas en la· UPR", ,re\.'ela Misla. - __ _>:._'-:--~7
1
Y para !inalizar, el lider· dcl ."Frcntc Anti,
versitario" ha.::,:a un llan~amiento "para. qu1:
nes ,·erdadernml'nte liberates y democmtlca5 i_ios},
<'UUa de. dff~rcm·l:is partldista.s. <J
t~~f:i,,
rcllglosas parn
Jtcforma Unh·erslturla liberal y dcmo<-aUcn q~e..,,
nltud ms ,·erd:&deras necC"sldadcs de la Unh·crdda,
tado &In
di"
-~ lltlcas"
....-s ;
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lnt.ederc•nrlu alguna
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partl~i{.~:f{fc-
�ROJOS vr.. ROJOS
~;,.,i.·.: _:.. _ China
Comurii'i~)l:n.;.unci~
que.J
Iida· ~ovietica .hiri6 de ~raveda~il
• •;lt ·,. ·· e$tudumtes chinos al ev1tar una.,m,
.'
tad6n que tovo Jugar ,frenteri!.JaJ_, E
iada -de Estado~ Unidos en Moscu.
-Al parecer. estamos pr6xbnos'..,
cumpla la esperanza 'isniwrul
;
''·:;.
·
aniqvilen
entre eUos mit.m ·
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i MAIZ: ...die,; mil toneladas p~r• Puerto Rico .. ,
t,
. 0
;CUIDAD0l
-MENOS MAL 1SE SALVARON
LAS FEASI
. :·i_1-:a. fuerza Aerea de faoana entro en .
'.. J,r;c'ei'a super.sonica de la aviaci6n al reci•
EN EL LIMBO
g,,: cle Estadoi Unidos iiete jet~ de comi,,::_
bitM.J:,ockheed Fl 04G, habiendose orcfe.
El CorresPonsal del Miami Herald, Al .. -:-.. ·r
Ji 11ado igualmente la entreRa de
Burt, lit ha dedicado un follet£n_pcr.-en.:~,
-·M-u-c·h--o--o-J·o-c-o._n___•___l_d. -,c-t.;....•.----- tregas al regimen de Fidel Castro, ha1
'
' •
. blando de tod0$ las cosas Que suceden "· ··. '
dor ferrolano, 1cive •s capaz de camblar· en Cuba. En uno de sus numero11os ·ar- · ·
f, selo, a Fidel Castro Po' tabaco o azucarl
tkulos -loables en su maYorfa- le dedic.6 no menos de doce cuartillas el nau•
f
HARINA
seabundo Luis G6mez Wangi;emert, ha- .
TITO R.0DRIGUEZ:
~
blando ''sobre ta revolucionaria libertad
...tufrI6 otro a~cidente•..
fr
El ma(z es un cereal del Nuevo Mundo,
de expresi6n nue existe hov en Cube",
MAL ANO·
nativo de America. Era la comida de los
aprovechando su · condici6n de director
f; indios de siglos antes de Col6n. Es la
del pert6dico "El Mundo". Y en una de
s&milla del m6s delieio'° de los granos.
sus partes. de fas muchas Que clta, dice:-.•.. . , .. Tito Rodriguez, ca, wrnte. mus1co,
'1 Et maiz es verdaderamente uno de los
"El QOblerno cubano, aue intent& esta- •. .
rector de orauesra. "puertorriaueno.
recurses mas grandes de America.
blecer un sistema comunista, es el dueiio • , ' ,fri6 un' ac.cidente en Buenos Aires cua
-OIi* no Jes h_ablen de estas maravi-·
de fos peri6dlcos Que les auit6 a las emel autom6vil en ciue viaiaba se votc6.
llas a 101 que tienen una diet• fonada
presas orivadas".
obstante las magulladuras Que sufri·
de harin1. En lo quo sl estamo1 de acuer•
--No -hay duda que Mr. Burt
en
el estado en ciue te encontraba concu
do es en eso de que "el malz es uno de
El Limbo. Esta en Cuba. quit er. lo mis•
al baile de Carnava: para el c:.1al habi,
ros recursos m~s grandes".
mo. Lo unico que le falto fue parodiar,
cio contratado v termino su acr:.iaci6n t
en relaci6n con el regimen, er slogan co1and0 sentado sobre una silla, en·tmc
POR PRIMERA VEZ EN PUERTO
mercial de "India". cY pensar cau• toda
del escenario.
·
: ~11':·
RICO SE BRINDAN CLINJCAS OE BE·
eH baiofia se publico en (1191'1 Y hasta
-Tito Rodriguez ha tenido un ano ...
LI.EZA. - · · _ : .,·
.. ·
r.e 1r1duJo al es.,_iioll go. Hace poc:o en su pr~~io
..
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e
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�·~${t.~~- ~.~~-~f~~~{~~~tt~~~~F
~~ ~nador \~is·Alfredo.;
."---· .:-·. Colon fue rad,cado en· el Senado un provecto de Jey Que estableceria un seguro
compulsorio para automcSviles que han de
-,-.: .;.... conducir menore~ ~_..16_...,.~::.18 e!'<>•~,de... ~
t;:":·'.·~. edad. como·cond1cl6n para ~rseles ex-·
!r.";'.:<"' 'pedir licencla ·~,;f.~f'ldu~ir.;·~~..:..~i{:{.};'1. '·
:··<;;~':,;:-,-J.Por~cauc5:_n.e,:~)es u1te meJar QUe
·~,~-··ungan"uil .... PoCO mi1 'de edad par• quo
· ;, • ...n mis· responsa&les , ver sf reducimo•
~·,;/. ; . el alarmante promecl~./~~~~t!':'1~~1." ...
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El puertcrriauefio Manuel _f
sido ascendido al. cargo,Xde)ia'!
·'• _gerente,. en·i el:.. DeS>artamentol'(
~ lidad,V en "•la' famosa ~ tleiida'.' S
Quinta· Avenida de Nueva;,,Yo;
. ~-,va,•ven: lo unico"..
nosotros~H CIUe nos den la "os:.
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qua;.r
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Durante el ano P.11sado la pe,:rera. mu·.
,~.,
,
nicipal de San J1,.1an entreg6 a la Sociedad .;.,~ -- ,. · • ·
-.
· ,
· ·
. _ •, ... s\·" __ ..,;;~ ·t:- ·' Protector• de,A_nlmales un · tota!'~de 1.987 .
REALENGOS: ...nlnguno . d•,)~!· .. 1:987 ._
i",~:'·~-tt•t,~..t::t.·?~-~ . .-.-trealengos; Ninguno.de estos animales PU·
. · .•
.. perr_~__ ,Jrv~.;;·
;. .
·
.
tearrn;,ri~~no.· ta~.tor de ...Get
Acres_, . Tobacco ~. v. otras.,,
. U~'!-~,COl'.',f!J'e"!Ci~..£.enf~.
.
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:: -:-- Erskine\ Cald;eif t'fimoso. es,
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En Colo'!la; Alemanta. ganan mb, esU.n meJor cotirado1, 101 que se dedi.
·-· can • c·uidar a 105 animales cuando sale la familia de la. casa, que 101 que se 41!ncargan_. ,. .__
do culdar a los nenes. Ochenta y dos centavos y medao la hora para los cuadadoru Cf.:!.·'.!
de perro1, por eJemplo, v • clru:uenta centavos la hora para las conocidas babysitters.
·
•
Cuando la p01lcla sublo al apartamiento al ser Hamada por el encargado
dal edlficio. el inquilinn ·le dijo quo ten(a la motor• funclonarido en la aala, porque
querla calentar los motores y afuera nevaba. El ruido.que producla la motocidete ·
era Infernal. Y tenJa locos a todos los vocinos. ·sucedi6 en St. Paul, MinnHOta.
•
Wllliam Wright es un anclano de 73 ano1 de edad, de Lindsey, lnglaterra,
quo era clat,o: Si: era ciego., :.Porque WTIIJam. que clorm(a fa siesta, cayo de su _
cama y .perdi6 el conocimiento. Al volver en si, la familia comprendi6 que habia -· ·
·- recuperado la vi,fon, al exclamar mientras miraba hacia fa ~ntana: "aest, nevandot" Fue un verdadero milagro.
·
•· . La Sapporo Beer Company, ciue es una de las m1yore1 cervocerfH de Japon,
usa una chapa tan ligerita en las batellas donde envasa 1,u cerveu, que cualcauier
persona puede dutapar la boteUa ligeramente con el dodo pulgar. Mucha m,, facil
que las chapas que se usan-en E.U.
-·
.
e La North Thames Gas Board de Londres envJ6 una cuenta a . uno de 1u1
clientes demandando que la misma fuera liquidada antes del dia 29 de febrero de
1965. Parece que el c:ontable do fa Compaiiia creyc5 que,nte es un· ·aiio btsiesto.
.
0 no hay almanaques on la oftclna. . Y el cliente, con cierto. humor, contest6 di-·;-:: - ,fciendo que ofectivamente, pagarla el dia 29 de febrero. Todavra·re est,n nperando.'
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edad :crue·.resids'-.enJSeri.[.f,
di jo en tre - ot ra s '.' cosas: ',~·er~ s~r
es una combinaci6n de un lnteni
m4s bien un al)remio POr. escril
mas de la i."lfluencia ciue eierce
biente Que rodea ese individuo. ·
,. lento lnnato'.\. •.
'.t'.';:~f~
~! ;.- ~ hay, Maestro, que:tli1M11
. QUe tienen apremio, pcro. cleItal,
, da. 1Y ,e1<ribent. , ..... , ·~.~·,,t;,!Ji
' ·.': ..•
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VACAS ANESTESIADAS: ••. una ch"lcit~--!~~ !~-~r-~ novocain1 .•.
:·: -~t ;,:..·~- ,;_
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_.,_. c:L. '~;: "-~
,,.Puert~··Rlco/Caldwell!'ciue"cue
ce
"v
·? ~,t~~:'Wff~~/r,:1~;.~-:~~..~·:'{·1;ft~:
e ANIMA~~~;/:.Es~~~i~
El senador Euadista; ··Arturo·O
ro, radico un Proyecto de Lev ·qucs
saclo a la consideraci6n de la Com.
·· A~ricultura de! . Senado, aue decl
qal el sacrifkio de animales dor.
en los inataderos publicos y_:priva
cluyendo IQue!IOS·. de consuni~\<a
do. a ·menos Que sean_anestesla'dc
de sacrifica dosi'i-9'~l"~,b;-~1-1it;1(~;
:. , -La ·Jdea no ·es mala~ _senado,
, ae ha puesto usted a pensar, en
Uc, ricamente- audo cori-.-,,~~i.
,o una chuleta encebollada; con.'-.!
novocaina?
· ~>
�MILAGROS GONZALEZ CHAPELL•••
se niega, a pesar de ser furibunda ,, ~
·
reformista...
.. ·
#
$; ~
·:;_·~:-~~:
LUIS MUIQOZ MARIN... l.que suce·
deria en un caucus del Parti~o... ?
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�;;Te lo diie. Akalde!I
Tu no podias .caminar
det.de Guayama ,hu1a
San Juan._ Mira como
se te han hinchado los
pi.s ...
.
..~~~~~~;"'-,,:..:';; ,·
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;Qulen hablo del c"c:o? Yo
sigo con mi tacita 'I Htoy
camo looo
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:LA;.\ INSTA·NTANEN·
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.rr..ri;?tf~I,11 ;~ es s.~~ 1'1~~ 1nte.-~~~;:~~~- e• "Fumand:·--:;;:::_
aea
tl'&la de Emma Rolla VlncenU, qu.ten, dlcbo:
do pa.so. en.
,,partansea*a clel '<ae..~apU.. puede pa.rame'.-v~ndo qlllernJuntc1·
_, aetrlz' apalola. B e m ~ -· lits \.'1lmplresu·· t'lnematogr.i•
•.;. Jo
Emmii
;cie· -.~um::ilr fr~ntc
que·espei:ab&
#e;a~ ~.- mociteato
::i c4.man• .-:Tv~·-:roa·ea,u'"~.-de\Ul"A, j)_orante
habl~~ .~t~lonea7:·-,··i.;"'C:.;da' lblt'rlftda'•; y
0
I
-,.,,,:·;_>;:;,-;.,·,~·» caperaba era
que la
Uft.11
·Jo
dei1,
:.1...-.;?;:
lento de Barc:ala le reaaltara. tan tra\'lesa
.·,"·
-·~,;~i~f¢}~i~'4.Sb15f
~i"'1a'.·~L \reritlC{:
-- ...
_....,.,~~-
:,o que vio Juz oomo especit!
rumor algo sordo y subtc~neo ya esta tom.ando (onnu
, ,et:,.lles. El propio Ralph Perez
;: ,·ry. de regreso en Puerto Ritras su viaje a Mexico y los
. ~ados Unidos, revel6 "'a.rio,;
vo hasti ciue arribe a una de,
cision. Tan pronto ~st:i se pro.
dnzcr. -ya fuese positiva o ne,
,:;-ati\'a- serlt dada .a conocer 11
la prcnsa y, par supuest.o. a l.i.,
partes interesadas en el m.·~o·
cio.
;: •os sustanciales en tot-no n
Pe1'C".t. Percy, un n~rdadero
½ '. neg~clones que envuetve11 · t:namorado de la TV., no tenia
~ ,Lil propiedades en la .radio v mucha prisa por alejarse del
f
f
~- ui. lo expuesto por este Re•
.
montana de binetcs vl!tdes )'
f -la en anterior edicion, he
:: :.ui lo que aclaro Perez Perry;
fragantes que de un dla para
otro habia. l!turgido en sus hori·
~· ·, La swna que Je ha sido
7.ontes.
(/tiid~ por la compra de su
;.QUE PASO CON
~
~,,.
TV puertorriqueiias. Confir,.. negocio. Ni aun cuando cue1·a
1:ido en cas;l todos sus exta·e· para dcdicarse a contcmpla1· la
rkau Co~on.la~ Broadca.~tlni LILIA LAZO'!', •.
I .1m.;1 prop1ctana de, WKVI'\t; · ,.! · • --: ,. , • :·
t; ~ a di o, WKBM Televisi6n )'
La contraiacion de Lilia. Laf ''SUR-TV, en Ponce} asclende. zo "pot• Paquito Cordero se pa·,:-.;,. :
~~
_'.Ii
los iDOCE
M.ILLONES-of;---=-- ,·ecia
~ ,OLAR.ES! • ·
.<; l- ,_: .
much'o-..:.::cegun· comento-:.\.
-J
aiguien- a la histoi-ia del dul- . f ·. · .(.
f) Amen del e~presario mexi:· ,ce de coco sin coco.
'·, '.":,;.,:: ...
~ ·-·
·mo· don Emilio Azci\rraga.
A poco contratad.a la actriz..
_uiPn posib}emente Se hara CSt"· 1.!l prnductor -a tono con las
_u del 20 por ciento de los in· mas inteligentes practieas de' su
F·Freses en Ja nueva ·emprestt llticio - in;yect.o fuertes dosis de
Jj acorde con lo que disponen propaganda II Ku adqubidon.
it ,:uestra.s leye.s), pooerosos con, Las \'irtudes y cualidades de
.: ,,,reios de Estados Unidos par- Lilla (quien cs actriz de muy
,dpnn tambien en la compra, .mperlativas facultades histrio·
. '·1briendo el 80 por ciento res, oicas) fueron trompeteadas pol'
. .1.nte .de la responsabilidad.
Lodo lo alto. Se la pinto como
• '.) i.a oferta cs a!go definido. el elemenlo ideal para sustituh·
; ,,o asl Ja consumaclon de la y avcntujar ampliamente :i.
\'c:nta. Todavia el -Perez Pc- Slmpllcla, poco despues de que anuncio Ja
rry- se encuentra estudiando . la intirprcte de este persona· joso contrato oon Produr-'·Jom.•!i>
{ ~I asunto y nada seri definit.i- je, la actriz Normita Suarez, Tommy )Ila.ft&.'-(; .•
. :
.
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Las Naciones Unidas sc reunieron para dn.rle un \'oto de c01uianz.n.·a s~
vador y permitir que Doris Elizabeth Martinez -su Undo producto!t
diem nnestro "Pollola.ndia•, de hoy. El \·oto fue un:\nime. Y ustedr-s 1
juzgar por que. La conmocion que catiso Doris cuando recicntemen~·. .a1
en nuestras piginas por pritnera vez bien nlfa este ·'bis'' algo"'ma~·T~~~·
que nos rega_la ~-~citna.ta, de-.,,{'!t~AN.:~.· ~~p,.,e!eenf~~~~-;.
· h~
:
. ,,,. "'"'.':'2:c/i':i;·.:·19:...'f;:~1-:,:-.;:;';.,ITJ~:,:--. -~'t~;·:.~ •"'f'i. .~ ;',"i'~i!-~" -
}}\ttii§~s~
�f~Yi;;aa habido,demoras.:-,.,,.en,las,,.~.··:.~
\i.?.!::.fi~clones~entre~M,rtt\,;;i;',i.!.,:,.
lil;~- Silva' y Telemundo'!para lfta:?··.,,._
~preienta~n. de la prt~~l·!•.~··
dentro. de un ~ . est~.i?¼,~
~/:§.ta "'"d "\"'··A;,lio -,de-dwi t6n-.JJ.'!ti~
~t11,
e.:~~de ""la~'·"··
da-~~,~a1'·'•r'i:!-:,
~.•. 8 r,traVca
I
• lleglJ.n
i\-..
-~a-·;
..,,.,,_~. rev~, desde Juego, es;,como
· hubiera sldo exti'afto. Li.s i:io:,r:·~,
sfbUidades de · un . entendi· :( ·
*·" :.
tJl
lJ'i:P..el'II(:
f"queYf.an.to·''6i:lfo!vfene'n
Drlendol" . jl, ~a . no\·ela
"1sada ~a&· .Me.r~ftJ..
ita!~~l.rnii\1~~~·~·~11:
t"~ l'l}ientol.toda~~~peid~iity :_.
.;,.:~~ muy· conslstentemente. Suce....
/f:,rde; s61o;:que estas·cosas to- ~
l,~z.-,q~l~n:l!~~~!':'l!
~tor.d~ ta, P~-~J!!!r
trales de dl~ha nhra.:.,q
.efeetnari.n_~JJf ·
-?~: · man tlempo y
tiempo -mu·
-cho mis-. habr.i de trans•
.airrii.,probablemente;· antes,.
.cena.rlos .de.:IA'.:hl
qiiela ·rigura'redorida y bien '.
tu<!Jando• inii'y" en ~~ri
nutrida de Myrta sea_ una
~ propo!ilcloaes
realldad.en ·m pantatlas delt;._-:,
"tvela•se· . '"
~al~2~~ii.1-poslblll•~'
.cfo'delas· g
;i..::.·':~dadei'"".°uo··:remotu de q11"
.-.TV., Sustit
r:
nuevamente por aqu(
~
"El~Malfq
a&
\
al famoso trlo de payasos que.
1;i;.<i.}
reuie;bajo' elftltulo~d~
~).:.')'; ln....- n GabY Fof6 v 1\flll: -··· .,,,.,..,..,,.. .. ,- i;~.;,•,-·
··:,,,.no
. . Azu.1·..."'aJ'!'sigillente
'li<'•·r,
.....,..
••
#
Roberto
:,,;;...·..,~
-,;;, .;_· cu.,
.. Tunn
c C?rrea,.·rvoJoss1
· -.
. ·.•kt:"."'11>Los
mur.haehos,
des.d~::;.,,.,.;;.:
.... , .. ·, 1.ectesma
_._, .~.;;:--~
.. ,·,- ¥,,.i,,.- ~·"',..·:··
~. ·• Cbtca,:o, esbozaa planes p:ara{~~~. ttv~ '!-~reglos muslr:a1~~ 9m• · ~~- rez,' Esteban dc__~ap.l_m
una. nue\'a teinponda' en~~:_dn'eu ·~ra ,..ld~~~~r~a la·• "'
Esthert:: 9~~~1
nosotros.'}..:_Apostariioiix_a_: qur·:~:.=.~' ~~P!.~~P~~~~·,
. 1:0?lo.~~~~Peddto
terubfaa' tremendci''a:lto. · ffa-~S~despedlr .IOII 'espaclos,vdestlnu• ..
( taJentoso - hJJ~de,1&1! ·
-·-· re. tanto' Hempo que no al'·
· dos a las no~s y para d1\l'·
Gladys Aguay~~4.i,t
f:6an por ari. que )'a tlenf' qur
le. promocl6~, ..- duraate ·sn
d!! la teleJ?.D~l~J:.74~~<
·il1i~~-,•ea.rnos
1 -
Acu...mos naclbo de ,u
cart• y con · mucho ttutio, a ·
SU
debldo tltmpo,·· . l;o.os·'
dando cuno • IH entrevt..
tas que ustecl : augi..,.. Ya
habfamoa .. rectbldo comunic•·
clones· cle' otras mlembrot d6
su club' in. -~ sent~iJ-'•
·;,i
.r.i1cttamo1· e - todas;,ipor~·lo -·"
,;~ ~: · ctJva y blen ·organtrada quo .
• '.· • antitnen au a r
de,
• ,J.; J.,.; ;<;;.
.,;:l."!t•levll.6filas,.
i-~~1f).:
.. :~{hl°;f-:it;~·,:..
---···--·
··,
·1
~-?,t\-';~,!:<:,~'.¥f1,i-;i.::.~
,.,·;., .;
·· ··,,;.·.>,..
'·
,I
I
.:·:·! .,
·l
I.
chii Quinones y crey6 que
estab.tmo, escribiendo en se,.
rio aqu.Uo de ..Orquesta Sin•
.>I '•
-
.
ta dos oclHa1 '·m,1 'arriba,·
estimado c.n•larlo. Sia du-,,
da no cap16··· ushld~et···tono,;..,
de t,roma quo ravmab.t la
informadon •n torno • , ... --
·.'
fonlca.... S1 tey6 completa la
partitura, antes de que se
enm1r1fiara el violin, habr, wlsto qu• expUc4bamos, ·
debtd,mente, c6mo Pach,
Qulfione, no era director de
orque1t1 • nl -mucho .,,..
molmudo. . . Pach,;
,implement•, a un dutaca·
do y laborloso operador de
audio en WKAQ Radie cuya
nos-
~
t
r
,'
t
..
~
l
''slnf6niu.. no
YI
mb
an,
del disco y la "1infonola...
,:. ~~e que dis.ponga, en t:l mo;.~tnento, para quo .•• music•
u deJe oir. Repetimos, por,
si ICIIO U traban de nuevo
laa clayJfaa: · Pach6 QuinonH .
no H un director cle orques-
:1t:~·~:it:~~;
.;;,}.\·dt·?.?l_~·-:_·,- 9una nueva ·queJa ·quo form11.-·;
f
Jar, le 1ugerimo1 la dlrJJa al
senor Ramiro Martinez, a Ra•
dlo "E.I Mundo, qu.ien lll9U•
ramen.. e.ndr' mucho gv..
,. , to en a1*nderla,. en · lu c•·
Hdad d. "agente y repreMn·
tent• mundlat" del senor
" Oulnone1. En re1acion con
101 otro, comentariot
que
,. no1 hace en 1u cart1, no &a·
i:
be cuinto l1mentamo1 uo
P dal quo I• brlnqult el arco
- del violoncello. Pero, jquci le
nmos a hacerl La vida H
••' de lngrata, utlmado Can•
dttlarlo:"'· ·
·~
·I'
...
f
·%."~;!~\t:·
·ser totahnente···aue\la la t"11.·
,programacl6n·.dJarla. t1 '\'a•
~mal de! aulor ·Enl'lq,
mada .· de nllios~'sltuatlos nl
rlos de los m:ts estelares
Betancourt- tiene.'con
.. . otro ,la.do de los televtsore11. ; , . 11~cramas Cl':!>. e~lte la platt·
ma una c ~ n c i cm:?fJ::.~
'f',( AqneUos. que_ tanto°'.::ie""'dMr~~t~:~;i~~!arreglos musicales
A,:ul", Que. fue e~peci~
· tleron a.ates eon Gaby ·Fof6 f~
son obra de uno de los mh
te grab:.da para ,as,:..o,
y MlllkJ, a travEs de 1"a TV,
. destacados m6sfcos qm.• te·
tizac~ones.~po!';:,el!Pia.:Dl.
liD duda __~!>!'°' se es~r:i'.'-·- , ·~·nemos por.,..~quf: ~ m~~t~.!.,1.--.-,,, c
_. _,:ra4uando_•en• la ,.~h ,; • :
~ Y.,.!trpp4.~eo,..~~....tL6pf:Z;t,~
~. ... . .
•.~mo.
"''','"~'l>'!;..~~T<'•~~"~;>Pr'½ -"',
. . telarlslma:"ttrompeta'.""en :· l:a .
p~t;'e!
n!iru~g ,
Ya est.a a la venta el nuevo y - ..... orquesta de· Cet.ar Conrl·J•· ~ F.rankcl; . Aud
' mis reciente long--playlng de
don ... No pudieron crista·, .
Baez ei; la r::i:is,r~
•.":'~ Hispanos".,Se llama Ti_~~.·.;., . . ·.lizar.las.gestiones.pai·,Ltraer~..i~.don al;l!bro_!iilo'.
)~~~gue~tpresenta ~.t,{.?ta: f>uerto;RiC-0:a~ Lola~ Flori!s.~~1gi.ims-· fA'rand"'
H.ispanos.. 'Y · en· ~I abundan
La "Faraona" · tenia flrmadn .. .... rec_i6n Jleg1:1d .. ~
·J~~~l~lJ
·~a:
en Paris un contralo que de. · ·-.arra el hogar; do':'.
bl~ cumplir antes de -~~._,. _. -, valloso cooi:~)~!~J!a.4!...
brincar el charco y vis1tarmundo .. ··.-t4~Pt.1w,r.a\t
· · to, W1s6n y Carmelo, con el
nos. De todos mud(ts. Tony
prcsentacione.s'::fque'tOlo
tremendo respaldo quc apor·
Chiroldes -que era QUien
terpretes-de-·"Maiia'""J3',
tan la banda y la _persona)!.
andab~ tras la negociacion-.-;j.· La Mulata'' :~f~~tj.z~dad de nuestro Tito Rodncontinua en contactc, eon ellR. ·. · la Isla, ter.la que::-ser.
guez ..• A prop6alto de Tlte: · ·. · y planea hacerlo aterriza,·
supuesto. en Coama5
su \'la.le • Puerto Rico DO~::. 7'· cuanto antes en Isla Ver.
tanta admiraci6ri'tei"rtu
tendn\ lugar huts pr1nclpl0$ •
<1e ... A ""'ta" alturas \\'lAC
terada dur:.:.?1te su·-re<
clel mes de ma.yo. Para e5a
,. su staff de :ti"th:f)S ('(;ffit,n·
\·isita. como invitadof
~poea ea ·muy probable qoe ·-·
tutst.u deportf\'OS de bfl n
Club Social y :Reerea~
cctlnclda. 'aqU( eon SU hom6nl.'
tenerlo todo hic-11 ttl!tJHte"to
aqi.:elJa )ocalidad?uf!'ifC
mo y competldor -aunque
para la transmtsl6n, dlff'~ta·
.~at:-al de la no~liff.qu,
l,uen "panlta.'' en el rondo-ment~ desde Nue1·a 'Fork. d~
cdcs dias debe,z, estar,
Tito Puente, qulen tambl,..n
la lmportantt'l pelea t'ntr,,
tando eJ escenal'io'fcii.ifn
planea renUz.ar una Jl111 en•
Willie Pastrano )' nuestru
sc ajusta estrietamen
tre nosotros. aJ rrea.te de, s11
Cll~i Torres. El estebfr .·
aqueJla parte.dc la drii
orquesta. dentro de las dos
prorrama boxistlro compren·S:'"!:'?' zacion que hasta.'.~anor.
. los arreglos modern~. ma·
,..~-~. gistralmente a rm on !za.dos
por la~ voces de Charlie, Ta-
t1.l
prlmera•
semanas
ck
ma·
yo ... WAPA Radio esta m,1.
dificando radJcalmentc su
prograrnacllm. Los prog1-a·
. mas vivos han ido desapareciendo (vgr.. "El Show dP.
. Bobby Capo'•. "El Pro~rama
de los Expertos") yen su lu-
de tamblEn un comhate C'ft·;;-;"""~ sido vista· a· tr:we.i1·~!l"
tre el t'Ubano Jos(,. StablP )'
rn11r.do. El final de
«·J "s:.ilntomrno" Emik <:rif· .·.
p;): s..:puesto .. !}~.,;~
'
fith ..• Si no tu,·o sucrtc·oou r.i(,,. sc a :c.Jnocer, en1esa'.
•
'. Lola Flores. con . Robe,'tci'{f~J:-· gu'na. cle' las 1subsigu~ .. •
Ledesma. tLJ mcnos. ~i h;, tc.
· p;·e;;t'n~nclones te.atrnle,
nido exiro el cmpresario To· . . se hag:an de )~.,,~?.t"!,'z:
ny Chiroldes:EJ popular can·_c;_,:;;-~- · que n? h11yan eonctuid
1·.:1
--~ar-surgeri·mis-espaeios-mu-----·-tante debe.-estar·aJ·poner·pic-·.--capit1.1los'l·c-gulares-dITa
sica!es. La lntervenclon de·~., entre nosotros, para a.pare: ..... rna, .. por .las .ondas:j"'de1
'.r;::.-:_101 tocuto~. ~bJ!n~·~,~h~Jf'&.:L
. en t_!:Ra"1l?!~.!"1i;.8.~!.1~~~~~mund~}~~~~~9~~, g.
'':J~::·reducldo~ a un. mmfmo.'~I..a-~~- '
de.iar olr _su·vo%:a·tra~·~:'7'' entro con malat~~'bi·
...,;.~· · Idea . es ,•estructurar una di!"~'. · ves de WIAC y encabezar el · . regrew de. PaoamE1.Po
. ·esas program.aciones eminen•
espectiCU}O n O Ct U l' n O de!
guna ra:ton de.~C'H'fdi
temente musicales. al estilo
Monte Casino. La de Rober.
pudleron cnmpllr:·un't~
de las de ·otras emlsoras ya
to constituye una. lnteligent~
mlso que tf'nian fi~d
ex ls ten t es· en el: dlal. • .
importacion. ahora que ~u
.. - Jw.na. - Diaz.--La- ,rente.
\VNEL estA en rub.a de • .,
nombre ha venido cobrando.,_._ alla_estnfnt que trlnabi:t
trenoa~ .••~un«."16 nue,·oa pla· ;:::~· tai_!ta':'popula_ri~ad,. a trav~ · . la auscnrla de J,,;~,. nui,
nea eon au translc6ptero (f>I :.:~de ·sus grabac1ones ... Pro·,
Tlene que h3ber rned!nJ
helk'.4 pt er o "ave1'fi:iladtto...
dncto~ de Puerto · Rlrn '.\"
~n:l r~zon m!1y p1uh·
c1uo rc,•olotcu ~n torno n
Est.ados Unldos \·lenen moDe t:iio estamos ;;t·;~urn..;..
nuestros problemas del trio,i.Endose en tomo a :\lanu<'I
que los mu<'hachos dt"I •
slto) ; l.mpartl6 nuevn rum- ·
G. Pltlera. Ra61 Nac~r ~ Ju:rn
Combo, as{ itmlo ,mn d,
hos a &us notlcfcros -qu~
Sant.a. Cruz. en con,'f'r!i::.clo·
<'h.1.nJ!,1sos a !a ho,a. dt·
ahora csta.n dlrlgldos por {:I
nes que posfblcmente dct.t>r·
mar utt h:i.ila.blt• son de,
l'Ons.agrado per1ocllstu Gui.
mlnanin la filmarion, muy :
malell y cump11dott& ail:
llenno Gener- y puso rn f'I .
~n breve, de un largo ni~t_'.!1.:-...:.:.., . ra. de ·ohsen'ar
,~coi:
al.re una ~Jett.Ion de atrac·· ,_ Je clnemato,:-nifleo bnaado en(,·,~, tnlsos: • •":.i'l ,
- . .~,:;;:~<'?;'.;;;· .
~A:;.; .
",.:;< ;·. ;:; .,. . .. .
,,p~"-i\J~
�.]~~&~i;~;:;,h
,}/:~~:~~1·
•'
0
:-
-~~77 ·. ·-'
Si~;;~~ ~mpre leche fresco en Botellos de Cristal.
· Son Juan, Puerto RL:o
,. _:,i,_.-:t:"2~~:?~r:.:
.,,,. ..,
;:~.;i~~~t1}f%;~;:1 ~\-,•:, .'
21-A
.
;
.
.
~
• _, ,ic;!· -•,.' •
. '~: ,., .,
�..-· ·~ ..
:.
i'',-
...
.
Carlos Rubin Ortiz es •I tipo
n1tural a qulen le abrimo, totalmente fas puertas de nues·
tro, hogares para que ponetre
en ellos
Cu,mdo titne un "break" abandona lu. , dmaru para meterse 6:"!
la cocina y darle los toques finales a la comida ~uo presanlarli ~se
di:a. Saber lo que tiene que cocinar diariamente es l,1 mayor preo·
cupacion de Carlos Ruben
,u
Irene, la betla espou de Cilrlos Ruben, y Velda Gonzalez, en
p,1pel de "La Criada Makriada .. , aunque en "Buenos Dia&, Puerto
Rico", se porta de lo mejor,, son dos eficientes auxlliaret del
. Chef
��·-'.. :.·
1:.; i,re·, ;~~-~ i~i:j,;~~~i};.
~:~-{{j;;t,;.f ~,~~;t;:,:;;.'.;;~~1$fi1ti~f.J:h:1-#Jr '. •
' ··
c ~:
ii
Se & rat a .. det /'International ., .
Comme\"cial; Cente,;j:of -~ ~erto'f;., · ·
Rico, Inc.•• para el coal el Cha·
se Manhattan. Bank flrm6 m,
t"Ontrato que aslpla- al banco el
· \fJr~,:\;;i\; {{
.
Un nue,·o edlflelo' de.. ·15- plsos
para ondnas est4 elendo c:onstruldo en 1a eane Ocasio, en ·
Rato Rey. entre las avenlllu
Ponce de Lea11 y lluAoz Rivera.
,..._:~·;~;-
llnanclamtent.o de la. construey funcJonandento. -El eosto
total del proyeeto es de mu de
clnco millones de d61ares, segiin
lnform6 el aeflor Max Cohen,
presldente de la f1rma Intern.a•
dona.I Conunercla.l. Center, wu.t
cle las tres compalUu ec,..propletarlas del modemo cdlflclu.
d6n
-_
j
... ··,
Il~.f- ·.~
' .,
~
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'..' ~"':'.•• ,
\1,.-:.,'!'
""j>',:,'#"•,£,:;_
'..~It:..'
EMPRESA PUE~TORRIQUENA
La .Administra~i6n
<ion
Fed..:ai •. Hogare& -( FHA. i • ,. Admini5tra•
de Vttteranos, han otorsado. ,u r«onocimiento a la San
· MaPtin Mortgage and lnve.stment Corp0ration, institucion dedicada al financiamiento de YiYienaa's' en Puerto Rico. Esra emP!•sa, bajo fa direcci6n del ingeniero Justo A. M,ndez, cuet1ta
Entre 1us principales colaboradores al higeniero ,; abogado Rene
Aponte Cat.alibi, el licenciado Luis Fermin Gond)ez Correa, y
el sefior Juan C. VUlarlnv. Entra las nu,nerosos pr:i)vec:tos qu~
esti desarrollando esta empresa se c,ncuentran Sa Urbaniiacicn
}
i
I
Wonderville, en el. barrio Cupey Bajo de Rio Piedr.a1; Urbani·
.zaci6n Ciudad Univenitaria, tambien eri Rio Piedrasr Urbani•
nci6n· Villa Graciela, en Jum:os; Urbanizaci6n Ponce de Le6n,
en Mayagiit2; Mayfair Development, en Bayam6n: Urbanind6n
Villa EvanteUna en M1n1tr: y el Medical Center Apartments
en Monaclllos, Rio Piedras. El reconocimiento por las mencionadas agencias federales c:oloca a esta empresa en condiciones
de ofrecer a la comunidad puertorrit.11.1aiia un programa com•
pleto d• servicios en el finandamiento de proYectos, compra
v mt:}oras de hogares
CONVENCION
.
·::_, .·.
El senor l\lannel F. t:'rqtwtl.l,
E,i('cuti\·o dt~ Uni,cd Promoter~
and Advcnisci-:;, prcsenw r1··
dentemente anfr ta. pr~ns.a dd
p-.us y ante un gn..c1>0 de cllcn·
t..s la nue\·a linea de 11ro!lur.tos J:::terna 21 y Colorsilk. de
Revlon. Durante el ado, en H
_que p.:,,rtlel1>,11ron ejct'11tl1.os )'
,;endedora de Revlon. lie db,·
C'Utl6 t:imblen la naturaleza dr
esb nuev~ Hr.ea de pro<lurtos
de embelledmlcnlo )" h1 c:m1pa·
i\11 de .publlclda.d que ha sldl'I
creada po."' presentarlos
mtestra sOC'fodad.
.
r.n
:... , : ...;.-. y:··
. , :,',; ::ii:i~~
._.·.. ~~·-;
.'.·.:;/{~..
Con,·enclon L:itl.uo.irm~rh•ana de N< F.. 11u~ ~I\ ,-clf>hrara~a
En la foto aport'>t~ un grupo de ofk:la.les de la National Cash prlmer9s di.as de m:1r20 l"On la "il:t:tir!~:Ll'lor. di" !oo-·r'~:
Register Company, de Puerto. Rico, qt1t1 a.cudleron al Aeropuerto
tes de ,·rnt& .,.. e11pe-t'fall1,tas tm ulertronka (}M\"enl<-:ttl!"l
lnterno<'lonal dP. l11la Verde para darle tu. blenvenlda al seftor R. __ Sf's latl.J1oan1l!'rleano'i. El s.t."l'l:11ru.irlo. q\h.' d:.ir6 un:t se~t.J
StanlPy Laing-. El sellor Lalni=; Uego a. San Juan pnra aststtr a b
tmrroll6 en r,~l.nt'tim ('()n €'I prOt'er..a.mh·nto t'lf'.,('tr6nlt'o ~.
�VENTA DE 80t~0S
.~:,i:i;
. La fofo r tTJti· el in,tante en que e! Secretarlo;
s.eior ,lorge 1:~nt S:ildaib.. redbfa ae mam,,: t!r.l Vic,
Geren le General del Chase ~fanha; ~.rn 2:.:nl: cie Pu;
nor Fl'llnr.l'ICO de Jesus Toro. un cht>que por la. awn:
nes de clofares, producto de Lil redente Vt-r:!a 'de hon,
Ubre Asodado. Esto. bono,; -,·er.di.Joi. en X .1~1·a. Y,
de intcrf.s de 3.358!)_ fueron adquirldas por. un crup
ros im· .. rslonb,fas que represcntau a. los st;;utent"5 Ii.
11aiU11s de lnnnJones: Chase ~ianhattan Bank, First,?
Bank, Morgan Guaranty Tru!'it Co. of New York;-~'I
Co.• Bank of America, N. T. y S. A.. First Natio:ii1·:
cago, The First Boston Co!"p.:-r:,t::'.>~. B..:nco C:t:,'::ro y
ceiio. Banco Popular y Banco de Ponce. Obser\•a;la
;<'heque el seftor Juan Lahadil" Eta:1te. Prestdente;'de:
·,:.~. • .
70
C
h~:~m~n~nl cir !l"onwnto.
~~.'! ·.
·~-~ ~. ·~~
.
t:I Keitor .Robert ,J. \Vestbee. Vlcepraldente de Grupo de ti
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., a cargo de loa Prodocto"
· · El#!ctrlco!i. •egundo a la derecha. estu,·o reclentemente de \.islta
en P11erto Rk'O paro, r.amblar tmpre~llones <'On los eje(.'uttvos tlil..'
3M en la lsla, ret.pecto al progreso y desarrollo del negoclo aqu(:
y 1•n la Amlrica Latina. El i.enor '\\'~tbee n•nfa aC"ompaft.ado dti
:-n e:i.&1osa y fue ret'lbldo 4P-n el Aeropuerto por el aeftor Frank E.
Lesli~, Gerente Dlr~tor de 3M en Puerto Rico. y el aei'lor John
Peters y ~fiora, \.'l«!epresldente • C'argo de la Am~rlcl Latina con
ofldnas en San J'uan. Este ultimo aprovech6 la 0M1sl6n para lnl<'rmar que durante el pa,;ado allo la Compaftin 3M hahia logrndo
11nas ,·enta~ mu11dlulcs d1• 903.9 mlllones de d61nrtt. to ctUll re.
11resenta un aufnt!nto dt· un 11.! JH>r rlf>nto Nn re•J)f'rto a la!'>
c-feortnndaa en 1963.
· ...~:...-..;;,·.;,·. .; ..
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~do volando';°y':"'"camo'·e:·~~quisiern 'ii t.1{i'\~: (M!ro
~~~{~;ihi~~e~te~iit ~ 'se·.~~: ;natoN·:f~~c.:,
prometo'""" telfre·-aq~i~n"'Pi:iertc?Rico~· y~~''dido -~iisift"uVc·
natU11ll, :,"- O~~ t~e}~na~-l~IJ.1ti. .: ir. ~cie~~~-~,,~. ~l,!it~.lo,.: ~~~!!• ,.hay ~oda en ~ell!~_:.-1-;,., 1~ ~~Y;.:1..a corevgrafi~··y.,
···r.:i~~vamente. con ustedes para, que. se~.···"
. ·::-"·'··r·:.:;~2 1.Y:·bre·'Y.J>&rece que ,·a a ·ei,lat~,·· tuar10, muy buenos P,.Of..,'
1
traerles los. comentnrios dcl e Hoy quicro comentar dos buena.. • ::.· -:.:· , . ,,.::f'__,:;,, ... ~ ,..
corresponden al conocido
ambiente farandulero de aqui y cartas muy carinosas que reci~ 4:, ,_;.,J,, j}. .~.,;j.'.t :::::,:-? '.i'.:_'./~{{;:-J.;~:. . , Reyes, qu!en ya ha .
~~;..extra?Jero~;a,~!~~b~~:Ht·bi .ha~.. _uncis _dias:,Una~: es dt··" NOTl~IAS.
c
·-:::-.:. mi'!!· El ttempo pasa·.. tan -ri.p1· un amlgu1to m10 que estuvo rt'.
·:
~~.a-1{.r~~·:}if7-,_. · Ju.~
. 77;~~
:i.:.do que no
da.~o ni cuenta .•. cicntemente en,Pue~to .1._Rico y. e ·"·
rece-· .ta:.foto "·:• .•Y _habltu:do de.cs1c...:(..
~
q~e~
pre:f'.tque.?a .,.~-......-..
itive
otr11 cosa que quejarme·
sent6 .' en el Teatro Pue1·to Ri· , HOMBRES ·, 0 · MUJERES?: nuevo F1amboy · y me ..
.,-..1-.. 1,1a. irti.s semana de la wJocidad
~N~eva Y°:k jun to a -Mi- P~x:a. los. ·q.ue no ad.iv:r.arcr: I<',; to. !°',) so!a~. e. .nte~ ~.f-~u:
,._ :;+~.i;:.~:/-'.x-;;_}~~::,1 . ~ n que .Pa.s~mJ,os.•~as. las ho ••. ~u~l ..A~~~~-'~eJ1as con "?u~~ ..:.•}}~_.,}~!!!,,.~~c hom¥~~~}·~~.!P~:l!· m~iy ~~i~~-~~1:,f' · 1
·:~·~:· :-.::.:..,:"~f:,~,;1' __ ::,:· ,.,, ras y Jos mmutos, pero ~s que ex1to. Se l~ma Fredd~ Rico ()\:'.~.~~~~~.. los Cmes 'de;se~a· 4u': . cncont~f.{~
cuando uno va para vleJo co. \'an tres Rico en la m1sma ora. na en ·el show del "Cotorrno" gente que ie d:iba~
mienza a preocuparse pot· es- cion) yes un pollito. Para qu~ de, ·~ohnny Rodriguez. Quiero tiguo FJamboyan.:'.<;,ausa.
"i : ~ · -~·';l~}~l'f~ ~~ ·tas c:Mas. Cada momento que \'ean quc no miento le~- incluyo que ·_aepan_. que • dicho sh~w y:i · bieri. Cesa~....~o!ic:~~~i$1
., .
pasa es uno rnenos que quccla una foto en esta secc1on. . .
ha s1do comentado en vanos re- qucsta, Uhses B:·c::,:,'-. c:
fl
pafa \•ivir y ••• para quc voy a O Otra carta es de un joven ri6dicos de San Juan y gue c·s- gue hacicndo de maestro
seguir. ,Me pongo niuy triste y que se llama Nelson Fraticelli, ta muy_ bien present.ado. E:. lo rcmorila·s, · y 'micchisimai
;..... ,
no vale la pena ••• !
Quien me dice que es hermanf) que se llama un show de tr:ins. ma., ,11:r, :no puerlo enum;;.
, . . ·,
NOTICIAS DEL
de nuestro compancro Jocutor formtsmo; del mismo i;cmcro dcl falta t!:- csp:1.cio. Pero·;.
1
Camilo Fraticelli. Nelson es re. famoso Jewel Dax de los Esta· de i.::;;o ha;; gl'n~e nucva
·
..
EXTRASJEl'tO
sidcnte de Nueva York y sc dos Unidos o del Guilda's Re- inyect::.rlc variC'dad 'al· lug
·:-~-- :t'.· _ • . Parece que en Nueva Yo1•k
comprometi6 formalmente con ,·ue que sc prescnto haee poco noeh~ que )'O :ruf·cstaba,'
se lee BOHE:\IIA muchisimo. la senorita Isabel Rivera quicn en uno de nuc:.tros hotclcs con ,·ista de Heeter de·::·s"ir\
:,
pues recibo semanalmente una tambien reside en la urbe. Ten- mucho exito. Se hace la salve- con Margie- na~•el. ··01:· ..
casarin ;., dad de. que &on transformistali mas inuc:ha.chas
·· ~t
. ··, .-·. ,., gran cantidad de corresponden. go entcndido que
cia de atli. Desde luego, no pue- fi~es de septiembre proxtm_o )' y no lo que llaman. '.'imperso. nes. _La coreogra!~,t~~~,
·~····
• -:.:;,-~···· .. -tupenda y la rop1.L:ni~I
·
D.f~f~!lf~.\ ofr2s.es
ae
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.
.----=--- ··,1
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sema·· ·
pre_r.ci;filJ~rc§~::·
me
C':!~i!.~~u~.
'
co d.e
se
u:~~· ~,
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Y estsa hailarina-s.. . . ;_~on hombres. o mujeres?. ·.•
los carnt:\'::1:er d~ Ven,
·, Vinu arompaiiado de'
su·
Gumitty:i'con:'-iC~ti?n
",.,' .. c~·tinJa·~~~~
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P GO A· PlAZOS DEf::·~~
CONTRIBUCIONES ADEUDl1~
El Departomento de Hacienda, por virtud d~ las disposi~i~ri~s·· d~··:rtj-·tffev.1
numero 8 de 1964, esta concediendo planes de pogo O contribuyentes qu$i
tienen deudos pendientes con el Erario. Estos planes de pogo se hocenfae}
ocuerdo con las medios de coda persona..
::-,·:~:L~~
.
-~--!.,
i.
!
'·
.-ti.
½
Si usted odeuda contribuciones visite la colecturia de rentas interrfos
locaftdad y apro~eche 1o _oport~nidad_ ~ue ~e fe ofr£ff> ;:'·-; ~--~.:--;,~
de
mt
·Jfi?~}~li~'"r.~
;
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•
•
• •
:
-:i:;-~,.,"i
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Ac6jase a un plan de pogos y podr6, de-.ahi en cdelante, pogo; las contri:
buciones carrientes obteniendo e~~~IJ_eficig. _de_ la te>' de_ Descuentos:.P~f-
pronto - pogo.
.
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No espere Jos procedi~ientos de opremio para pager estos obligoci~1~1
Visite ohoro la colecturia. ·
.
,,
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JORGE FONT SALDANA'."
Secreta,io .de H~i.ead01·.,- ... ·:·--~~-
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Roberto Cle~ente volvlo ~ua. , una gr an experiencia.._.,:,..con su· j1;1ego sin las preocu.:·:, ,· ocu~ la atencl6n- publlca.'.._"1· Una.. ~perl en c i ~ _!ructifera ·.' paciones ':fe la d~cci6n; que f ~'";'... ...:._"' ~:~.
:.=.
_, .I;,.,.,. _.. , _-·j ·::1pues. de au _· padeclmiento;~,que si;vf6 ~a co~vencerle dP. es lo s~~o. El pr~p10 Cl~e_p.; . , ~ :---....: :o1a·.. . , ._-:·.
:! malari~--: E!~-gnn~ jugador···q~e~~!!-~c!~\~r~unc1~n.n~-~~e;~;.;1~x-1.°~~lJ~; ~~c;_onf_1eso
· · ·, :;!-;·, ~-: ,_ •· ._
, .,ertorriqueiio aiemr,re es
de rendll"Be a cabahdad ·cuan-:-.. encanta la adca de actuar en~ -~Ai 1 .
Vfl
::/,,_~;~:> _., _:: .:ia. En invierno, en verano ~. se es· un pelotero estela- mo dirigen_te en el fut~ro, po_r- ~ . ';1<:;J ,
_: . , .\ -- · en primavera. Siempre. Co- ns1mo como lo es el y sobre que el ~e1sbol ~s m, prci:·1a
I'
-'
· ..<.:-: i') deapedida, antes de repor· cuyos hombros estan deposi· vida; Sin embargo, compren- · I,
~
.rse a los Pir&tas de Pitts-· tadas to d as las espera.nza.!l do quc la duafidad de mana-:--·; • :irgh, volvi6 a invadir las del club, y sabre quien est.a ger 'I Jugador es problemiiti·"
· :-./:; ·~ginas deportivas al revelar. _ dirhtida t~da la_ atenci6n y to-_ ca y pu~sto a eseoger prefi~;,_. ~~
-.. :_:: m.anera ofic~ su deci• rl~ las ex1gen~1as de sus par• ro segu1r c~mo hasta,,~~O!~~~CLEMME~'\,:t
:·.:t?-:··. . ··: .. -.:in, de romper la dualidad-de c1ales•. Renuoc1ar a_ ~omar .-l pr~stando m1. c_~n,cu~.;~~~dem,,~..,....icfq1airlr un
_ ;_ ~.-.·-~_/{ JJtddor y dirigente de_ los ~do nteuevamenclate den la ptrrb- Jugad~o~ cotn la .es_,pera nza .. d_e_:.-~ · ~ne;~I, Ell!:tri~ ·para•·ver"t:,.._.
'.'il ores de San Juan._para x1ma mpora. emucs_ a ser 1r1gen e _cuan~o 11egue_e.1 eev.,1_C'n ~(• ... :.: r.,.::r, , ~-.,
, rmanecer, eu ;~l futu~, uni· qu~ Roberto. Clemente .. ~ 1D· momen~~ ,;·d~e1;~~~~1ra~~e"._.:J!f:'~,z~df,i:Je~~/d:u10~•{;~:t{~~
. ~_.;:_:;..: ·_1-mente, como Jugador. Como t:hgente -lo es ~b1en co· agrego. 1:>mg1r . u~: ..e.qu,po · - Sonaciores··del San Ju- _n_·_ ar_i:
--~~--~~;~:~ ___ -- _:e..--. , gran pelotero que·es. mo persona al prefer1~ un Ge- trae apareJada una serte de
quedars.e solamentA coma,,,...,
·
.
Tom.ar las bridas del equi· n~ral Ele_ctric, porque c_omo respo~~~ilidades q u ~ re.suliugador · · · -:!-···,:,·.-:=+t.¾Yifl.~·
; cuando aufria una Ugera b1en t.l dice en los testima- tan d1f1c1les de cumphr s1 al ·- ' 1 • ._. •
•
- ~ • ,,_..;i
"<II
(sis altte el licenciamiento de nios, puede ver televisi6n m- propio tiempa es un jugador
... r:., •
4 :rl Ermer, y llevar a Ios Se· chisiv~ en alta ma.r- y que activo, como. en mi caso".
.,
NARRAD0RE5 CONTRA-CATCHER.-Cua~do los que trabajarran
Cle~ente cumpli~
misi~n tambien cuentan con el d~iu
en la trasmision del Juego llegaron al parque Sixto Escobar, cuando &e le neces1t6 y lus at· nicu.o Elvio Jimenez, que.J1
encontraron quo el unlco ,itio donde '* podian colocar los rectores del .equipo San Ju~n lucido bas~te bien.
micrcSfonos, era precisamente detr£s del home. y su gran fanaticada, que ~3 que aderr.as mantener · fi~c
1
'
en el beisbol, ,61o pueden estar el re!e::!:'; ~j
la mayor
la mas compacta. novato de pro:nesaicomo Jim,
J
.
porqUe UHn caretH. 8e 10 reCODOCen y Se lo COll• nez, eD . calidaci de SU'plent,
,
.
Per~ habia que cum1;11ir la ~isicSn radial. sideran. y aceptan SUS :ir~u- no cs bueno, Par eso Arturit
' y M busco 1oluc16n. De todas maneras el riesgo M 1ba • correr. mentos al dejar el responsa• L6pez Sera envlado al Toi~-
'. ~:~(itfjf~:-:?~,~~~-,
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su
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c!~:~~r~:;;'rjn:i~ol:~~~~~;ili~:'.
~a;ji:~~~:,°
·_·P_
~~mE
y
bleElcacamrgo.pe6n de bateo d
las
dife _la Liga de la· Co!!t~del F:
. Dl.az Collazo. de WNEL. Radio Carlbe tuvieron como unica
e
c 1co.
.~·.ii-~
proteccicSn un vieJo v bastante destartalado .. batting cage". grandee ligas merece una fe·
Cuantc r. Horace Ctark:q-.:
:. :..,nca antes una trasmision de bei1bal .. hab(a orrecido tan cerca licitacl6n Porque ese f!'eStO segu!"an:ente tomarA
m?.:
de los artiifas de! espect~:~l~i~r~f;~
suyo
el sello
mo cam.i!!O
Artui-ito, tie:
1
0
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_:t.raciu a Dios, no hubo C!Ue lamentar lesiones. ~ble de Roberto Clemente.
en el domir,:c:ino Pedro.-Go:
narradores contra-catcher demostr_aron que lo mismo hablan· 9 Arturito Lope% y 1iorace · zalez su miis !ue:-te oJ)(i~tp
por el micrcSfono eomo filcfean un .Clarke ban permanecido en el El santorneito t:'JCdt' ser ·uti:
•:t~,'~~ ::!!si~:!~!~
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lf ;
b..-~-
lle~a
inconfun•
ce·
el
:ii\~
•
. •
· foul fly. ( Foto Papo Cas~ro ). campo de entrenannento
de Jes. zado como r.tore
y comod:.
~ ~ 0\\••\"ir:;9..a~l""i.11~~~, tti,"'~7l1'~",rtXG:-,nDM
~ _ Yankees. ~-~~~n~~~~__!e!medi~~~ eE__ esas·doi;p,
4
t .; . ~ , - t;:'1~~ ,,,~,:r:\~t\\~1 l \"lt'•~tfJl;t".
ny Keane ha querido verlos · siciones se desta~a. ._ pre_cls
_ ._
•
~ft~ ,..\t~t~it ~d}((ft\\\~ • 1111f'1' I i desenvolverse a plenitud, pe- mente ''Speedy".:~{£.~~
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' . ru ha· sldo sincero y honrado. Y lea ha dicho a los mu•
chachos que sus posibilldades
de permanecer en el equipo
campe:(>n de la Liga America•
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na son tan pocas que api!·
nas se ven. Y ~s qu~ Jos _Yankees. como s1empre,. tlenen
material en abundancJa. Pam
los bos~ues, aparte de _los as•
tros Mickey Mantle, Roger
Ma.~s.y Tom n:esh, lo~ "Mulos tiencn a Hector Lopez, a
John Blanchard, que puede
Ambos tendrin que ~eepi
rar una nueva. c-portunidad.
e Jose "Palillo" Santlag
siempre· resulta les!onad~e
_el entren~iento de_ pri~w
ra. La primerjl. .vez. que~ft:
lleva~o a la prueba ~o~,'.;lc
_Atlebcos d~ Kans.:J.s City,- t~
V? que ser mtervenido qu.iru
g1camente con caracter de !1:
gencia. Despues, sufri6 ··: ur.
fractura. Eso ha .s,uc~4_~;-~
los dos, tiltimos afios.\•Elt
•••Ya"Palillo"~o.~·gc
,7~u~,,1,~.~f,~~t~~'~J~.~·!i\~~·'r'.' -~·~~~~
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Al disponerse un ca.non
arrendamiento superior :ll
que ya estaba cstablecido en
el parque "Hiram Bi thorn",
entro en crisis Ia organizaci6n
del pr6ximo tomeo de balor-cesto superior. Y un espccta c u I o que contribuyo con
$8,500 en la temporada. anterior, s6Io por a.rrendar
par·
que, parece que hara mutis en
el
el eatadio de Hato Rey, si cs
queen definitiva nose llega a
GARRIGA
... dijo que -SU equipo Rio Piedras
en el Sixto E,cobar ...
juga~ri{
sus
un.a inteligencia entre las par- to, los Leones anunciaban que artistico para
tes interesadas. Previel)do la no habra. problemas de ningun dor<:s Y un triun!o
posibilidad de no llcg:1.rse a un J?enero con 5 u l'Sl::1:1:- Cls:!r 1,an1 la lsi<J., porg_u(;
acucrdo, los a.poderados di' Bocachica, Y . que;.; P0 ?T~ ;;_~c;7 :n~;s~l«J:-_a~~~.~,~
los equipos del area. metropo- tuar. El cas_o. d~,~ .Go~ki.e:-::~~~\f:jfi~r?l~h_~~h~!~~
titana tenian determinado uti- que eSt a raclica.do en San Juan '·bien" un b':ltn 'Jiun'lr
lizar ot..ras can c bas. Juan Y. se le difi:::ulfa j~Jar Y rrr-.-~· tio:u.1Jc.s, que queda
Elias. de las. ~guilas de San tlca.r en :one~. Se rumoraba villa.dos con 10:si:~01
CLARKE
,., .
Juan.anunei6 gue estaba ·dis---·q~e_ eLR10 __ :1edras _Jo .. ll_e:a·--nuestro-clirna-y-de
-- --·-·.-.. aunque·-e, bueno-no-·ucne___ _ puesto a jugar . en la YMCA na a sus filas. A propos1to . dad.es para la pr1
chance en lor. Yankee,,
de San Juan::. mientras quc de 1?5 Cardenales ."Goy a·'. .~olf. · ·: · ·.J:\f~"i._
Porque Pedro· Gon.dla .
Pedro Sarkis y ·Jose Garriga, confian en que Ruben Adorno
En el "entry_:;~~~.c
est, para hacer en el
equipe campeon de fa
del ·santurce y Rio .Pi~dras, pueda es~ en I~ eancha des· ~ petidorcs aparecierc
Liga Americana,
respecUvamente; esperaban el de el primer eilbato. Y 1_os ya conocidoh p~r f!.O:
lo m ismo Que el puede hacer. ;
re,:reso de Julio Enrique Mo- CangreJeros de Santurce af1r- ro en su 'mayor.ia,
mientras esten· jugando dos naga.s de Caracas para ges- man que su estelar Te:, Cruz butantes"
equipos en Santo Domingo, a.I tiona.r el Sixto Escobar. OjalA. {lerdera, t!11 vez, sola~ente los Al Ba~elin.~-:~~~.§'
mismo tiempo lo estad.n ha• queden lima.das todas las as- tr e 8 primeros partidos del puecie ser corpulent<
espectacu· campeonato.
buen jug~dor:~H~~:
ciendo otros dos en San Juan, perezaa, porque
que todav1e.·no lleva
de acuerdo con el sorteo. Se· lo brillante, como ya. lo es el
..
ses rnezelado con}~E.
rles continuadas de cuatro balon~ superior, necesita GOLF
mdcs del deporter 1
partidos. Y los ganadores, en- deJ mejor escenario.
El Torneo Ab i e r to de va en camino de sc.
frenlarlos entre si posterim·- · e Mientra.s Edwin "Cooki~" •
mente. La. idea es buena, por• · Rodriguez. el sensacional no- Golf de Puerto Rico celebra- trc:lla, con sus 25
que nuestro pasatiempo esta vato de los Campeones de do en el campo del Dorado :· ·.
urgido,. de. la eelebracion de Ponr.e, ped1a su licenclamien•. Hilton, constituy6 un exitn ·
·'.en~-n:~ijj,
·un
29-A
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fistaa de varios paises: Jean 20;· al lograr un perfecto de
Claude Harismendy, de Fran· 25,,mientras Claude Purba.ugh
cia; Wilf Homeniuk. de C"'· marcaba un 24.
nada; Florentino Molina, de
Pero
fucron solamente
. Argentina.. y varios norte- l~s ho~bres los que tuvieton
americanos. < que decidir al final.: ta.mbien
. El pu~orri_queiio David Ji- ~as damas. Y cqando la. se. -~ ..: ,.
. .
•..... _ ,
·nu\nez 'i;mso en 'evidencia:sus··~ nora Lee Mabie, de Chicagc, • . .
. . .
~-·· .. ~--... ·"··~':u·~,;.~ ·
adetantos. · y
nota ·triste 1/~ 1ogro un. penectct· ·15 en .. 1~:!l~~'AG'itridi'ci'ir~~~rt;n:~1'.:t~Jt~~r ,
. ofrecio Juan "Chichi" Rodri- tres sets de,25, la. senora Bar• uina· de_Autobuses hn::'.'.:a Bay~i. llr<· :~ hlJo crfu~-"~.
guez con ·.una,;actuacion muy .. bara Thom~,. df:.,,D_allas, fa- ~n y ot~ punt~:. de la .z:o· n,.anttner el hoga.r;i!i
por debajo de'su clase estelar.· Haha en uno. pa~. ser recu• .·.~a ,,tte!.~9~l!~a~~~·;,c~::r;.~~l!l\:t:;f.'llJ~O~t_ran~~·q!le 6t:n~!':f.~~
Pero como bien dice "Chichi'', perada.
·
· · hder chorcnl· Jose ~cva:-cz!;,.-!,~· que qulere es que ~~~~
necesita un largo descanso.
. Tanto Claude Purbaugb en·
--Creen,os una n~c1:1id::ld al los po:-teado~:s.,;: I!,~~._
·
mo Barbara Thomas demos- sen·lclo ,, .. ln. A:\tA. a e'los pun· f's tat i za. r paulattiift·
traron un . gran "aportmans· tos porque Jos 1>ori<•:Jd<,rC1>. Slit· :,i.!itl'nlll de tr:1Ili!>Drtifi:!
ABELLON DE
hip", al fclicitar cfusivamen· bllcos no podemos dar M·nklo (!v ),!,, mL.. m·.)'., :\,.-:, .•
LA FAMA
.
te a las vencedores.
· las 2.l horn!!' dt>I dia ~ ,or,1ur m:ir. ijUa\·cs, por ~u.11:,
Nuestro campe6n Jaime Lo- ademas no tencmos ~l sufkler.- lo!> gobcrn:.nt1!s fasd!;
• 'A toda maquina la Fra· yola tuvo "que conformarse te nunu~ro de uuld.1()1~,, tlara. <'ll· rr:unhta>,·.,. _ .~:ii,
ternidad de Escritores de De- con un tercer puesto en la brlr Ja. neC"e:.1da1l c.lt~ t ta mt110,...
Unci . \1£.'Z ··~ mas;r,~v.
tad6n. J>no e-.o !>t' fHll.'de rt:·· Croforil -qu~· ~k'ga='r
portes de Puerto Rico, con su catcgoria A.A, con 99.
soh·er sin cllmlnar los cnrro~ d!ez mil a(iliado~i:;}is
presidente, el colega Emilio E..
publl<'-oi. ••. .-osa. que esm e-n la
ta al Cobicrno :'.'"pc~
Huyke al trentc, continua. laenrntc- di'\ los pa.drM 'd~I ;,Ian. .
qu,en die-~ que "csfo,
borando en la organimcion del
'f explica:
mcnte in(•i.mtti.nd~· -co.
VI Festival del Pabel16n de
el gobierno •••
-Cuando St• Cuntlo fa A'.\lA dafio a esta !.:Ufrlda
la Fama del Deporte Puerto•
liie autorh'.11ron los V!\l (\'ehfeu,
pr~sta ttr. s1.m;icio,fp
rriqueiio, que este ·ano 1e c:elebra.ra en el Hotel San Jero- Jares pre\•iamentc identific.ido~ los ".\letrupolit:rnos) que er:in primer.:: ._':it.?goria'·:~::,
nimo Hilton. Y esta vez se conw ncccsilados de ese scn·j. publicos que para e:.a kd1u cir·
rompers. el record de concu- cio. De acuerdo al proyccto dl' <·ul.aban en fa. :zona. metro11ollta.
rrencla del anterior, cuando ley, 1ogicamente. todo csto dc- na :,· qu<' il' iniwrll::kr~1:1 rnmo
asistieron 920 comensales. Sin_ sapa rcccra y en la cconomia talcs en el ('ehl>-0. Pt•ru; t:11 ':iJ-i ,
embargo. s6lo seran admitidos de los choferes pubticos -pa, tori:t.acl~n l'ra lntriu:_f<!ribk.:.·
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Los nuevos miembros que
seran instalados en el VI Festival son: Jose "Fofo" Vicen•
te Grandler, de Trujillo Alto.
en Ailetismo; Francisco ''.Quiro" Santiago. de Quebradillas,
en Baloncesto; Lorenzo Roque, pitcher, y Candido Hoyos, catcher,
de POD•
en Beisbo1; Escola.stico S.
Fortier "Koll Kolo0 • de Rio
Piedras, en Boxeo: Esteban
"Chilo" Bird L6pe.z, de Fajardo, en Pesca, y como Propulsores del Oeporte, Ignacio .
Peiia.garicano, de San Juan. y
Jose ~ivera, "Don Pepito",- de
Ba.:vam6n.
·
ce,
amboa
drcs de familia- dejarian d..:
entrar un promedio de $2 mi·
llones al afio, con cl cons.iguien·
I e apagon en las cstufas de ~u!'
hogares.·
·
-;.Por qu6
i.e
empeftan en
«·omplicar lo que marcha blt:n
y no 56 ocupan de remedJar lo
malo'! ;.Se. pueda hablar dr
huena re en ·-easo& ·'como , .....
euando e.t Goblemo es 4'0DS4'lentr, de que ellmJnando Wl .sen·I·
<'lo Jlrestado al pueblo con efl•
1·lencL'\ SE' estan hmzando " la
ml!K•rin a miles de N»mpatrhr
taA ••. 1uua en dt•flnHh·a. em•
peorar lar. C'OS:,u,! - e prc,:im·
tu. Narclso 1'1aldonado.
Respecto . al anuncio de ex·
Es deelr, t'I cluciio (hil ,::1rro no ·
1•04ill eederlo '":1 su famma .im-- - -
ra. que lo slguiera. opernndo ('0·
mo el media de sustentn de l:l
-~.-~
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mb;ma. En c-~ ~ltuadon, .lrlan
desapar<'f·i«>ndo po<·o A po<·(, por
rdiro, muertl", etc., < fr., ('unlo
de hceh~ ha_ sueL'dido: d! : lo"., ,.... _ .
soo y tantos 1nscr1,~toi. en u.41w- - ti ra-· y-· tap a I·
Ila. fE-<'ha., y.a. no llcgnn a: 800 ~- · -···--- t'on cl Hem_po no h:1lir.\ nlng'l.l·
lo. famosr, L. :>C' l,1 Ll
nu. Al extender b, A)tA luuita
tan popular .&e ha
Bayam6o y otros puntos, lit... · nuestra. isfo. a 1ra1.-es'..
,·aran el mlsmo sl.stem:i. Dar.:in crs. .\ :k:rm'i.~ \'~·nir:. ·e1
llccncia. lntranslerlble de V)I n Ja cor.ocida nrtista
los que ::1.ctuahnente ..u1n en nezolana. romo etla~d
t:i. Dago. Todo.ci··cstli
Men1cio para que poco u · poc·o
,•ayan d,1apareclendo·••.. - Sl <'I : mi ~asa una ~· ta,.1~~).:
Gobtemo no permlte· que: eaa. Anibal, ur.o de" li:isy i
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es de esta A~to~idad no_1_1os esta permitido,. por-~s
;_~;_. puest~,- repararlo pero con gusto av1saremos a la agenc1a o compama que correspo!lda (Obr;
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.ri.
ron la auerte de encontrar un
asopa~ ~:~)1_0 ,~a !1.~~ y· Jc
entraron como a pillo'~de pelicu·
la. La verdad es que eataba bueno de verdad. Si no fllei-a por..
quc ya yo habia comido y idti·,
mamente me cstoy vigilando la
£igura ( ?) me hubiera servido
otro plato. Asi me gustan a ml
las reuniones; informales e Improvisadas.' Sin muches prcpa·
tivos. Me dice Tito quc· los car.
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fue ; n = a a Ja• hue•
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tes humoristicas clc Paquil<, cretos militarc:..
Cordero con galones de o!icial.
La ameri~n~ta Bouy· ocur,o.
Segtin todos Jos indicios, SC COM- entonccs touas [~s inte1>\·cncio.
taba con ella muy decididamen- nes de LL dentro del nutrido
le en la lucha que ~1 productor pe)oton humo1istico que coman.
de ·~La Taberna India'' sc h_a- da Paquito Cordero {sus. prinbia rlecidido a entablar contr:t cipales rnilitantes: Adalberto
su aiiejo rival cle oficio, el pro. Rodriguez, "El Alcalde rle Ma·
ductor Tommy !\luiUz, quicn con chuchnl": Luis \'igorcau.x. ··r.h•,
SU "Simplicia. La Secretaria".
ncito"; .Luis Echegoyen. "Cutraves de WAPA·TV. habia quit a"; Rent Rt:bicla. ":i-.1'ozn:i~emplazar!o l!n:i 1rinchcr.1 cuyu1' ll:qlll' .. : 1-;1:,\ uniL. "l~c!lqui,1":
caiiones apunlaban dircctamen· Tino Acosta.,:_'Poroteo'~;_Eddie
a
sj:1 ~mbargo, ya la au:
Lilia c:-a comp.Je~
tie c!la se oh, a traYC
Colm.idito Parampam:
bitamcnte deio tambitc
cucharse. Y sr total ~~c
knciv rn la:- ondas:°en
rderia :! Ub Lliic(
!:.ixa C imperturbabl~- f
mosfera que predomi
,-.:;, ,:oni!lo,. fai·a-;.,~ui
10;·n·J a la actriz. Nn~
qu;era los que habia·n
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pue~ n~ pu~e deJar_l~ ~orqu~. -·-.. Durante. la marcha, sm cmta soJa. Tambien· m~~dice que bargo, fueron teniendo lugar.
grabo 'un ntlmero mio. q11e 5C en la trinchcra rl~ Paquito Cor-
gorosa su part1c1pac1on en · la···-Paqu1to· Cord~ro•.. parec
linca de- combatc. De "La Ta- en pose!'iion rlc las· !"azhcrna Indi.i ... p{\r ejcmplo. la --r1ctcrminaba:--, :,1: cc:-.:·
llama-"Yod~tio lloro
:11ncricanita ne
·-Lay con e Ita. ~radd~ial. rctrai11:i~~~?i£
interprete, 1.1hn
Z()-- 11e'•'
~a·. mria. . . ,~.:;.:~;_':;::
go a desaparecer (.'Ompletnmen. ~,"·•La rctira ~ ·~e
te. De uEI Shn,,, de las 12·\ con necia en e1 mlSt;~!e.·~;; ~
n1ucha anterjoridad \tan pron.. dejabu de ser una .. rea!i<
to Popa habia i.ido reportada realidad bust ante· poc
como mucrta en combatel: · ·cad.:i~ Y--menos ··cxpljca'. tambien la figura de Lilia ha-·-• Una hist~ria cxtrniui~""q
bia desaparccido por complet.'.J. mo alsuien hahia_dic!10
Sus actuaciones estaban limi- rccia mucho a.. :··;r.,xe.:.
la hist
tan dose al campo de la radio. duke cle coco ~in coco.
donde la amet'icanita' Betty, de de:.pliegul· de publicid;cuando en vez, seguia dcjando de salir al rnercado. ml
cscuchar su voz graci.Jsa y chi- sistcncia en lo ricu cJel
Ilona en frecuentes y carca- cuan~k, usted.~,\;:n~.t~
jeantcs. rom~nces con .;~~~ach~- ·:· ~uJce que le \'e,:-~~~,,/
chala" • ._,z~,;-;.:,1,1::- ,· ·
·· · '_.: 1 -· .. • • · cchan ~CC? por n~n~=
?~;t;: '• le QUed6_
l~O, &Si
m~: y q-uc. ·dero,porcambios 1de csltd·a~cgia qudc
~(.Q'!,e pron•:
DO
Ca Ute O!iOS
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to lo .escucha}!~~--~f;~~i.:~i_ ser ~rceptlbles. Cuando ~a pa.
Dios quiere. ~~'.$·kt:.!.r·\·:f~..,.~: ,~:l -1~ recia haber "pegadot• con su
Y me parece· que. t~~o quf! personaje de Popn. -~-lras d~
dejarlos por esta seinana y ten. desplegarJo _ simulta.neamente a
dremos mas comentarios' en ln .'.· traves del "Colmadito Parampr6xima. Hasta entonces: ;Ciao!__ ... pampan''.1 "La Tabcrna India"
- ~·_· ......· -~~ __: ,~-· ~: .._:-:.-··~.,·:,~y ''El Show de las 12"-, LiliR
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,:'t;t·
'.!.·Lazo
abandono subftamente. di·
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cho personaje para emplear • las
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tecnicas de otro muy distinto:
)
r
t" la ainericanita n~tb·, Lns m.
zones para £"1 cambio. aparcntc.
re VO hi
- ·,1 .•L mentc. pennanecen archi\'Ada.~
~-.~·,. bian _i~o a busc.a.rla para efec.
en las cronicas de i:uet-ra de!
p!:';. 'tuar 1a· contrataci6n), _Lilia. La· productor Paquito Cordero con
..• :_.:;.
