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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_011
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 5- EBF 222 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 5- EBF 222 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a0c8d3da8bc83f31a97a11cdfd6d2e95.pdf
aef3926d10ef94aaed3e88570b80d334
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
-- -
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
VOL. 3- EBF 196
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
-
_,,.....---.
�NOTICE
1
.
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTIQN
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED .
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_010
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3- EBF 196 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3- EBF 196 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0f1dc633aa293c2b40bacb4dc7a07e9f.pdf
b4c9561ba110e094bcec9b09c0b39886
PDF Text
Text
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FOIP A COVER SHEET
_;:::..,_
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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
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SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
VOL. 3-147 EBF
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
�NOTICE
1
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESU~T OF THE CONDITION
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DIAGRAl\lADORES:
Luis AndrC'ani P.
Claudio Doyhamboure L.
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275 Madison Avenue.
.'\tew York 16. N. Y. En el Ja• ·. 110n: New Japan Representatf·
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nullonarios). Pero desde el pun. · va &e estaba crcando vcrdade-"··"ti o una fui:a_.:}:i~
le ocurra nada. Esto, unido A to y hora en que la frane<>· · ramente. El dia en quc lc.s sa- er.; a<lemis ;.ma ~:
la ·. acomodHda sltuacllm rinun· americana Jacqueline Bouv_ie,· lones de la primera mansi6n _. ·· ba la v1dkfii1~ali·,
dera-·de'"i\i" farniHa," y a SU ·co.' - enlro a formar pa rte ' del - clan:---yarlquf' -,; -~abrieron·-pua°·q·ui:: -~--Prime~a1? oafo~,
nocida Hficion por los depo1·tes. fueron ademas la suma de 1c1 diera en ell~ un concicrto P.il· . qui::r cri" ' H)\':tiii:,
la,- arte.ti y Jos especticulos pudistinci<'.n Y del refinamicnt 11 blo Casals y la tarde en que 0,:. ·estaba la ~sider.
hlicQ!.. hlcieron de Jacqueline europeos. : Los grandes artistes .. Ja.c:°kie cit6
''t~ ni ra7°J;;; cie. los· ·
una mujer triunfante 'Y adora- eran &US invitados. Los pin lo- moso escritor existencialist,; ~---.nauta Jo~.Gli°r.
hie, que cauti,•aha a todos no res mis famosos Jes vendian SUS Norman Mailer el ' ,:>als
caballo"'con··~ii'm~:
solo con SU belleza esplendoro- _ Cuadros. Los musi~ tes· dedi- prendi6 QUC cstaba frente a im.
co,mpras · e~-~ ~-l
~a sino con la desenvolturn r caban
primera audici6n . de ... portantes cambios. De aqueUos :;i,corrla el .Adriatic
..._...... m~
parn Ir por ·~do~de le plaz.
· · : . ca y con quien le plazca sin quc
·-a:·'iorur et
Kennedy~
com• -~
la
.:~i~~.:-.
/:=-~~:!;/~:~Jii)~,.-:t~~::~ ~soa::i ~!~:~ititlt}::tt~f.c;,;~1;;f;::;;;:;fif~i~~~'
6
· .. ruandu Jacki~ .se ca.,;o cou Casa Blanca todo es!> hallo._un ·- bellisima : esposa:::)Jackte i!i K~~~-4°!-Amn~f_i;{~lf
Kennedy. i-c vio que aqueHm: . marco de superior grandeza. ned}·.
. .
' · s:.i d~ · lo3 · -.ecin:)~i""'·'cronlstas de Washington ·'·t1:: ...; '.. :" : ·..:..;;?/::;:"',;:~.;.;',;.;:,/,_. '- ~-.,>·.
.. tes, y ;.el . as~~ :d.
a t ributos pet~nales~ ·.. :·a9ue!.1~?'41?:!
1
habillL'i delicndos pero ·at1daeh :\,,_.estan contestes en q~e ..n~· !'!'·.:::. AHOB'
=...~
,-21,ihti.'da'ife1impl~r
rte muchacha de gran mundo. bo jamis una Primera_ ~amot,1.:""DEPOBTEs7i:~d~i:mr. ·. . · 0·ci;'1os"p'3 l~~('rftn una ,..entaja 'm as bien que
de tanta distinci6n nl fue 'ln_ .. VIDA-AL. Aiiiiri.iBRE •.
cia montada. e'r.i
un estorbo en la nueva \'ids . Casa Blanca mlrada , con tan .... ·
,. , ., .. ~;~(_·,,.. , .. :..:, , · ·•. ~ . , .- e1. Pakistfini
roi/tos~#'.rrt:;:~~... .
·oo,
pUblica
:·~;:~f;~~~~::=~-~·,8~::=::;;~~{;;::~ .
��",..
......
c_
• .
---~-- ~~-
B
AILA un poco de r~encol -grit6 a carcajadas
Hernando de Soto al aplicar
la antorcha a la 'planta de los
pies de su prlalonero tnca. El
lndlo solloz6 y se contorci.6 sin
pronunclar palabra. No podla ·
.grltar. El eollar de hlerro que
·1e anlllaba el cuello le habla
hinchado la lengua y ista le De- naba la boca coma sl fuera una .
eaponJa reseca.
..
· -iCaJamarcat -sibll6 De Soto apllcando la antorc:ha por
segunda . vez. El lndio recogio
sus pies chamuscadoa y los
agarro. Ahora oscilaba como un
pendulo. pues una tirante · reata estaba atada del collar a la
rama de un 6rbol. Su rostro se
tom6 azuloso cuando el collar
le ahogO SU dfbll resplracl6n.
antorcha. Reuni6 Iu pocas fuerzas que le quedabnn para sacudir una WJ mu··1a- cabeza· ne,;s:.,
gativamente. De
elevo, las'.,,.
manos, presa de una gran de·
Soto
::1::~.;~: =-~:r::~!~~:~, _; ~f~~t;'i~i~sesperacl6n, Y
zancadas cru•
animal y ~ste salt6 hacia ade·· ·
.·~,., •. - ..:!-}}~.
tlranclo hambriento de la
, ··,·.::. ,.
trailla en direcci6n al indio.
p Or
~
-jCajamarca! _,-rcpitio una<' .. ,~r'· ta
;,:;i-::ii'·u·';.:...,...,.._o,,-3!·'.
vez mis· De Soto-. De ·1o con:
U
trario el•perro de,;orari tua pies~.·•:-~! ..".· . ·- -~ . _ ·-· · ...... .z11. ...ii.>.~".t.
1
asados •.• · ··:·'' ' · ·•;... "'''S',;~:y~/ J~iJ·}{ ...
8
.
_' .w:·::. ·'.~Jll:?t{~ ·,( ~~V . ~ ~;• :S~;;:tf
posaderu. del indio. InstantA- ·
el nativo estiro el es-'
pinazo y apoy6 otra vez SUS
pfes quemados eD }a tlerra.
-iCaJamarca! -repiti6 De
Soto. Et indlo conocla esa palabray le temi.a mu que a la·
neamente
8
,-.:-."-:~=·'
lanie,
LY N B
·o
-·- CUEVAS~
,.1:;i;,.. ~,..
~r!f...JJ..,
7
-.- ·
:·~~·~:;~~-"?.~t~i~i~:i~1t~~1wii?~ii1~··
.,,..,. .
" ! : ~.......
~.*~""'~~. .
�.·-:;. ,~~ !~.a1:~~j~f!iJ.
l~rro.~;··¥ ~ d
·yac1
e
' del. indio.~ ~
1;.'fi -. - ;
Levariten
~f;Mont~;p'\~nlen
.• . expedjd61ff1e'T' -
·-- '"rnac16ii·de~
- . adentrandose~':n'
t.a~o r.iontafi;iK:
i.·.
..... ~ .
puest.a_. ~~4:~~
les, la . rnitad~(le.y<
a caballo,y~nih
: dos ·
.-
-·. ·t()
..
vestfan"tif'~1
-·- ·-- ;·~··-~ ·
el' sacerdote,:t,c.
. ataviad-,- conTu¼h
. chado.
Sotf a ·: a
chaba a la" .viigi.;
iba' la - tniantelfii"l
con De
~- ··
.,,...,....._
IL"". •.._,
Una~~·
:recuir;··de'-'·~u~~
tones
ce ;;,.··-- :.~:.;.,
piez~
grande:..
~~:. hierro·~
.,_ la
fundi~.cJ!
retaguard~de
- ··- .,.;'-'l:,it~
·-. · A los ;y~~~...@!i
- vacion-el~ot:·n.
nivelaba entre dos
Una vez mu el Indio sacudi6··
negativamente ii cabe:za, y en•
-· .
tonces De -Soto
·solt6 · al perro. f .
Seis rninutos mas tarde el cuerpo inerte del Indio qued6· col.
·bol
ha· d
gado d eJ r
; de Jo e sw;
tobtlJos no' habla nada. El peffl'I
:;~\~~[tf:5t~J?~t~di.v~; .
·hacer que wi Indio sopoitarn
tisimos. En ~es~e~:
mutilado fue 1\jado· d;l arbol, detuvo la 'miirctia~
te. Se sent.la:'.m;~~i
De Soto en'· penona · devolvi6 el
. . -... ...,,.,._)"~~{
Santa Espaf\a en demonlos que coJl~r · de hierro al cargamento del .'.l.ll"e enr~~~
la adrnlnistraban?
de otros cincuenta instrumen· punto d~, .-~ : ~
En · ..- .,..., · -.,oma.rca
rAcft
· . · · ,..· .
• · cuando divls6 por~ ·
..
• era eI2
~ 2 e.. ~!>"t':'!.~-.iguales__ que los .::..:.. .•. . ·- ·i,""-.....:.~ ·nornbre de una cludad anldada .· conqulstadores
transportaban ··. .10 ·. que
u~.. ._,., •.
. le habla devorado los pies.
en lo alto de los Andes perua• al lo~c;, de una mula. Luego fuc_:, l~cia ~ue~~~
~.r
-iMuy bien hecho, Don Her.
nos. Se trataba de wia ciudad a reunirse con Pizarro, qwen ·· diez mil P}~ ::. ......J~
nando! -grun6 el general espa.'. que en cierto modo posela es• estalia' royenilo una piema de ~so, .~ro ~bnll~ga
nol que habia presenciado ·el
interrogatorio desde el_ horde
del claro. Este era Francisco
0
tan diab6lica tortura y de con• vertir a los caballeros de la
0
b_
_peclaJel ·ca.racterist1cu,· ~a que,;;)~balC~!8~::.:f~~-~-}~;hogue-,'1--,,::;~~;~_$
se deda que 10& tech01 de ,us ra del campamento.
·
·
·, "'~d.(.;.'.;edlfica.clones · eran de oro. Pero.~-· Don Francisco -le .dijo- no
-iDOn., ...
Franclsc
.
,,,,,.~
'·. .' .
Pizarro. el t~tor de~ ~oto en .. despuh de todo, fue una C!u_~f. ~~ hacer _habl~~ ,,a-~~.! ~j:.'f~:l.°1~.
·~ .~ .z ~
::;t:-, :,:; ~materla ~.. ~elda~ .. a~q~~~ _' paC!_flca . hasta que ~ Soto~· Yt pal8J;101_· y,.n1_-s1~¢era·',t~~~_;,+.rw;~i~~~
·-;-clertamente · las· relaclones que ·. Pizarro convirtleron su .nombn:.· :· Ja seguridad de . ~~~...!a .~i~d~d ;1}>all'?
.~.~¥~
· •.
tos wiian pasaban de _ser atgo·~· en sin6nimo de saqueo._- No obs-·- exfsta realmente. 1;t-;"'·1~_::h~·"~-ii'r :'· columna. D~~;..¾~L
·· \
mis que las de un alumno y
tante, eao vino despuk. Lo q\le
-il..a ci'1dad existe! -repuso dos los . dos :P,;rm~.
!IU maestro. E1·an rivales en
De Soto tgnoraba· aquella ma·'. \ Pi~.··: y:·"voy~-"a-"."decirle :at.?·'·, silencio:':Lo~~-t~oai
crueldad. sed de mujeres y an-·
era que· la 'ciudad dora~' · go ,·:ace~it·de \ estos '.,.,.paganos. Cajam9rca relucln~:
slaa de oro. Y Cajamarca cons·
da .de Cajamarca yacia a me- EUos ci-een ·_que som.os" die>S4$-:~ jos brilJaban_.~!l'~:
tituia la clave de liUS deseos.
DOS de un dia de jornada d~ ·; pofflu'etenemos.,:i,b.r'pletbian~~~males" en los\~~
.i. Cual era el poder de esa
ciaro del bosque donde torturo . y cabalgamos
rnonstruos. . de. '" ojos espa fic,les .. s~~i.~:
misteriosa palabra. capaz de a su victima lnca.
cuatro patas. CUando lleguernos ~ ·nubes Uena~n eLvall
..
.~Jf
fiana.
0
en
#
~~(,,.,;,,:,,i~c~;k:£i'"~0,J;¥•rZ!,
C~cJ,~' ~f/~~~#!i:itf!ltti¥ill~~~,Jf:fi,;~til
�~~~-~.
1
·
-: •
~
.•
·
estaba~ cerce:fA{lo:J!!go.;;all~~.. e J;
nadas. Entonces hb:o otro · dis-*'?° sagrada: Cogi6~,..e11~1
,.. ,·de · Pizarro .,Y ..
~ pa~ ~- e1 _~.~~~~~L~ .~~~n<~r~~~!~ y
virtleron en cuenteclllas negras.~! to; una ~ flecha> li'u·:.a:-:golpe6 -. au : cruz6J el puente · hasta:;:_llegar; al~ t ~uciente ?·auperficle':•l. 1
Hemaniio:!~1Jo-·"ei"'ll'ite1mo"i";''reiioi6·: ~ ~~erae·,,.. ~'fd71a~am~::A1:r-~':'"desm~
;~~}~;\
J
_ron la eluded~:..... , pa~lo
!!MJoi~i~~..~rWY..~~gran ;_suerte
·r·":· refiejo y nuevamente los ojos}J~d~·gue:su 'cabeza ~estuviera
ba-
.. l<h~~~1t
~!.. So~·:.~~~i;~-~:&.~~:~leji:~~.,?,:!li~~~-
•
r-Don-r
irenera1.-:.:· ·un'iesorctvisto no· es .,. ·en 1as protunw&id~eJ ·~;.-=c- pariir' &te:esie~sTt1o:el :·descenso~-£:: Tei~·:,·:~
,,..,_,.
~
..,.,.,~.~ .. ~-- ,.)
~
"Cl'--.:,:,.,.cy.,..-....,__..~ . , - r ; . ;
~
"'
...
~
.... ~ . . _
..
"""""'"'
,m tesqro ganado. ,Prosigamos!. Si· el conquistador hublera -es• fue~ ttlatlvamente·· fAcil ·. Y:.;__ati'"'.:- tejas con' pint '
,.:;...,-,:,,:.,!..
:::-ertt6 De Soto., En-~, tado:ii-ecto en)a:montura, la' atardecer~·.1mt:conqulstadoreL ~j-~ ···5' :d•"•t'"
'/.;'~:.:;.,..,~-h -·SH
.. ,. '" ',:::::.
., !f, ....,t,.#- --~ ·-,J;• .,r,J:~- ,....., .. 'I,-._. .,,,,, ...~,.-.........., ................ ~·-.
··--c-~ .,..;:..:;.:(.., - "' a--·' -- ~ .. o.,d~j.VJ rlado!
.,
'seguida ~pole6 -~ eadballo
pudiemndsl~~~~~~:~~tl-~~iPii.am,;'que~'iooa~~a
da adelante, ~ ~ e ,.r:epente. · gargant:e,.::.1..V: ·,·· ·- ., ~, :~ ..,_ · · puertas e -.,-.-.. ..a: . ,.;, :-' -:-.;- ha fuera de Ja.sf'.i · · '
tuvo 'que frenarl~:(_El_'.~~~#-':. Al
la vista, De Soto
-iDOD Francisco! . .'. iDon /~". -jMaldita~,f
. termmaba..abruptamente al bor• •. vio a seJs inc:a.s . en el lado Hernando! --8l'it6 una v~. :P~L;. Piza~. 1 , Sig'itn
.. ,1
i de de~"~.,~~,~ profun~o•. :_ opuesto. ~i.·, ~~- .. enarbola:-/ hombn; _ae_ ~bria ~
, ~- •'. ., que !lf.1:!~do :."C? podia vt'l'le·· _ban rudimenta!_i~;.~Chas 1 COn, integr&ntes de 1a CO)umn&,"''" '.;(·.:·~.Los exploradores \'Oh,
·.;t:;;.s-!po.rq~_estaba tapado por nubes_,._~l!~ ,tr.!_t~ban....~~.':,.~rtar. los ca.•. ,· -_i.Ah.i es.tA otra vez esf: ~:~.-montar., en sus_, ~ ·
··~.: :baJas• El caballero espafiol que•• hies que sostent,an:: el; puente•. :· _dito curat -murmur6 De Soto;.'
Ja
do estupefac:to. Desde la cimll El espaiio~ ~c6 SU plstola Y dis··'
-Caballeros -dijo el sacer· De-'repente .vleronr'uti',·11
del paso le ~!ibla ~;ec=id~--que par~;:.~ ,.J~~,~ec!~)1irl6 en el dote-; .~ e l ~o_:_". • .A~ f~ 4 • el_ hueco de .
de ~}~)I
para Uegar . a Caja~rca. solo vfentr~(: ai; uno de los lnca.s. El y al Ca ti O., ~o ea.: mu . que :, De Soto desenrro'll6~SU
'teridria que descender_. gradual· homb1;_. ~~iti6 un a~rido de do,. oro... Pero no ml'lte~ a .estos ·~~ y ~o. agit6 por~ci~
mente por la vertlente del _v~- lor y se ~ujet6 de ·uno de
l.nd.loa n1 vl~~--.8
con
Jla. Pero ahora aquel canon cables m1entras sus entranas Se lo supllco .. :· · , .... ,., · ~:"'''le una leccion'"atfinfie'.