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;, ·-· de~tener musculos
~, ._de REAL HOMBRE
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Pu'ed8 POse'lii' im Cuerpo coino el Mio.C' . .
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Mas Perfectamente:·:
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, · .. ~.:\,-~rt~l:"~lt', _,..:-v:s';•.~ ~ "mul~ti~"fnpc,~n,i ·~t~~:i}·.~1[fJ.~;ut.is. ,o C!~ ~':'~ .P~·:\~)·,;,~-~-,-~'[f-~:
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p~~-:1 quc usccd log re cener una
pado. Y me pus~ a estud1ar cl
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:·~·.fuerza dcmoledora y u.?.'.~df;~it}S~!)tO::J~c~~~-~- descu~ri.;e~.·:· tfi4u:-:.;·:.
r~so desarrollo muscular! 1~o ·· mc:todo nu~\'O para ~ortaleccr-!·--··· . . -. !°'
me. Un mccoJo scnollo, natuIECnvie_
• 'd o y seguro. Lc JI amc, e upon
ra I• rap1
. ·
da~c! iYO HE PRODAOO "Tension Dina.mica··.
po0
que ambas ideas son absurJas ! co ticmpo dcsarrolle el cu~rpo
GRATIS
S6Jo nccesito 7 dis.s para pro- quc ha ganado dos vcces cl
bark cu.into puedo hacer por tfrulo de "El Hombre Mas
· usced. sin el auxilio de apara- Pcrf ectamemc Desarrollado
cos Jc ninguna dase. -iPorque, del Mundo''.
en rea)idad, no crco en esos
S-Prospedo Jlustrado
mecoc.fos artificialcs que puc:Otro.s miles de: person.ts sabcn ya Im}·, pur
dcn· danarlc organos impor-
p1ense, tampoco, que neccs1ta
.aparatos de g1mnas1a
.
. nt..ue
J
otra
1
.c
Yen
·
p;:~=~o
GRATI
tances para_ cl resto de su \•ida !
-:·: ffl·f~;'.i~· ·r"~~:d~~~;~ui~::s:~~do
i, -·- ____
t
\b aqui la fotografia Je mi
·(ucrpo cal como <:s hor."No se
Es
lc-han "pincado"
la rcproduccion 'fiel quc.la d.·
nura ha tornado 'de lo que yo
he hecho · con MI cuerpo. i Y
ahora cstoy dispuesco a probar-
musculos.
k lo quc mi secreto de la Ten·
sion Dina.mica puede hacer·por
· d SUYO!
experiencia propia. lo quc ha hecho por cllas
fa Te111i611 Dinami,.J,
El pcqucno cupon de. .rb.1jo le scnira p:1r.1
uhrc:oc:r mi Pro!>pecco Ilw,rraJl.', :!>in (l•~w ni
c:o?1prom~w. en _el quc vcra expHc~J,1 _mi
. 1::. ~
mcrodo. : :
Sol.1men;e de,;co proharl;·que· p~~•.fo Jia,er
por usu:-d lo que he hedm por otros muchos;
esro cs, que 1cn,1:ta. hombros amplius y rubustos,
biceps que se cnntraigan
con f uerza demolc-dora.
un pecho salience, s6lido
}' muscul<ISO, y un cuerpo
uniformemenre desarro-Hado, quc ha~a aparecer
como enaoos a los quc
Hace algunos anos, era yo ~e pungan a su lado.
una. ruina vi,•icnte, un "alfofii~ · Remita cste cupon hoy
<Jue", con t~n peso de: 44 kilos,
mismu. Charles Atlas,
11:, E. 23rd Sc., Nueva
un cucrpo .canijo,_ un pecho. York 10, E. U.A.
----~~--~~-~~-----~----------
CHARLES ATLAS.:~:?:,~·-:~,· ·oept.X·.'J.?·t
115 East 23rd St., N~eva·vork 10, E.i.fA.
..
tf"
"'""1'2~~;,
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Qu1ero {.i pruch.1. de ,:iu<> su sis:cm.i T.·mi,;tJ Diwf111fr'.;
har.i de mi un homhre nut'v<• .... me Jar.a uri. cueirc
~alu1lanlc r robusto y dc:r.arroll:mi ~r.1ndef·mii:1>cclo~
Enviemc i:ntis su Prnspec10 Jlu:-1r.a.!tl,
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portantislma advertencia a Pe-
::¾~,:.
ington, csta nueva
hacia tangible,enfl
bombarderOS:;;;.~
y cazas ligeros..,...sob
.
norvietnamita, qu
silc.etada sob!'c el .
ac\·ertencia de;g_;
.:tlHcnda .esa·.docr.i
"""I
kin: esta ve:z no se repetiran'
,_, . Jas tacticas que se emplearon
. _,.
,·?-~ en la guen-a de Corea, en Ja
cual los bor.tbarderos chinos
atra\'esaban el rio Yalu para
arrojar metralla sobre )os· sol- Los marinos norteamericano, se instalaban en la hase de Da Nang.
per aire y mar, para fortale,er las defen,as con•
dados nortcanwricanos y sudco· Habiari arribado
1
como el ocurritlo. en Pleil.:u
rritorio.'eh.in,.::,·'!'..s..1::t,.,t
reanos, pero los cazas de Ios, tra posib es at•ques del Viet Cong. ·,.,
·-·
.·
*'
Estados Unid,1s no podian
que el 1>residente Johnson "tie.
-~-~ci~do~ wa q1..:int~ fas~. env:ilr "1.\)Hlr.tarios
sar ese mismo rio para perse. ne cl convencimiento de que que bnplicaria llevar la acci6n su~ avio~es_ ·. 8. ~ ; ~ ·
guir a Ios atacantes. Ahora no cuando una naci6n da a enten- __ de castigo .. contra ohjeti\'os·en-·· -~· '
.·· ... ·taabra "santuarios". Si China in· der que no esta dispuesta
la propia China comunista. En Acdon~ acreas·de
·f:··' terviene en el conflicto, enmas· . empt~ t~o .~1. poderio mili_- el inform~ filtr,d~)f ha?a"'SB.· profundidad . :.;f~
carando su jntervencion·tras:el ··tar a su dispos1c16n, esto deb1· her que en. Jos ata.ques aereos
:
calificatJvo de "votuntarios". da. . lita SU libertad de acci6n bcli. contra Viet Nam del Norte, ha<
Heras despues de
~~ ·.: do a sus soldados. tambien sen· ca y mina su posiclon en Ja blan estado volando ca,:as jun- advertencia a Chln,
tira sobre su territorio Jos efee, mesa de negociaclones en en- to a los pesados bombarderos. dcnte Johnson s~
por silos 30 caza.s tipo Mig que . Mc. Narl_!~:.-a . .R.~,tos· del escalamiento. La res.- so de que se llcgue a ella".
puesta serA inmedlata y 'con·
Esta actitud de Washington,:-los-chinos ban estacionado ·eerf:'.-boradores:Mc-:-Geir&
tundente. ,. ~--.·-·- -···--·
dada a C(>noeer eon meridiana ca de Hanoi, dccidian salir al' Bill D. Moyers:·en:'rc.
Esle me-nsaje era transmiti- claridad, marcaba una nueva fa- encuentro de· Jos a\·ione-s nor• · casa de de;;ca.nso:,;·d
do mediante el conocido recUl;· se en la guerra del sudeste ashi. teamericanos y sud1.·ictnamitas :Sj~..:utivo, en ]as ~fl(
so de dejar fUtrar a la prensa lico. El escalamiento habia .em- que cumplian !a mi!,i6n de born- cidt:-nta!cs de Maryl-.
la actitud del Gobierno. para pczado con at.D.qucs a la ruta bardeo. Y en el mismo tono de
En esta 1:euni6n s
que el ot.ro Jado la conozco. a de aprovisionamiento . de los , advertencia, se decia: ''Jos chi. balance de Jos cfect,
tiempo y sepa a que atenerse frentes guerrilleros a trav~s
nos comprcnden- perrectamente . ta ese momento habi:
al elaborar sus decisiones.
la cual se venfa realizando la que ·su planta ·at6mica en Lop. : los ataques aereos..,;·!.
El general Douglas'
Ar- infiltraci6n
soldados, .exper- Nor:
de Sinkiang, se. toi·io del .Vie.t
thur libro una titanica lucha por tos y armamentos; siguio des· ria uno de Ios principales obje- Pere, lo mas significi.
b~·
pa··
a
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'·
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Nnm
provipcf!.f
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:I~ ~-
'~(;'11,t;;'~~tt~tr;Jfsw.~
~I,j ;j{[(f;'f
. i.'t~~~~t
' •.••• ,.~~i~;';_,;
.
,..,~t!:;iti'?,t:..,~...
�En consecunecla, en la reu•
nion de las montanas de Ma.>i: .:., .•. ,:.. f:_;_:,
ryland, el pi:esidente J~hnson
.
. . .' • · · .. :;-,;:;;'.
y sus asesores 'diplomAticos Y;
1
:;- {;~.- .. ~•• :·;
' - r
mllitares habian estado consi·
;?~ ': ,.
. · ~:. ":'.~·.:>;':·· ·'
;.
derando c6mo "ejercer suficicn.
~.~~t~>
_,:;/-"<. ···-...-:;,;_ ,·:·
·.-.;te presi6n sobre er regimen co;~·
1:~t:t..: : .• ·.,·.·,~. . ~t:J'v::",' . . -\~~.:_,ct.·.. :t.~~-; i;;li.;·~·,w,."~.~~~. l ta' d H . . ~ .. , ,. . .., - . . r
~:"':~· .·.. :·.: .'.. "~-~. :.•· .. · .· ··.-:::....... 1..-"':.""'~muns _ e. ano1 para persua·
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:!
La oposieicin
"-·I
de
Nasser
:I
en
la Liga·
~
f.
~~
que si no surgia ~ndicaci6n de
un cambio de"actitud por parte de los jetes del Viet Nam
septentrional. los ataques · aercos se profundizarfan mas en
el pals. ya que hasta ese momento habian estado limitados
a las zonas meridionales.
Entretanto, los comunistas
a·calizaban· grandes concentra.
clones en Viet Nam del Sur. La
infiltraci6n se habla acelerado
durante las ultimas semanas: El General Douglas Mac Arthur sostuvo la doc:trina, durante 'ra gue·
En los partes norteamericanos rra de Corea, de que los Estados Unidos debian pasar el rio Yalu
y contraata~ar a los chinos
se decia que. ''un numero cada
Los expertos indicaban que si . perspectiva que se dibujaba en
vez mayor de norvietnameses ..
habia sido hallado entre Jos ·pri. la gesti6n de paz no crlstaliza
sioneros capturados al Viet 'en un acuerdo de armistlclo pa.
ra iniciar negoci;1ciones, la Unido.s y Jns noticia sobre conCong.
: con la RAU ·en su actitud pole--mica frente a la Alemania Occidental y en repudio de cual- ·
quier tipo de relaciones entre
las potencias occidentales y el
· estado de Israel. En consecucncia, surgian discrepancias en el
alto mando del inundo arabe.
Et lider egipclo, en un dis·
curso que era calificado de ••fo.
goso" anunci6 que en repre.
salia contra el Gobicmo de
Bonn por su decisi6n de esta·
blecer relacioncs diplomaticas
con Israel, no solamente cortn·
rfa todo ncxo con la Alcmania
WA
¥ I Occidental, sino que ademis
El presidente Nasser fue d<"· conflscaria SUS propiedades . l'
masiado Jejos en sus exigencias· escuclas en Egipto. y rcconocea Jos paises de la Liga Arabe, ria al regimen comunisla de
como expresi6n de solidaridad Alemania Oriental.
-
Arabe
Todo c:se prog:-:,.ma co:.t!:1 d,1ctor.:-s y C0!1St
Bonn, estaba dentro del area . no se detenia :at.
de dominio-de_.Nasse~;_ya~QU<.'_deUe!e'.cgipcl~f.
concernia. a decisiones del ..-:o- ba tt los asodac
bierno·.egtpctJ.
~I iba mu-· Egipto ·a'7estabfo
cho mas a114. Erigiendose a si . - diplomat1cii"s~c6n
n1ismo en orientador del inundo munista que···en
arabe. ad\·ertia a las nacion('s Ulbricht. · ....
occidentaJes de que si continuan
Los hccllos}. r
ayudando a Israel, los pai$es de m..:>Straban que l'
la Liga Arabe "dejarian de ne-.:i. extralimitado.'.t,l
goclar con ellas". y subrayal>a> :punto de los' di
gue esa conducta se.-ia tambien el j~fe egipdo,
scguida po1• Jas naciones·· pt'v· pimiento con Ak
ductoras de petroleo,. lo quc tal,.
<'qUi\'aliu a planfoar un set'lf, propi,::io \i \1n ·' a:
problemn econ6mico, ya quc jm. n~ral arabe. mo
plicaria la distorsi6n de un mentc
d~l"(
merl'ada Ian bisico co1:10 cl _deJ..£ sl~c!lte- d~)~J}t
. pctroleo. con incatculables con~· nez, Habib Buri
secuencias para . los paises pro. cla r6: ··est ''riir:
~~ero
que "se~on~
su:
-·
""":"""'""'
,.
~
l411''
•
a
�. :}-"~~' " :.~~~,:..;;#~~
.. ;,.1,o,.:"!f."'~;::l~J,-•' • -~ :Y •.. _..:.::._:;;:-~~
~~ma·.qurere 1mponer~et~fOmL
yecinos y ~ri9i_r.se~~~_.;'pot~i1ci1
en. Asia." Su~desden ~:P-Qrlfelmt·
-"na~ional,:e.~~i.dencJ~.-•.
~am
Jnd1o~·E~V1et · Nam~· se~~
Pekin~puecle continu·arefsar~I
' 'que. oceptar un .equililirio!fur,
. ;}tj~tu~ ·r~~P~tcf1~r)~~k~==~~l
·
-..,. 4,~, ·.
~~~~·P,.J~f
§('l.!anlel J;?{ue:-se:mfdira~fa.,.f!S
I
ya'ie .odmitfo que la,. condicio1ies en'"que'.eesata'l
Nam tendriaa. gran inOuenc.ia en eft,f~tiiro,!del
ahora que los Estados Unidos han entrado de~l1e1
. f i.e han. compromelido~eri"
: ,guerrillcros dd Vief Cong y contra obletiwi.e1
;- Iorio del Viet Nam dcJ Norle, es· obvio que :acjiiel
;ccione1 "mili~~i
fogicos, ()G1i~~JJ.::.~~~~.9ue/va, le_", P ~
han ·acreddo" enonnemente ·en roedio de'•wJp~
claL · Han· adqoirido estatura mundial. · ··\~··!t~)'
Lo que esti,ya en.la balaau:a no~es,.mnpte:
'i'. o ·el·e1:ilo"'deluna·asesona :'milltaPnort~
: vietna.mit.a"s;"'
locha ·-contia.; la' f ntJtnclo.iiVde'"ti; ·
nados y equipados Al nortc · dcl paralc!o l7 · •
en·_
!~~D ju,egf!_,'~e.l~P.'.!"iP_!.:~e..,1.1!,1 N.,IJli~llJni.,
$;mllilar 1rf>p~Uco.~~:i~l!~los "Estados.~~n!~~.
- ba!anza la· efit'ticia' y~ posibilidades· reales'¥d~~
para afronlar t:>. ·amennza ,!cl comuni,mo .expanai·,
nisla que representa Pekin. y darle la. r e s p ~
.,'" La decision del. presidente Johnioir"de!avam
mienlo, ApUD13., scgun ei;pcrto.; iiHernacicn:i:islast'.
mejorar la posid6n ncgoci:idorit di· los Estados U1'.
qae Hanoi y Pekin acept.-n tomo condicion fa!lc'
paz en et As!a sudoriental, quc en lo :tdelanlei,~•
peiio le imponer la doctrinn comunista a !o1 e1ta.
d.iante accione, de inli~tracion y e.nyi~~ d!',•~~:'
encadcnar la llamada • guerra pohtica • · ~ 0 ·y~
,
Esa guerra "politic." no puede hacerse_ uapu;
tado gigan.tesco~como China no liene der1.~~\'.1
superioridad militar, a pisolear los derechosi'de~,
naciones 'veclnas. El esfucno que en 19Sf ten.die;..
nixadon del Tratado de Asia Sudoricntal
de la OTAN), y todas las entente, C o ~ ~
ban girado en torno Id prop~sitG ~de )m.ped · ,
po!~
·.(nutr~fla ~,n~y~a
!
:•oberan(a
gue est.6 detrai de· tales depredat'ione1:t.fcon
e1 eje de UD sistern:1 de satelites )' \'.'S;l!os-que
Asia, Africa y el Paciiico.
. ---,El desden de Pel.in por el Dereeho Intern.ad
dcnciodo no 1olo en d 9{)0)0. que ha Venldo'-;""da:
general Ciap pan doclinar el 1hia sudorien~I. ·~
·· tido.'el za.rpa20 ·de la o.gresii>n un;i nacion co~£1ii
·,:.~e!~dc~. bajo el ~lo de ~!~lr:iUsmo -q1;1~}
•
j
- .'.<;:"'If
··.:
··~
-".
~·.
:
f
(con:,ra?•
·y;
_ __.,;;....___ •
_
......
~to
~p_!elJUer Nehru.___::_.:-...:.::_~_
. -----·-·-.·-·
· Lo que se ventib f',hora en Viet :ll,;am, es,!ii ,
politica egresor3. siga el. cm,o libre que ''
Pekin., o Ii se:-echan·,!a(~ue(de-un 'equili~~li,
ell el respeto de las sol>eraniu na.:ionales:, y tanto
probij:1do el Viet NNU ,s:eptcntri~nal •e entrcgan~.
mercio y paclfico,.de.sanollo.:r::.,,.~
· ::.t.:',,..'i:tJSI:
Pero acin ion· mas· ,hondas las im11Jicacloncs·de:
teado en la lndochiaa.:,1Al :decidir Johr.son..,.Ue~_ ..
. ha,ta. la fase de 11taqaes: dir"ectos;-ongino una situ
es re~ersible: fa guerra' no puede ser perdidi:"na
dilerua que e.sti amena:zando la pa:z. 'en to,do «:! Ajia:
esos tenninos ~ra un equilibrio, o el esca1amit
camino ascendente. Y si Pekin interviene, tambied
Hegan\ a tiemu chinas. Porqne .Iii Jes Esta.dos. \hue
scnles circunstancias, se plieg:m a b., pretennonei
colaboradores, ya no solo auedaria roto el inte.1to i.
_ el Asia sudoriental iino qui! los efedos de la humiJ!
eion-lider del Ocddcnte, serum )8 mundwes.,La:g
=.'el
recibirian un . lremeodo
~e.
'lniervencionismo
-
,..,
;.~
.,1..,
:if~.').2i~i~1i;} -
..
~ilienh
eontainani;.vi,
~ gia ~ expa.miw :c1e1eo.mwwmo chino;.
! paldas, avan'i.arra. hacla nuevos . cbjetivo,·
Africa.
, •.
en:-"~.
·
�·•
:, ···cc•:...:.;;~~i:-~:
..'. :.
',.
.: •
--~~~~~~,!~"t.~~o/'~~-t~r;~~(·
~~::;.:,;. !!>~,?!- ::- Ludwig Erhard.~~~-~!no~tun ·.n~e,y~J~~~i:.!Ll~.t:.ti~~'.;~~!i~~H~n\
. ·--?~::·~:·-:-~i--~~,.,..z: declarara, durante SU. vlslta~ la Alemanla Occidental; que Inglaterrai'.tam~.:.:.
. bi6n auspicia la discusi6n e"ntre las potencias. occidentales y
' .... ·' .
tguatpron~~ia'!nie11t~?::P ·:"7'!:~!~~~*~~._.,~~{_.,;~i< .:~'Ii
. • ·,: f~::.: ....~ .. ~ . ~ .. •:.,.._·1t·7'~i~- . ' ' ...
.'~".:i.,
do de 1A lueha parlamentir
t: plantesdii· por Jos eomunl1tai,;~
".>:
~~7 ,-..
. . "
"~:~.·-~....-~
1
'::;;,-;.1:...~KIO.. - - China ha superado ya et dcscenso er. la produccion agr1cola, ·que :se on:.:.
----; __ ...,,•. ~. -:-- gin6
politica:del "gran salto. industrial ..~~ELpasiido;.paiici"'
;,,}i~,~"";~
can la'-erronea
itt!i'1~'{;.',:.t;~';~;:; ..
_per capJta'~~podido ·acerc;i.rse
regreso al nivel de 1957:~pcro ei consumo
al de
de importa::ion ...
;aquei:ano)'a. ~virtud
.
se les · ha': prov1slu "';·
con· las "ultimas
Solo
uriidades especiales ticncn ese tipo
de equipo. El clamor por lo "mas moderno'' crecio cuando sc comprobo.
al revisar el armamcnto capturado A los dci Viet Cling; que estos tienen
-~l;,..,t,.muy.,efectiv~~· pie;as.·.~e, Cabricacic>n sovictic11.:;;.\ . ... _ . · ,· .• ':,~ .:,1,,,.,.:
·, . ·-::~~:~,:-~~~~-~::;~~1s;+,~T~1~~~::~~fr.~iZ#!i"r-1:ti~;~:!-;~-;; ~- ~ -~.~~::·,-~~,:
WASHINGTO N - - Los ob'iervadori:?s creen que el proyecto clc fuerza nuclc.u pa·
... ra la.OTAN, va a fo~lalecersc mucho mediante el compromiso que._es·
tabJecerA.n los representantes de lnglaterra, Estado~ Unidos y AlemAnial.~:
.;"';., ~ .
Occidental, en la proxima reunion que ceJebrarAn en La .Haya.
· i~,·
ffAIGON - - Soldados norteameru~anoi. • sc queJaban de que 'no
· .
irmas..:
·::
· ·
~lgunas
.rec~uda\~~n amp!fot
;•1 gen, por.:: Jos~partldORfcltt:
\';" tro/1.zqulerda,?qi:uf forman-:: ('0D.llr16n goberniuite;'t'J,a~vl~
torla 1i.errnlHa a Morot'avari~)V
z.ar en su \lYOgramJI. · d
.-'
. hnbllita<"ion ~<'on6rnlr11:/; .••
..·<tt·
.J~:*?:~~~t~,t:-
·t:J,..:··;:-·':··:f"c::!,..:.:::·.::> · ,.,·?::::~-l!.,:":::..~.t :
<~~t;_;";\:J:.::-
.- ;
NACIONES U1''1DAS - - . U-Thant. hizo silencio en sus pronunciamientos pubJieoi·: .·}\\•t'fi.it,··~~~..:::, ,:::,;1,1 -~,iji;:~.· .
rcspecto a ta participacion de los Estados Unidos en Jo. guerra de Viel
J~;:1't:~:~w'•~~~ti2;:'~t, 7 Nam, pe~-r~!!.?11;:.~}!~.,.~~i'!. arg"!t~~d~;9~!;.}~, E,Ortea_"'!~~~';O! {.e~n,1;'
,.,_ .'"'J; · •;::,.:,-'.!'}~'"'~'~~.- equivocados en su:'politiea· dcl sudesti.'\·l'.iamltlco?'Sn~11f'nc· Qn" ·no· fHteclr.n :.
,.
: • , ganar alti una "gucrra dC' jungta·•.
·
~-f~~-<~;~~J~A~;~ ...;\·:El. embaj~dor, viajero
'
.. '·-
.J
(~
I
I
~
:
.,
~ '
·l
nonc:unericano.
Averell Harriman.
~.,..Q!llen.lli
,: El tenl~nte d~es
da las grat'las al mayor:~~
'b
wurd l.'.'ldon (a In dcr"<'ha). -:..,
. 1•or haberlo ;-,•srin:Hl,) a rln.· • ;,·. ,.
~.c-o mm:is de fa. ~~;! del_}ll~~
·•Nam clf'.'1 Norte,\f\u.tn~~tl'!l~~
derrihado sn Jet F·lOO ·en· t:l:.r;
utnque nereo .a Qn:\nt,r Khc~,·
L:Jdou · pllctraba un ''A1h:i~
tra .. ·•, quc hb;o d<·sr,·~1df'r s,,. ,~
;..,_fll'~f!~.,._C;DC!~~p:t<fo ,,~,..(l:l - '
i\fomarinl
ntla<lor. ,;-'.:-1.;,,:, _ ......
rt}!.ol!'~~~ ~ . i?il"" _ _
•• _ _ _
l.:a rein:. ls:ibr-1 II d~ In
tt·na dl"t•hJia ponl'r-:;., nii
atsku1til"nl :1 .11' •·asi ·3o"'a o~~"ll '}It<- la f::mll!a r.::11 hrh,. -' .
imt:-1.
ba al cese de la disputn gcrmano-iitrneli, al mismt.. ticmpo quc Bonn en.
viaba un "import.ante personaje" a esta capital, p;tra arregldr el problem!\
creado por la suspension del Pnvio de arm3S,
·
• ~ \1ii_~~F
nlca ha1>ia manh-niJo}ii:'
t>'4pO&a norteAn1i>Ti<'nt\n.'.ldeJ
rf'y Eduardo VJII, E1 1U,:HJ
•
dC' en(.'uentro s..rfa f'I salon
PEKIN - - Los "responsables~· de la pl'opaganda eslaban colel'icos. Mo!irn: en un:,
pintura aprobada oficlalmente y rcprodudda· en Ja rcvtsta "Joven China",
se desc:ubricron estos dos Jcmas, ocultos en cJ dibujo de unas mal:1~ r!(·
algodon que aparecian en l:i ilustraei6n: "Vh·a Chiang ..Kni-shl'k'·. "De.-.·
truyamos cl comunismo...
-
de <'on\·;:il,·,·icnte de! duqu .. [!,.'·
Windsor, Isa hci I tenia~.10_
:lf\(\S <'Uando su tlo Eduartl~
:1l,,Hd1 d trc,no pnr:\ ,'aS.'tr!if' ·
l'on .hi muier qu~ d ,,u~rh.1:~
):t
di,-·ort-lad.n .. \\'ams.:..\\'
fit•IJ Simµ~on.
· ·';"~~
NUEVA DELHI - - Los colaboradores de Shastri cstaban muy preocupados por la
victo1·ia que oblu\·ieron Jes comunistas pro China· en el ,estado de Kerala.
Se creian que el Gobicrno Central seguiria bloqucandolos y no accedcri:i
a su demanda de quc ~ Jes. entrcg11c t!'l ~obierno local.
General Ne Win, jde de,
hierno df' Et.mu, a quleri
:u·reditah:t Pl h:ibt>r lo~·do,
uno cl~ Jr,s regirn~nes mA{
e~tabtes en et' sudesti- asl!i,:_
tko, aunque toda,·ia, n!;.h~i:
)10SCU --. Leonid Sobolev. vetcrano escritor. ~ burlo de Jos. J6'-enes l~tcratos Ji.
berales lJamandoles ..de Jn nueva ola". Sobofov (ue ree!egido presi<lcnte- de
' • ·I''~
moelon
al pl'esent.ar una <
de~
<"eusura. en b Nial aflrlll.ft· ·. ·
ban qne e~ G!)l>lemo ba.b(a_id:~
do fncapaz de superar las di~
· ffl'Ultades
ecionlimlt'as . dflf
pu.is. Esta .,.roocl6n tenla. rl,
. npoyo. ~e~!o" .fa.sdstas. y fu~,.:
rque la pobJacion.' ha ere:
~. ;~}K~;J~i~s.·~-~::~~;:~::;~~::::;::it.~~1,~~-:;~~~~~~4'1}:;~t:;ii~
~
•~":-; .•.
primer.
la ·uk.ss;-°"so.~· ;.. tro~ dei°'lt.alla." saUo fortii.1-
·." bNda}reunlflcad6n' alemana; · a base de autodeterrninaci6n. , Y.. antes. De ·.
Gaulle ilabla hecho
..
.;,:~:;.,:1·;, .
-(Al,ln~,~r
la mayor organizaci6n lit~raria sovietica, lo quc '-C considct'aba un triunfo
de la \'ieja guardia. -Pero la gente jo\·en pcrsistira C'n su enmp;uh por mns
libcrtad arlistic.:i..
·
11odldo akanr.ar a l ~
reformas fiO('lale~ y, 11,·an.ctt.
er.on6mlco. Ke "'in aus~h·ln_
- lo· que cl U:.i.m.a un-~~~~~-l\~
mo a tu P.urnur..
l
I
I
LONDRDES - - La reina Isabel encabczaba la lista de contribu}•entes p..~ra t·epi;rar la Abadia de Westminster, quc este aflo cclebra cl 900 anivcrsnrio rlc
'ill 1·oni::t1:r:wh"•11 Pll 10t,!'>. Sin <'llllmri::o, los tr.nb3jO$. sc h:in ~~ll'l,,rndo J'IOl'11ut• h11y 11,;.,t,1 mk:1 ~,,hrt' ~i ~·· 11!1'!\ m:'irn,.,1 ~l'iri::o o ifnli.tn:'I. y ~ohr£> cl di7 ·
!tt•ifo.
,. ,•
\\'ASHISGTOS' - - \\'alt ~ostow, uno de los planificadores de) Dcp:u'!ar:~~~nt;:, di.'
· Estado, sugirio fa or:;ani2ttci6n de una comunidAd i?tilustri.11 par.:1 !::>.s frr·
· tilizantcs en America Latli:1a. similar a 1a de1 carbon. y accro cr~ad:t ,•n
I .~-~G~~·=
Eu1·opa •.
~1~~~
La Fuena Aere~ ha ~~op~:;~· ·viejos aparatos C-47 t versi6n
· militar·de los DC-3), capaces de volar dc.'spacio y muy bajo, para usarlos
Contra las guerrillas comunistas. Han sido equipados con mas de una d,,_
cena de caiiones que pucden hacer 100 mil disparos por minuto.
:s.'4.
.....; ~. ·
.. ·:_.~: . . -.;i·?J;!J~
.. F.1 emb.ifador do los '. E~!,?_dOti ,
Unidnl!I t-u la Unlcn 1'0,1etf.
'c~t,' Foy 0. Kohl.e,r,·
C"lla!fd,e
· abanclon;1t>:i el rr.inJi.terlo:':'d~
·~, Relaclont>t-· ..• E:df'rin_~e,~~
; ·l[OSffl;'dNpt>ff de h.aber~
i:-ho fotm:\f prott"\lits,~p'.or~~
~taqoe df' esrudbntei1,....t'tdn_o..,
,. · nonietn::in1f'i::e,;. rontn•0 !tu
~1•1!,~ ,1~pl11r.1Hir:1.
• :~,'i,.J{.
.:~l:
. Nikita "· Klaruschc\' riap:irccfa. en. pu.~llcp 110r prin1er:i.
,·ez, despuk de su ·d~splaii~
mtento dcl poder, cn.octubrl"
del p::i!l.:ldo afio. El
(''I:
Pri-
1uer .i'lln.btro, "en :.ip::irenk
butn.a S9.1Uil. y anln1~~_;·,
acudla a dt>posltar su '\'Oto ·en
eJecclonc:11 locnles. Los perio-
MOSCU - - Los ·lidcrcs de Pekin dcmandaban que el Kremlin admitiera que "su
1
polieia y tropas fueron brut.ales contrn los ~tudiantes chinos" que hacian
una manifestacion ante la cmbajada norteamericana. 0 dis.culpa~. 0 fn;;
estudlantes chinos se retiraran .de la URSS:. era el dilema que · planteab11
Pekin.
··. · · - . · :p · · ··-... "\,' ·,,, ;.. · ·,. -:;c~J~v
·:f: ;{-;~:. · ·
~.
fas 1nebs d('. su J)rogrn _
dfstas
u<'l'ldent<'!i.
dt.'<'hlfl
que pareelo conmo,·crsl'·
coi,
el riplauso. de c-ludadanos ~SO•
.
vfetltos que- e~talm.n.~ fren1~;~
su apartamf'nto; ·en':;•foicia_.
.
.
,,_,..,t!r~·
'
�EL ESPIRITU DE LA
. VERD"'1) SE LE
MANIFIESTA
~
_i ( •••
�t ..
corifiesati '~
11! -·
#·.,,
-----·-- --·---
�P
ERO mAs que estas es-.
: ;"·peculaclones ·ertsi/lo in:
'teresante es leer parrafos de est'
discurso. No comparado con
resto de America sino con l~
propia Cuba anterim" a.I casb·ismo, sale el experimento boJche.'
vlque ma.I parado. Observense
~
Ii no los datos, tal ·como los
. ,;.·p".
•
ha ofrecido,: en forina· de tabla'
~!';NI EL CAPITA1l$MO EN ,u~. ,~011.Es ·,(EMP0S!
cornparatlva, Ja Asociacion de
EH• faciud\il corrnpon.S. al .,..,;odi<o fu,b•nrro "El" M..»do''.
.
.
EconOJnfStas CubanOS ,en ef ,
edi~;on ffl 22 da •"<tro clrl <Offi<t1U,t am'>.
~vn1,a_ al •••••Pa antl~lano e,, u..ta la desn11dn d.,
•
5 I 000
premios
Q los
000 r,
exUlo, que -pres1"de el D r. Jo•
unpudtCII y ,e,nd.a. rt'11ft4r que rruH~r~, cle piiibbfJ!,
•
, I ,. ,'-, ;"c . .
s6 Alvarez Diaz.
,I ,r9im•n de ei<lo,111d f oprgblo . dores de c~nas,.l,en la .s1gu1e1
..
·
cu. .~ •11c•1;1,•1•- ~~. . -!"' ·
~it""-...-;i...~11~.-;:;_~W~~,-i.;..:: ~
~i~~: ::.~~-- Dijo Carlos Rafael Rodriguez: ,. lo• 1til ai>o~ ... p<r,Mr. •I c. ....... ffllfflO ..... ~lipdo a 01,..
500 .vic:ijes.,:.para·. v i ~
:~-:. ,: :·::,•.~·;,~~:,,~J;~J,/f'~J ,'<.~/··
. ..En
ceneral tu.vlmor.
•• ,. ~........... Q~ lo~ U~PtlHWIII ~Orlen cua. "'_;.,~,
•••. I.. ---,n!l;;ij;,;; •
,.
.
. . muy ba· ' .·..•, .. ·.,au.. -ha,.,ocum<lo
con el .. , ...,.,..." n _ .. , .1.Q..e ha P•u.<10
po ,,t:l.~
SOCIG
1Sto~- .
~-"if Jos rendllnlentos: en ar.roz.,' dt1''' ..• .,. ·: ,c- ... nl.tdo .....,,.li11a u obre~ J' camp,e•i-?,,':~
• , ....,~,.,..."'- • •&"'' . , .,
~;_"'?;C: 'tt. 8 uJn·..:,.,
;.Po, qv!t ha t.tnldo qw apef•r, "" ,obl«l>O Qlle Ml diui
•
1
000
fflOtocicleta·s 0 1 efflClftCJ 1
-~.·· _.. . ..-1 q
....es. por eaballeria; ell
•on••trado • "lo. • al>ajo", • ..... int•-r truco. , ....... ,dale•
,
• ....... 'J,-, • • , . • ~-·..... ••
•
tr)Jolea de 134: ulataJe5 0r
IUU hau, qu~ l,t gMlr ltO~.,j~~
A
1. I 500
"'.re.f flger,o
• • ,• ., d• OfeS,~n,CnOI
,.· ~-•,,"1 ~~
•
•
.Q
p
La te1p...11a H wucill~: ,>0•<1~• .,1 Co,n.,ui,1110 .,, I., .:,p,n;o,.,
IS
,
1
caba.Uerfa: en bonlato. de 1,003
..
pOrQIHI ti C.CIITIUni•mo
hambr•," el c..n,p;:t.ino y
2=0·'·0'0" 'i:J:,· .• v:..: •· ..... dtv;,,_;;,.~,f
el
r~~.9:S a
1
s
~.,:~i•
.
'
!- •
.,·n-.,.
~
,;,c.:.:::_:_;
- - - - - · -~·-··-· .
,
.
· " t
,-~.· ::_I·~.:.x.<··
r
1
I
<
quhltaJe• por caballerla y en .
n:talanp., de f19i qulnta)es pol'
oabaUeiia.•.. .
.
Di
la ADE• ·
ce
· ·'
'S
"En 1957, las cifras eran:
arroz, 6,061 qq. por caballerta;
frijoles.
406;
boniato,
."'.
Dijo· Rodriguez:
'"En ftlgOcJ6ft tuvlm08
Un
tffi•
.. .,.·:. ·I
En caf6 tuvlmos un descenso ~n
196' del 60 por dento. La )'U•
ca. desapa.tecl6 pnictlcamente
como cultt,·o entfi: 1963 y 1964•
Los plata.nalea de Orlente y
Camagtley _,estuvleron lnactlvos
q11i~1e•
usa1.
101
6prime11 V I~• ~,man
N, aun en lo. peorn
IMlffll>OI
d•I
"poclrldo ......ime......,,.....q. ciu-e .11 ... d..:ian odi•r tanlD,
M ll"90 • Hta• ••l•e,no, <I• teuar q\le ofr..:,:r
moton.. ,u, ,elr~aWH ! vi.aja<ito.. al ... ,.rior para lograr q...
II» umi;;c, ..,.,. c ... mi,her•11 ..... bbo,...... .el umr,o... 'Y pc>r
<1u•? Por una tUOfl •en<illa:· parqu., eruont.t1 el
um11111ino tobr.ob• ~n ulario d«oro,o, ular;o pa~ado
"""neda 5olida qu~ .. ,o~vcrlla tn 11im,n10,, n1editinn
HOY todo "° i:·::.':.,::1.:, •:::d~. .!~~n~:::::
m; ...o-.itn•o """
bajo relatlVBJDeftie nta)O eate
ailo. En ta.baeo, Jogramos 81•6 00
. qulntalea menos que en 1963.
--
et,.,
a contrib111' -
malanga, 3,150,
..
~:.-m:.~':'u::w: ::;0;/~~~!:::;·:.~!~':tl:.h::li!~~ • derO.
,
el pan qu• ll4t••n a ""
2.937: ...........
T'
p,t(~.:~.·e::;:" ,!;::: 1"a· :::::~.: I~~
<ornp,o,ui•O• firm.du con ~IA ltn>O&. ,'t lod•v;• licncn I~ •vilo>n\U
d• 1up,on•r qu« e,t• inept• b.•ur,a .,,,. a
~ap&1 d•
<I>
• nad,e en Amet1U.
'*'
••~•e~
programas
e vacaccc
_ . . ,_
. ::;
·
:.,:.,;fi;J.'
Tc,nbien -habr"a' p''r
. ,. ;
<. "
.
otenci6n
,
•'
7
ffll0St
.,~·
lo emulocion:g-e
O
.
•
..;
PO(Q las brigJdOS de COmbil
•
•
y olzo mecan1zodo, Pre!IIIO:
que ,Se hayan dest(I:
para corte y olza individu.
Q los pequenos- ogricultores'
• .
. ,. .,. . ..J.11,c.'.;
y preffll0!: en COd:J prov
3 mujeres ·que mas Se destc
9000S
:·. .,. . .-:. . . t'"'i
.
a1rohlemas de todo tlpo can lot.
trutalea. Un cl.la me llam6 Fl·
del para darl~
eompaftero In•
pnlero Salcl.J!e& mll caballeriiu;
n fin de que blelera un expel'I·
mento de c(trlcos.. Se Lu dlmo&,
Pero la cooclus16n tue un eom•
al
de risa a los cubanos. eontinuo
en arroz. Pero es ; 1\
el teorlco a la vjoJeta :
••En frlJoles ya, le~ dlje que
ht rent.aulli::!ad co~
porque not. resulta:1
St;rr:brar <.::::ii.a
t.::. cl exterior.
<
ico'n:
tambltn ar..damos nmy mat. Tu.
'\1mos unn gran caida en b tru·
los prlmeros · .'1 . meses de! afto,
ta bomba. En pli\a, tenemos nnn
la produccl6n de la papa. des-·
sltuaclfn totabneri"tc anormnl,
cendlo brutalrnente. En mala_n.
ca tu,1mos una producd6n de pleto fracuo. La tlerra no ie;.r11 de cafda constante ~n fos ult1~
9S8.9N quln&ale. (antes de 1950 , apta. Ahora anda Salclnes por mos ados. £n hortall:r..as tr:iw·
la. produecl6n toe de 2 millones brael estuclla.ndo otras eQ)El- mos planes y Jos re-sultados de
65S mll qq. N. d& la ADE). En rlenclas: La pnte se preguntn , ellos no fuerori buenos en I9Gl,
bonlato. tuvimos en 196' una J. d6nde est.4 La. naranJa '.!' l:' yu El c~lti\'o de la. ci.fia no ha
pro4ucd6n de 1,942 qnlntales. le.s dJgo: la narabja est.6. por sldo en mucJ1QA areas tan ('om-,
ahl, 'puea tenemo• ~ oumento plet.o como en 196:1, pero en
(En 1957 babla stdo do f.!72."761)
qq_. N. 4e la ADE). En flame. la del 10 por clento. El mango nu conjunto se av::mu,, a pesar d.producd6n fUo de 181.146 qq. Jlego a La Haba.na. Los orlentu- ser una z.afra t"normemente
· ( En 195'7 habf.a sldo de 508,110 lea comleron mucho mango y no eompllc:i.da. Por rrutlas 11ni<'tl·
lo dejaron llepr a In m.pltal. eas fltG-SltJ!ltarlas, perdhnos en
Qfl•)• EJl pa.pa, ,la prodttecl6D tA)..
tat. fue de 1,637,418 qq. (Ant""' Peto prometo queen 1968 todo · otro& cultlvos S7-i cabal1erias,
pero yo ereo que son · mucha!ii
de! Com.unlsmo era de Z.O"M,600 cl mundo comer.6. mango".
m4s c&ba.lterias: sit1 C'outar lo
qq.). En yuca, la producet6n
que perdimos en cai'ias·•.
global comerclal fue de 1,591,28'1
-5Continua el ex-Ministro de
qq. (En 1057 habia sldo de
cspucs de esta promesa dcl Batista:
4,099/JOD ,q.). ·
genio economico de la barbn
"Ha habldo un P,an deseenso
Continua Rodriguez:,- .
"Se fall6 en eoeo' y Jua.' habldo trotskista que ha hecho morir en mal:t y otro gran descenso
D
·II
Fori
Ia
tilunlfic:ucion!'..°"~~:.irroz. de o,ooa cabal~
lo 2,709, pero
qn<: esa. meta no . I.
.iamei::
cun1pllr''. · ..
-.it~~
~ota de la ADE:
sis es muy interesar.
Jos comunistas'?'esiu
ciendo durante·~;~,r.
rents.bilidad compar;
ua pl~ imperialista
mfr a 'CU.b~ en .ii?~
<
if'~
mo~ocultivista:
Continu6 cl
esposa de Joaqui'i?-0:
ex~1-
"i;'1deJ dlo uru ei!
de Enero (se
referla
La dfra era de' 5,500
fodas, para cumplir:lc
misos adquir~dos!l~
no se 1mede ~ <'~tmpllr.
. Co'ntin:J.a. en.,.
.,,.. ;,~,.~,.·~-··=~~:~~;,,;f~,i~1~ ~ ~
�,cuBA tOJk'1
.. EN 7· JI.AS· . ·
'
:".: (St~iiio"'de~~
Aii>"''
1
"""'.J.,t.,1 ~~ -~·t
~
~f1 -i~~ •
.. *Dos ecuatorianos qR•
•~- _adjestramitnto ~~is.ta "'
, ...,).':
·~~· escuela tomunlsta, dt~Cuba,7df:.~
saparecleron mrsteriosamente. Uno:.
se apeUidaba Angulo,. t! .otro ~ ~
• _Jlamaba ,Rafae,I EC~l!'f'~OI!-.-'' __ ;eras~ secretas ~ dtl ;;mt!!lfn .P los •
sacarcn del campamento · de Mi-
nas def Frfo, en &a Sierra Maes•. ,
· trl, el 17 de. febrero.~y':'1'desdh
entonces sus· ·compa.ileros no· han·,;
~-~~~-i.;;~·~.-,~--·
•y{~
.•••Miguel Entlsco; capit.in de ta
Compaiira.. Cubana de Aviaci6n, ·
dtsett6 en Gander,: Terranova,· al.
arribat-alrf .con· SU nave, en. tlaJe
:,:,.: de.Praga a La .Habana_-:.:. ·..\..,.--, ;.
.. . •.
. ~F:.:._.,..jJ
.. ,Josi·~·Sustamante .~un medi.:.
co~ tristtment.e, cflebre 'par habt!r
sido· qulen ·, oraaniz6 en Cuba las
tecnicas de "lavado de cerebra"
para extraer confesiones a los prl- .
sloneros, ha organizado ahora un
slmposia internacional tilulado de
·'Aclividad Nerviosa". Se cree en
•:..:~·.iOs drculos rnEdicos que no· se
• trata sino de un c6nclave mundial
0
•Conlir.uan las 1 pugnas. Los· alcaldes de San Jose de fos Ramos
(R~olfo Garcia) , de Jovellanos
.. ~ ·" ....
(Rogelio Martinez) fueron susti•
tuidos por dos figuras de la
"nueva ofa". Nilo Osiel ·Carballo,
otro comunista de los "nuevos".
susliluyo en fa Alcaldia de Jatibonico a. Clerencia L6pez. Todos ·
los retirados eran comunistas del
1
PSP.
•••Una locomotora Diesel, recientemente adquirida por el regimen, fue incendiada en el cen. · ··'.\~:: lral azucarero Mercedita por pa·
:":'".;t}. triotas de la resistencia.
.
f
... La Utulada Casa de la ·cul-
.~
tura de La Habana ha editado un
libro sobre Bolivar, anunciando
que los for.dos que prcduzca I..
venLa "ser.in destinados a ayudar
··I· . it!
w::!!o~nca~~ ~ ~!sam:~~; ·
Cultura es la tntidad con· que
r-
f
1·
.,·
: ,1..' , • ·
05
han cocperado escritores corno
Ezequiel Mardnn- ~sltada Y Bernanlo Lachtman, recientemente
fallecidos. muy efogiados por la
prensa capi~alista de Caracas.
CACOS INTELECTUALES. -
Que los comuuistas son
mws bribones ea hecho conocido. Qu.s atacan hoy lo quc
de/e11dierot1 ayer, y llaman blanco a . lo quc c:s negro, de
acllerdo con au convenie,icia, esta mas que probado. Pero :
nunca cs ocioso record/.lrlo. En Cuba, JJOr ejemplo. ae lo ·
han robado todo dcsde ln Patria (par<1 1.:cnderla. a Rttsia J
hasta las casas,
lwros, las fincas, etc. Ultimo rnbc: cl
del Ma1)(J. Geol6gicc;, En marzo de l961 lo habia ya tcr
tninado el Ing. Ar,nando Atidrcu, q1ticn sc habla baaado 6H
- los htformes de las compaiiias p!:trolcra:s. Pue.s bien, al apa,
iecer' vublicado s11a autore.s ,cm.: Antonio Nii.liez Jimenez,
que ni e11 ge6logo ni .tiene la md.s Temota idea de con~o. IJ!S
Juice mr rnapa geoldg1co, y ••. rtres ru1Joa!: A. ~. Bogatrn.o·v,
/. P.- Novojatsky y c. M: Judoley:-Lo··mas·cinws.o deZ ca.so
ea qr,e loa nuJO.S, en el mc:,,nento de 6ditarae el Mapa. llet..'CI•
los
4
ban en Cuba adlo uno, ,meses.
ADOOTR~NA;;,I~NTO ·EN us·
~
OARCELEs}=::_ En. mt
di.,cursa ·del d.&pota 11 ·~n emisione,, oficialea de! Gobie7:t10 /
comun.iata 86 ha anunciodo que Zoa prcaOtl polltacoa aenan ·
.. rchabilitados". ,Out qui.ere decir esta pala'brat Quiere de,
cir lat:arle.s el cerebro a los combatimttea. con el dni1!}o de
·• luicerlbs abau.donar aquellc, principios J>o/_los_~que. P!.f:Cis'!:.::,..;..
tnente se lea tiene entre rsjas. Uni,, ia/cim.ta, f t suma. 1obrc .
todo ai se· tiene ett cuenta que aquelloa hombre& 'JI mu.Jere,.
estdn manialado.t'JI no as pued.en d,efen4er. Infamw. mayor
,..,...Camilo Jose Cela, el novelis• 0 •""J0SE MARTINEZ RIE
ta gallego famoso tanto por su
a,h, 68 la d.e procla.tn1.1r que las "claaea'- aerian oolu-PLtariua.
~ blidtario cubano, coma·· C,
tafento como por su deshonestiLos i:n.forrnes clan4eatinos recwidos por eata secci6n indican
Promotion Manager de
dad politica, dec.lar6 desierto el
que ca todo. lo contrario. A ll>s presoa que se t1iega11 a ser
s;6r. Latino.?.merica:..:: de
Premio de Novtla de la ya referiadoctrinadoa ae le,, aomets a .ca.stigo,, se les au11ienta el
duc:tos Ayon: [n Nuna V,
da Casa de ta Cullura. Las obras
trabaJo y ae Zea prii,a de laa wita.t de au.a familiares. MMi,.. .
--·;:_..>I, '. :~\~~.ag~
presentadas eran de tan l)Esrma ·
• cos y tlcnico1, que realizaban labore, "en lal>oratorioa 11 ofi·
·$•MIGUEL ANGEL·aus·
calidad (puros pastiches soclalis· cinae# Aaa sido privadoa del jab6n. aemanal que ae lea daba;,: 1:;; trabajando, H. San ,'rJuan
teros) que nl ti fuerte paladar del
~ JI deJ d.erecho a maa wita meneuai que lea l&actan aw, fa,.-.:: ::,':. "visto negocio"'{ deTe'static
falangisla Cela se las pudo tragar, . :- tniliare,. Se le.a l,a h.echo ademda tmbajar en el campo.
· .tos.
··
~
, ' \;+.";.~:iifr.'::. ._. ~· '·1- ~ "':;.:~,~~~:~;~,,. •
:,:!
�-John y Caroline no resisti·
l'ian quc se·les diera otro "papa", ha dicho casi enfurecida.
Y anadi6 luego: "Ademas, ella
. ~i~~~.~:~. ~-~
,·
no tiene ningun.n necesidad de
. ayuda material ni economica
de nadie pua criar a sus hijos.
Si volviera a casarse, traicfonn.
rfa la memoria 'del padre di?
es.as criaturas.
KENNEDY HUBIERA
DESEADO QUE VOLVIERA_
A CASARSF. .•
;.Se casara otra ,·ez Jackie,
abriendo entre eHa y su energ'i.
. <t{
-· .-.
ca suegra, un foso de cncono?
;.Sc apartara de! famoso clan
Kennedy? ;,Ccdera un tanto ·el
cuidado de sus hijos a la fa,ni..
Frei
Jia de su marido, para ·h'Se· ellJ\
cJon ,contlne~_ ....~~
inclinando hacia SU propia
\.'i·
da'! Nndie lo ~nb<:! h;i,sfa hor.
0 al menos los amigos in ti mos
-Yo estoy segura de qul! que conoccn SU pensamicnlo
Jackie no ha pensado jam.as en. han tcnido cl pudor de no revolver a ca.sarse. Para el!a, co- velarlo. . . :;~~2; .:·
. : ~ ,
h atic,l
~.:zi"-"'
econ6miea de Ame1
que el Pr..:sidente "f
csta nueva vktoria
electoral, Viene'.~ai
pauta que '·debti'lan
partido;; Y· movi~le:
crbtianos en
tc. Esto es: ta ~;-~,
«'i6n sereJU 3-· ~.~£~
mo<'ra<'ia Represent,
'imlca \'erd:1clerame1.
·a las profunda;."""tri:!
nuestr:
Pero el periodista Jim Hoff.
man, escribicndo _en la revista
"Photoplay". ha dicho que la
.
.
.,.'"' La prensa europea ha comen. regla de· conduc:ta 'de Jackie
-~ tJido en SUS columnas de rurnv• quedo lrazada .por el rnismn
.,-res las palabras de la jeta del Kennedy antes - de morir._ Se
· clan KeMedy. Unos · estari" de' condensa en unos versiculos"'de·1 •,-_ 0/'.~ soclaJes. tton6n
parte de ella. Otros conside- Eclesiastes que cran los prcfe· nlr.trati~·as, cultmnlc
l'an que procede con critcrios ridos del Presidente asesinado.' tros t:-ubdcsuroll:ido
.
pasados de moda, y que nadit: Esos versieulos, que ·1ey6 el ·sa:---inlindan.- .
tiene el dereeho a condenar a ' cerdote durante las cxequias. ·
Frei ha ,:encido}c,
una vida anormaJ a una mujer son los que dicen:
no so!o en Chile·~;
beUa y Jlena de deseos · de dis·
-Hay un tiempo par.a todo Anierica Latina,. po~
frutar la existencia, una mu- debajo del sol. Tiempo pa1·a en el h~ho 'concreto
Jackie
jer que apenas ha ·cumplido 35 plantar l' ticmpo para recoger slcion ··doctrinai"~ inc
aiio.s. Jackie, por SU parte, no lo plantado. Tiempo p~tra sufrir ment~
Fuc el quien, scgun se dijo. la
ha qucrido decir palabra en el y ticmpo para alegrarsc. Tiem:. .. nal... Ame~·ica Latin.
habia convencido de quc S<?·mll·
asunto. Se ha· limitado a con· po' para construir y tiemo~·pa~·'~'deti:-"avanzar hacia·:
dase a Nul'va York; cerca de, · tinuar de modo lento, pero fir• ra destruir, Tiempo para ll~m:·•. cstructur;i~~s que p
t.O propin casn. y <!n u~- l'stado ~ me, el reencauzamicnto de su
y tiempo para rei;ocijal'se.
coord.inacion econom.
mo para mi, John es irreinpla-
zable. ·
Kennedy
d;fuocrati~a~ (
,.. __.~;~ ,. • . :.,
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i'
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i.~t:-;~~~ '
;:_ posa. A'.udrey Hepburn, pero to-
. do fue una simple tormenta en
ae
~y Tony'
·
Curtis
a acompafiar•j,";,, Ja ·
'~f.,,.-1t,r
- ••', \41,,..,_t._
1
~.;:~~;P ' ""~· _!:a~,te~~ '..'"!:i!tjo.
~ ··'·"::"'-· Su nueva pellcula · 'The Great
Race" ha despertado , nuevas
: -: i; . un ,.,so de agua.. Mel
Ferrer'·
. ,,,,;;_retra~(t"1:con~,..sur;.mujer
i4f't. ":._.'
~~I
~,,.
; :'x.:_~ especulaci~t. Natalie"o/trabaja~
~i::·coi{~Jack'Cemrrion'1"V~i"ac:..i=
~
·
L;_
' ::; cC.,<}ffJ;ff't;ittfl
tor b r it ,·n i co, Christopher
Plummer. Pero de nuevo Ju es- ·
..J.,.:;~~-rh
~
:rj,;;.~-f;ffii,~!f):;;:
buscar
pecu)aciones
.iu:i"teii~·-funda.•.
~,..
~mto;w~
· ·;~l?J
l'i~J': ·Natalie·. Wood . debfdo ·a los
;~pa~lei(que'tla~·d~sempefiado _e~
!.'me1 cme ha tomado fama. de mu•.
• ct&acha ligera. :·tie"fadolescente.
sin tlingun fundamento, El pu·
blico . ha .oMdado que elia ha
crecldo y que hoy tlene W18.
gi:an experiencla de la vida, Ya
i'
pa~o el tiemPo de Jos romances
faciles, que termtnan siempre
con Zagrimas y que una mujer
adulta no puede permitlrse.
Verd.ad que ella corre el pe.
ligro de volvers:e una Kim No.
vak, que huye pr6cticamente de
....
... , '.-:1
los hombres y ha perdido casi
·.
eJ sentido del hogar. Se ha
. . f. welto
Imagen de la mujer
fsolitaria cuya vida se ajustara
t dtficilmente a las obligaciones
normales de cualquier esposa.
incluso de una de Hollywood.
~y{ Natalie todavla est.a joven.
;i}._Ella ha dcmostrado una gran
sen.sibilidad polltica y. cultura1.·
Se ha interesado en el due co- .
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·~.<'-°f'~
l· · · t..··T·· -.;.~'.-..,~ .. "'· :..:.... , .. , ·.:- de los · negoc1os y senhran ~queJ~t---.-.~··-}! ry~ ~ .. -~~_-';".I~• .. ~.: •. ~!'".!-k-,"!9~~,t~!:..,!.t !'cl
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.
H 'te d ..,,~~.....~·.-r·,a:~,:.®~pat!u·y.(~aum~~1
!· am11tad
a •I,., ..
romance
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n encias
a que
aun:ien
:· · gio personal ·.· Piens
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...• ,'. -~••·<J·
el peso
Jos que
pasaron
de·
•·
• ;';_~-•.1.•,11oc~~~'~?ff:.:·.rrl-:"., ;~l Jos 35 anos. Los que estan es- tc la serr:3:na ·!11,uc.
:,:. ,:~~--~.i~s. r~~-~~!.J-~~,: ~''\: 1 tudiando que tratcn de ir " ta~~ pe nd1 ente
,;.~-~
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.i
fef!.c.1~1d •.
Y,.: mas posir;Yo de la !"Cmana y po- hdades y t1nta a l
~-!os··escr_itor•~;~a!!~"·.~i:i~:.u~_,.-.: siblemente dcl mes.
rt~:i.n cm: ig:ual. r.e
vnstant.!.J~''Ji~,~~q~~t:_J~'!,~~ •
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.
,:.,_a,_ ,.
qUC asp1r~,3J~·
"fig\;Jt
f,,i'!IJ•n_t~~-.~~~~~)~:o.~-,'..~•~ ~.
tist1cas. ~odo lo q?e lleve selto
de creaci6n atravtes~ por morento_ estelar: Los 4mtel~t~a·
~es disfru~n. de unc_1 pos1c16n
astr~l pri•;I1eg1ada, ~st _como .los
escr1tores y l?~ per~O~ISl'.1S. fogo lo_qu~ ex.i1i/~~maJQ1dad ¥,.,.;,
.COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO:·..:
ent~ en
uen gus sa . Jen: ':Je Sl·,;..:t·Pa,•-~-~,t~~-·· ..!, . ~;,~aa~·. ~.'~.Verde;'Ji:';:=:L-·
·-,-·~,:at:,-:,_,\,..;...·'· s~n_1mcn~a .~.Y.~.no
gan adelante, sm vacllac1~~. '. -_cl!,.:.qu41:",~ ,el!~"..2~':'~";,~J~~ ~NUMERO DE SUERTE: 8,t~~~d;it~rn~cho,t;.t~1
1~. 9ue han tornado el cammo '.,;alt~t~;,;~!~~'?~.:-.,•_•~~ .'-~1•**~ DIA MAS POSITIVO:
s!e~pre-.Nept~of.,
~1f1cll ~e.alguna ob:a de alcan.
·_dfas.=-·. ,,-_.. ,.,_ r-:l.;,:'-'-;r:·_·_, .. , -,.,1_, DIA MAS NEGATIVO: ;_;>1;,,~
s,bllidade-s de sltt
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s1ones notaran. c1_erta l_cnt1tut1
r';.1·Magniflca
:·,;.~~,o.·!que·:;hayan~~pla~~
en que rcgrese~ n su_caJa fuer.
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resol~er problemas Y. ev1-
SUS po~ibilidadcs . .. T~~drA opo;;.~1·. •~bado.
tunidades. Los q~e anden en ·
· ····-·~1c--•·1:,.....,,.._ ..., • ·" ,.~ as~~nde!.~;H~~te~c
pasos falsos atrav1esan un pe- ·
_., , 1...
• •.· dro que ~,te ;;..lia}?f,!
riodo peligroso en que pueden
·
Debes oricntar~
qucdar al dcscubierto SUS tram.
modemas :.,Y.(~band
pas. Pies de plomo y mucha
co la rutina,;y".J:~~
p1'ccauci6n. El caractcr tropec0<' ,J1:r,l1J 21 a
dos. N'o tc exp()rig.
-x
zara con una serie de inconve,hallo 22).
tcs de aire:·ru_;ij~:
nicncias. La: persona a quien
fisico superior, .-•si:
mas se desca agradar no es muy
h,;s tenido p1·oblerr,
facil de comprendcr. Los que
Cuidate de tus palabras y Lus Los_ niflos, ...19~{.a~,
naciernn en Tauro son dinami- acciones, sobrc todo cuando cs- · muJcrc,:; en ·cstado.
SU COLOR MAS FAVORECIcos.
inteligcntes
y
decidido~.
tes
en pres.:ncia de per!"onas ccs tod;Js ios ·d,ia,_s
00: Gris.
Esta semana neccsitarAn de to· quc no forman p:1rte del circu- mana. . .. ~,ifl,~
SU NUMERO DE SUERTE: -1.
das esas cualidadcs.
lo estrecho de tus amistades. •
· ..,,..,:.c~
SU MEJOR DIA: Jueves.
Dctalles de susccptibilidad pue. SU COLOR '-fAS
SU DIA NEGATIVO: Marte~.
DO: Rosa.
COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO: den ocasionarte trastornos y
cchar a perder asuntos que es- NUMERO DE SUl
Rojo.
ta
ban
rnarchando
por'
bucn
caDIA
MAS POSITl
NUi\1ERO DE SUER.TE: 1.
mino. Los problemas persona- DIA MAS NEGAT
DIA l\!AS POSITIVO:
TAURO
les deben dejarse para despue~
Jucves. -~:~r~~
Viernes.
( D1• 11bri1 21 11
y rlcdicar todo su csfucrzo a . n · ~ · - : z ~
DIA MAS NEGATIVO:
los asuntos relaciunado:; con I:,
Lunes.
economia y Ia seguridad del fu.
turo.
Los que estan dewcados
>"i.tiNi-.!r
Surgiran magnificas iniciati· al comercio disfrutaran de se... =·~
vas por lo cual deben contar CS·
man,. r.i.is p8sit:va que los pro:
(~cta semana con sus propias poGEMINIS
fesionalcs. Los qcc C!':tuclbn C$· ~ Se~tk:
sibilidades. Las finnnzas van
. taran en ventaja sobre los quc
.• :'!j~
mejorando y hay perspectivas
tf\lD)"O %J
trabajan_ y _Jos .Que. realizan -su;:; . L:t semana-:est.:
r. de que sus ingresos se _el~\'en.
• lwdu tu) _____ obligaciones
en la r..ochc- · estc1- ;:;fccwd.:;. ;rJr situ1:1
; · ·- - ------ El ahorro es positivo y bene·ran en mejores condic.iones pa- \'l::.tas. Deben hace:
ficioso, ahora mas que nunca.
Hay cambios en el Camino ra aleanzar SUS prop6sitos. De. lidad mental para
Los que son soiteros y tienen .
ser · firmes en sus decisio- te a estas circuri~
inquietudes matrirnoniales, es- ·que npuntan hacia la feUcidail.
lo romantico entra en el nes; pero sin menospreciar - lai- . mas habladorcs: dcl
tan en semana critica. Deben Todo
cuadro
general
de
sus
actividaideas
de Jos demas. Tome en la lengua. · Los tfrr
fijar claramente sus aspiraciodes. Una semana de disfrute. cuenta todos los ponnenorcs y c n l l c n de-finitivu
de realizaciones concretas y de cuidese de las malas intcncio- sicte dias. Deheri~h,
rnetas alcanzadas. Tendris oca- nes. El derroche de energias y mo . esfuerzo panf'
~
~ I .;fr. :e~~~~i-!',_'". ~,:~ ~~- ·~:·-. -~;'"
si6n de saber el por qu~ de al- la presencia de nuevos elemen. en las empresas ·qt:
"'};';,~.~~··,·:>.~:,,;;,..~-·~-·-':,:._;.. ·;,;,._-;
gunas cosas y podrAs alcanzar tos en tu vida, requeriran me- g:..n .• Eviten ~asl.:~lf!i~.:<.'"~-la\~/~u_n
Ja satisfacci6n de hacerte com- jor .alimentaci6n Y reserva de" y ·no muestrenprender por alguien que_ te _.in· __ energias. Ve al cine un dia de res e~ acti\'idadef
teresa mucho.
· -: ..-~}:.:•, ~· Ja semana que no sea miercolc~. ;•cunior.es con muc:
Los asuntos econ6micos, loi. .
.
a Ia \'t'Z. Pcse
1
sentimentales y Jos que tienen COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO: frrentes puntos~de
-MARTES/-~ ·corre1Po11denclil/-· que ver con Ja salud, estAn a:;._- " Amarillo.
cordializE:.r. eri!!ii'i
pectados favorablemente. Nep· NUMERO DE SUERTE: 5.
.;us compaiieros~
tuno y Venus protegen sus in- EL MEJOR DIA: Luncs.
Ncptunci esti.,en 1
.fVIERN1;$}_c:;."•!'_quiiit1.~'-;.,;f
i;fi:._;f~,; tereses familiares y Jupiter an- .. , EL !)IA
N~A,TI~9,; ",i,:.;.· _qu~. l?~,;.~ism~~ur
da en la cas.a de los de este .:.: ;~ .M•~~~~. ·:~r:t.~:;:>i->.'.'-".: '-:,,~··:s"'· -:-Y::. ·: mucho ~··ma! ~que~i
signo eliminAndole obsta.culo.; ·
pucs tiendf'-;,- dii-/....n
en todos los terrenos.
---••m11mm111ma:Raraa:11a11 .so a las cosas._Fr,
tar angustias. Busque quietud
para su corazon. Trale en li:>
posible de cumplir las promesa~
hechas. Vigile su salud. Su sistema digestivo puede ocnsionar.
le trastomos. Su alimentaci6n
puede ser la base de un mejor
caracter.
c·-- . ·.;;CANCER:
m
~, Lr
l
'='
B
-.-
.
1
I:
hen
~~;~~:;;.;~~~~;;
I
·:~•t --~'~}
der.
rWJff~~~~,-~~,;':,"·,..J~T--r:~;
1
,,~~i~~~!~1ftf/ J1W
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a~
JJIJ:~f~~,~tff.;rf~1
o'.Z'·~:~
M1S._,
h.
· - · ..
•
....
•
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•
,._. ¾y~ . ·, .,
. •. p
•
••
•
--'-
,
i--~~~.~~fy:
~
(~~~
�. :.\:'-:{::.-· '. ;.. ;-:j
·. d:fl
'" .'. ,j,(J.;,C{$iitf1:'#ltiiil ;ii);,.
- _'·::~. '.~i('~t£(1f;';;,,
.i
i•
los que nacieron en Virgo · de.
bcn realizar el mayor esfuer·
zo por seguir su marchita y no
\'iolentar los acontecimiento~.
El terreno amoroso estara abo·
nado por la compi-ensi6n. Exce-·
lentes los dias para tniciar tratamientos medicos. dentistas o
profesionales de cualquier cla.
se. No crean mucho en ·cosas
que le cuenten en las que ,·aya
envuelta la moral ajena.
.J
•
A ~
,.
•
... ,
-,
. ~,·
·.. ·._- ...... ~
.
r
'
~-
;
'r
f:
COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO:
Azul.
NUMERO DE MAYOR SUER-
TE: 9.
DIA MAS POSITIVO: Martes.·
DIA MAS NEGATIVO: .
~mingo.
.: II
1
t
f ~ .;
.:. · ·~-·.
1
·
r,
;
~
i
·
~:
,.
·r..:._
f.
f
.
Ult- St"J)Urmh~.. 23 a··
. .. ·o,.tub.... ~,.
·.
f·, ..... 'La semana. transcurrira en•
tre dificultades. Por eso es ncccsario mantener el control ab.
soluto de tad.as las reaccionc~
y scntimientos. Es comun en
los nacidos en Libra que con1amlnen a otros de su mal ca·
. . r4cter o que ofrczcan respuestas lnjustas e inadecuadas a
\ ../; '.~' los que nada tlenen que ver
,:;.;i; -' : con sus pe~. Esto n~ _Jes trae
c .• ,r,.·.. almpatias. ••
Las dif1cultades
.'':,~·,_,!, ,en el 6mbito familiar ser6n SU•
,..J :>: > peradas !Acllmente, no asJ las
.\ ·.. '.que aparezcan en el frente sen.
.--·;/·
r'
.
LIBRA
;:·,til
timental. Los noviazgos y. compromlsos que se rompan ahora, .serfm dificiles de rehacer.
Que se cuiden los enamorados
y resten importancla a los de·
talles pasajeros. Cuando sientan inseguridad ·pidan consejos.
Cuando esten irritados, deben
recogerse a sus habitaclones.
Es scmana para andar solos.
Reh use. invi taciones a fiestas y
haga un receso en su vida social. En. el trabajo: dip!omacia
y sentido comu.n. Es una semana, en lineas generales, compIi,
cada y llena de obstaculos. Pe·
ro. como dice la gente corrien·
te, "la sangre no llegara 'll
rio".
COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO:
Negro.
NUMERO DE MAYOR SUERTE: 4. .
'
DIA MAS POSITIVO:
· Miercoles.- .
_,.
.·
· ·.
DIA MAS NEGATIVO:
Sabado.
+
m
mo
SAGITARIO
(De No\iembre 22
ii
Dlclembre 21).
Esta semana 1a palabra col.ibnraci6n cstarn prcsente en to·
,fa~ Ta!=: ;:,cfr:i•h".!e~. E• 1:::,:,i:
:.nsiar.do p:>scer ~Jgu. s h,H:cr
algo, y aJcanzar aJgo, y lle~;ir
a determinadas meta!=. E:;tan
ccrcanos a csos idc:iles. Pct\J
no se cmpccinen en marchar
solos. Busqucn ayuda. Ofrezcan
y pidan consejos. Oen :)-. reciban
ayuda. Las cps~s quc rcalicen
en colaboraci6n llcgaran a ter.
mino feliz. Buenas oportunidanes para los que se dcsenvucl•.
van entre juegos de azar. Tam-}
bi~n para los que andan • en ca-:
minos 'peJigrosos. No obstantc.
en eJ horizonte de los sagita·
rianos hay posibilidad de cam-
ESCOIPIO
(Odubre ft.
So\"l~mt,re 21).
Viejos · problemas q~ se COS·
sideraban superados, ~ reaparecer4n con mayor fuerza. Los
que nacieron bajo el signo de
Escorpi6n tienen de su parte a
Venus, la Diosa del amor
bios de profesi6n. En el terreno · del nmor verAn coronados
!',US suefios. Todo les saldra bien.
De todos modos, llenen a plenitud sus responsabilidades y
hagan su p:irte adecuadamenk
�• ·~.'r -
~--·..
,,
.t.,.,
... ·~_'i;,-\.:
.17:~f~':i"lj;i;.: ~:.,(11.
.~ ~·. ; ·=t·
<-·
-
.
-
.\
,~;~~F
Cuatro hombres vivir6n en cada una de lu dos d~,sulas quo muostra la
los extremos de una vlga de •s metro& de longitud. Las ciipsulas estaran on.[contir
durante un perfodo de 30 dfas. Con este aparato, actualmente · eri construccion:'--r'se~"d<
grado de eficiencla con que pocfr6n trabaJar las Peno~u en llb~ra inbt es~~ d,'!le~·; ·
6rbita en torno a la Tierra. Se obscrva la_ forma en qut c~~.1:in divididu ias c~;
in~~rio~;.,. ~ F(?!~. IPS)
~
de
simu1ador
laboratorio
espacial _.
en orbita
I.
- ~:
~ '!.~~
t~::ctt:,:;~1:: ~\; ·
Con eJ fin de-averiguar como "·ir;a de 45 metros cle longitull, ui,.:i. lir.ea !igernm,
vive un hombre durante perio- centrada sohre _ un mecanismo en relaci611, con~la
dos prolongados, en una est.a- giratorio. · De cada · extremo de la tierra::, Siri~eni
ci6n Cspacial en condiciones-·ar.-la-viga-pendeunodeJ~modC:--persona SU posiei61
tificiales de gravedad, Jos cien- los de la clipsula espacial, cu· .. \'crtic.:i! y norm:i:
tif icos . norteamericanos . es tan yas dimensiones . son _3 . metros :r- sentira un poco. ma
construyendo dos mode~os de vi- de diAmetro·y 12 metros de:Jar:f:de costumbre,·{deb.
vlenda para· incluirlos en di- go. Cada una de esta.& ·capsulas ., de gra\·edad ·artific
chas . estaciones espaciales. Ca- rle prueba esta dividida en. cua;;r-:·,: LBS . capsulasTse.
da uno de'los modelos albergara ti·o departamentos: cocina, Jabo,; ;:· gar de cualquierfp:
a cuatro hombres y se ma11ten· ratorio, sala de bano y un dor- ga giratoria, con'.·e1
dran girando constantement~ mitorlo para cuatro personas, zar una variedadj,6
durante 30 dias, mediante una las cuales tendran quc ~vivir alli ... tos. cuidadosamerit
miqulna de grandes dimensio-·:-para manipular Jos aparatos ex· - Se podrim variar:J~
nes disefiada para tal efecto. - .- perimentales.
· ·• <~
.
para diferenles pn•
El movimiento giratorio pruEl movimiento de l'C\'Oluci6n mularan otras:-.coni
ducido sera similar al necesa- · hori2onta1 de la maquina empu- bles de produc:irse ,
rio para suminlstrar gravedad · jarA a las personas hacia las de las naves esp,
artificial en cl interior de la paredes de la capsula con una ccmo el balancco .
nave espacial, en el ambiente fuerza similar a la de la gra- ·· cin. Las· capsulas·
Jejano a la Tierra donde la gra· vedad. Para compens.ar - esta~!;. les tienen· portillos
vedad natural no existe.
, fuerza, las capsulas espaciales · 'fos los hombresJ:c:i1
La maquina, que es la mayor de prueba estar.in -ligeramente:.: metidos a laH>rilekdel mundo en SU clase, es esta inclinadas,'de'.tal'modo"que:una'=.":':-un ambiente espaci
. construyendo en Downey, CaH· persona quc este de pie· o cami· identico al que C(
fornia. Consiste en una fuerte ~~o~.;.~,· .~~'-' ~t~ri~!".,:;;.fo~_ar~ , desde · ·· una .. ,\.·~-~~d,
·IX
~<-
..
_,
;:t·
.~:~l
' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - ~ . . . ; ._____;.....;;~.··"!":,-·',;,:~;;··.{
..;;;:;.;~~J..~2-;;~'
.
t.:,r:.~;;;~;..'
..;,.;~:--.:·~~-;~;.;t[~:t;.;,~; .;~.:·~='~; .-~~;.; :;~1\,:t';:~.i~~:~_;:.~·t:. ;:~; ;,?.; ~~.;:·.,. :;.-~;:..
.-~ '"--".;,·'~~~:.: r:.:;:~~~:!~~;~~.: ;:t; ;~,: ;~~;.:,li~:~;: f~;; ~~·~·
��,~'.~J~!:~!=
ori6'un ..diploscoplo'"; es ... • hasta 40 grade>£; pero en estos
decir, un microscopio .bmcicular:;.".el enfoque queda muy limitado.
doble con el cual el' cin.t,jano y " ··• Un problema . con el quc sc
su ayudante pueden observar si- tropieza en la alta amplificaci6n
- multaneamente el lugar opera: es que ·el estrecho campo de vi 0
do, ocupando su posicion nor~ si6n tlene - como . consecuencla
-mafa ambos Jados del paciente., que .la 2:ona operad& queda pc·
El error de un escaso mllime·- .· ri6dicamente ;fuel'a~;de foco, de~-~- tro en. la colocacion. de una~:~;i.:.bldoJa).t~:n,ioytmt~tos cil'Cula·
. tura en.un vaso sanguineo cuyo .,. torios :y.'resp1rator1os del paella.metro sea;,dei 1- centimetro ciente. Esta dificu1tac1 se t-esnl·
. no produce efectos .adversos, pe. \.'io con pinz:as estabilizadoras,
ro un error de la misma magni- sujetas n las mesas de operaci6n
tud puede ser desastroso. para y colocad:u(ii~icacla'· laclo de la
. el paciente si el cirujanri lo ·co-,. parte- <id~uerpo somctida a 1a
•·.. mete en otro de s61o ·2 milime-· intervencion.
.
·~; troi de diimetro. ·-- , ' - · · .~
Los medicos quc ban introdu·
perf
;-.:.aa.l
•Jw•nc~
NES:
os'"z0RR0S~~
DIETAZ""'ESENCIAL oi'1.
·. I
''
,-;;!
.;i'. --;;-1';:f!';fji,"J!';'J!";,';f~.~~:,_·.jj.ti~"i:'""'[..", ; , " : ; ' . : ~
I ~zc,rro;;
·,.;tt1i .;..ndenadi> ,,;t";::"ji~"~tdim,'qt
t.trit;s
ona'ia .108 ,. cilmpei.lnoi,"-:-~onie_muehos:t ~m,8, ~ton-ei'fjju
de ("()l'l'al y animates de l'aet>ria, de aeuPrdn con ·ed,mPnr
mu.ca1N reatl:r.o.dos. f'h , dlc•hoi. anbnales. •, · ;.1- •.: •.' ,..'.!;;W~~
'.ff.if;;.~ P,t-r-.1. comprpnder •. mejor. los Mbltos, aUmeoticlos;
;·zorros:~erDepa.rtamento dfl Consen;acl6n de
· m6s de 2.00D t"5tomngos de- dl<~hos nnlmales, Jes cuales·
sumlnfstrados por <"azadores y tramJ>eros.
<i'e"l~
Los nnillsis dr los <'ontenldos cstomacah...os demoi
que durante: el .hi\'iemo. lo& ratones. lntegran.mAs;de';la
de la.. dl~fa:'zorntna. Lo& re&tos de,°. Conejos '561.:-;i'e°'nalJiJ
- un·~e$t6mago -de'l'<'.11da s ·de los examlnados:-:·_..;:::~:t;:.
, Lats· a,·es de. <'nceria, talcs como los : laJsan!!{~
P:
~ acu~t>a~'. stfmpre '. a'·
ln1lgnlfleante en b allmentart6n de esos>:antmales.~EJ~.
t"lentiflco renll7.ndo demostro que-, t'X<'epto dnrante In
. muy crudos, eunndo la C'ara de nle,·e es alla y . duradt>
. 2orros se allmentnn nmy po~o de falsanes;;,,..,J.,,,~~~'
" Lo& 1nvei;tlgadores dljeron que parte de le.s ·1~rdi
1mim.ales de cacerfa podrfa e\·ltarl>e ,·on um.1 incj()r cl ,
el6n de Ja_:.,alimeil!.t:!_C:f6n, iJ!.,·~rnal ,P.,ai:a.}2~,:~.o. '.ro~.
·:~n~·,:1a.,
· donde' hay muchas"cranj:ls.~~~,,.~f\' :~,...,,.~~;-fl~;.;;-~
:..:......•J. •·:£:'"!· .:fl>:i,,,~:.,.. ,·'; ~ . .;: ~· .":"' . ~ ""£'·~. .'>: ... ~~ .... ~.~-:··~?~?.:,-:!~·:~,~'
Wisconsin.
mortanda~ ~.\
•o€:~!!!~f~.nffi
. ,;., Para operar partes tan peq:ie-·..:.: cldC? estos ~ctodos de mic:oci·
· nas del cuerpo humano· ha ·s1do ..;- rugia manffiest:m que su prime·
necesarlo modificar· los instru· ra expcricncia en este campo
mentos quiriirgicos; co~~te_s_ Y.t ha sido como _Ia d".. !Jna pe~so-:
!" adaptarlos a esa'espeoahzac~on:·
na que, ;por pr1mera vez, ~sa un
·,-Por ejemplo, la pun_ta d~ los Ill&:~\. te!esel?p10 de ~t.a. Po,.ten~1_a. Sc, :"· ES!E'!ASZ,A !~RA LO~ tJS~~HZOFRENICOS .-.~ -~·
trumentos ·ha'. sido::-,alarga~:,YJ:, vlsuabzan. ~1cen-=:\una.t- grnn.· ·I,~~t:!T¥.~1.i<:~··'· · ·
,... ,.~-r:)11.':..~..;:;~...,.- .: 1 ·.. :·
·• ~~
miniaturlzada.:~-- · ;-~~':t~ i • ,·.. cantidad de detalles Y se disU1t estudlo re:\Uzado durunte un largo perlorlo entr
parlentl"s dr r,;iquln,fr.·;:i:\ f'n 12 hoi.plta.lf•s neuropslqul
. Un cambio introducido en el tinguen claramente otros que
desthrndos a ,·,.tc-r:in .. -. ::d Ejerl'ito 11ortcamerkano1 Jnd:
diseno de un instrumento utili· suelen pasar desapcrcibidos a
cstos enfermos. ha!ltt,1 ahora conalder.idos,:?como;!resld,
zado para operaciones. del (!ido simple vista.·
hospltalnrlos <'ronfros, pueden retorn.•u a la· soeledad,' s
hizo posible el perlecc1onam1en·
gros p:\ra rmdic, dunmt(• t>Xtensos periodoi. dr tiemp~ _,~
to 'de un aparato de rcsorte que ;BACTERIAS CON SEXOt
sujcta una aguja :,• permitc el
en form.a 11crma.nente. . v,,..,,:...,,{~1,r.-,0,r_;,. :_,..,,£,·.,i·
delicado movimiento de los de·
. El 90% deJos paelent_es·.~o~~-t.!~'?s;a.J_;f'St . . . v•:
Las bacterias se rnvltiplican
fneron dados· de alta tl'a5 loii' rlnco afios <Jilt' ab:u·cat,a
dos, necesario para dar ~5 pun· normalmente por simple fision.
tos de sutura en un vaso san· sin' fntervenclon sexual,·de_nfn.;.t ;:,grama_.~e,: ,recup~ra!lim.,..E!_:-.401!1.:~de..:.:;ell,O.:~i.~e~~~·~·
guineo de solo 3 milimetros de guna cJase: sencillamente se··df:' • n11e\'o"perlodo1·111\ hospltallzacl6n,un nft~~d~pa~tYr1~;;f1
rlos de loll enf~mto:oi, cu:itro~afibf
r,uus.,:i\lgt.rn~~t,,
.~ aiametro. Y hubo un easo en viden en dos. Sin embargo, aun
.:\:.11ue se llegaron a colocar, con hay cientlflcos que afirman que
al seno de SllS fami(ia~ )' desem1lf.'.
-~~~~i.Jl~-:·-.,.co_:
•>
-#
~"fl1.oda precision, hasta 58 puntos
en un vaso sanguinco de la di·
mension mencionada.:. ,: r
,;·':...~·.~···"' ~ ·~...~.+...
facilitar la . en.sefianza .Y
cspecializacion en la microciru·
gia a las estudiantes d{' Medicirii y a los muchos medicos interesados en los nuc\'Os procc·
dimientos tecnicos, el doctot
Alan A. Scheer, del Departa·
mento de Otorrinolaringologia
de Ja Escue1a Merlica y del Hos·
pital Policlinico de Nucva York.
cooper6 en el pc11eccionamiE:nto
del sistema denominado "micro·
tclequirurgico": LA· parte principal del mi.limo, cs una camara
rle television de solo 25 centimetros de Jargo y 622 gramos
de peso, que puede set· montada
en el microscopio o diploscopio,
:nientras se rcaliza la operaeion.
Como resultado dcl nuevo proeedimient o, el doctor James
.. Smith y cl doctor Herbert Con.>\·ay, de! Colegio do Mcdlcinn di.."
la· Universidad de Cornell. en
.:'llueva York, han rendido un in·
forme favorable sohre las· mcjoras introducidas en la cirugia
del sistema· riervioso, utilizando
la microcirugia.
~
'€
.~. "'· .·-Pii°a -
___ j
I
":·,
.",.,.
I
..;·.
Segun el dtado infom1e, cl
procedimiento de micl"osuturas
ha 1-educido la formaci6n del te.
jido cicatrizal. Al mismo tiem·
po. la amplificaci6n de los de-
i
f
-:~J
l
tnllcs anat6micos 'mas ·minimos.
ha hecho posible la union de los
cxtremos de:.. los nervios. con ...
gran exactltud y en la direccilm
upropiada.
~
..
Los cirujanos scnalan tamb1en
que una. ampliacion de 6 a 10
veces dcl tamafto nn tural de Ja
zona de operaci6n cs suficientc.
y que la pro(undidad del enfo·
.que cs excclcnte. Sin cmba1·go,
casl toda la microcirugia requic·
,-e una ampliacion de 16 a 25
· 1..-rados de la vision natural Y
para algunos casos sc r~uicren
cicrtos tipos de bacterias reali·
zan en oportunidades una especie
de apareamlento sexuaL Es casi
imposibJe
descubrir"'a· las bact• .
rias en dicho momento y por el
mismo hccho de quc carecen de
6rganos sexualcs. cuando dos
bacterias coliden no puedc afirmi:u·se quc eno tenga nada que
ve1· con sa rcproducci6n o multiplicacion. Pero, al memos una
clnse de sc:1· mieroscopico ticne
vida sexual difercnciad:1. Los
profesorcs Pa\•el Nemec y Voj·
tech Bystricky, de la Universi·
dad Politecnica de Bratislava.
han informado que cl "Caulo·
bacter''. una bacteria inocua
que vive en las ticrras abonadas, poscc un organo espec:iat
quc le sirve pa.rd. difercntes fl•
ncs: a veces lo utiliz.a para una
primitiva clasc rle conjugaclon ·
sexual.
El "Ca ulobactcr·· ticnc iorma
de cmbutido tcrminado en una
~specie de largo pcdunculo en
uno de sus extremos. Unas ve•
. ct"s, esa bacteria utiliza su pc·
dunculo para aplicarlo a otras
bactc1ias-dc espccies difcrentes
y asi alimcntarse succionando el
protoplasma de sus victimas. Pc·
ro, en oportunidadcs, dos ··cau•
lobacter" unen sus pedtinculos
' y ,;e aparean durante largo tfopl. po, mientras que los granos es,
fericos situados en las extreml·
dades de sus rabos se funden
unos con otros. ·
· Los cientificos checos creen
que la uni6n de estas bacterias
en csta forma ti~nc por objeto
el intercambio de materias gc.
netieas a traves de sus peduneulos. Si Jos "Caulobacter" que se
unen pertenecen a diferentes es.
tirpes con diferentes rasgos he·
reditarios, ambos espccimenes
pueden mejorar y evolucionar
en lorma mas riplda. elevil.ndo-
se en ta cscata de cJnsiffcaci6n
bacterial.
El t)ShHl;i. 1:lmhlcn %',('r.a111 qu
tus··<:x-pa.elea
,. :r:ofrenla .tlt>ncn.un indkc <·rlmin6ge-no, mlis bajo··-""'--
:, hroi...1dc!.Ju'i;:co.munlllact.,
1·
:J;i~<-+·
.
~~r-4~~-iJ~~,,.~~~~~·
~~,·r:"'·
LAS BAJAS TEMPERATURAS PARAJ..IZAS. ·,
LA FOTOSINTESIS
-~.
1'cm11erah1ros Jtor dehujo dcl nh·ef de coni:;-1:liu·illn ·<·
tod:t una no<'he cont rlhuy,•n u qn<" el tlto<'f'!'.O 1fo foto·
Ml 1,,., :lrlw!,·, <lt• h,,,.:, ,·t•r,t.-,, iwr. 1::\•~.; th1r:mt,• l,1s di
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f'l t1uPn tiem1u1.
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J..a foto!iinfri.!s es t•I prm·1•""1 mctfoint" ~, ,•uul lair·
uUllzan I.: lu:r. dd sol 11,ua t'<Ht\'t•rtir ,.-: hio'l:id,1 d,~ t·:it
el ogua en hldmtos de c.trbouo, o ist•:i t':l los liamados..,t;
dr constnlt·t·fon .. 1fol l'Tf"1•imlento v.-gd:11.
·
.,-·:iir
·El frio 1101· dt•h:1jo del 1,unto de congt'ladon, "•(:.~~e
lem11eraiuras h:tjo ,·ero. oc1uiiona d.a1los ~n fa.~_··~qu
usuda por tm11 pl:mt1,s t"ll dieho i,roce~o :r como result
Pllo el ni\·t"I dP ('on,·erslon del agi:a t•:1 nrntrrla \'1•g1•f:
:r Gt.I% <"011· rclaelon a la r.1ta :rntt•rh,r a cit-h:
de tt>MPt'ratura.
Cuanto ma.~ baj:l t•s La tl.'IUpera tum sufric\11 en·. lo.
m.:is dest'lr•nde ,•t JWlll'r th- fotosintl:'f.i,, d1• lus ,·pgetalei
tido"" U (•:-,,(\:- rrios ...: ... !\ll,,i ihi1·h,;--. l::t:•, , :r·,H· !.!: ... ·a \nf(,
dtm.mfr nna !'~unl(111 cunjt.!.nt.1 p:!'f'~·:;:·~ i,ur-.1.1~ .~'i.flt~:
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nETECCJO~ DE J'.\"SECTH.:tDAS 1::-,; ·l.O::. .-\U:,U:X"
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----- En d I.alwraturio- iledh-udo-a-Resldno~ -"ch~· Pt'~ticld:
t1~uer·lrnt1· 111 Colc-gio dP A,:-rlf'ulfurn de h t.:nh·erslda~:i,
uell, e-n :XUl'\':t \'ork. ::.c Psta. uttli,..:,nc!o un ntHistmo ~
11a.n1 _un:t mas r.ittld:t, i.{•nsihl~ y M·~1:r:1 ,lde,·,·i,:m 111• tr
da!l ·org-lnic•o!io en Ins athnf~nfos.
Est(> !ih,f Pnla, f'Ont·ehlilo por t•l Proh'sor \\'. I), Cook,
1•oluh11r:.1dore5, 1thorr:1 IUU<'ho til'nlflO l'OR rl"larion a':.JOt
dos utllb;ndo~ hai.ta ahm·,1. El slsh·ma t'li cl•· ;,;r;:n .1pllt·:
ut:ll!!ad ;1 cousct·umwia 1.h·l ilwrt-m..-nto eu la utlH:ml'ior.
t-el'fil'~'!as :i, haS4" ~1<" ..!~~~!JrO. ~r~f!l<'_~_.rsarn_1•rt>se~it:r,
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Pana ~• anull"I"', 1-P inyN'ta un Pxfr:.tf'to d1• ·1£ mue~
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tidtfa se St'Jt,u·n tit• 1:.1 .. otr.:1s sm,;tnnt•J,,s )' 11asa ;\I detet·t
11lamPnte dkho, que ,·ontlenc nn peqtu•iio tuhii de cuar1
cado t'fl 1111 (\llm!Hl (\l• aJf:! Pnt•rizia i,f: rad~:1di'in (1t• mil'r
cnf'ri:ia renrclon:t c•c,n ,•l aq.;-on (l,mc,•c.,•r.k t!~·i C'rv11,
~· t.t• produc·e un urt·o intrnsu.nwntc c111ientt>, t·on. t'rag-,
f'I C'U.:11 f!Xl'lt:l :,1 insrrlir·id:\. UIS fragmt•nto~ emtt.:.n-1..
<'OU bl frt•,•m:11<'ia t•aracl.-rii.1k:t del eh•nw11li1 que:·7-oti
Cuando esta energia 11rot·1·,te del fosloro, Sf' u1uilb.:a;y_.h>,
tados St' ret;istran en 1111 ,:nUh•o. El' 1mnto ('Ulmln1i'nt;;\<1
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i~~1'.7~,;te!:,.~.:.9';1~~~~e ·-"ll ~ ~tt~dra.~--cecllaii;:a" la•: pascua paseaban,\}!les-.:~,~...~ -~~.tantral)1.g~~~ ~-t.~on)los,.9.~~ hl~ler(
,~'"""'"· ,,:-J• repercus1ones tooorei .. ~no.iNo_,'!'•,--""""'" ., ...,.,,........ ~ .. 1- "
L.,>:tr::,11.'."que··'a,-·fiii'es':('-derln~iemo'-194.3~Lo~rabinos "u\l\"~c
terna. nunca intercamb1ar sui-; por .las callea a. masa .•>.~,,,,}~irr. --·· .-,\ • .... ~~. ... .
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.,. • •~.:,..,. •..,....,.. ,'Ji~-1.,.,r;. ~ ·•.:...,. ideas : pero manteniendo su cri· ... pan acimo ,que,;comer.ianjl~~menzo4:,!~.tSePQri_aC1on. 01g~. ~ dmgent~~s~1crefa
ust-~~b·· ~~l;fi--'!/.'.d.. ";tla-;;-,,c..l~~·,;;.,--~it,ii~
j ~~~~;::,. teri~.\ Cu~do· ~~le4 ~f l~JL~~~beb~l{duran~:. los_ n u eve:,.:
rn ~- !~D.J~~~.......!t~ :P.1::~.' .. a~~>h~u[1,v,~~f~'-~;~ 'mu_. trate.: de ad~~t.f~_!.!S~Pe:!'l~ias~de='pascua.
El primer dia mavera · 1943 ~se~termio6~De:..:': ~olaboraci6~~!~1
5
· ':.:. ·.
sam1bentos, Epero gmtese par t~v . ~ del aiin <Roch· Hachana) y · los 65,000 hebreos quedaron tadores... En ~gen
1 aspec o nega 1 0 ,~.
pala ras.
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del iapso, como (mica. exc~p·-•· mas au.n Jl Dia d~l_ terd6J:1, ., ..~n. _a1~~1ca 7 , entre ~llos ,un na o. ese cap~ ~c.
ci6n, es - que una oportunidad t y om Kipur J se cerraba todo' f-.~ed_~l;O: ': porque•.. est,aban_:- ~ ~;~ ~alontca: ~J~ cr~Y~
que estaba csperando . desdc el Salonica: includos los ne~ .·. sa~o.s;c;'?n gijeps.'..' . : . / ;_: .._ que se hab1a te~r
. afioS, pasara fflUY ce rcad
qu~ ... ~~go-cios DO hebreos.
tiemp~:j:--:;:··~'iSui"'familia
secucion de J.Jos(
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pu~da traerla a SU 18.. o. - e ~~::..
•
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.!uri ...s("' O~•.afi~~i:ivo~-... Grecia.\:iY. laoona con una poslc16n de.-Je- 'flkde las. turc;os•.:a, '·..:~·,._,. "'·~~~~--.. .--.. .,.. . . ~ - -.. -~~·-· .. .., {. . . . .·~-,..~U
.
··A--<:. rarquia• ._l~o .haga 1?1n~~l~~~;it~t'Se~q1reda"-;~tando;':°~rmi~~~;~~~~-¥.~.....:'4~~-~~~-~:1, ueron• . •
t~~c-.;-/.:::;.· ta 8 enfennos el d1a m1~rcol~,£,~tas manos·~:"m~al:'iiu.,;elO~que lo Va a dectr<!Tnuez.le_j;;·V~_S£?~. a UlJ_~retJ?l·
..- .•. '··;".':·~: • nt se acerque ese dia ,a nin~~f,;.i:f.,.'l:.:.
• . - ,'... · .:c,, · · -,- !~:~"i'.sube''y ·· 1e~··· baja~ Dei>'ef;ten'1'HfnagogaWruici~I
__;;;...;,,,..~..:,- mesa de juego:Haga ambas·co-~~-t, -~!.ulbl:11~,D!~ del Perd6n!y····-·· - ~
- ...... ;,,·---~.-......- ···"-:::"". . ··\~tf~~
'{~t"'!!/t·sas el dia viernes. :: ·.,!,:,_ -.J;-t!';:fq u·e ~ pase en Sa16nica, hacew!..~;;.';S:~.,1!;1.1.~·.1e .:.1:e~u~i:~.0.!"a pe~~~~~l~~~
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~ ;-tremendos ':~~-.q,.-t., • ·."···!·~~!"~ se guardaron~blell
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_, · ~ • ··· -. ·• ·. unos anos, uran e unas va·::. .... _
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COL<?R. M~.}:_~~~~~~~O~--..... ~ciones.e~ viaje sent.imenta~.~J;~~--::_:Hasta el ~ltimo mo~ent_o;~~!a;""¼~P~.~~
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nadie se·daba cuenta siquiera,: tuve la csperanza de que lo~· ellos,:~os qu~.&i'\-.-·
NUMERO DE SUERTE · 8.
.
. ,. ra de SU!! easas
DIA MAS POSITIVO: Viemes. _ de] d1a qu~ era, alli. ~ el cen• ,:, ~~..;.,8«;.,;(.~v~an, .-P ~ r .0.-~_0,
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.'"'"'"S NEGATIVO·:r.~·.::- •. t'"- '1L'-·a11 _....... ···a1·v ,.,.a-d bI::,,; ~ {··rtod · .r+f'·••"'r· gmr aunqueno.fu
J)JA_ Mil.
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1:°· en a .c • e prmc1p , . e- · ..e. ~~set>·~-·· a ml ~ -. l
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M1ercoles;t*-~:,~
nizelos, ni s1qu1era una tien- . ha cercana, madre, hcrmanas e _-.~~""~.·
~.·~!'.':.~,.~t~.-~-.~~.....;1 ~~~~~-.,,__,
. ·da hebrea _cerrada2 De:tan~~.~ y. hermano fue ttcportatla :a ~~~~~~ ~ f f ' . . , . . . -f ... ~'<i\:
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. 1 suyos~•se.presei
i\->,;'Slllagogas una_sola 4ued6;~la.. us~ w1 z; en ur.o e 1os u'
,-...-=-,;
'
-~"de1ttos' Monasterlis:
timos convoyes, mi madre y puertas de ~9:,':~d
....
_.,_.. t/'de la ciudad ... La situacion mi hermano; mis tres herma- rraron detr~·,:~ .~
·.-.... -~,~-. 1 - · ·
·" ·· · -~~ , ron lle&iijadoala
~ no_.cambio en·,centurias;f..,er~~~,..lA~0~.£1D:'..sus,·~p9~~,..e;,c.:-·""""""'°£>".
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;,;} l?.~greso.+_d~ :; esa colon1.a;. ~~...J- ~"~~ .; ~
O ~ '.,.. ~
• ares ...,.diabl~'e~"" . net
.- gu1a.·~A1 estallar la segunda.· menos. cercanos, tlos, pr1mos .. ~
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o caballos Y. 28
-.. gu~~~f.~un~~;:.~~n1ca se·:.\ so~•.~~..'~ qu~,_s_~~a& an var1~,'..t.: tiiuidos'"'.'atlE,t.
u er on llevados·:·.,a~t:~?,--.·.b. -~~.- ~r- or
g ma s 1endo el,. mayor ccntro decenas,"'.f.
. • · · .-~,--...---~-.- ..... -~
· _.," - 8 1 an· a1re
cultural sefardita del mundo ·; Auschwttz tamb1en;· Auscbw?tz-·
, ·;_ ,.. ····"·,Jf.c ..
6
con SUS 65,000 mi~mbros. ·L~-- se :ti-a.go
mi familia, a mis so~as,. :..,·ie_JO~~.,....,
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.
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.
re", nmos. \.,Crrac
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v1 a cu 1tura.l, social, segman em1gos Y co egas, a m1 mun- dad d d...:Sal·...
igua.les.· Apenas los mas. a vis· d<" de infancia y juventud. ··.:- . os - ~ · ~,.... ~
·. ·· w1tz; de Grecla'1:a ·
pados comenzaban a preocu--;. Y u s t e d no fue con 8 a· 9 dias de·~:.,
Yo sobrevivi
parse por_ las notici?5 que 11~· .... ~~~- .,!::(:~:.:i,_::-,,y -· ·,:·<· :.. ;, . Salonlca,~y·':2~~
Las obras que se ·estrenaban ~ab~~ . de otros ~aises: an t1- '· -:_ -:-Yo vi~1a. ~1: Atenas. d~s~e nas. cacik~'iivoy
en Paris o Londres, poco des- sem1!is.mo. Despues de entrar hac1a _vanos anos, per:odtsLa ba 2 ,500 0 · 3,0001J
puee llegaban s: Salonica, con Grec1a en guerra. el 28 octu- deportl\'O y emplcado ae una ' Atenas sa.Ii6
!
los mismos artistas del estre- bre 1940, y despues de ter- compania de scguros. En cicr· cos hebreos que
9
no. En ciertas ocasiones, las mi.nada._ la guerra griega ~ la . ta_. o~ion fui a ·.Sal6nic3:.,.,. seminados:i-':'ocul~
ricos sefarditas de Salonica pr1~avera ?e . 1941, ganada cuando ya ~abian ~om~nzado asi. los
1
fletaron barcos para. ese fin ca:1 a !os_ 1tal!anos: todo se- las dcportac1ones. lin:i. .ocur,L tcnian :,tue cnfr~n
de transportar compaiiias de gma practtcamente 1gual. En~ Tuve que regresar en un tren enemigo ·mas-· 'lei
teatro. Habia una escuela ra- tonces comenzo la ocupacion aleman solo para oficia~es, en &.ll:'UD.CB has~itf
binica y de ,canto ~inagogal..: .. alemana. Toda via se espera- el (mico dcpart~mento pa~.1. lo::; dt:!a iorcs ... ·,
-Prensa, ~~i-~n-~t:bh~]t-~.:, ba que los aleman~ D? apli- oficiale~ itali3:r:os. Era el d:a
Algunoa,~loJha,
ber..
·
caran las ley~s anhsemttas de del. aniversar10 <lei Fuhrer, do salvarse;: aiF
-Diarios, se~anar~os, re· otros paises .. Candor. A · los·-· nada menos. Pase 14 h?ras <:_~.- ganar cliner<i:'~i
vistas de arte y hteratur3;. De poc~ meses de con~~!,~n~!a~=.;·e1,,tren.;:??.rticipe_;;.d~, .:.i~~i~rrrtanos"i}ap:iffm.
todo. H ~-s \~ 19~1. tu~<?.~·-i,,~As O ~eno~ ~~_rmal ___~~~tel:,
t>or sol~~d?.~-'
ruat:_o d1al'los, d~s en .Judeo~i~\ 1nvasor, se ht~· un censo. ~e nes que sc golpeaban l~...bo;,,-.:· breos de· ori~'
espanol y d~s ~n franc~s: .Cl· h~breos; desp~es se lcs p1~6 ta~. Al )leg~r . 3:. ~~n~~·- me c2.ban a :swHh~mo ~a. cun:>Suiad p~~do de· dmero; .~espues_ se lC;5_. h1zo_ escabulH _(?~mo p_ude.~..:.ror· en- .za.. casa
c!rle que has:a, coD11enzo _dr.
t. r a b_ a J a_ r, obhgatoriamente, _ tonces. quedaban todavfa._ en garlos, a. stis :verc
siglo se escr1b1a el espanol, __ dentro,_del. pa.1~:__ en eLcam~~-:;:;Sal~nica._los.:..~.09,o__ hebr_eos•. :. monient.:.~ios"~,
con caracteres hebreos, in- en las carret~ras, en los bos-,-·que · despues fueron 11~.vados ·· .;ampo~{ie::..'i:~
cn1slndo, claro es, de pa)a- ques. TrabaJOS duros, ..exte- a A~ch~~:~;~~~.· • . • ···-.. , ·.( -~Haidari;·c'er~~
bra_ hebreas y turcas. Desde nuantes. El ce~so deb10 ~a:.,_iC6mo· cons1gu_10 es~?~ ':-:~ perando :tener. ,p~
1914 se ~saron cara~teres la- ce_r comprender..,,4~e _algo 1ba
-~-~ajaba en At~3!..!n, .,tren;'.. AJii?'esta'b"'ai
tinos. con ad1llterac1ones de a pasar. Nada: nad1e teml9: una. :compaiifa italiana de'·se!:-·t rehenes'cristian-.;o~
fran_ces y .griego... Los diarios nada. Las autori~ades comu:_\' gu~s;' pr.ecisamcnte es:i. corn- la ~.:.:.f.:.:!!J. e;_;ec~
era:n el T1empo, Adelant~, ~ ... n~l~. hebr~ ~-~!!1..~01:\~--la pa~ue.. ten1a que secu~trar 1...~~--~n~elect'!-!~E:5-'giie.
Op1nt6n y ... el ~pen~-~te:·.·B; _g~te,..}~., -~~~-r.Jl.!~'?!,a~!~: .· ~~~·~ ~~~!:!~!--.~g~~.~-~i~samcnte~~~do
De las rev1st:as, .La: yara, El -. yendo as1 eonten~ !I,;)~ ale-; etc. Por el cargo que yo ocu·• niatado·· 1~reti"fil
... _Rayo, .~. Rizo ... 9tro ,diari~_{{;i~~!,8:,1_~~ &}~~es se ~8:-:·~.P~~ p~C!!-.;.:i_er~.~~!~~~j~;Atenas, a
que olvidaba era el Progreso,· - ebiii .. lo~· tontos. · De repen~ :i:_~ Dario\ itiillano\de;;_c,cµp~on,'i;~'~if~~~~
P.D franees, en el que traba- lleg6 la ·orden· de hacer una¥
de""
dias.'de··10- - un··generaf~r,
je...
juderf~ para ~<?dos)~Mi judios,. cura, de los que dependfa)a~.--~o~.},-;,co~_~i~~~e~t
- i Las fiestas religiosas?
ricos y pobres: en un perime- vida de tos hombres.... En fin/ · intclectuales g:ne
sabe usted la impor- tro muy limitado; en cada es· para term.inar con la cata!.· · mismcs dcr:1~r.!:'::
tan~a . quc el pueblo . hebreo:; ta~cia cineo O seis personas. . trofe' de Sal6nica. en el . filt,i- '. ya :i?~~~e~dp~Jes da. Se hacfan alborodas, Del "ghetto" llevaban la. gen~,:-•
de la
hebreos:!~~]t.~
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.<!:i:'.:; .bra pa~cia~ term~ados.. ~.: ~ <..:._i Usted?
La \'iud~ ~~clan.> ' qu~~:. ~!l,.,, ,_lur<;t~J!~: ·!.~a.ic,,._<?~~~n~odo de \·er. los Jadrones ha· · ft ue · desr..ues. deli-!'~
sesperado par la suerte de los · b1an pcnc1rado eri _la ca~a cor:i. tuadu ·r><>r l_o~.Jorens,
, ··_/;~;::dcfreeibir.~·1as,
treinta~mone-;:;r.'
mfos.
sin..a:!Isunnner
que ya es,.
... el.proposito.,~e r~barle s~:·:io'.41~1e!habia.'1-!;~(
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du de Ju_daij~ P~ri~m~:;:~ ta.l>an· muertos. :Un·. dia.. antes}f:)~8_L~~:__ ~ir..#f;«ll.!!-:.)~ ":' _111.igj_~f'}~QU!!S;.~n~~f~~.J
-:--··:.;::f~"·asf,
con Ull puiiado de· detela ....llegada
del
convoy.-,je~.~ll!',plPre_,f·~)e::.estaba.,;.~reg~l.a.ndo.
Ull arma· -de~fuego.;.:
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'.; - nidos en espera de ser sufi- Corfu. -~·estando (en·· mi. babl-f:: pren~,$5 -que,. en ·totaJ·,'eslt· ·. que lo hicieratdesa~l
,. .i:;~~·. _C8.Z9;do~s
·~:"
-Yo vivia _ en. Atenas. dP.
.de v!ctimo.s .. esta•
•• 1 ,~:,.;. ban alb. OJO avizor, esperan-
~~t,'l~;_
~'!\,.
,,....,.
~ri~~~;f~~tsese~l~~~~,
~t:. ci~~ para. u~...~?-i~.ll-..de ~af.~~#6;_ a,-~')ora ·~- la
1:~~~11,!it~~~~
1r1~-~ ballos._ Un ·· dia,':t Jlegaro~loa ~! llarnaron-4,<a,.- la~eitrtrea,.S:s.~:~~J>J.~~tam~i~~,~~~~ enC<t!!!.~M..,.
{
1
,.-.:1.f
·:>:;.
_
de
,li, ' hebreos-de· la jsla' de"Cor;f~.
• griegos: alguien ine ha.bia. de• --casa"': n.~nc:a h~.~fa _·h-abirlo: ar•, ll~ll~ran_ -~el,f.;,!'?,~~1
flj;:".~. que habfan sido:.detenidos.~{Y!:nunciado como hebreo.... . . ---~~~ .. -~e·!~ego. '
_ ....n:..'::',:._.._,.. que le hada~_um}~.'
·····.. transportadoa'aJAtenas."J
· · ·· · ~ '· u e-~;r,,;~,.. ·· · ·-·~ -'-.,~,.~.:'..:.,·.::·•• , "·. ··P.?.·--r~~·~i:;n'""tanto
· ·~ . .._;r.
~
d·r· ~"'~l-ta1d'
· ·-'ii~-Walburrra·"tecibi6""1 ·~miga.~n .,1.l~U · e
,. ,,,~"
...:J'"""">=,,.,..,..,.. ~ , . , . _ , ~ , - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,.,;~..
•
~
-1·:t"'~~: ··.. garon a Atenas. en Wl _estado ·:,.
i_ la ~~rencia de su marido, ai.J~1com,enient_e, ~;;t~'.·
ndSt~•
~ <:~~\. ~esas~, 4~P~,!! 1~ ~ ~• ..tvia· --:·. .J~_ntinuu:a !!. P!:/>~:·:-' .,·;;ce~~~~;i ~.:~!S de mcdio m!-~:~.q~~.~.e. P,1~~~?..~~
·ljf.~;:;: Je 4~·muehos-,cliaa por mar Y. ''SCJD.8Jl9\-e,""~,-,...t"'- '*- - .· 116n·.de·pesos. A! pasa1· de Jos Je ped.lan. . 8~~;~~
I~:'.:· .. tierra, tratado, peor que bes- ·..,_______________. dias""e} 'interes por el ·caso dL· en~ ei,;te emper:~.~~
L;\ tias. Estaban desmo~dos,
!a muerte de1 indu,;trial fuE" panuelo ~on su::-~t!
r~I~-'- a proposlto para el matadero.- decayendo. Su vhJdo siguio en un monton rle ry~a
F: ·
Ya mi fainilia habia · sido ·
la mi,,rna casa con Ot.to en la moda.,_ . t:ii;~;~~
·1..
llevada a Auschwitz. Los ale·~.::
b~hardiUa.·· dt> ·1a ··q't;i~~;alia nia·. · ~a'~. _su.r::;1~:~
.
. •.
·•··
ayudarta
en los uc~tc1
manes h a b.ian a~bado con
"':."' ~ rl8Jllente
.
. •. pal'a
.
.
. . .l e1ch
,, .nomun,
.,. .
\
todo lo sefardita culto reli· · .quehaceres dom~stieos,,J.pues cL:-.. "i:_u,.~1?1~~
·-gioso.
·
d'.
·
, 1~· ge11 _
1ar1os,
escue
~,: ...Walburga
- .,,
. se·':,abstuvo-'detco1o., .j.._,..,_, ~
miro 'mucho~Reciier
te.... De la poblaci6n total de.-:.
i;..::~~~:;:4'J!Y!~~~~ '#g&~~;~:.:'.if.dijimo's''a~'.}~~E
N
, ....
_ , . ••
. . . . . . ., , . , , . . . . .
I:>
•
.,...
•••
F~~e~.... .
.,
Sa~6nica habfa desaparecido un
27 ¼ : 26% de hebreos y 1 % .
de eristie.nos. En total: 10.ooo~t~.f
hogtre9 vacios,
alma.;.
I
~.ooo
cenes va.ctos.~. una· cultura, ta
eefardita, desaparecida. Por-
·'"'#~·~
El h .· .,· ·b
,-r
·
AJgim tiarr:;>o
~espues, 'Wal-·:• C?S uri°' ~a;o·~'y1~i
burga .entablo a1::1stad ~~n un fiscal. El hecho de,
hombre· q~e~~ ~reci6.\gustarte~~~- nOra oeSte~e{Ciirt~
pues las ---~:a~?11~
fucron . mas . de fuego""fd .
i:
~cie~d_o_ ~~~a,~-.!!'~-~.. ~:/~ bre···de'fiJii?rque
rec 1IO
trechas. Por esos mismo~ dins'., contra~;t ~~rido, ift,~
persuadio a Otto µa1·a quc rum- eUa lo m.:dzse. i Co:di ta s mas importantes que otn~ le entr6 en la_ c~bez~ por , piera las dos armas rle fuc,go ble imat:in<1rse que
hoy existen , e-1 de Est"dos
cnc1ma
de .la oreJa •zqmerd:1. .quc tenia en su pod:!r. Una vez cu,r,.lo
' . Ie pucda•J.181'.t•
;,., ...."~.
...
p
Unidos el de Israel, no eonoco despues hallaron .a w_~I; .. · : _mas _el joven la complaci6. Des- . c-n la
servan la tradici6n Jadina cul- burga dcsmayada en el .mtet·1or pues p1'0Cedie1·on a en\10lve1·
. d.
r,-~·;,..,--.,
·
del .. lo t" Le ch
para ~ue 1spon.,.an .
. ,.:., tural••• Lo que ae conservaba
. c se .
e aron a.)!;~a los pedazos en dos panuelos. La_ lugar de hacerlas:..-t
. _:;:·1 desde-el siglo XV, desapare'-. en la ~a"': Y~. pareci6. revivJr. viuda le dio uno a. su _nuevo por s.i misma·f~(yfc·,
---~~:-····cl6. -· - · ·· -· ·
Ensegmda p:egunto d~nde esamigo -quien declaro mas cxplicarse gu·~~
•
.:-~ Los q u e regresamos d e
taba su marido.
t ard e qu e ·lgn ora ba. ~u 00nt en·1· en • eJ mter1or
• .•.••• ..:,"iS,_
de~,.
La primera declaracion d,•
d o- p1'd'ien
· d Je quc IO h re I1a· cc.·rado con lh_.\·e·-p
Auschwitz, que teniamos tanta familia y tantos amigos
Walbu1·ca Oesterreich fue bas- ,·a en uno de los gl'andes dep6· , te de afuera?!~i..:.,..,;;~1
tante incoherente. · Dijo quc silos de r,ez liquida en ·el Bou
·
· · .....".·- ·.cii~,
que en · una ~cmana apenas habian visitado a unos amigos, levnrd Wil!-hire. Pcm~::iba· quc
Por otra par~e. (I
0 ffl
que las dos grupos de s.efar-
y
maneni"'«ru~f~
:ia,;t
°
podiamos visitarlos a todos.
nos encontramos con un va·
rcgresando poco antes de la:.
:\IH dcsapa1:cceria para siempri::.
,.
d~
d
~~~s~a:
;;:;ba:La'
doce de la noche Y que al ,m.-- · Paso otro afio. Walburga Y por las exr..ertos'"~n
trar en su casa vio que habia su nuevo amigo intimo aparen. d
t
dejado un cuello de piel ·en una
t.m:os raro:~ q_ue c1
siHa Y que Jo recog~, subiendo
temente sc •pelearon. Qui~ d~- ~entada por el amig?1
inmediatamente despu~::. ·Jas esbido n escrupulos de c1:~cienc1&. afios no fue la ·i.1sada
·· o ta.I. vez inducido. ·p:ir-el-r_e-~1e-muerte.. -·a·-,-Fr--;:.....::...(
P
-,
Ca)e1'8S COn ObjetO de ·gu_atdal::·
~
sen_timiento, el hombre ..,Y_i~_i,to a ...·,.'y·.
otra,·~'es_:f~_ba
_
,,......_
8.T.
Jo en el ..closet" del dormito·
..
,
- ·~
e&Verna.s...
rio, oyendo en esos momentos
lu policia para contarle-lo .quc- da que todas~li!.S, p:
- ;.. No fueron indemnizadOfl ruido en Ja. planta baja. Sc
habia hecho con et mistenoso
sultaron·: infruct"u·~-;,,~
, .....
._ ·
por lOS alemanes los 83.lidos imagino que SU marido se ha•
paquetc.
,: . 1,"Klo la' \'iul1at'"" .,.,_
de los campos de exterminio? bia· caldo en la alfombra y
l..a poli~i~·-!'t~~-ta a s~~- ~~~_.,,-,~ada·'.
--Si, lo fueron. Pero en Grc- cuando trat6 de salir para SH· re~ w·actico un registro en cl C'n tal
a c0;::.~c
cia, las indernnizaciones por her lo que pasaba se dio cuen.
Jugar -senalado ·por su 0 visltan-.-,,,Su,.det~i;~.~!?W!~
loa ·crimenes nazis las cobr6 ta de que Ja habian encerrado
le. No sin sorpresa.. encontra- 1 raba. en cond1~1~~~>.'
directamente el gob i er no en el ''closet'', pensando enton- ron que cl 'paquete n.:> habia i!entada para el ~u~~~c
grlego; Y no se las dio a los ces que Fred tra1aba de dar- caidu en el toso. sino quc st ma~do en const~«!_~s.
hebreos...
le. una broma: Anadio que po.
hallaba en· el borde a contadas renl:dad. el Dr. Doi
S. Benad6n sonrie con ama.rco a poco oy6 las ~isparos y
1>ulgada,;· del .Juga,· donde ha· Y->, so!id:~-mw.1; . ~.
gura.
que comenzo a gritar y golpear
bria ·. desaparec(do definiti\'a. un:i larga pa:iposicmn.
Antes de terminar au exa- Ja puerta con los pufios y Jos
mente. Cuando abrieron el pa.
A~n cu;;r.do Ia fi.c;
metl del ocaso de
cult~ pies, pero que riadie a·cudio en.. ~uelo,, ~nc~P:traron · pedaz~.-~!~'l~:~~jo_· ... ~.~~.~2~!tt:.,e~~f~:
sefardf. ,<:"!·
. ·-· · ... ·.;:::.su auxlllo.Y que de· pronto. ~~: 1 ; met~l. EUnesp~rndo hallazg~.!~:,~g!~~-·.:_,';P~!~~~!~
..;..Durante muchos afi.os hu• · le nublo~ la ·vista y nada ma.~1.c'' rue seguido por Ja detencion . da,~ a ftn,:,de/cuenta
bo diarios hebreos en esP,8.fioJ. supo. Una' de· las ,•ecill:fts le. di· : de la duda Oesterreich, ~ro n(:-Z<ii.ie; pudo. ~~ii.:,ilrl;t
cio. tan total que no encontra-
bamoa nt una cara conocida
en la ciudad. Los pocos sobrevivientes eataban refugia·
s1·n .. gog.....VIVI
.c...iendos en 1....
aa
do Como en el tiem.po de
la
las
"'f.ci~t·stt,...,,.--., '
fo~r~t
l.a
'en, frances, que incluian una jo que Fred habia muerto,:·.:'·'i-1:•r:,· min enlonce.s se"tuvo ·1i''ineno?... nrm.:ts cor.vertid~e
hoja
griego: despues de la
Por espacio de varies m~es · idea· de 111 cxistencia del hom· sir, GUe se pudierar,
'~ guerra fue al reves: en alp· los detecti\'es escuvieron. traba·
b1·eci10 de la buhardilia.: Al din f'llll" lns baJas que h~
.. ~~ .. ·nos griegos incluian una hoja . jando sin cncontrar umi'~. soln :.. _1dguiente Jos investig~dire:i·:;ha- 1mwrtc a Fred hub:
d~ ladino..• s6lo ha quedade>, , pista que_ los ·oricntarr~pant"·" 1t.it~~n-·et'segimdo:::paqii;i:~on:~..~isp11rndas con ,_ellas.
ademas. un tip6grafo 'que sa- P.~chu·eccr · et mistcri,~ «iue
·-ieniendo'f 1os~restos~ de\'i~oi,;~{,f'P:.ti raua ·de q;ru~
be eomponer en judeoespa• dcal>a la muerte de Fred Oe~:n·m~. Un homb~e-:-qii~'habi;~-·/;vidente, que el 16~,fo
\i·
".n
n:,~- ·:
· &L. .
.
:A .. ~~·~< ··
0
ie,·roleh:'
•. ·. -~,,-:,,
,a.
,
r/~_:~:m:::.t~,·oest~~~:::iirt'!:'7-
��~
~
...
-
~~~J.;,.:
�J~
(''"
;
....
co1VfER
l:li:-:i ,,,. ni::t1l•·,i1:
g uslo. Re\·uelva a Cue•Y
...,
• 14(
1,;,o ·· rue(!as. d, .!,...s••-~.
r.,
· lento hast.a que espese Y al -ba,:;_•f.-::1 • .· lata de'"'melOCbh
jarla. agre~Ut! la ~.t'l;itina · l't'· ,,, '! ruc.h:1rac~a 11,-:,:1<1,
mojacla en el n:.;ua I ;i.1. l:.:dw
: J litro d,· Nl'm:.:. ,
ahi cl 1·c~to ck !~t)'. c,:r,_maca~ .,·. .
(·hl%). , .... ,,~:/i:
_<.:ul,n1~ lo~. hucvo,: .,:on :hcha ~' ...~:. :.:,;..Ahne1(1lr11:(,to~fa•~~"'·
ma. Enfuclos durantc unn~ he.('(•r,- 7.,u Jmra ell:RdGr:
ras. para sacarlos de lu tarlC'·
· ·. ;·;
1
1·n, recortando la ere ma~ dun~
:,o;\t:.'w~
__
alrededor de }().S hllC\'OS •• 'Sh--!,... . :\(ODO OE"·PROC~:
ATRACTIVO MENU PARA-;
"..r . l\lF.:Nlt
vans,l'-en ·1a ruente sohrc. tin-le,• ...- .. _,.-~.. , -;-';'-.-.~'§(
cho de lcchuga pica<iih1.
~Bat'a Ins "ch'ml.S
,
SU ALMUERZO DE PASCUA
% cuntntou1>c •·on MnC'..do·
· ....
nicvc. ag-rcguc
FLORIDA
.
dnnta de Frutas.
POLLO RELLENO CON
.'w l;,.s ycm'ls.
. ,r:
Huevos Vcrtpri.
. .
PAPAS y ZANAHORIAS i: . . .do, eche Ja· .va1m_l~~tf1
Para las familias cristianas
Pollo rellf'no f'On papa,; ~ zn_ ·
. ~·':!'~ la hal'inn. cemida}:pre,
es el Domingo de Resuri·ecci6n
n:ihorlas Duqnesa.. · · ·:·r~-::.t"S:,·,~.":-• .::,;;:-:· "DUQUESA~~_ ...- ·.·,:~&~,,.:,:v can los poJvos de:horn
uno de las dia.s ma$ grandc dcJ
Ensa.l:ula «lr "'Pfi!'f't:llf',i; Art'n
·
. ultimo. ,•!',·.:h la :1::-.
ano, pues asi como las corazolrh..
ln1;r~:dkntcs;
dcnc-tida \' v,i freseil~i
nes se regocijan cl dia de Nn.
PnSire: Corona· dn Plllll.
··-· - - ~ - • ·- --·~_:;:::-:-·-:;·-:"··-cn··un moidc ·c1c-a1,0:,
1
vidad conmemorando cl naci· ,. ·• ...
1 . polio de 3! 1 I!~ras..
",. . do. -engra:-.ado y_. .~~~
miento del Niiio-Dios, se llcnrm
HUEVOS . VERT~RE.~-1~-, llbra de cam#;. ~t; (_'Crd,!>•.i:\,~~con .harina · y ,horneest
tambicn de jubilo celebi-ando la
-----·-· ·
-"-··'-. ··
· ¼ llbra dr Jam6n .c1.-~~«;c:u·l~~F:; durantc ~unos~2Sjir.
1·esurreccion lriunrante del Sal·,
ln,:redlentl·lli.: .-.~.;~-. · .. .
nar., ... .
,... .•·. hn:ita.que al
vador. Aunque la fecha de .. la_·_. ..:.:.,: _· ___ _. _.; ·"':>·:
.,..,f·
ta~s de. ml,i~i..dt>'J!an..:...:_rillli.:':...salga:::'sec'~ n1
cFazucil
!~::bt~fi
semana .santa c~ movib)c, siem· •-=t·,. •. pre coincide con la entrada d,~
·i\4(;1:da prima\'Cra;·dando una pince.
-..-~,~,- lada de color y alegria a c~tn
. -;}
fiesta que con mucho acicrh)
se· le Uama "Pascua Florida':..
En casi todos los paiscs se .ce.... ·>.
lcbril pol' cl cstilo. asisticndt>
csa maflana a la mi.Sa, QUC pO•
~:mf~~c atr~di~~:i~~~-ni~sacf~:
da la familia para cclcb:-a1· c~-
6
3
8 -
1me,·oS, 'u~os.
1
· ·
oz. de Jamon «·m·ido.r,,
1.n~1>:n~ de- e,.pinaC'J1~}.i,¢.'.s;
! :
O%.
4
d(• lf"l'ht•.
t•urhnr.ulus di" hurin,i.
de in:ante,1ulll3 .·'''
11 '.? ta 7..as
J
,
i.uhn•. dt~ gelt,tin:i ,;in sa•
hor.
~
f'IIC~haradas dt'
~ . ';;;~:;~nula
dt-·
1l~U:.t
llC'eitt"
.
frm.
cfo
Sal, l•lnucnfa ~· nui•z mo~rtt d a
·z
in!"o~-
\ieJo. ~"; .· .. ·
,.. ,;_ .. ,:voltt!a en cl
platiten.q,
Lecll!!.-Pa,r,;._!_~.~.e,r.. ~l"l:t••~~':.~fpi-esentar . -v"'\JiQi.•
2 ·~ or.; de mantequ_ma~~-~·:--1ast1"\.l..
4l
,·,•bolla.s medlanali.:-"'"" ........ ···cl.is.
I
hucn) duro.
y' agrcgue
pina, ·
ahi¥t"l
. , r.,··i:i~dulo ,1si. cluranTr
HI
1tee~t11nas. ·~ ... . ~-, .~ ·,;>.~,,<·pai·~ que In 'pifia"leo"'.@.,
12 alnumdr:is 11efad.as.
·~·de la bcbid/. ·co/t'e'i1sc
I lat.a tli- pdt pois.
,b.,; po:r i:-1. rnitad~y-,\.·a
~) tau il(' 3('1'ite "'eg~tnl,
cando}as paradil.as;"~
·-·d~·
or:~· i~-ftt~i·
2•,2 !:t;s ,.~:~di;;~~-;;_ ---
~~o
Sal ~- 1umlent:l a gm,to.
qui,os se le pon~ hi
tl~I'
i.
la festh·idad con un animado )'
t\ 1:U!'lto.
.
.
nn.:. ccreza. {en m:u-r;
ogradablc almucrzo, siendo esa
Le,~huga Jmra atloruar.
lfODO DE t•noci:.:DEU:
Cone lo~ melocot<?~fs,
hora la mas adecuada, pues n1>
. rlos. en lasca!-. algo .~
: olviden las anfiirionas que asu..
llODO DI<: PROCEDEH:.,.;, ..,, Adobese el pollo con .:-.;ii y pi· col6quclas~un;1s de,~f!li'
tit-6.n los niitos y· que deberi.n:
Hierva las espinacas en poca·:: mlenta ..... Muelase~ finamente- la t'n la ,parte1'de _en~~se~eccionar ·platos que todos ·. agua Y. con snl. escurralas bien :.~.cat;ne de .cer~o. el jarn6n y .Joi;. ,,.,coc~o, .. de,._!l1odo__ ~q~e;q
puedan comer. El dccorado d~ Y expr1malas un poco para pi>"';.'..menudos ·del, polio. En la.man-~:-_falinente·. c:.ibicrta~Rell
la m_esa ~elle. de. planearse -con_,... carlas :, blei;t.. finitas. Corte l por._\!-:-:: tequUJa · d6t~eiu:e'ligeramente 111;}?;'! hueco del \h:o..,con:J~§J
el rrusmo es'™:.ro que la eo~f~:.~:, l• · ~~~a!I :'a• Jo. largo Jos. ,h~i:t!."~)..\.~boll a~ ~ica~~ta_s.'.~.Ji;C;.h!se ~,!\hi _;'ii· H~ ,.. ~abra :. .P.!1.~do~~
cl?~ .del menu, pues eso co~- duro., para pasar las yemas po!·(·Jo mohdo.:.::.e_Pp8:n:rem~Jado;.en·;. hasla,:que h.ay~f.:m~!jl1
trtbu1ra a realzar mas .el luc1- ·. un colador y aiiadirles el jamon· _la leche~Y. :expr1mido: .Ja .-tal'ry~:-: ficlente: Espolvor:ct~~L!•
miento del festejo. · El. motivo molido, 2 cucharadas de espi. -~~~la-:1· P~.mi~nta:'!· So,friasc'' du1½int~~lafcrima~"c~nTaJm~Jttfloral de la mesa sera a bas~ nacas, nceite, sal y pimicnta a . unos minutos y aftadase el,hu,.•?r.;·~dn~/~picada~i;Jmam~nt~
tn~~:;tepj~~a~·1;!e~iri:e!~~
. Pascua (Easter L1hcs1, ccsta:-:
llenas de huevos. de colores, co.nejos Y pollitos, que ·.es lo tipi:co para esta alegre epoca pascual.
'
lJ;Ri~-~~::f~~~~:-i};_:~~;~;lr--Ji~-~_a_·
.~ , ·~
1
~~s\:~
~k~~i
t°!,o~l~t.: !~;ts·,··tij,~Af~"'"'4¾. .
una tartera hgeramente engra·
. ·
:r.:
sada con aceite y algo s~pa:
·
. ;~ .
~
rados. Haga una ci-ema con bl · ·
··
\
leche, mantequilla. harina, snJ.
'pimienta blanca-y nuez moscA-:· · ·,"1' -0lla,·,--.~··M• • · •• •. .,.,
.,.;~.
.,,
•
·
··
··=~·
·,;;; '-i, .
~_:?,.-f
··
,,
·--,~·
'
:'t-1-~~~
,·
·
··•• •
:. ·
· ;~~l~):0~:_-~-~-~_;_~~-~-~~:.\_~:·_;~_,~_~;.;~_-_:_~st~: ""' "- C"ri,r~~ "'.,$),,;!it;o,,,1·: ~"""'f";~\~•~'···.-~~'.~·
-
-
• :.::."?.!....._
··-ii- .
i
..
~
:, . . . . . . .
•:..Jw,..,~.~t.;' ..-:.
-
:r
��- . ·-·- - --~ --··+·:~- - - - -
!OUe es el regalo en tin de cuentas? Muchas veces, solo una
gentil obligacion de 1ndole social. Otras, el mas caro afan de
ofrecer algo que patentice nuestra devocion, nuestro ·recuerdo
entra ti able hacia cierta persona. Los regalos 1 _ naturalmente,
oscilan entre el valor de uni piedra' preciou;-~ un cuadro de
firma, pielH, perfumes y multitud de .accHorfos destinados
• ambos sexos, de mas - alto o bajo precio, seg1n sus. posi•
bilidades y la ocasi6n requerida. Pero ·no cabe. duda que,
muchas veces, CUilndo nos sentimo, en la neceddad impe:,
riosa de ofrecer u~ regalo. 'de forma •orpresiva, vacilamos y
nos vemo, en un pequeno aprieto mental. lPor que raz6n no
rec:urrir • los libros? En un libro caben todos lo, mensa;es,
no ya solo Ioli que su literatura contiene, sino la eleccion del
tema o el autor•. Ahora bien, es necesario que conozca usted
bien el temperamento y la aficicSn de aquel a quien ofrenda
..
- -_.•:1
un libro. Si es una joven, por eiemplo. un libro de poemu
0 una encantadora novela de tipo romantico, 50ra siempre
un acierto. Si es un hombre, dctcngase ante los umbrales de
su profesi6n y dar;i usted en ·el blanco 11 elige un volumen
relacionado con su c1mpo de accion. Un. 1 dilet1nte/ se sentira
slempre complacido con ·una buena bi09raffa. ·una muJer de
median a edad agradecera la novel a del escritor
en bog a,:·
' SU du Ice . abuellta .. &entir,, encantada
_.Undo..; deyo;.f
cionarlo. V, en cuanto a los. niiios, segun la edad-que·· a1can•
cen, tiene ,usted una intensa literatura, desde los cueritos de·
hadu hasta laa obras de ficci6n v aventuras fantasticas. Los··
llbros. de" viajes ser,n siempre muy bien apreciados, de. igual
1uerte que los de arte. Y no Hr olvide tampoco del libro.que
debe ofrecer. a sus· amistades para que se dlstratgan durante
determinado:viaje. Uri buen ·1ibro detectivesco hara IH deli•
clas de las horas de ruta a mjs de que olvidarlo • la hon
de llegar • su destino no le acarrear, ningun problema. '.'
mu·
con,..u·n
¥
�.... '-~·:.
4.-Nora Kunz cre6 este elegante conjunto es-
tompodo. El obrigo, de linea•o, no llevo man:
gos. El vestido camisero, las llevo Iorgos y
·
·
con grondes punos---~·-··· :·--5.-Lonita fino y esponjada pore tin dos piezos de cota semi-ent0Hada1 odornada con un
soto bot6n- y falda ligeramente fruncida
�EL ESTILQ JUVENIL, UNA N~Y.A CIE~CIA
.
Hace mYy poeo, y en la vieia 'y ·sabia · Europa, un gruPo de estudiantes de escuelas superiores, pidlo
a determinado lnstituto de Belleza que organizara para ellas una nueva materia, la que consistia en
una serie. de "conferencias de belbza" que lcs permitiera aprcnder a peinarse, maquillarse y adaptar
la moda mas aconsejable a su tipo y edad._ Todas estas j6venes resuharon ,ser.. intelectua(es, scd,3s
y brillantes y a las ciue nadie ·pudo tachar de frivolidad.
convino, -pues, _t
·problemas E:ra~
· distintos de los de las demas mujeres, ya quc la bel!eza de una jovencita es un·a bellc::za en plcna
evolucion. Por consiguiente, es necesario ciue tmcuentre su estilo actual, mas tamb:cn que preparen :~;
-.
la ruta de seducciones de que han de v.ilersc en el maiiana.
· · · · -,: · , . '"'., ~En_ dichas "conferencias": ll~vadas a cabo, se les ~dvirtic y aconseio sobre la moderaci_~~ dd '.11~c;ui- .
lla1e, el tratado de la;-. p1e1, etc. Pero lo m.is 1n1eresan:e de este hecho e:i que nac,o, por _ult1r,.~,.
~
"la moda juvenil", la que se ha convertido en todo u11 estilo primoroso.
· .
\.,i, .
El cstik, juvcnit .radica prirnordial,nente en !a ~imp/;cid,id ; pcrc. ta,nbien ~n ,J:lil SilD\o / i:lpdr~.;:e ,-..~'. ~· ·
·;_·\· .-..~ . I '
envoltura. Nuestra fotos les muestran a!gunos rnodelos seleccionados. por !as menores _de __ 20 af,o~.
'.]'g~
Los modistos ·parisienses consideran. que el numero de estudiantes que lo portan han alcanzado e! · '
:'t-tl,i.il.
doctorado en la nueva y seductora materia.
i,;~
~
Se
que·\lsus
\w .,
·~;;r:
LAS MULTIPLES FACETAS DE
tA· AMATiSTA.
--·----;~-~--i~;~·; ·~~--~~see -j;-·;;;-~~te~ia,
'i_,na
~
.1
•·
la ama~ist.a · es
pie:.
·tista. Sabido eS que cs una pie-- dra jupiteriana, benCfica por exo~~,~~
dra semi-preciosa translucida que
celencia, y simboliz:a. el pcde_rJo. ;.;.;,.:,,:,.;;.,.:,_
.-_~1~nft;t-~
ofrece toda una gama de tonos
espiritual. Es esta · la ra16n:..par."·1.-;.'r ·~~~r.'f.'~~,~'!.·".'~
violctas,, desde el rosa violaceo
lo que la Iglesia ha dcs:inado ·
::,re··e!ii1tico,' dinjm·
•
claro hasta el azul Adriatico.
uso sacerdotal a los .:.hispos .. AV:,_c,· rosi1tir cuz!quier\,
La amatista oriental es una
berto el Grande, cuyo 'discipulo~~·,i'i'· visto. Url~ ~icta, bi[
beltisima variedad de tono vio- . fue~Sant~}omas .de Aq~Ln.o,,a_
se-:·:...:· ·_- H ___en~~.a'':...e!.~r
.-- let 11, ~ es ta,:nbi~n di ferente Por . - · gura- el-· poder· de-· 1a - amatl st a -··-"Los•· cigarrijlos;f,'!."jt
SU or,gen mineral,
para ' fa\adquisici6n def COOOci•
. gen~raf, SOn
El origen de la amatista ema·
miento. · ··.:--".-, ~ ·:-:-" · ·
cro c,rgar.ismo y;el·,
na del cuerzo ·muy fino que con·
E! sentido astrologico de esta
trutornos crg!~Tec
tiene 6xido de magnesio, .lo que
piedra recomienda su engarce O .
d~ grasas en ~Ju <
. ;.
le otorga .sus multiples tonalidauso en forma de medallones~
los clinta:. calidos ,
•
des .
·
zarcillos y collares a las persoe-n demas[a. El trat
nd
Todas la~· p1edras preciosas y
Los lugares. do e se encu~n·
nas -nacidas bajo el signo de
do; una es~ie de
•.emi-preciosas !ienen su histori.i tran las amat,stas son la India,
Aries. Se tnade Que rorna en mas-··. · ,hacia la. muerte. ,Ne.
.--....,- o su leyenda, ya que en cierto Brasil, .~i'?eria, Hungrfa Y.Espa•;:-,:, poderosos a los · nacidos'-en ·,·el"~~. ted, en un·,alenle,j
.,specto la. leyenda es ta· partE: iia:. Las.' a~atistas ~ color
Cicio: A io~ def 'segundo:-~iu~-·
·nb hermosa de la historia. En pun provienen del Ural Y las ·. c1clo les preservara contra acci•
sona m~!. foerte
a Am,rlca Latina, por ejemplo, violetas m,s oscuras del Uru-t). · dentes ' relacionados con el hiepues, a, la postre;
.e asegura que el· coral y el au- _ guay. ·· -· , · ... .:f".tr·Y:~\ ..,... :· ·!J:,':::,\;:rro~:-~ ~I fuega; y a los del tercosa ·,.q~~·~~!!.~~·,
bache protegen coritre la mate-.
Suelen empleerse estas p1edras}.- cer c1clo, l~s guardar.i de catas·
nl·-m,s ·n1 ·men01~q1
fortuna. . .
,semi • preciosas primordialmente'. trofes y enfermedades.
.
, de enve•e.::er. \ '
' En casi · todo el mundo se sue- · en Joyeria, Sus· virtudes se re·
Los antiguos atribuian _ a . la
Por lo tanto, no:le
le ima·g lnar 'que• el 6pato ira<! montan a ,,la antigiiedad, cuando amatista la facultad de 'pre~~;..
su cuerpo mi~fde
mala suerte y el pcder magico los hebreos co·nsideraban la ama·
var de ,~ ebriedad, ya que su
f,erm\tido a ,.,,' nr
de las per las var la segun la Geo- tis ta entre las piedras que p0- nombre proviene def gr i ego
r.ociendo a la perfe,
grafla . Pero aqu! nos limitaremos· seian un poder sagrado.
"amethustos", .o sea, "que no se·;',,~;- ._mas flsicas,'i~acopl,
a hablar de los diferentes aspec•
Segun los entendidos 'en ia
esta ebrio" . . . ;-..;.~.'~;:;::5..,:.-~- ··:·!·::-:;::···;~ giasqui(le' itoti'':,;,e;
su. ,. ., , .
t
0
111
e~!'rn~
,
·,,1 ,. -
pur:::f:;P!"fm~r
CiO
en
~crrer_lfiIDa
·:. _:~J~:;~~Ji~i~~~i~:~,.;~~Jr~·~i~~~~~~~~:
�Oireccion
__________ ·····--·-··.--···-··-· .... ·.......................... ·.·.:-.--.·:.-:--:-~~---·-···--··-~-~El~
~~;;.~ .. •'
· Ci~dad ··--·--·----------.. -----····· .. --·-·····--·-· ..• Esta do. ____...................
~
~
:~~
El a bogado. fue una visi ta
constantc de la viuda, pero pa~6 b.::stnnte tiemPo antes de
que viera al hombrecito de . la
buhardilla. Finalmente, una noche lo descubri6 en una de las
escondite y lo' recibi6 ·cori · estai:- ·
lo'·conozco.
palabras: ...y,;
us::''·
ted ha es·tado visitando esta ca· .'
sa 'desde' hac~"rmucbo' tiempci
i'~-o~·ott~
~f~·. 1
sanhuber".
Agrego . en su declaracion el .
abogado, que el hombrecito ne-
:-~
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:
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Pl?llflt
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- -'""'·,. .....~~;.
,i!9,~~;~n.~
.•h,~·;:::;;:'.' rama. seca. ·La· ej_ecuc16n; ·.lo··
{J(; ~ mismo que .el- bautismo,. fue
.,4,,
so1enini.'ti.os~ues1nos
P'{
_ breve :1 . 'Cl.'"""''':'4.t''l1t.:-~~,---' .
-~-;.:~; -.
>. - -~ se estredlaron . las,. ma.nos. ,De· -
_ ·_ - -.,:aoioYii'6i~ti"andera~esiiafio1al
-azo-~:
:~ :1Ji}-."--eii..-una asta ··~1ocada en la
t'!t' ~ \\ • •~,.._tea· _del palacio,1 j,,.. Pizarro . dio .
~
~--
.""'\ ~:t~
:te1'.fcmitfre~a::·N~eva~eut1U1t
·
.._. . .,,..;-.~·,fc..,'"'c.,...-.~......
:.~i;::...;;;-;,:_
!'I
·~f:l?:~,,~~;,,,!etTitor~o~ COJ!quls~¥~· ..
••~ 1E1~v;,,~;,, ·
ll"~~~J;
Un m"""' despues De Soto .zar.
Espana llevando ta ma.
yor pa rte del oro. Cu~do · Ue·'
g6 a Madrid, el rey,. Car!o!> :.Y
J.,
•
!~:·· · · po para
"'-"
'
•
;+
: .. .
J,ltt?~
, le ofreci6 ~ reg~o}>~qu!!f~J
··:f~·"·''.""' lo recompens6 con el cargo ·de.··
. l ~•··•:-.-, · .. Gobemador de~ ~~ Durante
:.fr;t~~-~ la fiesta De"Soto:'~ a. un
= , . ., ·
·
tal Cabeza de Vaca, · otro es•
.pafiol que acababa de efectuar
con poco b:ito. una explorai:?
ci6ri del Contlnente de Am~iica,?
del Norte.· De Vaca habla idll
~;J;;~~,: caminando~,desde · la Florida'· a· ·
~r~:.::=~;:T~Jai, pero~·10· tlnlco que encon•_,
(.:..
tro en' el c:amin~ f ~ 'tr!bui:·:·:
· 'de indios hostiles. manadas de
bufa!os )' un 1·io lninenso Yfan;•
goso . que Jos indios llama.ban
.Misisipi. No obstantc, las tribus occidenta1es le ba~ian hccho un rclato acerca de siete ·
ciudades de oro, y cuando Cabeza de Vaca conto esto, Ins
negros ojitlos de 'De Soto brillaron de avar'icia.
.., Cilando Don Hernando Uet6
a Cuba desempen6 el cargo de
Gobernador durante tres sema•
nas, hasta que al fin 'no~ pudo
'.:. •
soportar mas sus ansias por el
oro. Entonces preparo una expedicion y zarp6 hacia la Florirfa. La cxpedicion e;;taba for.
mada poi· i,CJli buques y H+;.
cic-n tos hombres, iriduyendo las
acostumbradas unidades de CH·
balleria. infantcria y artilleria.
En esta ocasi6n De Soto no lle·
v6 mulas consigo. Como pcnsa-
ba · llcgar .hasta . Tejas, ereyo -·
mas conveniente tomar escla- .
vos ·en las distintas tribus in(tbu. quc encontrara en el camino, para -que transportara la
carga. Tambien ·evlt6 Ia impedimen1 a quc suponi&
el fran·
porte. de g1·andes cantidades de
provh;iones. En .vez' ·de· ello. se
cmharco con unn gmn piarn
de cerdos. Asi la expcdici6n po·
tlria contar con carne fresca
en cuaJquier momenta.
Era el mes de junio de .1540
cuando De Soto anclo '
JR
hia de Tampa para ..asombro :de·~~..:.'f-l."" · .· '· ti~:~~"1:'~.¥-:.~_%;i?~~::·::-t~~~t~f~~f1'·, ·- ~•\=-.it;.:.,,~
~!.:~1~,;-~--"'~£~:9(4
unos dos mil indios Seminoles . llenos de CU~OS!dad,·. pero ~in . olas·:r~JlZasdam~n centenares:,:
g~ ~e')a costa:.l::t·
reunidos en ia playa~:·-·
saber q~e los ~pafiol~~.~staba~~·- de c~dayere! mut!ta~2.,~~~ ~ . 1_:~;{i,:,.-.Pr.'!.f!l~;f.,,~~-rasar,•t
:Abran fueg O con ,.,01,. C8•
preparando• una
cam1cena.
·,.;~·r.,,,..De Soto< ' mont6
n·cabill~.en~.... tlo~que,el,bomti
-1
'
••j
' '-n;, •. •••••
' , _ , __ •,, ----e··~r-,.,.Rp_c..,_c,,;~
en
0
non"!-! --Cue Ja primera m-den··
de D~ Soto:·
~1.~.~-\i_;
u~Ri~,~:gi!e~r:l~t:/:t~t c::1:;:r:;/~an~:~1:e:a:U~f.:~·'::;~~lto~\a·'"q"~
rri6 In costa. Las palmas. ca· · jin!~e., ~uer~n ~-~!~!1!,!.,~~.~~~~,.i~~..:'.·h:,-bia ,Q~e?~-~£.SW:
yeron cercenadas. Hacia' el cie:'. agua. EJ animal nad6 hacia ·ta -- •l~s :· sem!noles. muHto
Todos· Josr barco.i: cargaron sus
baterias de -caikmes. de d:::iC'E' .!i·
. ~: ;.-s'!
f~~:i~:-es ~~. ~1.a: ~ ~·~:1?;;
:;;\ - bras. Los arti11er0:; c:,!.:.c::--."". -· -·.!.. -· ~.::a.ar~I se a:;r;:.1.:r• .. J::'L:M !-! c..:gc ••::u~n e:"..:: pl,., ., ..... ,.1 .. i.Y:1 ~ •• t ~
{·L ,:t· ··1a.s rnechas... Los indios ;er, tio en una espuma sanguine>-:.1: ya 'y ~\ De• .Soto ..josYC()ndui<;- en .. b.:. con lr. a fi!.:.c!a. ei;:.
manecieron am. asombrado),:: .lenta. Cuando todo termlno,
do un.ofic.iaLllamado "r_
:t~·~n .
~_ ·
.,~r~·-'
·l~l:}i.'.· ....
"
~[.;~-s:i!gflJt:filil~i~~~?,·~-
Jas:.::· un""ircarga
·1mpticabi~a:''toocdo''.·
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' Quizas en el maiiana la belldf"'
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. r~ecs ·~;c·;~~~,';he-i'1~J~';,w~tl
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r<;"'v ~,;i<O• . ~;,t•'it• :l
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c·inno:ct:ii."s°~\'.Ofi
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de lrata-~ic~to'
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.... -.......... ,. , "¥ - -~-,· !!I-
• ••
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rcsultados ' tan asomhrm,fo~"?,?( .
. romplC'tos). quc hast a· i~~
, . DUI:. L':OCCplicas, ..i<lfHltinlll (; U(;. la
de fos\osructicos SC l;a'~~~~
•
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lnnzado 20 arro~ N::: tsfa mu:w::r"
crcacion (fo Uc,don.
. --·;:,;l~;;~:
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De vcntu en las mrjm·,·~ ticm:fo~.p,or1:·
<lcpartameut~s y fa~~~';.!!:.~~~,.:~~?~;,
p;.r~on
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f"adol ,.,, T11l10~ ludii·i,fualr~.