, . ~·surgla4'-:de,.la .nada.fipon impa· · se ,,adaban en el ab.ismo. Lue·_
-:-Pad.r_e~ Valverde~-~inte..
:indio-sali6s'~-.-::~.~
~ 6~.c;r~ciencia·De''Soio'recorri6· el bor· ~·rgo cay6~tras ellas a1.:pn,rundc>''Wrrumpt. · P~~N~to
~~-::::.:~g
~~~ '. "'"'
- .......~ ... , .-:,. ~ ·~JA""'.r.~
·~
- A
_'-,,..,...
·"1J..J~- ...-.... ~. ...:.t;•.,,....,.~.._~~~-~,;,,-,1:·
e;\5-'"£
•
.. .:-- :cle 'del precipiclo.' buseando un eaii6n. Ja.nzando'"un' giito'de ho,; ·.".rea>rda.rle que parte ·ae·nuestra· .~~lf'fen ven fd
aitlo por donde cruzarlo. Media . rror que fue repetido varias ~Um· consiste en la propaga- nando.
··t .. · ~
. _hora mu ta~;~i:~.~-~6 ,1~_,_q~!:t~~-por el~'i*-~~: ,. ·
. ,,·~ o6n de )a sagrad~.fe?. ,:':::
. Era Fllix,
.ans_laba.
.
. .·:•:::~· ...f.?e . . ~ot.o, I ~ su caballo a
~I ~cerdote no respondio, se el Gobernador de Pana:
· Se tntaba de un puente col- ··. la,, ~arga Y.,~os Incas huye~n
liml~, .. a;:.a!eJ~ lentamente,_, bia empleado. romo •. inb
gante de mh de quinientos pies de11pavoridos c ~ Ja bestiR para voJver a oeupar ~'~· pues· -.~ ·En:realidaii:F'11Gi:"~li1'
de. largo; es dee.Ir. de cerca de se Jes. enclmo. El es~ol alcan- to al. f ~..-~~.•~ "~Jumna d,e ln· " ·cipa.f·ag~n'fhe-{~0 1'1
Ja mitad de la )ongitud del z6 a uno de .los Indios Y Je cJa· fanteiia;:~~.;:..
los incas y habia llegrid
Puente de Brooklyn. en Nuen v6 la lanza en la espalda, pero
-Ahora, Don Hernandodesde Panam.i para . 8,1
York. Sus dos cables prlnclpa· _el infe~iz siguio corriendo ha_s• '!·· -9rden6 Piiar:ro- t~me algu. . su pueblo acerc.(d;~
Jes de sostfn eran lianas grue- ta que tropez6 contra un irbol. nos ho~bres Y efectue un ~e- ci6n de De Soto.. '-,.::.:;:':.';t[
sas y resistentes. A lntervalos El encontronaz.o quebr6 la Jan. .conocimiento de la cludad. v. ·. . _ . Por· qu~ estAtdesI:
»regulares otras 1l.anas m1s de}. za Y derrib6 De.Soto del ca•
~--d~_ jinetes Y ~n sar• 'clu~d? -le
gada.s co)gaban los dos cables ballo. Cuando toclavla Jada de gento . de apellido Nunez, De
-La gente na~tJi'Gfdo
Jara sostener e1 paso de ra via espatdu ~ mU)". aturdido por Soto cruz6 la puerta prlnclpat montanas con ci'ri-~AT.
formado por \Dl.a lninterrumpi• la calda. otro mca. ae acerco Lo que vleron al otro ~do _fuf> -repuso cl indio ... ,.::?·
da estera de made~ puestos ~en4o 'Y le di.spar6 W1a Jiu·
una ciudad . capaz ~e nvahza.1·
Al escucharlo, n?{~t
unos al lado de otros como p0. Y.J.a de danlos con UM: cer~ta- ~n su propta Madrid. Lo~ ed!· prendi6 que habia y~~?
lines de un ferrocarril, aunque na. Loi pequefios proyectlles ficlos tentan cuatro Y sel.S P1• quien dio la voz de_- alar
mucho· mu Juntas.
.
envenenados rebotaron inofen· sos de altura 'Y cada uno po- espafiol restall6 ef''
La bravura de De Soto era sivamente al chocar contra la seia una torreta sagrada pro·
rccia tira de ·~"
igual a su brutalidad. Sin va· armadura del espaiiol. De Soto vista de cupula dorada. La se enrollo alrededo
cilar un lnstante, hizo avanzar se puso de pie de·un salto. de. mampasteria ·era soberbia.- ea.---dei ·inca: asfixi!n ·
SU caballo por el puente. Ense· senfundando SU espada Y 1a
da ladrillo estaba perfect.amen- Soto salt6
guida iste se bamboteo, se me- hundl6 en la 1ngle del inca. te encuadrad.0 : ~-... ....;...~•. -· -,-- "
· sujeto par la garxafiti.
ci6 peligrosamente y luego sal· Cuando volvio a montar su caDe Soto comph!'Ddi6' que }OS
-iNU6e:z,:~unJ:eoi~i
t6 como .empujado l)()r __ un__ n?<: __ballo, vlo qu! ~ tres indios hombres que habian construido __ Felix!·· .\:,"~~,~~:.~
rorte. Finalmente _se fue sere, aupervivlente9 ~a Se e~eontr~· esta ciudad y el puente que con·
En cuanto el _i~~-~~·
. nando hasta_que su,unico mo- ban_a media rmllade di stancia'-".A~~-a e~_no era_n .simple~.-~ ..do!_!)e __ Soto_~!.;,Ol=
'··viml~to fue-un·lev~.'estremeci· Y c o ~ co~~ sl hubiera!!.vts:/:'salvajes: sino mlembros de un{, Q':'e.el,- resto _d~/!~X~~
miento lateral. El caballo re- • to una aparicion infernal.
· pueblo tan desarrollado y peli-· ~ntrara en la c1ud_a~:J.:J
linch6 y se par6 en dos patas,
De Soto cabalgo de nuevo groso como el de cualquier na• Y sus hombes lleg!~
estando a pun to de arrojar SU huta el puente e inspecclon6 don europea. Comenz6 a per- plaza central de ... Jald
jinete al abtsmo, pero De Soto los gruesos cables de llanas. El del" iu fanfarronerla. ~ grupo met.ro~ ..::S',;..~...}:'!'~;~~t
se abraz6 al pescuezo de la bes- da~o era _escaso; .. -~~~-.-~.~~-!... de reconocim.iento proslgu.16· aqu~•. ~os·: soldadas:·.:~n
tla y le mordl6 una oreja. Aturavanzando cauteJosamente, con iilas y se esparcieron':
dido, el animal se tranquilizo
las annas en la mano, pues te- das partes, en
y luego comenz6 a crmar cau·
m1an ca.er en una emboscada Pero· ~mo ya .:.~~i~r.
telosamente sobre los maderos
en .cualquier memento. Pero no el registro prehmmar , '
bamboleantes..
se produjo ninguna. Aparent!?<:. a cabo por De Soto,,.!f
Cuando .se encontraba a la
mente Cajamarca se encontr1i· · edificios se encontrab~1
mitad de) camino. Jas nubes se
ba desierta. Para cerciorar.se, pletame.r:,.te vacios. ~:.-*;;·
despejamn Y el caballo vo1Yi6
.
:.!.<:'.ef.'..1-.
las espaii.oles se desmontaron Yi~-.~zarro_. Y-,:,,
a encabrltarse al ver el 1ncre1.
penetrarm(·en uno de ,o, edi- acomodat'On en el ~~ble abismo de mis de mil pies
(
ficios. ·Estaba ,-acio y desnudo... ~tahuaJpa Y~ .... e!t!~~t
de profundidad. En esta opo.r·
de mueblcs O alfombras.
ctenzudamente la. s1tuac:
tunidad De Soto se inclino ha:-::-Ent~ recojamos un ~· •"l~•i'h..!~T~,~~e'."atraer
. ;·
ha;z~~!_!~~_;~~-~i--~~~~do.··-~~-:
~ev~ntar
en~.·.~:.~~J\~H~t~~~-.. -
··adentraron~~mil!'t:n
una.
.
~-'?. . . .•
.,
'
~"r. , :
:os
~~;;;~!:i~Jtt
~:~:k?t~ : :' :
..J,o;.~
-,·
.!~;-~':U~·!t',cabe-za
'c17P!~~!p,
•
··uf,,w-
pregunt6;I
a
de~~u::
11•••••••••••-
•
cia adeJante, cruz6 SWl dos bra·
zos por debajo de 1a quijada
del animal y le sostuvo de este
modo la cabeza en alto para
que no pudiera ver hacia aba·
La larch a
dI.. I~.$..
ABALLEROS
de
H.--ERR-~. . .
1
0
~U:S~,t
su!\2!JS~
co de orc{'.:.....:mamtest6 De Sot~ para -:que ; t t g r e ~
tomando" ..
·de manos
uno de los soldados. Trep6 por -- · -iYo:,tse\-,~~oz.,.~~~e
la escalera que se elevaba · des- .-exclamo De Sot~.';E
de la plan ta baja
a FeHx al caJri~"ine
- ,. ·.' ?l!JO.',i,• •
•"
: •.,.J'.,it'!j,!~
r,.....T":' ,.• ,. Con,i,w.a'"'iiffl,UafJ
un ·p,co
d~i~~::-a~~o~lJ~;!.~~~~:
y
. pron-. -mos
·:\,:. ·ttf.'.~i~r ;{
�' ·.i,~f}~=;~~·\~:1~¼7?
-~ ~:.~P-~~~;+:;;fJ..::
.. -
·.~.-
~~11~?
.)
·,1,
: .·. -·A·v1Acto'rJ·t.:-.:·,.
_HOM~RES
X);1UNR_t~
~
HAGASE EXPERTO EN RADIO-TELE·
- VISION. ~prenda·~nnando··un Tele-visor,
un potente receptor de Radio,
re.·_ -ceptor. de . Transistores, un Multiproba--'..~ ·
:;:-: .~~f/~:.~uchos otros equipos para prac~·~· :'
ticar ery_ su hogar.
un
i ...... ~,. ...,, ..
•
f
i
J
i
j
·',
Is,.~!.~.~
Afamado curso que lo hara EXPERTO
en toda clase de motores. Numerosas
oportunidades de GANAR LOS MEJORES
SUELDOSI Ade mas Usted recibe GRATIS
mas de 50 herramientas de autom6vtl y
un Analizador de Motores para practkar.
;
,T
•'\·},;,
Un nuevo metodo sensattonal. En pt
dias aprende 850 palabras ba~ica·r
le serviran para sostener corwenaci~
variadas. A~emas, a Igo nuevo Y, ·di·
tido. Recibe GRATIS dos intere~ai
Juegos de Barai~s para,.":''pra;_·t'ic~r
ldioma · Ingles y 3~. Audic_i,<?~!~)pJf
graficas de utiles frases y oracic,nes.
~----------~----. <-'"
Mandeme los dos libros. GRATIS s~bre el
de: (marque solo unol
Cl IAl)_IO:TV. D ·_MICANtCA DE AUTOS ~~ci';l~[
.,,j,.7':--~~1>
P_A~ _HOMBRES ...Y MUJERES. Sea Cam·eramin, Argumentista; A·nunciador de
Radio y Televisi6n, Dibuios Animados,
Tecni~ Sonora, Editor de Films, Esceno .. ·
grafia.
CAMARA CINEMATOGRAFICA
.
. ,
.
• . .
I. PROYECTOR Y PANTALLA para
pra.cticar.'-.
[JTKNltD CE AVIAClON
( Pllo't•, M•tanii:.•, ere.)
Direccion _ _
· ·_,_·· _ _ _ _:_\_'i.-_,;i*_,_,f_·:_
~~ ·l:t;ff;_bf~{fit:~.'.~~.~(2t~~::!r.~i{f~}i~~~~!!
Esta
do ____._.;,;-;.;;:~:.:*:.
·· ' "'· Pai,.;~~.;:.
___ ...; __
._..;..
11
l.
( Catru•r11ro o Ca1r10
Nombre _ _ _ _ _ _._ _ _ Edcd-
.
. . .,-::.":;;,
O PERSONAL OE AVIACIC
�.
.
.
-, ., . . - , ' ~....
~:-·'
.
,.-~
-.
~-Atahualpa. con, una invUoc'6n~,'; lo .. acompanaban ··elnco"m
:I'-
_:(, !.,~£:...{~ ... ~ -.~.:-~_.. , ,i
- baJa·· quer· disparaban/{ ~f.inca~fa\ihlstoria.
' .
Para' que'~~~n·tt.~t~~~i~· gue~eros" in'cai{'ml~~t : ~ ~ ca.la'', af' 'pavline'it~I?if:~1~3~;..-~Ei:a~'fmedlaiioche
Cl
. .::...'.';Qui '1ocuri! ...~rugi6 .Pii!i'..£::.··~. Loa, Incas· ·entraron-·aqu~lla;':llejones·salieron~los'lariceros a . siirg~nto" Nunez"regr1
rro emitlcndo una risotada-:-, ~,. tarde·. 1 en Caja'!l~I'?. ~ po(:' la-'~:· caballo: Sus lanzas ensarta~:.:...:.iD.formari.que; 1.... •.pat.r
·
:;.,4,;~"
...... _,.,~ •
•
•
., Prl ·..
··u -·
.,.,.. ,...... ,...
~
,i,.·"/1:~J•
Acaso p.i..!~~~,.l!,&~!'!t!i4~e~ r;P,!1_!~' pr:_mt;i~~~-~g,. -'~9~!.J~. indioa~ ~~,H~J~~~ . 1~~·;::11abl~el:lClGn
1
:~{~_ fffcreer4 ,·,emejante ·engano!-~7 • garon · tresclen~~.;....~vos-·que.-::-'sus· ca.hallos apla.staban·«·doce- .~· campamento ·de' Atahu
.. ,, ~·. -SI :...:.repJic6 De ,.Soto- si barrian los adoquines con pencH nas de ellos. Los soldados de in·~,-~oro 1 que los:lnca.s hab·
¥ .. -
,._,,.,,_
~ . , - , . ~ . -. . .~ . ,
~ -
t
ii~invitac100~ i,:Ovf~e-Y~tn~ a~'. pa1ma:·i-,a :'"ci~fei po~,,.~~!t~Jt1ante.rta :' ..~~~~'tp1f~.
-~.Jcier.,~uciad:~1~1•
··...:.::>~~Di~:,. :aecuert1e· que·'.'es'~·=-11::1r ··motistan(a"su'\.ey; Despuu en:t½!"·w~en~i r1stii.'''para"':·ma'tar~a~~:-~"'!:r·d;bo decirlel ,
'."~.:=1.. na dij1:f.r{usted ~~·que; 'debiamos t" t~n·~ otros t reticientos escla:.--. aquellos que bablan. ~nseii;i~tto:{1~~.en~~ .
. ·: -..,.;:.,:acentuar·.-:·nuestra' dMnldad .. ; >:i:· VOS que marcahan rt paso· gol-. . escapar a la• carga' de' caballe.:\.:·'Tambi~n-:en~tJ)l~
'i:~f.t~?t~~f;i'~~-~ :i:fi~~:¾~'hx~::~ ~ando unos· -:ecipie_~1:~ ~~ R"i~·: ~~to(~~ tarde, la:: .4-eal. • - ~~
oro:'e_~. .
·:·· ·,!,l:.f!.·:.-.. ~ • • -~·\-:-:~~·:;.
.;-;/j;/jj}.,,,.:..ii,iJ}:;,;;."..
,......:'··:--t "''
Pb.a~·
se· .
Luego avanzaron IO!i <'lnt'O mll plaza qued6 cublerta por una
. -;.Cuint ~.
;.;uerreros ,·estid~" con tunica'-. masa de cuerpos bron~~~O:o;,_y Soto. ·: .. ;t:r};
slntkl ·. halagado.. _ az~l eeles~..,Y ~i~d~. con ai: ;,,. ~ ensangrenta.dos. :' tf..{i~\~~~..€t':t~::.~?,;.:., -Cerca d
F~Ux ~~"~nducl~~in,,Ja' pn.._:~:-. cos, (~~ ,"Y:'. la!l28s:_,l:i!~ti?~J:-1..os leales
"·
gueriirosl~,~~.,r--:o Nunez- peN":.st~
sencia .de ~los COJ!9uistadores. men1e_.1Je~~_A•ah~l~._1:;,'5~:)(, rodearon a su rey para fonnar
das en una e~~ef\cit
Le quitaron el collar de hierro
El rey 1ba sentado en una si- una muralla humana, pero 1os
terlo y se n i e ~ ~
y te ordenaron que le llevam 11a de mano.~ de oro s61ido. Tan jinetes espaftoles cargaron so·
-iCinc:uenta! .,..B~er.