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coso condujo ante su prcsencia
.lii, e· incendiaban· sus·ald~ai-. ··de la noch.o imposiblc.que :-.iioncs noi.,scrvia·n~
· · . · \''.:~:' ,·,:.! ~t.
a cuatro seminoles~·qu"-~telT!_bla~~'"?'~\r;~!fi~l~~l-~~~w-~ · . siguieran cava.nd0:~,yii}fui.buffi~"ia~si1i~as:i~zaf
b
d
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~ ,}?S~~~~\. _.:.,.;.~:~::~Geor· ia ·viraron'hacla 'el S~r.··-~ reunido;·m~s d~f.d~~~ii~,~-:J~1~.-.~ablan,.?:~~-~~4~~
~~· ~u!.~~ .-::;~c!~_~? . F g t y
d al
bras de boUn. De Soto cnterm consecuenc1a ~~l.j~t
II egar las perlas fuera de· la ciudad
De Soto-. Apenas puedo. cor-· · ue e~ onces ~uan ~·
c
· ,·...,""~~..t.
an
7-i~.
~-~ ·
•
·
a Cof1ta.chequ1 capital de la
on enotmcs ~larme los bigotes. El agua sa-.
.
' .
. . con el proposito .de recogerlas. es noles cons.igulg,
1
• '"'C'"
• "Jh~
.,:,.,::~·:.~~ic Jada ha oxidado el
~/4~~cuando~Jar°oJM>rtitnklI~"o"tp-re~i!"~-ta:~;le...-=t-::.......
..
--:;.~~-~'(<"'-C~··,,...~.;~.e- ~ ~ ....
va.sores~las~prirrieras ~-noUcias," ~--~-'"ir'.•4l''S'~t~.........~~- cos
:..f'.....ii~f..~~·!~ ~~ebe: con -el:,mlo ...=repu• ~~~--..,-_f:--d--d. ~ ..."~d- -,~ 1· • ,<....::.senta~~Pero~el-.conqulsta.i:tor__ htrros
--.--. - -s~ 'Moscoso.-·· -·~~-- ··- ,_. .. -- ffltaS ~ m;nos ~be l~as J~ u~ -jamis. "~-pi; -q~'-;
-,cso~a" ~~n- .. la Bahi~ ~-d~ ··M~bil~
·~-::'~-,.·~.•--.·.,;: ,,._s~.· .....'.,.., •" -.•~f!c"'.
•
gar on e es
an as ama
. · u· en· perl
g
... lee .
d
. . . .. ,...
1
- :.;;~ll:4- _..,.
, ---;!de,,.o!_en~e! ·..:::!:«:P_lie~4- -~ . das siete cludades-de oro.,, ,.,) .. sis -~.' • - a~_.<, 4; a .,ua u~ • , n~n o s_t ~?.~!'1s~~-6
..•_~_
.-•.~. -..:.-~.~<• .• -.~-,_~;i :'5.:~~'...
~.!~-,-~
;"i Soto. Recuerde· que"mi~fespada~o.:.t.~~"°~. ':.~ .. ~;;.,u::-~~01"- que, :' dt;sde ,-:-el~~ punto-::de · \"JSta :-":.'.fSe de:- · q u ~•S"'U
-_ _.
,_
. , ....
. .., ~,· .,;· _
Cuando los espanoles cruzaron - · · • .. -- rec1'"··-,_:d ,,~ , 8 1 · ·::;1ftl• ~-" · -~. -·.
t '/.•
esti hecha con acero de" Tole-··:·'( · -. ..,; • ....... ·. . .
· , ~ .,. europeo, · ca
an~, e ·' or_.}-.~n !:.: habla · muerto ..
1
·,.
- :~~ • .- '!."' •
•
d
ed. ~'. ~~ pu:r:a prmc~pal, ella sa. Jo SbSO)UtO.-,/;•_,;:.~:'',\..'.-X:-~:,:r~SUS
ro'
d:u~alas:o. ust •
ltlO 8 rect1bb1rlos. Sci IS ~uerhrerhOSf:•
un
ocurrido"'re:
... _
rnnspor a an a a muc ac a
.
.
. .,.
· -~ ~~· ·"'.,:;~gc:•.;;ai;,.t
~~:
-Una apu~sta, Su Excelen- en una litera. La princesa ves- mes en Cohlachequi._ !::__~~~;~;::..;.~~£,~:.{~r
~¥.;.2b~~
eia. Diez pesos para el hombt'G . t··la--..
.
d C h'l
· bla nc o_., Jes. rojas se ·~'"''r:
enfurecieron
~cua~~~,negro.-coraz_6n
,
·una t.un1ca
IO
., ......""';,.~~=..>:"'-,-:-;v•Y
• ·
•
,;.,,:le.
~i..: :..,~. -~~~~;~~'}.
...:~ e'Y4 ~ ~~p=.a.:.,~rur. de. ~~·,::c., que,: ·se;adheria~ reveladoramen:~·- d~,:.~ .!!'teraro_;1~;que ; ~ ~ ~~.fE ~~~~~}:~~!~es
~~~r~~~~
~- r:'~' •• ~ gol~ 1;lJ10 · de,i~~....,~~~~~5~.'cacfe~!y"'f-·s"'us~~senos. · pulturas~habian'o/iid~~'\'f"~~f; Pizarro ·_s~t~~~~!J: ~
"" ~~ •·f~i
·•
-Me parece ·bien · -i, qu~ po- /J"' • d
·
ll ·
b ·
y saqucadas por los v1s1tantcs,
,ir:a pos1c16n ~prl\-:le
__-,i.:...
'
•
y e su cue o co 1ga a un 1ar- .
..
.
. - -·
.•~dremos demostrar,part1cndo en
ll
d
pero nada d1Jeron porquc De
~uevo ?.Iundo. Ahoi
.
go co ar e perIas.
S
h. b'
"d
d. ·
1 · .._.,
dos un coco? Triigame a dos dti
oto se a 1a convert! o en su
pen !a exc us1'w_'.~~f
-
_
. ,.;:?--' 11 ,,,
•
•
acero;a.~~~k·.~~~~~~l~
~uc~·
4"
·s~
,'h_~~~*5t)ff.!~~g~1,.~-~.-.•:.. ·, .· •••
::•
d:•::~:
Lri'i-,:\spifiJ1~~1ft~~i'~~~ 'un .-.
~· >•
0
•.
J~· •••••• ,
,
, : . . _ . . . . .V.UI0£1iU,L
m~ti:ios: ·;oldao
-~
· esos ind.ios. Ahora, ·diez pcso.\i
De Soto se ape6 del caballo, rcy al tomar la \"irginidad de
rea de Ucnar. las:;;-1
para el que pueda decapitar de
hizo una reverencia 'Y bes6 la la princesa con el consenti·
~fadre P:!tri.,.'.
un solo tajo a uno de estos. pc- • rnano de la princesa. Lucgo. miento de es1a. Asi ~ra la ley
pcrsp::octivr. cc ti.~.
rros. iEso si es .una apuesta ~- •1~ilizando ~Il)~ interpretc. a . d~ a~u~~I~ tri~u. L:;.~ 1·elacion1:s. ~i,fa, .D,~, ~a.;~,..~}!,~e_l
-Acepto · -manifesto : Mos:!:-::·. uno. de Jos Indios esclavos, E:l •· pacif1cas podr1an habersc man-·-~ hres.-una"Jd1syunth-a
coso. .
conquistador ~(' J1resento:
tenido indc[inici,11ncnte de no
- ; Re·g·~""esen+a11.ir,-J
Dos de los· scminoles fueron
-Mi padre -dijo De Sot<>. habe1· sido porque D.: Soto se
ra durmir con sl
a ta dos de pies y. mano~ }' arro.
senalando al Sol- ha perdidc cnsoberbeci6 c >n su nueva au- - Gu!'itosamen-tc. ;ies···t
jados a •la arena.. . .
6iete de sus brazos. Estos ca- toridad.
·
char --rc"io.clic:om
--Despues de us.ted,. Don Luis yeron a tiernt" .V cuando se en- .
Cuando· dos pi~les. rojas roPero ..-yo ,·;r6i~~jfj
· --dijo de Soto cordialmente.
friaron se convirtieron en siete baron rnaiz de un camp.:, sem- · da, y Ios bravosj·qu
.Moscoso J~\·nnl6 51.J~ hojcl ~ ,da.:·-~;~ ciudndes. l\{i padre me ha en- brado qu~ el .. rey·• -tenia re;·. disfr~Jtarallr~c1er~tiiqli
masquina y dio cJ tafo con to·
\'iado para que las encucntrc,.
scr,:ado p,~ra st1s puerc0!:::. el Jes __ . ~·or.ad.:;s. ···-·- ~
das SUS fucrzas. El acero 1.-er•
corlo las manos·cn~p11blico.·~.La·:·.;:"..•. Pero j·a-.1;0:{e!ari:
•·en6 la gar"anfa del indio. p<:• - · La joven princesa ('reek QUC·· tribu se \eng6 in;.;;cdi:tta'~1cri.tc.'.' --qu6 ·-~of1:1bi_n·~f.~on_i,,,1_l,
"
...
d6 marn\'illada por aquel horn·
1-0 no pudo romper. las \'crtebre tan· extraflo que afirrr.aba Una nochc: mientr~s _los. cspa·
pron:_etid~f~;}!~~
bras del cuello, de m_odo que
ser hijo del Sol. Sus muslos s~ fioles domuan en sus -recias ,·i- ~spanales: abordaron
la cabcza qued6 adherida al
f!Stremecicron debajo de la tti· ,·iendas de troncos d~· arbolcs.
Y se m~rchn/1f}Jf.,. resto del euerpo.
nica de hilo blanco. De Soto los ereeks obstruycron las puer. •: quedo _~n .. l~J;;,~~-·
-Ahora fijcse lo que hacc el
tambien habia quedado maravi.
tas con los mont.),,L'!'i de lena ·. Moscoso;'" su jJealff,
acero de Toledo --dijo De ·solallado al ver a la ·jovencita. y ramas sccas. Ahora le tot'6 al c11arenta prcsii:ffarir
to aproximandose al segunrto Con gran o:;adia la tom6 en indio el turnu d€ aplicar la an- ,L:rian morir antes'fi..
--~.;ff,
indio. Y con un solo tajo podc·
brazos y la llcv 6 hasta su vi- torcha enccndidn..
.,,s mazm01·ras que
ro~o. Don Hernando Jc COl'IO
vienda. y alli, sobre una ca.
Cofitachcqui SC convirtio er, L:tn en . J_a. P.':':!~
la cabeza limpiamente.
mastro de pie] de marta, la con.
lin inCicrno. Pelotone$ entCl"lJS
De Soto. parl~lE''
-"fe
debe a:,('7. ,,_
"-"S(JS. Don
ck la lfOD1:\ de
Soto pcrcci<'· i(', c:n:zando 'p'or li:_
"
drti6 en hija dcl Sol. Dos ho-Luis. Ahora acabemos con lo!'
rns mas tarde los dos salieron ron entre las llamas. Otros lo- paludicos de Ja·:cost
otros dos.
de la ,·ivienda y De Soto era
grAron ab1-irsc pa;;;o a tra\'e.s de ~lejico. Los"''i-~d)9
el que usaba las per las en esde- Jns r.:; :nas cncC"r:diik$, pero >::.Laron t:: :, l ~•.e,i:i,~i
. J?e Sot?. ala a los oir_os rlos ta ocasl6 n. _ ,.-. ~ .:, --.~•. _.,=,...,.· _ •
entonces ~recian al scr alcan- , h~?n q~~).~~..,..~!=
md1os, uhhzando la tecmca del
,
·. ·,~- · ·.,.. ,, ··
zados pc:,r una interminable _llu. _ban~ac1a..::.l!na~mu1
collar, la cadcna_y_el arool:L,1··- - Hacia--el-anochecer ,;arfo~via de flechas. Despues cstalJa· por enforinedacfli'Y?'
(mica diferencia ~onsistio que ..m8:l"!'.an~. f~eron ~criflc:a~os y ·., ron los barril_es de po_lvo_t~.· q~e}t.en
en esta oportunidad les unto en ·· · 1os· ·espafioles-;-y Jos pieles ro~ llcvaban. El estruendo cspanto p~:es. de h matani
cl cuerpo el asfalto cmpleado
jas cenaron en tomo n una ho- .~ !rJs c::.! :!!!:,, c hi~ ... :·.:1i:· ;1 ~o-~ ;•: ... r ..... : :-:,:,:,;;·;(~
para· calafatear los buqucs.
guera gigantesca. Cuando el puer~os en todas dfrc.:ciones. ir.l.!t'io ·en ~n- charc(1
hambre de todos quedo sacia· romado complcta;.nen!c ·po r. .piu vomito r.l?gri:t ~
Luego rccogi6 una antorcha· en·
cendida.
da: De Soto y Moscoso se ·es· sorprcsa, De Seto echo a correr · . a la ori!la ,.k ,,r1 ri.J
-i,D6ndc_est.an las siete ciucurricron de la ciudad y una por t()da la ciudad gritando:: --lla de ancho·llamad,
dades de oro? -grufio De So.
\'CZ fuera de la empaliz.'1.da Se "lA las armas, a his armas!". ~1oSCOS() .. nojo"-:'stt
Un interprete cubano tr-d·
dirigieron al .cementerio de los Pero pocos fueron los .hombres Jas aguas fongosas.
dujo SUS palab"ras. __ Los indios creek. Con palas cavaron f1.irio•
quc respondieron: ~ l)U , llamado. da·.·er s~ csfum'ar'o~-hablaron sin cortaplsas, pero el_ samcntc en las tumbas. No tar·
Cuando amaneci6, Cofitache· csperanzas. de. haii'a:
interpr~te no pudo entenderle,/ naron en desenterrar ·una doce.
qui ya hnbia quedado complc- 1:lS :.;iete-,;·cil;dades'· •
Lleno de frustraci6n. De Soto na de restos mortales momifi- ·tamente arrasada.· Con gran j:i.mas cxistier.:.m._c_i~
les aplic6 la a.ni.orcha· y dos escados que tambien estaban en. desconsuclo De Soto hie· de ·rui·. , gar. ~fo£coso·> y_'.:.:!lo:
·i'nspi
~~·-:·'..'
i(ff:w
0
-
•
.
De
~'J.~~!(,:'"'-~'.~~€t.]f-
.-,·.~~~
to.
~!~~-.-
~-l~~~-i.;-,~-~..:~!1~-s~~2M2~~~.~-~£.l~~j~JJ~~~§}~e~,
pesas co~u~~ ~e .humo.
,-X~.~~-!O:S e~ .~~--~! .te~:
se _desprendie~n de los _d~_. s~·E:.:..ca:.. Qui!4~!U~;..l!~9~~cu•7 ,quel!t~ :~}l~e. ;:;1 a.unl:!?,u~~~~'.'?}:· ~ns_truyeror:i) ~ ;
res humanos suspendidos del'. bricron que la cavldad ·abdomi· dentro de las~·ennegrecidas al'· . pai·on pol"· e1- rio;~;,
Arbol. •
· _: ~ · ,, .. : .: nal d_c !oSJ cadiveres h~bian~ Si·:c-.'.madura~ _castellana~•;j'.,a'_'mitad · <.Goifo."para\:jj_~gaijn
. Y. lo n1ismo sucedio mills tras · do vaciadas.y llenadas con_ per:--. de· los exr,edicionarius ··estaban ··J··'-·'Algi.ufos""""libro~t,
milla hasta la.s Carolinas y luc·
Jas dcspues. De tumba en tum. muertcs. D.: lo~ $obrevivi0ntc,;. ;~c;·~.:i\tan :, De Soi
ba loi. dos cspafiolcs saltaron la mitad cstaban heridos y muorimiento de! t'io
go hac:ia el Ocste hasta. Ten·
con frenest echando las. perlas chos de. estos sc h:....lhban li· r.T !uc :;u rk.,;cubrid
ncssec. En cada vuelta del camino los esparioles torturaban. que encor,traban en sus yelmos
teralmente- dcsnudos. Sin la
no·r correspon(lc .a
a Jos· indios, \'iola~an.sus muj~·
de acero;:;:~~;.~o la oscuridarlf,t p6Jvora los mosquetcs y Jos ca·
Vaca:·
.... ·-
_··:-~\lf
�~;,;~~.~~1fj~tf~~~,~ffJif~
El hombre estnba d~perado pues no acerlaba;
dor en nlnglllln. carrera ·eu aquel _hlp6dromo)Al fbiOo
..· . prar • uno_. d!,,_~_.~uadraa,, y~ dlo~ ~::d~~JJ~te1iaJc
::.~~al,caballo que·pensaba..Jugar~-Hecho,esto~pre~
.,..
:\P~ee:·~t;i~-~~-: .
:. ,:. _ _-No lo K, per~ seguro que t.eru.. el caballo:inA,~1
¢~~-~i~~~~~~t1£~~%~'.;.~:d,:;~..."-~.~N L~.S,MAS LOS PEORES.
. .-~·-
ij1ff~?::~ar~~~~~i~~~~1t::·tr~~t~
treata11a· IID1& ftempestad ;.ir-aplaosoi.'..i;d-¥:l~,g~ ·'.. •
-
"' ..
~:_,-:•"''· ..:.....;l\lagnlfloo! 1Soberblo! Tendr4. ·ustecf".Iosh·otoi'~·
; . los cludad11~os honest~/le die~ ·el guataesi\nfi~.~ro.1"~
~.. f_ ; -jVaya por Dlos!".---ttspondt- el candldAtcJ·.confor.
· do susplro-. Hnbrfn preferldo ase;urnrme los ,·oto~ ,L\ J
·~-. --·
. :~'!~~ 1'~LEGIR ~--~-,:_'::'.~:--<,i~·.;· . ·. ' . · ; ·
.. · ·.. Este drujano eelf'brc. tlene por costumbr~. cobrarl.
f.,', _la. fi~.t~,.,rlca."' _Por ello.. le;,p~~:,.t_l'~;:'!.'~1·:~}a:··
1 • por u.na operacl6n:i;-dlffc11.Z·Pero~e1 cllente~conslc!
, · ·.··. cngefudo.."'.~'"'~'~°f'~~-,t~ii;~~~v.."' ·· : ·
'~-,,.~·:,. -Sl Jf'. ('la·re~-:Ntro:~lce!er"clru)l '
.
.
'
-.~1~: ,,.,_ii, uno' de 'mis "~ol~s;"~port'"ejemj,I~?A',ihter.Jio"!.le
usted ~ui.~,. qne In rnltad,.~ Es deck, ustt'~)>",sua•herec1
·~}l
.~i-¼
.,.
r::·-
.
..;.
"L
Cot&b~T~ef~ii;:;~1t¥.:(. •, .· ', .'"~,~,~\.
~ft?'J~.:f~ff~:::~~};;,.._·f .-,,. . );·t:,1,~S,.:::-.~~ •·'. .; ;·i~{;,"""'"
·;-·:·...,;,...·. Una ,:ota·de agua det!larti-a. otro gota ·de·'ugun:
-Lo que me gusta de ti es quc. no_ te ;Mrt'ccs •. :L'
LA LOGICA ANTt: TODO
..,...: ·.
,,
,... .
. ··. • ....J~~
�f~(;q~~-w ~,-., .., , 1 ~ ~· ~
. .~ ~ ·~ .~· --·
-,·~...--~~
'\.a
' ~ ·-.
. ·1-,·:.
·.
.· ; . ·
~...·:~~ ....
·
EL DIA _del euayo ceneral de, la~6pera 44Tosea'.',"",de .
elnl, al darae euenti: la cantant.e Emma Carem 4e' que"n'
_~.·~.~-fi\P·~-·:.r.~t.!'J~..i~.~;·a,.~~!'~-~~~l.~~ -\~~~~~J~~1!~4~
i·.: ·-;f,:,·t9·~;
/'-'
que· preeedl6''afiitreiio; l:'uCl"Jnl 'compoio ·e1 -ionocl4cilVi
,Jt-r~;i.· ···....-
-
e ao ....r. not...,•a
·an ani'IJiiiu.'a,1 .....:-;Durm:Lte I.Ii!
ehe
. d'arte que. como todo' el mundo sabe,, lnterrumpe la 'acc16ri' e
·
ar,:umento sin J11stlflcacl6n, alEt.tna,
.
,
·.
F
.,'.. ~1~1'::~-;~~~~:f!t,{;
. "~~~::,~:' ,~;i;~'<l~/~~,.~
HERACLlDES de J•onto_ (hacla, 3SW15 antes ~e ·Cristo).:--.,~
dlacfpulo de Platon, dlo un rra,n a,-anco·a la ast.ronomia con su ,':;,-,
declaraclon d~ que la Tierra -daba una \1Jelt.1 .:ilrededor de i.u
·
proplo eJe. <'ada U horaa y1 con su descubrlmlento do que Mer- :._;:.?,
curio y Venus glrab&n alrededor del Sol como aaUlltes. Aeep- f.tf,:.
tada In tests de Henidldes, Arlstar«'o fue m:1!1 :111:i y lanz6 ID
hlp6tesls de.que cl Sol est&\. ln.m6,il )' quc la 'J1erra, Jo mlsmn
que_l\ole.rcurlo y Venus :1· los demas planet.a, dMCribf.n rirMllm•
a Ifill alrededor.
?
... ::-~1-..;;,;,;:,.r«t·~
~,:·~->-)rt... ~~tti1r.;l~~.;-~r"~(!~~Jtitrt. -1f ,i~:tktt~:::}-; .
fabrlr.acton de gultar.ras es preelso. ante todo; tift.
ber eleglr la mndera, utillzando la cl.u6 aproplada. en las dl· , ~.
ferentes part.es· do que ~onsta el lnstrumento. La ma4era debe ·, ·~1 ti .. ,
estar blen ('Urada. sfendo preferlbles las de abeto, caoba y p:a1o• : ~-~ ·
aanto. La tapa es de plnahete. Para. la rabrlcacl6n, .al,ru.no11 c· '.
C!ODstructores adquieft!n muebles-antl,:uos.'. c-.u.ya
madera':..i
blen ~urada, lo quc lnrlu)·e en In bu.-na sonnrldad del lnsiiu
mento,
·
· LAS HOJAS lit' los iirhole~ qu,, hordean las &cera11 y a,·e.·
nldas berllnelii.lls "6Jo pueden Ket r~ogidas por el pe,r.onal q~
el :Uualclpio ti<"ne dedic-ado a ello. En otrns pa!ahrns: nadJP.
i,;lno el l\lunlrlpfo puede dlsimner del foUajl': M:<'o. F&te ~ ,·en•
dido u lofl. 1•ropletarln!i ·de ·Ja'rdlne!ll p:articularea, qtie, lo ua;in
_ -) i
(:O~o, nbono.
...
_
/_;~.~;:> ~··;,ri:
':"" ,., . ,;~
:;s[r~,.-{rt
,.
:£.•;:
EN Ol'IN'~ON de los esqulmales de AIRBka · el primer ,air• r._;~.·_i_;
,1ente ful' cl ,;ran rucrvo. Estaba po5ado en el sueto ·en ptenu .
osc11rhl:td, ru:indo J>or !)rlmcrn \'<'1. tu,,o ronclend~\ de si. En·
4
tonc:t-t1 ydauto _arholcllo y ,•rt'o al homhrei
-)(PEJ:o •~ e,-to d1! Jmu._g-iuar t'6mo surglo el hon1bn,. no ,w
quedan .atra" los tlhctnnos; Estos; sin hnhe-r <"Onocldo a Dar"·tn. to t-ll:plit':an asi: el mono Chcnrosl, en<"a.rnaclon de la pie·
dad. enrontr6st> un dis. <'On un de,monto hembra que
Je orr...:
- i Y esta es la· "marcvillosa
rJo. n._. aqm\ll:t uni6n nat'leron 1,el" hljos; que fueron a11men· ·. ::·:
ibos a dar"
bulos c-on · rrnno saj?mdo, - r.on lo que lea. desapared6-el pelo - ~ ------· ---~----Y M' IH urort6 1a. ~1;tla. Cua11do actualment.e ·en ua. tlbeta.Do
~_r.
domlnan los raract~reM malos, es que ha salldo a su prtme~.tl~;-~:-~.:.. ~.-madr~; en C'a!',lo mntrarlo, Mi pareC"en n, su primer p,11dre. • • • · :·:!J,'·
..
"J ·.
ae-
)t.~:
-
~-
--'.;;;.t_~~t_{~,:~}f~~~;~t;:'.:_~?:"!-~?~-~~i,~..:2F;_.,
: : ~~
... ·,
-)(--
TAI.. Fl:E l-'l 1mtu-.iu•mui quc tll•sr,r.rtu en Nue,·a York J;1
ramosa ballarlna Fanny__ EJuler . (1810·1-884). que l'Wlndo t1.('tu6 t"n 1840 en dld1a <"llldad.
senadorea tiraron de 8U carruaje ,. la multttud la lilgol6 nl C'ompas de ei.trldent~11 C'h.t\•
tirngas.
los
--Jt-·, .. _.
1!-
~ta:
EN LOS ('~ffl!)OS clt' Espaiia ellt.il .mU)' dllt1n'!ld~
e,:~..
popular de 'JU" el lagarto elJ muy amlR"O del hombre_ huta:e~.
pun to de que, por ejemplo, en "enta~ de Aguilera (Toledo)· dl·
ren · que e.l una <·ulebra ,-a a,morder a un hombre que estt.\ : -..
dormldo .,;n el rainpo.·s1empre hay·uo·.taprto que,le cJes!)lertA.:,•·!1,·~
h:iclendole ('OS.qulllai
'rabo en la· boia O ~Dy la~oreJe.~:: t~·!
i,ft1;e;~~~;;;.;.;,;~~;~;;;;:;:;~\~~;;;~ ~. . ;,5tf
J:.
:
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_009
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3-147 EBF 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3-147 EBF 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c40024a81168b632191b247b3c57e9af.pdf
786b3c7863a6bfb5f890eb50365d6053
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
,,...
-
_,,. _
-
~__,,,,.-- _,,,,-
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SlTBJECT: _
(COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION·6 ( 264- )
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
--~- .. _ --·
�NOTICE
I
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUD~D IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CON])ITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
��.,~;-,'.;.,
· •f
ro
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cs.-~
-=>n°,
FBI (10~- 0 31211) · ,. -- ~·;·.,... ,_ -- ·
DIRECTOR
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>·.
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J
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.
..
.· · . .
SAU JUAii (105-3353 Sub :t)·(P)
SAC
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//1\J~tirt?:f:J!
·DATE. 5/28169·:-... __.. >-.
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GROUPS SEEKitm IlIDEPEIIDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO -·: ~--· -·.:-.:··: .- :· ·-.- ·-:':_··:f_f
Cotn·rTERil-rrELIGet:CE. PROGRAM
. .
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t~:e
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wife of
.
a member of the l-f PIPR recently
arreste r or con.p.t.l.Cl.t.y in an attempt to bomb a Texaco 011
facility in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
.
.
.
.,\
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· \·11 ~·;.r
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San Juan proposes that a lette~., prepared in the
~ a g e ~n nl2in ~.P-arked paper~ be sent to
-o...a
na.D
I ii . . .
ht:3 brother and head
'-'d<;; !·.: .l:-·.n i.,ission in ~an Juan., ruerto Rico., pointing
out the above and indicating thet the situation should be
remedied before the press is advised and it beco~es known
how the MPIPR., through the actions of its leader., rewards
faithful advocators of independence. The letter may be
worded as follows:
·
ltt+f1
).
--·~::,~/{~1~
11Ua•(F=d~~=
~~~
L
J.""
~.,-~-~-J§f.%e
o~eg~r:~;~~ty_ · .:,:,:::~~
s..,udents for Incepenaen~e
FUPI) member and ·estranged -·~ ·. ~·-- .,~.:.~,-,,.·.~,~t··
Vt;TS1
-··~-
·.
Sources of the San Juan Office have for a period ·;_.-.- · .·::~/~1Xt
or time advised or romantic interests existing between : · .-.-~t·\-:~.-:..:-.;~s:·_ ~--:
JUAJ.! J,:ARI BRAS., head or the Movimiento Pro-:tndependencia . _· ·. ~ . --~~>~i~~1
de Puerto·. Rico (Puerto Rican Incleoendence Movement) (MPIPR), ,t;-:,~ft:?fa~~
---
.
· :.:'./
QI
''HARI continues to be seen with
IJ @M
If you
are too much or a fool to resent being a cucltold, I. as a
friend will not allow it to go-on. If you will not stop
this I 1·1111 expose this fat clown to all., including our
friend
or the. press. 11
·
fttfill
\
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-
"
/,..,..
~~Bureau (PJ,I)
"'2-San Juan
GFC:cab
(II)
• _.. c:.·-~
14 Jt.m .d. 1S5S
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Buy U.S. Sa,:i,11,s Bonds R11,11l11rly on tht PaJ·roll Savin&s PJ1111
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that,_dis·s-e4lo~")i
By use of this ~ e 1:t is believed·
may be caused between the""'11at and MARI BRAS, and thus · _. · '.~·~wi~,. t11,e. MPIPR. An add~ioin.4.;.. nos~ible _result could be ,__ ·..,·· ·
a t~tiP±:t on the part ofMldfaii to reveal detail~·-=.-· ~: · . ·
regarding any 11rJt betweei?A~rt;errMTst act1v1t1es· ~~-.-.::~~-.. ~_·.·:-.-:--::; ..·:
the MPIPR., as a reaction t~ the ~~f1v1t1es. of
;'-~;;;f~i~~{~·\:.
Bureau comments are -solicited.
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(105-3353 ~b I)
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'Reurlet 5/28/69.
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Autt1ority ts gra.ntod for you~ office to proceed·,~ . ·
•ith the counterintelligence me11sure described in r~let. ·
Jfowever, in adc!i tion tn ·,.1~i.ling the letter to
:~.
t.:
allJ":.nd
~
~-~~"l.'
, --. . : .·_. :-: :_-.\-:.i, :(r-·...:·~.... ,.:.-·_.;.: -,_-_. ·-~>,JP
-~~Jt
~ho'!:tlcl sir.ml ....
C'o::-v nno
Advise the Bureau when the m~ilings have been
corapletea ~nd closely follow resction thereto tbrou~h sources
nv~ilable to your office. Positive results achieved should·
be fr~mptly furnished to the Bureau~
.'
LEB:bbr .:_.,
(10)
..:
NOTE:
See memorandum W.R. Wannall to W. C. Sullivan
6/9/69 captioned as above prepare~ by LEB:bbr.
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JUN 101969
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1\~hile San Juan recommended only that the Jetter be directed
i,,
·---~ij;I
letter should
etters. s1ould be
simultaneous y t;o
1e
The letters will be prepared ,:~
on unwatermarked paper and prepa1'ed in such a 'manner so there will be ,
no possible link to the FBI.
·
-~r
ACTION:
. .
.. •; - :,.~-,
authorizing ..i..t to .pr'oceed with
~
Enclosure-<~
l05-9~l?.1,.• J\,4nt§r\/t'-,
~on tWN ·.y~..1:,0:1
~
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........ ~. ·····~· ....1;r ·~
be sen'Cl td 1J~a1t2J:Oan
telligence measure.
If you app~ove,
r\,\·J
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Mailing of counter1ntell1sence measure referred
· - ·. ,:&t
to in reference letter carried out 6/18/69., 1n accordance ·_-,~-::<:/·.: .,.-\~fl
with instructions therein.
,-.·•:
~--
i!
_ ofSJDallwill
followd for results and Bureau will be
positive evelopments.
.l. advised
c~:-f
\
REC· G\l
'
Ci.· 117
-
.,.
--------·. - - . . . . .. # • •
.£2.:.. Bureau
1 - San Juan
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In view of the above, San Juan_ sb~uld give prompt
t:
. ,..
~ considewv: counterintelligence moves at this time direct~d~;
$!l
Si~ce·certain LSP members are apparently~'\ 0
N
i disenchan~ed with him. it appears nov would be an appropriate :::rfr
2. t; c.., time to discreetly let it be known (for example, by anonymous
i·!.
~ o _; lettr
~ · he reason for the recent arrests of LSP members
U
..__ _....-is
· indiscretions. Anonymous letter could be so
f.! .
1tr.1.tten that t Ytould clearly point to ~ a s police
~
source ~ho l•d to the arrests.
i
tw .~ a g a i n s t ~ i f :
\
\,-,J
'r.
You should consider the above in light of the
situation as seen by your office. Submit 1our comments and
recommondations for Bureau consideration. Ho anonymous letter
should be mailed •itbout prior Bureau consideration.
T•'"°" - - It can be seen that a successful move against
.· ~~--------_ would result in the removal from t>;o·minence of n militnn-c,
: ::..,--- dan~ous
separatis. .5nd
.' g:.-::. __UHlli#ltW- B!lilf
:'" F•ll-=-==== 1 - 100-335202
~ Conrad _ _ _
;. F.7,°_
T....I
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(1) . -:,/u
5RWf\ 11111 ,,:,; ·;.,1 jl
acr,:3S.
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W
vould -
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·
, 19 OCT .21~59
SEE NOTE PAGE TWO
. .f,!·:I' ·
=fi-BNOV'., 1969 :.f!'
r
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. Tel•. II-. - Mo'-"--
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SEE NOTE ON PAGE 2.
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GROUPS· S:BiUNG I~IDEPEIIDEUCE FOR PUERTO RICO,
·· -, · · ·•
~gr~TERI!1TE!.tr.:2NcE PROGRAM (IAT,m AMERICAN ss:cTio:i.)
PR.'1
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ReSJlet 10/29/69.
{ :.· .
T~e ~~o reels that the mailing
·1etter as set ~orth in relet. would·~
and 11k9ly would result in
or
the proposed
no useful nu.r-
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ne 1eeJ.s that
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San Juan proposes that an anonymous letter, prepared
~
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tp various LSP members in Puerto Rico and tollllBI
B
L .Prestdent. of tl"'j PLP in Ne,,i. . .k City, pointing out i-1lt:: snort.com.i;ng~·: . ~- -...
. of
iffliiCi
~ j . s leader of_ the· LSP. .The ~~tte_~-~may ·. ·. · · .. ·
. ·be ,..;oraea as lu~..&.~h,.s:
.. _...... •. :......... ,?:~-:-~-~:.... -· .- . . ·:- ·.;·
1
ip
the Spanish language on plain unwatermarl;.·~ 'C·~r.,,:-·r .. l'
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_._-~-:r. : _:·,•Comrades_ of .the Liga Soci~~ista· Puertorriquena·:· : ·.· · ·--/7-':~:.,.~:)/···><.'·.~i
,~v~-'<;-.,§b~.;lt·~?tt;"?;!.~ f,} 1
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~;~,~~t~r1,J/:o~'~~~tt~t.it\({n~~;;\\;c;i;?;~~ft~'i¼.
iifai}'--i:iX;-~,
1
"In 1954. our or gani za tion was formed with the · ~:· 1
• . ,;:c
~-~r~~a ..pr ' _ha V ing ·_ a Close-knit group of militant xoung ;.-~;~>-~-~~ ·..-: ~ ~-~-)~=.
??}!~l~~· :-.--~.·~·: ;..,~:"~~:·:]L'·:~~·:. · .··men to ·advance the teachings of- Marxism-Leninism. andt-~~-~:~. -·~·,..~~~-~:~~·
·
to lead in the 1'1.ghf f~r. the indep~nd~~ce of. ·our~.;;· -:~:;tt\\·::/I~f::\tf{1;
beloved country.'-;.·' . ·'; · ;: .:_·,:
-=-.-·;,;t~ ~;""'~:<. \~::
I. . .
'~:.
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}i}jsfJI'· .• Y.t"·~.:_;;t'~,
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f~:_-:.>~~
:> ;': .:. ·: .. ·: · :·... ; ·~;' · ,;.,
~:=~
nothi~:i~~:
!!~~m;~~~h:~sb~e:~. wri~!e~a~u!ru&h
i s. tha t wh i• l e our 11 1 ea d er II s it s i n hi s . 1 vory t ower,if~~;·
. . ;....
'l~.s.
·
writing "poetry," Mari Bras gains hundreds of followers
,;..,-:·::-:.J
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by acting and leads in our struggle for independence.·· · ·, :· ":··,:·-.·· ··. ~
While we talk, others act. While our old men -discuss ··~,~ r.: ·-.::.· . .~-::·.·... ~::~
theories, our young men are carrying 'the -·struggle ·1nto-~--~·:= ~:. ~:: \t}?
the· streets and . o~to the campuses. While our. young ...>,~.:-,·- ..!'=~"!-.-,·~::~~·/.
men travel to other countries to establish ties with
~- .. · · · ·
other peoples who think as we do, our 1'1eader 11
indiscriminately tells the police of our plans and
,,
,,
actions.
"While our young.men.gain publicity by bombing .. ....
·· .
stores· and destroying the ROTC building, the only
~: • . ·. ·\.·· ...
thing the· newspapers can publish about us 1s· the fact~>: ..~-· : :_: :.·.~ .·
that we managed
get ourselves arrested f~r carrying :~· ·· -~-<}'!-JJ'i.
weapons, while all other independentistas carry guns
-~··
unmolested.
•;
~
~·
. . ...
.
.
to·
"Thanks to the indiscretion of our ttleader" the
police have.been in our very midst reporting our every
move. Who knows how many other info~mants attend our
meetings!
"The time to press for our independenc€ is now.
The people to do it are our young men •
.. t.r
l
f
·"What do you think?
Is it time :for a change???
"An Activist ' 1
The San Juan orfice reels that the sending of this·.
1 t ter should create dissension within . the LSP and poss1bl~ _-r;·-:,~
· result in splitting the LSP into various splinter groups. . . . ~-·:.~'!!~.
It is also felt that this. letter· would weaken the prominenc:·e· ... J,,-:::i-.,•
i, ~-<L~.
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.
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.~- , · ~ ··· . ·. .: . :.: -.· ::: :: t/ ·. ·:i. /: :i.:·. ~ ,.: ·: t)~?i)i.}ltilr;f;:JI~
. ·,.· ,_
_. -..
&&t111s.dhmt would .· l~~~e·n. the ·weight'.. of ·h1'S· su~p~ic_ions-::~·-~~:ff{~.\~~:.~~>=~
against
.
.
.
-~
_.,_.~£"i;.z".."ii!:
·. . -~~...-~.. :_j_ •. : ·. :}~\'%'
-~¥~:
The comments in the proposed letter refer. to ·the:··-_._..·..
arrests of the LSP members, the recent firebombings·of ·
American stores µi the San Juan·area, and the attack on.the
ROTC buildin~ at the Rio Piedras campus of the University of· ... _,.<.·.\:-_.;.
Puerto Rico {UPR) on September .26, 1.969. (?ne or the ·J..eade;s·: ::::.!./..J~:f.:--;~)~t;.
in the attack· on the ROTC buildin~ on 0/26/69, .was. 29 year{;,.;~:~~-:~;!~-:.~;,·
w~-ceid
old LSP member,
.
.
,
.8., , .. ;, •;-; :.:·,.,
great deal of pui..,..1....L.1.. .... """ -·· ............ "'u.a.n nei·;.c)l:',;lt'~rs~·is ·
· · · '.':#if
listed as being "Sub-Director" or the LSP •. It is 1·s1c t.nat
·the rr.; l; t~nt language of the nrcnC'~ed 1etter is· ch~!~acteristic · ·
. of
and might cause
to suspect
his
c1c£ J.~t':::utenant~· of being wuc: &Lt~nor of the· propvse;u .etter .
and vying for leadership. of the LSP.
·.;..:: ::: . · ·:_ ... : < . ... .·. >· -~~ .._._-_:. ·""
a+sw
. .
..
. .. ·-.~
.·. .
.. -·. ·:. .-.~· :_.:. t ~;"_:.- .....
San Juan proposed sending this 1etter ·to· the . . ·=· . ..' · ·
following LSP members in Puerto Rico: .
. -._ .··- ·. ... • ;,. ~ ; ·~ ·-,:_:-_
......
Cammi ttee oi' t.:·,~
friend of
copies .of
surely be
New York's comments are requested~ particularlv
or not this letter should be sent to
as to additional individuals in New 'lvr.K ~i"L.r
should be sent., and the _impact that a letter
have 11\:ithin the PLP.
r0~~~rning ~hether
suggestions
c..u , •• HJ ...1. the letter
of' this type_might
NSi. .
Bureau's comments are also solicited.
(
·... - ~":: ..
....
'
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-~
4
4
... ~.
"·
•
�AuthoritJ is granted for your off.ice to pro-·
ceed vith -the counterintelligonco measure described lD
reSJlet •. However. mn111ng should be 1111.ited t~ se~ected
members in Puerto Rico.
Advise th~ Bureau when the ua1l1ngs h~ve been
completed ~ud closely follo7 reaction t~ereto through
sources avnilnble to your office. Positive results·
achluved should bo proaptlJ furnished to the 3urcau.
i, ...
-·~j
1 - Bew York (10S-32fl72)
(
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SSM:bbr
,,....,\ :
V
(9)
NOTE:
See cover memorandum . . . . . to Sullivan dated
12/10/69, same subject, prepare?oy SSM:bbr.
,,
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,
JI.AILED~
DEC l~~ 1969
.
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NEW YORK (10$-32872) (P•)
.
.
.. .
'
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO. RICO -. :.:-: ~.;:~.. ,·
.
CO'Uh'TERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(LATIN AMERICAN SECTION)
IS - PRN
. :i!
New York Observations
NYO reels that
(never known to be controlled
by any. orgenizstion, grouo or ina~viduel) .. is very resilient. · It
...
...
bcunced from the LSP, he undoubtedly will have a new group in
short order. Ir not forced out, on the other hand, the LSP can
be expected to become
end more i~~otent b
actiont in the
---- ~-- --·
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The New York Office, which also considered this counterintelligence move. recommends letter be sent only to LSP members
1n San Juan since New York Office feels possible schism should be
viewed as a local matter of little interest outside Puerto Rico. · ~
Y.
- - - - - - - - A.
:
The anonymous letter wi·ll be prepared· in such a lanner -4.~ ,..
thereJ would be no possible link to t~ttr:~\rr'FhDfC 1 1969 :ET _~~ . ~
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Enclosure~
105-93124
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RECOIDJENDATION
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OVER
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-105-93124
RECOMMENDATION:
That we concur in San Juan's proposed counterintelligence.
move and send attached letter to that office author~zing its use
·•
with the mailing to be limited to selected members in Puerto Rico.
, l'
l
-.
'
l
_,,_,,
4
Memo andum for l'lr. Sullivan
'l
. Re:·. ; G~oups Seeking Independence for Pu rto Rico .
·. - Counterintelligence Program
'
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.....'
�-- .
-· J ·TO • - (105-93124}, - · • -~:, ., ,
1/6.no· .... -.;.,...\ .. -- · ·.. ·
.i:}' ?:~- :·i\ J ·:·\>,·.:.;:;:~: -·-(105-3353
·-; ,·_: ···:.· .:~f!tr.r·\;~-\J})
:,~~dt~·~f
:'.iJf}i;-~lt{~l~tt~;:
·~-~~-''.?:.-':·::/t·.~· :·(~-~~~:i:~tf<.!-..7;t~~~~:f."~}}~:~
R 1'-FBI
...-:~--.j~·t·FROII
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SUBJECf:
»Am:
1
\
AC~: SAN JUAN
·S~b::I). (P)
0
oR;~;~· SEEKING
DIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
Ji
_·
::-0;
\:~fr::;:: o:,f
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(IATIN AMERICAN SECTION)
~:- .· -~~J
:_·'
-· ·t?? ~- _. -, :~---: !Rl!·,·, ~--,,··:-:·~:·:·)t~r:t{}:? :/::~i/V}1f1ttfs~_iff}}t_tf
,.
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....
Re San Juan letter~~to .Bureau·,· 11/21/69.,.·.and -~·. L;}.~_\'~·;~\!:~~<·l·
Bulet to San Juan., 12/11/69.
·
·
··.{··
•
Mailing or counterintelligence measure mentioned
in referenced San Juan letter accomplished 12/19/69. _ _:
1:-~.
•
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•
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into. ddiomet1c Sp9:ni~h ·.:• .>·: ..: -~---~
and· S;i.n · Juan_· orr1ce employee., -~~,\~:-_:·::
.... -~
_:~. ..·:
:
-· -. :·.-~ ::;e.\\/.:~-<'.,;_..,'}-t./i -~~ti{
·:.•
...
Letter was mailed on plain, unwatermarked paper
and envelopes, and was mailed at the Rio Piedras Branch
· /J ···)(: '.
U. S. Post Office, which is near the Rio Piedras Branch
/-,~ // -of the University or Puerto Rico.
.
'
Letter was mailed to the following subject~: .. :. .. ,.-"- -~..-....., .\· -
·,~;-~/._}:~r·~..t(}_
·.;
/
San Juan will ~ollow., as per instructions in
, referenced Bulet •.
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To:
J:ro=:
1:i.rector • Fl.!I ( 1"&-i.6ltt9)
~
Kr.
.. llr.
Kr •
- Jtr.
- Kr.
�on
:';, ... ;.ft
Ort
~-.:;,: f.
.
In Yiew of above, Chic~o.sbould.be nor-t
the activities of above-i:entlon~d sabJeets during
~:·,
ata,· !.n Chf.ca,:-o.
Chicaf.'C) should atte!:•~t to rl'ter.:
o1iemam~n
ADV ~rtincnt ln!onl.Atioo.
~tay
ChiCrtgO Should be
forni~b~d by eo£t expeditious ae~ns .a ranted to Bureau,
~an Juau &nd IUlJ ~ther a,~ro~riAte field office.
GCVelO~Cd dcring tile
Chtc.o..~o sbo~ld additionnll
<.:oun te ·1 nt
r
~~tder •~:ediate
'
t'l!'
r.~tad
.~
NOT.;::
All subjects are included on the Security Index.
.
,.
I
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CO~TIAL
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. PARTIDO PROLETAnio· REVOLUCION.AR~O DX PUERTO J?.ICO
' ''
(PJWOLtrrIONARY PROLL!',UUAN PARTY OF PUERTO RICO)
. ·
. ·· · · .. ·:-:~"*(PPR)
c.•
~
~~~ .... ~ ':·::·~-~--\~~-~-~-·--: _.
"
. IS - P.RH
O ..,; • ,...,.'C.,
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~~· ~-..·:
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l'.'A.........,...U.~i .~·.; .. ~~~~:~•>J::-.-·~:·
BeS.Jn··1r·tl.!._e~l-~ ~s\T/~'10
•· · :.
.· · -. . . ·.·.· ~.. •. · /". ,-.=:~ ·. . : ;·:~ ·· :- · ~,. . .
1~,:-
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. :. ·.- .. ~ ·.:. ~-,:-..
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ncnirtol advised tbot captioned organiz:aiion· .~;
" now dissident gruup formed from the Puerto P..ican Socialist
Lcasuo (LSP).
..
.
It 1.s notod thnt
net ions, a Burcnu-approvod
;
.
. ..·
. ..• •
-
\·
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'·.":·:~ . --~}t~}-
. ':··-?·f~
: . ,.,: .-: :·'·"~:2!f.
1n our cont1Duing counterintelligence:~ · '.~-:~·
anonymous uiling was tu.de to ... ,:# '".:_- t· ••--: -r~
selectivo LSP mcabers with the planned objective of. the :<,.:.,_':.:·~.:·.. ·.~-- :~-disruption of the LSP.· .. · · ·
'· =-'. •• · • • , i
Advise if our countor1ntc111:cnco aovo w3s responslblo
for the r:ipporcnt disruption of the LSP. Additionally, furnish
1our asnccs~ent of tho current strength ot the LSP in ViQW ot
the sopnrntion of certain ot its mo1:1bors who now compr~se·;-_
cnptionod group.
..
......- '. .. ,.? __ ~.:.-': · ...
-
.....
~
~
·~
.........
Extra copies of .this 1otter·bo1ng furnished San.Juan·
for your filosmncorning the LSP nnd countorintelligcnce matters.
2 - St.n Juan
.-
1
1on-0921 CL.SP)
1 - lOfi-336~ sub I (countorintolligance)
(1) _
,. '
105-D3124 (couutcrin1dligcncc)
1 - 105-127313 (L.5P)
SS!.l:sef
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(9)
NOTE:
-rSnn Juan at Bureau instigation. vropnrcd ononyrJOus
letter approved by the Bureau for mailing to selected LSP i
niembcrs in order to disrupt, this ~ilitont R,)d-chinose ·.... , :: , J<·~.
oriented group.
· ·.
·. · .. ·.·, .·
DUPltCATE YELLOW
S--OAPR ;30i970
' '. . . . ~OTE conih~m -p~~E ~-~ :·
.......
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l?Z:.!-::n !S t-::CY.SSIP'IED .. • . · - ,:
J:~C?Z m::Ri SHOWB
~~~~;~:.???ii
PARTIDO l>ROLETARIO REVOWCIOUARIO DE PUERTO R~ft:R\TISE-.~~---·t::·:-;:··.= . _. _· .
(HEVOllJTIOllARY PROLgrARIAll PARTY OF PU-ERTO RICO)
- .
__ .. ·_::~·=·,':·;,_ ... : •.,-·.:;::-'
(PPR) -. ·-· ,
·· ·
.
IS - PRU
_
..
t" ·
~ -_-; ~://1." i~:,,,,/.·. ;:::.., .. :
//1:1: ; .....~. /.. : (:.!) ·
-.. ··:·-:-:-.~..
.-. - ,; :.:>/.·: ,.//'Re ·au.reau letter to San _Juan, 4/16no. -.·
\._-~::~.~
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1
During the latter part or 1969, positive indlcati~~
~i
were developed that there existed aome 111ajor disagreements_ ___-. , .•.
w~~ng l!o.ders and members or the Liga Socialista Puertorriquena "-"~·-:t
(Puerto· Rican ~ocialist League)_ (LSP). A n u m b ~ _ . '--~~r:{'.
LSP r.ic~:bers were questioning tho leadership or . .:t
and indicated that he should be repl&.cea..
--~~~Jf-;
fY
41
An analysis
or
the overall situation at that time
~-._
resulted in the conclusion that the situation presented an
opportunity to disrup_t the organization by taking advantage .
,!. ••
.:;
li
~
.• r·
--
..
l ..
-."·>. .
er the oxistinB situntion utilizing a oounte~intelllgence ·
measure. An anon11nous lotter was composed fer distribution·
amen~ selected me~bers or the LSP, including some or those
who wore directly involved in the di~agree~ent described nbove.
The letter was worded to take adva.nt~ge or the disagreement
and to increase the bitterness that was already developing.·
The letter was approved by the .Bure~u and subsequently mailed,
on ]2/19/69. Although no first hand direct report or the
effect or the letter is available tor lack or any sources
within the organization, subsequent develop~ents establish
a s1en,ificant measure of success ror this counterintelligence
....
device •
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.)
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....
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nere are presently nine known active· members
,.
.
f-)· .., ,~-._
;.·'
J
~-
~-]_.
;;ffzr;,n·
. _41 the San Juan, Puerto Ric~ area and e1gbt known active
. met:tbers in the Ponce, Puerto
.l~_ad~ition,
investi~tion indicates that
- is in the process
or a rebuilding campaign, att ·'·i-J .1.11& o recruit new LSP
members fror:1 local university ranks.
•, I!
l~
~~
CON_~TIAL
'
~_.,.
I
.
or
aed t
the LSP
.- .
\~. r .~ , •
�!~~2;f.~~t~~~hftt~~(~~~~;~~· ·;·~:~i <·,·~
~,··~-.·
Fr~'
("".!~ k
•• ~7:;. ::
~
ACTION~~
None. For your information. Additional pertinent
results of our counterintelligence efforts will be brought
to your attention.
)
,.: : _ t
..· .,
:. 1·
DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE DIVISION
:.:.
tr
r
{ ·...,.. '")")
Appropriate-letter attach.ed.
.
·.... ~~.: .·'.
\.,•.'.~
.f
;. /
/.
/ti;:
- 2
V·
�·and the LSP.
move agai~st
this militant
ueutralize the
·. San Juan reoared anonymous letter which pointed
out shortcomings of
.
leadership and his indiscretions in le~king infor~,~ u o police source which led to
\ arrests of a number of LSP members. Letter was so written
that it was felt additional dissension would be created within
the LSP. With approval of the Director, San Juan's letter
was sent on 12/19/69 to selected LSP members in San Juan.
·'·
t
[.,
A current analysis of situation in San Juan shows
a number of dissident LSP members (all or whom were recipients
1of' our letter) have broken ofi from LSP and have formed a
lsplinter group. Th~ LSP at the moment, in view of this, is
disorcanized
is reported attempting to recruit
new members in orucr 'to restore life into the LSP. It appears
: reasonable to conclude this counterintelligence effort bas
succeeded in taking advantage of noted dissension in LSP and
has ·created an irreparable
between
~f his most devoted lieutena
9Q /.., .,
;;..
f.
andaseaa
,7~xq-.
sfili.t.
re
105-93124
·
~ tl~.._
SSM:sal/pca
(G)
'i'
~2
m;o
.
i16 MAY >2 1""0
CONTINUE~ - OVER -·· ____
.
-'f: J
J·i
~-
SEE ADDENDUM, DOMESTiC-INTEULIGENCE
JLJEnclosur~ S-~<tJ _ )c,
DIVISION, PAGE 2
~
·
_ 6 6 N 4mm
... •.t._• •-'..-,
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Lli'4/4&4t:i.nd a;Jje-;
_
·
f.,*;,.t~--.'Tw ~~
.
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~ - y - • '"r"':.-- - - . - --
-
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·
_______
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r. - - -
~-~:.v::....-_.~:--~~~~~ . .~;;:.~,;,.":_~.1_;,.~--~-~e::L.~~.r~~:.~-(.,:';..~"'.~#·:-::?''Ji1;.~~'$;~~~:..~~~~':,,;-.~"':~<~?...-
, •
.
.
·:. _1;~ ;•.l. ·
�·,!!(lft'·:.:~'.:~::°'~,~~~:~:~:':~~'~,;t~~i-~-~~=:~s~;;~~;.:···,"·S · ~;,B~1}1t;:~1:~?_;Tu~~lt'..-. :··.,
-~~8t~~~3/.if}r.it1:-t!tl:·:;l
- ~-~ -~~~.
Memora.ndum \\'ann~ll to Sullivan
Re;,~-itar1 Bras·
.. . . . 105-,292 .
·
·1 .• ,·;.;: '~'.'ti~'!}(- : ..
_·lf
.... .....
~
-:.
....
..........
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:.
RECO!it!.!ENDATION:
F~r:f
,, ,; ,: . . . . ~ ,. '? t.,
._,... ...
concur in San J'uan • s prO!>Osed counter. ... . . · · · ·
..
intelligence move a11d send attached letter to that office and· .. ··_:' \.;C~;~~
the New York Office authorizing its use 1 with mailing to be_.:.··:: . ..>..i~?-::i
limited to selected members of the KPIPR in Puerto Rico and. --:--(._-~·?{~:s·
New York City and to two anti-MP.IPR journal_ists in.Puerto Rico •. :···~:~;·{~
That
..
'~
\YO
........
..
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... ·.:. -:. .
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.
~
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f
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SA!i JUAN
' ·.....
.. .
-
.......... .. ·-
i:.pprovs.l
AT S!,N JUAN. PUERTO RICO:
or
t,he- counter-Intelllc.;ence letter.
,... ·
:~
,."
;
'
·2
'
Will await Bureau· ··:.-_·~~-"~.. ··.-·~-~:-/..::~i.i~~j;
.:
···-
�.....
.....
.. .
_
:.~.... ·
--~-c:~·f.i::.-. ~-
~a--.-·
.
-·. . .
-
' · ·"-' ...-··~t~1~:i~·.::·~;~ - ·~::1fl;fa..,.. ..;, .
1
. ,. r
- ;_ ~~ ,. -;. ~ .
· we believe tho.t
it is
time
for
a
se~-cr~tici:~~~~l'Jf:{f"'':;'~~¥.J~ i
~-t appears .. ·~:.:-..;·/:\'.J,~~~iit·
e.nd e.n evaluation of ·the goals of our J.:ove?lient.
ot our spokesmen are su1'fer1ng f'rom ··the cti{ ~' i-_~~: :~,:~~
thst :eor:ie
.....
··:......:._~
~
·... :.:_:..
~
i
We .e.re beµig led, 1ike sheep to the ......
~- .- . .... . .
· · ··:
.....· .
.
.~,.
&laughter~ to.' a disaster ~or our co:uades., our moveoent • and .. :~ · .:_· :_ ·. t
t?-..e u,::.ividuai n.
'.
.
~ ,.,.,'~ ;;'-'~,._1:· • .
O\.:r
bt:loved country.
~ • ..... ·~,:-IITi,-r,"'=' .- '•. "'
, ..I•',!•'
Let us pause . and reflect
'
I
Who ttade the decision tor the. i.:ovement to take the. ' ·· ·
step fro~ organized o~en le~el action egeinst the repressive ·
forces to actively support the clandestine groups 1n physical
the ·Yankee military?
Why~
at this time, do cert2.in
incivi~uals clam the right to expose our wives and children
to the back lash certain to result from political assassinationt
It :is c,ne thing to destroy Yankee business., but it~ a ~ar
~~re serious to openly~engage 1n gunfire on the streets ot
Se.n Jue.n.
U thh activity continues, which
or
us w~ be
2.ble to leave our home 1n the morning and be certain that the
....
'~-
re~resslve torces will not have user our children in thei.J'
g;.L~s1~ts!
How ce.n our leadership be so 1acking 1n 3udgement
as to ~ake a decision i.nvolving not only ourselves. but the
faDily
or
each and every Puert? Rican patriot%
J;liCLOStJRE
("
•i
~;o~ '~ur -·' . ~: \.·.":"'/.:.:)~~~~~
actions 1-rhile there is still time.
E.tt.acks o~
.
'\,~t.i.i-h
�..
~;>J: . .. .,{ ·
:i:s
OU~
stl'Uggle against the Yank~e.
i.mpcri~l1~ts~~g~~--C'ti?!'~"t:f·
·i:,Jt <•:. -~t~~:/·to. defeat that we ~st l!lll~te/ ~ursiiv~r-,i~t~,~1ii1ffi*b;f[ijJ
-
\!
:": :f-
i}f;:i
.f
.· .•·.:-: l-h.~
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..
,
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.
. . ·.·
.
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..
-
.
.
.-.
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>...:::,,. '·.":~ ..· ~--~~-~\·' -;·_ • ·'·-- ·. ·•.
"l.
~
t~e progres~1ve. peoples ot :the w~rld such a f>iasco th~t. -~e_ .· ·<\~:. · .·::..,,-~.,.
•
•
•
• •
• - .-~, ~ •• ',-. ,~·1:~•;l•C:.~;: ~--~_:,:~·:~~-~~~;;~
ce.n onl.y of£er ourselves and our tam111es as sacrlticial lar.bs -~ . · ·,i.;; ·
•
•
~
•
...
on the alter o! the class struggle? 1'here is no_t one
.
•.
Yenlt.ee U!per1al1s?:!..
-
-
.
...f:.ii}~.
~-
o-.;;;i;'."iiJ
But., our homes e.nd the stl·eets of San-·
Juan are not the Junsles of Vietnan.
trhe r:pressive f'orces·
''
ttt
need only to ley 1n 8.l!lbush for ns et our homes to ~eteat·
the vanguard of the Puerto Rice.n people.
occur?
..
or us .· · · _:,:.~~~-
t:ho is not reaci; to .,oin our brothers in Vietnam to def.e&t the
,·\'
0
E
conj~~!~~ri~,~;~tf·':':_°'.>·: ''(~,i@·
in
~
V
. . . ·• ... .......,. . .
ettem;; -~' gain wo~ld_-'t,:f
'·'.~~d ~omp.2.e~ ~nnihi1at16ri 1n a 1'ut1lc
Opinion 8nd e~pathy? :ts our cempflign
.
.
~hen~ what will
Do our leaders think the.t they v111 be afforded
police protection? ~hen~ with the vanguard ot the people
~assacred. who w111.1ead the tight tor 1naependence--th~ fag3ots
.
and lackeys of the PIP?
We can reach on1y two possible conclusions.
- -
-
the ncult of the 1nd1v1dualn has ceused certain.
of··our
One~
leaders-------
to become so psychotic that· they.actue.lly believe the
nhistorical cr1s1sn_has arrived
m
Puerto Rico.
However. as
individuals who actually did participa-te in the march against
SKO on May 3rd and in the recent action against the Yankee
Navy's enslavement of Culuebra~ we know how many militants·
'
-2-
�.
.
4,• • ., ..••
.
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i
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nT.., , ,~..::.-.. . ~~.::·~~:l;e~ .~.·the\i~~~;~~ ~\it{:1.fi~.~/~;.· .·.·t~if~~~.\·/.·~.;:· .~,~:,:
~.a.:a~
'•••,••_..- . .
;.,p.i'.A\,J.AJ'•~tt,:.,•...
I•.,
~A; __ · . ·t,~r''''i:itb;ut arms.
~
t~a~1ng·
,•
1
;
·i
•".
and other
.es~~D~#,~s~_,'tf~-~~i~f/:2t~
"•
:,,... ,., ...
1
~-
._-C.•-:_-:•.--:.. ......,,....,;~.... '.:'--'I!.._..,. .• ,
•":-:'. •:
1
be total~~elpless age.inst the repressive f'orcesf\. ~>..: _:;·/-;.;t~;.lf·_~r·;/::-.---··s-:~i.·
;(_ ·~~-·
•
:·,?,·, -~"-.
.
.-.
..
·-·-.. ·-·- ·_:.~-.!_~,;~~~--.:·· .:. ;. .
Th~ o ~ ~t~~r::~onclusion 1~ the poss1b1lhY
~ha{~'/-~,:.:.};;.~
::;::t::::r:; :: ::::::s:~c::::st:v:n:::t:;t::{,:
'}i} ,._
:::
l(~ik,
1ndependen_ce m~~ement have_ ~~-~cted., 1n their _'tt1ldest dreams~:·-._-:,
i~·::.j
that their pr~ry enemy would· elCPose 1ts membersh1P to· Ope~ : .
rcprisslt
t,
r
·i-
t
:;_-::,,;;;Jil'
Only through .the use or Judas goats could such
1r.san1ty come to pass.
f ..
Comrades, search your minds!
ine future ot our
struggle and a Puerto Bica free or the Yankee octopus
u
at
stake.
,..,;...
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. ,,
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• ·ec
,o· ··\·i:.~f~:~:f'.f?~~\;)
~..~'-;\{/.'~
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~-.
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.
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:~:
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llr.
Mr.
llr.'
(Mot.H'lt Qlpplng I~ S,oce Below)
-
.... · ,·
·
·
•
Be~car~~1er. · Saa'i,\::r .~ . ':
:~>· ~;: .•::~". ·~ ·-: :.;.;
•
:~~= ,: ;·
:ta::,.·-.·-:·.
Cat:ahae~·
"-n-..
: "''
"
' r.su _,.
l'fllt · .. " ·· . . ·
'l~
1ti': Gale';/'•
lfr. RON!ll~
- •
3. .'
O.w~·
·
4~~~~~,~ ~iJ§Fa. t: ;,•
~'~. ~'~D;d~~.1:~ti~P~~~~l
~i~Ii=~}~r~~~:~~'.~~
. I" ,. , ,., .....~·, . . .
t~~1J.t..307,000·",8:iid- SiilfGi·owing,,"t~~~:~,,.
I
~-~.-.:.:
'•-:''..c·•_.,.:.>c.~i-·~-·--'~''.•·~:~---r.::fi~fi\.:.;.,.\-,;;;,,_
Miu Holmn_·-
•
,i· :.,,,:.;:.:,:~:-: ,., •
.
r_ ..
, .. i}
· ,· •· ,. · ~
By fltANK SOL£R
Of ow Lit• Aftllta sa.11
·
· · ~,, ~ econor:nic re.5earch ana.'
. :::: ......Jt"St Tuesday ~stimated that
~;:={tJ~e Lat.in population of Dade
:' ::Ounty was more than
.&07,000 - and growing.
(,-·:·Li Richard Tobin of Fir,t Re- ·
·' ;'.earch Corp. said his mmpa-·
{:a~· estimated there v..-ere 307,•
;' iJ4 Spanish-speaking per-
living in Dade CDunty
. -r!~r'.iOns
af January 1970. Tobin
.aid that about 90 per cent of
lS
;,
.hese are of Cuban extrlt•
.1:o:- f:a-::.--~bo~r;; ·;:
f~e area•, 1.+million
':'population is Latin. .
{cent
~~
TOBIN aid lhr fi1ure rep,, Latin markers potential, had
resented an increase of estimated that there wowcl ·
S0.000 - up from 221,000 -be 308,000 Latins in the area
over the last 3½ years..
. b,)• June.I. 1971.
- 1be figures coincide ·with . Tobia
attribull'd
the
recent estimates 1,y the Stan• ·IJ'1)Wth to the number of rerdard Rate and Data Compa- ugees who return to the
ny. a national media market J.tiami area after they have
researdl f inn. which report. been resettled elsewhere in
ed. 303 .ooo Latins living in the United States.
Dade. County as of January.
About 4,000 Cuban refube said:
arri,-e in · the . United
States eat'h month 'aboard
The estimates were re• · the twice-daily airlift flights
vealed at • Lalin market from Cuba to Miam·~·
H~~REVIOUS .
report
by
first Re-search. prepared for
advertisers Interested In the
.
~·••PoP•'• cn7 •••
·
· ·
· ·· f _
t ..._
"1" ,. '(,.,P!,;)·
·:/ ;,,/ ~ · .
JA_
-1.be MI.AMI HERALD
)fiami, Florida
.
:~t;iu;:;i:~~iJ°:::1
"
l
bade to Miami and its UttJe
I
Ha,.. na 1eetion.
'
/1.
I
i
1\\1,,,s
I~;
.,1.
#
Heing followed
5/27/70
£41Uaoa:
Atatbor:
Cd.Jtor~
TaUe:
UE: MLUII CUllA.N
COLOA'Y.
f,
Cbaraeler:
(IDI l~~ - 7~]
Cl•••l U eotJon:
SubmJtU&141
•
i
f
OmeJliami
. . :·.
1t•.
·
:~i~: ·
· . · .. . }'
.. '.
f:
·
.b , ·;.Y·,'! · ·- ·.
sees
seminar at tbe Dupont Plaz.a
••a••1
(laolcote paqe. aOID• ol
��..
~
.
••
.
"
'
••
Aro,,.
•
.. -
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•
..
···i/.4"..~:.-.::-~
Memorandum recommends approval of San Juan Office•a. i:. :;_.::-::~ ·f: ::
proposed counterint~lligence ploy directed against J'ua.n Kar~--~.;.\~/;_(/~
Bras, Secretary General of the Jdovimiento Pro Independencla . ·;~ .~ ..::./t;.,,t
de· Puerto Rico .(Puerto Rican Indeftendence l!ovement) (m>IPR). - ··:·:-._,:·~$,
The !!PIPR is the la:-gest and most dangerous of the militant
Puerto Rican proindependence groups. Letter isa.tacbed for.
transh1ittal to San Juan.
.
.
: . ,
..
-~~~~
•,
.
~.~ ~
•
~~-· ', !
~
; ~- ~~
The 3/15/70 issue of "Claridad" ~ontained a~ article·· ;:~. _::'t~i\~
bearing the byline of Mari Bras entitled "Political Commen_t,. <~\.-~.:~·: ·· _i
Act of v-·ar." · "Claridad"' 1s· the-·official·-newspa.per 'of ·the"':"t::·.-:~:~ : ....":" ... .. / ···1
l!PIPR. This article condoned the ass:i.ss1nat1on of United siates · ·
·
military personnel stntioned in Puerto Rico and declared th.at
the time was approaching for Puerto Rican "patriotic forces"
to engnge in warfare against the Government of Puerto Rico and
the United States military.
',
''
This article apparently caused consternation Within
lll>IPR ranks. Many MPIPR members feel they have neither the.·
strength nor resources to engage 1n violent activities at thistime, nor do they feel that the "moment of crisis" has arrived.
Mari Dras has been openly criticized by some 11PIPR leaders
who foel he bns crossed the line between respectable independentist activity nnd illegal acts of violence.
San Juan proposed an anonymous lotter designed to
ex~loit dissension among l1PIPR members as a result of public
support of te1·rorist activity by lfnri Bras be sent to selected
lU>IPR rno1;ibors in San Juan and New York Cit,,. S::tn un.
nro:,o~~d to ~ d copies of this letter to
Eff.*9§9%¥64¥ who are editorial writers for ~panis i - angunge
news~a~ers published dnily in San Junn. Both individuals have
previously published articles critical of Mari Bras and the l!PIPR.
&ending of the proposed letter could create additional dissension
and distrust within the llPIPR.
/ .. , . .,, -· ,,. -· . /.
. , .
Enclosure
· ·· '·
· '· . . .:.~ ·- _:_;_:_ ~ ::.::::-=- ·.:. ·1 :.·...· ·
- ... 105-292
5 4JUtJh"jj~3124
.... ..,,
.
.
'
-
(S)
.• .
_.. ,"'·
.
(CClunterlntelllgence)
OUPLICATE YELLOW
NOT REC:O~"--
202 JUL 8 1970 ·
'
. :....
RECOH!ffiU)tttON" - Omt
.
·•
�-•:
O· ,.
.
;
..
- •':' ..
l~OTE: CONTINUED:
,,
·.
Referenced San Juan airtel advised of the
organization of captioned group from·mc~bcrship of
dissident J.SP individuals.·
.. • .. " ~.. / l" ;
!""
..
••
..
.,
....
...
....
. ..
i
...
.. -~' ..
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-
·· .·,,.: ·..
...
·.·
. l~
(•'
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....·
�......
, ~'.J.
.
FROM
.&...:>-~~~
IS-PRN
(00:
SJ)
SAC, SAN JUAN (100-4785) (P)
·r.
·.. ,
'
San Juan airtel and LHM to the Burea~,
5/4/70, captioned es abovej
. San Juan a irte ls a?'!d LID!' s to the11 3-1.!.!'eau.
6/25/70 and 6/30/70, captioned!" MOVIl{IEkro
Re
PRO INDEFENDENCIA DE PUERTO R3:CO {PlJERTO
11
RICAI-; I?ffiEPE1'"DENCE MOVEMENT) (Y2IPR) IS-F?.:1.
Enclosec for· the Bureau end New York. are.one
copy each of a letter written in the Spanish leng-~age a~d
its ":"\-~,; ~~"' l~rr!Uage tran.slation. Tra.:1slation 1':as mace
b3
San Juari Office Correlator ?rar.slato~.
As the Bureau·1s aware. the· factional crisis
I
I
J'
I
I
\'.-
I.
i
co;1fronting the MPIPR et this time has been given widespread_
9uc2:city in the local news media. It is further noted that
this a ct i vi ty most probably resulted :f ro!!l an ed 1 t:>rial l·?rie~n
by :.:ARI :BRAS in the 3/15/70 issue of "Cle.ridad," wherein he
.coL:}011.ed the assassination of US milita·ry personnel by
I ..
I
/ ' ·•·.
' . :. :
:-• • , .. , •••• ~ '
.:·, .,J" ·.•~j/ \.•--
-Se.n Juan
/
-
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�,clandestine. terrorist groups and declared that· -the ma.n.ent w·es·-:.· .. -_;·
near for all "patriotic" Puerto Ricans to engage 1n insurrection
ar:ains.t· the legitimate .authorities~ On 4/21/TO, MARI BAAS-:·;::.~~
appeared on isle ~-··:·de TV where he hof' l'i
e;r: h, '"·~"" ?. ~he!"e;;ts
'For th~ t·~IPR.
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It is believed by the San Juan Office that this letter
will assist in maintaining the rancor of this disp~te and 1n
further alienating V..ARI BRAS from the dissidents. It is the
ex~ectatio~ or the San Juan Office that this crisis will
per~anently factionaliz~ the MPIPR into small ine~fective
groups.
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Bureau is requested to expeditiously revie1·i this
letter as rapid dissemination appears necessary Et this ti=e.
The
LEA!):
SAN JUAN-DIVISION
AT SAN JUA!x, PUERTO RICO
Will.await the·Bureau
decision to disse=inate the
proposed counter-intelligence .letter.
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·-:-.~· · Existe una crisis en nuestro Movimiento ·; po~·'.·..::·-_, :···-:--:1.:~~i:
10 tanto ha .llegado la· hora· de la decision. .
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~Continua.m.os la senda que nos hernos trazac!o en
nuestra valiente lucha en cont~a del Imperialismo Yankee •.
o vamos a perm.itir que un egocentrico con delirios de
grandeza nos convenza que un punado de muchachos "pega
fuego 11 puede ganar la revolucion?
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Mari Bras se ha virado en contr~ de sus
compeneros de la manera mas v11 y cobarde. Haste. el
intelecto mas brillante de nuestro Movimiento, el
Camarada Cesar Andreu, ha sido censurado y condenado al
ostracismo fuera del Movim1ento por este despreciable
despota.
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Cem~radas, ha llegado la hora ~e alzar nuestras
voces para oponernos al poder de un solo hombre. No
estamos luchando par~ destron,r el Icperialismo Ya11-~ee
a costa de soportar una tirania en nuestro propio suelo •
. Dios nos libre del poder de un solo hombre!
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Our movement. is going through a crisis,
therefore, the time to make a decision has arrived.
Do we continue to follow the road which
has brought us so far in our.valiant.effort against
Yankee Imperialism? Or ~owe allow the raving thoughts
of an egomaniac who believes that the revolution c·an
be won with a handful. of youthful b~rners?
~ari Bras has turned against his fellow
· co~races in the most underhanded and ·Cowarcly mar.~er.
Even the most re~arkable mind of our movement, Comrade
. Cesar Andreu, has been censured and ostracizeo from
the Party by this petty despot.
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Comrades, raise your voices in opposition to
o~e-rnan-ru~e. We are not striving to overthrow Yankee
Imoerialism in orcer to gain the mantle of horne-gro\,:n
tyranny.
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God save us from a one-man-rule •
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Translated by Carmen R. Orraca, Translator
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Director, FBI (105-292)
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ReSJairtel 7/1/70.
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Reairtel enclosed proposed letter for mailing as
adbditional counterintelligence measure against captioned ). ~--~ ._ .· _,
su Joct and the Puerto Rican Independence Move,uent {MPIPR •. :· .. ·.