·, · aJ rey Atahualpa el mensa.Je pesada era, que los veinte in· bre ellos y atncaron la silla de
m~s el mismo numero
de los dioses blancos. Antes de- cas que la llevaban en hombro,; manos hasta que esta _cayo en-.. ~-,res~de hierro.~me'h_t
que trascurriera una hora, el
apenas podfan con ella•. Tam·.· .cima .de los que la_transporta•":l,t.,. ·t~:.. Maiiana~·~'p@n,
Inca regres6 para 1n[ormar que bl~n.1a-·coron1i:' del .·rey..
dfr~·1:tan:"'A~huaJpa··~ay6 al pa.vi•.. ;; las' sacaremos: del~edit
., Atahu~lpa"" llegarla al dia si.' ·~
y"estaba"adom'itd~
:.-mento. Pizarro Y De ~~Jj;~~~~.~{i~~
guiente por, la tarde:..,,~~~~;': plµmas -1f,dev~i~guilas ~~~~-~ y ,;;, garon cuando ya Ios solda~~ se ~¥..'.:..advirti6 Piza~:
PizalTO y De S0to·namaron·:a1,J:.blancas~'Un collar de -esmeraJ.--· disponlan a ma.tarlo.
que estos perros sc
padre Valverde. -;iw~·-· , .. :- '!·.··das reposaba en SU pecho. pro-jCojanlo vivo, imbeciJ~_!.." en la derrota,t~
ij
-'
'
.• : •
•
•-I ,..,,._~~r,::r"''"· • . ... ~
-Padre -Je dljo Piun'o-- , tegido por un peto de _oro,;;,,;;i.~:;;. -gntaron - gene~ es.~~i:,,:,')?if De··
i.e que usted nose fia de Don
l.a procesion Ueg6 a la pla• ··· De Soto se abri6 peso, aga.· gue amaneciera"'-V:'"y~se
Hernando y de mi, pero maiin- za y la Ueno por completo. No rro a Atahualpa por los cabeintroduciendo petal~
na el rey Inca vendra a visltar- vieron ni a un solo espafiol. Un . Uos y lo arastr6 hasta el otro
debajo de sui'c<i·
t
nos y le concedo a usted el r,ri- instante mAs tarde·, el padre Jado de la plaza. El rey inca Luego mont6 ii.'§
. vilegio de ser el primero en re- V'alverd.e salioj del palacio y. fue metido a empujones dentro --- hacia el mona.. terio;;&t'
cibirlo:
·
otiUzando a Felix como int~r- de su propio palacio.
do det ,sargento-~Nd
prete, com~nzo a pronunciar un
· Atahualpa fue conducido n
grupo d~· soldados·;l1!L
El sacerdote dio las gracias sermon acerca del nacimiento una habitacion de veintiun pies . de mulas que transpon
a los dos militares Y se march6. de Jesucristo..
·
de largo, quince de aneho y ochu collares Y las cadenai.
Sus pasos resonaban aun en el
-iPero el Sol cs D i o s ! de alto. Esas medid!15_ iban a • la tropa l1ec6:'a¥'~if:i~~
.1g1Jacio cuando Pizarro Y De
-protest6 Atahualpa cunndo pasar a la historia~·'.':"'. ·~- · ·. · · _ . Soto le orden~r:·:\N~~.
Soto comenzaron a planear su el misionero hubo terminado.
-jMa~dito. bastardo. paganor:· encargara de ~~_.r.rl,!
estrategia. La misma se reduSin embargo, el inca era un -le grun6 Pizarro-. 1 Llena cs·
del ·edificio, El
cia a esto: Los caiiones serian hombre tolerante Y le pregunta habitaclon de oro si no quie·
panol se dirigio ~a""un;
Lt
dO arboleda para · observal
..... ~,..
desmontados. trasladados al In• to al ttacerdote CUc:1.t.l era I8 f uen. res QUe t e Baquemos e I 1uga
te1ior de los edificios Y ensam· 'te de su extra.no relato. Alen- y lo Jriamos delante de tu mis- niobra micntras matis<
bJados. dentro con sus bocas tado por esa actitud eJ padre ma cara!
{, '
jas de menta. N~l'sefa
apunt.ando por las ventanas pe· Valverde le ofreci6 inmed.iataAtahualpa permaneci.S sere- esforzarsc demasi;<io:'l
quefias hacia. la plaza central mente una biblia. El rey Ala- no. Pa.sea la rrurada poi· toda la.
manaba con demasiad
de la ciuda.d. Los mosqueteros hualpa peg6 en la oreja en ella. habltacion y calcul6 mentaldad debajo de 'la
abrirlan fuego desde las ven- pues esperaba que el libro ha• rnente SU capacidad:
pano]a )" el cabailcro
tanas m!s altas Y las azoteas. blaria. Cuando no pudo oir na-No puedo entregar tanta
d
ba f
a >:OSas no ':~!!.~.·Cl,,
Los lan ceros a caballo tapona. da a1ToJ·o ta biblia al suelo.
ca'ntidad de oro en una s_ola
de Jaa damakE
··ilitYd
•
•
olfato
rian todos I~ calleJones )"_ cn:.._·-·-;Sacrllegio. sacrilegio! iMa· noche:·quiza nf en·un mes-....:.Jes
Sin perdida'tfe':'tiempc.
lies .que pudieran Ofrecer una ten a. los lnfieles! -vocJferu dijo a SUS captores- pcro da- chas destrozaronttizi:l)t.
avenida . de escape.
Pizarro desde una azotea.
J. J
· - · ~::.:
Ord
"-·~·i6 y el corneta espa.,
· ·. _..,.. puertas de miidera~.del
"""''uuft:\.
Los cafiones abrieron. fuego.., ......h:.,· ,,a ··_.i;.... -::,~nt, •.• ·..._
- :.
::l'.;"!,".c'I.-':.: .. ·
". -~~~·
ftol envio a los cielos centena• ·
·
·
'·· Entonces el gobernante inca·t~' terio. Entonces D~ijSot,
y vomita.ron melralla sobre la
.
bo
,
d b . · 60 a la cabeza d~~stis~j
res de aguilas asustadas. · Una plaza. Los mosqueteros apunta· extraJO . una
Isita de e a.JO
_
• , :i·.!,
de Jas aves descendi6 rtptda:
'da
de su tunica, la abri6 y saco Y los espanoles desapa
ron cw dosarnente 1 por cada
.
I
b a,d ...l\i
mente. dio un picotazo en el
·· ·
un punado de cuentecillas coloen as som .!'~'~ •.-~;;,
yelmo de De Soto y luego, atur.
readas y varios carreteles de
edificio de piedra:,Ader
dida por el golpe. baj6 en espi.
hUo. Luego· comen26 a ensar·
esposas ~e Atahu~~~:/
ral. El caballero sac6 su plstotar las cuenteclllas con el hHo.
conaron Junto a ~;~
la y la hirio en un ala. El agul•
Este sistema de enviar mensa·
redes. Temblaban de·; n:
la cay6 · en la plaza y algunos
jes rec i bi a el nombre de forma ta.l, que sus-.-a~iti:
hambrientos soldados de a pie
"guampum... Consistia en tejer
de oro sonabanrc&m'b'
la agarraron para devoraria
con las cuentecillas y el hUo nitas.
·:.;j;, .... en el desayuno. Cuando Ios es·
unas fajas mu1ticolores cuyo · -;Encad!n!.-.•:.'i.:i...,.
•
pias de Atahualpa in!onnaron
.
;..-;,,_-· ..: ·
, _diseiio representaba un mensa:.~.~~~~~l;;.-"?"~·~,~~::fl!~acerca de ese incldente/el rey
·c""·A·-·at"
Je. Asi el rey inca orden6. 10:.-:;;},·:La orden cumJ)lida::1.1
inca se enfureci6. Las agullas
dos SUS subditos que se
cuenta mujeres quedarL
eran SUS animales' prefe1•idos y
d'
daran a CeJamarca con todo el pad.as por los collares O(•
~I utilizaba sus plumas para
oro que pudleran encontrar.
uno 8 otro calla/ ,
adornar su timica real. EntenEl ..guampwn" fu<! llevado por Jarga cadena. Los s.oldr
di6 que los espanoles le hablan
mensajeros ~· pie.• todos _los,·. gieroii 1~
prodikado un . insulto terrible.
rincones del lmperto inca y asl · dena y Ia esliraron}rAta.:
Cuando Atahualpa parti6'de 1u':.
,.._,•• ,.~,·-··,-·a;,
comenzo UDO de. los mayores de las puntas a los,bar1
eampamento para asitir aTa" ct.
derramamientos ·de
de :...~_' v~~~f !,~la'.''o't.ra,
oro'"i:1uro...
era
~con~
con~st
\·arms
..•••••••••••1111111
La Marcha
de los
·A-LL~EROS .
e.
/ .
trasla-..·
De
H. IERRO
.~~'J!'
·"?11~ ·
-~·<:<'-:;~~;~~-:_.;,4¥;~~p.:;,l},~~l~-..." ! ' ~ ~ ,·-:-.,,::;:;_""':!,~~;~=J!::·J/'~.....Con_t,ntt0:·ett 10:.1
· ;.~~-·::%~~u~;·
····~~rl,:,;.;'iP'
�11
• ;,.
> _ •
-~ _..,
-
\ \ " ·,;:;··,
:•.:•tJ~~:;.:..,-ju,
El.preclo del cemento es mas bajo··en Puerto !ic'tf-:
_queen
otros
paises
del. Caribe·y Norte America
---·::~"I):~"';."
.
'
- __. __ --~_:__ ___ _
~
SI#'
®·,·:\"
~: '\~- -: ~~~1\:?·i:;\±1.~' ;
t
-----------
El precio-del cemento de la Puerto Rican Cement en Puerto Rico
hasido el miamo duranto 101 ultimoa 17 aftoa. Yes m6a bajo que el
PUERTO RICO $0.97"'
~··
pteclo del cemento en otroa palsea del Ceribe y Norte Am6rlca.
$ ..34
1
l
·
La Puerto Rican Cement Company se alente orgultoea de la eficl•
Antigua
$US
. \ _,_..
encla de sua fibricu, que le hen pennitido of,ecer esta economla
Dominica·l ..tf;.~
al pueblo de Puerto Rico. El tener diaponible en toda oca.ei6n
Martinica
$UM
~..,,
· eemento abundanta, do calidad, a bajo precio, ha tido uno de lo• . ·
EE.
·r $1.14 ·
_;r.z~::
factore, determinantH en el r4pido de~am>llo de Puerto Rico.
R. Oominicana 1
PUERTO RICAN .
~,·_
El cuadro qua apareee a la derecha mueetra c6mo compara el
$ .06
precio def cemento de la Puerto Rican Cement en Puerto Rico. con
Trinidad
$1.08
·
el precio del cementa en otro1 pafaea. Eso ea ro que no, permite
Venezuela·..
$1.00
· · ,}·
decir con orgullo que el precio def cemento de la Puerto Rican
,.... .:C .;;·;.;:blt~IQa
COMPANY.'INC.,:-,,,.
Cement en Puerto Rico es mli& bajo que el preclo del cemenlo en
..,._..,_.,J";:f.~...-f~
·,..
· .• :. . otroa pelae1 del Caribe. y Norte .Am6tlca. .:-2.,/ :
·,;.::;11~..,:;:· f.'' b;,.
Dllbtlluldlllt~
, i· •
·-,-~. '\\):JJti]f:f~:}/f; ~-".'~',t,t,'11;½,'?,~}'•;;*!~?f!.'~-:;"Jp:\~:.:':'3-"';-:'1;~_ . ~--J";'·,i:~ •.. .'-,' ,.,..,.. ....,__.: DIQINE(IIIHGNtwl~~PICUUJA 1NDl5Tlil11U1~·~AI
,
'
7
l
uu. ·. :··
i
t
cEMEN11·,·!''·(
=:·,:~·.:_.;;;;;:Ji
I
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i~.:';
.-:~ ..,/}):~;~.
.-;;;;:=.···;.;.,_,•
.-4;:;;~fi'; i:1 :~t~,1\1
...
,,/4
tfth~l;tf~\~~;r:~
�... IH mayorlas populares chilenas, engrosadas por fervarosas nu,.
sufrapron una W!Z mas por las soludones democratic:as que
las prometldas reformas de Frei comPorlan
lere1,
S ~.0,
~i-~i'.ni~~\·;;;·~~nidad.
paderfcon.
·_~qoced-~ellarass
_ pe~d_·el
decidi6,
•._
..
·Esto
axiomitieo...
0
comportamlento inveterado_del
No era admisible que el pUl'•
pueblo chlleno · en polltlca,· la blo chileno -sobre todo su culnueva victoria del Presidenle turiz.ada_ clase media. o g~Frei en Jas recientes elecciones po social inlennedlo- perma.
parJamentarias · pudo' concltiu·-:.£· neclera indiferente a la politi·
algunas dudaa... irracionales u ca obstnculiz:adora de. conse1·· .
anlihistoricas.
vadores y comunistas.en el Con- ~ ,._....,_---,
En verdad, para cuantos he- greso Naclonal, porque sememos esludiado y analizado a fon- jantes cortapisas tendian a in•
do el maduro razonamlento co, validar, en la inantmidad y el
·1ectivo de los chilenos, el trlun- estancamiento, Jos resultados
Co de Frei aparecla naturaJ e electorales que hicieron al Di'.
inevitable. Siempre Que en In Eduardo Frei Mont:3,lva, Primer
nacl6n austral las grandea ma. Magistrado de la Repub1ica .
. sas han tenido .. que deeidlr 1<h'
Era de esperarse que, tan
destinos del pals, y se le han pronto se presentara a las gran.
ofrecido op c i ones extremas, des masas --aquellas que no
ellas han adoptado la sabia po-. sueJen hacer de la milltnncia .. ,
slcion de equi]ibri~ demostrati• ~ partldarla. cuesti6n de doctrina
va de
SU
es
intimo repudto·'-1i':toda·,.', «{COnsigna:.;.;-"Ja·
ocaaJ6n ·de' evi•
delirante demagogla, a diestra · denciar sus sentimientos an\e
· o siniestra. La mujer chllena la pugna de 10.1 P,~eres 1;,egis·
,; . ·: . J I
�~-cuBRE EN
CHILE
.4)
•
frente a los obstaculos parlamentarios
de conservadores y comunistas, qua coartaban las.
equilibraclas reformas sociales,
... todo en Chile gira en torno al cobre, y Frei I,
las tesis estatistas del Comunismo, que contra';: i
servadora a una r.ana poUtica de intervencion d,
<i6n def progrer.::i nac:ional
.,,
.. l
mismo proposito de
estanc.:i·
miento social, ccondmic<, y arl· r·i,,r:1i 1r.•i<!r>, e
ministrativo. .
.
ho~tilid;id a t1.,r
Segun
,.cifras'· extrao.fi~i!".t:_~1ervenci6n~"cleL
les ·de esta elcccion pal'IamenTodas las dt=
la;
taria, la linea de Frei 'alcanui~
economicas y administrativas del Presidente
ra 82 diputaeiones y 12·escaKos·
Frei, l~s mayorias populares chilenas;.
senatoriales. Comparadas a ·1as
nutridas por fervorosas muieres, sufragaron ·una
bancas obtenidas por radicaJes,
vez mas por las soluciones democrciticas .
socialistas, comunisto.s, Jibera.
11ue· tales reformas comportan. Esta decision viene
Ies Y conservadores. la re~aci6n .
a ratificar la voluntod de cambios
· .- . en favor ~.Ia politica de:equl· ..
·i. civilizados en las· estructuras latinoamericanas, ~ ---· ·· librio reformador del Ejecuti-'
recusando a las t!ndencias retragradas
.
y
a las fratraas seudorravolu-
cionarias. del extremismo prosovietico
en este
Continente
O chino
Por "RMANDO CRUZ COBOS ...
· tE~p~ci.~1 . ~ara
IOHEM,tA)
4 ~ ..
conscrvado;~]
·cambios estruc
democraita:cH~
der chileno::irr,
te al cabo)ira
"chUenizacion d
expresion de J.
ment.e factible t
sarrollo agroind:
vo. salta a la vis°: Y_ ~~~!. t~-~. rica LatimC Nh
do, lo realmente importantc: · recha retrj.~tii}1
tranquea. sin turar··o esguln<'e!S i:.i:quierda.'totatit.
pnrlamentarios, la ~n,·ersl6n
::/r\~?},\
en leyes, de los lllanes de \'l- INTEGRACIOS
,ienda, reforma ngrarfa y se- CONTINENTAi,
mlcb1Jenlr.a.cl6n.~ de)
i.k:},.:1::£. .
,
el PresJdente. habla - ein1ad0:t-..-. Si a
i1
sin ~,dto, a la considernd6~:c1e1F;'dc equilibrl~~
cobie;~f·quf.
eon,re10.
1:; ·
.. ':~(~::~~.1-~'- titUd
.. : ;
• '. .
~csta..
~c1e·~a"nu~C!
Coi.tisifl.
·/·;W
�~~~i~,~~0~f
r·:::~:,. ..
l¥iff~~t~~{<1~ttij~,::._ '!, ~
,.. ~ .,..,,'l'rofimo Desinovlch Lysen-:
ko··-=-ver foto,:.:..; . no es .sota;r
'7'.ll'
...... inente· wi" bl6Iogo:· sino un bl~'
~'~ logo"".·comiuilirta: 'esdeclr~(uri
hombre de clencla que preten:-:_ de'"'qu~." la . NaturaJ~-;e-~,t ~
Biempre de acuerdo · co n lo ~.. .
que dice· el· Partido.' Pero la.
t
.:..:_;.., ··"""'.~, -~,;-,.z'i-,:(. ,y,:a:1,i'-~~1,~iE-~>.
!
·,.,.
..--~
Ir ,•
>· ! -•,..~
·-·: :i/·.t~-,·;:·,:'.·/~~-..::';~;;.~,
· .~:,--::1.i·
· : ''•<'.;·>~•--
r-,.::.,
, -;•
-~~';it"t:/:
. . ·,
-
L~, ... ,.......
~.:'J~-'•:>.J.:~.~~f::.~:._.2-i - "'
Naturaleza no suele ser mar•::.'·:,
xlsta•leninista,
tten,teus
pro-·';.
1
·.~-{.,;/). f\:f~/i~i~ffe/[~ ~~,i;il ·/,:; .::;:n:r1:: : ':u:~;:;-~:7;;~~;~~::i)Ar/...ff~ri::~/~~Sf-~ ~· ·~;''l
·,r..~.·· ·.
I
f~/ ··
:.~;~~$~\·, ,:·~~'!r-~~2~~~0:~·1as · ·:·,·1t.~f~~~~~~~jt~~~~~~~~-~/.~
<-Jfl. ~~i:.'t~;;i. _tribii1ldo~-~~s·
,- . _. _
de,." ....
~·'.
Y diga el Politbur6· aobre eJ
.
1
·-
·
..
, .:
. 1., .,.,.,::;..• •••
.
··~·.": : ~
·eua.ndo Marx madura.ba BUS,..
.!.,·.
,·z.i.\-:'i',dt:'::,.:.S:,.t.,,t.,.._
..-:r
~;1
~ -,~~"'"'... !..;.;:.;_:.!(._~
-~ ...... ,'"-1:..,...
~
'"ll\! teorfas economicas en su exi- · · J ·•' .,,., ··
~
k~ ·~ '
··
·: .-~-. ·
:'i·'._•;,:,·\,;,..::·J~;::•·~;,,:...:,:.:::-s::.'.;<1•,
8,~~'?a: ~e:~·__ }'.1~ !'. _.~ •,
.,,;:,~Si,•....,.., ~~:';,
f-'tjfiJ;]""~Jf•·-· :~
""'.:-<., ·: ·-?-½':'·• ".':~·f:-~r.:t~!,.t~~:".itir~ ·:~-~,a~~:.en""'lngl~~~'~;.,l~~~;:;o:::0-1".,~.,~!ltS~:,.,..5.:~,. ;-, ·/i.,.i.·
·,-~·,.,.
I
·
. ·- .·,~,.;·._...·;-~_.,:;,'."t.r:·
.
·
'
.. ,,,."
,lio d~o•,Londres,:
f.. ;•:":;:;, .;:_
·
"1'\1'.. lt'.,~
•
~!
-:J;.,".t~l
·~i;..,.i ::,>-:~,t;.." ;,,;~:· ._.
I
. ~~~.s,~~
bro furidamental'de""'Biologia;. sis de una creaci6n unica. en mitirestacaracteristicaa.sus~tisfeclio• . con as 01
I
d o a d m1·tr1an que Ia evo• d escen
~<.;dientes. Es dec1r.
· por de Lysenko;
· " 'y este<'1"''.n,r
~
.. . • que corunovio los cimientos de e l J.On
reto.
., ·tj&toda la .. cienr.i~ .,~~!c~9:~ .._e)n~_.iuc~~n ~..U?·_proc~~~que po·
,. -1'9' cluso
mas ~~!.!~-p~;.e~a a los hom-
nuevo
a.' iui.s~~--~~
las convicc1ones meta-.,~· dfa .•eer ~odifica~o~
la se- . b~; ~;.., ~~~Len ,,~l. centro de y a sus staJoruV!~~
·
. - .- _
fisicas de su epoca. "EJ Ori- lece16n natural Y por et me- una sociedad ·Ide.al .socialista, leeheras. El resultado1f .
. ---------:-:- -- -· - - -gen de las Especies'\ de Car- dio ambiente. Sin embargo, ..
nacien- catastrofet sobrc('~~
los Darwin, presentaba. el prQ- las eonclus!o~es de~ fr a U e do. con todos los prejuicios pais como Rusia donde
ceso de la vida. como un largo agustino e r a n terriblemente. burgu~ que tanto preoeu· rra .tiene un solo patr
y ,.lento acontecer evolutivo, descons~ladoras desde ~1 pun- - pan a ·los comunistas -el rea- . Estado. Mie~t~2 @::r
regulado por la "ley de la to de vista humano: ru la su· peto a los progenitores, el tura y la ganadetia·~«
selva" y en el que solo tos pervivencia de los mas aptos sentido de propiedad, el amor listl:'.8" crecian y sc ·d
individuos m e j o r adapt.ados ni el medio ambiente influian a la liberta.d. etc.-, hacien· llaban vertigi.nosameti
podian sobrevivir. De eat u. para ~~da. en el curso de la do por tanto eterna la nece- guiendo 1 as ense~
forma evolucionaban las espc· evoluc1on. Esta se producfa sidad de esa dictadura de par- Men de l, desarrollad
cies. L as conclusiones del al aza.r: _las combinadones de lido, que ellos llaman dicta• Morgan y sus. discipt
gran sabio Ingles -euyo g1·an los cromosomas en eJ inte- dura del proletariado, y ne- la escuela nortcam.eiic ·
merito no ha sufrido merma rior de las celulas generado- gando con ello una de la.s po- agricultura y la ga.nad
por las modificaciones posh,- ras Y las modificacionea ines- cas justificaciones morales de vieticas llegaban af:7 c
riores gue ha sufrido su teo- peradas de estos cromosom.as esa religi6n del odio que es el de tener que importa
ria- venian como anillo al eran las causas que origine.- marximo: el de hacer una so- de Estados Unidos, Ce
dedo al apaslonado Marx pa· ban las mutaci~nes, trasmisi- ciedad mejor por ta modifica- Argentina. ··,t1<,;'i>t;~
ra robustecer eus convicciones bles por herene1a, Y laf! nue- ci6n del medio en que se dt?·
Lysenko cay6 'eiCdt
: .ii:~. econ6micas.
vas especies, por tanto. Y aun- sarrolla el individuo.
d~finiti~amente.
,. ·_:~
Pero mientras esto pasaba ~ue el a:a~ es, .P~ algunos,
r1a hab1a muerto · en ei
ll
en Ing1aterra, alla en un pue• . el seudonun;o -que· usa Dios
Un sabio sovietico, de ope· rro Nicolas I. Vavi.10,
bleclto de Auatria, un monje -cuando pref1ere guardar el reta, el Dr. Mitchurin, apo- tor del Instituto .de.:.
!.
aguati,n~. _Jray _Gregorio l:len- incognito", es lo cierto que yado poc 1a altn j~rarquia dcl m(a Aplicade., de u
t
del, trabajando eon
las-·eoncluaiones del ·fr a i le - Partido,- nego las ·Jeyes men---· do, sabio·-ruso-qu,t.<
guisantes, en el exiguo jar· Me?d~l eran mucho mas m~· deli.an.as y retorno a las vie- Mendel y Morgan,'· y
din de au monasteric, descu- ter1ahstas que las del prop10 jas teorias de Lamark y Dar- M:itc.hurin y au disci:
bri6 las }eyes que regu)an la Marx.
win. Su discfpulo. Lysenko. comunista y aprovech.
herencla en loa seres vivos.
ofieialif.6 estas teorias a las senko. El Partido' hf
Sue sensacionales descubri•
Esto. para el marxismo, Iue que dio su respaldo oficial el que rendirse ante la r
mientos, publlcados en una re- un rudo .golpe: ni la lucha por PC ruso. El prestigioso ''bi6- sin duda se puede es,
vistica para. naturalistas afi- la vida ni la influencia del fogo" Jose Stalin -el dicta• historia de acuerdo
cionados, pasaron inadverti- medio eran capaces de modi· dor lo era todo-- qued6 tran- necesidaces del Parfr
dos para. sue contemporheos, ficar al individuo, s61o las le-. quilo: pod(a continuar cortan- que esto resulte -~.t,
y s6lo 40 anos despues fueron yes sin ley
la casuaUdad do el rabo de toda oposici6n in.moral: pero no se· 11
extraldas del olvido. Darwin regulaban este proceso. Es de- politica en la seguridad de cribir la biolog{a co1
nun.ca tuvo conocimlento de · cir, se podria estar cortando que la bondad del fin justifi· cios dogmiti<:os: x: p
las mismas.
el rabo a los perros durante caba el salvajismo de Joa me· hoy, la gcnetica ~ '
Loe trabajoA del aabio in· generacionea sin que por ello dioe empleados. Muerto Sta- ser ensefiada en .~'lac:
-,1&. como loa de su antece· se consiguiera un solo perro lin, Lysenko cayo en desgra• los cicniificos"/["deJ_.
sor el franc& Lamark --que rabop. Pero, ineaperadamen• eia, pero por breve tlempo. El , birsk de aeuerdo"'coii
creia que la ada.ptacion al me- te, en una familia de perros sabio "agr6nomo" N i k i t a rias mendeUansa~:R
dio era Ja causa de la. evolu- nacla de pronto un perro sm Kruschev -el dictador sabe iniciado la
cl6n-, aunque negaban late- rabo que era capu de tras- de todo-- qued6 encantado y tica con occidente.;,..
':(',y•., rn ·
·-· · ·
aqueJlos""continuariart·
f.
Ir
.
f
:@!;<
t
piantas-de-
de
coexistenl
:-;fffir;·
�En:-Nigeria,
)&-
discrimina-
ci6n. racial DO fundona. · con
la' ferocidad con que tiene tugar en Alabama. por ejemplo. ·
., "'~ .:i';,:~.".: .,. , Al contrario•.. po~·!.1encima ., de.
,;s:~·,f
' ' ,.. las-. ~difereociaa~:·de
~~
~
~
,!!-i~rve -el.,.~0.,..eo,,..!!Ue ,fie>:•
•
~\ ~-':'...
j~,.:.,,. .
•
...
•
:
r
no~
....-!
;.~:J~;{'. ~- ~.~ tlln;~~H~.~ aqui "a ea.;·
.. ~ ... ._..,. therine Danforth Zastrow, de
.· ...\, ,·. ,_:,,.;[i... .. -:. , Fort Thomas. Kentucky, v~·
':.: ~~~?"?.:1~~~~.~/.;~~w~~- ~r;::,r · luntaria, del. Cuerpo de~ Pu·
,.._,,; ,:<·,:-::. ::·~.. .
norteamerica~o~· dest.acada en
j
Lagos. Nigeria. En la foto
l
aparece con su J.iovio Clem.en
·]
.. Cbukvukadivia Onyemelukwe,
__:.. -:·~I
ingeniero eleetri.eta. · nigerio,
1
con el que contrajo matrimo·
1
nio el pasado 26 de diciembre
en una igleaia de dicha. ciu- ·
dad. En la foto aparecen los
reeien casados poco despuea
de llevarse a cabo la cerem.onia nupcial. La novia, de 24
anos. retorno hace poco a Nil
geria, tra.a haber cumplido alli
~
dos aiios en el Cuerpo de Paz,
i
· para ingresar como profesora
i
·de un centro de scgunda. enLagos.
'
'!'\l,c/i1i«1.
C
"· tamento:·Test6'en
'·Pussi·'
dola hered~ra; uni
dejando timbi~n
preferida,
que ,se atendier~
..•, - de 'por vida, a la's
:
de "Ballottino" y
que la habian-?a~:
· ·su Soledad.. .Desigr
.s...,'il!l.v...
ejecutor testamen
notario
poniendo que a k
___:•Pussy" su-patrir.
. iilvertido en ob'ras
'
de·~su~
. _
M!lc.b:as
personm!_". n~:
• .
. ·-;.· .•
·-.1<""';_,/~.~.:;.r._ussy:,:,..,1le~~4a,
,~""°...;,..:.. i·~, ....
aca·-.'. -ll8r3:ba". _n9:di(~)legar;~~f~,ui~~~,~ro rajllot~~
ban de comprender c6mo al• ·,..asa.. Vivia en· un· apart.a.mien··:. en· metaU&fiy:~par
gunos de sua semejantes pue-- to de cm.co hebitaciones, en s1c1ones bancaria!
den sentir por los anbnales Oltrarno. y para no sentirse varios dias ·'Pussy
dom~sticos un cariiio que a. sola -:-Para que algui~ la.es~ separado-- un -mom
ellos les p.a.rece ridiculo. Los ~ pera.ra-::-::-. tenla cons i g o n. buta<,a donde su ~
que asf pieD!aJlBOD. Bere&.QU.e- "Pussy Una perrita sata, dP taba. y cada \'eZ ·
ignoran lo que es la soled.ad; eineo aiios; a "Ballottino", un el timbre de la ·t,t.
Ja soledad adobada de ternu- gato sileneioso. ariseo y des- l\lia, esper~ndo el
· ra sobrante. Han sido indivi- agradecido, y a una serie de llosible de :la ;'seno
duos normales, que ha.n ere.a- ca.narios, periquitos V torto- tti. Aho.ra;·
do un hogar~ y desconocen to- las.
to y le han quita.d,
do el . dolor de llegar a una.
r.l Ia.zo rojcteoi~t:
caaa don.de no les espera naA finea de enero, la seiiori- sora , .a.costumbrab
die. A la profesora Antonietta ta Favretti f a 11 e· cl 6 ...:_t.in.a~ . na.rtL·: ,,,..,,1-,.t%:,~
Maria Fav.retu,·norentina. de trombosis cerebral-, p e ro
;.Ridiculo?·:.i.D:'f':
66 .an~ de eda~ nunca la es- meses antes de morir hizo tes- Sin;pleme~t~•.1 ~u~
1~.:./ ·:.~ ., ·
··
11
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"P~ssy·
·,...
...,; ..
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•
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h
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~-
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.
.,
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,
.. ,
'
.
.
,, '·
mes de las Ursulinas y hoy
con Joa iiuey,os habitos adoptados por las 45.000
,; lo hacemos
M._... _.-:c,
.sa durante las ,wtui
Herma.nu 4e,:1aJCaridad ·de. aiios. Los prin'caii!m
San Vicenie
Paul'que pres· en los nuevos vestidfr.
..;.:·;:·· ... America hasta -ia actualidad, tan. sus .~caritativos - aervicios-· apretja.rz..~__en_Ia.~og
'de
.. ·· ·- · ··
.-.,,~~.t~'
.':~::'.'"~'-lff.'.~if6~t:.5. .,_.·o·';:o::'..'o-~':.~.:.~
·'
y:·'.· .
en........los.trajea
cle:,.;t~,_;,
los i:eligiosos
~
\i•d•
•••~,.-~,.;,,____
... }• •"',!
-·;_-~~~11!~:.; .. ;,.,,:a~ . ··~i. .
.~'t-1:t~~P _e &m.UUD ~;!;'-4'tonces nos·~
·· -.·~-' . ·· ·f.
'··,,.'.:I-<:'·b -~~.. ,:1~~·:··,.. "! ;: :~.~ '· ·referim.oe a los nuevos unifor•
~~·
:.
· · ··~:,];
·r: .Recientemente se ub c6 'en·!'
Z.sobre
·· por la. alta jerarquia eat61ica
· eaia misma secci6n una nota
los cambkis 'acordados·'
..i:f~f"·-,h-·"',.reit~ ·td~d"'""tocioa,,,f_t"'.en''todo~'el"."muii'
dob)aclilJo\hafsa
iun:i:~~;;.. :·~·\:e~~~f~~:~qi:~~/~~:!!:::~al!f!:
65
','• .::;;·~::::]
' 'cuart.as partes
vtstiendo e] · n ~ e VO . ha~it_~-t,~L1&-'~'{!~~m.
~dop~do P~~1 ~eh~•. ~~~~:.Jf/t!3:!.-~.}~·, f~~/.t~~~
dad.,:&1. lado de•..i~ herman,a.J:ch~~~!\}~i~~~}:a.
prov~c1al superior Mary Ro· da. va por debaJo de.
ae, de St. ~uis, M1!11ri• 9.u.e · y I~ toca es ..~!Cf,~
-.
uaa el &n:~~~o vestido utih• quena.
~ ~::~}
e
w .... __.j.
• ··~: .. -,«!a·.
.·--:·:
Que l o a t:1orteamericanos negocios, nos la of1
La fiebre del oro ha deslum•
constituyen un pueblo queen• amable fotografia. to
brado en muchos momentos a
.tienden de negocios. 'es algo un restaurante' defLt
la. humanidad. La· ilusi6n de
que riadle pone en duda. Nor- les, Californ~i~l.!!!:
enriquecerse rapidamente ha que se ea.saron en ese perio· teamerica "es un pais extra· sirven excelentes-c9n
cegado siempre al hombre. do de tiempo. En li;63, la pro· ordinariamente desprovisto de ra todos los gustos, :
Este cuadro debido a los pin· duccion mundial alcanzo el fantasmaa". "El negocio de entre plato )' plato.
celes de un an6nimo inmigran- valor de 1.355 millones de do· Est.ados Unidos -dijo et pre• entremeses como el
te alemAn, itustra como era . Jares. De ellos, 900 millones aidente Coo!idge-- son Ios ne- de admirarse en la
la vida en los placeres auri· pro1.1enian de Africa, s1· de gocios". 1..6.stima grande que fia, tambien · para': t
feros de California en 185:J. Canuda, 42 de America La- este gran pueblo. tan ducho gustos. No solo satis:
A Ia izquierda. al fondo, un Una, etc.
en el arte de la. propaganda neccsid ad es alimer.
,:;/J. grupo de mineros escenifican
La mayor parte del papel eomercial, no este igualmen· sus parroquia~O:,t]:;,
~ '
una bronca por cuestiones dP. moneda de las mas rkas na- te cnpacitado en ·la propagan· alegran al mis'rno-t
"
juego. En primer piano, a la· ciones del mundo est! respal- da de sus ideates.
vista; no se s::ibe_si
izquJerda, se ve una improvi- · dado por un tanto por ciento
Una .demostracion evidente mo de facilitar;:'.1~
~ ,._ -- -- sada -carrera-de caballos.. A]_:_,de-reservas oro. Reciente esta __~e..:.esta -~i:Sposicion para los
lie. lo ingericl.Q o co:
t
centro, un 'joven borracho. es el .easo del problema creado · <'J.:
p6sito de pr~!.~C!frJ·
£
despojado por dos compane• por Francia a Estados Uni-,.,·
me cerebral cn"!'.'Jos
ros de 1a saquita con polvo dP. dos a.1 rec1amar aqueua, en
De- todiis fonnn.s
l.i
oro que lleva en la mano. _En oro, }OS dola~ que ~tiia en
CO
que este resta~ra~t,
11
el fondo de la e&Ba de made- au poder. Pen> la mayor par.