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It is noted a si~ilar letter·was approved for ~ailing
by the Bureau 7/2/70. This letter was to be sent ln order
to take advantage of consternation within the 1!PIPR ranks
caused by o.rticle of lfnri in· which itari condoned the
assn~sination of U.S. military personnel stationed in Puerto
Rico and in which article he declared the time was approaching
for · Puerto Rican"patriotic·' forces"to engage in warfa.re .
against the Government of Puerto Rico and the U.S. military.
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The Bureau has not been advised whether this approved
mai~ing has been accomplished and the results thereof.
The sending of an Additional letter a~ prooosed
in renirtel does not apnear to be feasible at this time as it
could convey to discerning MPIPn militantG th.at a police
organizatfon was Dounting an attack against the'fll.
In view of nbove, Bureau authority for this counterintelligence measure denied~-~
1 - New York ( 05-39139)
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SEE NOTE PAGE
59
JUL 1 6 1970
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ourucm YELLOVl
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NOTE: ~-·,
The 11PIPR, the largest, most dangerous of the
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Puerto Rican proindependence organizations, is 1n the midst
of ·an internal crisis .. which is apparently the result of ... · .. _-,
Juan 11ari Bras' decision to block publication of a colwm-: :/~ :-~. ·..-. ·..'
by an. IIPIPR leader as ll~i cla~ed the column· was a ·
·. !'~-;·. ·;: : ·: · --~~ · '
personal attack against bim and made public the internal - ·-·~:.-.:.·:._·. ;..:··~
matters of the organization. :This actio~ led_ to· the resignati~~r:W~
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of a number of leaders of the MP IPR.
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By Bulet 7/2/70 we approved counterintelligence move . :>:Jjh
(anonymous mailing) to take advantage of this crisis. Additional "
letter as proposed in reairtel does not appear desirable at :.--· · · ·
this time.
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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ReButel ~all 1/22/70. ~
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Jlt 12:11 a.
7/22/70, an anonymous telephone call was
received at the Seat or Government. The caller, a male, spoke ln a
clear, ·concise manner, \\ith no accent. The call was a local call and
no mckground noise \\'as heard. The caller explained that there is a ·
Puert9 Rican answering service ln New York. telephone
who are running guns into the country and have ln their possession
=,' ·I - .~f~varlc,us types or explosives.· He suggested that anyone desiring to obtal( ,· ·
information about the answering service would merely have to contact Y
them and advise that you are interested ln helping or as~lstl~ in any '
manner.
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New York wlll conduct appropriate investigation to ascertain
lf in fact the answering service exists and Ult does, will attempt to
Jdentlfy the individuals involved. \\:111 advise Bureau of results of your ·
investigation~
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Call received at 12:11,a-.·m., 7/22/70, by SAIi
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. !.~11: : .-=--=--. . .~ New York, on '1/22/70. Above cleared with Division Five.
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i~::.li":.;y- ct police C.fiC!-:.ts in th~ .Hoven~nt I s l~i~ i·arc}"-.L)"
.!rd :-.... :,(;d thr... ~ .JlI.A:'; Z·\?-~'l'OS lU V3rlA., the ~x.-Presidt:;n t
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:.s on -:;!le true road to follow to attn.in the 11 socin.list 11
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fc~c= to ctt~in ineopcnclc~co fo~ Puerto P.ico. By lotter 7/2/70
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SAN JUAN OFFICE FEELS THAT THIS IS AN EXCELLENT OPPORTUNIT.Y.J.-,,,\t'f•
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PRO VI OED NEW YORK CAN FURNISH SAN JUAN OFFICE WITH. EXACT
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AUTHO.RIZED·,· VOULD
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WHO HAS IN THE PAST DE~ONSTRATED A ZEALOUS ANTI-CO~MUNIST POSITIOH
IN HIS PUBLISHED NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. THE POSSIBILITY EXISTS ALSO T~~T
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THE EXPECTANT RESULT, IF THE Ar0R£~ENTI0NED IS IMPLEMENTED•
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SAN JUAN OFFICE AWAIT B~REAU AUTHORIZATION.
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intelligence action contoincd in reSJtel. The Bureau. however,
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in quostion and vill be similarly disposed to simile~: suggestions·
designed to· thwnrt an allia.p.ce pr points of aereement. betw~ ) j .,.
. cotmrunist clements and those·· seeking Pue~ ntca.n independence.-·.· ·
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·upon receipt of such information,···
_..,nn Juan shou .c ernin consider irr.plemcntntion of countcrlntelli··
scncc a~tion deemed fnvorable at that tine antl subntt srune to
Dureau for consideration. Mo action should be ta'ken vithout -. · ·._- :,,~.;:>·
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Letter to St£, S3Il jtJm'.l
PAR'lY, USA
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Such ectlon could prove
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Domestic Intelligence Oivi&ion
INFORMATIVE NOT£
Dat~ _ _
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Att~chcd ~escribes counteri
proposal to be i~~lementod bv
Office u~on ~rrivnl of
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these groups, nnd docs ·not appear to
offer Bureau any possibility of eob~rrnss
ment. If nporoved, San Juan will be
instructcd-to--i:nplement this ·activity.
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USA_,·. INTERNAL SECURITY - cor-!MUNIST, BUFILE
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OtlE .;;;-~DRED DASH THREE DAS~ SIX tllNE, NEW YORK FILE O~E HUNDRED \_i\i'
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DASH Or~E T':10 ~a~E. EIGHT ZERO T~O , SAN JUA t,; f ILE O t~E Hu:mRE:D DASH
SIX SEVEN EIGHT;
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GROUPS SEEKING ltDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO,
COU~TERI~TELLIGE~CE PROGRA~, INTERNAL SECURITY DASH PUERTO RICAN
ON JANUARY ELEVEN l~STANI,
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�tJUi·3ER, ARRIVAL Tll'~ AMO AIRLINE UTILIZED I SAN JUAtJ I IF A.UTMORIZED i
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THE EXPECTP.i~T RESULTS, IF !HE AFOREH!tJTIOi:£I> IS
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t1EtJ YORK THROUGH ESl'ABLISHEO SOURCES DETERt.U:JE AIRLINE•
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FLIGHT t!U~·:EER AtJO
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AT SA~ JUA~ I~TER•
TH~ OF ARRIVAL OF
NA!IO~AL AIRPORT 0~
SAU JUAt: OFFICE
{ ~t'A 11 U:G BUREAU AU!HOR IZA TIO l~.
R RELAY £LR FBI ~ASH DC
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NEW YORK IS REQUESTED TO EXPEDITE OBTAININ
DATE AND TIME OF ARRIVAL AT SAN JUAN AND ALSO THE AIRLINE TO BE
UTILIZED IN ORDER OFFICE WILL HAVE ADEQUATE Tir~ TO IMPLEMENT
THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PLAN AS SET FORTH IN REFERENCED TELETYPE,
PROVIDED BUREAU AUTHORITY IS _GRANTED.(t.e.)
END
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FBI WASH DC.
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SAN JUAN 10~-67S
SAN JUAN VIA V~SHINGTON
WEW YORK
AKA;
100-84994 ·1p
INTERNAL SECURITY-C; ~ATIONAL COMMITTEE>
RE NEW YORK AIRTELS TO DIRECTOR JANUARY EIGHT,
SEVENTYO»E AND TO SAN JUAN JANUARY THIRTEEN, SEVENTYONE.
RESERVATIOr~s
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VERIFIED F,OR SUBJECT A S . . , TRAVELLING
, SCHEDULED TO DEPART NElwARK AIRPORT
VI~ EASTERN AIRLINES FLIGHT
AT TWELVE NOON
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AP:RIVE SA~ JUAN INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT FOUR T\L1ENTYNI~E Pral.
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TP RETURN..
TO JOHN F. K;NNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MEW YORK VIA
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ON JA~UARY SIXTEEN, l~STANT.
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APPROXINATELY FIFTEEN MINUTES AND~tUtIALLY AP.PEARED FLUS-.
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1£~£D AND DID.NOT GAIN HIS SPEAKING COrlPOSURE UNTIL NEAR tHE END
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NE~S ~EDIA REPORTERS ADVISED
WAS ACCOl-1-
PANIED ON THE FLIGHT BY
A~a UNSUB ~HITE ~~LE. PRESUr~6LY
WAS it.ET 5 Y I.HE
FOLLOWING PCP PERSONAGES;
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BORE THE STICKER QUOTE FREE ANGELA UlvQUOT£.
INVESTIGATION DETER~INED THAT
NEGRO ~~LE, THIRTY
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ISLA~DS, TOGETHER WITH
t
FEET Tt;.,0. It~CHES.
NEGRO ft"~LE , THIRTY T~O , .SIX
P~ll~AIR TICKETS IN THEIR NAMES REFLECTED THAT
THEIR ITINERARY CONSISTED OF LEAVING ST. CROiX ON JANUARY I~ELVE
- LAST, GOH~G TO NEW YORK, THEN TO ·sAN JUAN AND RETURNING TO ST.
ARE·AS FOLLOWS: HE STATED HE
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FILMS AND TAPES OF INTERVIEW WILL BE ~ADE AVAILABLE-
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PORTIONS OF ABOVE l'~NTI0N£D .·. __ .:<
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Accoim1·NG· ·• '::· -
INTERVIEW HAVE ALREADY BEEN BROADCAST BY
ABOVE INTERVIEW WILL RECEIVE NATIONWIDE NEWS
COVERAGE AND WILL APPEAR ON lOCAL TV STATIONS THIS PM. LOCAL
~E~SPAPERS TO CARRY FRONT PAGE COVERAGE ON r~NDAY JA~UARY £1GHt£E~
NEXT.
SJO
•s li1?LEMENTAL COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
JWI.EASURE. APPEARS TO ·HAVE
BEEN EXTRE MEL. Y SUCESSFUL .l N 1' HAT llllllf'JPO N CO NFRO ~JI AT 10 N WITH
,_
,·
THE FULL EFFECTS
NE~$ NED IA -~AS SURPRISED AfJD A~NOYED.
OF
THE
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE ~EASURE WILL NOT BE REALIZED UNTIL SOURCES ARE
. I
CONTACTED.
,.
HOW SJ FILE ONE FORTY DASH
SJO I ND ICES RE
C
SEVE~ THREE FIVE, POSSIBLY !DENT.
SJO
I~OICES NEGATIVE RE
SJO iO :w'.Al!-;TAIN CONTACT \r1ITH APPROPRIATE SOURCES.
LliH FOllLO\i1S.
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�EXTREME CAUTION MUST BE EXERCISED YITH RESPECT TO
THE INFORMATION HEREIN INAS~ruCH s
BY ITS NATURE, SAID INPORl·:ATION TENDS TO IDENTI
DISSEMINATION OF
• A VAWABLE INFORl·!ANT, AS THE SOURCE.
IS OBTAD~ED rRm-1 A SOURCE OTHER THAN
NOT DB INCLUDED -- EVEN IN PARAPHRASE
SECTICN OF A REPORT.
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f97f al Aoent in Charge
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:(t~s-. en~lo~~d- ·ror :i~;; York· ar~ fer 'Der:!10.nent.~:::~~
·.aI l·et.J~tio::. The above mentioner:: enclos\!rcs !are being sab- -~:·: ·:·:;;r-·
-~..ittee to tho 00 (~:.1\:th~ir review and wh.3.t_~vet i3:~ti~n ~~~J):.1::~·..·.::
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Ss.n Ju:&.:'l_ O!tico·1s preparing a CO:'!t~U..~C&tion suitable
for dissen:.ins.tio.: · reporting specifics or•
visit to ~&.n
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. ·:_~"·:_ :f
Juan.
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noif . -.:"s~c.: SAN_ -·.1l.!AN .-.-;:.;;7·
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105-93124
105-3353 S.I
se.n .;aan file:
Re Bulet
On 1/16/71 1
Corn,
r.mnist ?arty - USA, arrived a.: .:ne
In~e;national
/drport :t w~ th his bodyguard., - j . . ; . _
As
alic:;hted
fr.'w t:1c pl~t,c, he was con.f'ro!1t.eo oy news medi~prescnta.:..:.iv_es :..r~r.l \{HOA Radio., WAPA-TV, 11El J.!u:1do'1 ne?t·,.~oaper, 11 El
=-~::1arcia.l II newspaper, and Visuie Ne1·:sreel.
initially
~,~~~red surprised and stunned at the press~age ot his
ar~!val. He was interviewed by the aforementioned ne~s media
:"';??resentatives for approximately 15 minutes, as he t:alked ~
t.;.-~"<"f':1 the airport.
As a result of this press coverage or
arrival in Puerto Rico.t the following publicity was
:,;:r-cained:
.
·
·
t-~\,idl.~an
n.
am
affts
WAPA-TV - Film clip
..
or allll"s
arrival and inter--
vie1,: appea.rea . on the 11 :00 P .M. in-on 1/16/71.
ll·
UHOA Radio -
On 1/16/71>
starting at 6:20 P.M.
~very hour.
~oI~ion~,orqa:, interview were broadcasted
t.n"'il mia-da:.) '-n
4 - nurcau (RU)
.
(2 - 100-369)
1/17n1.
·
·
(COMMUNIST PJ\RTY - U!;A)
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.{2. - 105-93124) ((GJJ.QQP.S .. SEEKING .I1'"DE.~~~~CE._F:Pl:t P.R.)
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York (PJ:)
(l - 100-849994)
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(C6iiid'f&
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D\"TELLIGENCE P R O O - - · - -
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S1~-J~~5-3353
S-.I) (COUNTER INTELLIGENCE PROG~Ea~~-,11 2 - 100-678) (COI-11\~~./?ARTY - USA)
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nddit~or.~l photos and excerpts appeared on the-newspaper
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''r«a In:p~rcinl II news_paper. - --phot'ad~aph.
~nd interview aRpeared on tne front pa~e ~n the l/17/71
~dition, and additional photos and excerpt~ from this in~erview a.ppea.red in the 1/18/71 edition.
· ·~.
Vj.:-uie Newsreel - .The fil~ clip o~-:;~i_i&l ·.: -~#
~n:i interview scheduled to appear in movie tne:at.ers throueh-:-,•;.:'ly~~l.6
out ?uerto Rico from l/23/71 to 2/15/71. · ~
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advised that"::_'!}i
On 1/25/Tl,
~:
,.:as. noi arres'ted ciuri~ this de:.lons~.:-a"tion,
.L·vcd by Bureau A::;ents .shakina ha:1ds t·rith JUAN
:-:::>I/BRAS, who also part19ipated in the demonstration.)
.ff ~as named in a· Federal Court Cease and Desist Order
;1~:-.dcd do,·m by Federal District Judge JOSE VICTOR.TOLEDO.,
ordcrins de~onstrators to leave the Navy firing area. ·
l
1·
----.-wBefore leavinr; Puerto Rico, lllffl-'l·also gave a. press
{ co:1:erence which was attended by memb~ a~l the news
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On
1/25/71,
~4\::. J'.,~!':. that cn.y f'.:>r !.twW
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advi:;c·d. that -:Se;rnrtcd .-".". ;_ .
,or,;. cuttin[! short ~::~ vi~" · o·:-··-~-: .!tccordin3 to
= •"".:,:
cft n,,
Ti1c aforementioned -publicity was a counter 1ntellir-.::r.ce plan or the· San .Juan _o:rice in an effort to disrupt
"C~:c. visit ora!B:o P...terto Ric·o, which plan was desiilned
-:: :1 t:1wart or ~ n t an nllinnce or points of agreement
ct.:?twcen communist elements in the United States and those
elcr.1ents seeking Puerto Rican independence by :forceful
i.e~ns.
It ·1s relt by the San Juan Office that this cou..~ter
:.n·.clli:;cnce plan was - e l y successful in that, due to
·
.. h:i publicity afforded
- ·• , arrival and stay in Puerto Rico,
~u:·::.~:"o:~s scheduled meetings with Puerto Rican independe:ice
:c~~~~t were C3ncelled and_.was unable to ~lar.dcstinely
:r.e~~ ~r.5 cement alliances ~ u e r t o Rican independence
.
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Re San J'utin teletype to tho B-J:-tH1a 1 1/16/71,
en~ltl~~ CP. USA (Bufilo 100-)-69); SAn Jun.~ let~~r to
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t 1- ·100-2~3,~96) ;_ ! - :; CG - .3 ) ( CP, _U ~ :d
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~ 2- 105-75715) (MPlPR)
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100-123538)
(J-
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l~DEPENDENCE FOR P.R.)
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··c 1- 100-}iOlld ( PIP)
.A1~-4.oo-678) {CP, USA)
1(1- 10S-J3SJ-.Sub I) (GROuPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR P.R.~
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rn.- Mr" -.MAY
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AP.piov~a~
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5 '' MARJ. 'l _19,Ii.;1 Aoent in Charoe ·
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the Buro'lu, l/29/71, . also·· eJ'iti tled CP • USA: Snn J\:an· a1rtel_\~f'.r/J~\tl~
to tho Bureau, 1/21/71; San Juan teletype to the Bureau. .: -f(·..'."i?,. :· .. '. ·-/&1/21./71; San Juan t9letypo to the Bureau~ l/23/71; San Juan ...::
B\l.rea~,
Buroau drtel tO San Juan, . .
.~··
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>~-.·__ ._·~~t~t
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Enclosed for the Bureau are 11 copies of an LHM __ .· _ ·-ds. tod and captionod. as above. Enclosed tor r;ew York 1:1.re ··
S copfes and for Miami 2 copies_ -of the _same COIT'~Unication~r.,)·
Local diasominRtion is being ~~de to 771st
:-·.,.
Military lntolligence Detachment; U.S. Secret SerMice;
,.-.· ·: t·
t:t..vo.l Invo:atlgntive Sorvice Otrico; and Office
lnvo~tigatfons,. Ramey Air Forco Ba~e. (u.)
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Special
Sources referred to in LHM are:
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ob~arvoci
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�The LP.M is clo.ssified "Confidential•• as 1 t ·:,
cor.t3in= 1ntormation trorc SJ T-1 througl': SJ T-6. ths· ,.::·.
unr.:,:tr,o:'ized disclo::ure or which could roasons.bly be
expceted ~o expose sources which would not be in the best
interest or tbe United States.
·";~t\l
. ~;...~
-LEAD:
SA?! JTIAU
AT SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
:-egarding any
nave aeveloped concerning
in Puerto Rico. { JA}
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J&.n-;.:t1ry
16.
.,
On JanuLry 16, 1971, representatives of .the Fe=eral
. ff.
~-..,~cr·:~1 of Investigation (FBI) observed- the follo,d:ig: (
c,.)
disembarked tro~ EAL
··· .. ·..n~ !"'.i.:i.ght ,19o7, "ni.cn h&::-... arrivec. at Sa:: Juan l!'lt.e:-r.a~ior.&.l
'P~~~, S~n Juan, Pue~to Rico, f r o m ~ · ~ew Je~s6~
·---~ ~=-~r- E..t approxirr.ntoly 4:30 p.m. allDf~:Lg conf:-o~te~
t,,.~· r.wT.erous renr.csunta ti ves ot the P-Je:- ~o Rican !"'.a89JS :-;.ccia
s~ }ci."'ically from WJ..PA Te;levision, \tJHOA Re.di.o, El K~ndo and
~l !mparcial newspapers, both ~panish lan~wspapers
;:,u~.lishcd daily in- San Juanli Puorto Rico. ___,..; suitcase
oo:-c 3 sticko~ which read, ·~re~ Angela". (tA)
Group I
----"a,L
f ,,
~·'
.. ~,.., ,:-
.:.,:, .i"s.nuary 1S, 1971, s; T-1 ad-..!sed thnt Hall 'W01J'lci'.- •.;. ~--.-:i·;l~Jj
~e a!'~ivin3 Snn J\:.~n Intor;iationr.. l ~i~port aboc.~c Easterr.)
Airl:~~s (EA~) flight scheduled to arrive at 4:30 P·~· (u
(
~~~
·
Excluded from automatic downgrading
and declassification.
locu.~ent contains nci~ner reco:r.m.endations ~~~_cor.c:usi1r.~
of tha FBI. It is the property or the FBI and is ~o&~cc ~~
7':>lA.r e.gency; 1 t and its contents are not to be c.istr~~ .1~ed · . __
ou~sid~ your agency.
�. .,
~.~
1-.
ti
~-
ro~1nine Affairs
or
PCP Secretary
-:i4i~ .
Finance ..and
I,.
•
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--~··
PCP rnernber
PCP :member
A characterization of the
PCP appoars in the appendix.
(v.)
Jsn~ . . --\· , t. 1971, SJ T-2 advisee! the follo~ing
sur.~?.tion of what
sta~ad in intervi~ at the
lt.!r;,o!"t. to the ?uo:,,:o Rican news media: ( IA.,)
0l'l
He was in Puerto Rico to get acquainted w~th all
to~ the
ir.de~e~~ence of Puerto Hico • . He expected to visit rlussia
anti-imperialist fighters and that he, hi~~elf~ ~as
i:1 ;.. ~.:·:r~, 1971 to D.ttend the Co.rJnun!.st Ps.rty Ccn=:;re3s. ~e
~c~~ioned he would be glad to ~eet Yith trade unio~s,
ittcpcnccnce
parties end any anti~imperinlist fi~hter. ne
sta~cd, 11 ;.-~e he.ve o:ie onemy, U .s. irnper!alism. '' He Cv!'lsidored
the re=un: Culebra·solution a victo~y and stcted that the
U.~. :-:.1.vv has no business on the Island of Culeb:"a. He
rcr:::ir!!cdw tr.at the CP-USA has between l,S,000 L9lci 16,000
cue~-r.nyin3 m~mb~ra with the eenoral membe~ship being a~p~ox. irr.atcly 100,000. He characterized the llixon ad'!':".inistration
as b6ing reactionary, racist and pr~-war. (
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The_ island or Culebra is ···.:. ,_ . .- ~- .. ?~ • ·-=~~{~f.':1~.,?>·:.' ·
located northeast or Puerto Rico:·.·.-~ ·;; ...-:f~·· ·.... -\~:~.-~--~~ ..':'- :.-·.
and ·ext~nds tor approxima.tel7 21 · -~-·~_-::~;·=-·~:-.'.~: . ~;~-~-. / ,.
square Jlliles. Executive Order
. ·=·:·.:;~·\'·
8664, dated February 14, 1941, .._-.~: .~: · . :: :::i<.. _· :~ ..-.:_<-;: · -.. .
designated Culebra and adjacent.!_~_~:~:<}.{~<-~
waters as Naval Defensive Areas ,· >-·-,~-~•.. .. ·._;.-.:,. ::= .i..-...
and Na val Air Space Reservations. ::.t,:. .
t~.·&~~~;: ·-~17::)ln 1963, the Atlantic Fleet \o/eapons: ......... : .-~--~_.;_~ ~··?-:"" · ·
Range was es.tablished_ in Culebra. ~ -,;<_·.i·.. ~ •. _/\::·
The range represents one or the
.-... -·. - - ..: . ::.:
largest controllable sea. &."'ld land
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>;=.:·:>-~x?tf
i~:~d:°'~iec:~:;r!n:!~d;:e:~:s. . . :; .. .)~ r· >, iit
Puerto Rico.
{.IA)
.·
.
.
· '· ·.... ··
·:: :\'~
,.'"
On Ja~uary 18 1 1971. SJ T-1 advised that on .
January 17, 1971, a general membership ~eetir.g or the PCP
tock place at the home or Movimiento ·Pro !neependencia de
Pue~to Rico (Puert~ Rican Incle e '
~ovemen~) {MPIPR)
me~ber and PCP sympathizer,
Nl!l1lerous person.a
wera in attendance, includin 0 •
0
~~
~
A characterization
or
.·-. ~
,'
...
the
MPIPR appears in tbe appendix.
t'·
..e oIii I D:. K'.r J.A'rl
3
.
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~
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.~
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\ffb) .·
'.· .. . .. .
r .. --, _•• a.
~
~?••. •
-·
· > --=·~-~~ On January 21. 1971, representatives· ot the FBI <~t. ~~-~-.~:--:~: _'.;:. :)~;.,
tl'>,e,,,.$~-~}~~ing: {p.)
. · ·· : _.-:.-<:', • :~
> · · · · .. ·•
,;~~~~
0
obt.~~ve~
~&.~·:1ei~ai'i~t~-~~t:;:,:_.:\~~"'"c
an a.-i t! -Cu .1.e .>!'8.
(1
:>~ r ,;,) t{,:I
e:r.o;i.:; r. J'L;. r.;. C:l sponsoree by tb e Partido ':~ .
l~efende;~tista Puertorriqucn~ (Independence Party or Puer~o-~~:~\-~\-./~~·f
ihco, (PIPl~.which_~as taking ~lace in rront~he P~_~;.:i:-:?·f;:>~.~-./:~f}.,:f:~f
Office Building, Old San J'uan,. Puerto .Rico. allM was·.=c~~..:.:_.·~-~:--:..~·:~:~~. :i-.~t'f.
observe~ to shake hands with Juan Mari Bras I se J.l - : i ~ ited.. _ · ·.· -~ · · · ~
was also
botp PCP officers, wer·e ,u.so p~r~icipc..~ing.
. ·:-;::i-,:·,.··-..
.
• . ;. , .
ehs.racteri~ation or the
PIP appears in the appendix.
A
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On January 21, 1971, U .s. District Ju.d~e Jose·
':'~:sd6, San Juan, Puerto Rico, advised t h e . t - . . . - a s ···::\ ~/_·
::.,·~r.li:.ded in a.""l injunction issued by hirn on ~ , 1971 ·
~-:l~icb o:-derod certain PIP mer.>bers from interferring wi tn
O~:~~at!.on Springboe.rd being conducted by the U.S. Navy on
~~~ island or Culebra.
Judge Toledo pointed out tb&t
·
ce;!"·~b.in PIP roe:nbc:9s. were · interrerring by occu~ying ground.·_.
1"'itnin the Navy firing ran.ge in _Cu~ebra. (1.1.J .
::.-· _· _. .
,,_
,.,.,,.
•
f~c~:.!a~soe:n~:!.!~~t.:~ro::m who
}.
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trf:I·~tt~!ittllll
J •• •.1.
,i~ir-'-.~:--~::£:://J_: :. .~:~~;~\: :_: .
-:.::'.:~B-i _-_\-)?-~
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I
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,.
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ad\"ised that on
Ja:::iary 2L
1;.&., a.
&e:ie!'&l ~e:-:i::>ersh:.p rneet!r.g took
-::2~·.ce in R o o ~ w a r d ··Johnson's Hotel, .Condad.o, Se.nturce.
~ .. rte Rico. - - advised that tbe tollowing perso:,;n::::.S_:-~·=··=-·=·==-:-::-=--::.;;,:-:·
-. .. -.!. r
~
a in .a t t encif c.e•a•t.,· _·t_h_:_s_Jrj_:e_.!_~_~_:1_Z~--_(_IA_i_~_--_-_-_·: :::-:· i.
---
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gdeps~ted S!ln·
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6
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.
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...
.
., ... advised., ~ha~.~.);:./_-.. ~·/~·
re .... iaent o~ ...be S ~ .· :~ .. -.At,
v :·ero
........... a1·
nsu,r-"· .- l"'\kers Syndic&te) (SOI). h e . - · _ . ; '.;.:~:
:rr.ct w i t h _ .
:roorc in the Excelsior Hote.....
.
-~ ::·
Co~d~do, ~ ' Puerto .Rico. Source opined that tbis -"."f~_ .. _>/~\//i
meeting took place on ·January 21 or 22, 1971. ·. Source could.,.·-~:-.·..:-·~.~-. __ :
furnish no deta 1ls concerning this meeting. (a) <c:)i,:-; .. '.-{: ..
e
. ,
1
inWII
·'~<f?\
1
was· .. ·; :~:.-:~~:~?·::_~·;t
tt
/!/1~~e e;cirr::: ~=~;:!~e;~~~;t~ . _c··: ·•.. ;
··: :f-·
~
Ii~~;~--~·,·.: ·.
to July, l 9S3 at which time be
wns expelled t'ro:n the pep· .fop
~
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,·.
f:.
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1~
ind6~-
.;;o;o ;!i~w U*~~)
,;·
The SOI is an
i
.
On JJnuary 29, 1971, SJ T-6 advised t h a t - · in
1ntervie~ by ~erto Rican news ~edia representatives vn
· January 22, 1971, made the ~llowing co~..ments·whicb are ~et
f'o!"th below in summary: (C-t)
·
.....
U.S. imperialism has made Puer~o Rico a major
nuclee.r target since Puerto Rico has. ~~t . .~~ez; ..,.~~....~,~
included in the nuclear tree zone.,,,... ) ............. ·-··'-··.····-·
I
t
'
'-·
r···
\..,'-\
The U.S. decision to withdraw tro~ the United
Nations' Cor.::nission o~ colonialism indicates
thatjthe United· States·deeiceQ to do this .
becn~se the Puo~to Ricon independence question
was. to be presented before ~he Comrdssion.
Halljmentio~od that ha would be raisir.g the
priority tor Puerto Rican independence thro~ghout the co~'"mnist parties ot the world. (Lt)
:
.·l
·1
'
7
~
.. · : .-.· ....
'·:.>,·:: c··~::~.,··:-
viola ting party discipline anc
. . . : ·. - · ·
ts:.ction&lisr:1. Although not a PCP.:. ::· :... ·.. :· ·
member, he describes hims:i.f as a
· ·
1'..ar.xist-Lcninist and maintains
- .· ·
.friendly rel~tio~s with tbe PCP. (&J..)
·.-·-f
· : ; · ,·:- .; ·.
.
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He wa~ di-sposed 'CO promote a movern.e~t to .·~. ·. . -,.. . . :;·....r!.~--~
.-~::l
!reo :,olitice.l priscners in the Uni~e«l States·:.~;_:•·:.'>-~t-}·_,~··:)f
tbe 12 im;risoned me~bera -or the
!nclue::.ns
'--=t>p'!""I
,,,
.:.v. r,. c.,,.tA
6 ·-:·
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··: •
Be stJted thst the
eonuna:nt poli ~ical_
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J.:••.Ll:.~1'0 P!,O".""I~:DJ:.P.t;NDhNCIA Dl~ ?uE:{'l'O RICO c..;~··tf::..... ~.-: ·?·:: ::: ~.:.r.::,.::. ~J,·_,.:._.;,:_..:,
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P"',m':i'O RICAN IND!~PZt\'DRNCR f.!OVF.~!~NT MPIPR ··.~\~,r;\~)~}~·:::~:t:~f/ffi(f
~
:.;:- . .. ._ . t ·'(
·
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,
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.
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·
>: _•,\>_·:c:,,c: ~i:;tJ:lr;-.\S1:f*~JfJ;fj
The ~:PIPR w~s: ·or~3nizcd ~n November·~ 1959{
?o~c.e;·jt
I ·
1
- : _.
0
C&t·
?u~rto Rico~ _ J. t h3.s a ~urrent mcmoershin o'! · &bout 700-800 ·.,·.:./:__;ff:!
:~crto~.;. 1·:i tt scve:r-ll thvl"::ltn:i ~y:~n~ thizer~. '!'t,<.: :.~I?R 1s · ... ·... _..:~Jf
:,?'~~r~!zec i*1 missions t1.r.1ch are located. in various towtis throug1t
o~~ Pue~to Rico.
There' are also me~bers 6nc sy~oathizcrs in·.
...: ~ . -
"..::~-
••
•
tr.e continental Unitec States;. The MP!PR National H~adouarters·
at
1122 Ponc'.c C,c: Le.on .Avenue~. Rio Piecir~~, ·. Pue~to::._·}~~--
i~ loca tcd
iU r.o •
/
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the tirr.c t~o MP!PR ~u~-
ore~~f~.~~-~-:-~-1/~~~~i~;ii~i}~-
th~ ~ i:. did/ not oclvoc~ t:C vic,lenc~ but woulti t.ccc.:pt ::.1c::>cr:; :_". .·,~-.r:.
•
• '4 •
~,,.
V"RI Bn~s
, t·r.e ~4" OU..~cer
•
...
•
•
\O::'&C C.-.C.
~H.1.nh a..r\
·ttn ,
~na OO:::~r.:l:"lv ~ec.OC?" O.:;_;,~,~,
t:-.:.~ ore~niz~ticn, in a. s~ecch in 1964, ·thr<:atene:c? violcnce'-_·.'\:~~f
co:r.p:1rr:olc to th3.t in .Alceri:i, 196L~, 1f Puerto Nico bccll:ne ~ .. ~·
sta r,t: within the United: Ste,. tcs.
.
-- .
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~p
.. ,... ! '- • .;: '
~i ;.,. , . _,. .-~; ·. :c--:-i.,.;~,:-'.;_ ·:_.:_:"'.f.
4
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n'!rut.I sJ in• ~•~
~n ca·ito,-"
n,i .......... ~ ......i.,,,, l..n thr~";.'
... . .. -·. . . ~·. ...... -!~~
•""'(~ \
. .. J..1. .- - ••t-':.,6..,u.~ ••,.- . •
•'- 11
!-:·~rch 15, 1970, issu~
c1:.:.ri<lnd.," the MPI1,H nc.i~!):..r.pcr., : .. :·;3
:;t~tcc th:1t1_ 11 in Puerto Rico there is :in i.¥"J.c::i.picnt nrr...e:d ~t~~gel,
or ·
c~ the p."lrt1 or pro-indcpc:r.dcncr. i.ndi vidun.ls t:ho ccr.:;!ae:~ it : ··~?~::·
th.cir p~ tri otic duty to'. cor.<luct w.:irf:.1.re c~ainst th~ <:~pirc · -· ·.\·?f~
:·:hich comin ates us. · we· believe th:lt every Puerto Rican :-~s
·~\
'the ri.:;ht t1a cake war against the invaders of our coi.:.."'ltry.
And war 1s tna:..r.ly k:tl-~ing and dying. 11
_.
~ t o R:l~O
.
h as repqr"ec
... . -~ ~..~"'
- . ....
""':)_
":)_
i,he press o f .-uer
_.:ie .......
~-~
ha~ he:ld nUr."!erOUS public weetin~S e..r.d cic:ons-::-ati:>:":S 2.:0 _~:::!.ch .·
~hey protes tcd cornpulno:-y rnili tnry sc:-vice !"o:- ?~c!"to ~ic~:1s · ,
~r.:J Unitcc /st:itc:1 policy L~ Victnn::-.. The ;.;.i,:rpn h::...; ·!'\u·t:·.~r
url~~d the boycott 01' cl~c.~t:11.'\n:.~ in Pu~rto Rico.
. .· ·.
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On April 21., 19"/0., du2·ir-,:; the ~uUl."SC ..,:· !l iU'Oi!l'::::-, . ,-,,,
-.::--.~\-1'J:~1J· 'l'<!~~vision in Snn Juan, ?1.:.erto Rico., )!.'1HI :..i:1AS zt:-,tcc
t~::. t. the Ml~!~ has wnur.icrAble cont~cts "'1th rc-v"l~1t:i.o!~=~ry
,,·
,:
..
'
••
or:~o.nizntidn~ "in South Am~:-1cn, Can:ida, Cub~, l~urop~ .. A~'r~en
11.r.d in An1~ •. Throur.h 1969, the MPI?R hn.d A pcrcu.nunt
·rcprc:;antn ti vc nt£r. t1onccl 1n !Iltw.nc.., Cutn.
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;-i'~:_ ·.1:±!.i t.r.C? r.cw na.~e of the Cc:-.r,i:.r,is t ?a?9~Y o:'
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~ ... ~:1·:.!r :~-..~ i,:~~~·~~ Rico w~s .ro:.2r:,e~ ir. .Fer.cc~ ·:?i:erto·','·.:~ ...
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On >Za re:: 10., ~970., Mrs. ROSITl, ~. CORDOVA, Secrc:to.ry. ·..:... -~-: · -; ·,;-~
to ti~-.; Si.lpcrintendc..mt., C,-,:r.:r.onwcalth of ?uerto Rico Elections .Board., : . -~:r
s¢viscc th::t :l.t ~he J'anu:.i!"y 23, 1970, meeting 01" the E~ections .Boarc., .
.... .-!c-i P:? 1,;:... !' certif~ed as n !egnlly constituted -polit!cal party in
.· ·
Puerto :;:.co by reason c~ p~t.ition.
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1 - Mr. W. C ~ S~liYaD
1 - Kr. C. D. Brennan
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INTERNAL SiX:URii - COJOlUHIST
-_
.~:',·:~·:-::::.~:.:t+t~~:--·:-;-~;·;-::rf~~
_
. _ __ .,
dllring Hbjeot '• recent_ t:_rl~ t:o Puerto .~aico.
onl 1/11/71, it ••~
learned-tbi.t .
'"'W."n~ ~~:!:~ !"!!~i.! !,(~~:~as·:
BACKGROUNn:· -
5
0
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i.
1:!:!!.~;r::.
To advise of positive reaulta of counterliitelllgance
·· act{on _~aken
PURPOSE:
·:: ... ·. .._ __ -- · :-:~-~- ...:.
·>t~·~. :·
(..J:·'~;i~j).
~~~i~~J:
tho
Communist Partyl of Puerto Rico and leaders of aubveralve Cl'OU~~~~
seeking independence for Puerto Rico. llllllf intention was to· . · ·. ·
arrive without :fanfare, and conduct. n o ~ aeetings but meet_ . .- ...
in private with! these leaders •. The main reason tor hla vleit
- ~\~
was to institut~ cooperative action between the Communist Party · - \
of Puerto Rico and the •ubveraive Puerto Rican nationaliat
·· :·:, ···-= ~·
groups. ('-\)
I
·
·
l>
i~
With tho Director's B.EJ>roval
Nf't!£:;:_n-1val ~as
eiven.
~ la B
'l!\ontit:£lf alighted from h~ pTane, Ile
television andl news e
_.,..,. . ,.......
.a
information regardin(!
~ W I 1111
I!! mrc13Ptirbil
•
of ra~,
. ~--
�... .
,
Brennan
".-· '.. ceuor-~1;12_1s.·.,
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ACTION:
.
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J'or information.
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SUBJEc/· f ~OUPS SEEKING JINDEPENDENCE ·
I. :f'~R P~RTO RICOI
.
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jJ~~NTE~LIGENCE PROGRAl4 .,
.
.; ,,..
.. . . .· .
t~
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Re Bureau· letter
··sai1 Juan
sal'I Juan report ot SA
l21/30/7P, captioned,
Puerto_~r_iqu·ena (LSP); IS -:- P~.H.
I
.
-
"flil_~:.
.- ·... --- ·- ., ~·~-;~-
Enc1o~ed for.the background information·
one copy or referenced Bureau letter.
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ca! ~;IT~~!1i::t:to!~s
-~~~.r~.
licizing
ra!'l1 tvle.
living, would have. any,*::t_-:.·.:·t't}f~
f)~ ·· -· ~.-..,~:··,.,,. .' _, adver~e e 1 ec ·· Jon
t appears that - a s ~ ! r . ~ ~. . :~~-.
;,-;7:f.-;.i\, ·
.•.
always prided himse 1 on the act that the L S ~ i s ·. ~l: · .._.. ,.. ,_ r
j
~ole dir~ction a~-~_;s 1ndepe_n~~~1; _or . any othe! Puerto -Rican~··<~ .· · .~~
.. {
1ndepend ent1St group.· . . . . · , · . .
• _
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it
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J.
tr-
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. · ·'l'he
wlw York off1ce is reqtiested to furnis~·:any
it may have to indicate ·that ·the PLP is furnish-: ... ·:
in~
. ---
.
·ft..
....
·· . ·.:.•
~-
. ing funds to th~ LSP~ If such information does, 1n fact,
exist, the San Juan Office would propose sending_ an anonymous
· ·;fi
-- )._et~_e~--t:~ .!~-~ PLP J-.~._New___Y~rk Ci~y__p_QJ.n~_ing out
grand style Of living, in efforts t~ · Stop any S U ~ w . ; I ·
flowing from the PLP to the LSP. If such information exists
in this recard,lthe New York Of~ice is requested to submit
its comments c .. ;~cerning whether or not such a letter should
be sent to the PLP, specifically to whom the letter should
be sent, and the impact that a letter ~r this type might
have within the I
San Ju~n ,,,i 11 continue efforts to determine the
source of
funds. .
. : ;·, ":-'";.~.,J,,. ..: ·cc:;:>: ;,;-;:,J{·'- .;/ii",.'' .
-ses+aa; I-
PL\.·,
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San Juan (105-3353sub1)
§,.:. .
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..•;. -':. · · Director, FBI (105-93124)
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GaoUPS
.
.
sEr:KING IN~END~CE
:roR
J»w;im> a100 .
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.
COVNTERINTELttGENCE .... . . . - . -· - .... - ..... - ·. ·;.-/~,;.:: ·-.; < .. -~.. ,:-i:,··:· ..,.:-~ . ~ _::~:~:
IS :. PRN
. ~.
·
· · _· . . ·:·':"·· ... -~, : ::·~'' .·: -4~'..:'.'
. ··
=
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.
· . . .
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·-_
Encl~ed tor San Juan are pages M-2 and K-3 of the
issue ot
:W~r~d,: ~ WesJ, ~ t
~~.ist n.eflt~,,.°'.---
.:~!!:~1
' Ps.,_.,
eople's
c~.
6
1
· his trip t!11;:: ~:!:~, ~~ ·c M-2 ;: v~~~!~:dofh!:~~:: :P~!~~~j
!ii!:togethcr with
· ·
. It would
..~.
~ /~--., .._. - ....· . ,·_. ·\.
6r-.$
M~r
1;~:
_
Mku
that, itl thi.:.J
ograp
e superimposed on a ·
.,,...~!~)i.·
suitable cartoon such as that utilized in the_past (see your
letter 11/14/GSI and Bulet 12/17/68 both entitled as in caption),
' much value could accrue to tbe Bureau. It is noted Puerto ~
Ricans have historically disclaimed communism··and that the
/{,
om.'l':1nist Partyl ot Puerto Rico is still regarded with dlstru,- .,
:··
nd suspicion BflOng even the most staunch advocates of Puerto
u
cou
IL
r----.....
"" ~n !
ican independence.
a ·.~ :k
,-·. c r ·
.~ ·::, :E
.
, Accor~ingly, you should give prompt consideration to
·-~·~:(~
i n:, 8 his a n . e r possible counterintelligence moves directed
,u .
ainst · ::t:Winl light of current situation as seen by Jour office . .
u...
ubmit
· · omments and recommendations for Bureau consideration,
ti!i;in~;bo;;~cap:ion.
FBf Laborttor~ w~u!d be :ble :o ,.. -,-:::~ass0 S eyd carot 001 Ce ~--~~~r -~p~ ng enCc?S_f?_.~
OD .., -·--/...
.·,.
. pr P0 9
n.
·
REC·71
._:, ~ .._,
C/
;
...
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Enclosures - 2
·
·
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.
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SS'.J: c!l\Y
(6)
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NarE:
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---... --.._
results of trip
we know that,
the
orit~
~•-.r.--::~.- ....... : ' ! ..:..·S ... -
- . ..<?Lt ·1
•
·
�. Letter to SAn Juan
· -.. · Re: Groups Seeking Independence for
105-93124
•.
\
•
NOO'E CO?ITUroED:·
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I
-..,.i...,
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... - .
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·
In order to· pr_oceed logically and to continue pressure··.'.-:;:,~.,.__
on subversive groups in Puerto Rico, it ifi felt we should tak~~t/i,:~:..)t.
advantage of lllffl'! visit to Puerto Rico and show his relation-:,·.-~·:-.-:~.
ship with
· It is felt that, if sufficient· · .. / ~-~:~-- ~-./.}:"~
.""· -_...,
publicity
is relati
, it would have advers• ;___.::.,,.:-.
effects on grqups led by
, the Puerto R_lcan --._~'l;::~t!-:· :;:~>{\
Indopendcnce lfovement (
mmunist Party· ot Puerto· _ Rico (PCP)~ respectively.
I
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Director, FBI (105-93124)
/'
.'.··rl:~
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RIOO
COUNTERINTELLIGEUCE
.
ts-;;-·pRN ···-···· ... --··
. ··--· -·-·------
,~~~
{.,,! ___, ·-
ReDulet 2/26/71.
~- ·rP-·-
~'
- .. ··
I
.
I
._
;A
·-.,-.:~. -· ·: · ·__ -. ReBulet suggested counterintelllience ploy against-' :.,:·--,.;~i~
Juan llari nrasi Secretar1 General of tbe Puerto Rican Independe(···c··~~1~~
Movement (UPIPR). ·
· · ..
.-i
'.::::..:.......___
...~ ~
i., ..
SAC, San J~a~·(l05-3353subl)
.
. .
-;
.
--,~· -.·.. -
.
.
Enclosed tor your office is single copy of 3/8/71
edition of the "Bulletin," publication of. the ''Workers League." #~1~_~~.-:
See page 51 of SAC Letter 70-62 dnted 11/3/70 captioned
Jiftt."Characterization of Subversive, Racial, Klan·, White Hate, an
-~;:'.Militant- Black JOrganizations, IS-C" for characterization of · .. /i :_· .:_, ._:_~_-.·;:_., . ·_;·~.:
0
Workers League."
·
.:
.,
I
it r·-o;:;:,·_-··,:--; ·-·
!
~~-
··1
On pJce 9 of enclosure is article entitled "llPI Fol"IDS·, .. :~.
Alliance with Stal inlets." This article should be perused by
.
your office fo~ possible material for use in counteri~telligence . ·-
· ·
~_ __!,/"Y jgainst
llrfX-104
Rlc,.a\
93/d.'-/-:--J?I/ :\~
.·U5"-
As instructed by·reBulet, you should ~u~mit your ~mments~
· and recommendations for Bureau consideration.
·
----'--::-;:;1·
..
'
---------
Enclosure
...:i
6
SSU:dlw (5)·
~·.
•
C:.
NOTE:
I
·
MAR 12 1971
.,
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AS
.
m
.:·
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--:--
_; <•_?·. ·.
/,",r.r 1
'
·
Following recent trip o f _ , ~cretary General:of· ·.
CPUSA, to Puerto
Rico, we suggested to San Ju~b relet that
.
I
the
onsider ~tilizing photograph showing
Secretar.y General of the Communist
toon show'ling their "marriage.~·
-
rt.:-~.:.-_-_-_-__
l·: ,..., _ __
!:!::•. en._
_· ,~-.~~.!:8·-- alliance
Artic le'i,'hulletin 11 takes the MPIPR to task
with "~talinists" and could add strength to
{ ~.. ___ intelligence pl~y. The .. Workers Le~~e" is composed
expelled from t~e Socialists Workers Party which bas
~-- .,.•• __-_-_-_-_-designated pursuant to Executive Order 10450.
·
i.-.
1
._ ~::!"'' ---
._:~ E~:-~=-~~~=-=- ~?, ,-{'uAo6.~i971
) i~ /'
c..., ___
=~~-,. _-.
·.
MAJL RooM~L:ELETYPE UNlTCJ
··-
.
for
our counter-
.
of indiviqua~s,.~ _
been ;·._ ~ -.~:, J · -.'..q:·
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_:;_::;:~~!_T.l,c=_~~.;:;i:=;t;:.;:ic~ru.=i~==..-~;;:_':;~.::~:::~;-;;;;.:...,,,.:;:=._!;:;:~:-;;_~=-.~'!'j:-~::;-~~::;:~:;.~;:;::-.;...:::;~.;:;--;::i:f~~-;:_::;::::;:.,,,;,,;:-:;"1:;:-~::C!!~-
�e:;Jlct 2/17 /71.
.
.
1
: rr;,e
bel?!7 so•.•rce.~~ .... fe~it i:.sr with th'!. rro-·
·-~sive t,a~or Tnrt~~ (I"..,:~) in t:\P. }'7r are:1, ·were con-·-·
·
·t,~c t~~-~ ''t.ttl cnnlcl 't::urnir.~, no· 5.nfon,t\ti.on ()r ~\1'i'.~S?1ice· .... ·...... .
hn'·'d' /\)·.~::r-.,
-:'J.1-i::.;ij1_?f!.&;1'f.,
..2';.;::..-:.~.~.. \"
t ·1!'1 t t~,l~ rtj 1-:·- ,· !'J. ' ·run,r1 ""'.,:)
t·\e ' . i~~a <'»ociat;:-;ta !"ucr
.;:-,·!·" ......
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-
MAR IR 1971
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J~,:;n e..i:rt~l to the Bur:3~u-..~~ted 2/~9/"(l.,,,.~nd .. \t;~~-)~;
the Bureau d.:.ted 2/2/71 e.r1d 3/3:,nl. --" ." ·::
· --.·- --":.-
..
f.
2
7
I
·!
. M~~a
15
ft~
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!{tJVn 1 . 1911 .
Approved:
·
.. .
-
.
·
~
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·1
·
f ~~~f-_::__~~_:-: r_~.- - - · - ..,
.
· ·
Sp~eial Agent in Cbaroc
l
.
~
:i :! -:--- ------ -
1C5-34QU ... ;,!})IPR).
100-20)
100-618)
?CP).
CP., ue:~)
105-9332}
105-4535
105-3667 ·
Per--------
. ..
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.
.:~:,..?·-~
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119
1111
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�!'.!~ti~li~f~t1~~,;'f~i~l~~f,i~Jttf"1-~tt:Wi?,,·'l%~l!i~~;::,:,~:.~";,,,1,~. ·:'.::t
~~~;:lifJ?;\;f~~~~~;1Y~&~~~'1if;.;~~,i:i£~~$~.if~~~,;;X:,~;~;(!;.;ti,rc,~ · ~ ·
, .
.....
~:
., ~
' o:...sscr::.1na,ion
.. . ' is
. .
.
<,:\'0if;,;f!.f~ij
bci~ ~ce 'to 771st .. .,:_.-~-;~·:~?~...- :<· -~·
· ··)
·!ntclli~c:1cc D~t~ch!:t~nt; U. S. Secret. Service)f.:J ?/.·t .-:·:.··.
_;y\':., -·;z.:. . , ·; r:~, :,al I:iv.:::; #i:c..ti ve. 0l!icc; and Office of Spec ia:l :rnve s :t1!~/"'c:' i}1t.i}
_.,
\fiJ~"°j
f~tj
,
~ z.:111·~a1·!'
',~tti~ili~~t1ons,
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L(?C:l,.
:~l;j :~:- ::rec B~::;eJ·,,.
.~:·:, -_ - -: .
"·
::;\~:it;f:}'~·':_'::f~
ir,fo!;.~,::ct~i~~;.~· :~f;ts~!~1~;:g~~!!?:~tft!:1~:u;~I~n:~t ·~~,
1
,,;c,
could r~~scn:.bl:;~ be expe?cted to expo3e source Which \fOUld not
b~ in the intcr2:zt of ·.;he United Sta.tes.
·... ni
·. l
Di~::cr.tlne.tion o! the inf'ore.z:.t1on conte.1ried in the .;,:',~
L::-~ is bcin.:;i r.2.dc et this tim:~f since 1 t has been deter::-J.ne.~ ...;,,:..-.., ..::~•
t!'::.t the dis~cclr~tion 1·1ould not jeopardize S~ T-1., a
·,·,:::~- ··:·";?·??;~~:
co~ti."luing sbl urce o~ .1.rJ.f'oraation. .
_1 . .. ·'-··:?, ·~·-.
; ·-:r.'7~J~1}
~
~'~1""'2~~~~
SJO has. conducted all logical investigation and
cc~ziclers ceptioned case RUC.
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In Jlrp'.r, Pj~llM &Ji!r,.
F,J.,
.,·o.
l
}
"J
-·~..
..:
o-r the MPIPR and
appendix. (Le.)
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p
CO.;..~" J.J..:!~·!'.::J..hL
II
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i·.
•
G~oup I
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•.• ·.,· ::o.,
Excluc~d fron euto~...2tic:cowncrad1ng
.
\ ·. And decla.ssificatfon. .
This woc,;;~3r.t co~~~ins neithe~ reco~~ndations nor,co~~l~sio~s
of tr.c !BI. It j1s the p1·cperty of- the FBI a.r.ci is loaned to
your &sency; 1 t · ~nd .1 ts contents a.re Inot to, b~ .cis#tr~~uted
cutsiea ycur agercy.
. •:
t) <: I. I •• i -
-::. ~r:4~-· •
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:~;:':-: J..r~::r, ::;.:. coilrse of a program
:.. :,,
on Wr.:'SJ Tcle\.. i:·
•· .·. · .~. : ...._ .. _~ •· :~.:.cl., ¥..ARI BRAS. stated
that ·!~.,he ;,;?!FR :::.r~r. ~ ..:··~um::.ra·~1e, ccntac s wi ~h revolutionary · - ...._-·_ .. ;:-~,
orgar,izations ii~:. ~:.-;~1.::"I. .t.~ -~rica, C6n~da,. c~·~a, Europe, Africa.,>: ;_·_.,..t_4~
and in Asia. ··; ·.L ·~·.:... ~·. _;_,.:CJ., .._:!-:: 1•1:-~,:iPR t'..ed a permanent
·. ·· · ---'.": · · · ~-=,·
represe!"'1tl:.tivt.: · ;:;: ...._~:! :.n ::a.~1 ena_. Cuba.·
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IX\" !::.ST ICATIOX
~~tn_;~~n, ~~~rto Rico
. 1.:~rch 17,
ltJ_ ::,:J~·. J,:..-c~ 1:,Ja.~"'
J-';.!~ ,)"o. . ,: •\. ~:-· ;"'i .~'>_:.
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Title
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Cb!.ractc:-
INTEPJ!AL . SECtEJ.'.d~'
Referer.6~ ·..
FBI s2n Juan co=::.an!c~t!on.
dat~c and captioned.
E.S
ebove·~
J..11 zou:ccz (~zcc~t ~,y i!sted belov) ~hcze !de~~ities
&~c ccnc~~l~l i~ ~c~c~~Lccd cc:=...:.r..ic~t~c~ have fu:-:iishe~ :-el!~~le
!~~c:=i.t!cn in th~ p~~t.
.__-_ ·, :-,· '~%~
~
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·,'._;,,.
ra1.
":°hJ• docuau.•at contcuia ••U~er reco,r,D)eftdouo11a r.or coacJuaJon• of ,the
It ta Uae p:-.,•en7
af tho f"&: Oftd
loor,ed to rout a;ency; U Or.d 11• CODl4tftta or• COi IO oe chaUd~ut•o 4>11:.,:.
_,o," a9eac,. tal
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.
'
.
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. Rciu~let 3/30/71. Authority. g~anted tor· your office.·.
to proceed with counterintelligence·measure described in
·
re let. L~mi t Imai U:rii'i'' Ila ae t out 1n 10u~,J!~,t'!~ ··;;,'~i'i . • . .
·~:~*;f
Advise Bureau wllen above bas been completed and
closely follow·ronction thereto through sources of your.
office. Positive results achieved should be promptly furnished· ·
to the Durcau.
~~)t: dlw
(1!1)
•
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Seo r=er:orncdW!- to c.o. Crennan,
dated 4./7/71, so.no c a : , t 1 ~ 7 SS!l:dlw.
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.. Secretary. General of __ the CPUSA, traveled
_____:-~K
uring January, 1971, where he planned meeting;.
with leaders of t]le PCP and with leaders of the IIPIPR. He
· • · ~ .- ,
pla-nned, through these meetings, to institute cooperative··
j ~
action among. t~e CPUSA and these rou s. With the Direr.tor's .
npproval
·ovided
. ! :!!'
r ~-
1•
n_ view
'~-
-.----i .---····
w publicity genera e
canceled the
majority of his meetings an
e t Puerto Rico two ~ays early
since he coold\not conduct his busi~ess in pri~y •
. : :
..;;;, __
::,<;;:
Since these aieetinffi&, ~ a s had a "Communique of
Solidarity" published in the 'nai~rld~' an ~ast Coast communist ·
newspaper, tog~ther with a photo depicting h i m , ~ -:_·.:~{ ~~}~.
Secretary- General·-·of-the· PCP;-·· and ·3\lan lfari- B r a ~ - : - .,· ,.,:4. ,~"".;:;:;~
General of the ltPIPR. Neither the PCP nor_ the IIPIPR has ~een :-;;<~~~~t
fit to publish either the photo or t~he article.
- "::; ":."-'"._ : , .. ;· ...;?'~:-:·t:;1~
Historically, Puerto ,Ricans have shunned th~ communist.
::1,
party an~in v~ew of the increased acts of terrorism generated·~--~
by indcpendentist groups, the majority of the Puerto Ricans are
seemingly shunning the independentists also.
. ~.
- ·. . . . -::_·- >:-"":.- . #~t-~-
ui ·q•_ 66. // ,; . • .' _,, ~~·-·?f/1
.
In order to~<>llh\nu;J°tiuiP p·r~s~ure on· subve;siv~ "gr~ps7 1crto Rico,\ San Juah "'1\'ds proposed we release· the text of ;._. _ . .
. ·
· .· .
· in
I ·- · -.
·:-
-. · ·
· "Comtriuni ue of Solidari
tt
to
..
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(,
t ;•: • • • ·~ . ·.I•
CONTINUED - OVER · · .. - .
Jo~·41->\ 1\., i;f~
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•
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.·. ;~::.~.,,:::.i}r if_~:~_,i~in1~i.f;..ti ;: : ~e~~::~:n
.) "•!J'l!ft;"':Jt·'.' .'i1'>irr-::tt.!::r' .
"'}f'.~rtit~...
,·.·,-.:,·-.,{.:.t.~-~i.::..~-~.~,}_fi,_:.Ji.i.Jtt.:fi.:_~.\.i;_;_-_:::1.·~-;_:.:.._,_.:_;_;·.~:'
:.. ~ ._:,;::_:_·._.~.~.~-::~·t.~.t_
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a
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.
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thn:t· reprinti~g o! _",;=omm'L:1.~.~.q~e; of_ Sol~~-~~-ty ,!~;,!~~,glti,.,!J~~~!'s''•, ,·
:·/:· _~: fr_iendlY.:.irela~ioriship among·~ the CPUSAt=·~the PCP' and,"thet,"L···~:-~~~·· ..... ;_ .:Y--}.
1
l!PIPR, could destroy any aura of respectability that .the:f~)*i:;t;i.£r@i · ·~
••
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abov.e groups may .hay-e w,i:th t_he Puerto. Riqa'n ··populacef\r~f~f}}1t.::-2··:(~t~='J.J
Additionally,\the reprinting of this article would make this
relationshi:p ~nown to the Puert~ Ricans since the PCP _and· th~L-;,/::;:.:· -....
ISPIPR .have not published same •
-- ··
· .-:.. , ~.::~-~-:..~.
:':.:"'-·.::-:-:·:)!:t.r·:~;;;§'I~~.:,
..1::1.,...
.
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:,,-~">hit.,..";,•·!:
ACT ION:!·'¥ .
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.
,
That attached letter approving the mailing of
above-mentioned "Communique ~f Solidarity" to "El Mundo"
sent.
A .Xerox ·c,ipy of "Communique of Solidarity" ·1s
attached for y our information.
1
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s~fidarity
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_008
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969/1971
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 6 (264- ) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 6 (264- ) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/530f3ff66cac1451dd3d38ee85b68946.pdf
f41e09a99fff92ebd1d9fe530cc25e1e
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 5 ( 204-263)
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
�NOTICE
.r
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLlJD~D IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
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suotr:? .CROUPS '!:fEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
CQUNTERINTELLIGENCE PRCCRAM
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To reconnnend that authority be granted to the
San Juan Office to mail an anonymous letter to selected
members of· the Nationalist Party of Puerto Ric
denouncing its cooperation with
the President of the Liga S0cial1s a Pue;torr1queno LSP,
which is a militant Marxist independence group.
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DETAILS:
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- , a key figure and Security Index subject
of the S a n ~ i c e , was formerly an officer of the NPPR
who ~as expelled in 1943 by Pedro Albizu C a c
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the LSP and NPPR is currently being considered.
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The proposed letter emphasizes that the NPPR is·
dishonoring the memory of Albizu Campos by cooperating with
- a connnW1ist who he pe~soaally dismissed from the
~ this regard it is noted that Albizu Campos although
a militant independentist was a strong Catholic and a~8.!Il~t
in barring communists from the NPG/PR., ., , , . .
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The attached lett~r is beii\J4-~9 ~};>an J u a n ~
approving the ~iling of the suggest,ed ano~~~'r!-:..,letter.
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Memorandtnn J. F. Bland to W. C. Sullivan
RE: GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PR<:x;RAM
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San Juan is cautioned to insure that the letter will be
prep~red and mail~ in su~h a manner that it canno~ be
traced back to the Bureau.
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tactic into ettect and the Bureau 11 requested to have the · · ·~-- "::~~ :_":Doc~ent Section prepare these letters a.a :repidl.y as possible.,.'1J':"
ln order tb&t the San Juan ottice 1f1ll. be able to issue these·--·~ ;. ~
letters ·at·· a time lllhen the i,leb1sc1te .issue 1.a before the ~ ·_. ~""r.?}..:.~.:~ ·
entire :isl.And ot Puerto lico. · - · - - -~ - . .
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hora de iluch~ ~in C\·)rtel, dcber.1os unir
.\Juestrr.s fuerzas pnra lu~har c-_,ntrn ·....: .PJ.cbisci to •. ··Debe~os·
¼star resign ados e acept:tr l.n r·yuci~ c1e todos los grupos, 110;
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Como contribuciqt"i a estn uni6n, estoy publicando
una carta dirijida a Jua~ Mari Br~s por Jacinto Rivera Perez;
Presidente del Partido Nacionalista Puertorriquefto~ como sigue:
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••a 14 -de septiembre de 1966
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flLcdo. Juan Mari Bras
Secretario General Inte
~ovirniento Pro Independ
Rio Piedras, Puerto Ric
'
''Est imado Juan: -
flAcnba de llegar a mis manos tu carta, fecbada el d1a
12 de los corrientes
car§cter de •entrega personal', misi6n
. que dej6 oesempeiiada
e stro mutuo amir;o, Carlos Padilla
P~rez..
"Es cierto que e Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
ha hecho reserva de la laza de la Revoluci6n de Lares para
llevar a cabo Jos actos conmemorativos que tradicionalaente
celebramos en esa efem~ ides nacional.
~'Honradamente, no pas6 por mi mente el que el 1JPI
esperara una invitaci6n nuestra para la celebraci6n rlel Grito
de L~res. Como es sabi o, el Partido Nacion~lista siempre
iovit2 a tod2 la oaciOD a dichz celebrac16n. El fjpl, como
organi:;~ci6n y sus mie1n~ros como puertorriquefios amt!Dtes de
nuestrn independencia, ~unca ban estado exclu!dos de esa
invit~ci6n y manos podr4n estarlo en estos moraentos en que el
patriotis~o de los puertorrique6os pasa por pruebas QUe pueden
ser determinantes para J1 futuro de nuestrn Patria. Comoquiera
qu~ la Cocisi6n Politica del MPI, segOn comunicQci6n de fecha
17 de marzo de 1966 al Partido Nacionalista, no torear! pnrte
en ~ctos en ~ue el ltPI- *o hnyn sido parte organizadora. y
habid~ cuenta de que ds,a fu~ la contestaciOn que recibi6 el
Partido Nacionalista al hacerle una invitaciOn al MPI para la
/ConmemoracioD de la Masacre de Ponce el 21 de marzo de 19G6,
'fen este caso nos abstuvimos de hacer unn invitaciOn especial
[ya que le celebraci6n del Grito de ,Lares la auspicia el
· Partido Nacionnlista.
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''La actitud del Farti~o Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
iha sido y cs de buena teen todo lo que atafia a la ~ciensa1
. ~ de nuestra Pntria. Si no fuerr.. a.st a est as s.lturas
f ·::-ya habr!a dejado de existir. 1;0 pueden olvi~arse las
__ ;~
-e:xp~-ones de perdOn que el Maestro Don Pedro Albizu
· · ···--
Campos tuviera ado para sus enemigos gratuttos y encontr4ndose ya ~l perdienuo iUClZ3S fisicas. En ensefianzas de
-esa clase se b~sa la_fortaleza inquebrantable d~l
P'artido Nacionalista, fuerza que mantendremos hasta
tanto se proclame la Indcpendencia Nacional, fecha en 'Aue
el Partido Nacionalista se convertir4 en bagaje hist6rico de
la N&ci6n Puertorriquefia.
'H=:=.blfndot'? en cl tono .franco y sincero como be
procedi~o en toda mi vida,desco en este momenta acci~te
que me b~ e;:traihido sobremanera el acontccimiento que
sigue: Recordar~s que antes de tu altimo viaje ~ Estaoos Unidos tuvimos una entrevista de una hora provocad&
~or un mutuo amigo que se encontraba de visita en Puerto
Rico. Recordaris queen ese moIJCnto me dijiste que tan
. pronto regresaras ·me lla~arias para que continu~semos
conversanuo en torno a los problemas que tanto nos
afectan a tooos los que luchnmos por la deiensa de nuestra
independencia. aegresastc, no me llamaste y consider~
que ~us ocupaciones note habian permitido llamnrme. A
los pocos dias de tu regreso yo me vr precis~do a ausentarme a·Nueva York por unos d1as. !cu,1 no ser1o mi
sorpresa al enterarme a11, quc en un acto en snln
cerrada que celebr6 el MPI, y al cual fueron invitados
v~rios nacionalistas,incluyeudo al Presiuent~ cle l~
Junta de R. Y. ya la Secret~ria, cstos tuvicron que
a~anuon&r la sala en medio ~e tu discrtaci6n pues no pudicron sc-portar los 2t~'1,Ue3 «;.ue tti hicistc al ltt?.cicD~.lis!JO! Dico (!UC esto me ertrnii6 precisn.mente de ti
y lucco ~c h~bcr tenido 12 convcrsaci6n que sostuvimos.
::a 4sto 11::biera ocurrido sin nosotros babcr tcnido nf!uella
convers~ciGD no me hubiera c~trafiado, pues corao te be dicho
v~rias veccs nlgunos miembros del m>I ban hecho ntaques
pOblicos al N~cionalismo tnnto en publicaciones como en
acto~ del l1PI. Como record~r~s, ese cs uno de los temns que te he venido trat~ndo oes~c la primer~ vez ~ue convers&wos. Sigo so5tenienuo lo ~ue tc dijera en nucstrn
~rimera eutrevista. La uniOn_cst, becha en el pueblo
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:patr16tico nuestro. El pucblc, indisc~tiblemente, est( .
:~ dernostrondo sensatez y patriot ismo. Es tiempo ya de que
.el pst~iotisno se entiend~ ep !a vln dcl vnlor y cl
sa~t-U-4-Gio, como nos diO el ejemplo el Maestro. Se
reqriicre valor y sacrificio pP.ra llegar a la altura
a la que las Ectuales circunstancias demnnd~n dcl
patriotismo. ~uiero ·dcc·1rtc que el Nacionalismo est,
.en esa dispos.iciOn.
.•
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"No tengas la cenor dudn de que ~n el acto que
el MPI ce!ebrar~ ese d1a habrt la concurrencin de muchos
DDcionnlistas. Siento no p~der acompafiarlcs person~lemente,
por r~zones de decoro que td; como hombre de honor,
ficilmcnte puedes comprondcr.
"Con mis mejores deseos de ~xito me es grato
••sinceramcnte,
(Fdo.)
Jacinto Rivera P4rez
·para que el llPIPR pucdn prescntar un frente
unido contra el Plebiscito, nos urge tener un sran
corazln y estLr dispuestos a pasar por alto imprudencias
pnsadas conetidas por otros grupos.
·Seri& bueno que todos nos unicramos por cl
momento par2 nuwcntar nuostras filns durante esta guerr&.
'.~' ...
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Cordialmente·
3
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••Respecto a los actos de t'ares el 23 de septiembre,
deseo decirte que no podemos fijar hora exacta pars
su terr.lin~ci6n. Las organizaciones que tomnr~n p:irte
son varies y no creo podr4 terminarse a las cinco. El
nno pcsndo rccuerdo ee terminO d~ noche y no hab!~ tcnto
invitado. De todos modos no estd en nuestro fnimo cntorpecer ~ct·os quc ustedes u <'tra orianizaci6n defensora. del
ideal quier&n llevar a cebo. No es necesario decir que~la
reuni6n p2tri6tica idenl a realizarse en Lares es lo
m4s deseable, hecha posible un dia por una fraternal
revisi6n de actitudes y opiniones.
quedar,
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12/14/66
Date:
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FROM:
qRo~s_s.EEJQN~' ;t@~P~IDiC~· FOR
PUEJITO
CQ.l)__NTER Il{T..fil.L!.aEHC..LfI{.QQP.!AM..
[SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SIDTION}
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Enclosed herewith for the Bureau is one
copy of a letter~ in the Spanish language~ proposed
by the San Juan Office~ to be furnished to selected
Movimi.ento Pro Independencia De Puerto Rico
(Puerto Rican Independence Movement) (MPIPR) and
Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico (NPPR) member~i
a copy of a past _issue of "Carta sema.nal."
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As the Bureau i.s aware~ the MPIPR is Pre:ently
engaged 1n an island-wide battle in an attempt to defeat
the plebiscite proposed for Puerto Rico on 7712/67. I.n
this connection~ it is believed that a letter that will
be set out subsequently 1n this airtel, should be sent
to selected group of individuals 1n the MPIPR and NPPR.
It is the objective or the San Juan Office 1n setting
out this letter and setting it 1n the form which would 11
lead peop1e to believe it emanated from "Carta Sem.anal.,
to cause a- greater schism between these two parties
and disrupt any plans for unification that·the~ma.
have had to defeat the upcoming
plebiscite.
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Reuralrte112/14/66. ·
The Bureau appreciates the interest and_ enthusiasm
exhibited in preparing and submitting the counterintelligence
measure set forth in realrtel; ·however, after giving lt · ·
careful consideration the Bureau ls of the opinion that
tt should not be utilized. It ls felt that this measure·
could possibly have the effect of furthertng the al.as
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and purposes of the lndepeb~ence groups.
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While lt ls not posslbl~ to approve your suggestion
ln this· instance. you should continue to glve this program
your continued attention.
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San Juan proposed utilizing a letter written by
the President of the NPPR _to the Secretary General of the
MPIPR on 9/14/66 as a counterintelligence tactic. It
desired to mail this letter with a short note vritt~n in a
t~d--
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condescending manner ~stensibly from the MPIPR to
independent ists in P.t.ierto lttco~ Although this tactic
could possibly cause some !11-feeling between the tvo
organizations, it is felt t.ba~ __ added publicity to
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the letter from the head_",of the NPPR more than counterbalances
any possible good that could come otherwise.
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OUPS ·sEEKIH'.i INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM - ( SUBVERSIVE CON.l'ROL SECTiqN)
Reatlet. 12/13/66. ·
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On
12/4/66. the Nationalist
Party of' Puerto Rico ( t.."PPR
Form.er
dissident Nationalists asswned the principal positions on
the Board or Directors and former prominent memberc or the
Board were elected to lesser positions.
'
New York Junta { NYJ) underwent a reorganization.
On the surface. this would appear to indicate that tb.e
·~revious dissension between tb.e 2 major factions has been
resolved; bowever. the distrust between these £actions is
so deep rooted that a strong poss1b111ty exists that
dissension will again erupt~,.--~~ .-...-:"!_-:•::;:r:iO:i_
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While the dance organized by
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active Puerio Rican 1ndepende
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tberef'rom were to be given t
a fellow 1ndependent1stJwho h
to promote the cause or independence in NYC
picketing demonstrations.
attendc
held
The NYO suggests that counterintelligence techniques
aimed at reopening the schism between the previously
disputing parties be held 1n abeyance until the exact
dire~tion of their relationship becomes known. Based on
past explrience, this should occur in a reasonably short
period of tiMe. It ia relt a counterintelligence technique
aimed at a specific target to gain a specific objective will
prove more errective than a general technique aime4-a.,t the'
ent~e membership and/or leadership.·-.- . .
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~~......:tt is re"it'·tl:ia't tb.e·working:together or theae-2
fact ons will soon reopen old wounds and the NYO v1ll tben
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technlQ.ue.
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Puerto Rican pro-independence ~ield to report ever7/or~ . .
personality connict. 'me HYO will remain aJ,ert to take
.
advantage or every such connict which presents itself'•. .-7 .· ·· -
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: QOUPS_fil!:E;_KI~G_!W)Ef)l:?U)~C~...l:_OR PlJE~O RI~..
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
FROM:
SAc,·· NEW YORK
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(105-32872)
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SUBJECT: ,gOUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERrO RICO
COUNTERIN'I'ELLIGENCE PROORAM
{SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRN
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ReSJairtel 1/10/67.
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The Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico (NPPR)HY Junta has no official headquarters or meeting place.V
The NYO suggests the following names of persons
receive an anonymous letter:
EJ_
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bssified By_-t,~·oL9L.!O::!.-.---=--from GOS, catego1J1-.....:zi~~C.ate of Oeclassification---==~~'-'rl-fl-''---
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(105-3353) {RM).LA-
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On instant date, San Juan mailed copies to selected
NATIONALIST PARTY OF PUERTO RICO {NPPR) members in Puerto Rico
• and New York City of anonymous letter: for wM,ch Burec,t:thOrity
was granted in referenced Bulet •... ·;: ··:· ..
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.: ; ·:- ··'·Brief handwritten·'Paragraphs·requesting the·· · .. ·~
a.ddressee' s cooperation in this matter were added to most or· · · .the letters in order to "personalize" them. These additives
were carefully phrased and tailored to individual backgrounds. ,.
;;s~~t:~:ected ~h~t .they w~ll' ~nh~c~prospec~s of. p.osi t ~ i .
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Mailing was under secure.·conditions;.pape·r··and ·. ·.
~nvelopes ·were purchased a.t a Woolworth•.s store; ·typewriter-· .,,:
iJ.sed in preparing -mul tili th was a mechanical one ·containing ·· Spanish language symbols; envelopes were hand addressed.
LEAD~:
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SAN JUAN OFFICE
Will report any results~JlJlis ~e.tter to the Bure~ua,.
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Will furnish
and San Juan.
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Lresults of this letter to Bureau
NEW YORK OFFICE
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· &y U.S. Sa11ings Bonds RrguLzrly on the Payroll ~allings Plan
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llfl'ERNAL SECURITY • JIUEBTO IL.IC.Ali NA'rIONALIST · .,.-~" ·~·: ,· :·:-~,·, ,: . . ; ..: ·.· ... .:-.-. ·:
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-~f"·: ;~· i :· Ban· ifuan,·:·b1 letter. dated ilarch· 14,· ·1987 ~. recommflnda .:.·.
that. • press r•lease over the signature of the !)!rector be.·<· . :
. ..:.
Jrtr. Tolson noted, "l doubt tb• wisdom of ths.s.•
Juan Mari Bras is the founder and d~lnant leader ~- ·... _ .
of the Jlov1m1ento ~o lndependencla de Puerto Rico. ,rh1ch ia -.
thti largest of the a11S.tant groups ••ekl.Dg independence fo,,
·.
Puerto R1co. A plob1sc1t• ia.acheduled to be held on Julr 23,
1BG7, 1n '1h1ch ihe people of_ Puerto Rico •111 express tbe1r ·. ·
preference tor independence, atatehOOd, or a contlnwlnce of ·
tbe commonwealth to.rm of government.
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: · · San Juan statM that the issuance of tbe press
r•leasa would serve th• dual purpose o:t in.foraing tbe
.
,. _
, lolence-prone element 1n Puerto Rico that the autbor1tlea ·_. .
~ro alert to their activities and of posa1blJ swaying tbose · ..... ·.·.. ·
· atembcrs of the independence element who are opposed to .
· ·
comraunism. .trom par~icipatS-ng in .violent .a.cw. . ·. · . ' ;. · .:·
~au Juan, advising ' · ~ ·
ltlm that the Bur•a&a d ~ not concur wt!h b.ls recommeDdatlon.
ciuce it could be construed as an attempt by 'the FBI to·
tmluence the outcome of the plebiscite and embroil us in a
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pre.rared ooneernlng the lmdergroUDd torca·ot Juan Karl Bras ill
Puarto Bico.
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Jooal political a1tuat1on.
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IUlCOMMENDA TION:
That attached a1rt•1 1n line with above be approved.
· Buelosure
c/2,
2MAR2( 1967
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.lteurlet 3/14/67 •.
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The Bureau does not concur with your· recommendation
concernins 'the·press·release over the signature of the Director
coocernJ.ng the underground force o:t Juan lbri Bras. It ill.
roted that such a press release could be construed as an .-· · · · · 2i
attempt by tbe FBI to influence the outcome of the plebiscite
A
~ cou.~d embro~ us 1n a local pol1tlcal situation.
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53 MAR 281967
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DIRECTOR• FBI {105~7.5~}_
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(105•3353) · .
-~-N· JUAN
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'·"OR~KING INDEPENDENCE
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FOR PUERTO RICO
J:S - PRN
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San Juan··has prev1ou·sly :turn.fshed Bures.a with
an outline ot the-underground organization ot JUAN MARI
BRAS and has shown its financing and control by Cuba.
·
In casting about for disruptive measures which could
possibly minimize the influence or this group and
neutralize its effect upon the outbreak of major revolt.,
San Juan has formulated the following plan which is
be1ng set forth ~or the Bur~au•a consideration._ .
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.A carefully worded Bureau press release in be
form of. a "Message to the People ot Puerto Rico" over · ·.-... _·
the signature of the Director could be issued simultaneously
to ~he Puerto Rican Spanish language newspapers at the
time deemed most propitious by the Bureau. This message·
·uould emphasize the FBI 1 t neutral pos1tion with regard to
--·the Puerto Rican political scene but would point -out
··; · :·. the Bureau's responfibilities 1.n··the·Internel Security
field. Thereafter~ the message would generally contain
the _following:_·
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For several years,·· the FBI has been concerned
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t11th ths extent or influence and control by Cuban communism.,
with its policy or exporting violent revolution to other
Latin American countries, over a certain segment ot the
Puerto Rican independence movement. We have we.tched
with concern the build-up or a highly erficient Cubantrained underground network 1n Puerto Rico, composed of
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NOT RECORDED
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00 MAR 23 1961
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or ihe.:-ffi'nt1ti!!·s. ot other cell members. A substantial
n,l.mber of these cell members have been trained in Cuba ..
in sabotage an~ guerrilla warfare and have thereafter··
returned to Puerto Rico to resume their daily routines •. ·
quietly waiting to receive the word :Crom Cuba through . ~ ·
their leader to initiate their campaign of killing and ·::_~. .,
terrorism. This campaign will be conducted under tbe·
guise ot the struggle tor Puerto Rico's independence
but will have as its actual purpose the furthering or
the aim.1 of communism 1n Latin America. Through this
campaign or·v1olence and terrorism. assisted and abetted
by the communist government-of Cuba, this group will be•
in effect~ attempting to impose its will upon the Pue~to
Rica..~ people without their consent. Not content with ·
legal and peaceful means to further their aims, this secretive
group hopes to create surticient clamor and confusion
·
on the political scene through violence·and terrorism to
leave the false impression with the United Nations that
the vast majority of the people or Puerto Rico are being
subjugated by the United States Government. In thls
way, they hope to create a favorable climate for the
submission of their pro-independence proposals to~the,..
United Nations.
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The
FBI is well aware ot the extent and purpose
ot this underground
§roup, the identities of its officers
and individual 11 cell members .. as well as their targets
Md overall plan or operation. Proper authorities stand
ready to take swift, appropriate action upon the first .
sign o~ violence and sufficient measures will be employed
to halt this terrorist campaign end protect the people
or Puerto Rico from the irresponsible actions of this
.ranA. t 1c group.
·
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The honorable people o:r Puerto Rico, regardless
of their political affiliations and desires concerning
the future . status of this great ~eland., should be wary
b
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of b11nd~llo~1ng the policies ot those who~ under
the guise or seeking independence. advocate violence.·
nnd should carefully consider the issues at stake and .
consequences which·would result from such action. Above
ell• the people of Puerto Rico should avoid be1ng duped. ·· ~- .·
into unconscionably further~ the .aims ot 1nte~a.t1'1 .. · _, -~-communism ~ Latin America. :.
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Issuance or the above press release would
Berve a dual purpose - that or informing this v1olencepronegroup that proper authorities are alert to their
activities and plans and stand ready to summarily deal
~1th any attempt at violence,and that ot alerting those·
in the independence camp to the Cuban communist directi:>n
or an organized plan ot violence and possibly sway
them to oppose e.ny violent action which otherwise they·_
n"ay have supported. In this connection., it is noted
that the MPIPR has an estimoted active membership o~
1300, while it is ·believed fully twice this number can
be mobilized from among active membersa inactive members
arid sympathizers, a large percentage or which may oppose
aey violent course initiated and directed by Cub,a. ~
r • ••
While issuance or the above message by the
Director may never become necessary., it could be prepared
in advance and released it necessary at a time believed appropr1ete by the Bureau. It may well be-that issuance of such e message
et the proper time could serve as a severe deterrent
.
to any action by MARI BRAS' underground group.
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Bureau•s comments regarding above plan would
be appreciated.
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FROM
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--..;:··~-DIRECTOR:,-··FBI -{105-93l.24):.
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. DATE:
'
.4/13/67
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SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 SUB 1)
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--:-:;...~I !"fl:l1R0'11PS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
'i1
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PUERTO RICO
·counTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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{SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN
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Re San Juan lettersto Bureau dated 12/19/66,
1/10/67, and 2/9/67; Bureau letter to San Juan dated 1/5/67;
New York airtel to Bureau dated 1/16/67; and New York
letter to.Bureau dated 3/22/67.
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Set out below are additional results
~terintelli ence letter re~ar ing atterrpt· o
to take over
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The February, 1967, edition of nEl Intransigenter.,
officia~·
ublica
n ' P ion, carried a lead editorial by
Editor
(Bufile 100-818~) attacking
the wri -c J.1 •
· ·- ·,..,.. "
'""'
~rinous letter)· and settins
out ~everal
necdotes purporting to
show tha
icomed the support of adherents of all
political,~~_
ious beliefs in the' independence struggle.
The editorial concluded with a statement that the writer
of the anonymous letter should know that no one in Puerto
Rico should discriminate against another Puerto Rican, no
matter who the other is., or what his beliefs are. U
.
.
This editorial began on the first p~ of text and
was continued for almost another complete page, indicating
by its length and plea for unity the importance attached
to the "anonimo" by NPPR of:ficio.ldom. The net result, of'
course, is greatly increased publicity of the controversy, as
"El Intrasigente" is widely circulated in the independentist U
community.
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Buy US. Saz,jngs Bont:h Rtg11/arly on the Payroll Savinjr Plan
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JJ 105-3353
SUB 1
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liilllllllll-5-.r · tne ·
~account.&'/.~-:; curre-ntly e'r;,p°.J.oys
~ 100-37Ji868), NPPR President preceo:i.nSc
~
Prior to the NPPR General Assembly last· month,
i n f o l ~ - ,-:as received that an a t t e m
wild
p t .be made to
have ~~eelected President. This was
by a
decision th~t the Party would have to unify en nd the
- . . ; n t leadership. It is :felt that identification of
~ s the letter's author will have to place also
of suspicion on his close friend and employee.,
thereby deepening t ~ h e t w e e n the present
"ship in the Farty a n ~ : a c t i o n .
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It is further noted t h a t - i s
and his identification as ~ t e r ' s c.u-;:.nor
~·-: .. ~ 1.:-~
to further exacerbate ihe strained relations betlt:een
the 1-~IPR and the l~PPR. The pcssaee in
".)us
letter citinG an insulting description o~
oy
JW~N ~:ARI BR.t..S \':as inserted to possibly implic&te u, }.J'IPR member
as the writer of the letter.
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~ relationship l'lith the NPPR., it is noted that
~ r i n c i p e l t:PPR activities since the mailing of
I
the letter, t h ~ l Assembly and the P::mce J.:assacre
commemmoration-1 poke but \·;as not .£. .fe~.tured
s peal,. er and rr.a d &·~1 ;s a J. .1 us ..:..tms. to NPPR - LSP uni fi ca tin, nor
did he mentionhis vision of a S o c ~ o Rico, a stoc1:.
item in previous such speeches b y ~
and the l:asis of the letterts char,.;;Gs··aG2:1ns~her.,
&t preceuine l~PPR r.iajor activities several o ~ - ~
LSP underlin&s had made speeches and had rrJ.8de thc::..~:rance
as a body, arrayed in lSP uniforms. Hot only ·was
· ·the only LSP spea~'~er at the two recent NPPR major activ:;. '-·._........ -~·-'h,..,rs of his L s
,·:ere
- -conspicuous
by their absence.
noted that
.' left the r;PPR General /-1ssembly
.,.............Y follmdn,c: 11l.:::. F ........ u.nctory speech. Obviously,
- i s treadins lightly ~nd tal:inc pains to reduce
"n:;· ":,_,·.,_, .~sion tl~et he is_ try~ng _to ta'.;~ over the NPPR.
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UNITED STATF.S
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GO?-(~
MENT
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Memoraitilum /
TO
FROM
:
DIRECTe>a~ FBI-.... ~ ...... ~ . . .
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Sl'BJECT:
SAN ;UAN
..
DATE:
-: . . AT'tENTlON PHOTO LAB
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4/17 /67
(105-3353)
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:..·GRO!)FS SE~~~l:N~ ~ JNI!.~.t.~~F;~C.£...
~ FO!L.!:Uf;B.T.a....lUCO.IS-PR..~
(00-SJ)
Enclosed are six, 100 foot
rolls of 1~ MM Tri-x
film.
The photo lab is requested to de~relop instant film
and return same to San Juan Office.
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2- Bureau (RM) (Enc,,~)
1- San Juan
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April 24,. 196?
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POR PUERTO RICO
IS-PRN
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Reference is made to your communication dared 4/1 ?/6?
D o~g~tive(s) fi. film Q photograph(~) D document(s) ~
penaarung to the above-captioned matter.
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positive copy made
print{ s) made ..
slide(s) made
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Photostats made
transmitting
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The Puerto.'Rico ~ 1ndepen~ence··groups., ·1n·
abortive
effort to bring the .·matter of the p-pposed political plebiscite
scheduled in Puerto Rico·ror July -23;, 1967~ to an abrupt halt~
haveduring the recent past, -by extensive travel of var19us
u~embers, sought to have the question of Puerto Rico I s :·colonial" status adjudicated by the United Nations Committee ·cf 24. This matter was heard before the Committee sitting
in its entiretr on April 19, 1967, and the ComICittee by a·
v~te of 15 to 8 voted to adjorn the discussion without setting
a new date for further debate in this matter.· ·
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It is to be noted that local representat1ves·or the
various pro-independence groups have issued a plethora of
pressr.releases, when originally the Committee agreed to hear .
tl').eir·~J;>lea that the Puerto Rican question be placed before the
U:U:ted··Nations; however, when the matter was shelved on
, 1
.April 19;. 1967., the press releases emanating from this same ~: I \
grolJ.E> regarding the United Nations action were minimal.
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we have been .. sleepin~ 1ong; "but not deeply and.
e es have been ~pened ~a~n by the· failure of our • jwr.ping ~":·· ~:;
~ ~ p g - J ; : - to convinc_e the United Nations. to .1 liberate•:-·.·. ~ ;
Puerto Rico.
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'Are:w~· to cqntinl;le· paying·-Jcr :the.pleasu_re tripsr :-\.
of- JJ,JAN MARI and CARI.DS:PADILLA (whc·is he).·to~south·America { ..-·. t•1hen -Professor ·ooNZALEZ q-ONZALEZ ·in:- Nei,~ York' must.·beg" rr,oney .·. ~ .,: .
!n order -to.· surviv~?-:.--licw . . ca~-we-·arto~d the· p l e ~ - ~ - {i .... ,
of FATTY .PEREZ and ben·chrr.an., ·RUBEN ·ALVAREZ t~anchurle}-when .
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each edition cf' 1 Clar1dad I rercinds us to pay our qu~tas?
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:'1e are· not rich enough to af'.fcrd sending JUAN MARI tc lie1.·1· Y-::rk
every week sc that he ir.ay return in failure f'rcrr. begging the.
United llatipns to· ~1ear o~r; p3=ea fer ind.ependence ...... J . . ~-_;:".€:..-..
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we.· .are . now without effective leadership;. as· i ·. --~-:.. 1 - · ··• ·..
JUAU ·MARI. has proven hin:self' ·w1 thcut in:f1uence in rnatt~r~,. 7~ _· ••• • : : .
vital to Puert<? Ricarf.1ndependence matters Qefore. the-:,,_ "i~-.-;~~ ~.-;-: ·.
.
.
United _nations,· and we are also certainlt on the road to··· 'J: -· .
banl:ruptcy ( ask the Financial Cortmissicn )" •. ·~ All we are 1eft
Hith is Puerto Rican pride, the desire fcr· ..mnity in striving
for independence and the abi1ity to vote. The recent effort
of cur leadership to b_oycott the veter-registration- l.aws was; ---:
as it a_lways ·has been, a ~a~lµre.: · ·:·...: ~..
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in Ponce in· 1959; ··we. ·are· poorer.. and elder, .. but we :hope wiser.~.·. ·
Wake.·;tup ·Puerto.. Rico.,~ .tta~e:_ use·_.;pf,.the·. vote.!,.._·· -'~G~po PrQ-Usc_'."?'o~oDe 1
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As ·has been ·done tn the past., we·· propose to n;ail
this leaflet fro~ post offices in outlying areas to. various
representatives of the Puerto Rican independence ccu.itunity ..
end also to select independence leaders net necessar.1,1.y
aff'~liated \'1ith any particular groups.
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:ipr-,rtuni ty to capi tslize on the failure of the various· ·
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r~:ese.ntatives of .the Puerto Rican independence groups to ,· :< ·
ac~ieve any success in their cone entrated effort before the-·;."~ .·
Un ted Hations and also to again.lir1ng to the attention of ·. · .·
th -.:ankr.~ile of the MPIPR the amateurish direction
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of the1r-leadersh1p ~--- .· · . ·. ·.: ..:.. _· ·.·.. · ·.· · .·: __ !. .~·-·_-1·.\.· .. '. •
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To:
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From:
Director, PB~f.f1~i.93124) __.,.,.~ )
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GROUPS SEEKING IHDBPEHDENCI
FOR PUERTO RIOO COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRA.11
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
.
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Beurairtel 4-25-87.
The Bureau concurs with Jou that the refusal of the·
Committee ot 24 of the United Hationa to take up the so-called
colonial status of Puerto B1co offers an excellent opportunitJ
to utilize a counterintelligence aeasure to discredit the
leaders ot the independence movement and particularl7 Juan Mari
Bras. It appears. however, that Jour proposed anonymous letter
as it stands might provoke Mari Bras into taking violent action
to overcome this defeat in the eyes of his followers.
~
It aight be desirable to blame the communist bloc
and particularly Cuba tor the failure in the United Nations and
to~-criticize Kari Bru and the others for isolating the
Puerto Rican independence forces from the democra.tic:countries.
This would imply that Kari Bras erred in aligning the
Kovlmiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico with the communist
cou.11triea but would not d~ectlJ attack his leaderahip.
-.,
Your comments concerning the above are solicited. If
~ou concur with the above, submit a proposed letter 1or anonymous
aa111ng in line with the Bureau•• observatiou.
UU · 'll'l~ 11r.E
HOTB:
Puerto Rican iid$eo.<len~acroups in an effort to
~"-- the plebescite scheduled in Puerto Rico tor 7-23-67 sought
~ - - h~h_e_Comm.ittee of i~J ,rJti~ J:Hl.A~ll~.s colonial matters in
Nations take upfttne)coldlB.21,a.tatus of Pu~rto Rico.
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ldeteated. 4-19-67. San Juan proposes to anonymously
~d-ter-to ~he'independentists-in Puerto Bico attacking the
p and stating:that Mari Bras has proven himself to be w
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Dote:
5/4/67
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As the Bureau is aware, during the recent past,
GIL GREEN, Chairman of the ~'Y District, CPLJSA~ ~ent to Puerto ·
Ficc 6.nd while there contacted members of the •1ndependentista•,
community.
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·The ·1'-YO.-fee'ls= ..that.~·a.ddit'i'onal ·activiiies -showing-·-.. ·.:>'!'._. .:..
closer.-cooperation·between:-·the~·CP/USA~.end the MPI-could have J:·-/extrernely ·unfa.vorable:_:effects·· on::·a:~tempts·-.of · the Bureau and . -~ . ·::: _
local la\!; enforcer:;ent agencies to· curtail ... illegal independence~~~ . · ·
€ctivi ty in Puerto Rico.. As the Bureau is -acutely awa.re tne - . ·-.~.
introduction of a ·1e.rge and weal thy Moscow dominated ·.~·
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cr&a.nizQtion into the independence stru&gle .at a
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Jul 23· ' 1967 . .
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'l'he MPI through it~ leadership has betrayed the
le :ror independence.
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A short time ago, a prominent member of' the Communist
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Party of"'!tn~n~ted States, Gil Green, came to Puerto Rico.
and through the use or influence and money succeeded 1n doing
what all the agencies of repression ot the North American
government have failed to do. He corrupted Juan Mari Br~s,
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the maximum leader or the struggle.
Secret agreements were reached.
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Lcdo. Mari, in return tor who knows what., agreed to
place the cause or independence second to the "party 11.nea
of the CPUSA.
L)
It is no secret that during recent days Ledo. Pedro
Baiges Chapel, using the pennies of the 11 Jibaros.,f. went 'to
New York and spoke at the CPUSA May Day celebration held there
on the first of May. It is no secret that Baiges spoke in
English., and badly, either ashamed of his language and culture
or anxious to ingratiate himself to the North Americans. It
is no secret that Baiges spoke about the goals of. the Communist
Party and not about the struggle taking place on the Island.
-1t is no secret that many Puerto Ricans present at the ceremony,
because of a desire to hear a leader from their country~ burned ,
with she..me as Baiges made a fool of himself.
·
v
What is a secret., is the ·story or Baiges• other
activities 1n New York, the story of how he avoided his
people, of how he went to cocktail parties at the homes of
t1ealthy communists in the suburbs of New York., of how they ...- .
gave him only "promises., 0 after ~e-had-entertained-t.hem-and .J.i,j, t'/·
Qatered-·to-them· and promised to support first of all the
Communist Party, USA.
s. -tr;":.,f5
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le.
What has happened to the fight? Is even o u r ~
for independence to be controlled by North Americans and from
the United States? Are we indeed a lost people engaging in a
hopeless struggle?
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Ee~-Yairtel 5/4/67 vith enclosure thereto.
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Bureau believes that the propos&d letter JCAY be put to
eood · ad,·antage ~ However, New York is requested to clarify 1nforc~ t ion eet forth-in para~raph seven of - b.ro~osed
e
letter. Th~a
pt. ragraph makes mention of attendance b
at cocktail_· .:. . ·
pF~r ties ,rhich were held in 'the bones ot. 'I\.:"".:. ..... communists. ;
Y~ntion is then arJlde bow "he had entertained the~ and catered
tc them." It appears that this \?Ording should be clr.rified and ·
th~ ,rord1ng ch~nged since we ha.va mention made .iitllllllllll~attending
.cocktail parties and then we are talking about ~ t e r t a 1 n i n g
the co:::u:.unists •.. Kew York is requested t_o revorQ t.n.l.s paragraph
for ~luificatio°.·:~-~o~~s~~~ ·· ~ ~--. .•. ~.(.:.:.~.-~~-, .. '!_.. --.-:,:.
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The last paragraph of the proposed letter sakes mention
The Bureau believes that 1n order
.
tbat ~ore eyl:lpathy JCAf not ba invoked for the M?IPB cause, the
·-~or-ding ~entioned above should bo changed from "dying for
~
ndepondencdtto
"struggle tor
independence.~~'!:>
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· • ot "dying for independence."
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Upon r&ceipt of New York reply, further instructions
!Jill be issued to San Juan re,arding the proposed mailing,
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•·..:~- .._:~New York Offi~b~has :pr~p9s~d mailing of ano.nymous lf tter
in :---panish language to members .o.t :1£PIPR, tr..ilitant Puerto Rica. . ·
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in' ependenco croup •. · Proposod letter is aimed at informing ~ PR
~rabers of recent informati<;>n ~bowing apparent attempts by Co.-.munis~
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NOTB CO~TINUED PAGE TWO , ~ ~ - -
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Part7 to aid the IIPIPll;
, CP leader, recently made a
trip ·to· Puerto llico··in c ••h
o therewith and one of .the· IIPIPl .
-le~ers spoke .at .the·.Commuaist Part7_ Kay J>ay celebrati~n. ·1'1 ·'/":-:tJt~·
New ,,York C1 ty_~on 5/1/67 • . ,.:.· Anonymous letter ·-111ters. that lfPIP.B .~ ?·~- ....
11a.y:-be-plac~g-:.tb.e :Commun!s_t~ P~:tJ'·.&he~ ·.ot.~the ,l!PzyR;;fig~t~.forN • _
independence~· It:1s·believed·t.hat the suggested anonymous letter
will·be·aost beneficial.and may belp us in preventing a further
interjection of.the Communist Party into the Puerto Rican
independence picture.] However, clarification from Hew York is
needed before ,re authorize .the mailing. _
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FBI
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5/8/67
Date:
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·ransmit the
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{Type in plaintest oi cotle)
AIRTEL·.
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DIRECTOR., FBI (105-93124) . .
TO:.
FROM:
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(105~33s3",.s~b
SAN JUAN
. ~oUPs·· ·sEEKmG.
SUBJECT:
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~EPENDENc; -·
FOR PUERTolf!co
.
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COUllTERlid'ELLIGENCE"' PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE
-wa •
C01'"TROL SECTION{/)
~ ~t1 ~ttarr} -;j:. ( - f /t. J.
Re San Juan airtel 4/25/67, and
Bureau airtel 5/2/67. ·
-.. .
The comments of-the Bureau with regard·
to this matter are appreciated and the San Juan Office
is in agreement with the Bureau's suggestion to.blame
the·Communist bloc and Cuba for the failure in the
United Hations and to criticize MARI BRAS ·and others
for is~latinG the Puerto Rican independence forces
from the democratic countries.
The reference in the proposed
bmitted by the San Juan.Office t
. a n d - r e references to tl
b ·
Brt-i..Losit
~
3> - Lureau (105-93124) (Rl-!)
'1" - 1;s\·, York (105-32872) (info} (RM)
2 - Snn Juan (105-3353, Sub 1)
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Approved: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Special.Agen~.• in Cbaroe
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.. "DESPIERTA BORICUA, DEFIEIIDE LO l'UYO"
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.. -.;-~'. -~-----~ .... ~· · .· (\-~ake Up Puerto Ri :a.ns, Defend What is Yours}·~~_; .. :~:·~·· ..
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and~.·our eyes have b~en .. opened -..a.gain by the·· fa11ure of-~··,_:"..·-~:·-~~-- : _
our.~. . jumping grasshoppers\:·to.:convlllce· the· United lintions ~.:;1 ~ ·~:-to· J_liberate' Puerto Rico·.:·':._ ~'::: ~ . · ...- ·.- ·
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ei---us":now ·be·men enough.~o ·admit_ that . we havj! :f::!.~\ .. .:.- ·successfully::.:.defeated our·--_hope·_: of.' having --the United·. >-~·.-r:/·:, \~.- ·
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----~<r. Nat_ions.-~~a:r.-.0\~:!\ plea .fpr ·~t~!v:~n~-~~~-~---- Wt' B,~y7_:_F.~-C:>~h~-n.:·~~}r-: .. -_
:. ihe. :Wroµg ·COurse, ·•..let !_s ·.:8d.ml.t: it~.:-~:!~~ ·.,:'::/:..~•."-'_:.,. .. ~·...};v-:..·.~-~:/-~ :·.,.:;;: ii-!'~··.,·,_·
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/i·r-:~::··f~~- ~-{:_ . ·-we~ •r·et not· ··commuhists~: so .why have"·we-·sought;.·~:;,.-~::> . . ~- '
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~\::·the .aid_'=of.~.Cuba:; -;,.:R~_ssia/~ ~9land -~~d ·:Bulgaria?.· .•~ we··:are.:·.'?,:ft;\:~~~·-·
God-_feari.ng people., ·steeped_ 1n·. the· tradition::of ·De 'llos_to~;·).:. ::.~.
De "Diego and Barbosa., and we have_ no .need ,or·~- Castro.;:: ..~-,-~':. -- : - ·
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Guevarra and other Cuban hoodlums. ··"' -· ·· - : :.. . , ·_. • .
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,._. ~-- '.:.:.'.\\. :: ...Many .,years~.-:have -_passed-·.since ·we.. were .. born. 1n·\~..::-.:: ~-- .
.._":.Ponce~ ·bowever·~we: are_: furthe~·. a.way -~froni our_ independe;nce :·;.·, .~ :,:. ~ ·
. ·n6w~han. _ .we-.wer.e "'theij.~1~ ·W.ake :UP:"Puez:t.o'-Ricq/_make_.. _use.:~'f'.-~;:..~.·.:..
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-=.-~:···.. ··Grupo·.Pro.·uso'Voto·Del MPin. ~-··_-
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We propose.- to m~il this · 1ea-flet from post offices
in ;-outlying- areas ~to Na~ious. represen~at1ves -of the_·Puerto ~·
~.~.:..Rican indep~ndence · _"community and .. also · to -sel.ect;·1ndependenc;_e.
-.::. leaders no,:t_, .. ~~c.~ssa:ril.Y}B:ft11iated... wtth:.~.-.1>artJ_cµlarj_ ~-,_·r ·
.. ·,:grouns
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· Bureau· _auth'or.ity :.is solici:-ted ·tq-~ediately .-~:.: ~-,,·-·
put :the- proposed count_erintelligenc;e
tactic
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To: .
SAC,· San J'Jan (105-3353-Sub 1)
From:
REC-16
Director, FB_I (10~-93124)
CROUPS SEn<ING INDEPENDmCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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EX-103
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
..
(SUBVERSIVE OONTROL SECTION)
IS•
PRN
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Reurairtel 5/8/67.
I
Authority granted to prepare proposed letter ln
Spanish language and to mail lt as set forth on page three
of referenced airtel.
Preparation and mailing should be handled under
the most secure conditions to protect the Bureau as the ·
source. Advise the Bureau of any information coming to .
)'our·attentlon regarding-the malling· of this letter.
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1 • New York (105•32872)
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San Juan has proposed mailing of anonymous letter
in Spanish language which points up the recent defeat suffered
by independence groups at the United Nations. The United
Nations Committee of 24• which handles cplonial matters, did not take up the colonial status of Puerto Rico as sought by
:t::o_-- indepenaence groups. At1~11ymous Jetter makes mention. of the·
a f : J F of independence··groups,':yith some of the Soviet bloc
~;..~
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tries and Cuba, ~~,the lettetrpoints up the mistajte,of_,.~'--
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Airtel to SAC, S
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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N~ CONTINUED:
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the incfe~n'ce~ groups aligning themselves with these
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countries who have failed to help the cause of Puerto Rican
i nd pendence.
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· · San Juan prop~ses to mall the letter to various
representatives of the Puerto Rican independence conmnmity
and also to selected independence leaders who are not
\
necessarily affiliated with any particular groups.
San Juan•s proposal has definite merit and should aid us as
a disruptive tactic within the independence organizations.
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(_G~OUPS.
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SEEKING lNDEPEtWENCE FOR PUERTO RICO lS-P-RN.
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. ADVISED ftJtY TEN,
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DEPARTED
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FOR NEk YORK
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EIGHT r..T ELEVEN T\..'E ; ; FIVE
.
IS 1NIENS1FlCAll0N PROGF.A~
OF SAN JUAN OFFICE.
PURPOSE Of TRAVEL U~KNO~N.
t
(
OFFICE Of INlELLIGENCE POLICE
OF PUERTO RICO ADVISED THAT
H.A.D PUER!O RICAN FLAG IN
~
...'
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LUGGAGE.
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RE~.DILY !DENT IF'IABLE DUE 10 NUMEROUS REFERENCES SAN JUAN
lN~lCES.
YORK COVER SUBJECTS THROUGH APPROPRIATE
SOU?.CES
AND ATTEMPT
JO ~SCERTAI~ PURPOSE OF TRIP.
SECRET SEP.VICE BElNG ADVISED LOCALLY.
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SECRET SEP.VICE NE~ YORK.
END ACK PSE GA
REY
FBI
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~EW YORK SHOULD ADVISE
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To·
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DIRECTOR~ FBI {105-93124}·.·
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FROM
· SAC, NEW YORK {105~32872).
SUBJECT: ':.GRO~~--$·~-~JCilfG~.EH.Nl)E?i.CE
_.FOR_PUERTO.....RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE-PROGRAM __
- _(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION}
IS-PRN
'
ReNYairtel, 5/4/67, with enclosure ·thereto and
Bureau airtel to NY, 5/10/67.
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The NYO agrees with the Bureau's conclusion
that information set forth in paragraph seven of the
proposed letter should be clarified.· In including in
the letter the words 11he had entertained them and
{ ' '"'-'
11
·_··_;catered to them., the NYO was attemptin
.o .
show that
'
. ··:lihile at the cocktail parties concerne
. ad made
:.attempts to ingratiate himself with his
u
the
possible loss of his dignity. It was the intention of
the NYO to subtly show the undermining of dignity whi:h
is so important to the P.R. male.
In light of the Bureau's request to clarify the
strike letter two al1ernative wordings are hereby suggested:
.. ,
3 - Bureau (RM)
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1~ The phrase ··1n question could be replaced .. :_,.~·:'i ~.- ·' ··
by the ·phrase ' t He had been entert.ained by and catered to...
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:is felt .·that this wording would result 1n .
ho possib 1 lity of the.reader misundersta1Mn·n
the letter··.·-~··~·~: ..-.
since· it would :fit in with the mention-o
ttending;:::~;-;;_-:11" .·:
cocktail' partfes spon·so~~~ 7by,_ the ·C91]UDunis •· _ owever~ ..-:-'~- J·\:_;_ ~:-~!:;
1t is~also~ felt-;:th~t it. -would~po~· have:..th~ct· origina~.,,lY..1/~-...
c1 es ired '"by ~the:; NYO _-or :-subtly_. ·undermining - - - · dfgn1ty::.:..,~ · ~~/~·:,~ ~ .·· ..- . "':- /~~'(':)~·}i~ -:-f_;;.=j.~'??~)t~:. ..~. . .~-~t_r .....·: ·~~~:-•• ;. l ~ :~r-!i' _.. •. : . . • ·\·. _:;-·~:--~·-\l,.·=·;:~~/~. .~.•.
- . ~· _.. ; :~·~ 2. -· As an . .alternative wording the NYO suggests --;. .
that the.· wording ·in question be· replaced by the phrase ·... ~
"he had.attempted to ingratiate himself with them ana
catered to .their typically North Ane-ican opinions about
.
Puerto Rico~' 11 --: ·The NYO 'feels:.. \tl"Et':..this~w·ording ~ould·::-~:~-t>·.:·\t::~~\f :._::\:..
present .no problem .regarding·.;clari ty·~an~- .woulq. ~~rl~·:;_to·\:·.~--:~:__-~·_,.__ :_;_:_._~,:.,
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by the·._Bureau.·9f the-v,ossibility-that sympathi!' might be · ,,_.-_ .... .
evoked by the phrase· 'dying :ror .independence,• is correct
....·
and that '"the phra~e should: be changed to read "struggle ~
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SACs, San Juan (105-3353 SUB 1)
New York (105-32872)
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. Director, FBI· (105-9312..,•
.
GROUPS SEEl:Ilnl INDEPENI>lllCLC
fOR PUERTO RICO
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROO~- (SUBVERSIVE CONTROL BECTIOH)EX.
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BeNYairtel 5/4/67 with enclosure thereto and
11Ya1rtel 5/11/67 •. · ; ·
. Authority granted for San Juan to translate tbe
anonymous letter submitted as enclosure to reairtel 5/4/67·and
to mail it to KPIPR aembers including members of the
New York Mission. The preparation and aailing should be
handled under the most secure conditions to protect -the Bureau·
•• the -·source.
·
The Bureau believes that the alternative wording
.
as set forth on page two of reairtel &/11/67 should be
utilized in the second last paragraph of the anonymous letter.
Accordingly. line five of this paragraph should read •g,ve
him only promises after he had attempted to ingratiate himself
with them and catered to their typically Horth American
opinions about Puerto Rico and promised to support first of
all the Communist Party, USA." Tbe word "dying" 1:o the first
line of the last paragraph of the proposed ~etter should be
cha~ed to "struggle.•
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. New York Off ice has proposed mailing· of .anonymous . :·
letter. in Spanish language. to members ·of llPIPR, militant ~·~..<. (·=.-~ ·
ruerto- Rican independence ·group. -~Proposed· 1e~ter:·1s :aimed ~at ·~/··t~-~- :·
infor.ming MPIPR:members ·of .recent .information showing apparent~:<·.·.::...~
attem_pts br Communi~~--~~tt ._to-.~id •th~ ltPIPR: ~:Gf!_Green,--·:t)i-;:r:~-~~-_:. _:
CP leader. ·_recently ·made a trip to Puerto 'Rico in ,connection.'--~· ··
therewith and.one of the KPIPR leaders spoke at·tbe Communist
Party May Day celebration in New York City on 5/1/67. Anonymous
letter infers that IIPIPR may be placing the Communist Party ahead
of the llPIPR fight tor independence. It is believed that the
·
suggested anonymous· letter will be most beneficial and may ··\.:::.. -. ..
help us in .preventing ·a· f_urther interjection· of .t~e Communist.\.~
Party ·into ·the Puerto Rican. independence picture. ,,:.:we asked~~-··..-.\_ . ·
New York to clarify. certain p~opose~ wording in' anonymous ·• ._-:
letter and this clarification is set forth in NYairtel 5/11/67.Change~·in the wording in the proposed.anonymous letter more
clearly points out.the point ~e are ~rying to get across here.- .
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UBJECT:
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SAN JUAN
DATE:
(105-3353-SUB-1)
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5/_17/67
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(P)
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-~-~. .#effi:JUPS -SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
l
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN
00: SAN JUAN
f.
.
Re Buresu airtel 5/11/67.
On instant date, San Juan mailed copies to selected
1nernbers of the independentist conununity in Puerto Rico of
enonymous·ietter for which Bureau authority was obtained
in referenced Burea.u eirtel.
Although copies of this anonymous letter were not
sent to persons residing w:ithin the New York Division., it
is anticipated that some comme~ts may be made regarding it
by members of the MPIPR., New Yorlc Junta and the Ne1-1 York
Office is requested to remain alert to this matter and
ndvise any results obtained by this letter to the Bureau
and San Juan.
Mailing of this anonymous letter was made under
. secure .conditions and the paper and envelopes us_ed t:ere.
from stock readily available at local stationery stores.
,.
LEAD
,
SAN JUAN
At San Juan, Puerto Rico:
Will report any results of this letter to the
Bureau.
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Bureau (RM)
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Buy US. Savings Bonds Rtgu!tlrly on the Pll;•ro/J
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6/8/67
Date:
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Alrt,el
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To:
SAC. San Juan (105-3353)
f"roa:
Director• FBI (105-93124)- ').,/'g'
ST-ll°'EC 46
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tr:ouPS SEEKING INDEPDIDiNCE FOR PUERTO RICO -
~
COUHTERINTELLIGENCE PROCRAM
IS• PAN
(SUBVEl<SIVE CONTROL S.EX:TION)
,
~-
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~euralrtel 6/8/67.
The Bureau does not belleve t,hat the technique
s~egested in referenced alrtel should be utilized at the
ptesent time.
You are encouraged to reviev this matter
ln an attempt to coce up with another count~rlntelll ence
llllllliiillilm1ght be utlllzed agalns~
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Secure prior Bureau authority before lnitiatlng
nny counterintelligence action ln this aatter.
1 - 1~5-76456 (Silen)
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NOTE:
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Uovimie~ndependencia de Puerto Rico Youth. San Juan
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roposed &n in Ormant report be drawn Up either in
t.
's handwriting or typevritten....lilZ...e!_anted 1n another
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From:
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FBI
(105-93124) ~. ··
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CROUPS SDXING INDEPENDENCE
f OR PUERTO R.ICX>
Pt-
COUNTERINTELLIGWCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SIX:TION)
IS• PRN
ReSJairtel 6/16/67 a copy of which ls enclosed
for the information of the Nev York Office. San Juan
should note .that the Bureau has a separate file for the
Counterintelligence Program dealing Yith groups seeking
independence for Puerto Rico. ·
,·
~
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: In accordance vi th San J\!,All Is suggestion as aet
forth in referenced airtel. a cartoon vlll be prepared by
the Exhibits Section and 225 copies thereof vtll be forwarded to the San Juan Office. This vork will be completed
as soon as possible ln order that San Juan may handle the
mAlling prior to the time of the plebiscite on 7/23/67. '
·,....... lithe cartoon will be prepared On unwatermarked commer"c~a~ ·
~ ~ grade paper.
~ ~. 1 • Hew York (105-32872) (Enclosure)_
·-- ·· ·
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NOTE~,-~ The cartoo~ mentioned aboveC
bet ng-;:p::d by
.~~-- ~ .. · its Section pursuant to approv~l of memorandum/
-- · - -
~:-=~--==- . .
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Mr: Su~liv9:°:
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§~~JUN2918~:~/V,j-/
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·nIREC'fOR:;·'""FBI" "( 105-93124)
,
SAC, NEW YORK
(105-32872)
-~F;=~~;-~G
Counterinteliigenc·e ·-Pro-gram· -.----··
SUBJECT!
'
6/2.6/67.
INDEPENDENCE FOR. PUERTO RICO . .
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Subversive Control Section)
IS - PRN)
.
{00: SJ)
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ReButel to San Juan and New York, 5/16/67, and NYairtel
to Bureau, 5/11/67.
The counterintelligence letter which is the subject)
of referenced conununications has had dramatic results which.,· .
upon analysis., indicate that the disruptive purpose or the .- ~ ·,
letter is being acheived.
·
In the June 11, 1967, issue of "Claridad," the
the MPIPR (the target organization),
has written a lengthy article occasionea oy
as the Bureau is aware, is the Secr~tary of
Foreign Affairs of the MPIPR, a key figure of the San Juan
·office and a delegate to the Tri Continental Conference., which
was held in Havana, Cuba, in January> 1966. - - s considered on.e of the most likely candidates to a ~ mantel of
power., if and when tJUAN MARI BRAS., current ·MPI Secretary General.,
steps down.
In the article. mentioned above., which~~aptioned,
"Another
Committee
of the C.I.A.;" he warns the ~ h i p that
the 11 Committee Against Foreign Dominatll.on of the Struggle for
Independence 11 is the latest weapon or the notorious Central
Intellr§ence Agency. labels the statements made in the
lt:!tter calumnies II an
ains of its widespread distribution.
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UY 105-32872.
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In an extended comment on past "C.I.A. n tactics, . ·
reviews 'the history of the "Groupo Pro Uso Voto del · : ·.
~ a n. •
counterintelligence device originated by · ·.~ . ·
the SJo.-·
omplains of' how hundreds of· persd'ns associated
w1th·the 1PI we ·bombarded with letters from the-two Committees
ehd how the letters changed in tone·· from mild policy statements
to vicious attacks upon MPI leaders, in which t h eis
. . r" .
conunittees accused them of all manner of treason.
then
ossures_the membership' that dispite all this, the
ectoral
strike~ which was the target of' past letters~ was a success •.
(As the Bureau is aware, the MPI.suffered a serious defeat 1n
its strike against the 1954 elections since· the largest percentage· of voters in the history .of Puerto Rican elections was . · recorded that year.).
. . ..-. · . · ·
..
- . ·
. ~: ·
Turning to the .letter in question-takes each
of the charges made in the letter and i n s i s ~ h e y are not
true., dwelling particularly on the alleged "secret meetings"
,·rith the CP, USA; control of_ the MPI by the CP~ USA; alleged
agreements between the CP, USA and.ro.• .
nnd, a s~llout by MPI
_·._ leaders corrupted by the CP., USA.
ends his comments 1n
·· ; a series of inyectives against the C •
·.- ·. ·
.
'
Analysis of the Above ·
It is the opinion of the NYO that the subject.•~ .
l~tter has thoroughly disturbed MPI leadership. The usual teetic ofthe organization is to not respond to attacks by 1te
adversaries, feeling that attacks which do not seriously affect
the operations of' the MPI are better ignored. It is unusual.,
to say the least., that the MPI would give space end extensive
space at that., in its
organ for such a purpose. In
addition, the fact tha
: whose credentials are set ~orth
above., would be chosen o
ea-refutation is significant.
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2. Factors mentioned 1. . . . . . . refutation further ·
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or MPI members_ have received counterintelligen~e ·letters, '_ -\. _-.... :-. .
that· 1.s to· say,· that the :coverage 1s·.·wide spread and known~-~;/..:~·-:-,._.
·.~. _ _
e so· by MP!' leadership~·. ·It is t:elt· ·that references _.1n:}::-~···~:·_-.·· ·
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refutation to ·charac
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s attempt to embarras
mentioned : · -·
in the letter did not go unnoticea y
3. At a time when revolution 2nd violence is 2
distinct possibility in Puerto Rico,.the creation of an impression that the- CIA is operating in Puerto Rico against the
NPI is · a welcome. result. -~he NYO 1s· of the opinion that ;·. ~- · '. : .-·
this ·1.mpression may well act .. as _a furt~er deterent· toward ,. ·. · ·- ·
violence.
·
··· ·
· ·· ..,. ·
4. · In swrunary, co~fusion has been created in the
rank end file, and M.PI leadership has had to counter with a
refutation. The leadership itself, which is of course more
sophisticated, has.,nevertheless, made a serious analytical
mistake about the.origin of the counterintelligence letter
·a~d will be more cautious with operations as a result. 'The
widespread effect of this measure and the overall counter-·
intelligence program of San Juan and New York has thus been
tacitly admitted by the MPI. In addition, the security precautions taken by the SJO in preparing and mailing the letter
have proven completely effective as _evidencedby MPI leader's
belief that the CIA is at the heart of the operation.
· Additional results will be reported as received.
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6/29/67
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£dTIAL.
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st BJ£crr~GROUPS SEEKING INDEPE1,DENCE
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FOR.PUERTO.RICO
COUNTERTh"TELLIGENCE PR0llRAM,
SUBVERSIVE CONTROLS 1SECTION
IS-PRN
(00:SJ)
5/11/67.
#
•.
Re~'Ylet to Bureau, 6/26/67 ai:td
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airtel to Bureau#
u
The ~'Y~ has recently come into possession of the
following 1nforrr.·ation considered pertinent to the recent
counterintelligence letter captioned •coMMITTEE AGAINST
FORE[GN DO~!IN.ATION OF THE STRUGGLE FOR Th'1JEPE..WENCE•:
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In any event the tall or
trom good graces . ·
. 'Ifill be exploited 1n a future count
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gence operation
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which will be submitted to the Bureau ror approval within
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INDEPENDENCE
FOR--PUERTO-RICO-- ----- --COUNTERINTELLIGlllCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
-
.
6/20/67
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
PURPOSE:
To recommend the preparation of a cartoon by the
; Exhibits Section of the Administrative Division depicting an
attack by members of the Liga Socialista Puertorrlquena (LSP)
\ on a Mission of the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto
i Rico (MPIPR) • The J.SP and the MPIPB. are militant Puerto Rican
independence groups. The cartoon ls designed to cause discord
between these two organizations and will be sent anonymously
~o-members of·:various independence groups in Puerto Rico.
•.
-:;
ST-104
!
BACKGROUND: . : .
REC-75 IO!/ .-.~~- 1s~J f- -~
.........
; San~_:Juan Office bas
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rmation that
., bas accused
·of being-a coward.
n other mem ers o
e
LSP have entered an MPIPR Mission and threat.enedlllalltwith
bodily harm unless he proved or retracted bis s t ~ about
On one recent occasion members of the MPIPR
·
~ r e armed with firearms and knives
and
other LSP members came to the.Mission and blows vere·exchanged
between the two groups. San Juan Office has suggested that a
cartoon be drawn up showing~tanding in the dooniay ...
o.f__,.,._
. . ...... the M l s s i o n ~ d i s t i n c t ~ standin~d bl~~ JUL 6 19r.7
Confronting~would be a caricature o f - witn a
/
mra,bearing a Red;~~~ne~e s~-ogan. The LSP is known-f.or •
.........-
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1f5-93124
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•ENC\!ElllND FILE•
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Memorandum from Mr. J.F. Bland to Mr.
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Sullivan
RE: GROUPa- SEEKING .INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICX>
l0~j93124-., ~111,: . ..
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-~
.
its.pro-Red C h i - n ss. - t h e LSP leader, would be shown~
ush~ards
• Under the
cartoon there wou d be printed in Spanish t - g a n ••.al,•
~ T w o Weeks to Prove or Retract Your Statement~
- ~ i s a Coward.''
y ........
--
;.
OBSERVATIONS:
It is believed that this cartoon will be of great
assistance as a disruptive tactic in the Puerto Rican
independence groups. This is most important at the present
time since these groups are attempting to unite against a
plebiscite which is to be held in Puerto Rico on 7/23/67. ·
At that time the Puerto Rican people will.vote for statehood.
independence, or a continuation of the present cormnonwealth
. form of government.
The preparation of a suitable Red Chinese slogan
such as "Down with Imperialism" has already been discussed
with.the Cryptanalysis-Translation Section of ~he Laboratory.
The £..mi.bits Section should coordinate the preparation of the
cartoon with the Cryptanalysis-Translation Section. Since the
plebiscite is to be held on 7/23/67• it is believed most
important that the cartoon be prepared as soon as possible to
allow for mailing prior to the time of the plebiscite.
RECOMMfflDATION:
Th.at the preparation of the above-mentioned cartoon
by the Exhibits Section be approved for mailing to members of
the Puerto Rican independence groups in Puerto Rico or to
persons sympathetic to these organizations. If approved. 250
copies of the cartoon on unwatermarked commerical grade paper
sho~\d be prepared. Photographs o f - and
have been forwarded by S a = z a t i o n in
epara on of the cartoon.
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CRO'JPS SEiXING INDEPENDm'CI:
.
· . · -.
. . l~---~o~~ ..~~~5~32s7.2> (Enclo~e~ _... _.,. '.·'., ,·
From: - :.. ':- Dir~or ·FBI· (105-93124) _, ;;?e::Jd<:.,· ~. ·~·-,>
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fOR PUERTO RICO
ST-115
COUNTERINTELLIG~CE- PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SIX:TION)
IS • PRN
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was fur~sbed to the ~ev York Office •. ·...
- ·: ·, ~:... · .· (: . ~~:·...,_ ·: ~- Enclosed for San .Juan are 225 copies of the
cartoon mentioned in referenced airtel. One copy is en-
closed for the information of tbe Nev York Office. The
. translation of the Chinese characters ln the cartoon ·ts : . ·.,.
· . "~wn · Wi ~-~ lmper~alism~ ~· ·
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Authority granted for San Juan to mail the :-:· · ·.
cartoon to members of or persons sympathetic tot~
,_..,___,.Movimiento Pro lndependencia de Puerto Rico, the Ltga ·
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Socialista. Puertorriquena, and the Nationalist Party of ·
z Puerto Rico. The mat ling should be handled under the
": cost secure conditions to protect the Bureau as the
~ ,ource.
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San Juan and Nev York should advise the Bureau
of any information coming to their attention regarding the
mailing of tb!:.s letter.
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Airtel to SACs, San Juan
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RE: f-GROOJ'sZSm<ING INDEPENDENCE
1 FOR PUERTO RICO . ,
105't93L24
.
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NOTE:
.,. Pursuant .. to approval of memorandum~o··_:
Hr. Sullivan 6/27/67,~cartoon involved was p r ~ · \ . : ; . - ; ,
mailing to members of certain indepe~dence groups in
· ·· . . · ·
Puerto Rico.· Cartoon is aiaed at causing discord between
two of the groups since San Juan has learned that ,the · .
head of one of these bas been called a coward by a member. .... -··
of the second group.
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FOR PUERTORIC-6
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C-o··u·1·rTERil·1T'T'YELLIGEN.CE PROGRAM
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StJBV'~RSIVE COIITROL SECTION)
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(-Of-?j_c~· ~-AN;·.ro~· _- (loS-C:3353) sY13~{:.c ..- SUBJECT·; ·QGRWP_s_S~Kilm. INDEP~IIDENCE.. -· ,.· · ·
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··.if IRTEL
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· .6(16/67
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Dat.D of DeWlJlila~un i~uchnlte
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6 2 \\ \J \_ 1 ~ \9\)Cfal ~;~ent ,in Charoe
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6/26/~7
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DIRECTOR, FDI
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SAN :JUAN (105~3353)
~E~1~nm lNDEPEllDEl~CE
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CiI!OUPS
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PRl{
Tnc variouo croups advocatinr,; inuc_pcndcncc .ror
.P~ic.;1"'to Rico nave greatly incrcasc:d tllCil" a.ctivit)' wit,ll -tnc.;
:· Pt~roaching Plebiscite scheduled for July 23, 19S7, .to .
,h:t~nnine the future political status of Puerto Rico.
· The ,
t·L\'imicnto P1 0 Inciependencia de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican .
fru Irnlepcndence Movement (i-~PIPR) (Bu.file 105-75715)., · aa the
!: l\;est of the pro indcpcno.encc groups, ha.s placed an ··· , .
::.ucrcasingl} heavier workload upon their Pl''J.ntinr;. racilities,
:.:w. :listling pa.mphlets., · and publications contc..inint; cdi·torial
,· ,·~'.;jcli'.s of, and. pla11ncd demonstrations ac;ainst., the scheduled
..µl!:oisci te.
·
11
T~1c san Juan Office proposea that a chelll.ical ·· ·
Ltcnt, available to the Bu1--eau, be placcu in the printers
inl:, w11ich., s.c ti va tcd b~ the heat or the i>l"csscs, will ecu.t
st.l'oflS oJ.or and prohibit the use of: the pre:ss~s.
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105-3353
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Special Aoent. in Charoe
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CRO~EEXING INDEPEND.ENC~
/''
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Reurairtel 6/26/67./Y
Careful consideration bas been given to the .. '..
counterintelligence technique set forth ln referenced
airtel. However. the Bureau does
believe lt feasi•
ble to authorize the implementation of this technique.
.
You~ interest in forwarding this suggestion ls appreciated •
·r· . . •
not
. .. · JJD: sjs ,l•
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San Juan has suggested that a chemical be placed
in the ink used by the Movimiento Pro Independencia de
Puerto Rico to print its various pamphlets and publications.
San Juan indicated that the proper chemical would be
activated by the heat of the presses and emit an odor •
.Jacr.. _ _
·loach _ _
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FOR PUmTo. RICO
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Mr.
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Sullivan
l>ATE:
•
July 7 t 1967
1 •Mr.Deloach
1 •Mr.Sullivan·
IN.OM
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GttOUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
1 l ..
FOR PUERTO RICO····- ---·-COUNT~INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
'
f
I
~~;
PURPOSE:
·
To recommend that we authorize our San Juan Office
1. to mail an anonymous letter.to members of the Movtmiento
'Pro lndependencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR) in Puerto Rico and
New York City. The M.PIPR is a militant Puerto Rican
independence group.
BACKGROUND:
;;j
c.·.(. ,
�Memorandum to Mr.
RE:
w. c.
Sullivan
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPEND~CE
FOR PUERTO RICO
1
1
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL·SECTION)
-93124
New York City learned of the action by the CP. A member of
the Executive Board of the Nev York Mission was reportedly
removed from her position on the Board because of statements
she.made regarding the CP donation.
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The Nev York Office has now recommended the
preparation of another letter by our San Juan Office which
vould be aimed at revealing the CP donation to MPIPR members
in.Puerto Rico and New York City. It is hoped that the
letter will cause dissension within the MPIPR, embarrass the
New York Mission for falling to keep the donation a secret,
end.embarrass the leader of the MPIPR by inferring that he
ls utilizing the money for his own use.
OBSERVATIONS:
It appears that New York's suggestion has definite
merit and will be most useful to us in causing internal
strife in the MPIPR.
RECOMMENDATION:
If you approve, the attached airtel will be directed
to San Juan authorizing it to mall the letter under secure
conditions to MPIPR members in Puerto Rico and New York City.
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"Awake Puerto Ricans, Defend What is Youra"
, We are grateful to Ledo.
fo~ exp~!ng
to us in the Claridad that the MP! has not surrendered t~ the·
( Cotrll11Wlist Party of the United States. His den{als, although·
. vehement enough and interesting enough, do not seem to- chsnse
the £nets which are lmown to the· hierarchy.
.
.
We have said before that Ledo. Juan Mari Bras,
tho maximWl'l leader of ~he struggle,·had sold the revolution
to the Communist Party. Now the Communist Pax,ty has sent
$500.00 in the strictest secrecy to Mari Bras, which is
probably only one payment for his loyalty.
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So secret was the paymont, that wren
.
the Mision Vito Marcantonio in Ne\
marked
~ ; h e was itrJnediately removed from the Executive
. Board. Thia is strango since she was just recently elected·
·by the members or that mission to the Executive Board.
-nst
It is difficult to understand why such violent
action should be
this dedicated fighter tor . ··
independence, as
certainly is. It the Corn~wiist.
Party directed thi ~c,
en our point has been proved,
that the North Americans are now in charge or our revolution.
01• it may be true that Ledo. Mari Bras ordered---ai°is punishment.
Is he afraid that his North American partners will no longer
send him this pocket money? Is ho afraid that there will be·
a dir.1inishing in his personal comforts, his first class travel
to Uew· York, to South Ar;ierica e.nd who knows ~1here else? How
much more 1no11ey has ho socreted, money that is needed ao
badly in our strugglot
Committee Against Foreign Domination
of the Fight tor Independence
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Date:
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. TO
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DIRECTOR. FBI
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SUBJECT:
SAC• ·11El(YORK (10.$-32872)_:
·0 GRoUPS
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s~-~G ItJDEPEH~ENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERiNTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRN
-(·OO :-·-San-Juan)
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ReSJlet to Bureau, 6/29/67, Buairtel to SJ an~· ·:· :~.HY, S/16/67, and HY airtel to_Bu~eau, s1i1/67 •
Enclosed is a proposed counterintelligence
letter designed to augment the original "Committee Against
Foreign DoMination or the Otruggle For Independence" letter
which was the subject or reteren~ed communications.
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As the Bureau vas advised in NY letter or 6/29/67,
the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico (MPI) - ..... ·
New York Mission (HIM) recently expelled a member or the
Executive Board tor talking about tS00.00 given the N!M .,
by the CP,USA, which was to be sent to Puerto Rico under·
a veil or secrecy. · · . .
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It approved by ··the Bureau,· 1 t is suggested that·: .,:.··
the.San Juan Office again prepare a.letter in Spanish to .
be distributed to MPI rank and tile •. It ia anticipated that
the same success achieved-by the ·SJO in its careru~ preparation
.and dissemination. ot t~e first let~er 1!1111 be .. ·the···result)..,J.:I<~\.-.
· ot · a.. second attempt to disrupt· the :·MPI b7· use ·or the\::")\~::~:/.:_.'.!_\.:
·.: "Comm! ttee Again~t. ~or~18!1--~~m1~~F1.~~:~ .o~i-.~h~·~s~~$8l~l!')t·:;· ·~.:t_~---~j;/->
For ~~dependence_. ~-- ;-":,. ~- ;-·,; ~-: >..·:
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Communist Party or the United States. His denials, although
. vehement enough and interesting enough, do not seem to change
the tacts which are lmown to the hie~archy.
We have said before that Ledo. Juan "ari Bras, the maximwn leader or the struggle, had sold the revolution
to·the Communist Party. Now-the Communist Party_has· sent
$500.00 in the strictest secrecy to Mari Bras, which ia
probably only on~.payme~t tor his loyalty •.
So secr~t was the payment, that ~n the Mision Vito Marcantonio in New~marked
~ s h e was immediately removed from the Executive
Board. This is strange since she was just recently.elected
by the members ot that mission to the Executive Board.
-or
It is difficult to understand why such violent
action should b e ~ n s t this dedicated tighter tor · · . .
independ~nce, as
certainly is. It the Commun.1st
·
Party directed tn s act,
en our point has been proved,
·
that the North Americans are now in charge'or our revolution.
Or it may be true that Ledo. Mari Bras ordered~is pwi1shment.
Is he afraid that his North American partners will no longer
send him this pocket money? Is he afraid-that there will be
a diminishing in his personal comforts, his first class travel
to New York, to South America and who knows where else? How
much more money has he secreted, money that is needed BO·
badly in our struggle?
Committee Against Foreign Domination
the Fight for Independence
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CARTA
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SEMANAL
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MOVIMIENTO PRO INDEPENDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO
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1966' ---- ANO DEI, CENTENARIO DEL APOSTOL j0SE DE Dmoo ___ ., 1966
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Afio VI - R!o Piedras, Puerto Rico - a 6 de·d1c1embre de
--.---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - Alerte
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NO SE PUEDE PERMITIR LA IMPOSlCION
DEL PLEB~SCITO
COLO~IALISTA
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1966 - Nd~. 264
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: MENSAJE ESPECIAL. A LA lULI- •
• 'TANCIA DEL. SE-CRETARIO GENE- •
• RAL,~COMPAF.ER~ ,!TJAN MARI
A peser de la manifiesta oposici6n
BRAS, EN LA PAGINA DOS.
de los roAa di.ve1•sos sectores de ls so- •
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c iedad puerto.rriquena. 1ncluyendo am• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "· • • • • • • • •.• • • •
plies sec·tores dol prop lo p9r tido de .gobierno, ls ad.minis traci6n colonial acaba do envtsr e su legi_sletura un proyecto de plebisc1.to ordenado ror Washingtor. pare· busear de elguna form.a der visas de legalldad al
regLr.1el'l•
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Sin heber estado radicado e6.n' el proyecto, ya lo opo'sici6n el ple1,.!.scito co;nenz6 a rll8nifestarsa por todaa pertes4 Pero de todos los sectores del pueblo, son los luchadore3 de le 1ndependenc1a los que con ~ayor v,igor y con plena a12toridad :,noral nos· oponemos e. el. Y si nos.I' opone,i~cs el plebisc1to, fflucho menos' podemos permttir que se incluya en esa
'laniobra frauduJ.enta a le independencia por encine de la radical negati•;e de s u.s leg! timos por ta voe es..
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Nua stra mU.i'tancte debe ester. alerta ,.· b1en prepe_reda para· respond.er a cuel qui er l:le:nada de ~,1ovilizacl 6n q_ue ·tengamos que hacer pars __ detener este frsude.
E.l Hov1rrilento Pro Indeperrleneia estara preparado para rnoviliz.ar todos sus recurses contra este n~eva bu.rls colonial.
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ADELll.NTE LA EMULACION EH IA VEi'!TA DEL ALMANAQ.UE PiJERTORRIQUERO .
.El anuneio de la emulsci6n en le vents del Almanaque Puertorrlque' fio de 1967 he despertado gran intel'es tant(? entre misiones co:'IJO entre
.nil itant.es .. Algunos compai'icros se han enfrascado en una verdade.Pa earrera, solicitando 'diarlamente 100s almenaques. Hasta el moinento estan el
f.rqnte en ventas por individ!lo los sisllientes cor1paneros: ,primero: Luis
Escribano, (2) Jose A. Quiles 1 cmbos del ~ree mctropolitana, y (3) Antonio Molina, de Carolina.
·
La Comisi6n de Finanzas anunci6
~O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=Ot
que dera dos premios en la ven ta de 11 •
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ol:".~neques: uno e ls mls 16n y otro
al :militante que m~s vendan. Pera·
tales efectos. s medida que van so1 ici tando mas alroanaques, las rnisioncs deben ir informando los no,nbres
do a.quellos de sus militantes que
~ts se destsc~n.en ln uenta junta.a
ins crrntidades que estos hsn vendido. Debe entende.rse que los almannq•.les quc no hay an sido page dos no
serdn contcbilizadoa ~ara fines de
esto co~petencie fraternal.
Es i{·lportante tar;ib1,n que todos
los militsntes recuerden que es nccesario vender todos los el,11anaques
entes de fin de afio, puesto qua los
que no se hayan veoo 1.d O para esa fe-
-~~;i~~n~;~~~d~:obobtlidad sercn ma-
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El 'domi.n~o
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~ REUNION DE SECREI'ARIOS DE ZONA
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E). pr 6xi.mo domingo, 11 de dl- ~
clembre, se .r:eunirsn en nuest.ros ~.
ofiQinas nacionales los Secreto-/
rtos auxiliares de Orgsnizsci6n. i
La reun16n cornenzar, e las 10 de,
la rnanana y en ella se t-ra taran 1
asuntos de extraordinoria 1~por- \
toncla, entre ellos la celebro--t
c16n del Sexto Serilincrio l~acio-- i
nal de Dtrigentes y las posibi-lidades de efectuar movilizsciod
nes de e~crgencia relaciona as
con el proyectado plebiscite coloniel.
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~O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O;
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A MOVILIZARNOS PARA DERROTAR EL PROYECTO D~ PLEBISCITO
E1 proyecto de. plcbiscito Hitlcricno. prcscntodo en lss C~r.:iorcs Legislotivos coloniolca dcbc ser dcrrotcdo. El pueblo puertcrri-
qucno puede derrotwlo con su protestD. El pueblo no quiere eae
plebiscito, porque sobe quc cl mismo constituye uoo ofcnso c su dignldod y unp meniobre pero.:·1mprimirle legi tiruidnd ·~l.'co1onicje.
Yo ernpiezc o mcnitcstcrsc por todos ·si.ti os ·.la·:opoa!ci6n populcr cl proyeeto. Les fuerzos indeptndentistDs todes lo combo ten. At1n ··
E'le ntro dcl Pcrtido· Populor; · se hen, monifestedo·dos ·grupos dis tin aos ··
en.eontrs del plebiscite. colonielisto-: Vonguordi~ .y ·!l.os 24· intdc c- ·.
tu!:'le s · y -prof.esionol,.s .. Ambos grupos refile jan unn crcckntc insetis-..
fcccion dentro del pcrtido de gobicrno por la ebycecion crd o vez mos
1nsolvnble de su je.re pol"itico, Luis Hui'l.oz M.crin, y los posicioncs
eed,8.-Y<:Z.. PlPJ!I.-C:.PlP,QJcJ~.s~qs.:g?,1e ..>;:t~ r~_llp_~_:>,:lo__ l_..'l colrctividcd.
El CongrEso Anti-coloniolist;o_.repua.ia ·c:1 proycc"to. Er 'Co1eg1o de Abogcdos
he impu.gncdo lc~festinoci~n ael proceso_y solicitcdo.--.como primero
provide ncio ~--.'que se cx.ticndan por~'ti·empo ·rozonobl.e J£ .s vis'tes
pdblieos sobre e:l_mi~!l)O porc-dcrle tiempo ·o someter un enjuieia_mknto del proyect.o o ·io .. luz de los rcquisi tos m!nimos qrobcdos por e 1
Colegio en efios posodos el pronuociarse sobrc nuestro problemo eons-~J~~pionp;~ ..•.•....• , . . .
,
'En fin, -yo· vo to~~ndo cuerpo lo protesto e!vica contra este.
nuev-o r:troco de, lo roE!quinerio- burocrutice c~lonivl.· Nos corrcspondc
c nosotros como vcnguordio !mpulsot <JSEJ protesto haste que _olccncc
le fuerze neccsoria pcre pcralizcr a la burocrccie eo su empe~o de
cpro.bor. e todc_ pri~o el p_lebi.s.cito • .: .
Lo t~ot.ica mufi.oeistt consist"e cn·'.·ccc1.erbr·todo cl -trlmitc lcgisletivo p~r.o: oprobcr ·el proy-ecto· orrtca de finc.liznr lo scs1·6n -ex:-.
troordinnrio de les·c~morcs,·que tcrmfoo e1·;d·h 15 de d icicmbre~
_PDR eso· hen ·sd'i.c·l.odo·v·tstr.:s perc,los·4!es jucvcs, vii.c.rncs y s'cbado de
est~ scmi:ns;. ·Int-cntcn· C£lcbrtr estos vistos pro rormo.;Su pxrosito cs
r-probar cl proyccto el luncs o mcrtca de; lc-sem::nc/qm.:·;v1c.nc. Si no
pucdc_Q oprobo~;J.o _entof!ces, tcndr~ quc qucdDNJe:":.pcro,-lo::7eesi6n ordinorie de cncro, y micntrds tcnto- cricerli ·1c '.oposlci6n':·:t:1l "pkbisci to
y el pu'eblo sc movil-izer6 .y se :cons:olidor,fo:·1os':':fucrzos\potri 6ticas.
::::J~:·:·t~:~\~~~;;~:·> .
Tenemos que exi.gi?" ·que :st cxticndcn ·10s vio.t~s'.~pdblic!:'s• y
p~ror cste proyecto.. Todri 'lc militEinoiD debc movilizer'sc h::ieic lss
vis tcs c n cl ecpitolio vierncs y i:d bodo, pcro cscuchQr',nµcstros planttemientos en lcs rnismos y orticulcr le presi6n populc~ quc dctenga
El oousecbundo cntregcmieoto de estos lcgislodorcs··scllos de goroa.
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?luestros dirigentcs en t:oda le Isls debcn trab:.,je?" inb:' nssmcnte en los proxiro::is horos poro conscgu.ir quc cl"·lidcrato dcl pucblo:
lfdcrcs obrcros, dirigcntcs dcl pcquefto eomcroio;~ccmpciino~, J6vcncs,
est'llldiontco, intclectuclcs y dirige.;ntcs d.c .orgnni.z_oei~ncs de tc:dcs
·closc·s cnv!cn telcgrcmDa a. 11: · Lcgialeturo .P~~Je:nd_(!-' scr, .. o!dos t n los
•E;:udic.ncins. Dtben ·movilizor e nuastra gcntc hccio• cl· eopitolio. lfo
1mporbJ loo sacrifieios quc hoys quc ·huccl', hey que: .mc·tcr cl pue&
en cl copitolio. Que le prcscncio dc.l pueblo sc;" dcJc{si;;ntir sobrc: los
lcgisledorc.s· pusi16n1mcs .quc pre tendcn dcsconoccr...:o:.s.u .pueblo y pcscr por e ncimc de su mcodoto. Todovtv· hoy ticmpo·~pcraJ..e;vl t:;r quc · c .,;tc proyccto se oprucbe. Todovfo podcroos solver c Pucr.to· Rico de lo
ignom!nio de un plebi1:icito eolonielistc, inmor;l,.-,~nd.:-''coro.so o indce~nte.
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El .focto:r d<;termincntc ·.co le lucho. ·con unD:·luchc bicn crticulodo j fir~cmcntc. dcsorrollodc, pDrarcmos ·e1 plcbis"clto AHffiA. Eg::)
cs .nucstrc funci6n. Tol ·cs cl. objctivo dcl momcnto ·poro cl MPI. Asi
·.lo._ecordo lo Comisi6n Poltti~o. Asi lo instru!mos.-o todo lu militcncin. -VE11CEREM0S. .
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DESPI.'!RTA BORICUA·: DEFIENDE LO TUYO
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.Fro ternolrnt: n~c, ·
. .TUA ?l MAR I BRAS
Secrctorio GencrDl Interino
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TOOOS DEBEMOS ESTAR BI.EN PREPARADOS PARA EL
SEX.TO SEMillARIO NACIONAL DE DIRIGENTES DEL MPI
Los d!es 20; ~l y 22 de enero s·eri1 el 3exto Seminario tlecional de
Dirigentas del Novimtent:o Fro Independenclo., qi.le disc!ltir~ los aspectos
fundar.~ntales de nuestra Tesis Pol!tica, con ~1ras a su nu1s complete
reevaluaci6n. ·
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. Debi do al tema a discutir se, es te Seminario de Dirigentea seriS uno
de los mas 11Tlportantes celebrados hasta shore por el iiovimiento. En consecuenci·a, todas las misiones centrales deben ester debidamente preps.radas pcra el misno, discutiendo euldadoso:'llente de antemano el euestionorio sobre la Tesis que fuars d istr.ibutdo reciente!ilente. Aquelles mlsiones que necesi.ten cues ti onarios edicionales doben solici terlos sin mayor dilaci6n a la Of1cina 11 scional.
De la misroo fcrma 1 las misiones deben seleccionar sus delegados el
Se:;1inario tornando en cuenta que seen istos verdederos portevoces de la
misi 6n, dispuestos y preparados .para parttct par acttvamen te ·en las. discus! ones expresando los pu~tos de vista de la mlsi6n.
El Semin ar1o se celebrara.en el Cempamento Yuqu1yi1, de Luqu1llo.
Los delegedos deberan pager une mstrfoula de ~~10 pare cubr1r los costos
de meteriales 1mpresos., hospedaje y comides. En aquellos ca sos en que
el delegado no puede pager dicha cuota de su propio pecunio, la roisi6n
debera ocuparse de pager la misma.
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Cade rnision central t.endra derecho a envter el Seminario el doble
de los delegados con que c!lerite en la Mis16n Nacional. Las misiones patri6ticas particip·aran en ls reuni6n de la misl 6n central bejo la cual
trebajen para la e~ecc16n de los delegados de 1a misma. Ls Juventud eleglra 25 delegados, los cueles deben ser representativos de los nucleos
juveniles en tode la isle. De le .mlsrna f'orr·l.8, le Secretar!a de Acci6n
Fe~entna tendra derecho e diez delegadas.
El Sexto Seminario Nacionel de Dirigentes constituir~, sin duds elg1.1no., uno .de los .evantos ~s .trascendenteles en la vlda d~.:nuestro Movlr,iien to.
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Ineludible deber de todos:
CAPACITARSE PARA ELEVAR LA LUCHA PATRIOTICA·::.· .. -'..
Durante la dlti.ma semana de enero cofllenzora stmulteneamente en t·odas las capitales de zona el Cureillo Lasico de Capacitacton Pol!ti.c a
del i''lPI destineoo a proveer a nue stros aetiviEtas con una ·s611da preparac16n 1deo16gica que eleve nuestro nivel de lueha. Ser~ deber de todos
los e.ctivistas tomar este curso y asisttr regularmente a todas las sesiones del roismo, En el curse tienen que metriculsrse·todos los dirigentcs, desde el nt,,al nacional has ta las mlsf.ones ·pa tri6ticas, De la M.isma foriua_. para el c u.rso no se requiere preparac16n escolar ~previa, por
lo cual nad1e debe sentirse cohibido de tomer el eurso por.'.el hecho de
tener poca prepareci6n academies.
·. . - ·. :;.. ··.:-:::':
"El cu.l"so que ven!e prepar-errlo la;J_uventud del
MPI, por s er de un ntvel mas ·svanzado, seri§ inte1radg en su pa rte .funda1re nt el a ls segunda parte de 1: eursillo Basico
del hPJ. (las uJ.timas cinco leccicnes). Segulde.rr.ente. aara:.-ofrecido en
s•.1 for1,1e !n tegrs como uo curso de seguimien to, _que. s6lo' pod ran tol'lar
aq_l,ellos que hayan aprobado el priJ.1er curso. ·
,
·:--
CURSO DE LA JUVENTUD
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Capacitarse plenemente para elevar el nivel de nuestra luche es un
deber funda!"'»!ntel de todo activ1sta del HPI. P,or lo tanto,· tienen quc
lr,1r,oner·se la meta de aprobar este curso todos nuestros dir1gentes y actlvistas; quienes luego estar~n en condiciones de trensmitir estos conocimientos a sectores in.as aroplios.
.
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Les mislones deben. pues, intciar de inmedta to una eampafla para
~atricular a su militancia en el Cursillo B6sico de Capacitaci6n Pol!tica, de tal forma que las que veyan a torrulrlo began los preparativos
con tie:npo para es:tar en condiciones de trasladarse una vez en semana
a la cabeeera de zone a toins.r el curso,. Smpie zo as! un per1odo de prepsr ec i6n y estud1o en el :iPI y ls conslgna debe ser.que tcrlos los mil1tantes esten totalrnente enf.rcscados en ese proceso. 1A preparse todos,
e capacitarse todos, a estudiar todos?
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ENERO: MES DE RENOVAR LA SUSCRIPCIOH A LA CARTA' SEMANAL
Al comenzar el .sno, los.:Susc:r.lpt~res de. ls CARTA SEMAN.AL renuevan
uu nuacripcl6n. Cun~len as! eu obli:ecl6n de eyudar a cubrir los altos
costos que envuelve .ests publiceci6n,·que tante· Lmportoncie·'tleno para
la Vida de llUe B•tra orgenizsct·on. .