·
Angeles. Califoi:ni~t1
ra, un gambusino escribe a SU te de} oro existente en _la. ac·
Op
0
n e g O ci o. Sus corr.
f a m i 1 i a. comunicandole sus tualidad no est! en las cajas
tend.ran que aguzar
sueiios dorados. A la puerta de los Bancos ni en Jas reser•
nio para poder. ofre(
de la easa, un hombre lee a vas de los diversos Estados,
marchahtes a I
dos amigos un libro, taI vc.r. sino en poder de particula·
Porque si bien es <:
La Biblia. A la dereeha,
res. Segun Jos aiios, del 50 al
un rollizo biste et
dos gambusinos lavan su ropa. 80% del oro producido, no es
grato a todos los 1
De esto hace poco mas de atesorado. Nueve millones de
su calidad aumenta
un siglo. Hoy las cosas han onzas anuales son consumidns
mente cuando af.~t
cambiado bastante. y son los por )os joyeros, dentist.as y
comerselo se
Estados y las grandes compa. orfebrea. El resto lo. utilizan
. . un _:'bikini" de picl ,
iiias Jos que ordeiian 'las ri- las. induatrias fotograficas, la
•'"'do . eomo el que -oft
queza.s minerales de la tierra. de la porcelana, los laborato·
restaurante ::·~~ i~'
Desde el descubrim.iento de rioa. etc. ....
~
ci6n de
-:
de esta 'canti•
dad ban sido recogidas deade
principtos de este siglo. Africa ha suministrado u n a 8
26.000 toneladas y . America
alrededor de 19.000 toneladas.
La aportaci6n de Europa. ha
sido pequeiiisima. La de Francia, por ejemplo, en un sl·
glo, apenas iii ha alcanzado
para fabricar Jos anillos de
compromises de 1os franceses
tonelad.as
de
-
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11t•f LIU
aru•.
-LI.EVE SU PROGRAMA CON USTED .•.
., ,·:i el h,-,;.::;r
El "ln~tit~lo de: Prvebo Morino" de Nuevo York, he otorgcdo el prl'm io de producto"SUPER IOR- ol telev i~e,1 portoti I de tr~mitoJ~
(@.).
MENSUALIDADES DESDE $10· TOMAMOS SU EQUIPO USADO
:-:(~,:
a la venta en las Agencias Autorizadas General Electric •
International General Elec.tric Puerto Rico, Inc., Avenida Munoz Rivera 1086, Rio Piedr.ls: Cuatro HcrmJnos 179, Mayiguei·: Criitin,\ "12, I
.:.·-~.
�, ,., . . '·
. ;·,.-_'.><tft~#$. i,t
.. :: c,,,;~~{Jfo:;jfj}'µr~;;
•
: .'• v," ~,. I
Por
REN.E LINN
N
. ., \-~~·t~
~-?\'• ·,.·
-
~\!'
la de un ateo tocado pot'. la gra- tematicas: · _Al__ ," mismo ticmpo dee sc efectua en cir.
cia divina, tal coma~ Pa· hacia _traducclones; y se dice~ cias favo1·ables;7:~xac
(~~:·: bado que una mesa a veladol" blo.
, ... .Jf~i:; .. ·· .·._.. Que. pasaba "mimeros". de ma•":. cuando conierim~~'fa:
(
lienen cerebro para pensar, ner"Nacer, morir, renacei· y so-'°;,gia en'"et""'teatro""de~';Les Folics .· tcnl.'.l\iVaS scriasia'~'fin
vios
que sentir y que pue- brevlvir etemamerite;.
es Ju·~·. Marigey~·.- . (Jo...
no es vet" uetrar el gran mi~terlo c
.
den ser sonirr1bul~s. l\fientra!i·...· ··1ey del misterio de la .vida'', asi dad; Jo cl.erto es que Ue\·aba Ja ca ha dejado de· atom-.
tanto, perml.taseme creer que reza, en sintesis, su credo.
contabilidad defteatro, para ga. Jos -hombres:· "i-Hay·ru
todo eso no es sino un cuento
Allan Kardec naci6 en Lyon. nar a Igo mas).
m~u;. alli · de est a? ;. Lo
de eamino" . • De· qul!n· puede eJ' 3 de octubre de .1804.- Nada
Los espiritus no se le mani;- · ~amos muerte, es una
ser esta declaraci6n-_tennlnan• le .seiialaba como destlnado 9 festaroq hast.a" el afio 1854,
ci6n hacia lai{'regioJJ
te de incredulidad? Nada me- las visiones supraterrestres. De ocasi6n de que el magnetizadol" reas?". La respuesta•a
nos que de Denizard-Hipollto- una familia de abogad·os y no- · Forestier estaba descubriendo na cuestion Jlega a' N<
Le6n Rivail, .ar cual las espirl· tarios, siendo muy joven, fue los misterios de lo invisible. Al rica. Unos golpes pcgaci
tistas del mundo ~tero veneran enviado a la famosa escuela de primer momento el f u t.u r o pared resonaron en.:..el
cual &U gran ·maestro, bajo ·el Pestalozzf, en Suiza, cuyos ·m!- . Allan
no--ai-dej6
El fen6meno se -prod~jc:
nombre de "Allan Kardec".
todos de ensefianza se tenian der: Pero lu~go -como le ocu- 1847 en Hydesville. Ne\
;. C6mo pas6 Allan Kardec del por · revolucionarlos enlonces. rre a mucha gente- pas6 ri,. <m la casa de cif'rta·· fat
escepticismo a la fe -puesto Despu~s de aprovechados estu: pida y · f!cllmente de la duda apellido Fox. Cada not
que el' espiritismo no deja de dlos vuelve a Francia, instalfm- al·interes apasionado.
espiritu invisible" se, !
ser una fe ardiente? ;.Par qu~ dose en Paris donde contrae·
.
, . ~-;ii;.::,<-._..~e· produc~~~~...,.,~¥
consagro _su vida al mundo de matrimonio con una vecina, hi- EL CASO DE LAs·t<-:1~i~?.~~~,t~c:~ tos/ a'b"nendo_·y·:·,cerranc
los esphitus? jAh ... ! He a_qui jade un nolario tambi~n. Co- HIJAS DE FOX -, . . . . ··:_-""<\as:vmoviend~·-'1os''"~u1
otro · mislerio a ·desentFaiiar. mfenza a ensenar. en au doml- ·
... ,.
'i las manos, trias, dcl
Su convers16n es semejante n cilia, fisica, astronomfa y ma.'
La conversion de Allan Kar: aquel agarraban a .ias,s,
:.>o
.
Contimui mi".
i
i
O creere en las mesas que
·,·;t hailan cuando se m~ haya pro.
con
·esa
cu~i~
en.
Kardec
pren--··
la ,
~-,{\\'.' ~:1ci , :, :'.:,,;;t~I~:t:t/''}:}tf
�~,
.
,~q~\;~,;-' ., . ' .. "
I I):•
Los panes puertorriquefios somos los cam
popula.ridad. Gracias a los infatigablesesfue
panaderos puertorriquefi.os, llegamos todm.
los hoga~es de la is":' pa.ra propor'?io:C.,~~=1ji~1
Fleischmann Puerto Rico, Inc.se enorgullec
podido ofrecer la maxim.a calidad y servi~io:".
deros y reposteros de la isla. durante 53 an:?E
Fleischmann
Pu'er~c
�•'
Una de las muchH HcenH de •iolencia ocurridH en el sur de
..o, E1tados Unidos. Manifeatantes • favor de 101 derechos negros,
·... tendian sobN 11 acer•, para ffquivar 101 ladrillos qu• ·1oi fan.6--ticos segregacioniatas arroiaban contra elloa : · · ·
.
TERROR,
�-... 1· .·
L,
..
.-~-shiti}f{/~:.-.;\, ~;\
r\;
-t .
Ueno de rabia a los segregacio.
nlstas. Habian utllizado en vano las c:achiponas y los gases
~
lacri.rn6genos para acaI1er a. Jos
.r
protestantes. Y como ultima ex·
!'.,
presi6n de su furor, una cua·
dril1a de fan!tlcos ofrecia al
..
pals y al mundo el bochomoso
espectlculo de asaltar a aqueUos tres pastores cuando aban.
donaban el restaurante de negros, El reverendo James E.
Reeb, de 36 aiios y padre de
cuatro niiios, fue brutalmente
apaleado. Le fracturaron ct
. _
crlmeo. Y horas despues moria
F',~,J§,· en -eJ hospital.::·-- . --·-·
;,·, .:B, '. ' Jun to al Jecho· de· muei:t:e es.
;,, ~ taba su esposa Marie. Y afuera, .
• • ,.• '.::: centenares de negros, bajo la
Uuvla., permaneclan en vigiUa,
1
'
orando por el valiente clerigo·
't_·.'
que habla Uegado desde Ia le·
,
jana Boston para acompanarlos
en
su heroica batalla por Jos
'
r
derechos. Si inhurnano habla si,
t
do el asalto de los cuadrilleros
~ · • del prejuicio, tlerna y conmove.
. ,. dora era esta vigilia, en la an. cha calle · proXirna a una lglella de ladrfllos rojos, que ne-
f
f
!
F
t-
gros y blancos mantuvieron firme durante mas de 24 horas.
bajo tos paraguas y las mantas,
mientras all.a dentro el reve·
rendo Reeb agoniiaba y final-
· ·:
El ;efe de s;eguridad
ciad'a .desde
nada historicamente, ese hech,,
que en Alabama se presentaba
con drnmatica tension, de qu,:
es creciente el numero de hom-
Ley de Derechos. co~l
cificacionC?s necesi"'ias
ascgurar el derechoal ~,
habia sido el origen,_de
bres y mujeres de piet blanca
te~ta de Akbamn.
J{-4,~
�:I: :,~~,~~" . , - :L .·. ,· ... El.':Oc:ASO . ,DE~t.
~j?-iii~!?::."~'!!iI*'~.~~~-~~~'f:l~~1-~~~+
'
.:_; i.r~··
LA , 'CULTURA
SE.FARD[f
~·tj~:~~:r;,~~-~~j'f·~'
;!~~-~t:·~ :L}'-':\i't~;~:~•~~li,\~:~!_
1 ~·
~
f'
f ~:~--~·
;·~'.\~if~i~[~jfj-t#f~f
• -,
_:,
• ,,{-
194; 8g6 a Vene%Ue
'f;,~,h~"''
:·de un'os cuarenta aiios de edad/:\ los grandes ojos .
. muy abiertos, conio espantados por'_'los honores, queJ1:
habian visto; era un hombre ·sui'"na'da' deiras""qu~f!
buscaba una patria donde depositar -su maleta de
desterrado. En el campo. de extenninio de Auschwitz habia perdido la familia y la fe; todo su pasado
Labia quedado reducido a un numero y una letra
en el antebrazo Izquierdo: A 15260, su unico documento de intemado. Por entooces lenia un solo dcseo: olvidar ..•
Ahora, 20 aiios despues de baber salido de Auschwitz, Silvano Benadon tiene aim los ojos grandes,
pero ya no miran hacia dentro, espantados; hoy es
venezolano, casado; encontro una nueva patria y
una nueva familia, ambas de elecci6n.
Hace veinte aiios no me bubiera atrevido a pedirle
que hahlara de Auschwitz. Abora si, las heridas
. ;J: ~el cuerpo y del alma cerradas; ·mcluso dice: "~s
,,,'Jt un deber de todos nosotros, los de Auschwitz, contar aquellos horrores, aunque sean increibles para
las nuevas generaciones. Eso· no debe repetirse
jamas,.. ·---. .
. -- -· ' -. .
En · Auschwitz fueron .asesinados cerca de cuatro
millones de seres hiimanos que DO _comelieron otro
delito que no"
sinipaticos a los nazis. Si los
monsbuos son una excepcion en las reglas de la
naturaleza, el mun4o nazi, que era un mundo ~contra natura, tenia por regla general monstruos. Preparese;·· tectoi,. para entiar'"
mundo como
jamas bubo .otro, ,el mas barbaro de todos los
tiempos. · ·.,; .. ,
h;,
.·
,,'.f·;· . . :;
________.. ·
f·
I.
·
'
.. ~ >
'
~
series·
en un
,'
.
..
Al grupo de 65,000 aefardit.u d• S:alonica les ·e~pe.
.-.·
ne9ro final de hurno en el crematorio de~Auicti"
~"-.,:,,.•..;,\;.J.·:~·:,•-:.1 ..; \ ' .:, ~ ".:'4~~
Por LUMO REV A·
:! ,.
�e;it~1w¥:1~1~IJ¥I ~".=;:__: ),~fti~~T.: _~:~,Jf~~~#~#c~~:Ji~::tfiit~~;;.;,~
···<·-:.:.~ -~-h~.,-,.·~'-'-~.. ·
~;,~.J;;,if':• .. ;, -··- .
'
~~~'
,,,,o·&~~i :~.
.
--- .
. .•••. " -- • . .
-,~:•3M'
~
1-,,·;.,f.,:\e!ll,"'1,.:~~~>'-<<·'· ___..,..__.,~..,~-~ ,->·· r.
···-~··•· ·-.:,cc:-.
:.,i.~\7"~~~:~{{-<-:~~··"'"'·cc-; ':"· - ·:
·.~~/1f;J}< ,•, :·
,· ,•
"'-"~"""""'-· '-~""'""'···· ....~ -
,~,;.·!"·•
·,-. "·.
.; ~ ... ·.i>.:.:l~, ,;;;i,:
CO~ZAM.OS estaa con·,;: . hast a 1900, · formaron .una·~~- ..: :···~-;;:, . ~
/~>{_~'
<+:·,. _,t/.:'_,, ...·':::;<~-~·-::l~.::}.,·."
.-,(.·;I/!f~· . versaclones sabre Ausch- unidad; dentro· de ella,,_la .co--c1.,
··--.,4
... -~:~:~\.; :;_~/ .~.
witz en la dis~e~ ..~viend~~}oni.a sefardi~, ~tend}~~j~--~~;·
""··t
~ cua Alb9:'11a, Bui~, Grecia; Ru·~;,··-tt£..~·.'!.,.
·. ·f,-:)·· ~-'.:' -.,,. - ~
dras de la plaza Bolivar, en mama.. Turqu1a y Yugoslavia, ~...~
~.,
medio de una ciudad que no formaba otra unid.ad, econ6:. ·
ha conocldo la ·guerra desde · micosocial y lingiiistica. To.
h'ace imucbos decadas; unn
dos hablabamos el judeoespa. .
... -':-1·
ciudad fAcil. El hombre que iiol o ladino. Los hebreos de
.•
. .- :,.:.;f{.:
esti sentado frente .a mi, pe: . la Grecia turca, es decir, del
.. . . ,.··.?:.~ ,:;:,..i~~' rlodista;·experto'contador, fu;,'· Epiro; Macedonia y Tracia.
· ·:-_J;,,·,;f..-.)?½'.... ~~:ti.~f,t~eii'-'un tiempo un numero de formaban el nucleo cultural
· '
..
:;,);
.;'f.iA'"· ···Auschwiu, sobre el que te·
del muz:ido sefardita. En t900St·.' ·: ;,· : ::
nla derecho de vida o
Sal6nica'' tenia 250.000 habi·
,-... c~a~qu!e~r S.~.•. c~alquier je~e tantes de l?s cuales 1~.0~0
· ·· l'':'.';°->··.::-:~..-.:-'-. · \i
de?.entre ·1os m~os tnterna.::: e~n. s~fard1tas: una:. m1n~r1a,
. .· · ·. · dos. ;, Cuintos hombres se sal-. , · dom1nante; ~ que esta~ ~:Ia,'.
varon, entre los condenados ·_· cabeza del mundo intelectual;
al exterm.inio en Auschwitz? del industrial, del comercial;
.i.CinCO mil, sefs mil, de varioi;
los sefarditas tenian su cul•. ,:~,?,Ma~
Uno, meses despues de la deportacion, las~··mayou,
millones de intern ados? tura propia en le.dino, aunque
serfan 101 problemas del di~ -.,,;~~f.
.,. ;, Cuantos sobrevivieron, des- se hablara oficialmente el turhechos fisicamente al salir co. En 1911 fue la guerra de
del campo? ;. Quinientos, seis- los Balcanes; Turquia la percientos? Hoy es casi tan di- di6; la unidad qued6 rota; aurficil encontrar un ex-interna- gieron nuevos paises, podrido de Auschwitz como un stra- dOft de nacionalismo. Las cod.ivarius.
munidades sefarditas, por ca-;. Por que Jo Uevaron n rambola, se quebrantaron. En
Auschwitz?
Sa16nica se conservo el ma-Por ser hebreo sefardit.n yor grupo hasta el com.ienzo
nacido en Sal6nica. Nada mas. de la. gran guerra europea de
Un caso de los sesenta y cin- 1914. Poco antes de la guerra,
co mil de Salonica, en 1940. ·grandes grupos de bebreos
;, Sabe Ullted cua.ntos de esos de Greeia emigraron a Fran·
~-_;.,-~,1,·, sesenta y cinco mil hebreo11 . cia Y otros paises de Europa
:· :·%·_·1 sefarditas de Salonica queda-. Occiden~, a donde. tradicioron despues de hi.' deport.aci6n - nalmente .. los jovenes iban a
por los nazls? Unos mil qui- estudiar.
nientos.-· El resto· fue - conver_------··-LPorque esa emigracion?
tido en jab6n, tejidos especia-Porque asi como Turquia
Desde el _prlmer::moin~io;:-1a·'mayor ·promisc~j~~'i
lea de cabellos, pantallas dP. habla deja do que los sefardi·
_
:: · . ,u_~~I~ de pudor ~ como reg la gener•!-iw
piel tatuada y abono de ceni• tas conservaran su nacionaliza para los huP.rtos nazis. T"· dad, los griegos los nacionali'"J
dos convertidos en humo en zaron en masa, aunque los se- qula. El negocio fue para Tur- ·si en tiempo de lo:
los crematorlos de Auschwitz: farditas ·se sentian sefarditas. qula que recibio agricuJtores, celebraba alli mas
humo -negro; y olor a earn,. hebreos de la diAspora espa.. agr6nomos, tecnicos de dife-· hebreo que el·-'vie·r
humana quemada... Yo ~- iiola ... Durante la guerra no rentea especialidades; ·Grecia en tieplpO de
mo, a veces dudo de que pue- hubo cambios pero en 1918 en cambio recogio a un mill6n seguia celebrando
da ser verdad tanto horror. Grecia se preparaba para la de pequefios comerciantes y el sabado judio, r.
a pesar de haberlo vivido eor, guerra contra Turquia, que · algunos artesanos. Sal6nica ya domingo griego. E1
todos los poros...
dur6 hasta 1922, que termin~ · no era lo que fue para los el sabadu y las
Respetamos un corto .silen- con el tratado del gran esta- hebreos. La emigraci6n a Eu· fiestas religiosas ;_h
cio.
~-. ·. ..
dista11 Venizelos, dol que de- ropa Occidental fue de . uri :· les como el Dia.'! c
-iC6m~ era eae mundo se--' clan que era mas grande que 30%: 30.000 sefardltas
fufi- ("Yom Kipur!•rTel
fardlta de Sa16nica?
Greaia. Los griegos de Turquia ron y quedaron 70,000. Pero VO ("Roch H~hinc
-Los Balcanes, durnnte el regresaron a Grecia y los tur- Sa16nica, hasta · 1940 sigu.io se celebraron haste
dominio del Imperio Otoman, cos de Grecia ae fueron: a Tur- siendo una.t~~iudad .setardita. guna.s plegar~"";~
,·:. ::'.·:\'!/~~':!P-;"::":ff.~-~~: _I
__
_
de S ..Benado~, _a
J
: .. ·s:-
muerte'"
~1:t
_;L{ti:-
·los ;
se
'
•
~-· ._-.·:~r2~-i!f~/
"• u•:,,:..~:~t~
· · ·· - -
;;.,::;r:;-_;;/:..:::?~litY~t~~f!1f~
�~;i1r,•1t1
:;;~~;till ,; ', .,.· ', ~:;?t~t; ,~~::;: ~-- ' .', '
''..~-"" spaiiol, en Sal6nica.
, :· •.
Ruiz .de YUJtoalavia:·. Habfa:.:-_
apen..11.
· - -··
.............. "~...,..,Th,........ ~-..
r ... -Una
,. . ..minorfa;
. . . . ,..a -.,-1'!'w..t
.... ~~·-·
haelan .ezt'_Sa~i: .. una sina,coga ~e}~ ~~'~i..s.ooo.;_~te;t~-~!~~,.~ __
...!..:~:~:::;-::~··::?At:.--s:;!~±
:ontca loa'hebreosf;~:.,::.:-~ •.:::: ..:: ses/otra "de"·Joa ttallanos.-La ...··los que ttegaron ·huyenc!o·'"de·--·, ..
1
•
:· ~~-~ .·-.-~-Familiart como todos loa principal se ll~aba ·~.: SaJ6nica llegaron ~. s._6..:_6.o~g. . ·
' :: ··. ·-·:. :~:~:~::"::~ . ·uclioa; social. atempre entre Saul'". la Casa de Saul:. habta;i Hoy, en toda Grecia, noJi~y
.cbreoa. N:o ~ a . .el-~~:-.,. ~~J de_~'Bet.~ Aj~··, la~~na__.~~~~..;-~e~'tse.
.,__·-::f.\-,,~~~~:i··--•½"-.::. :iouio mbrto: pero habla can• - Casa de.loa-Xuertoa o cemen•
Se qiieda pensattvo, ~q
·.. !'.·,·-.:,: ·,:....,.. <'.', .·,··-·: ·: ivencla cordial· con los otros terlo. Mi famllia. paterna dee· tando esa· merma brutal.
- i Costumbres. usos de
. ... ,,__ .. · ,abitantea. Y la libertad reli- cendla de·· Murcia. por eso la
~
•ioaa, en tlempo de Joa otc,.. ainagoga de Murcia era la que lonica, hasta 111. gueria!i;~~;... ·
--·noaotroa frecuentabamos...:.,;·
,.,;..:·- T·od--~;.,,""~'i~ti·;
~:.:. ..'..::.i::;:d,
; , , ·. ··,;-i.':.:..:.· AB.Ile&
- fue total
•.. •.~--::
.---~~.-,......,- .. · .....
av1a;;~en~ emtv1t;,,,
·
.
t,
.-::,:'"~d~fii:::.;;;,,/:.:,i\1 · -iQue· vida
••
.:~·/.f.:/ ·
·. :·::-\;_}:t~~~:~)iJ
·,:~~-? :·.>·· .::,/:,:
..\</tt :??:··~.) : Ioa
dem'8. gr,lll)O!.~ ~ 1!·
~:=ca~~!ro~~::°C
_._:·. · :; .-. ·. \Vii
. -~.~:'1°.,
~-""~*'-~.r;X lmpeno· Otoina.nc>'liab~ves
•
dita\~:iv~:~c:~:~:~f~~:~~:~,~--~-~ ..
·a que cada _grupo la CODS-. maban ~a poblaci6.n hetero,. gunos pueblos 'de Castilla.; era. )(:·E~'.'s;toni~a se pub I iuron ~ d'
· · ·· · . rula en recuerdo de la que gi~ea; eJer~Ian d~e las pro- muy complicada y de colores?·'"
en iudio...spanol con~ 1;1,
·
· .. u~ en su regi6n de Espana. fes1ones !11as hum1ld~, ~ta vivos;. y el. refajo y la falda."-;,~:~!~~ como este,
9 ~~1, ~niamos cal (pe~6~~.cal ., las~ .mtelectuales. _La ma.~
c~n muchos adornos: la r:.~ ~ ----~~\7:":··· ·
·~i.~~ • smagoga en .18:dino) · de y_orl.a de los C?b:eros portua fta. costaba mucho porque 1ba . , •·r},i.,~
·~~n, de .Murcia., de Cata·. r1oa ~an se~~1t&;s y la~_,ma-. . , adornada eon monedaa~!l~).f· .1, • _
. ;,.:;'!J'~'f;,'.., ;__-~ -~i(~r.i~::.:
otras. que ~ban
'. ,yorla
~breros
· ~e~~·~~~oro•• a1 uio:muaulmaii·1a··s·~,~.-~~,
'• ~ 4
" 1.• ..,.s.9~,r-4',,-1-·
1
delJm
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fibrl d~;~~~
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'. ~ :·.:·:,. ::-' •• >· ,· ·.. l ugar
perlo 0tom4DO,
cas Y 1OS mOlillOS.
·.
. . . jeres llevaban ademu el "mil• . [;,": ", . '-.
, . }. t;londe habia Uegado el:cru• ·
-iNo habia muchos h.... ni" el velo que caia de la co-· : .,. ~
• C
y, •
•
rto,
~H!~ll?·
.. _.,· ....-.·- ....1••~>'
1
:·. t~~~, )1:~I,~~:}~ Ji.~~°'~?l~~~~tt~~1 -/)\ir>.: ·f.ia:.)' ':!~.. ~~~:;¥¼~~Jt);~},:1
r.
las mu fern del mvndo. aef1rdiia de Salon lea les esperaban
los mavorea suplkios, deshonor y mverte
·
-;. L(,s
bomb~:. ·?'7~~·•·· -.:-·,..r.1flt1f.,'i'1;;~·-:~~,
·
-Vestian sobriamente, r..nmo las turcos; - los mas pu·
cllentes, los mas evolucionados iba.n a la europea. Yo conoci a la.a ab•telas de mi jnfancia con cofia. Cada sini•.·
goga tenia su cantor, Uarn?..do "jasan°, que sabia viefa,::
canciones, transportadas de
la. Espana del siglo XV, dP,
memoria••. Una de las mis populares se llama En la mar
hay una torre. Dice asi: "Efl
la mar hay una lorre / Yen 11\
::r~: ~~~;:n;~:/aa!~ ~::
,.
r
~- :._ ..
!;·>,,
101 alemanes qve .. rec
gian a Jos hebreos de Grecia:·pa1
llevar1os .al m.at.adero de'tt
Tres de
~~schwl~~-~Ai;~
rineros llama. / Dame la ma· rante Ja pn.mera guerra mu·
no, paloma, 1 me subire a t11 dial, al llegar las tropas,fra
Did~... I., Mal~~ch.a, que duer·. ces~.- a. S?;l_6~_ca · ~o~~l~:
. ·mes .sola, / quiero dormir yo· · blar su i~~-I'l?a. ·en toda''la ·cL
-·contigo~.. " Esas canciones SP. dad, por lo que le llamaban
: fueron llenando 'de· impurew,!· Sal6nica el pequeE~ ~a.rls.~l
-de palabras hcbreas y turcas- -·-mismo- lesp'a~iaba a los itali:
rumanas, bulgaras... Los d; nos; Muc~os q,ue ha.~la_b~;~.
mi generaci6n hemos visto de• Jectos del sur Y con.di!i~~
-rrumbarse una cultura: ta se- el italiano, aprendieron·"el"it:
farcli ... Los de Sa16nica. apren- liano en Sa.:6nica. ~ he~:
diamos varioa idiom.as. Por nas y yo mtSrno ensenamos
falta de eaeuelas turcas se fun- algunos.
:..,
· daron extranjeras, sobre todo
- ·l Estaban bi en Jos ~h,
e italianas. As{, c.a· breos con los -turcos? ... ·
c1a sefardita, ademas del la···; ~Muy bien. aun4
·dino, que aprendia en casa de mar parte en la cosa. publit~
' BUS padres, y del ldioma' ofV-' en la .. politica n1 en'.' lo~mi.r
: ciat, turco prlmero '.! 'y h.iego' . 'tar; Los turcos eran muy. ti
griego o bulgaro o servio, et·. lerantes con todoa. Sal6nk
cetera, conocla otro idiom.a,. - . f ue la ciuda.d mas important
.. el !ranees o el italiano. Tres . de los Balcanes, en cuanto· .
· ~ idioina.i·'-Jior"'.io menos.· Tanto·,-:, ·1a ciiltura setardi: mus fc\
. se hab1aba el frances que du- teatro, pintura, literatura~.
Continiu, ·en I.a pn.g:"~s:
-francesas
Ue-Si;~t,
·, ;;·?:11
�Intern~cion·.:1es
.s:;:;:s~·s.
Eso es lo que las EsateJas
le ··ofJ~~~~~
fotografias\• ;~ad~os1§t
Nada
de
trucos
y
nada.
de·
artificios.
Cualquiera
que
r.ti
·te:xtci; E·r preci5'fa~<
j
Sea el p_ue~t? que Je interese,_~CUpar-ya sea en SU.·-. mt>dico, }' p~ede pagars'fen Com:fili~~
,
presente ocupaci6n. o en una enteramcntc nueva-las suales. .Miles de estudiantes ban recib:
, ,, . .
. .. .
Escuefas Internadonales tienen un curso.especial, "ait>de s·ueldi{poco:s·
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4,;,.•·. ~ oi: en qu~ e afu ar~,a conseguir o:-:-i-£r~~~-,.~~\:.Z~Jft,,;,.,i,7"...,'~,;::::~;;.:~1£!',t.'ot;~~-.,,··~~$tp,;~~
... "· 1 ~·· h::~fo;:t'; <'-::'":..· -~.·;- /
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LA HORA 'DE DECIDIRSE HA 'LU
·-'
· .; .. · ~. ·.
· · Escuelas Internacionales cs parce de la mas grande ·
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•
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,iLLENE Y ENVIE EL.CUPON.=
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coniprensil,ra''del
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. . ' .. estudiJl'es··eri fos"uHiaios. 70 aiios. Cada uno' de" SUS . . Internac1onales; tanto mas pro,nto olitefl
1-:i~~~iit!!t,:~~~~i:?t:•}jf
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cursos ha puesto a f!liles de ex·alumnos en altos emp1eos supervisorios y dirigentes. Con· ellos usced
recibe todo daco ·necesario }' la practica para su aplicaci6n en la obra. Todo lo que ustcd aprende tiene
un Yalor inmcdiato en "efcctivo."
Como estudiante de Escuclas Internacionales, ustcd
estudia en su casa, por correspondenda, en sus horas
libres. No pierde ticmpo yendo a la escuela ni tiene
que esperar quc alumnos cardios se pongan al dia.
Los cursos de ~as Escuelas lnternacionales son pre··
sentados en forma de libro, escritos en castellanocon la ma}'Or claridad y sencillez. Y van ilustrados
mayor;,Y..)i~~;1
puesco mejorf _un !ueldo
Escuelas Internac1onalcs,
•·ia &3306-U.S.A.
F. o.
Box
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~'f·un ·ctaro sentidctpolitico,, e''S]'.]>oiltica•··dfi'~coeiiit
,j'·' ,_,_... . "b ···-'"···· ..:...:;,.-,.6.;r·-.-,.t .• -~~- .,..... ,:.
.~,,.~~·
.,...,..,...,._ .....~,.Jto. escapa a a·los~te ricos de · ftca. Pekfn s.e :_v,c
pt?rq_ue,.
Brezhnev y~_Ko1y;in, po~~an fl~J~J~..:,_1_"'-"a:lnlclada ·con' la cafda cle '. ·- Pekin; Lo .. cj"ue»:)ntenta.ban/ situacion, ...
Kr111chn, y acuHban;•. Pelrl!'',;~·-ta,r..-.t1nclo una ·~!!'~n· ~~-Brezhnev ,y:Kciiygtn;'?en.'·wre:~eontlir:co~~
calumnlas y provocatlOhes 'tontra la URSS~~~~'l'"""'....,..,h.,.,te4.,.,....,,..,.,.,,
•• --~"'T'...•'· -....~;,,.. ... =-·:.--:i·1.u·~--~l<i>~
1
.
.,
+'-,<.-·,:···
~
c1samen r,~.ca 1car•que no··co,ts_o~~tP.!!!"J
aceptarian la ·instancia china amena.sa:de guerra
a variar la politica de· coexis-, debilitaria - bastant
'tencia: As(,' en·:et·-toodo 'del~··:para cre'i~rfcoifci:
viaje del premier sovietlco n obligaran ··a:· 1os"fE1
las . capitaJes.-:rojas 'del Asia. dos .a retiranie'Jc
~.estaba el prlip6sito" de contra- asiatico. ,.·.,
:~~;Ja'fc:~ciente-influencia':· ,. ~~~ta
.
.:.,,:.,;:·}t,.~"l.i--:.••.·:.SV-., .• ,,.. :::~,1.·
•
fue la tan decantada)4unidad
monolitlca.. d 1 comunismo
·
.
· ~·.::, ~ ,:., ·"-, ·.. -
e
mundial. Apenas. los- delega•:_
dos liabfan tentdo, tlempo de ,
volver a SUS bogares. cuando
ya 1as··cliscrepancias y los wres"de'polenuca ·,empemban_. a.
""'-'·-··sacudir al- eampo''socialistL~···
~· chiii~m1tni.ras<9quea'su:.veif~;en'f;.eP'recru
(
Tras .: el perlod_o·: de relativa
f~~:?,1~_,!.!,.~1.s,t:_~~£(lllt.r~~~gntt ideol6gi~a.,:
cal.ma ·en las· disensiones ro-t brando para-retener sus posi: lo dio la ·acci6nY°'P.9
jas que· se abrio con e! reem·
. clones Ae dominio en ·'Jap6n i · ·. tada en'iMoscii .
· · pluo de Nikita S; Kru.achev..
_:: · Jogri.r:."'el teontiot "d'el f Part.ido'?.riufidiide'is'f'"a J
;
volvlan a"· api.recer" las. grie,.
fteo~~i~istl'dctli'lndia~que~gi;.;~~dlpiomltiea. ae~Ji
tas. y· ahora no' solo· reauci·
ta 6rbitasovilt1c~-trnidOS:"atacada~
taba e~ conflicto entre Moscu
Los eneuen.troa de Koaygi!1, tes
y Pekin. Ademu, el mundo
Chou En•La1 y Mao Tse Tung . EJ embajador;d,
occidental conocia. de una in&e producian sobre cste tras- lfoscu, Pan Tsii~·I..
tensa puina que estaba confondo de intriga y conflicto. c:r.nciller sovietic7/.i
d C
·
Mao Tie Tvns, supremo Jefe · p
....
moviend o a 1 Parti o omun1s- del comunilmo chino, plant••·
or e11o, 1o~ expertos no se myko, para entreg
ta de China, mientras. Fidel ba un ultimatum al Kremlin: 0 sorpr!ndia~ de Ja actitud que ta de protestn • .:.~tl{
Castro se declaraba virtual• renunci1 a la polltlca de co- asum1a Chma ante 1a confe- mienzo de lagr:in:o
mente independiente de Mos·· exlstencia, o que Ml prepare P•· rencia comunista en la cum- iba a desatar .Pek:
.,. . cu, a la vez que lamaba al• . ra la ofensiva ldeologlc• de Po- bre.
de aqueHa piotes'.
gunos ataques contra Pekin.
kin · · · ··:·/._-.;
Los dirigentes sovietieos sobre todo el final
Yen medlo de este proceso de
creyeron que debian cambiar co y etieo". ECG
agrietamiento, el presidente
el nomb~e ~~ la reunion.. en China Popular decl.:
Gheorghiu-Dej. de Rumania.
virtud de que aiete de los 26 ta accion del Gobi
avanzaba en SU poUtica de 8\1•
partidos convocados. habian tica niega . lo~'~pr'i
tonomia respecto al Kremlin
negado s·..i asistencia., y la ca· marxiamo-leninism,
lificaron con el r6tul~ mis ternacionalismoj. J
y el COM.ECON hasta el punto de estar ya actuando por
modesto de "conferencia eon- Esto nos avergu<
su propia cuenta en aspectos
sultiva... Despues. Jos 50 dele- desespera".
·
decisivos de la politica exte·..
gados reunido.s en los cerros
Mientras esta-}·
rior. la economia y la estraLenin, daban· a conocer su co- tas simile.res~~,
tegia comunista.