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: El cost~· de la CARTA SEMAN'AL 'es· bastan'te;· al't"o.' 'inciuye la eompra
de $randes canttdacles de pspel semanalmente, ttnta, estarc~dos, eleetri•
ci:c'!ed, sellos, arnorttzaci:on- de la:. maquJna de -lmprimlr dtrecci.ones y de·urecta c.i.on tan-to del rn1me6g.refo como ~e la. maqulna d·e direcc1o·nes. A
esto se debe efiedir el -alto costo del ·franqueo,cpe llega s cerca de 100
d6lerea semanales. Comprender~n los ·lectoras de le CARTA la necestdad
de pacsr puntual.mente ·le suacripc16n.
·
. . c·~'11pa;ado -~~n ·1~s
~~e-·ie· CARTA·.·;·-ccfa le -extJ$~rainar1a
Lnportancie de este veh!culo de comun1cac16n d_e la dlrecc16n del MFI,
el ·pr_ec1.o .d·e la susor1pei6n·. es· vardacleramen t.e ·bajo: ·ts.oo el afio. No
hay rez6n, entonces, para que nadle deje 'para lue!!O pager· la suscr.1~ei6n.· Y el: rehovarla.,,:·1.os ·1nteressdos deben tsrnb1e6 indlcsr clare:ment·e
SU d irecc16n para •cota]ar nueatt10s· 8!'Cb1 VOS~
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e·l-tos.costo~
.=:!O=o=o=o=o=o=a:=:0;10;,;o==o=o,:;0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0*~0=0=0=0:!:~=0='0=0=0=0=0=0=
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LA SAF SE RE.'tJNE-'EL -DOMINGO 11
,.
. · En nuestras Oficinas r.acionales
LAS FIESTAS EMPIEZAN EN AGUADA
se .reunir~ la Secretar!a de Acc16n
Las ·e·elebraciones
,Nevidad em- Fernenina el ,p.r6.xi1no '-domingo 11 de
pezaren para la militort ia. e.uepe!s· · diciembre, eon ei _prop6stt9 de
coordinar :varies sctividades na.cio
tu en-Agueda, -e~ 18 ~e dlei~nbre.
nsles y c·onttnuar el trebajo de or
Ese domlngo, eomenzanoo a las 9 ne
genizac16n de ·n~oleos re~en1nos an
le: mafianu, scr~· el -pasad!e-bol·le
nst•ideiio que ausotcia le :1isi6n .Cen . distinttis·puntos ~o la Isid.
Fera esta ocas16n ls SAF prapatra l 19 de No vie mbre. El mis TlO serl
: en ·1a Terrua Agudo;· ~e· la Plays do rars, aae~~s, un.magn{fico almuerA::;uada. ·La fies ta tn clu1rt1 · ur:i suc·u- zo 6. Sel':·aar.v.ido.'.':a:!'los~asistantes
lcn to almuerzo criollo, ro6sice t!pi es! como'·a·:·1os::fnt·e·gre'ntes de la
·cc·, rega 1 os, sorp1'esas, :be:-il·e ·-y :ba·':°· Comis16n de· urgoni'zae'i6n .a prec!os
sum.amen te :m~dlc os·;·,·:::\:!S.:-·;;
no de qar para los que esten dis-pucstos. Toda por un preeio rid!cur. : ::
ln11eo1te bejo: un d6lar. 1:os veremos
_• ·- \7: ..~;u:~-,~~,~~·~~~'i,:.
en Aguada el dom1n~o 18.
Una d1seust&n;sob~c:~·el Serviclo
Milttar Obl1gatorio~ .~eon partici. .-psntes de representan,tes de dis tin
MITIN EN NAGUABO EL SABADO 10 ·
tas tendencias .. pol!ti'cas> se cele. A 'ias ocho de la noche del pr6brara este .dbado·:;10:d~,'.,dteter.:.bre,
~
·a las ocho ~e le noche,· en la Casa
xi1,io .sc.:.bado 10 de dlciel"lbre. sora
Alcaldie. de Ca::;uas:·.:..F.ert1c1par!Sn,
el 'dtin que celebrara el PPI'en le la Dra. Piri·Fernandez~de Lewis,
flaza de Recreo. de Naguabo. Habler popular; Lcdo>.or.lf3.~~q'. Ferge, est a
rdn en .estt: acto los companeros Po- dis ta; Dr.· Gilberto;.Concepe16n de
dro _Baires Chapel; E:nely Velez de .. Gracia, FIP,•',Ing:,:t_er_i{rdo i,avos,
\Tendo y Juan i'1ar! ..Br6s.' .
Yanguerdia Popul_a.r ·Y.;el esc:r1 tor
Cesar Andreu Iglesiei:r;-.del .NPI.
T·!ITIN EN DORADO BL. VIERNES·
: . . .-~!;..:t;\_:·, !
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de
INTERE3~~i~~;~;;~;t:ci~tiAS.
Este viernes, 9 de dicie111bre,
se ceiebrara un mttin.eel !iPI en
=+=+=+~+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
~ ~ ~ :1:'~~::·-.:7::~-~
,~·~.: 1 • •
Esto £cto sere ausptciado eonjunta0,1en,te por los sfiliodos de Dorado y la l~is ion Central Jose Anto-·
.nio D~vila,
Bsy~m6n.
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•:·.C,,A.R T. A S E MA N A L
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· li1.1m·. ~84
,.J:~,c;l~ ... ·_~iciembre 4e 1966
brgano·d.e la Hisi6n lloeionsl
Fedro Albizu cam_pos .. d'el i1PI
· . Editor.: R_am&p Arbona
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Separe·· esta. tech.a·:~}·
1e Pliia do Recreo d~·Dorsdo, co-·
nenzando a los ocho de la noche~
~
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8 DE.EiJERo'::..-;Jj,.'
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.. · 1A REYARrnON EL MP!!
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DIRECTOR.MRS JOVEN~
Al seleceloner su nuevo direct!
· vs, la 'f-lisi6n Central Rar,16n J•iedino
.. Rem!r~z .. de Ssnturce, el1gl6 direc
tor· el jov_on. LMstor · Wazsrlo, del
·Barrio .Obrero, quien se 1n1ci6 en
la lucha pa tri6tiea. en. las filas
: de'la F'EP!~ Es el director !MS jo-
ven eri'tre l'os dirleen tes del MP!.
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Ac~ inter nos, culdado que pason cosas que parecen c~ses. Hace unos dias se
cay6 o dejaron c;:ier en lt' vecindad dQ Vieques una bo!llha de hldr6geno. Nos enteramos
por la prensa del rero~to Oeste y ni por ~sas c nadie se le movi6 una tripe.Yen
ver:.kid la eose era seria. lJ;,tural1TCnte que luego vino el mentfs oficial, Se dijo
que era de jug~ndo, que si pat.attn que si pataUn. Pero a mi que me reglstren porque sc roe ha metido en la chola q.ie el ~sunto tenh mucha mlga.
If!lfl!',ltnense
uds •. todo lo que ban hecho hast.a hoy las fuerzas armadas de '!la
s2nto bebito por espantar a los viequenses
de su cmac1a l sla sln poder lograrlo • Obviamcnte est.a vez han carobiado de rrAtodo a
vcr si se enteran. Desde luego nos hemos enterado pero e trav~s de la prcnsa cosa
que parece haber endernoniado a las grandes fuerz.as armadas de la "gran naci6rt1 que
P lr. hora prcs£nte so&ban no quedarta ni el mes minimo vi€quense q11e n:, hubiese
salido disperado huyend1 lleno 6e !')avor por aire agua o fueqo de la paquena Isla.
Se pens~ba, adero~s, posiblemnte, que la alarm::i ~ubicse contegiedo a los otros
puertorriquenos uel misroo p~nico y cnsegui.t~ <lel pepite20 cund(eni el 11 sal p~'
fuera ~ ~ te menecs •" Sin embcrgo no fue BS{ y la p,,bre ~nte sigultisTncnte•
rt-rse eiunquc sc lo djera la 11 gri:n rrensa 11 • Sabio instinto de pueblo que trasluce
elgo singul?r, a saher; que fsta 6ltima II grende11 , cligo "prensa", no sirve sin:>
pare coC1Unicar grf!ndes rnentiras y caller verdades grc1nJes.
gran naci6n'1 del combo de Combes ye
Tal comportamiento ha servido para inquiEtar ah~ra (volvicndo le oreci~n ror
prsiva) a las 11 fuerz. s arroaci:.>s 11 las cuales r'ecidicron utili22r otra arlll1! secreta.
Y as1 ha succ(aco, por<;uc desrulls de muchas consideraeiones, C()nsultas y pasteles.
hen dejcdo caer sobre la roblaci6n entera al mago cte las fin~nzas intacto, es decir, tal y cor.io habf.a actua,:o sie11cto Secrctario del Senado Acad~raico de Jairae
Bl!nitez en suCesa de Estudios. Lleg61 decimos, con s~nrisa pl!cidz, quc ha hecho
s'"lnr<.!i r e muchos en orc-Navidac con l::s mue las ~€ atr~s.
?Jo neg('mOs que <l:sta arma haya dejac!o sentir' sus efcctos l'lemoleibres en cicrt::>s
drculos tenoe:ntes, pero co~,:, a l.i par se anunci6 que ner!llcneccrla en cl hotel gratis cc donde le ser~ ffcil salir b::jo su .u0,1ste p?l~br~ luE:9() luego, la gent~ ha
entcn•ido que ~s que erma mort1fera (quc lo es) ser!a amtn.!'2a a le vist~ por Si
l2s moscas. Se dijo que Sl1 S £f£ctos 2t6roicos estarfan alli !:ejo· C!)ntrol." Valga.
-/'.pr.ovech~ndo est<! roecl:io susto vin:> ei ~ordo rellizco de Las Mareas ·_que fue
r1onde la '.'Werca tie le -r-hillins cnbrch6 el rabo. Y no lcs gustl'> porque·~1e rn;irejarl?. que subiO ~r poquito se traot o emb~rranc2 algCm ltc?yo a sucldo.:,Ensefn1iQl
em;-ieza 12 e:>a"losi6n de otr.- qrcin bomba £n las alturas ,ie. Utu;:-do-,'\djuntas. Se
trata I de sde lu,ego, de l atraco mayor de que se tenga l'!K?moria: en, t.it.?rra:nuestra. Se
trata de un robo e mano ernada con el permiso de su Mere! ttel retirado". Aqut ha sido cbnde el M~I soltO los controles del chanchullo y por aht. andan'los·cueetos deraoledores de piquet.es y protestas"
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Mh de cuatro han abierto sus paraguas sin nensar que' es
el Ql\C
viene de arriba, de las.alturas. Esto hace pensar en el hirono pentecostts Inc. quc
dice algo as1 como "Hanel.a fuego, Senor m1md?. !uegd1 •
_ , ••
'ru~;-·;;;-~e~do
.-::{,?·.;.
Es entonces CUclmlo Udall, Aspinall, et. al, dicen que· el Morro ·y:,todo nuestro
h.-.ber histfrrico les pertcnccE: porque st-. A tor:lo lo cual., el, gobiern?·c~lonial., sin
cuhinar. et al, no dice ni Snn Pascual sfllvanos del 'bi:rengenal y·.de.,la/llovizna
tcrmonuclear.
_.. ,.,:,.··,.;..,:::.;
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Y come si fuese poco, como ~ramos pocos, pari6 ta abuela. En ~dio del terrible c!esconeierb y h!>rribles punala,ias, despuOs de furtivas visi~as ~'-,F:ortalezaJ
1catapH1m~, nos dispaN!n 11 democr~ticarrente" el Plebiscito. ·-·
........~.::."-;.::;_
Ya todo el mundo en Pue1·t0Rico, ero.~z...ndo por los e,bogados~-(yD!os·
c::,nfc.sados) etc., etc. daban por orJ.erl:.a la f:irsa r,l:biscitarie_. Hace, ya ticrapo· la
h?btan desoellejado y pucsto en tiras al sol. Nadie hEibh r,enss.ido que . el paji.'lrra o
tl..vicse tn::ls vidas que un gato. fl mismo ?-logul 11 retirac!o'' sc hab1a· h(::cho el sueco
siendo noruego. Pero ••• cuancJo Ud. vendc su alma al diablo, Sata~s· viene a cobr3rlc siempre, aunque la vieja no quiera. Y asi ha si~o. La orden.es··c1eJ"ashington y
a prisa. LI!! campai'ia emepc!sta mund:, afuera le ha pisado callos.·el Iinperio, En la
prb::::vera sonarf! desde el fimbito de las Naciones Uni<las el caso"amargo· de Puerto Rico, victim~ de ch?nchullos y despojos. El Iroperio le pide a sus lacayos que caminen
co,no ch~veres·. Y ~stos han empezado a renquear. No importa que el pueblo les dipa
oue no hagan el rid1eulo. Yes cl pueblo Justa!l)(:nte quien tiene 1~ o~l2bra. Pero,·
lcuidado si para csto trajeron el Mago de raarres, es deelr, para administrar el ple- ·
bisc:ito? Culdado, cuh:adito.
Cor-dielrmnt.e,
FRAOCISCO MAJJ?J.QUE CABURA
Director General
�,.
;ir. E. M.
j~n
SA~~~~Y4~.(.105-~353 Sub ·l) · .:·
.Jrector. FBI (105-9312~) -
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c~mJPS ~\i:KING · INDEPEN~CE
·,
3/1L:/6S
'11/1 _
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FOR PU~TO RIOO
CX>UNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL-INTEU.IGENCE SECTION)
IS -PRN
teurlet 2/27/68 setting forth a counterintelligence
proposal which your office feels would give rise to the possibility that there again exists within the Federation of
University Students (FUPI) a dissident faction which will
severely disrupt and ··discredit ·the FUPI campaign to boycott
the 1968 elections for the Independence Party of Puerto Eico
(PIP) candidates. in addition to causing serious factional
cisputes aDOng the FUPI rank and file. You point out that
there exists within ~PI a querulous faction which cisapproves
of FUPI sponsoring a campaign to boycott t.he above-mentioned
elections.
It is not clear to the Bureau how the malling of
your proposed flyer to selected mecbers of the Puerto ilcan
Independence Movement (MPIPR) and FUPI will accomplish your
desired aims inasmuch as the faction you speak of ls already
known to ruPI and probably the MPIPR, and even if not known
to the UPIP:&, it·appears doubtful that they would be too
concerned. The Bureau agrees that your flyer.may disrupt the
campaign and discredit FUPI in the eyes of those not connected
with FUPI or the MPIPR, but to accosplish this your flyer
woulc have to be clrected to members of PIP-Youth and other
university students.
The Bureau desires that you reconsider your
proposal in light of the above observations and submit. your
vie~_ and recommendations.
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7/10/67
DeLoa~br.·
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Sulllv;Ji ·::
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trom:
SACa, San Ju.an (105•3353)
New York (105-32872)
...- ·. REC 6i.
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Director, FB~ (l~S-93124)_:_ d-d\o
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EX lOf · · .
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
·.·
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CXJUNTERINTELLIGmCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS• PRN
af,'f ·thereto.
~·
ReNYairtel to the Bureau 6/30/67 with enclosure
Authorlty·gr-anted for San Juan to translate the
letter submitted as enclosure to referenced airtel and to mall
it to Movimlento Pro Independencla de Puerto Rico members
· including members of the Hew York Mission.
The preparatlon
end malling should be handled Wlder the most secure condltlona
·
· to protect the Bureau. as the source.
San Juan and Rew York should advise the Bureau of any
information comlng to their attention regarding the ma1Ling ~f
th1a letter.
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DATE:
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FROM
~.}
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1 - Mr. DcLoach
l - llr.
1 - J.1 •
1
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July 11, 1967
.
SuBJEc·r:· GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
!· Q!t.. PUERTO nICQ.. __
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- COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PilOGMAI
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUbi?TO RICAN
PUHPOSE:
To advise you of significant results achieved as
result of counterintelligence action taken against the
ltlr>virnicnto Pro Indepcndcncia de Puorto Rico (MPJPR) in
Puerto Rico and the Corr.munist Party (CP). The l!PIPR is a
rlilitant Puerto Rican independence group.
L)
In May, 1967, we authorized our San Juan Office to
mail .MPIPn metnbers an anonymous letter which pointed up
apparent attempts by the CP to interject itself into
Puerto Rican independence picture.
.. c
the(_}
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ODSERVATIONS:
t-:i-\\~
ttEC-11
-·- .
A roilow up on this previous counterintell~cn~~ 131967
oction has been approved. This highlights money donateal>y
the ·
o the ltPIPn. It is expected that this will cauft~
~._:. •
fu th~r dissension within· IIPIPR ranks a~~. 1?!? detr_imental .~o he CP.
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lsf-At;~-jor infor~ation. {•. 1
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On 7/25/67,
7 ,the Movimient_()_
Prq Indepen
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e. · memb_e_r f --·:-:..:..
eQ~ta...... Pue]'_torr.iquena·· (MPIPR) ~a·s-:~·· ~ ..~> _
i n t e r ~ e c i a l Agents of the FBI in Ponce., ~to....~·~\·~:-·
P . i c o . - . among other things, -1ndicated~that he : -·:. ~:-·:-< ·.
~lished to report 'a terrible threat to the MPIPR". · tJ .. > ·. :··_-~ ·:
displayed a sheet or yellow, .lette·r sized
p~per on which was imprinted a characterization of a threat
~o the Ponce Mission. Three figures Sf.pear one standing in
the doorwa.y of the 11Mis1on 21 de Marzo '. The second tigure
: .> stcnds outside the· doorway brandishing a machete with a labe
.·l:- .•
· bec-tring what eppears to be Chinese characters. The third ·: .~ /.:. ·. · .
r 1.r'ure owe rs behind the second. A ception ·in Spanish says ·.< ·, '. ~
ou
ve · two weeks to prove or retract
ur statement: ,·(J
is a coward.'.'
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. _......
The person w th the mache e is a member
~ cia.lista JPuert.or.riquena LSP)
(name not known)
the-Mission during May. l
threatened
st'
to the eftect
t.-.
LSP
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igure appears to. b
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10/16/67
·---
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V,rect~r, FBI (105-93124)
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPIHDENCB
FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PBOGllAII
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
JS - PBX
&eBuairtel to San Juan and Bew York dated 7/10/67.
.
San Juan and.Bew York shoilld advise as to &DJ'
inform.ation theJ have received regarding the counterlntelllgence measure which was utilized ln rea1rtel.
2 - Hew York (105-32872)
~1)
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(6)
NOTE;
...•
By airtel ?/10/67 San Juan was autho~iud:tD translate
and·aa11 a letter which was intended to be a counterintelligence
mea.sure against the MPIPR, a Puerto Rican independence group.
We have not received any data ~o date as to any tangible
results.
,
REC-
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Date~
Trnnsmit the {
·110
OW[nc;j in
10/17/67
(T<ypt! in plaintc:d or codl!J
:
AIRt);;;,,,
AIRTEL
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--------------------------------· -------L----· -- TO:·.
e::'~IRECTOR, .FB~ ~105-93124) \::·:
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FROM.
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SUBJECT
: qROUPS. S~EKrnG INDEPENDEN~ '.~~R ~ll'l'O .BIC9
SAC, ~AN
(105.:.3353 Sub''1) (P)
•.
1
c"QmiTERINTELLIGl!lfCOROGRAM -
- {SUBVERSIVE COHTROL SECTION) · ..
IS-PRU
.
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Re San Juan report of
· 9/28/67, and Bureau
10/12/67, both captioned,
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MOVIMIENTO PRO
IfIDEPENDEHCIA DE PUERTO RICO {PUERTO RICAN
DIDEPEHDENCE MOVEMENT) (MPIPR} ~ IS-PRN 11 •
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Director, FBI (105-93124)
. - . ...... ·~ . ::.,,. .
'
GROUPS SEEKIOO INDEPENDENCE l'OR PUERTO RICO
CCUNTERINTELLIGENCE. PROORAII
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE·· ·SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN RATIONALIST
/'
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.
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1leSJa1rte1 to the Bureau 10/17/67 and enclosures thereto.
I:•
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Authority granted for San .Juan to reproduce the ~ .··.-·: ·
cartoon which was submitted· as an enclosure to reairtel and . -. ·
to aail it to Movlmiento Pro Indepondencia de Puerto Blco (MPIPB.)
~embera tn·Puerto Blco and New York City. The preparation and
mailing should be handled under the aost aecure conditions to.
·protect the Bureau as the aource.
". . ~;~ : ..: ··..
,:
l'i th regard to the aa.tllng of thl.B cartoon- to llPIPR
i ....
member.a in Hew York City, the Bureau haa receiYed no lntoraatton
·.~
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,rblch ~-would indicate tbat
IPR n
• York Citr la aware .· .·
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t>f the :ettspute involving
If this ls •o• it . :.~
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appeara~the
receipt
of
tli
aembera
la · . --·, .. ··
-· l i.
.; ;..i. [_) 7 Mew York CltJ would not have too auch impact. Accordingly •. : ·. ~
Now York should auairtel to the Bureau and San Juan with i~·~; _,
'
observations regarding the above ao that San Juan can be gui&,d
accordingly As to whether or not the cartoon should be malled to
J'PI~ ~abers in NAw York City.
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�FBI
Date:
Transmit the 1;1:_':'..lno In
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(Typeln plointul orcod•i
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FROM·: :
SUBJECT:
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DIREC~~,. ~:)t~5:93124)_
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(105-32872) : .' ': c . - -;:. _ _ -~ - ,: :- ; :,v
SAC, NEW YORK
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10/2.j/67
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
··cotmT'ERfifTELLIGENC·E::PROGRAM (SUBVERSIVE CORTROL SECTION}
IS - PRN
.
Re SJ airtel., 10/10/67. · ··._, .'. ·.
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s~eaker : .
at an anti-Viet Nam demonstration ~ n 8/6/66 •. ·. - ·~· ..
A large number ot organizations participated in this
·
demonstration. As the purpose·or the leaflet attached
to re SJ·airtel is to embarrass JUAN MARI BRAS, NYO feels·
that 2 copies of the leafiet, it approved, should be mailed_
from Puerto Rico to the l> ow organizations, with several.···....
exceptions. . It is hoped hat the leaflet will be passed · ·.
along within each organization, thus being more effective ·
than a wide mailing _to specific ind! viduals, : . -: . ·.· ... ~ ,· .
. ~. . . : ·.··\ .. ·.'- .. ;·~;-.-.; ........ ~ ....... ·'. ··::.
.
.·,,- .'·,:
/3:/ Bureau (RM ~- · · · · · · · · :/.., :: ·. ,.··· · ·· •.· ,. .. :- . ~.
2- San Juan clos-3353){Sub _I)(RM}EX 109 ·• · ·i:. ; _
·.
. .
It ahoUld be noted
:-- ·\. .
. .
9 New York
·
· · · . ··
- 1- 100-148916 (YAWF) : . . ._ .. ,...
1- 100-147372 (PLP)
1- 100-97078) s.w.P.)
1- 105-39139) MPI)
1- 100-137309 WWP . · _
1-
100-133479
1- 105-2168)
1- 105-32960
RE"'·
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OCT 241967 .
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C, Moore
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GROUPS SEEKING IHDl~IJftJ
FOR PUERTO-RICO
.
~.to~LLIGEkCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL JNTELLIGENClf.SECTibN)-INTERHAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN MATI·OHALIST
PURPOSE:
To recommend that we authorize our San Juan Office
to mail an anonymous cartoon to members of the Movimiento Pro
Jndependencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR) in Puerto.Rico and
:
New York City. IIPIPR ls ailitant Puerto Rican independence ·
group.
·. . .
I
BACKGROUND:
has been dissolved and
f
, has been dismissed after Cj
y
ea e _a.faction within the IIPIPR
and disaiss,·,~
rrom a position of leadership tn· :.....
the KPIPR.
included in the Security.
Index. Repor
,
an
nearly came to blows over
the above-mentioned
spu ea
a commission has been established
to control MPIPR youth activities: u~til ·the next national.
assemblJ which 1s to be h~ld tn
3jt}
,,.IJ_-".'j
the
be a
!,OVfl•te) J9!!·C/
tj_;
To exploit this aituatio~a cartoon (attached) has·
been prepared by the San Juan Office. It shows Juan Mari Bras.
leader.of the ltPIPR and a Security Index subject, with a flag.
in his hand. In the middle of the flag
n the face ot
Fidel Castro. Behind 8uan Mari Bras
who is shown
sticking a dagger into the.stomach of
over the.cartoon
is the slogan "Death of a Puerto Rican
utJonary." Thia
is printed in
i the cartoon.,,Tbe revolutionary referred
to, of course, is
San Juan proposes to reproduce 200
·
of these· cartoons
s Xerox copie~ .. ,.nd mall them ·'under ::secure
conditions to selected •embers of the MPIPR in Puerto Ric and
allork C1t1 with emphasis on ,jou~ members. . · . ·
Spawh
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· · CONTINUED - OVER
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�·Memorandum to I
RE:
w.
C. Sullivan
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUEL
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
ICO
105-93124
:, .......
•
OBSERVATIONS:
.
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It appears San Juan•a suggestion.has definite
merit and will be most useful in causing internal strife
in the MPIPR. This ·is most important at the present time
since, as noted above, the national assembly of the MPIPR
youth is scheduled for November, 1967. In addition, it
is most important that we take all aeasures possible to
disrupt the MPIPR since its activities of late have -become
more militant and its young members were involved in recent
student riots ln Puerto Rico.
RECOMMENDATION:
If approved, tbe attached airtel will be directed
to San Juan authorizing it to Xerox the cartoon it has
prepared andail it under secure conditions to UPI.Pa
members in Puerto Rico and Hew York City.
"4>
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Date:
Ttonsmit the followino in
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REGISTERED
via ___A_r_·R_T_E_L_ __
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10/27 /67.
(Type in plainte>.t or codt!}
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(I riority}
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------~-~-------------------------------------L-----.
TO:
-~:. . · DIRECTo~. FBI .(105-93124 > ' .
~
FRON s
·o . . .
SAC, NEW YORK ( 105-3287 2)
#.
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SU BJ EC T: , G~ O!!_P_l1J.EE!5I_NG IND EPEND ENCJ: · · , :. ; ·_; ".• :. ; '. . : .
...E. JL ~V~RJ,Q .l\:t,o_ . ·. ··._ - · . ·:
· ·. ·. · COUNTERINTEj,tJG.E.NCE...J),WRAM
,-. _·. (Sus vtr(s..iVE CONTROL SECTfoTO
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ReBuairte/:0~2::,. / ;
HYO source
he MPI have. not ~eported that the disput
involving.
is known to rank and file MPI members in
·Ne\i York.
uded ·that· the MPI-New York Mission would:
follow policies as. dictated ·by JUAN MARI BRAS/." ./
· , .... ·::;· ·: ... :_
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NYO recommends that several copies of .the proposed cartoon be maile
:--
to the following:
·
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�YMENT
Memorafl!ium
DIRECTOR, FBI {105-93124)
TO
DATE:
10/27/67
~~/
FROM
,
/
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. t' .
j S.AC., SAN JUAU (105-3353 Sub I)
·.· GROUPS
SUBJECT:
.
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.
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~
SEEKING INDEPEIIDENCE
FOR.PUERTO RICO
COUUTERIHTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
j$UBYERSIVE. COHTROL SECT~ON)
IS - PRN
ReBulet to San Juan 10/16/67.
San Juan has received no comment regarding
counterintellinence measure _
n _
ed in referenced communica'
tion other tha~ mention·. by
that he had received a . . . r-r
''well prepared letter" obviou
r m an independentista_ .
\.) ·
croup seeking to undermine the Movimiento Pro-Independencia
\
de Puerto Rico (MPIPR)., or perhaps even from the CIA .
San Juan remaining alert for all developments
t•hich may arise from above measure and will lceep Bureau
advised accordingly.
2-Bureau (RM)
2r-.York (105~3~72)
i
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an Juan
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10/10/67
Date:
I
Transmit the following Jn - - - - - - - . . . . , . _ - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - {
f
(T)pt: in plainlexl or cotlt:I
I
Via ..___ _A_I_R_T_E_L____
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.TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124 ). ,
. .
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Ji'.ROMni:·~AN JUAN (105-3353) (S~b. _I) -(P)
s·
sUBJEC~·~aROUP ~~EKU{G_ ·-~~~l'~NDENC~~~ F.O;.P~'l'O_. ~ C.Q.
· COUN'l'ERIN'l'ELL"lGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE-CQNTROL·BECTION}
IS-PRN
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Enclosed for the Bureau is one (1) copy of a _
handbill distributed by the ·11 Com1te Pro Defense. De Si.xto
~
Alvelo" (S1xto Alvelo Defense Committee) during 1966, along·,\
with. a Xerox copy of same (minus certain printed portions) ",. ~·
substituting in the body a self-explanatory letter written in
the Spanish language with an English translation attached.
One Xerox copy of this handbill with English
translation attached is enclosed tor
.. the New York Office.·
,.,
.
.
,
These handbills are being forwarded to the Bureau
~~~;:~ideration in being used. ~ -~~r . CoW>.terintelligen~r .
'
-·
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.
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5.SNOV.29 . : .--~ ',iw•,:j,;-. ~
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Approved: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ · Sent _ _ _ _ _ _ M.
. >· ·.·:· Special Aoent in Cbarc;re
·· • ·"-'f~":?
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�11/3/67
~irtel
To:
SAC, San J'uan (105-3353 Sub 1)
From:
Dlrectoi• FBI (105-93124) . -
_
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GROUPS SDXI~G INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
~ (JiACIAL INTELLIG:mCE SECTION)
f , INTERNAL SDJ.JRITY
/ J
• PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
ReS~at.rt..,el to the Bureau 10/10/67 and NYairtel to ~be
Bureau 10/23/67·. ~
Careful consideration bas been given by the Bureau
to the suggested counterintelligence measure set forth in
reSJairtel; however, the B~reau does not believe that thla
counterintelligence action should be approved.at this time.
l • Hew York (105-32872)
.
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SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
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SUJJJECT: .
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'J,D1li"~ATE!
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
TO
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS ""!' PRN ·
Re San Juan report of SA
dated 10/25/67, captioned "PARTIOO
NI TA
(COMMUNIST PARTY OF PUERTO RICO) (PCP): IS - C."
'."' /
·;r"~.
(r~·.
As set out in the cover pages of referenced
report, the PCP continues attempts to. ingratiate itself .,,,1th
the MPIPR and to identify KPIPR actions and goals with
its own, hoping ultimately to greatly increase membership
through recruitment of MPIPR members. As a matter of fact,.
three current PCP Central Committee members were recruited
from t.he MPIPR approximately one year ago and retain MPIPR
membership. In addition, the two newest PCP members, accepted
into the Party on 9/16/67, are MPIPR members, one of these
being a leader of the MPIPR Mission at Fajardo, Puerto Rico.
t,/
·"":.. t
~~:-:- .z":':-
·
.
.
In the past such PCP proselytizing has been ~~ r1·~;:;
countenanced by the MPIPR, that organization being aware
f3 ;..j :: ·..~ ;:3
of the del>ili ta ted condition of the PCP. However, a recen1' • -;,; .1 :~ .~
development within the MPIPR portends a possible change in - \:t L; ~
relationship between these organizations. On 10/22/67, an .'Ri ~~ ~ :=;
assembly of MPIPR members from all San Juan metropolitan arel f!~:•
missions was held. The letter announcing this assembly
\ ~ !3 ~
indicated that one of the assembly topic~ would
·
.~~~~
concern the possibility of the MPIPR adopting a Marxistg
~
Leninist outlook. In addition, the 10/27/67, issue of
~
"Carta Semanal", MPIPR weekly newspaper, set out that the J
/
MPIPR Political Commission,. prior to the adoption of a new
MPIPR political thesis at the Sixth National Assembly in
December, is studying six themes, one of which is "Should
the scien'?e o~ .ll~'!\f.~R~~~1 .•R~:.Jdopte! as ~-. guide for
1
~!~_action?
H£REU: JS t%:~t,ASSU-Ii:1l
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Oct':! of Cc..&Ck~:;$.u:;~.t:on
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�SJ 105-3353 Sub 1
.
the IIPIPR
,_
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Regarding the above, it is noted that
since its inception bas welcomed nll who desire independence
for Puerto Rico, regardless of ideological convictions. At··
the same time, MPIPR leaders, cognizant of the basic antipathy
of Puerto Ricans, predominantly Roman Catholic, to communism,
have.consciously avoided, at times through public statements,
any direct, overt linkage of the MPIPR to communism. As
little as a year ago, the words "Marxism-Leninism" would have
been-anathema in any lrPIPR publication or public statement.
In view of the proximity d:li time, it is felt that this
possible new .MPIPR direction may have been suggested to, or
forced upon,· MPIPR Secretary General JUAN MARI BRAS during
bis attendance at the Latin American Solidarity Organization
(LASO) Conference in Havana, Cuba, 7/31 - 8/8/67.
·
It is further felt that MARI BRAS and his
leadership associates, realizing the disruptive pdential
inherent in MPIPR adoption of the Marxist-Leninist ideology,
are attempting, through a display of general aembership
''disc·ussion" at IIPIPR zone assemblies of the "possibility"
of adopting a Marxist-Leninist outlook, top.uge membership
.reaction to such a radical step prior to the Sixth National
_·, · . · Assembly and to give the impression that inclusion of ·
-\·· .. this ·ideological outlook in the new thesis would reflect
·membership consensus rather than imposition by the leadership.
The SJO feels that the above situation can be
exploited by means of• counterintelligence letter,
purportedly written by an anonymous veteran IIPIPR member.
This letter would alert MPIPR members to a probablo ~om.munist
takeover of the organization in light of certain recent events.
By means of emphasis on the imminence of a eommunist putsch
within the 11PIPR and an emotional appeal to combat same,
it is felt that a considerable rank and file reaction to
such a takeover would be generated, thereby frustrating any ·
plan to. adopt a Marxist-Leninist viewpoint in the new MPIPR
thesis and causing considerable embarrassment to MARI BRAS
in his capacity as MPIPR maximum leader and in bis carefully
cultivated relationships with Cuba and with the CP, USA,
which latter organization reportedly is furnishing, through
llARJ ... B~S, free Stateside legal counsel to a number of
yolths, mainly MPIPR members, currently awaiting trial at~·
·sal Juan for their respective refusals to be inducted into
thd Armed Forces. Further, reaction to an alleged Communist ~.
takeover of the MPIPR could result in defections from that . . ·.
glWp and create an atmosphere of dissension and distrust witb ·
long range weakening effects. It is also felt that this letter
will inhibit further PCP attempts to recruit within the MPIPR.
r·-··
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tO'll~iHnl:.I
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SJ 105-3353-Sub l
J
. therefore
'
·!
'!
The following draft of a proposed letter,is
being submitted for Bureau approval:
"11PI Members,
.. We have reached a turning point in
the independence struggle. We are growing
in numbers and strength. It· is obvious to
all that the United Nations will soon
consider the matter of Puerto Rican
independence, following which the United
States will be forced through diplomatic
pressures to grant that which has been our
right· since the first 'Grito' (shout) of Lares.
It is at this point, then, that the Communists,
as they have done in so many other nations, plan
to seize control of the liberation
movement for their own purposes. This is not
an idle statement. There is proof. Were
not recent zone assemblies ordered to consider
the possibility of MPI adoption of a MarxistLeninist viewpoint? Is thee not a plan to force
adoption o~ Marxism-Leninism as the basis for
the new thesis to be announced at the
National Assembly next month? And is it
a secret that the leader of the Fajardo Mission
bas joined the Communist Party along with
several of our Youth from the metropolitan zone?
What is happening?
.. There can be only one explanation. These
strange events have occurred since the return
of 'Licenciado' Claver) MARI BRAS from the
OLAS·Conference. It appears obvious
that FIDEL somehow, perhaps by means of
blackmail, convinced our leader that the
victory for independence in Puerto Rico must
be a Communist victory. Ia it not the strategy
of the Communist jackals to inject themselves
into independence struggles for their own
purposes when victory is in sight, when true
,
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"patriots have worked and fought,
been imprisoned and even-died for the
ideal while Communists watched silently and
hid their cowardice7
·
"We must not allow the Communists to
steal our victory. What have we gained if we
ex:hange JOHNSON for FIDEL or MAO TSE TUNG?
We are Puerto R_icans and Christians, not Communists
who hate GOD and owe loyalty to foreigners.
We are inspir~d by the philosphy and deeds of
DON PEDRO, not those of foreigners MARX and LENIN.
Puerto Rico must be preserved for the Puerto
Ricans, for our children and their children,
forever.
Only Licenciado MARI BRAS has the. power
to end this Communist threat before it is too
late. He must publicly identify Communist
agents and withdraw bis support from them.
Only in this manner can be remove the stain
from his patriotic honor. Any mistake can be
forgiven if -there is repentance •
0
.,
,
.. I have done my duty by alerting fellow
members- to the Communist infiltration. I regret
only that I must remain anonymous as I
have grown old in the struggle and do not wish
to be a figure of controversy. All of us,
young and old, must protest the emergence
of the Communist vermin. If we succeed, the MPI
will go forward in unity to the final triumph.
If we fail, the Communists will gain control of
our organization, cause disunity and do
irreparable harm to the independence struggle.
Awake! Defend what is yours!
r-~.·
"Un Empeista y Puertorriqueno Verdadero
(An MPI member and true Pu~o Rican)"
- 4 -
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�SJ 105-3353 Sub 1
CD!17\EIITlAL
.
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The "Gri to de Lares 11 mentioned 1n the fi:et
· :-·· 1 :. _
..; _
aragraph of the above letter is an independenti,st catch-<f. , _
hrase referring to an abortive Puerto Rican uprising . ·:.·: :· .
99 years ago at La.res.
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v(jhemently anti-Communist and expelled any Nationalist ·who\,:
..
- ._. joined the Communist Party.
\
,,,
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If approved by the Bureau, the above letter will
be translated into idiomatic Spanish and mailed to
selected MPIPR members in Puerto Rico and New York City.
These letters should· be mailed prior to December 1. in order
to stimulate a reaction in advance of the Sixth National
Assembly mentioned above.
to furnish the names and
nornore than ten influential
addresses
rep
e, as c 1.s no
at the· .
tlPIPR should carefully avoid a pro-Communist line, such.being_
repugnant to the average Puerto Rican.
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Mr. C. D. DeLoach
l - Hr. V. ~·
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11/22/6~ ·.·
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l - Mr.
1 - Mr.
.
l - Mr •
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,
To;
. SACs, San J'uan (105-3353 Sub 1)
, -,~ New York (105•32872) · . ·
·
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From:,.-' ~rector~·FBI (1~5~93124)~
· ·
·
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GF.OUPS I SEE<ING ntDEPlllDcNCE FOB
fUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PWGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
.
INTERNAL SWJRITY • PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
--
-'
R.eSJlet 11/13/67. / Authority granted for San Juan to prepare the
_ __, .anonymous letter suggested in relet and to mail it to
. _
,:_. I ,.._ . selected Movimiento Pro Independencla de Puerto Rico members· .
>··., . , '~ ··~ in Puerto Jaco and New York City. Preparation and mailing .
~\,_Ill"" -·~·/~ should be handled under tbe most secure conditions to protect ·.
·· ·] G'l I the Bureau as the source.
:. . .
, ·
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·
.
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·
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San Juan and New York should advise the Bureau of . ·
\~ - - - any information coming to their attention regarding . the
malling of this letter.
·~ ·
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�Tnl11011-{.l('l..ocr.:ia--
1 - Mr.
1 - Mr. \L
10
· Mr. W.
c.
Sullivan
l>ATE:
~
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JeLoach
Sullivan
Cai:,-, _ _
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November 21, 196.7Jv
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1 CROUPS SEEKING INDEPmnmcE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION) INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
...
Purpose is to recommend that we authorize our·
San Juan Office to mail an anonymous letter to selected
Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR) members
in Puerto Rico and New York City. Letter will point up
comnrunist influence in MPIPR, which is the most militant
of the Puerto Rican independence organizations.
BACK~'ROUND:
The two newest members of the Communist Party:of
Puerto Rico (PCP) are also MPIPR members and one of them is·
a leader of a MPIPR Mission. The PCP is continuing its~
attempts to ingratiate itself with the MPIPR and is achieving
some success as evidenced by the ·fact that the MPIPR Political
Commission is considering whether or not the science of
Marxism-Leninism should be adopted as a guide for MPIPR. action. ( \
In the past, Puerto Ricans have reacted adversely.
to conununist influence in the independence movement and
San Juan feels that the latest conununist attempts may have
.
resulted from Cuban pressure on Juan Mari Bras, leader of the
MPIPR.
. _A/I .
OBSERVATIONS:
't:;
.
.
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San Juan suggests the mailing of an anonymous; letter .
purportedly written,bx.a vetera~.t1PIPR member. I~ '411,. point
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a>NTINUED • OVER
...·.·
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Memorandum to
W,
Sullivan
.
RE:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
105-93124
,..:tp
. f-
cooununist attempts_ t~ s.eize .control of the Pue~to ~ic~ ...
lndependence movement; suggest that Castro· influence on
~µa~ Mari Bras is the reason for attempted communist
inroads and call for repudiation of the communists by
Juan Mari Bras. We feel that this counterintelligence
technique is an excellent ideaa1d should be approv~d.
ACTION:
If approved, the attached airtel will be directed
to San Juan authorizing it to prepare the anonymous letter
(in the Spanish language) and to mail it under secure
conditions to selected MPIPR members in Puerto Rico and
New York City.
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Date:
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105:-93124) . ·. ·.·.: .
FRoMf"~
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(Trpe in plaintut or eodeJ
:
sAN
JU~N {105-3353)
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sUBJEcT~lrnoUPs SEEKIN~· I~EPENDENcE ~OR PUERTO RICO·
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM.
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS- PRN
Re San Juan airtel to Bureau dated 10/10/67; ~- ,.· · . .'. .
Bureau airtel to San Juan dated 11/3/67 .,,;, ; . . · . ·: ·. - · - ·,:-:/ ·. ·
.-: ·.~.. ~ .
. ..
;
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, voluntarily appeared ~ _. ..
, an Juan, Puerto Rico. He advised· · ·· ·
that he had become distnchanted with the Movimiento Pro- ·
Independencia de Puerto Rico (Puerto R1.can Independence · · · :
Movement) ·{MPIPR) since he realized that it was now functioning
as a communistic organization, serving neither the people of.;:.:·~ .
Puerto Rico nor the United States. He also indicated that· ··:· ·. ·. ·
additionally he no longer cared. to be a~soc1ated with the MPIPR."
for personal reasons _and intended to se·rve in the U.S •. Army.:
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step __to take. Fo! this reason San Juan requests that t~ _;:fj\·.<;.: ·-.;.,
· · Bureau reconsider this matter in the light of these new .· ··;;~.,..t~·~.tn~".;:1 developments and autho~i_;f -~~I) . .J°':l,an. tct ~~pl:oy -~his .~P.~t~~·{<~. ~:~:~: .
intelligence
measure
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11/2~ /67
To:
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GP~UPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE .FOR PUERTO JUOO .·
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTEUIGENCE PROGRAM)
INTERNAL SECURITY• PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
ReSJairtel 11I 8/67.
·.. •':
.
~
SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
From: ·
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Since the Selective Service case on
.
- - - - la still pending at the present time, the Bureau does .
~ e . ! t h a t the counterintelligence measure suggested ,1n . ·.. · .
SJ~/10/67 should be approved. Your letter 6/9/67. regard! ~ San Juan file 25-194~9, indicated that he was being · ~~
carri'ed as. a delinquent with the local Selective Service Board
bec-.use ~s case bad not been refe~ed back .to the Board by the
Unlted S~ites Attorney's Office for final action by the local . t
Board. ·tn your report 10/31/67 regarding - - San Juan file· ~
1---~·t 105•7706, you indicated that the documents flla:1 by the subject
1
ti; \ with 'the local Selective Service Doard entitled him to a reclass• l;l
,. . . ~. ~i, lficatlon from lA to 3A. The report indicated that the local
~-i
Board expected to render a decision in thh matter on 10/1_7/67. ~
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The Bureau feels that:your suggested counterlntelllgenc~
. tneaaure has def.1n1te merit and when the Selective Service case on
the subject is resolved, you should advise the Bureau under · ~
captioned matter if you still desire to follow through with t:be
suggested counterint~l.llgence m~sure.
·
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CF.OUPS SEEKING INDEPENDWCE FOR PUEl{TO BIOO
105·93124
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Selective Servi~e: laws~..,. San ·Juan: r~cei.ved · inf.~rmation· t~f~:~t~·\~: .. .he submitted certain forms to his local ·Board· and the filing··.
of these forms constitutes to some degree a recognition by· ..
him of the authority of the Board. San Juan feels that we<:
should publicfze his compliance to cause dissension within . : .
the. ranks of~., indepe°:~ence ··groups' and ·1~. partic:ular·~--~.~~~.~~~~r-:~~~-~i~.. ,
tho~e. yo~th:5 ~ are; de~ring ·;.S.~l~~~~Y.:~ .~~~~~,. ~~,If !-:I(~::){{?./·~~-: ~- I
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· · ·· ·. • ~ · This matter: ·-,,as. discussed w1·th'·-:the Speclal ·.' _·,:·:t-,~ ,·,~~:·'~: ->
1:nve~tigative Divisl~niwhich is ~d~ing the Sele~~ive .._~ : . \~/. ·
Service case on ·the subject· and it feels· that t~ counter-.. ~:-; -intelligence meas:ure should not be considered until. the"-·.· · · :_ .
Select! ve .Service .case· is ..resolved ,.~-~f·:: :. ·j.._ ..3. ~: · ·. )i ·. ;.~. ~-:~:\:;~·<·" ·. . ·
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11/29/67.
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(:,;GROUPS ·smING INDEPEND~CE, FOR J'UDTO RI~
CCJUNTERINTELLIGmCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELUGENCE SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY
PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
.. :'\.,.
1,
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Your Weekly Intelligence Summary dated 11/22/67 told
of a meeting on 11/12/67 between Juan Mari Bras and members of.··
the Federacion de Untversitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI) -.-:~-·-·
Executive Committee. According to information received by your .
office., .Mari Bras accused three of the members of attemptrng to· 1
cause a split between-FUPI and the Movimiento Pro Independencia
r3e Puerto Rico (MPIPR). Reportedly, one of the three members ,.c~l 1 ,· . ,..
called Mari Bras a ·-liar and. Mari Bras responded by a~apping this · · :_)f
individual in the face. Reportedly, a letter was sent by the~... ·
fUPI Executive Committee to Harl Bras asking for. an apolop ' ; , / ,;-,
regarding his actfo_~', at _t~;e;lng. {)
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You should glve consideration to possible ·counterintelligence action regarding the above;...mentioned matter if this can .'· ·
,m
. . l·approval
be done without jeopardizing your sources. Secure prior Bureau
for any counterintelligence measure.
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Mari· Bras·· is head· of .MPIPR,· milfla~t Puerto
dependence organl.zation.
dependence group. There bas been dissension 1) 1t'ftee~IPR ;,::-;..
d nJPI recently and ve have been attempting through _c~~~~-~~ q
1
~ f t ~ t ~ b g ~ f c l i t / ~ to ,further ,~to,lt7ls, ;l~:1~~~~:}~~~:.~:., _I
·~~.:..:MA; :oo"ct/rtTl'P~!'lflTD . .. , . .,. -~I .-;;_., ,; ;. ,, '~• . ._, , .. . . ; ·:1'=:·:-~ •.
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_ UNITED0ATES ~.RNMENT
Memorandum
I
Tf"1:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
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SAC, NEW YORK (105-32872)
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(FA)
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IUBJECT:~ups SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
.
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PUERTO RICO
COUHTERIHTE~LIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
.r
l!/.aa/67.
, 1·· ·-..· ...
DATE:
\
ReSJlet 11/8/67./
The New York Division suggests that the San Juan Division
mail the counterintelligence letter·, as set fort}?. in relet,
to the New York subjects set out below:
uerto Rico
erto
East 14 St.
106 East 14 ST.
York City .·.,· /
New York City · ;/ _
.._
........
. ............ .
.
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_...
It should be noted that the first foUI' persons above are not c u r ~ i v (
l.
e ~ew - or Mission of the MPI. .They arc
"older generation" MPI members who maintain a fraternal
~ t h y for the organization. On the other hand, and
' '~ _t
-
-
are extremely active i~ the New York-Mission.
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7 - New York (#4 .. )
Cl - 105-40519)
Cl - 10S-IJ2963)
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105-51138)
(1
105-59145)
(l - 105-53045)
(l
105-76015)
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12/6/67
'IRTEL
AIRJ.!AIL
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(Prlorily)
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TO
: DIRECTOR, FBI ( 105-93124) .
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FROM
subject
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SAC,,'.SAN JUAN .·(.105-3353 ·s~b-1). (P) .:~ :::-_.·:. :/:· ....
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GROUPS SEEKillG IIIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO. RICO.-: ;~-.
COUUTERI.,f,TELLIGENCE PROGRAM
. · · .~
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(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE PROORt1M}'i"(1"·10 I.I ·
·
INTERNAL SECURITY-PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST. ·t"-: .
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Enclosed for -the Bureau· are the following ·
listed items:
..
1.
Letter dated 11/6/67, bearing letterhead · : .
11
Com1te Alvelo Pro Defensa de la Juventud
Puertorriquel).a 11 , soliciting membership·
·
and/ o:t- f' inane ial · support ·in said · · .
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organization/
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ot ·aforementioned letter,
substituting 1n·the body, in Spanish
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(English translation attached) wording
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considered appropriate to san Juan's.
-,·· .·. ·.
coW1terinte3:11gence proposal.
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2. · One xerox copy
·= ..
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·
C. .C. • EJ"'hO~
For information· Bureau.,· SIXTO ALVELO RODRIGUEZ ·.
{Bu.files: 105-147298 and 25-518228) was reclassified fro~
·
I-A -to III-A (fatherhood) by LB 5., Aibonito., Puerto .Rico, ~
on 10/18/67. A closing report under SSA., 1948, was
.
forwarded to
the
Bureau
on
12/4/67.,
anta1n1ng
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.informatiol
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It 13 ~/be noted the ,Co1t·~L10, ·~tn,.
:
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.- recently called themselves the "Corai.te Pro Defensa ·... ·.~' ·t,·:: .~.:.~ ~
.: SIXTO. AL~LO". · Items previously fort,arded the Bureau ·.·. ·.
along_ with the proposar 1n question referred to .that name • .: • ~
Since the Comlte · has officially -change~. their· name· to .. ·: ...~\·{· '. ~- :-; ·. ·
· the -"Cami te Alvelo .Pro De:fensa ·de . la . Juventud Puert·orriquena ~\<· ; .
any material prepared· .by. the Bureau.· 1n connection.·wtth ·::..:· i ~:-~·,. /;··· ·. ·
· th;s.·:propos~1·. sh_OU4fi _c~rry"·~~pe .. pe1t ·:na:m~·;}·.:.~: ;: \:; \.L :.~. -~: -~·:.,:.r._-.·~.:_;.·:·,
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. Since ALVELO'·s· Selective Service -delinquency has
been· resolved·, the BLf.reau is requested to reconsider .. · ·
. adopting. San Jus.n I s proposal,.. us .. ng as an. example· ·.... · .:. · · .
enclo~~~ item (2):: .....
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· Information copy ·New :York, _along. with :p~e:,-:_:_" :··/ ·.( ;~ __:\·. ·.
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t.11ANS1AT.ION FRO!! BPANISJJ
Voting lleabors:
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Thia eomm1tteo baa asoumed the responsibility of·.··~-~ ·-.· ..
tinuing to watch over the. defense ot Puerto Rican youtbsf ·-·':-..: · >
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rged before tho Foderal Courts with alleged violations dJ
·...
e Obligatory .Military Sorvlce law. These cases· transcond1 . · ·
boundaries of parties or groups, because the very life of
o\l,.Jouth is at stake bere.
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After the trluapb obtained ia the case of Sixto·Atvelo
and bia friends,· aew accuaa~iona:have been. brought aga~nat.otber ..
Jouths· in the establlahlleat of a new. tactic -by Federal authori- ·.<
ties.· .: During October .of. thl• ~ear· diecusai~ was. begun in_:.court ··1.:·
ooncerniDc first aotiona ·ot,. the aew caaea/·:: .. ·.·'··=\>: : '.,: ·.\~::.:·~ .. ;·~~,.·;. ....
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Court ·defense 1a very expeaaive~· ·· Tbe aervices ot
ltabinowitz and Boudin, the ••mo American lawyers wbo defended
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Sixto Alvelo, have again boen.obtalned. These lawyers specialize
ln eaaea being tried 1·n v. s. Foderal courts involving Civil
.
Ri1hta,. political .and -constitutional ·aat.tera.;.; They, plus .the . : ..
Puerto Rican lawyers who lent their . . rvicea free of cbarge~ la ·· .:.
the Alvelo caae, alon1'.~witb other :la"78ra -~who. bave · joined tile.~;/:.;·
oaa~ Yill handle tbe · ·defenae:;: >·:;~1d-.-~~~ ~ :.~:.1~: J~-'i~~ti~.;a.\·~:~;· ·:f::i£;!:-_ii··.
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1-.-.. . . , ./, :"" •· :;;::1 ,~· In· addition to· pa7in1 the legal fees of tho American ·
lawyers, we have to bear the expenses of an orientation campaign
tor Puerto Rico. This campaign is of extraordinary illportance
inasmuch aa tbe defense calla tor a·serlea of lunc:tamont&l· .:·
questions Will aoat likel,- be precedent-aettiDI .in rep.rd to·:·: . :.'·:.· ...... .
tho aubJugation of Puerto Jlicana .• o: ~he Ja"8 of ·Obligatory-, .;/ · . ·.! • . ·
Militar7 Service ... ,-_. . · ·.·.,,;_ .: ~f··. -.. :. · .:•·' ;_., · : '.! ... -4,..,;~.. ~- ..::;~. •.....-. ··.• ~ ·--·-,.~~\r:i.;. --,• · -·. ·
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Bver-, Puerto.'Rican··~auat .·be··aade ·aware·=·ot ,tbeae··cuee··~·:: ·_
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because tbey a111bollze the tb'ousanda Ybo bave .' faced or; are DOW:. ...
facing the trap of vlolatin1 their conaciencea or auttering · ..~ ·.
five ,ears impriaonaent. ·. Then tb• civic· apirit of our people ··.
will know tho gravitJ of the situation now being experienced b1
our 7outb in its resolute atruggle aplnst tbe blood tribute
being tyranicall7 imposed against us.
All of us aust kaow that in the •odern world there la
no other aetropolla wbicb aay impose Obligatorr Military 8e~vlce
on 1ta territories or coloniee. During Spanish rule wo were·_ ..
never tor~ed into tble lnequltJ. Today we are tbe exception.
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Bqun.te thi• economic .. oontributlon wlth aid. fo·r- ·.the
dff,rense of youths of a111 tary aso. which we.- could bave in · ou ! :-ot- - families. Put yourself for • IIOllent in the position of . . . · ·
fa:thor or aotbor, wife or relative of one of these youths and ·:
rob will be better able to undon:.tand the aorrow and anxietJ "d·:L .•
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caaea.
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We want rou, to lib.are with ua tbe reaponslbllity .whlcb . : ·
justice la done and the right~::,;,_·•.·.~,- ..
of' con•clence 111. reapected.:. "Tbank. you. ~ a_dvanc~·_.to~. roui;Ji~~-"i\·~ ·· ·
contributions.
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we have assumed in ·eeelng that
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�inANSLATION FRO!.f SPANISH
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Thta committee baa. assumed ·.the 'responsibility
cfoutinulng to watch over the defense ot Puerto Rican youtbll_ ·-;;_(}...-·_
dllarged botore the Federal Courts with alleged violation• -ot .1r·.:: :< ·
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cf,t_lr,;;; ,>
the Obligatory Military Service law. These cases transcend :"-...._-·.; . ·
the .boundaries of parties or eroupa, . because .the very_ life of·<~·---...
our 1outh 1s at s.take here.
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and his friends,· new accusatlona bave -been brourht~ against :Otber -,_
1outha. in the- eatablisbaent of a new. tactic ·:bt),ec,eral ··autbori~-~-:-:···
ties. During October of th1• rear ·-cU.acusaion·· .waa begun -la .c~t \.
concorniug f1rat aotiona ·of the new cases;--":·'.{'~·,...-:·_·:·..:,~/.·"-:'·:.\ ··.r=-.<~/. .
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d'{tense of :youths of allitary ag~ which· we could ~ve in ourr-:·.f-:: ..
owp families. Put yourself for a moment in the position ot? /~:/
father or motbor, wife or. relative of one of those youths and;,;-,;:
you
will be better able to underMtan~ the aorrow and anxietr~.
involving each of tbeae· c••••• ....:. . · . . : ·: · .. .:._ ::-:; .- :. :,,_.·~; ..:.
· ·-·: ~-.~ We want you ·to a!ra~~ .~1tb·.u the .reaponaibilit)' -~~h~_,-_~,.
we have aaawaed·· in aeeiDg. that·· justice la done: and: the right.;~.·:,-_/·_::.....
of conaclence. la respected. ·. .·. .~nk, 7ou_ ~in :~d~nce 'for rour :;i)t't:A ·ti>_:·
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�jtANsLATioN
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Fnou SPANISH . )
-
Alvelo Committee for tba Defense of Puerto Rican Youth
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Box 1438, Sao Ju~n, Puerto Rico
00936 .
Dt. (female) Piri Fernandez de Lowis - President
Engineer Gerardo Havas - Vice President
Professor Eve Scott~ Secretar,
Mias carmea Vazquez Arce - Asst. Secretar7
br. Rafael Navarro Cadiz - Treasurer..
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Telephone nos:
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723-6967
786-4305
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Voting Members:
Ur. 3. Antonio Alvarado
Ledo.• Ruben Berroa
Dr. Hector Davila Alonso
llr. Jaime ,.errer
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T,: i·,~ :. ~i.·; . . . . ~ . ,· .' - . Dr. (feule) Isabel Gutierrez Del .lrro70'~> ... ·_:-,:•. ~ - ·. :"· /":·#'.i~_.:.-,.~$":''· ···
Dr. Manuel Maldonado Deni•·
·
Mr. Rene Marques
ltrs. Josefina M. Perez
Ledo. Ivan Ramos
Lcdo. Jorge Segarra Olivero
Mr. Jose Antonio Torrea llartino
llr. Arundo Torres Vega · .
Dr. (female) 87lvia Viera: ··
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Jf ovember 8, 1967 , ..
D1stingu1sbed 7rlend and Coapatriot,
·We are honored in inviting Jou to become a member, if
you are not already one, of the Avelo Committee for the Defense of
Puerto Rican Youth, an organization which la tbe successor to the
Colllllittee tor tbe Defenae of Suto Alvelo. We also earnestly
point out to former aembera the necessity of their moral support
and 111.terial contributions •
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Thia committee has assumed the responsibility of
~ontinuing to watch over the defense ot' Puerto Rican youths.~
barged before the Federal Courts with alleged violations ~f ~: ·
. he Obligatory Military Service law. These easel\ transcen9. ...··/
he boundaries of parties or groups, because the very life of.
ur youth is at stake here.
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After the triumph obtained in the case of 81xto Alvelo
and bia friends, new accusations have been brought against other
youth& in the establishment of a new tactic by Federal authorities. During October of this year discussiQD na begun in .court
concerning first motions of the new cases.
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Court defense is very expensive. The services of
Rabinowitz and Boudin, the same American lawyers who defended
Sixto Alvelo, have again been obtained. These lawyers specialize
in cases being tried in U. s. Federal courts involving Civil
Rights, political and constitutional matters. They, plus the ..
Puerto Rican laW)'era Who lent their aervices free of charge ln
the Alvelo case, along with other lawyera. who have. joined _the -.:.
handle the defen• e • · :·;,
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· In addition to paying the legal fees ot the American
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lawyers, we have to bear the expenses of an orientation campaign
for Puerto Rico. Thia campaign is of extraordinary importance
inasmuch as the defense calla for a aeries of fundamental questions will aost likely be precedent-setting 1n regard to .·:.·
the subjugation of Puerto B1cans to tbe law of _Obliga~or7 .
Military Service.
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Every Puerto Rican •ust be ude aware of these.cases
because they &J11.lbolize the thousands who.have faced or are now
facing the trap of violating their consciences or euffering ·'
five years imprisonment. Then the civ1c.ap1rit of our people,
will know the gravity of the altuation now being experienced by
our routb in its resolute struggle against the blood tribute··
being tyranically imposed against us.
·
Allot us must know tbat ln the aodern world there is
no other aetropolla which may illpoae Obligatory Military service
on its territories or colonies. During Spanish rule we were
never forced into tbia 1nequ~ty. Today we are the exception •.
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Equate this economic contribution with aid for the, ·~·....i..
dE1fenae of youths of a111tary age which we could have in ou~ :...::'
o~ families. Put yourself for a moment in the pq,si tion of i i ;~.
f•tber or mother, wife or relative ot one of these youths alld .. ·
ro~ will be better able to understand the sorrow and anxiety ·,.
tnvolvlng each of these caaes.
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We ant you to •ha.re with
the responsibility which
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we have assumed in seeing that justice la done and the right . . ~ .... ·
of conscience 1a respected. _Thank rou in .ad~nce tor rour...· ... ·. -
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Cordially,
illegible - President
/a/ illegible - Vice-President
/s/ illegible .. Secretar,
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dcl ~crvicio r.:ilit:u: o:JLl~:·:::c.}:~.:. 1 1.··.; ~!~: .:. :.J:.:t..., ,..
cu Juni.::i Local, y c::t:-. lr: h:·, e; ...,:;.:..\;:....::-.. ; t::.• ::. :.: .... .... :.;...::;!f ic:tciGn p:1•:i cvitn:::;n l:.·~ r:··.:='i.:.:-.~; y •..··.:·c:~·:~·-..:~::
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DRA. Pf RI FERNANDEZ DE Ll!:WlS
Praident1
iNG. CERAR DO NAVAS
Yiceprnidcn&e
PROF. EVE SCOTT
Secrctaril
S.RTA. CARMEN VAZQUEZ ARCE
Sub~retaria
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12,-6'167
766 ·4-JOS'
OR. ltAFAEL NAVARRO CADIZ
Taorero
YOCALES:
SR. J. ANTONIO ALVARADO
LCDO. RUBEN tiERRIOS
Dk. HECTOR DAVILA ALONSO
SR. JAIME FERRER
LCDO. CARLOS GALLISA
DJ1A.. ISABEL GUTIERREZ DEL ARROYO
D~. MANUEL MALDONADO DENIS
SR. RENE MARQUES
SRA. JOSEFINA M. PEREZ
LCLO. IV AN RAMOS
·
LCDO. JORGE SEGARRA OLIVERO
SR. JOSE ANTONIO TOR RES MAR TINO
SR. ARMANDO TORRES VEGA
DRA. S\'LVIA VIERA
t>k. RAUL YUMET
6 de noviembre de 1967
· Distiguido amigo y compatriota,
Nos hooramos en invitarlo a hacerse miembro, si aun no
lo es, del Comitf Alvelo Pro Defeosa de la Juventud Puertorriquena, organizaciSn sucesora del Comite Pro Defensa de Sixto Alvelo. Recordamos asimism.o. encarecidameote,
a los antiguos miembros la necesidad de su apoyo moral y de su cootribucion 111aterial.
Este Comite ha asumido la responsabilidad de continu.ar velando por la defensa de
los jovenes puertorriquenos.acusados ante la Corte Federal por una alegada violaciSo
a la ley del Servicio Militar Obligatorio; estos casos trascienden los ludtes partidistas ode ag~upacioo pues en ello esta en juego la vida misma de nuestra juventud.
Despues del triunfo obtenido con el archive del caso de Sixto Alvelo y de sus companeros, ban surgido nuevas acusacionee a otros jSvenes, al concretarse un cambio tacti·
co de las autoridades federales. Durante el mes de octubre de este ano comenzaron a.discutir:f··eir'\a corte las primeras mociones pertinentes a los nuevos casos.
-~I·/.. ·
defensa en los tribunales es auy costosa. Se ban contratado loa eer,fi.cios del
miemo ufete de abogados norteamericanos que defeodi6 a Sixta Alvelo, el de1labinowitz
y Boudin de Nueva York, que se especializa en derechos civilea, politicos y constitu~ionales ante las cortes federales de los Estadoa Unidos. lste bufete 11eva la representaci~n, junto coo los abogados puertorriquenos que hao servido gratuita J espontheamente en el caso Alvelo, y aquellos otros abogados que de igual foraa ae ban integrado a le
defensa.
�AdemSs de pagaT los 'i.lrados de los abogados non -
inos, hay que eufragaT los
gastos de una campana de orientacion por toda la isla. Es l ,: ct.,mpaiia es de extraordinaria
importancia por cuanto la defensa plantea una aerie de cuestiones fundamentales a la jud
catura federal las cuales con. toda probabilidad sentaran precedentes en lo que respecta,
ls su~1:::~::o:::q::::t:::::::n::n:c::se::::sc:::8 S:::::08::::::~b:i:::,:::·q~e ha:
pasadol, siguen pasando por igual encrucijada de violar sus conciencias o s~rir cinco
anos de prision. Entonces el esp!ritu c£vico de nuestro pueblo comprender, la gravedad d•
la situacion por la que atraviesa la juventud en su lucha denodada contra el tributo de
sangre que se nos impone tir,nicamente.
Todos debemos saber queen el mundo moderno no hay otra metropoli que imponga a sus
territorios o colonias el Servicio Militar Obligatorio. Durante el rSgimen espanol nunca
se nos someti6 a esta iniquidad. Nos toca hoy ser la excepci6n! .
. -:
La aportaci6n economica que ahora se haga equivale a una ayuda para la defensa de 1
jovenes de edad militar que podamos tener en nuestra propia familia. Sitdese usted por u:
momento en la posici6n de padre. o madre, o esposa, o familiar de uno de estos j6venes.
As! podra comprender mejor el dolor y la angustia que se encierra en cada uno de estos c:
sos.
1
Sabemos que usted querra compartir con nosotros la responsabilidad que nos hemos impuesto de que se haga justicia y ae respete el derecho de conciencia. Gracias anticipada
por SU contribucion.
Cordialmente,
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Vicepre~identa
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Secretaria
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Sixto Al ve 1~, symbol of our youth struggle ft<
against compulsory milit:_ary serv.~ce ·has .reques_ted and>_.':, ·:- ·
. · been granted by his draft board a reclassification · /'i ·:...··~,,. -~··:
· ··:·.-· to avoid the·.trial§·\and embarrassment· he would have· bad·:1~: :,? ~. ~-!;. to bear ··by -'again being''. ·9a_t1~c(~o_r,: !_D_duct.~oii_·:~1n~~'Jt~,JJ~~\f~~{1t~-..
: · ·-~· .th~ :.. military se~vice: ·~·<,;·~:-·/ ). . ·:-:.~-.'~ ~-t·: ·.?: :; .';!Yf;: '!__ ,.:. ...?·'-'··4 .-~:..~"+:f :f.~£: ::·:/~: ·
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· · ·' ·· - ·
We have recently. learned that this action on· ._ e" ·:
the part of Alvelo was done on th~ advice and consent ~t:·
his a~torney Juan Marf Bras, championed leader of the.·~ ' ·
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~···;· . cre.at~c1-~co~fusion ... i.~ ·.~he )1,inds:of
you,:ths who.- h_a~E: ---~-. ::c: ::..jf. -~ ~
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-.· .... ·tor· so long •respected Al'velo · for his ·struggle ·to_~:: i ~_:·f:~... ";Y::~~-~ ~ ·
· ·resist comnulsorv militarj .- ser,vice.. . ;, ·.. · ·. · ·. ~>.,.;; :~ .\_f\·.r·, ..:~ ·::; ·.
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appears that Alvelo ·and Mari Bras ··10 actual fact do ~.:'/· '~/-:-:,·:. · ..'.
recognize the authority of the United States· Government .-_
in Puerto Rico, while at the same time publicly .denounce_-. : .
1 t. · - Since. a 11 · loyar:·advocates · of Puerto Rico! s .~~ .·. / .'. <: >··:.;; t
-~-i .. independenc~ have· c;alled ,,upoQ _.our,·_y(?uths to. foll~:W./~.7"~_~.{:-~~!..
'. · Alvelo's ·example it-_'s~~~s ·Ma~i Bras an_d:Alve.lo·', :-\_.:,1;.+<"?:.. ~·-~~::: .'
l'· now wish· our youths i·to_. follow,:. them 1~ promoting··~!, ..,!.; i?*-~-!··::.~r-: :: . more cooperative ,.att1 tµ~e 1~· m.aJters ·· invo~vi_ng. ·-.~. -.-.· _.;1~\··..;·l.:~~ ~ !... :·
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Alvelo can only be looked upon as being an act of
cowardice and a betrayal of the cause for which our
committee bas so loyaly dedicated itself; to free
Puerto Rican youths from the imperialistic demands.
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·.-T~~SLATION FRO!J SPANISH
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Alvelo Co1111ittee for the Detense of Puerto Rican Toutb
.. ,-SOX··1438, San J'uan.· Puerto Rico 00936
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of! (female)
Pir1 Fernandez de Lewis - President
Engineer Gerardo Navas - Vice President
Profe~ve Scott - Secretary
Miss Carmen Vazquez Arce - Ass~. Secretary
Dr. Rafael Navarro Cadiz - Treasurer
Telephone nJ:
723-6967
766-4305
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Voting Members:
Mr. J. Antonio Alvarado
Ledo.• Ruben Berros
Dr. Rector Davila Alonso
Mr. Jaiae Ferrer
Ledo. Carlos Gallisa
Dr. (female) Isabel Gutierrez Del Arroyo.
Dr. Kanuel Maldonado Denis
Mr. Bene Marques
Mrs. Josefina M. Perez
Ledo. Ivan Ramos
.Ledo. Jorge Segarra Olivero
.. Mr. Jose Antonio Torres Martino
.: ·Mr.· Armando -Torres Vega
· 'Dr. (female) Sylvia Viera
Dr. Raul Yuaet
.N oveaber 6 • 1967
Distinguished Friend and Compatriot,
We are honored in inviting you to become a member, if
you are not already one, of the Avelo Committee for the Defense of
Puerto Rican Youth, an organization which is the successor to the
Committee for the Defense of Sixto Alvelo. We also earnestly
point out to former aembers tbe necessity of their aoral support
and material contributions.
with university degree, possibly an attorney.
�,,._......~--~·~'This com.m.ittee has assumed the responsibility of
c tinuing to watch over the defense of Puerto Rican youths·
c::b rged before the Federal Courts with alleged violations of
~ Obligatory Military Service law.
These cases transcend,·
the boundaries of parties or groups, because the very life of · ·.
ou~~~~ at~stake here •.. ·
........
After the triwnpb obtained in the case of Sixto Alvelo
and his friends. new accusations have been brought against other
youths in the establishment of a new tactic by Federal authorities. During October of this year discussion was begun in court
concerning first •otions of the new cases.
_
Court defense is very expensive. The services of
Rabinowitz and Boudin, the same American lawyers who defended
Sixto Alvelo, have again been obtained. These lawyers specialize
in cases being tried in U~ S. Federal courts involving Civil
Rights, political and constitutional matters. They, plus the
Puerto Rican lawyers who lent their services free of charge in
the Alvelo case. along with other lawyers who have joined-the
case, will handle the defense.
In addition to paying tbe legal fees of the American
lawyers, we have to bear the expenses of an orientation campaign
for Puerto Rico. This campaign is of extraordinary importance
inasmuch as tbe defense calls for a series of fundamental
questio~s will aost likely be precedent-setting in regard to
the subjugation of Puerto Ricans to the laws of Obligatory
Military Service.
·
Every Puerto Rican must be made aware of these cases
.
because they symbolize the thousands who have faced or are now
facing the trap of violating their consciences or suffering
.five years imprisonment. Then the civic spirit of our people
will know the gravity of the situation now being experienced by
our youth in its resolute struggle against the blood tribute
being tyranically iaposed against us.
All of us must know that in the modern world there ls
no other metropolis which may impose Obligatory Military Service
on its territories or colonies. During Spanish rule we were
never forced into this inequity. Today we are the exception.
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df~~~e-~! youths of military age which we could have in our
o~ families. Put yourself for a •oment in tbe position of · ., -:
fatller or mother, wife or relative o:r one of these youths and ··
you ~)le.·VJh.bett_er able to understand the sorrow and anxietJ' ·.involving each of these cases.
·
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We want you to ahare with us the responsibility which
•e have assumed in seeing that justice is done and the right
of conscience is respected. Thank you in advance for y~ur
contributions.
·
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Cordially,
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Treasurer
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Presldenta
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Vicepresidente
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HlTA. C'A,..MEN VAZQUEZ ARCE
Su~s.ecntaria ·
DR. llAFAtL NAVAR.RO CADIZ
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VOCALES:
SR. J. ANTOMIO ALVARADO
LCDO. RUBEN BERRIOS
DR. HECTOR DAVILA ALONSO
SR. JAl~tE f"ERRER
LCOO. CARLOS GALLISA
DRA.. ISAbr.L GUTIERREZ DEL ARROYO
DR. MA!t,;l' £L MALDONADO DENIS
SR. REr-:C MARQUES
SRA. JOSEFINA t.t. PEREZ
LCOO. IV AN RAMOS
LCDO. JOltGE SEGARRA OLIVERO
SR. JOSF. A~TONIO TO?. RES 'MARTINO
SR. ARMANDO TORIU::S VEGA
ORA. SYLVIA VIERA
DR. RAUL YUMET
I
6 de noviembre de 1967
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Distiguido amig~ y compatriota,
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Nos honramos en invitarlo a bacerse m.iembro, si aun no
lo es, del Comit~ Alvelo Pro Defense de la Juventud Puertorriquena. organizacion s~:cesora del Comite Pro Defense de Sixto Alvelo. Recordamos as:imismo, encarecidamente.
/a los antiguos miembros la necesidad de su apoyo moral y de su contribucion material.