--municado·llamando a· la uni• Jos canales-dipJor
El primer alntoma de que. ·
,... dad. . ._;;:~· . ~-·-.., ,. ~i.. ••• .-. •
. el terreno politico
iY&·i \la.a· 'n~ociaC?onts.~,~ciadas
~;y Pero loa lideres" chifl:os es-,.,:\P!~teaban'~:~~~~·!I! · · por Chou ED·La.t no'·hablan
:. taban resueltos a avanzar en,';. qu-e ofrecer defini
el reto al Kremlin Y deman· · ras de su politica
dado reaultados positivos, fue
el boycot que estab}ecio ~bidar definiciones. L,ejos de de- SU actitud freDUii
na contra la conferencia en la
tener el ataque que hablan del Viet Nam. del
cu.mbre que habta. convocado ·
iniciado en Pekin y Tirana - - c
o;'::Pelii
Gheol'llhh• • D\11, president• d •
• l
1.
---Moacd para el primero de Rumanta, culmlnaba IU' polili- (capita de Albania, eJ sate· . Kremlin
este''di;
marzo. Kosygin, en au jira de ca de lncfependencia de Mostu lite chino en Europa) contra siste de su politic.a
once: dias por Asia, habla be- . y el COMECON, · deJando .. , de , la reuni6n de Moscu, ·lo .acen• . tencia pacificaJyfd
cho dos escalaa en Moscu, en •~wlar representaci6".9 . • . la con• tuaron Y finalmente plantea.-. de. entendimiento~c
ban lo queen· los medios iu;~·r·perialistas""(a.ludi£
Jaa.viaperaa de la reuni6n co• £ fe,encla de In cw':°". unln
munista mudial: ·pero·ae· att•-:: Ber la eatrategiarmu.a.dlal C0- ~-.~~ea.)e calific6 eo~o :.:~·yectado.inter'cambi1
po que ~ converaamonea fue- / mWllsta.; a~ fin.'' de .. procedei~~~~~mitum:~
ron frlas, protocolares. Pe:ti~~. deapuea.a· reunlr loa ~~~:~~f:;>.-:"·iE'~·•/. ,. ,. ,. ··,'.'.t.,.,, .. ··"·URsS~i.~.~~~'.
no deaistfa del punto de vista';'" de todo~el mundo y:dar-ez~·~ ;_.Cau~·-~..!,.~•- ~-?~it~-d~.•~~·n~:~ y 1os·..-.a~~o;J,
que habia auatentado lnlcial· presl6n a . la .,revitalJ.mda..
:' ·' r...
·
··
,.'',
las relaciones -. oom,
mente contra la conferencia mddad. del mundo rojo, a ba.-~;~~.·· .Loque vino a colm.ar la co- que se disponga a
mundial. Comlderaba 'que el se del repudlo abierto · y mili: · pa 'de la proverbial pacienci~ empeorami~to. d £
Kremlin. en. vez de persistir tante a la politica de coexis• china, f ue la actitud sovleti->....,,, ideologico"
en el proyecto de Kruachev tencia. pacifiea. -'1,·.:·
;, :· ·.:- --~ ,~ allnearse junto a Fr~n,..·:.;:)~~;\lt
respecto a ese c6ncla.ve, d~b(a . Ob~ente. la persistencia ,. cla para gest!onar la pas e~ Los Sov!et•co.!J;~r
cancelarlo y convenir. COil los de Koscu .en. celebrar la con·, - el sudeste uili.tlco. F..sa era "::,:::.;,:t;;:.;,.~-:ll.'f:,;;)i:.=J~,;.~~
dirigentes. chinos euil debfa ferencfa _,en la cumbre, ~ ; ·una e:q,resi6n eoncreta de la -?·~_,:.Ante~la violench
-raoo·ert'
w,\
#'
. . 1,_:".:/~._
~~r·~.~
0
~~i.~2€:t~~
on-c r.·e-t
en
• • •
~tltdnos.'Jefi!d~I:
_?,.~~"'
:30,..
?:·~···'"·(f~:, \':{/ .
�~, ~~~YJ,.~
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:-
_:,_;_~\--;,!-:,';.;, ··-
.
::.~."'-..~· ..;}~:~~fJ.: ·
· -.-.; .."·,~·.
;
::;~~i~i. ;t
· timos ataques de. China con-: .;..iJllvi!le.ntem~~- se est a ba · 'debatir las cuestiones basicaa .~ Estas;:palabru
f:·~·.·'f'·.. 'tra .Jos dirigentea''iovlettcDB,?~tra·vu'enef~blente de los respecto aJ.a,estrategia"m1.t
dictador';~G
1/(?:r ·:. estos' decidian abandonar la/ intercamblos Jde,,
-~que .·. di.ii'<"laa"relacloneii"eoii ~~c 0e u~;,
.~~j;/i~::.'"-t~ -~~r~-!~*~~~~~lllo\ ·e_if: tlempos )e _~Kl°!?chev:·, lle.· \:,_clde~>ie~·l;-· el .P~oblema de. la cual,
t~.'f,J:. des¥· l~, cafda>_de Kruschev, garon hasta el planteam1ento guerra en As,a, que const1tu· _clarac1ones que~:
~.:';.>::. ,·.; ,-'-que·conaistfa. en eludir la. con· de reclamaciones territoriales yen el centro y verdadero sen· , semanas atris en
.•'
frontaci6n mediante reitera• y la adopclon de medidu mi- tido 'de la discusion "entre Jas ;'del 2 de
ciones de los Ua.madoa a la litares especiales en la fronte• dos capitales comunista.s.
···'desacuerdo,;c '
unidad del comunlsmo mun- ra. entre los dos colosos rojos.
· decisi6n de"Jn
dial.
•/' ~-- ~~
Ahora. segun los expertos, al Tambien los ChiitO~,DivididO~~~,::dc Cub&:"eirYEn tanto que el peri6d1co resucitar la pugna entre .Mos• ,-,1., -~tl::'.;~,·S,.::tff~~#.iittea'do~
~>.·o:.r,:'i~rt;\i;·~vd~" publicaba."~~~)!llt&-~ cu Y Peki11;·.~ente votvian
_Mieut~ Mosel\ ji~P~kin;t&~;;~~los"(-'cltinos. · . .
f'??.:.:'{:_,,·,...··-rial lruustlendo una vez mb a la superf1c1e las profundas rraban. el parentes1s que se t.ro en un discun
en_ que debte. cesar la contro- difereneias poli!,lcas- entre""tos abri6 ..-'coti'"·e1 ~r~~piuo de estudiantes· d~~iaJ1
versia en el cam.po cornunla- dos palses. El mcidente de la Kruschev, una· figura de re-. de La Hab .~...
ta, 108 gobcrnantes aovletlc.oa _ embajada habia. ai~~, s6lo e~ . 1ieve politico coma Erich .M
.~
dabal) respuesta .. a la campa._, . ~~.. o · l~_/"chtap_&.. ~~-~cle,~·'rice..'Caiicilleif
~~Ia!Chtna .
- d. ,..._i . ,, ~~·-""'''''!'°d·'"'' .--:111*-~"f#'.'f<ut.:;-,~tc:P:t~.tw~.;w._,1\'t·~...~ii:,.. ~, .:.,-.fa~Trd ,_til
.
..,
'~i!:i;.tro"'
... '\,l,f'
•-:,ti"';~...,..
D8 e '"'" na. con U1l acumen•,,•.
'. _:"' u18'·-""-'(;I. eD ~-.1.w.,u.1:1 ;a
e ca;!. porque!'no
~~ire:tt:·,··~: to en el
enfoeahan.la cues. Gablnete. y 'jefe del Partido hablare.rnos .. cuando
ti6n de derecbo suscitada por
Dem6crauC'Libre,".informaba que de c· ir!fbenefi
los estudientes chinos y la
que tambien et Partido-Comu~. nuestro cam~~
forma en que la propagand,1
nista de China c.;. ..a ccnmovi· no para !os im~
de Pekin habfa estado interdo por grandes difcrencias.
La tesis del_''j~fl.
nretando Joe sucesos ocurri·
Segun Mende, los comunis- · que las divis'io~,
dos·frente a la embajada not·las chinos se ha.n dividido en do a los
teamericana.
dos f aceiones: una moderada, de los Esta.d ., •.,.,... ..,
El Gobiemo ruao alegaba
encabezada por el primer mi• manda.b:1· a1>oy
-. que los estudiantes chinos,
nistro Chou en Lai, y otra ex.- deJ Norte, con
apoyados oficiabnente por el
tremista que dirige el rropio bres, asumiendo tad,
Gobierno chino, habfan adopMao Tse Tung. El lider ale- gos. Es decir,'·,;r:e1
tado "una conducta que pone
man sefialaba que "por mu- franca actitud de':di:
en tela df! juicio el principio
cho tiempo han existido indi- con la· Union. Sovi,
de la soberania del Estado SO·
caciones de quqe el Pa~d?-;:-: esta.ba propic~~
vtetico". En respuesta a ta no. Chou -En-Lai, primer ministro
Comunista Chino se __h~_E.1\'.;l: .. Asia, y hasta se'-mo!'
la cntregada por Pan Tsu Li de ta China ·1toia, • qvlen ,.. dido en dos cam.pos", Y augu- tantc de Ia conduct,
el 6 de marzo,_ los gobernan- senala como Uder de la ter1• raba que Mao va a ser d<:s- .. na, que ex.igia.;aJ~tes rusos decian que cuando denda maderacfa, ctue u esta plazado .del poder, en una ma-···.- perac:ion · mllitat~ef
los estudiantes chinos, bajo oponiendo • los, radlcallsmos niobra algo· parecida a la que Viet Nem, pero ~~)
la mirada de los corresponsa- do Mao ~ pres:iara su de,plan- desplaz6 a Kruschev: _por_ra~....'.-por -su parte-a--:-ent!
mrento del poder
- -- - -- · . <...:,.,..-.
lee extranjeros y de los es•~--------.. -··;·.-----zones de salud, pero realmen- contienda. al faltarl1
~ctadorea S4?vieticos sorpreri- ~~i~:~l,t~·
te bajo Ja. acci~n de eier~os to de a..P<?~~-~"'~~iltui
dtdos, ..atacaron a los soldl¼·
..;:,
··~;J ·. poderes_que.0 qmeren camb1os.-~,arsena.I ·nuclear.fd
dos y m_iliclanos .•aovi~ticos••,.
:•/tr·:-aubstimciales
-~ri ·1a Hnea·h~s!.~~\i~o~.t~}fi_;·:{:
1
,·
ta. ahora .segwda por Pekm. · Castro TeP,:et •. ~.!:1:
hablan. violado !I .. C6d1go Penal de la Republica Federal
...~ que :llev6 -al desastre del Ila· vez sus demanaal'' e.,
Rusa; y se indicaba aaimi~,rfJ. ·-. mado ··gran salto industrial.::· y hombres P~:lY~
mo que mia de SO millclano:a
causante de los dramlticos - _,1_1co~paiiadas de ~!".~·
y soldadoa fueron be rl do a,
descensos que sufrio la pro- ques · contra..l~. ~
cu.atro de ellos seriamente. ·
duccl.6n agricola china.- desdc dos, y clamabaY~~
En el aspeeto politico, el
1957 y que ha estado calori• del ·comunismci"mun.d
· Kremlin calificaba la. not a
zando un plan de intervencio· practicaznent.e estaba
china de "tejido de mentiras".
nes que condueia a ta situa- do una ·nueva posici6:
denunciaba" la. "campaiia de
:: ci6n tensa y de amenaza de·?: del 'agrietado'·muiiaJfc
catumnlas y provocaciones"
-~·guerra que·esta afrontando et·'.i~·ta. Eso··cra lo~ ,
emprendlda en" China~ contra
·-. Aaia.,·;a.~_-_ ...:1f ~~
. ·:,l5jJj<!:ft,:,~?;:"cla'i'en;ft~adveiten
I
.,..,, ...,,~
\.ri. __ , .. ,,__... .. ~, .....
la Uni6n Sovietica:-8...::<·?' ·- .
~~~,1[~:
;~,, .. cu de' ·que"-no- inte1:~1
Por au parte, Pekin anuu•
.. : __ Castro f~e
,, .. ~ducir propag
ciaba que haria regreaar a
~~~.;t~,~i;,,:..;;.;7,:.1;-:_ .
.:.,.,.,.~·.:: contra Chin
los eatudiantea hosplta.Uzadoa.
di
~ -~te~,'.:-~biente··de fl'fo.. eran
A conaecuenda de la refriega Fida1 Castro • declaraba vir- ciones dcntro de los _"gran:..,. a meter ae· eont~f:,a
. frente a. la embajada norte- tualmente indeJMtndiente de Mos- des., del comunismo .mundia.1:7 .. Cub:1 ·esta di\isi6n.·'.·,:.t.:
•
t.u, y adverl(a ti Kr.mlin que
J ,.._
''
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nmcracnnn., porqu<' en In URSS no tr.ate de introdudr de con- su~gia. la \:ll~de Fide ~s!ro ..• t~c!..!'1 po:Jtica C:,~:.~~~.
.··\,·., . no so Jes catRba dando el tra- tr•bando en Cub• su pro ....g.an• gr1tando: "no somos sateht~:1:.-\ttdo es d1ctada S_C;)fame.
·
..d e nad"1e.,-.
",. · .-·. ·-··:,··
· · ~ ··.. .,· .-..,,,;'~',:
,~..,.._,
· ·tros·".
·..:l
:-~-...
. .~ . . taml..... nto n"'... ccaar10.
da contra la China ,omunista
• '.·-·
noso
· .~·i
..
o. . .
ataques
"pronunciamlt
~va~~W
enero~e:
~t~teo
que
c'oreunis'ta.
arm
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UNCA habia oid(.)
ue · un caio mils eAtraiio ~·ll·lt> e1 ctel:inu
}ii~~~~ie_r~ "-~0!1:ado-p~t:ff~,?ir!Jt !is~.~?,'~'J'nifi/i;/~(
,,
crefdo; No· soy el un1co que pcnso .que e1
nntat;uc0. 11~cr~1L>le. La
._
:;, ~i
,;,r-,
r.,
.general
Hombrecito Amarillo. en g1·andes
litularei,,. y cl asombl'O fuc
Han pasado muchos anos desde el sensacional proceso del· ei-mit°nf
- -cuyo verdadero nombre e1·a Ottu Sanhuuer---- y ,k· J,1 s.:>i10nt W;Jt,u:·.
ro el caso esta tan lleno de :;oi-prendentes <lelalles qt:e to<lad~}jniii,r,
'':,.$'!_'·iif~-f,
trada por un tol'beUino .cuanc.to Jo recuerdo.
La invcrosimil aventura de! llo:nbreeih., ,Ii- l;\ JiuhardHll\ come1
en 1908. Tenia entonces menos de \-einte afios .r era amigo rle RaymJr:
fiora Oesterreich. A ella la conocio un dia er: que .ayudaoa. fl. un meet
·ci6n de una m"t,quina de coser en la f!brica de · ropas de! senor.
viaba de cuando en Vez a SU casa con
y paquetes para"4
inesperadamenle, . ~I joven mensajero desap_arecio.
Oeste1
',:ecados
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0.
C
:!
Y
u
;u-e~
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4
Ollo Sanhuber se habla ena.morado de la !'eiiurn Oest.:rreich · y;,su
pondido- con igual cntusiasmo. En la declaracion que p•·esto rnl!cho-:des
Jurado en Los Angeles. dijo que entonces fue curmdu comenz6 ·su, v(JHf
du de mut'eiefago en la buhardi!la de l:t c:ls:. d1mtlc ,·,'sid;:1 ~ 1: ;.:1~ ,:·.:
ca hal;fa deplorado Ja sordida vid.a a que estuvo ol.i!ig_ado durante t.:intt
nia la .compensaci6n-<ie-estar al lado de la mujer
cuando ~i~\s:
.. f.:F.;.~'#.~!i:$$~~::- ,.
.
~
Cada ·vez· que los Oestcn-<!1ch se muJal:tHi,
contraba un nuevo esconditc en la casa.
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t'(t:""~ :, ,f.~'.~:._~anhuber no sabia~~ ·--~~~~i~ -~!!~t!l ._QU!!,:te;S__ e1·ao
---~-mto-Jo·dejaron-abandonado en la puert,1 de una c~1sa: Tan-:poct) ,e~taba ll-·
~ de su nacimiento. En oeasi6n de la muertc de su a~~9,_el joven Rayrpo
~
desconsolada madre Je pidio que fue1-a a visitar)a;~pues "con su preserici,
de la enorme perdida que acabab.a de ··experlmentar. Poco a poco, Sa~t
Z- ·y mAs atraido por lallorosa madre. Luego·<"orrienz6 a \'~rla como ~u . l
C ultimo le pareci6 que "era Ja (inica mu,ier en cJ mundo ...
!
Las rel a clones entre :
1a'-s~fl~;?e>~t!~i~h\: o~;:--:JJb·n-ca~bTancl
Ill se en pasi<'.m amorosa. ~u=;'senora Oesterreil-h todavia. era joven
:C . Un dia en que Otto·htico'mpaii6 ·a unas diligencias;~m;nzo a
)-
0
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y teni.,
Uover .'
de la lluvht entraron en la, casa donde Sanhubel' tenia alquiJada una
_
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empe26 et idUiol .. · ... , _
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,... ,.¥,•·_r·
#'~~
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· C ha1'dllla, del que se enamor6 mesperadamente. Cuando:10 .vi·por;p-rlmen.
.'"t/:e1~~\
~:H~r~ .,.~
. bre de 'escasi;~estatu·ra.~de·ii1e'1'imar111en~'tf~bii~,~,..aefga"dAr1.t~~
.. -.~!:~:=,~~'-«--:;-,::-.'1i:~;;~~:.:s.~•£&}~.:,.1z_..+. .~~~~\~-~·-:,;---....... ...-..,,....... ~ • . ,I~~ ...~alhurga Oesterreich era ,quince o ~einte, ilii01> ni.:-i.ror q~e..