,
Este Comite ha asumido la responsabilidad de continuar velando por la defensa de
llos jovenes puertorriquenos acusados ante la Corte Federal por una alegada violacion
a la ley del Servicio Militar Obligatorio; estos casos trascienden los lunites partidistas ode agrupacion pues en ello esta en juego la vida misma de nuestra juventud.
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Desrues del triunfo obtenido con el archivo del caso de Sixto Alvelo y de sus companeros, han surcido nuevas acusaciones a otros j6venes, al concretarse un cambio tactico de las autoridades federales. Durante el mes de octubre de este ano comenzaron a discutirse en
---
La de ensa en los tribunales es muy costosa. Se ban contratado los servicit· del
mismo bufe e de abogados norteamericanos que defendio a Sixto Alvelo, el de Rab owitz
y Boudin de Nueva York, que se especializa en derechos civiles. poltticos y co stitucionales ante las cortes federales de los Estados Unidos. Este bufete lleva la tepresentacion. junto con los abogados puertorriquenos que ban servido gratuita y espontanmtente en el caso Alvelo, y aquellos otros abogados que de igual forma se ban integrado a la
defensa.
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los bo~:6(t.
•Ademh de pa gar
de ·~o~ ·~~ogado; n~rte"ameJ
hay que suf ragar los
astos de una campaiia de orientacion por toda la isla. Esta can..;
) ;~s de extraordinaria
nportancia por cuanto la defensa plantea una eerie de cuestione~ fundamentales a la judiitura federal las cuales con toda probabilidad sentaran precedentes en lo que respecta a
1 sujeccion de o~i µeitorriquenos a las leyes del ·servicio Militar ~bligatorio~
Cada · rtorriqueiio debiera conocer estos casos porque simbolizan a millares que ban
asado y s~· en_pasando por igual encrucijada de violar sus conciencias o sufrir cinco
oos de prison. Entonces el esptritu c1vico de nuestro pueblo comprendera la gravedad de
a situacion ~ - a t ~ a ! i ~ s a la juventud en su ~ucha denodada contra el t!ibuto .. de!.
angre que se nos impone t1ran1camente.
·
. .. _ .
. . · .. . ...,..
Todos debemos saber queen el mundo modemo no hay otra metropoli que im.ponga a sus
erritorios o colonies el Servicio Militar Obligatorio. Durante el regimen espanol nunca
e nos someti6 a esta iniquidad. Nos toca boy ser la excepcion.
La aportaciSn economica que ahora se haga equivale a una ayuda para la defensa de los
ovenes de edad militar que podamos tener en nuestra propia familia. SitGese usted por un
omento en la posicion de padre, o madre, o esposa, o familiar de uno de estos j6venes.
s! podra comprender mejor el dolor y la angustia que se encierra en cada uno de estos caos •.
Sabemos que usted querra compartir con nosotros la responsabilidad que nos hemos imuesto de que se haga justicia y se respete el derecho de conciencia. Cracias anticipada
·Or 6U COntribucion.
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Cordialmente.
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MemorandUTn
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( 105-3353
12i27/c7
DATE:
~N~~PiiIDEHCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(.;QUirrER IlITELLIGEIWE P110GRAM
(IUCIAL Il:TELLIGEiICE SECTION)
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Sen Ju~n 1€ttcr .to the Burcc.u., 11/13/67;
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Bureau airtcl t:>. San Ju<1r1 and Uc,·: Yor~:., ·11/22/07 ..
The C·:>Untcr L"1t:lli:..;cr:·~C lcttc:i.· cs su.:.;:c:'.;t:o ~~1
11/13/S·;-, end upp:-o·:cd i;~ Bure;:::..1
; :tt~r <lcttd l!./22/S7., l1CS translated ir~t-:> idior.:c.tic
S;n:.aish ~nd rr.cilcd ur~dcr secured. coticlit··o:1s on 12/S/67 >
: :l selected ucr:f'Jc:i'S of the J..iPIPn in Puerto ntco end UC':::
-i. :>l"~:, c.n(: PCP r.tc:·.1bc:.. s in So.n Ju~:.-..
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:::>n.~crnin:; t!1is J.cttcl" c,1d cdvisc t!1r: Burcz.t:. and S~i1 J"J.a?//t
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Director• FBI · (105".'93124)- 2
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GROUPS SEEXING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO·JUQ)
COONTD<INTELLIGENCE PP.OGRAM
( RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SEX:l'ION)
INTERNAL SEOJRITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
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kurairtel 12/6/67 • . /
Your proposal has been carefully considered. Though
we are most anxious to disrupt the activities of .Juan Mari Bras
end Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Eico CMPIPE), the
proposal bas a bearing on your Selective Service.work. If the
. letter was mailed and finds support from those receiving lt or
·:: from· those who would hear about its contents, it would 1~ effect
encourage cnntinued opposition to Selective Service laws and
thus would create additional work for your office in the Selective
Service field. Though the letter might cause some individuals
to follow the ·example of Sixto Alvelo and comply vi.th Selective
_ __, Service requirements, the Bureau feels that there is a much ·
greater chance that the letter would find support and, as
mentioned above, encourage opposition to Selective Service laws.
Accordngly. your request on this matter ls not being authorized.
Your continuing interest in the submission
tntelligence proposals ls appreciated by the Bureau.
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GROUPS SEEKING 1NDFPDIDENCE FOR FUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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(RACIAL INTELUGENCE SECTION)
IS - PRH
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ReNYatrtel 6/'30/67.
New York should sulet and advise of any
counterintelligence measures presently being considered.·
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DATE:
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(105~32872)
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G.ROU~£E1CING D~DEPEtlDEUCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COWTERP.TTELLIGE1'!CE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS-PRN
ReEulet. 1/21.i./68.
The pr1rd.pal organizations in the }TY area in the
Puerto Rican independence movement_ at the present time.
are the nationalist Party ot Puerto Rico (NPPR)-h"Y Ju..."'lta
and the Mov1M.1ento Pro Independencla de Puerto Rico (MPI)JiY Mission {NYM).
Concerning the NP.PR in the NY area, the NY Junta
consists of about 1S to 18 active members and has never
been more divided or wrought by schisms then at presen~.
Two factions exist eech with 7 to 9 adherents. The NYO
believes that tranquility will return only when one faction
is el1~inated from Nationalist membership either through
resignation or by expuls1on by the NPPR- National Board in
Puerto Rico. This Division believes that no counterintelligence measure against the NPPR could possibly be as ~rrect1ve
as these 2 divergent factions working against each other.·
The :tTYM has an active ~ernbership at t h ~ .• / ..
about 30 individuals under the leadership o r - / . / ·.
The NYO believes the NYl~ at present is drifting. ·Since l
·
the plebiscite in Puerto Rico on 7/23/67, the NYM bas
had no real issue to propagandize. There have been no
public delllonstret1ons for several months, little collaboration
with other groups and regularly scheduled _neet1ngs bsve
been poorly attended. The ~TA has received no or few
directions from the National Mission ot the MPI •
I
. In view or the above, the NYO pre~'l.%. is not
considerins.a .. co~er1-nt&l.J.1genCJL.JI1e~-~-1:1,re against the NYM;
J1~ever;-the NYD w.111 ..!c~. ~o_thJ_a_pr~g!"s!f(~'tliffi~t.ne:~rection
or tuture-plans-o -tlie NYM beco.rne obvious .and such measure
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B11.1 U.S. S1Win1,1 &nJs R,itJ•rlJ nth, Pll,J'Oll Sninis PJ.
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NITED STATES e-Sir~iENT
MemorariaUm
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C,~Jtt.;7
SAN JUAN
··:~~,J;1-ZioUPS
(105-3353
Sub
(
2/27/68
DATE:
I
l)CQNf I NT\Al, · .
.J
SEEICTNG INDEPENDENCE FOR POER
o RICO
··
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
{RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS
=
PRN
Re San Juan airtel and LHM to the Bureau dated
2/20/68 and captioned "FUPI, IS-PRN." \.)
As set forth in referenced LHM the fOUth of the
Independence Party of Puerto Rico· (PIP-Youth) are in the
process of organizing a student group which will attempt
to exhort University of Puerto Rico (UPR} students to vote
for PIP candidates 1n the Puerto Rico elections scheduled
for November> 1968.
V
To counter the afore-described activity, FUPI
by means of their official publication "Informacion Estudiantil", recently announced that they would sponsor
a campaign to boycott the 1968 elections, and in addition.,.
sponsor a series of debates between FUPI, PIP Youth.and UPR
Student Council representatives. The theme of the debate
is · 11 Puerto Rico Elections of 1968; vote or boycott".
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San Juan Office fee:flhat the afore-described
uation can be exploited by means of a counterintelligence
r er,purportedly written by an &nOi\)-mous committee. This
f~~ ~~~_give rise to the possibility_ that there again
._. \' exists within the FUPI a dissident faction which is not 1n .-· ·
\agreement with its current policy,. it being noted that the
'FUPI was recently ravaged with internal dissension that
resulted in eleven FUPI members submitting irrevocable \ )
res~a.tions.
_ . .
. _
Further, the San Juan Office is of the opinion
that the flyer will severely disrupt and discredit the
campaign as well as c~use serious factional dispute amongv
the FUPI rank and file.
The proposed text of the flyer is as follow&:
"FUPI ERRS AGAINn
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"Recently FUPI announced that it would sponso~)
a campaign to boycott the 1968 Colonial elections.
"In the past electoral abstention has failed to
/
bring us any nearer to independence, in fact, it has
actually aided Populares and Statehooders to retain control O·
our government. Asnanifested by the re~ults of the elections
in 1964 and the plebiscite in 1967, we are even farther
·
than ever from achieving our rightful place 1n the family of
autonomous Antillean nations.
"Following a traditional line of extremist groups,
FUPI has posed as the representative of the independentist
feelings of the student body that does not support it,
as a legitimate spokesman for the student body of which it
represents hardly 2%. And despite the emotional advantage
of having independence as the cause it advocates, FUPI has
never achieved respectability among the students themse1ves
due ma.inly to·its vociferous use of Communist propaganda.
"Are we to be particularly •proud' of the activities
of our FUPI students who have brought the University such a
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the world sees our-students as lawless brigands
crating their University campus, jeering at their Chancellor
and ·.q_p~~~~c~ police a~tion to curb their juvenile antics •.
.
.
"We have always maintained., as have various
members of our group, that the electoral strike campaign 1s
a sterile, useless and cQwardly maneuver to a true 1ndependent1st.
"We will always remain convinced that the only po~sible way to independence is through the vote. Now 1s the
time for rational students to take 1nventory of the situation
and remove once and for all any doubts about our numerical
strength. The ballot is the only solution. Independence 1s .
net dead. To the Polls!!!
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"El Comi te Contra la Huelga Electoral a
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If approved, the flyer will be typed 1n Spanish
language on cheap gr~paper and mailed to selected MPIPR~
i. FUPI and PIP-Youth members.
The flyer will be mailed from
; e.n area removed from the Metropolitan San Juan district 1n a
1
1 manner that will insure;cannot be traced to a Bureau employee.
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105-3353 Sub I
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2. The MPIPR has recently publicly announced its
Marx1~oerit and_ is reorganizing 1ts political thesis on ~--
Marxist-Leninist principles. Many members, including some
lesser officers., have voiced their .disapproval of this
move and point out that it conflicts with the strong
Roman Catholic religious beliefs of. many Puerto Ricans
who favor independence for Puerto Rico.
'.
•
I
i
Based on the above, the SJO proposes the
preparation and distribution of about 250 copies of a
leaflet in the Spanish language., the English text of
which is as follows:
'
"Consider., Puerto Rican
"Once more the campaign mounts. Once
more the cry is raised that the imperialist elections
must be stopped - boycott the electoral farce.
ttvery well, boycott we shall., if that.is the
path to a free Puerto Rico. But is it the path?
Enough of this emotionalism. Emot~onalism can
hide facts for a while., but only a little while.
:::~e~c:: his puppe....... in a
brilliant d i s p ~ w to lose the g~nfluence
we were beginning to enjoy in sectors of the· people,
publicly announced our embracing of the Marxist-Leninist
doctrine (without consultation with the majority of
. us). Thus we have gained the Leninist image:, the image
r'terror1stic barbarian:, and have lost the respect
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SJECT!
.,...0:tm9C'l'OR,. -FBI
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{lo"S-93124)
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DATE:
3/8/68
!Ac: SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub I)· (P)
;~
.-~·oRo"~~i'csEEKINo
INDEPENDENCE FOR
,, - ' -
'
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
{RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS - PRN
.
As the Bureau is aware, the Movimiento ProIndependencia de Puerto Rico {Puerto Rican Independence
Movement) (MPIPR), with affiliated groups, is planning
another electoral strike campaign in which it hopes
to influence large sectors of the Puerto Rican electorate
to abstain ':from participating in the Fall, 1968, elections·.
The VJ.PIPR already is laying plans for the campaign.
•,t..
The situation as it presently stands in Puerto
Rico is as follows:
i
I
•
~
1. In dir ct oppositi p to the above campaign,
the Independenc
·. , ~ ,
PT
eaded by its
president
is conducting a vigorous
camp.aign t .:. ct_;lS er as many inae endentist voters as
.Possible
-~ticinate in the elections. On 3/4/68,
publicly proclaimed the PIP candidates
& t 125,000 votes in the elections.·
supported the MPIPR boycott of'l966,
ar1a t.o a esser ex tent the previous one in 1964. However..,
apparently due to open criticism from some MPIPR leaders,
he has withdrawn his support.
0 ~~
In that connection, it is noted that as recently
as 1956, the PIP.was the second most powerful political
power in Pue~s,_R_~C_Q, but 1 t has since become weakened and
split with internal dissension. Efforts to unify the
party are in process, and include a youth group on the
University of Puerto Rico {UPR) campus to influence
~'
students to vote !"or PIP candidates.
;eau (RM)
(}!,- 7.J / .;_;:_
~
n Juan
.. ,C-21 ,.••
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~ MAR 131968
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-..... ':lnd_tl"!~ hoped for support of the God-fearing people.,
· ·-· wffl~· the' vast major1 ty of Puerto Ricans are.
~ ·-·--- ~-
tt2. Our attempts at electoral boycotts,
sometimes ridiculous, have all been miserable
failures. True, 1n July of last year~ only 60.
per cent of eligible voters participated; and true~
depending on who interprets the results, it could
be said that the 40 per cent abstention represents
a 40 per cent vote for independence. But consider
this. In any country with a democratic electoral
process, it is seldom that as many as 70 - 75 per cent
of eligible voters participate. The better educated
the people, the more likely they are to vote, and
sad though it is., it must be recognized that we:·
are not among the best educated peoples. So> even
if we take full credit for 12 - 15 per cent of the nonvoters of last year and assume they were influenced by
us, this is no staggering success, no repudiation of
anything.
,
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1
''3. There is no denying the desire for
independence in most of us., though it ·may be latent
in many. Given the proper impetus, the proper
leadership, the desire can be awakened. But the proper
impetus is not to be found in the Christ-forsaking
Leninist doctrines, but rather, in the guidance
a.nd dedication of leaders who are aware of the
strong desire of Puerto Ricans tr freedom; leaders
who see undistorted reality, and who believe 1n
the democratic, not autocratic, exercise of our
God-given rights and privileges.
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"4. Fifteen short years ago we had our
sovereignty within reach and could have attainedjt
by democratic process.
In 1952, 125,000 people
voted for independence, we, put five senators and 10
representatives in the legislature. In 1954,
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·---~-~.IQ4~endeptists of voting age numbered 250,000.
What-happened is clear. ·Petty ambii!!·tion
soiled
our chances. Selfish leaders, ou
among
them, destroyed our unity to satis y personal/·
vanity. A near mortal blow was suffer~d.
I
5. We have clearly witnessed democracy\
as practiced in our organi'zation: - What happens
to our leaders who question the dictates of a chosen
few? - What happens to our youth who dare to question
the authoritarian methods of
and his puppets?
11
...
t
"Wake up Puerto Ricans, the way to
independence is c1e·arly not the Marxist-Leninist., antiChrist way! The way is through our awakening of
the independence ideal in the people and our sending
them to the polls. The United States would not dare
deny us our freedom in the face of adverse world opinion
by refusing us our independence when clearly voiced
by the majority •
:.
. .:,·
_
.Wake up, Puerto Ricans, before it is too
late! Recognize that the nickels and dimes which.
you have contributed to support electora-b
cotts
are~ulterously squandered on the
a.nd
t h e - b y those who collect them in ne n e
of 1 bevo~u~io~ary Vanguard.'
Give of your money,
your time, and your sweat, but give in the knowledge
that it is for independence,. not for the hedonistic
life.
,1 ,·
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,
l
"Register and vote.
"Grupo Pro-Uso Voto del MPI"
The above leaflet, in the name of a fictitious
group already used with considerable success, while
decrying too much emotionalism, will accomplish the
o ~~~ purpose of somewhat emotionally pointing up the
i"-religious nature of the Marxist doctrines being advoca~ed_.
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by·Jnost of the leaders of the organization; will, while
showrn~?~fa1lure of past boycotts, point up the
strength and past successes of the PIP through the legal
and peaceful electoral process; will plant
in.the minds of_the rank and file the idea of the futility
of another costly boycott; and wilT imply that their
hard-earned money is being spent on riotous and immoral
living by MARI BRAS and his consorts.
The leaflet will be mailed to members of the
MPIPR with attention being given to those known to be
more conservative in their approach to independence and
who st111·maintain some semblance of religious and
anti-communist beliefs. Members of the PIP.:will also
.
be included in the mailing, as will selected representatives
of news media and security informants. '
It is believed the Yl.PIPR leadership.will officially
credit the PIP with the leaflet and brand it as an
.attempt. to disrupt MPIPR efforts at unity, hence widening
the already existing rift between the two organizations.
At the same time, since it is common knowledge that some
MPIPR members oppose the switch to the Marxist line, it
appears likely to create a feeling that the fictitious group
actually exists within the MPIPR and thereby cause
confusion.
·
If authority for utilization of the tactic is
granted, the Spanish text will be prepared and mimeographed
by the SJO on cheap, unwatermarked paper and mailed under
secure conditions in the outlying areas of San Juan.
.
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,.
Bureau authority is hereby solicited to put
the above tactic into effect.
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3/21/68
li}te1
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To:
SAC, San .Juan (105-3353 Sub I)
hoiD.:
Di;ector, FBI (1.95-93124)~
.
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l(-1U:i~EC-1SI
GROUPS S£EX1NG INDEPENDENCE FOE. PUERTO RlCD
COUh~RINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(MCIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
INTEF~AL SECURITY - PUEATO RICAN NATIONALIST
:Reurlet 3/8/68.
Authority is granted for you to translate into Spanish
the letter submitted in relet and to mail lt to selectecl members
of_the Puerto Rican Independence Movement (HPIPR) and the Inde•
pencence Party of Puerto Rico (PIP). The preparation and mail. ·
~·
ing should be handled under the most secure conditions in order
, .··.·· ,:;.{,::. · ~o protect the Bureau as the source.
,t"<,.-··"11 .• ,;
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.
.
Relet did not contain the names of the newspapers or
,.. 92 f their selected representatives to vb.om you intend to mail this
§ .-t ~ letter. Authority, therefore, is being denied at this time for
- N
:E
mailing of this letter to the press. Y® should submit this
1 ~ 8 the
information to the Bureau upon the receipt of which a C:etermination will be made on your request.
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San Juan and New York should furnish the Bureau
w·
.tt~~·-r·;fpl ~
' concerning
'. the mailing
any inf unation coming to their attention
'
of this letter.
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·March 20 1 1968
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G••,--
GROUPS *s'EMNG" INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICX>
~
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - ·PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
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Purpose is to reconnnend that we authori~e -our
·. San Juan Office ~o mail a leaflet in the name of a fi~-
· titious. Puerto Rican group to members of the Puerto Rican
Independence Movement (MPIPR), the largest and most mili-c.;;
tant of the groups seeking independence for Puerto-Rico,~~
and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), a legally;.,
constituted political party.
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BACKGROUND:
The MPIPR is planning another electoral strike
campaign in which it hopes to influence large sectors of
·the ·Puerto Rican electorate to abstain from participating
the Fall, 1968, elections. The MPIPR has recently
t~;_
publically announced that it is Marxist lent and is reor\~:
ganizing on Marxist-Leninist principles. Among the rank
and file of the MPIPR including some lesser offica:s, there
has been dissension on this new political thesis. In
opposition to the above campaign, PIP is conducting a campaign to influence the independentist voters to participate
in the elections.
.in
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..
...
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The San Juan Office has recommended the preparation
of a leaflet which would be aimed at influencing the people
of 1 Puerto Rico to vote and revealing that the Marxist-Leninist
do.ctrine is an image of terroristic barbarians and not one
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C.
T. E. Bishop
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Memorandum to Mr. W. C. Sullivan
RE:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERlO RICX>
·-4..
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- •
, ·;fu_ch the MPIPR should embrace. It is hoped that this
; leafle~i1.. c~use dissension within the MPIPR, will
widen the already.existing rift between the MPIPR and
PIP, and discourage the planned boycott of the elections.
i
. OBSERVATIONS:
·It appears that San Juan• s counterintelligence ·
r
suggestion has definite merit whtch will be useful in
causing internal strife in the MPIPR.
RECOMMENDATION:
If you approve, the attached airtel will be
directed·to San Juan authorizing it to mail the leaflet
under secure conditions to selected members of the MPIPR
and PIP.
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DATE:
:
BJECT:
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4/3/68
t!.ti~"? .
OM
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·sAli JU/Ul (105-3353 - Sub I)
..........
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Group~·eitlng Independence for Puerto Rico
counterintelligence Pro~ram
{Subversive Control Section)
-~~
.............
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IS-PRN
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Re San Juan letter to Bureau 11/13/67~ and
Bulet to San Juan., 11/22/67.
.
.
:
San Juan Office, to date, has received no
information as to effect of counterintelligence measure
~entioned ·in relets among groups and individuals at which
directed. ·
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Bureau will be advised of all results as such
become available.
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2 . - Bureau (RM)
l - San Juan
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APR 8 1968
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APR ·151968
........
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Buy US. Sa11ings Bonds- Reg11Lzr/y on tht P4Jroll Savings ~
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DAT£: ·
4/3/68 ·
.
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUE
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS - PRN
l
RICO
I
I
Re San Juan let to Bureau 2/27/68_
Re.Bu.let. 3/14/68
'
.
aforementioned source advised that C
,
FUPI., PIP-Youth and University or Puerto Rico Student ·
~~~ -•,
Council representatives have,intensified their respective
'' '\ ':·
campaigns regardi~ the elections in Puerto Rico scheduled
~- _..: . .for November of 1968.
.
on 4/3/68.,
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41
'-'
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'.
According to source, PIP-Youth and UPR Student
t ~
·1 ..., ~ ... Council representatives continue to exhort students to
J
~ ,:
·\. vote 1n the election while FUPI continues its elector~ l
·-:· '{
strllte campaign.
V
PIP-Youth representatives are exhorting all
students to go to the polls and vote for PIP candidates~
as that organization is 0£ the opinion independence will
only be achieved through the election of their candidate.
This is diametrically opposed to the FUPI campaign.
U
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If directed to selected representatives on tne
UPR student council, University students, and members of
PIP-Youth, the SJO is or the opinion that proposed flyer
would be fuel to the campaigns of the aforementioned as
well as disrupt and discredit FUPI'S campaign and debilitate the latter's image on the UPR campus.
J
If text of flyer, as set forth 1n re sa.n Juan
let, is approved in light of aforementioned observations,
same will be typed in Spanish language on cheap grade paper
.and mailed from an area removed from the Metropolitan san
Juan district in a·ma.nner that will insure it cannot be
traced to a Bureau employee •
..
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CONFl NTlAL
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(105-3353
'
Mr-_ C. D. DeLoach
Mr.
w.
C. Sullivan
1
·
:,
Sub_O: ' .·. · ·
»\irector, FBI (105-93124)-~::_-;- ·'
-· _ ~C. 1~6 .· iOl
·
CROUPS-- sEEKING 'INDEPENDENCE
',..
-··Mr. T. E. Bishop
t
:r-"6&tl~uan
'
4/17/68
.
1
l
roR PUER'IO RIOO .
a>UNTERINTELUGENCE·PROGRAM ·
(RACIAL INIELUGENCE SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITf - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST ,: .
"'
'
ReBulet 3/14/68 and your letters 2/27/68 and 4/3/68.
I
Enclosed for New York is one copy each of
jus.n letters 2/27/68 and 4/3/68.
referenced San
Authority ls granted for you to translate J.nto ·
Spanish the letter submitted 1n rele~ 2/27/68 and to mat~ it
to selected members of the University of Puerto Rico Student
Cowicil. university stude.rts 1 and members of tbe Independence
Party of Puerto Rico (PIP)-Youth. The preparation and mailing
of this flyer should be handled under the most secure conditions ln order to protect the ·Bureau as the source.::
I
San Juan and New York.should furnish to the Bureau
any information coming to their attention regarding-the
· mat ling of this flyer.
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1 - Nev York (Enclosures - 2)
V
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See cover memorandum
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MAIL.£.Q 2
APR 1 7 1968
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to Mr. V. C. Sullivan,
db>: FMJ:ebb •
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DATE:
•••
··April .16, 1968
~,
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61dloe-Ca11PN.-Callahan-Ceruod--
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T,n/-~--
1'T•11"'.Rooa.
~ROM
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C..--
(1 ._
1UBJECT:
..,, GROUP~ING~· INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
OOUNTERINTELLIGENCE._PROGRAM -· ·--· -•u••·•• •-•-·
.[RACIAL INTELLIGENCE ..SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
,
Purpose is to recommend that we authorize our·
San Juan Office to mail a flyer in the name of a fictitious Puerto Rican group to members of the Independence
\ Party of Puerto Rico (PIP)-Youth and selected representatives ~f the University of Puerto Rico Student Council
and university students. PIP is a legally constituted
\ political party seeking independence for Puerto Rico.
BACKGROUND:
PIP-Youth and University of Puerto Rico Student
Council representatives are conducting a campaign to
·influence the independentist voters to participate in the
Fall, 1968, election. The Federation of University Stu_:.. dents (FUPI) ., a militant independence student organization,
is 'planning a boycott in an effort to influence large
sectors of the Puerto Rican Electorate to abstain~from
voting in the above elections.
•· ·
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�Memorandum to Mr. 'W. C. Sullivan
•~!@~~! ~_EEKINf
I
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·. r'\ .
INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO_
-~
~~BSERVATIONS:
-,. .·....._. . _._. . . \.I.Sll.·t· -appears that San Juan• s counterintelligence
recommendation has definite merit and will be useful in
offering armnunition to those attempting to influence the
people to vote and to discredit a militant organization
of Puerto Rico's youth.
REOOMMENDATION:
If you approve, the attached letter will be
directed to San Juan authorizing it to mail the flyer
under conditions that will insure it cannot be traced
to this Bureau.
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UNITED STATES GO!'(~°'
/~ENT
Memorand
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<utows ·~tfic'1NG" fNl>EPENDENCE
l>Ai'l:, May 28,
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.FOR PUERTO. RICO.
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGR.Al!
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
Memorandum is to·advise of positive results achieved
against the Movimiento Pro Independencia. de Puerto Rico (MPIPR)
es a direct result of our continuing counterintelligence program.
The 14PIPR is the largest, most articulate and most militant of
the groups seeking independence for Puerto Rico.
L)
The Bureau had authorized San Juan to mail a San Juan
conceived leaflet to members of the MPIPR. Leaflet, which was
prepared in the name of a fictitious Puerto Rican group, was
aimed at influencing the people of Puerto Rico to vote in the
Fall, 1968, elections and revealed that the Marxist-Leni~ist
doctrine is an image of terroristic barbarians and not one which
the MPIPR should embrace. It was hoped the leaflet would cau; e
dissension within the MPIPR, would widen the already existing rift
between the ~PIPR and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
and discourage the planned boycott of the elections. The PIP is
u legally constituted political party in Puerto Rico.
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105-93124
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Mr; C.D. DeLoach ~")
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11.r.·T.E. Bishop
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Mr. w.c. Sullivan
1 - Mr. W.R. Wannall ·
1 - Mr.
s.s. JUgnosa
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~emorandum to Mr. W. C. Sullivan
RE:
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S~~EEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR.PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM.
93124
Above are selected examples of the success of our latest
counterintelligence effort against the IIPIPR. Further resultu
cnn be expected.
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ACTION:
None. This is for your information. Additiona~
pertinent results will be brought to your attention.
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D½rcto~,
FBI. (105-93124)
0GR~UPs
..zrdlcfNG
PUERTO RICO
1:NDEPENDERCE
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· 7-25-68
l - Kr.
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IS - PRN
As you are aware. on 7-21-68 the Popular Deaocratlc
Party (PDP). the party currently ln,power in Pue~to Bico.
turned down tbe bid of the present Governor. Roberto Sanchez
Vllella, for renomination to another tera. Sanchez bas
indicated tbat ·1n spite of tbls. be plans to run tor office
on 11-3-68.. Apparently, the party's convention bowed to the
wishes of former Governor, Lu.is Munoz Karin, and noalnated
Luis Negron Lop~z.
·
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This should lead to a lively election period when
.taken together with the various •achtnations in which the
independentists can be expe~ted to participate.
You should closel1 follow the activities of tbe
yarious independence seeking.groups to deteraine their plans
- - - concerning this election. Be especially alert to any plans
ex,
ot these groups to take advantage of the current problems
t0
within the PDP. Submit pertinent 1nforaation received 1n·a
~ E form suitable for dissemination by aost expeditious aeans
u, ~ warranted utilizing caption aost appropriate to information
~ ~ being reported.
=; .. SSlf:ted 4G ~
(4)
-NOTE:
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This type inforaation will be of benefit to the Bureau
and to the _intelligence communitJ, including the highest levels.
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T£L£TYP£ UNIT
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DATE!
AUG 231968
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SUBJECT:
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•: - .:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
IS - PRN. -·- .
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Enclosed for the Bureau are nine copies of' an IHM
laptioned and dated as above which are suitable for
dissemination.
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As indicated in LHM., if the Peoples Party ('PP)
continues its present bent, it could well become an unexpected
gift for the Independentist community in Puerto Rico in that
it provides a ready-made and powerful vehicle to obtain
political power. Although on the surface it appears the party
most likely to suffer from the advent of the PP over the short
term is the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)., the PP
' could well:, 1.n the long term., become a cohesive force uniting
the Commonwealth-Sovereignist group with the more open
adv~ates or independence as the PIP and the Puerto Rican
Independence Movement (MPIPR).
This matter being closely followed by the San Juan
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IHM being disseminated locally to NISO, OSI, 771st
MI-Detachment, and Secret Service.
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-- an (105-3353)
(1 - 105)(Peoples Party)
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UEPARTMENT
OF
J~Q
FEDEBAL BlJBE&tJ OF INVESTIGAT~,
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AUG 2 3 1968
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-~-~.. : ~ E ~ N G ;rmEPENDENCE. FOR PUERTQ RICO
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INTERNAL SECURI'l'Y - PUERTO RICAN .NATIONALIST
ine August 8~ 1968, issue o~ flEl Mundo•. a Spantah
langG&ge daily newspaper published in-Se.n Juan~ Puerto Rico,
! n its politic-al column ••Tras.rondo" • written by AsGocie.te Editor
Miguel Jr-::.. c-,n:t.1n, comm':l:nts 1n detail conc6'rn1~te fa.ct that
i:1cumbent !'4erto Rico Governor Robert~nehez • elle.. having ·
failed to secur·t':. the nomination as ropul.&r De cratic Fa.rty (PDP)
candidate f~r governor 1n the November, 1968, elections, has
. accepted t~~ full leadership or The r~rtido del Pueblo (Peoples .
I·arty)(PFJ and will be that party's gubernator1al cand1a&te in
the coming elections.
~he article notes that~eral key leaders of the PDF,
including Senator Jos~c10"'I'orres
an,, Representative Luis
F;.....a ·e!:ffia.cho., all known as 11 sovereignists". wit.h strong
independentist sentiments, have bolted the FDP and are throwing
. their full support to Sanchez Vilella •. ~hus the PP, origina1ly
formed as pro-statehood 1n nature, has tak~n a •sovereignistn
slant, and could draw the support of the Independentist
}/ community.
.---..
is document contains neither recommendations nor conelusrns
t the FBI. It is the property of the FBI ~nd is loaned t
our agency; it and its contents are not to.be distributed
outside your agency.
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The article likewise notes that the PP, through
Sanchez Vilella, has ~ree access to the Commonwealth Electora1
Fund since, as governor, he is trea~urer of this tund.
The August 9, 1968, edition of "El Mundo• in its
political column "En Torno A IA Fortalezan,written by political
column.1st Eliseo Combas Guer~a, notes the PP, due to both its
former pro-statehood slant and its present Independentist cast,
·has the power to draw votes both from.the Statehood Republican
Party (PER} and ~rom the Puerto Rica;.. :Independence P&rtJ" {PI:P),
well as the "sovere1gn1st• element or the PDP. Hence~ it couid
ir
Ac
�GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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re~sent
a m~Jor ~orce in the November. 1968, election~.
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,:_~..,...:__,:..~ugust 16, 1968, edition of "The San Juan St.'l..rfl. an.·
English language de1ly newspaper published in Ss.n Juan. PJerto . 'T:1'Rico~ carried an article on page one to the effect thet the PP
will include 1n its Rlllt~ a CAl1.;tn:c.. .a.•Jt~ond 2~_11t1cal status
~besctte wnicb wIT1 1nc1ude as n.ne cb~1ce ~orim'Qnweiitli~~mrus
w!th sovereic;ntz" &1milar to.tha.t·ot the British Commonwea.ltb---c-ountries.
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The PDP is the incumbent political party
in Puerto Rico.
The FP is a recently formed political party
1n Puerto Rico presently und~r the leadereh tr of incumbent Governor Roi•erto Sanchez
Vilella, who bolted the PDP in l~te July.
1968.
The FER is the Pro-Statehood Party in
Puerto Rico.
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A characterization o~ the PIP is atta~hed
he:reto.
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APPENDIX
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.,,,.lllli~--::.--.--.. PARTIDO
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INDEPENDENTISTA PUERTORRIQUENO
{Independence Party of Puerto Rico) (FIP}
i068, the
Hato Rey,
erto ico, advise
ar iao noependentista Puertorriqueno (Independence
Party of Puerto Rico) {PIP) is a former legally constituted .
party, which according to its officers, advocates independence
for Puerto Rico through legal and peaceful means. ·
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In the November, 196~, general elections in Puerto
F.ico·the PIP failed to obtain the five per cent of the popu:~~vote required to maintain it~ ~tatus as a political party.
~~e PIP recen~ly completed a successful campaign to secure
•.-:'le necessary number of valid petitions to be included on
the ballot for the November, 1968, elections.
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BACKGROUND: ·:. .. ~
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. '- :/ .... The Camandos·= A.nnados .de L1berac1on. (CAL) is a. pro- · _ ·;,
independence~ group in Puerto·Bico which . ~ ~latmed·cr~dit ..~or_~"'.:· __
1nany .of tbe ~ecent acts o~ .~cendi&ri~m •...CAL re~ently :· . ~ - ·..: ..: ~:
tJirected -bulletin to neYS media and selected pro-independence .-~- ·. '.
individuals in Puerto Rico calling for Puerto B.icans to assist ··
tn sabotage activities and support CAL..
· ·
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<-.·
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: .- ·: _; • - ~ .: .
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.. _. .;·-:. · · ~ :_ Invest~gation by .San Juan ha.a revealed pro-independence
~·aotiv1sts feel ·~that . bulletin ·published· by'_·CAL.wa.s prepared.--.~-.. _. ~
as a trick by police.or ~entral I~tell1gence. Agency (CIA).:_t~.;. ··
expose persons active .in lnoendiariam and all~ a wave o~ ..-.... :·... · :
arrests ·.of lndependentistes for terrorisa._- ~-:- ~ -.:_
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PROPOSED COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IIOVEz·. :·~-· · ... · •
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:-.:·./.~.. -·· ...:.San ·Juan ·.be autbor.1.Zed. t~. proceed .with' .~t~ -.~ec~en~•~-- ~,
oounter1!1te~ligeo~e _·move~~~~~;;\:~:~·... ~·#?-/.::~~ . ._·.. ·· ..r:: :·. : ~·: -· ~ ~--. -~ )-.~;:_~ ;:~:"=,'::-~·:
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If approved,. attached teletype _will be seu.t · · ;:_:.~ ·
l~corporat101 instructions 1or_ opera.tlon by San JuaD·~,:·} 4-:'!-_~::._:.
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VIA TELETYPE
lb-. B',.hrp_-_
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Mr. Carper_·
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Jlr. Cath,h&ll11.r. Conrad._ -
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ENCIPHERED
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<ENCODE)
c1es-1034ss> c105•93124l
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JNCE~DIARISM IN PUERTO RICOI .IS•
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SAN JUAN <105-5208) (105•3353 SUB I>
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FROM
I:
PRI
SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO - COUNTER
l~TFLLIGEHCE PROGRAM; JS• PRN
ON NINE DASH FIVE LAST, SAN JUAN OFFICES Of UNITED PRESS
..:I
JNl~RtJATIOt:AL, ASSOCIATED PRESS, AND SELECTED INDIVIDUALS Alf',ONG
i.
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J~D~PENDENTlSTA ELEMENT I~ PUERTO RICO RECEIVED THREE PAGE BULLETitP
FROM COMANDOS ARMADOS DE LIB£.R-ACl0~ (CAL), OBVIOUSLY PREPARED BY
RtrROOUCTJOI PROCESS, OUTLINING ACTIVITIES PAST AND PLANNED OF
ORGANIZATION AND EXHORTING PUERTO
nCTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF CAL.
RICANS TO ASSIST IN SABOTAGE
AIRTEL AND LHM BEING FOfiWARDED
TO
Bl1RF~ll INCORPORATING ABOVE BULLETIN• · lT HAS BEEN DETERMINED THAT
f"CFLHIG EXISTS AMONG PRO-INDEPENDENCE ACTIVISTS THAT BULLETIN
PRtP~RED BY POLICE OF PUERTO RICO (POPR) OR CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
-A3F~CY AND IS TRICK WHICH VJLL ALLOV VAVE OF ARRESTS OF
iN~tPF.NDENTISTAS FOR TERRORISM.
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PAGE
two · · ·
IN .ORDER
TO CAPITALIZE UPON IHIS, SAN JUAN OFFICE PROPO•.:
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. SES tHAT LETTER BE PREPARED ON TYPEWRITER SINILAR TO THAT PREVIOUSLY
USED BY CAL AND DIRECTED TO SELECTED ADDRESSES ADVISING THAT·
Bt1L!..ET IN NOT ACTUALLY FRON CAL. BUT t:EREL Y AN ATt£rJ>T TO
PL ! SH ARR£STS AS
•.
ACCOl'.-
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STATED ABOVE• LETTER WOULD BE PREPARED IN SPANISH
I.
L~N1UA1£ AS FOLLOWS-
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cor~HDOS ARMADOS DE LIBERACION
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COMUNJCADO IR. 6
,
ESTE ES UN COMUNICADO ESPECIAL PREPARADO POR EL CAL
P~R~ ADVERTIR AL PUEBLO QUE NO SE D~JE ENGAIAR POR EL LLAMADO
•eoLEIIN CLANDESI!RO DE LOS COMANDOS AR~ADos· PUBLICADO EL CUATRO
OE SEFTIENBRE 0£ 1968~ QUEREMOS HACER CLARO QUE
EL C~l OPERA CLANDESTlNANENT£ Y SOLO, SEPARADO DE OTROS GRUPOS 0
IND!VIDUOS. ESTE ·soLETII· 10 ES PlAS QUE UN DEBIL lNTENTO DE LAS
.
AOENCI~S DE REPRESIOfi DEL GOBIERHO COLONIAL PARA HACER QUE EL
....
Pl'EBlO ACTUE DE MANERA QUE 5£ HAGA POSIBLE CONTINUAR LA OLA DE
...
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E~RESI0~ DEL PUEBLO POR LA G~STAPO. 10 SE DEJEN .,
ARP£St
END fA'lE TWO
':
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Y.10 CAIGAN EN LA.TRAMPA; EL CAL NO PIDE LA AYUDA DEL.·
PuteLO. NO S~MOS.COBARD~~ QUE PID~N AYUDA PORQU£ rcr.aLE~S
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tONTINUAREMOS COMUNICANOONOS COii EL PUEBLO COft;O LO ·-·· ·-·
HE MOS HECHO EN E'L PASADO, EN LA FORP1A DE ·coMUIICADOS, • 10 EN
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FOijMA DE FALSOS ·aoLETINEs· QUE NO PUEDEN ESCONDER EL SELLO ~EL.
JMrE~i~LISMO YANQUI.
[STE EN GUARDIA.
INDEPENDEHCIA O MUERTE.
SAr: JU4N, PUERTO RICO
•••••Dg S£PTI£M9RE DE
TP.ANSLATION
1968
Of LETTER IS AS FOLlOWS•
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-ARMED COMMANDOS FOR LIBERATION.
COMMUNICATION IIR • •
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TKIS IS A SPECIAL COMMUNICATION PREPARED BY THE CAL
to ,ovISE-THE PEOPLE NOT TO 8£ TRICKED BY THE SO-CALLED ·cLARD£5T1W£ BULLETIN OF THE ARMED ·COMMANDOS FOR LIBERATION• PUBLISHED
ON NI l'E DASH FOUR LAST•
WE WlSH TO ~,AK£ IT CLEAR
THAT THE CAL
»C:&.;A~~-INEl.Y AND ALONE, SE~ARATE FRON OTHER-GROUPS OR
.
·INDIVJ
THIS-~SULLETII•
IS.... NO fliORE THAN
.
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THE RE
.
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WEAK ATTEMPT BY
ESSJVE AGENCIES ~F tHE:CoLONIAL GOVERNMENT TO TRICK THE
£ND PAGE THREE
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105•335! SUB I
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PEOPL! INTO ACTIONS VHICH WILL MAKE POSSIBLE TH£ CONTJNUATIOH OF
THE: wt.VE OF ARRESTS AND REPRESSION
DON •t LET
NOT
or
OUR PEOPLE SY THE fotsrAPO·~ .·
YOURSELVES BE DECEIVED AND FALL I~TO THE TRAP• CAL 00\ES_
SOLl_CIT THE HELP
OF THE PEOPLE t
WE ARE IOT COWARDS WHO ASK
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FOR ~f.LP BECAUSE WE TREMSLE IN FEAR OF ACTIRG OURSELVES.
VE WILL CONTINUE TO CO~NUNICATE WITH THE PEOPLE AS WE
HAV£ DONE lN THE PAST IN THE FORM OF COMMUNICATIONS, NOT IR THE
FORM
or
FALSE BULLETINS
WHICH CANNOT HIDE TH£ STAKP Of THE YANKEE
U~F£.P. IALIST • .
·-
INDEPENDENCE OR DEATH.
~EON GUARD.
};.
- S~" JUft~J,
.PUERTO RICO
NlNF. DASH BLANK LAST
.
DISSEMINATION OF LETTER MAY BE EXPECTED TO HAV£ TH£
CREATE AN AIR OF UNCE~TAINTY Ar.ONG PRO•
FOLLO~lNG RESULTS-
!~DEPENDENCE ADVOCATES AS TO WH~CH CO~MUNICATIONS RECEIVED FRON
t
C~L APE LE6ITI~ATE 1 SUPRESS TENDENCY.AMONG RECIPIENTS OF BULLETIN
........
:...wa~~R LAST TOWARD FOLLOWING CAL·s INSTRUCTIO~S TO CARRY
-
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s~
WHICH
IAG~ •. PROD
.
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I~!O .RELE~S_£ ~F FURT~ER ~l'll'lUN_ICATIOII~ .. ,
ILL FACILITATE JDENTifl~ATION OF ORGANIZATION.
END PAGE FOUR
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105•3353 SUB l .
FAGF.: FIV
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re1'"·t1ft"\Tn
SA.MPLES OF
--,. .·._· f;·.-
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PRIOR
_CAL LETTERS AVAILABLE.=,.
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. IF BUREAU AGREES TO PREPARATION AND DISSEMINATION
OF
ABOVE
LETiER,
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IT SHOULD. BE PREPARED ON TYPEWRITER CLOSELY RESEIWJBLING tHAT USED .,;.;
hY CAL AND UTILIZING THEIR LETTER FORMAT AND ADDING DATE AT
END OF LETTER•
ENVELOPES SHOULD ALSO BE
CLARJD~D, CALLE
NUEVA
~-
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PREPARED AS FOLLOWS•.,,
PALMA 1505 1 TRAS TALLERS, SANTURCE, PUERTO
RICOt MOVI"lENTO PRO lND£P£NDENC1A DE PUERTO RICO, AVENIDA
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PONCE 0£ LEON 1122, RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO; LIC. JUAN "ARI
!3Ri1S, I\VENIDA POIJCE DE LEON 1122, RIO
P1£DRAS, PUERTO RIC01 COC~ATE,
APt.Rl Al~O 3209, SAN JUAN, .PUERTO RICO 90904 I
PRENSA
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UN IDA
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IRTf'tf!~CIONAL, P .o • BOX 5315, PUERTA DE TIERRA, PUERTO RICO:
PRE!~A ASOCIADA, APARTADO POSTAL 4187, SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
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SAN JUAN,
BP.905 t
ruEnT~ RICO £090~1
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LIBRERIA PUERTO RICO. APARTADO POSTAL 23161.
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lA EST/\CION DE U ,P .R •• SAN JUAN t PUERTO RICO 11931.
SAN
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JUAN WISHES to POINT OUT THAT DISSE"INATION to PRESS
NECESSARY IN ORDER TO LEND CREDIBILITY TO L£TTER. PRE-
PARAtION AND DISSEMINATION MUST ALSO 8£ MAD£·JMKED1ATELY JN ORDER
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BULLETilf SROULD BB ·PREPARBD ·m···· nPl'llllTEB.. BlVIl'G ~A-.8PA?f1SB ~...::~t'!"•: ..
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SUCH A_.IIACBINE JS BOT AVAILABI,B . AT SEAT OF
IN P~TO B.ICO.
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GOVERNKEHT. . .YOU IIAY .WISH TO CO!tSIDER. ·B.EPRODOC'TION _OF. BULL'ETDl
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(If AVAILABLE ·JIECBANICA.Ii'PBOCESSBS n1ca SHOULD JlESULT u.~:; -~~~-.. _:. ~ .
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See memorandum W. B. l'annall to llr. W. C. Sullivan,
dated 9/11/68, captioned flincendiarism in Puerto Bico, Internal
Security:- ~erto Rican Kationaliat," prepared by ERB:brr. ·... ,..
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elapaed mitigates· age.tnat succeaatul .operation,of maaaur.e --:,:/.·:-~,- ,_
San 3u.a.Ji ta.Ung no .turthex:.· steps t.O p].,ace ~nto· operat1on~·1~-J-~-- ;, '·
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FBI ~ (105-93124)- ..
FROM
SUBJECT:
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DATE:
11/14/68
(105-3353 Sub I) (P)
EEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
--(M 110 ftf'f!!LLI6EMO:S PROGRAM}
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IS-PRN
Since October, 1967, a wave of incendiarism and
bombings bas swept Puerto Rico causing damages estimated
in the millions of dollars. By means of letters directed to
) local news agencies a group, self-named the-'Comandos
\ Armados De Liberacion"(Armed Coaµnandos of Liberation)-(CAL)
, bas claimed xesponsibility !or these acts of terrorism and
bas vowed a continuation of their attacks agai_nst u. s. owned
bt1sinesses.
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Recent arrests of individuals associated with
isolated instances of such incendiarism and bombing, however, · .· :
have all been of members or persons connected with the
-Jd'ovim.iento Pro-Independencia de Puerto Rico/(Puer.to Rican
Independence Movement)-CMPIPR), the leading pro-independence
/ . . group in Puerto Rico and!/ in 'fact, during the separatists'
.
celebration of Grito de i;ares/at Lares, Puerto Rico, on
September 23, 1968, JUA~R~RAS, MPIPR leader, made
specific reference to t~e CAL in his speech before an assembled
throng of seven to eight thousand persons and "saluted"
the CAL's endeavors •. Thus, it has been well demonstrated
to the pecple of Puerto Rico, including members of proindependence groups, that the existence of the CAL may well
represent the extension of clandestine arm of the l!PIPR or
at least cellular groups operating within the ambit of
that organization.
In order to exploit this situation, the San Juan
Office proposes tbPt a cartoon be prep~red and disseminated
to select targets in Puerto Rico including members,· sympathizers
or persons affiliated with the 11PIPR,-.l..iga Socialist&
Puer~or~iquena..-{Puerto Rican Socialist League)-(LSD), and the
~
t Party of Puerto Rico-(NPPR), depicting the ..
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B11.1 U.S. S111Jin1,s &mis R,1:,'iit11rl., 11n th, P11.1roll S1111in&/;t;. ·
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A "judas goattt b~arin&; ~h·e· features of .JUAN MAR·~
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BRA-·a-group of sheep through a guillotine carrying·:·.'\."~ ··
the iabel "CIC~' • . The CIC is the Criminal1Investigations · ~Corps, ·the Police of,Puer,to Rico Agency charged.with .investigation
of. incencUarism .and· bombing· -and t~e organization ~-re4:1ponsib.l~ ';.·:..· :-~ ·
for .recent ..arrests ·of individuals connected~·witb such activ_it°.f/·~
Each ·sheep _wi~l bear-~~the name of _an··indfvi_dual.·arrested-·.for·~~-:{.-...:.. ·
complicity i.n·. recent ·.terroristic activity.·· A caricature of · ~.._ ~··.
FIDEL CASTRO will appear in the. cartoon leading MARI BRAS·..
· · ·., andc:co11menting, "Don't worry MARI some sheep must be sacrificed
in each revolution, and . a~yways, I' 11 see that you remain · ..
safe and well fed." __ ._.
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It is· ·expect~d· 'that dissemination
-t.his cartoon~;_-_;·,.-:
will-:11ccomplish .. the. following results:.':/~·:· ~·;:.·, ... ~..~~- ....~.-~~:·,.~:/'{·. ·! .;.: ·- ·.j~:_-., ..
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Poilnt ·out the· ·tact -:and strengthen existing _,feeling-.·. · -~/
that WlRI BRAS and· the MPIPR a·~e responsible for the CAL's
·
actions with its resultant property damage, unemployment, aod
edverse effect on the Puerto.Rican economy.
-~
.:_ . - Act· as a -deterrent to -future action of the ·CAL.·::.~~.,·.\ -~-
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as ·a result of the. e~po~ure__ .and-__pu~~ication of 'ti~ejr i~ent(tY·/.~·: . ·--~~
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J · th· th MPIPR -
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Ren~w-.. suspicion·~that KARI BRAS and ·his. organization
are puppets of 1':IDEL CASTRO,\ an·. alliance which ·1S still ·.
regarded 111 th ·distrust and suspicion among. even the most -·"".· 3
staunch advocates of Puerto .-Ri_can independence. ·
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Create the impression that MARI BRAS is willing
to sacrifice members of his organization while remaining.
in relative safety and maintaining his own well being
Bureau comments regarding above counter.intelligence
measure are solicited.
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�SAC, San Juan (105-3353.Sub ..l) . . . ·1 . . .
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!*ector.
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F~I (105-93124)
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11/26/68
1 - llr. llignosa
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INDEPENDENCE POI ·
PUERTo·--alco , - • .-
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAK
(LATIM-AKERICAR SECTION)
IS - PU
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Beurlet 11/14/68.
in relet is most desirable.
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Bureau feels plan enumerated
Promptly submit sample of proposed cartoon together
with sleeted targets tor mailing and recommendations of your
office.
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SSII: sed (4) ,.
NOTE:
Relet solicited comments of Bureau re counterintel1igence plot of San Juan.
.
In order to exploit tbe pom.bility that the Araed
·.' .:. · .- Collllll8.ndos of Liberation (CAL), group that claims responsibility
:.•· · -~- for ~ecent rash of incendiarism in Puerto Rico., aight be the
.;···· · ''action arm" of the MPIPR, San\ Juan advised of proposal to
prepare cartoon for appropriate dissemination. Cartoon would
in part point out that Juan Mari Bras, Secretary General of
the MPIPR, and his organization are responsible for the actions
of CA.L •. Cartoon would also renew suspicion that Mari Bras
and his organization are puppets of Fidel Castro. It is noted
this alliance still is regarded with distrust and suspicion
among even the most staunch advocates of Puerto Rican independence.
Cartoon would also create the impression that Mari Bras is
willing to sacrifice •embers of his organization while remaining
in relative safety.
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Plan appears sound; however, Bureau-needs finalized
plan and sample of cartoon prior to approval of same.
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SAC, San Juan (105~3353 Sub I)
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oif'ector • FBI (105-93124)~ ;;J
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,!r • DeLoach ·
Mr.. Bishop
llr. Sullivan
12/17/68
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1 - Kr~ Wanna~·
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1 - Mr. Mignosa
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1 - Ill'. Solomon ~.
GROUPS SIBl:IKG INDEPENDENCE 1'011
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGBAII
(Latin American Section)
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aeurlets 11/14/68 and 12/6/68; Bulet ll/26/68i.
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Authority granted for your office to proceed with
.counter1ntell1gence measure described in your referenced
letters~
Advise Bureau when mailings completed and follow
reaction thereto closely through sources available to roar
office. Positive results achieved should be promptl7
furnished to the Bureau.
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6Sll:brr ~,(9)
.. IIOTE:
See memorandum W. B. Wannall to llr. W. C. Sullivan~
dated 12/16/68, captioned as above, prepared by SSM:br~.
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UNITED STATES GO\ @;JMENT
!ifemoraM:t1lm
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DIRECTOR, FBI
(105•9)124)
:SA9, NEW YORK
(105•32872)
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DATE:
12/16/&8
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GROUPS. SEEKING . ..INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUER1Q*JUCO
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(Latia Ame~ican Section)
IS• PRN
ReSJlet, 12/6/68.
I t eopies ot •uggested cartoon are mailed te
Movimiento Pro Independeacia de Puerto Rico (MPI) and
Nationalist Part7 ot Puerto Rico (NPPR) aasoeiatea 1n the
NY area, t~~~iv1aion believes the belov abould be directed
copies ot
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PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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counterintelligence ploy directed .agains'.t Jua
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ras and tbe . . : -~~~ Puerto Rican Independence Movement (IIPIPR>-;-PB is the largest
and most dangerous of the militant Puerto Ric n p o-independence ;..-.. ...: ..- .
groups and Mari Bras is the Se~retary General of the IIPIPR. _Letter.·!
is attached for transmittal to San Juan.
In order to exploit the possibility that the Armed COJDll&.ndos
Liberation (CAL), group that claims responsibility for recent rash
of incendiarism in Puerto Rico, might be the "action Arm" of the IIPIPB,
San Juan advised of proposal to prepare cartoon for appropriate,
dissemination. Cartoon would in part point out .that Marl Bras a~d· .:'.,·
tbe l1PIPR are puppets of Fidel Castro. It is noted this alliance is .
still regarded with distrust and suspicion among even the aost staunch
advocates of Puerto Rican independence. Cartoon would also create ··:- ·
th~ impression that Mari Bras is willing to sacrifice aembers of -bl
organization while he remains in relative safety. Copy of propose
cartoon attached.
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�No need to worry Mari , some
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sheep must be sacrificed ,in each
revolution. In any event, I will
see that you are sa~e and well fed .
Tne,e individuals recently arrested
by Police of Puerto Rico (POPR) .
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JUDAS AND THE·SACRIFICIAL LAMliS
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UNITED STATES GC.::~IJMENT
MemoranUum ·
DIRECTOR, FBI
TO
FROM
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SAN JUAN
(105-93124)
DATE:
1/3/69
{105-3353 Sub I) -P-
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SUBJECT: .. GROUPS_ SEEKING .. INDEPENDENCE
PUERTO RICO
FOR
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COUNTERDlTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(La.tin American Section)
IS-PRN
Re Bulet 12/17/68.
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J4a111ng of counterintelligence measure mentioned
in relet accomplished 1/2/69.
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New York requested to remain alert for reaction and
advise Bureau and San Juan of any positive results. ·
San Juan will also follow as per instructions in
relet •
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Bureau (RM)
~Nt!W York (105-32872) (RM)
-San Juan
12 JAN 8 1969
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1/10/69
Date:
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AIRMAIL
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-292)
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--ecr: JUAN MARI BRAS
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to the' Bureau dated 1/7/69,
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captioned as above.
~~closed for the Bureau, the Miami and New York
· 1 ces 1-1.r', nine copies, one cop¥, and two copiea es.~h
rJ.n LHM rP..ptioned "Cuban Power ' and dated as above.
M.tami and New York are being f'nrnished copies·
,,.:;ncJ r-sed LHM due to their overall interest 1n CUnan
er · •1.tters.
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(RM) {F.nc. 9)
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. 1-105-·176790) (Cuban Power)
! '.-105-93124} !Cotmtcrintelligencc Program)
. '-105-75715
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MPIPR)
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(MARI BRAS)
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It hao been determined ~-.ha.t the letter rccai·1cd by
A.c;socinted Press and set forth 1n enclo::;ed ttcncrandtmt has", ~:..::.:.
;·~·:fived some publicity in local r.r!Wa media, includ~1g 2•ad~~- J'.?/.'.
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• In light of the above, ' he Sa..'l ,Tlian Of f1:e
._,;_ the letter affords a unique opportwiity to exploit the~ ,i' ·"~~ •.·· , .,.
lP.:··,Jing of a vehicle of JUAN MARI BRAS on 1n/69 1 and the
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1,~ttllca.tion of the letter 1n view of current Intensification· ·.....
T 1 "~ram and efforts 1n the ca:mter1ntcll1gcnc:e field.
,. · · ·
Upon authorization tro?n th.e Bureau, a lotter will ·'.·~--.. '·:
·, ·.lirccted 1n the Spa.ni3h language to the Associated Press,
·.'"',; PrePs and the th.!"ee leading newspapers 1n tho San Juan .:· ..
· , ,:'IhP. San Juan Star", ' 1El Mundo 11 , o..,,_d "El Imparcis.l".
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! .-:. ·t •'" will be prepared on a. typew1"1ter exhibiting
·
•,p.·; ",.1.,....~·ics similar to those 1n the letter rcce1vod by the:· . <
,r:tt.~~-cd Press and set forth 1n cncloced IJiM. All soc~it:,
~r.ut.i "'ns will be taken 1n connection with. the writing
·
ha.ndl.lJ·.g oT"tnis letter. ·.
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The letter under consideration is as follows:
"~e~ond Open letter to the Pue~to Rican People:
· · nAs we a.."UloWlced 1n our previous letter, -wo w111 not ··
·.tn .inactive while some pigs, as arc the leaders ·-of tnc
·
,._ • .trolento Pro T.ndependoncia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR-P..1erto Ricll.I'1.
,1 '?pendenco Movement), corrupt· and dcat.?'oy the foundat 100
. . ~;his democratic society and ·the peace and freedom which
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-"Already the traitor JUAN MARI BRAS has felt the
· of ~ur dedication.
~jfith this act of 1•etr1Lut1on~ we sot into motiozi,;
. .::dly hesitation, a-caJnpaign of action, ·.1U3t1f1cd
i:f, .....cil.! ~- (; subversion of the pr1nc1ple3 of democracy -which ··
- ~ 51:t:: a~ : ;.gly bacn under attack by these strident co?DDatnists.
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W1th the commemoration ot the Tenth Anniversary of
!CI.PR, we have su.ecessfully initiated this cann:>a1gn whoae
,.. 1. iP. to stop the adv8Jlce of' the communist groupc 1n Puerto
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"Long live freedom! 1
Lc~g li"1e Cuban Pa;1er ! ! "
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Tile Bureau is requested ·· o ,,xpcditiously give
.: i.derat1on to th:i.s matter 1n ora..:.r that the full iILpa.ct
1c letter may be realized.
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CUBAN POWER
;~ERliAL SECUPITY - C:~i: ·,
Rofo:.. <.=n~e is made 'to FB:!: ::.~?;..C•:!'o.!ll!·J..:::: dr:...:.~-:.
:~uar~,. 7, 1969., captioned ".;-.;;,.~: M..;R: EF_;s, :~·.::E:RIA'!.:
···x;URITY - PUERTO RICAN NATICiiAL~S:' 11 •
"Wo Cubar~.£ wh:: have ten:~ -..~ic~o·.,..~1~- c.n~::...<'.::::.
..,.,lC'"lad Cl;.t,.:.. :.. 1...·v o U:.:.:.t(!c. r"Ol" t:·?.~ ·;,~1.:..";o:::: c:,:·
:·1ghtinb :or one single goal: ...;~:e :.::.::~i~·;;.~:!.on r,:"' ~t..-r·::..
·.7 ! i_:L t '.is glor1oas purpose WC d*'.:ClS.1:"r1 C~J.l' nol~tr.:•1 t:r
·-;'J.?' -b!'others 1n di""e:.>sc c~t~e~ o~ ti1"S u. s. ·.;~10
:.),.:;~n c..ble to take -tr... e nece:~~a~:-y ~-J&..:;tn'·::r ..;o p1t.-..::...;··.
-( ,103e: who sy:npath~ze w::.::~h ar.:.d su~po:;.·t i:t.. ~ 0:1::.cun t~.-:-~~1~.:;i L~n has exte.r.:.dcd itself O\• ..!!.. th•.? bc:~ut~!u:. !.:-:i.,:,.:>6.
of Cuba.
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uTt 1s a rr. ct that our brothel'!l 1-11 the :.i. s.
· ~ r~<tt "the punishin:r force of a sr.o:.. i:signted So::..·th
~~~ ,olicy, but neither they ~or w~ w~:: bcw dew-~
· - ·· :1 policy.
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.: ca:na to P!.lel'to R~co soC::k:!.~g rufaga
;. .;: gcw::rous Puerto Rican p\:?oplc offc~".:c it. to
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-~~ocratic society.
"Our plan:
the libcratior. of C-"f:>a.
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·.er~ of s.11 enemies of democracy whoreve~ tha:t :.&.y
''Long live c·,..lba! t
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Er!clu~cd for the Bureau arc five copies ot an /4"
L!W captioned ".Assaulting-Killing of .federal O!ficerv .
·.
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Loca. 1 d1saem1na tion is being t:iade to v. S.
;:, \ .· · :. ·; ~ Secret Service, San Juan; Naval Investigative Service
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~ ~ ~t.:! Off ice, 10th Na v11 l District; 171st Military Intelligence·
~1 - Det&chment; Ofi1co of Special Inv~stigations, Ramp( Air
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CON~ENTlAL
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•Both of the abov'C:tioned persons are.closelj
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a lied with tho 1.1,.~•.,.}1 ··1·~ or
tt,e Partido Socialista · ., ·
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Obrero (Socia list Wort.;cri,; l'arty) (:PSO).
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Proper dis~~"'i.nation of the matter bas been
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or the San Juan Office and the Police·.,. · ·:·
of Puerto Rico, San Juan, l'Uerto Rico.
made to all agents
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LHM is being cl1ssified "Confidential". in order -~._:~ :._, .~o protect the identity ot the inforaant, the unauthorized ·· ." · ·.. <iicclosurr: of which •h,::ld 1,.,,r1cally result in the identi-.
~ ::'\..t .!. t~. ~-D Of the iufo!'N'\ ,:1 ( ~ t',J thus prove detriment& 1 to
~be i~iure successful u~e uf the same person.
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h~:;J· (!O est:ir....11:ed r:.eJ",bf=rhiar:- c,i t;~;;w~~r, !>OOC :ar~d :,300 {.£.cp:.6
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that it Cl.C ~-..... ~ &J\·vc!l?c: v1cl,:,n~~ UU't 1ii'OU1d ac.:.1c:;:.t :M·i:'Ub~rs lir~O
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held
of S~ut Vietn~~ and tro~ises of mat~rtal sur.pcrt in the for~
of medicine and mon,!y.. Also inr..lud~d ,iere a resolution of
solidarity with .. Black Power" ic the Ur.dted States,. scd an
express:!.on of solidarity u.·ith the ''National !:,.. berat1on"
movements in Vctezuela, Columbia, and Guateir.ala.
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Bourairtel and LEK 1-28-60 entitled "Assaultlpg~
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!alling a Federal Officer.
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In view of information~ in re alrtel, insure that
,
this matter and that every precaution J.a exorcised to lnsure
Bureau personnel are not lured into any situation where sue»: :l
a plan could be carried out.
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,
All illterviews ehould be carefully planned bearllag
in mind background of aubJect to be 1Dten1ewed and bis
potential tor violence. Conduct all interviews 1D such a aanner
thnt Agents a.re in control ot altuation at all tlaes.
V
Remind all Agents of current Bureau regulations which
roquire that except in those few lnst1.11ces 1D Wblch carr,ing :_ · .
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Promptl7 advlsc...,tho Bureau by aost expcdltlous
na warranted 1n all caaes ~~re Bureau Agents encounter
t7pe of resistance.
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�Airtel to SAC, Puerto Rico
.
4Cili iBLnlAt·
RE: CillOUPS SEEKING INDf~ENDENCE POR PUERTO RICO
105-93124
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;. _~ \-..:-. Pertlnent·1Dformailon concerni!g the above furnished.·:_.
locally by Sall Juan -to th~ Police. of Puerto JU.co,- Secret .. .--~J..t :)·: ~.
So1-vlce, and local ailitary··agencles. Information being·; ·
·
furnished at SOG to State, Central Intelligence Agencr,
the m111tary, Secret Service, and the Criminal and Internal
Securitr Divisions of the Department.
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·r-1~0RMATIVE NOTE
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- Date
1/31/69
This intormati.
h
to Police of Puertoo: as been furnished
agencies and Secret S1co1 local military
and at Seat of Gov
erv ce, both local!
San Juan bave beenerdnmient. Agents in.
av sed of the plan
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Information in tt b
be furnished to Stat a ~c ed will also.
gence Agenc
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Security Divisions o~ tmbnaDel and Internal
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ASSAULTING -
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A·characterization of the J4PIPR
appears in the appendix attached
hereto •
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In the latter part of April, 1968, a
new group called -the PSO issued a manifesto in the western section of Puerto
Rico·as an independence for Puerto Rico
group aligned to the Liga Socialista
.
Puertorriquena (Puerto Rican Socialist
League) (LSP).
" .
CONFIDENTIA
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Excluded fr
grading and
- Group
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This document con ta ins neither reco.mmendations nor conclusions of the FBI._ It·
is the property of the FBI and is loaned to
your agency; it and its contents are not to
be distributed outside your agency.
; •.
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ASSAULTING-KILLING OF FEDERAL OFFICEfi
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CONFI~
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A characterization of the LSP
in the appendix attached
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�APPENDIX
1
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LifA SOCIA.LISTA PUERTORRIQUEU'A
~~ertu .Rican Socialist 1/4:ar;ue)
..
.
.
{LSP)
A source advised on Janua:r"J 13, 1964, that the LSP was
·
fo1'med 1n early JanuarrJ, 19611,., b;y· JUA..~ ANTOUIO CORR.ET.raR.,
uho had resigned frora a top leadei--ship J..,osition 1n a.not-he~
Puerto Rican pro-indepenci.ence ol..:_;Ai1!zat1on 1n Octobar-., 196.3.
CORRETJER formed t.he LSP troru. a group or 1-oung men who were
described aa being militant> Ma~xlst-or1cnted ar..d devout
f~llowers of CORRETJER.
·
A:cordj_r..g to the source, CORRETJER's aild in the fo:rtrY.1tio~
of the LSP was to have tJis own or~anizs.tic·n with t.he D'Plf.t~rs
completely 1ndoctr1natt:ci. 1.1 tlie th~ories of Marxism aria
!.eninism. · The LSP waa foi-mecl on the socic:tl1stic t;!oncept wi'"-!l
the purpose of str1v.'.. ng !'or the in.df:;per1df'nce of P"..ae~~ R.lc.o
\'1th the u.l 'tima te zoal be in~ the e:;. ta'Ll1::ihm-=nt of an
1n1epe:nder..t buC ialistlc typt:,. of E;cvernm.er.t; for Puerto Rlr.~ ..
According to reco:-·ds of tht' or.rice of I::.~.~ llit;~l'l.Zt:-, Fvlic-=
of Puerto Rico (OI# POPRj., tht-~ LSP cll!'"rer.ltl~r inclu.ues cit-:·_}!thi1"ty mE':r.iber·;;, mainly in the San Juan:- Pu1::r·to Rlc.o.,
r~etropolh;a1.1 area., Ponce arnl Q!J,l.nic.1-1., Pue1.. tn Rice. Tt~
LSP also ..ia;J a sraa.11 group ol.· sy!'Dr,ath.izers :in mm York C!.ty
and maintr.i.ins f'rat:erns;.l rE'lst.ivn~ ..-,1tr.. tw~ Ht:\·/ Yc-r-1~ C1 t.~,
Marx1s t gr·:>ups, the work~1 . s \:J,:>rld Paz,t. . y (WllP) and t ht.i ·
Progreesiv~ Labor Party (PLP).
Th~ LSP ha.n t\·10 m3.1n publ1c.:=tt,1"~no, th~ 11 corr-eo de la
Quincena" (CDLQ) and 11 Pabellon 11 bc,th in r~t:wsletter fc!"'r!l:i.t.,
but also p~blishes ma.ny leaflets., pamphlets and reprints of
Cuban Premi.er FIDEL CASTRO's speeches. In addition., t!:t?11
LSP diss<::minates the PLP newspape1•J' "Cha.ller,ge-De:ss.fio., 1!:..
Puerto ru~o.
LSP leader CORRETJER and LSP m~mcers, durin~ the latce~ p5.:!'1.;
of 196G and the tirst pi.i.r-t of 19.>7, l-vl.Vc at~a~ked, in p·..1bli(.
speecJ,Js as well as in LSP publicatio~, obl1Bators
,,. _
mill tQ.~- sc.·r·v1ce for Puerto Rican.a. Tl1e September 24 .• J.9':,"b.,
editi9i.:: .c1 11.El Mundo," a Sl}anish-lau;;-uag~ daily n~wspaper -:... ~.' ,
lis~d at san Juan, Puerto Rico, car1\.:.ed an article · ..
r~ ol"tina that durir.&o a speech the Pl'evictls day at an
·
:-:- ·
eµ(~l:J.entlst COmDlt..iH.vrat1on# CORRETrJER .i1.ad urgeu P....;.ert~·;,. . ... ·....
n.1 .an ye:·i.1t-h t:o resist obl~gatory military serv~ce b~ gtu·..!':1~e_ ·-, :·
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MOVH!JEN'fO PRO--·INDEPESDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO
-~~;~~.:.: to Rican l~~~.Ll::!!!~!!ce- Moverr.~t)
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The MPIPR ttRS organized ir,. ~nve1r,bE-1', 1959, at. f·c,rC"s:·.
J'P,:Tt o 'Jt1co, to work fer the 1ndepend€Dco of Pue rte· Ri~o.
l t · ·t:- .·
h-as r.n ·estimated eembership ot between l ,000 ar,.d 1,300 if.or,le · · - · · ·
with missions throughout the island of Puerto Rico and tn
New Ycrk, New York; Chicago, Illinois; and Buffalo, 5ew York.
.
.
At tl-l~ tiu,e the MPJPR was organized, it indicated
.·- --
· .... :
that it did not advocate v10Ience but would acc&pt aembers 1rho
d·l ':'
JliAN ltARI BRAS, the. founder and domir.ant leader cf this
.
: ·Lat ion, ~ n a speech rlu :rJ :,g March, 1964, three ter.ed vi<; 1er:ce
. · . :ble tr.......:.:.t ir. l'" ·
it
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· · .,uerto Rice beU1'f-
~c£ report~1 l~-1966 .
te within the UniA
_:•.·' a leader c,f the .MPIPH. ha:;., indica LLJ that "tbe He,voluti,-i~"·
·r\Jd soon bcgir.. and another source advJsed that anott.cr
:=11 l of ~h:i.r:; orp:ar..ization bas atter·: ··cd to obta1n a
· ·• 1Jt:?T of autorrdl tic pistols.
1
Articles praising FIDEL CASTRO ar.d th~ Cuba~
· ·· ~ .... ,._ent r~(""lP.rly ar. pe.·&r ir, the MP-I.PR r,nblicattc.ns. Jn
1
the MPIPR adoit~d a resolution erpr&ssing a 100 percect
, r=" 1 of and scl1d.iri ty with· the Cuban revolution. · It
t a delegation to the Tri-Continent~l c~nference of Africa~~
· ~i·, tnd Latin Arr.eric11n Pt.ople, held in Ka vat.a! Cuba, duTing
.. trn2ry 1 1966, and it auintain& a s;.-1,;.rm,nent-d.a-legate to the
.~t~crt- ts .~ia t located in 1ia var...a.
41
Tbe rrcss of Fuerto ~1co bas report~d t~a~ ~he ~PJPR
h~~
h~I,t nu•erous de.mc,nstrations prott:sting cc,l'lpulsor7 ,t:1lit:1ry
of Puerto Ricans and United States policy in Vietue ·
·~·" Doa:.inica" Republir
'~3
In .D1::cember..
. •. .
... .)r of Puerto R1 co sigr..&d
J~w a bill calling tor a plebiscite on July 23, 1967, to
··"."·~~~·1!:jae the future political status of Puerto Rico. The
_· · .:bisc.: te dencun.ced vociferously by the KPIPR as "an act ot
. ·10
· -~?tee imperialism to 111aintain the colonial status of Puerto
~- • . ,:, = '' resu J. tell 1 n an o verwhe laing endorsement of the prBsen t
~ ~c Associated State status.
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Resolutioos adopted at the 7th Nation~ 1 Assembly
. . ·:~ ;('
held 14 late April, 1968, at San Juan, Puerto Rico, inc_luded
.·· ..1 .ii.·exf)resd:ions of solidarity with the National Liberation Froo.t ·,·~ ..:,;."="'·
of South Vietnam and promises of material support in the form ·
of medicine and money. Also included were a resolution of
· -~.
soH.darity with .. Black Power" in the United states, and an
expression of solidarity with the "National Liberation"
movements in Venezuela, Columbia, and Guatemala.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_007
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967/1968
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 5 (204-263) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 5 (204-263) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s