~\.;:.~_. .. . _·
Sanhuber c:?~e~ -~ Jis.it9;r ~~: ~a]e~~- !n .s~.~c~~•,__l:_u_i!1~,M~mi1·
/ ]'::- .:. . 0 ~)e!. -~"..8:!'~-'~na ,2.!. ~~ i."'.i~lt~~· ~t~~1~h ·. regre~. cuando ~e~
·
.L. ,·en tuvo que esconderse en -Un; cuartico que h;ihia en la huhardiHa . ..,;i:
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pa~r alli loda la n~e.'1:-P.f:~-~~_,~s!,!~·J=~t ~~-!.~~~~10 ~e q_uE:
pues de e.sta lnterrupcf6~decl~~:1lh11 ,l'h~•ti11· c-ai.a·,pr1r In manwdieron que Sanhuber ·se!q~ied"ii~!..,·;;f\'="~~:s.;;~t~;:~b"ii" h;sti• h1 n~
:--: -~·- ;,~ ,i;~c';:;,:;~'.~{:::,;,:·':- •.. , ~,- _:_\ .t ;- .
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;:_ . .~e a ,•Mr permanentemente ,_en
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o de lu 11
{ bu- ,, ~ ..,.,." ~-:
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nun,
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: ... buhardillas en Mi1waukee y en •.:. salia con su marido, se scntaba ,
..-..:_·,_\:":~:_,_lf_i~.-_·..
,:_•._:,~-~:'~~~'.
· -~~-·';:
,
!i{;,~:~~4t ~\'-'8S~~:.• Constantemente'f en la escalera co~ ~us_ d~--~...g· 1-_-_,·
~~ , encerrado _y_-en ~~ cubiculo du- queflos rev6lver~s al aJcance ~le_ ·. _ ~~,
rante. el dta y sahendo solamt-n- . · las mano.s preparado para dis·
• _ ,;--:~~-.
te de noche, la falta de sol y
panr contra cualquiera que
. ...,1,t:;
de aire afecto su saluct y i;u ai-·
tratase de penetrar en la casa.
pecto. La piel se· le puso de· u·n
iSe imaginaba que era el gr;in
.
. color amarlll~verdoso.·
protector. de Walburga!
':. ,-::
Algunas·' "veces cua~do , lo~
Viviendo tan to tiempo en la
.
'
Oesterreich salian y el estaba wledad y en el encicrro, Ia
·}·\~~
· ~:..c\" ";,.: :_,_ .. .:: ·.:~:·i-::. ..
de que no
de:' - mente de .Otto --~menz6. 8_ 1)0',./!.;_-.·.i.;,fa ~
· - .,,:,,,--1c"i:.: 1 #..c.,-~. . . . .,,.~~:;. ..
:..-:ijt-a,,t.,t..... - .. ~ .• ...,,, ..... --~- • ....~._,., ...... ·•.-.o·~, ,,,ff..-b-·J_,. .,...,..,d_,..__t
t.~"" -~-,.N 'l..- 1 rd"· -'?<h! · ~~
5 1
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1
e:::ea:
p1~en~as:
;\~\·.);
~~t1fi:_¥,··
j.',. · '
seguro.
~*I, ". -·:::_a
:a ::: estarian
::e\a~~:
itt·::.- · _ _. .
?·-:
cortos paseos. ·."En una d_e es-
'
la oportunidad de acudir en au-
(.::: :,'~
~ ~ .,_1 ~s ocasiones co~pro un re\·o!_; -,)'~~~•. ~! ,.~u ,a~~te par~..-~1~;.;__ • .,.: ..:. .._,.--;~/;.~..
~ :--,,·,;c·.:.;._. •.~.,... :· ver para aentlrse seguro"segun?-'·,portane• como. un heroe.· nu.--<;.';,;':'-'.-l'~ •'-'!,;~·.\
5 dec1aro·a1 Jurado:
Sll?i~·rante· d~- ·a:n~~;.,t:-"'"· ~~~
....,-...__,_,. .- . Ha de nae.he. Luego cambl6 ei.· . guardia en la escalera. Una no.
: -.:.~:....:..:~~~/;·.S%-:.:-~~,~ -~, ~,e
> ·-
:ea::::·
8
!ii
·
.,
---
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• •,
. •
i
i
fr/)
;
i
cua~do
contmu(·
<·
ta arma por otra · m~s pequefla
che mientras se hallaba en lo
y compro una pistola automatrmas allo ·de di cha cscalcrn cou
~
par a regalarselR a su sus dos annas, lleg6 WalhurJ!a
amanlc.
acompariada de su marido.
Otto };eguia \"iviend1> ~n su
El hombreclio de la buharcubiculo. cuando Oesterreich
dilla oyo ruido.s en el primer
decidi6 mudarse para CaHforpiso y una voz de mujer quc
nia_. En esa epoca el extra no pedia syuda. Sin darse cuenta de
amante tenia veinle o v£>inl iun que lo que estaba oycndo, eran
anos de edad. Walburga lo en1os qucjidos de \Valburga quc
Hamai: la atenci6n de las ,·t:ci~· ',. "\'i6 con anticipacion para que
~e habin caido al em-edarsel<' nos. Unn \'ez que la sacarnn
la esperase alli, a fin de prcpaun pie en la nlfomlJra, Y pen·
de alli, debla decir quc un brar olro lugar secreto dondP. sando que alguien la cstaba
dron )a habia~encerrado. I.ue~o
pudiern vivir mu.,• cerca de golpcando -lal vez un ladron-- . de completar sus lnstrucc-iones.
ella.
.
bajo precipitadamente la esca. ,· Otto cenI1 la pucrta de! "ch
Sanhu her_ ei.tu ba en ht . l',-ta· _ · lera esgrimiento ~os dos rev61- ·. -- set" por la pa.He de 3 fuc t·a,
l'ion de Los Angeles cuando lie-. veres. Y por pr1mera ,·ez en
dejando la llave en II\ C('rn,.
i:!R.rnn los esposo!I Oestcr1-cich. · muchos anos se enconh'O con
dura.
·
Lrn, sigui6 al hotl'l dond<' !-oC - Fred Oeste1Teich, quien lo reEn la casa contigua a la de
hospedaron Y apenas vio salir: conoci6, pese a lo mucho _que
los Oesterreich vivian dos· mual marido. habl6 por · telefono - habia- cambiado SU aspecto fi. ---jeres° que oyeron--CU&tro-dispa:-COD Walhur~a. Momen1os dessico. Como cualquier otro maros y un.i vo.i de mujci· que
pues sf' reunian en la calle y rido. Jtt 1·eacci6n de Oesterreich
gritaba: _''iFl'ed! ... Dios mio.
comen211ron n buscar c~sa. Lit
fue _ht de un hombre celoso.
Fred!" Ala1madas· llamaron por
que -necf'!litahan era de c.1raete· · Fren~tico se lanz6 contra _Otto.
lelefono, pero nadie fos rci.ponristicaK l)l"l'Uliares. Era impre!:tratando de dcsarrnarlo. Ludi6 dei;de la casa de los Oestf'·
cindihle que tuviese buhardilla.
charon fieramente Y una de las
11 ,1:'ich.. Decidiel'On. en cons"·
J.('s fut- dificil encontrarJa porarmas
descargo vai-las vec~
cuencia, Hamar a la estaci6n
ciut• <-n el i-ur rll' CaliC01T1ia no
,tlcanzondo ltis proyecliles a
de policia. Dos detectives- acu:
gusta ci,.c l'stilo dl' construeOesterreich, que mul"i6 casi
dicmn sin perdida de tiempo
cion. Poi· £in. Otto tu\·o que
instantaneamente.
y con las dos mujeres trataron
ronfo1·m,u·s(" con un J'{'fu~io J)C·
Con el re\·oh.-e.- todavia I'll SU . de abrir la puerta
la' calle.
q11Pn1,-1111•1. sin se1·,·icio sa.nila·
mano, Otto le dijo a su amant,•
No lo lograron porque estalm
rio y con un homhillo de el~
que ,;uhiera al prime,· pi!iO y
muy bien ce1·rnda por dcntro.
11-k1dad J\111" t.,da 111-,. 11ttP.'i c~~e encerrat'li en un "closet". Al fin penetraron por .ma vcnta huharrlilln no h·nia t1i !!iAgrego que el \'Olvis a i,;u cutan.a.' En la sala encontraron
•
+
..
.
. •
.
'
•
c111ic-ra una \'entan:i 1111mma.
hiculo ,.. que ella dchia oomcn:
el cadaver de Fred O_esterreich:··;-En Lns Angele!\. la falll'iC'ct le ~r ti gritor y goJJM.'ar la pu~rTres balas lo habian alcan_zudo.
ocup.aba in.is ii~mpo n :F!·«t" ::· tJt del ''Closet" con objeto _de
Una Je atraveso cl coraz6ri y
f ___ .
i
se
de
:t I
Continua en la
}Jug. SJ
Walb1irga Oe1,terreicli;~ci
ranle muchos ·anoit'tuv.
dido en su casa~a'-::.U
sin que SU rr.arido ·lo.c!
ra ni so,spec:har.
�. PUERTO
RICO
•,
:>~L~~f-
e SETRATADEAHOGAR LA EMPRESA PRIV ADA DE .
TRANSPORTACION
.
•
VANGUARDIACHOFERIL SE
ENFRENTAAL
GOBIERNO - ~ .
por. Roberto Garcia----··
- fotos de Barca la~
'~-:~i.~"·:j;,;~~~,(J.f/~-::;~~\
.
_UIER~)ia~r de Puer·
Q
to Rico un est.ado to•
talltarlo, tlpo laadsta O eomuPhta que rn esencla e5 lo ml•·
mo ...
Los lideres de los pot·teadores pubJicos estaban airados.·
Y seguian comentando:
,
-Fldel Castro acab6 con la
empresa. prh'ada en Cuba. pd<-ll('atnente de un taJo 7 a otra <'0aa. Pero eete Goblemo de Puerto Rlt"O la ~·a matando po<'o a
poco, eatraopl4ndota; acorr:..16odola, ·. asffxU.ndola~·-~-.. sobre
todo en el caao de los chofel'Cll
p4ibllcos... ; , .•. ";,
El dl~gusto que ·asi obligaba
a hablar a los jefes choferilcs
liene una doble causa:
~",<~. -...
t•) El proyecto de Icy 21
radicado por el senador Orti7.
Stella, enmendando Ja Ley 142.
que quedaria redactada en 111,
siguiente forma:
pollra lmpl.Antarse sin :iu!cdon
a Jaa dlsposlclones de la l.e~· d1·
Seniclo P6bllco dt- Pu~rto IU·
co ... ". ·::.::i:1~:$.;~.;:,"·,
2-) El a~·~ci~ :'de· qu,! b:
"Los rnunJclplos tcndr:in 11lt-· Autoridad Metropolitan& c1c Au.·
nas facult.a.des leglslatius y ad· tobuses se extendera a Ba~·a·
mlnhltrath115 ~n to.do asunto que m6n y otros barrios de la zona
fuere de natunleza munlcJpal urbana eliminando . la , tran·s·
que redlllldan en beneflclo dt'~. "portad6n".de-.1os:
publila poblat'16n y para el fomentJ'',..' cos?~(~~~-·-~;~~--~ ·!"'-:1',·'J:'::'~';,.:a .
.
y progreso de ista: ;\" que,lim
Respecto al proyecto 21 dl'i
autorlzados a. desarrolbtr pro· senador Ortiz Stella, es Narci·
gramu bl~~estar general ,.
Maldonado quien exponc . cl
a· crear aquellos. organlsmo~ punto de vista de Ios choferCl-:
que lueren necesarlos II tal fin,
lnduyendo la operacl6n de ut1': ·
slstem&~ de traaaportad6n.
lar de estudhln~ ya sea n,~.
di.ante pap. o g-ratulto, el que
carros'-'
0
·de:
so
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Plan de lo do~o~a :~eiio~~i'T:·:·,
.de Zayas es cons1derado ~ ·
i ·.~~~ ..
.. .
~"'~'C'i
7
•
como until esperanza '..pa.".
,a controlar el auge de la ~- .
i u v •.nil:enJf;~ : ·
;delincue~cia
Puerto Rico. Age nee as de 1~1-- ,- · ·
gobierno del ELA'sa·unen~fi~-: ·
en esfuerzo comun:·· Vici".::"': ....
laciones· a las Jayes : del.
transito por menores ocu-_.;.< _.
pan cuorto I u gar este~. !'.
ano.
.
Zt3-~·~6~;-,;·".)~::~ ;:;~~~-:-:.-, ;: : ,:~ ·. ,. :
Ei{:~\-=:;.<>·. \~~~1ttiit~}.. ..
'f ••
llu,tracion:
. ., ~
18 ANOS-: SE __E_.j
LOS MENORES D~
a
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.
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OS menores de 18 aftos
Estas cifras revelnron un au. de edad y que un numero mfl. tando a todos Jos miembt"C
de edad se est.an deterio. aumento de 1,314 menores (22.!'l yor de ~stos estll tenicnrlo trc,- 1n familia pucrtuaiqu~fio.
rando en Puerto Rlco.
·por clento) de Jos que (ueron piezos con )a Jey dcbido a lo cspecialmente al nifio
En el transcurso del afio fis. a la atencion de los tribunales complicada que estA haciendose edad.
-r~cat 1963-64 -segun estadistl. sobre el aiio anterior. Tamhi!n Ja vtda en el pais. .,. _
. En el ::u1o fiscal quc t~·.1·.
cas . de la , Adminu,traci6n de reglstro un aJza de 1,054 en las
Paralos'jueces;1trabajadores , en . junio ultimo .se.reve)6
Tribunales- fueron llevados a querellas radicadas y de 773 en sodales, siquiatrat"y otro::~i-:'"~;- a)
- 1a atenct6n de 1u :saias cte jus- et tow de menores quere1tados:'s-!aoiiar~es'pec1a1izado ·en'iN>rega'~ et~esci:iiam1eai-i>''?iie'Iii'u~~
tJcla a tra~s de todo el pal&. Ademas se _SObN!pa.so .
541 '·> con
los·c' . . .ai~metimiento·y~
un total de 7,033 me~ores. Se (38.3%) los sevieios de orien- males que ha traido et auge tinuan sienclo los
radic:aron 8,567 querellas (equi• tacl6n ofrecidos durante el ano econ6mico de Puerto Rico en. principales·porJos cualei's
valente a la denuricla para ·el"· .~iscal!~-;~~:f-•r:·'
los Oltimos af\os ha· sido la per~J;_dicaff<' deriuncias contraffn·..
adulto) a 5,081 menore?s. A los
Se ·considera que en Puerto dida de la institucion de la fa. res de ·edad en las salas d£
restantes 1,952 se Jes ofrerieron · Rico esti aumentando d1a a dla nuua· boricua. Esta situaci6n . ticia de la Isln. Las que1 .
_servfclos de Orienta~-_-·_-. . ~
)a desorientac16n en el menor -seg(m se sefiala- esta a fee• (denuncias) per escalam:
men<.
igua('ciue~en·afiot'r::~·j
en ,.
J ' •• • •
'menoreI..-decdad..-un":'de
acre1f6n,·
tres·:nr~
�., ...~11:··"" · -:r:~. . ,:;.i: -·~-~~-·~o.:t.m;:~"·~...,_ -~~~\ n:;::;.·1Ati;,.~~~,
.
-..,::~;~-">:?~Alf·'·:~~~if;{~f;Th;;\;;~• .·, .··. ~~-;~~~~ ~~~?;·:
24!
,
_hacia_
·u~e~-~~
. .- ::.;.":(~~
:-~ii~·
.·__-'_ ':, oonstiluycron ese aiio el
na~
una.~v_i~l!.'_!11!5 _um:~. _Hubo
de 8.1,;; en ··:-·~1 total,'~!i!;l
def lOlal de QUen?llas radicaaa~. -·'. ·Que '"eJ . tnenor de ooad no SC }OS menor:-s _~U-~-- J.Cincfdieron ..(.; ~~te,s,..,!1~J.~to
Estt: a~2:}1!5 -~e!!uncias a· m~.-' • siga deteriorando por las ca- sobre el ano flScal anterior qof' qu1enes se.I~:;t
nores de edad por violaciones Ues:
no . tenfan · antecedentes y un durante el.a.iio".1
a las leyes de tn\nsito vinicron
Pero el problema'.mayor··cort-·.. aum~~~o
. ( _..
a
eld~larto lugar d.e Im. _que tropieza eJ'goblemo...
ia".°'" t~!~-~~~~1-~~n~te. .::_,.:_:,-_:De ese..,_~?~.1
~-J_...:.,'.,'!. '. .
por c ~ esp zando el moti---:-·ralta de lnstituciones donde re. nore~.
· · ·· v1,i:.,-.s:,.··¼~ ~Jl.,,~~n~~""-~
· 1·· ..
vo de ~~rreg!~~~dq~i~: ·· habilitar al menor de eda«L El .:,:~,~~- ~~~P1~-~las~-R! ~~~~~-~.. h!111b~;t::. :
. (;,· :.~- ·..... to lugar.~_.,~t~,..:.tw.~~':-~·~!'1::,:-r -:a Depa.·rtam'J
~--e-nt 'd ·Ju~s·t-.-,.·.,.,.eJ-;,.d,t;'?pad6n~t delt'gobierno~del
1
•"r.·.·- '. ,J:':. • Las·
'su- '. Salud Instru~i.eo·n u IClala,AdmlP. _,"poi:'-el· ~Ug; de·
'de' meno." °g' y Jc'istl?~
'
.
bie
125
.
'
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•·=ti
.
~'C" ••• .-t ··,:~ " .. ~f~~a ·t-~ ....
I
·- ,.~.~
;:J~,;..-. ~---;-..·__ · ~on ~ , !, com~~~- .c~.f."nistracl6n- de",:los-Trfbuna.Ies\iu-1~~~,~e~~...~.C:';.; __~tc·:~.·J'.rec ':11te ·. cen~clmj ...~tr,.
· ~·-:.:-·'.·..,'-.+. •
~ del a.no anterior y _las -de
'atanosamente
ofrece/'.~,.~~ci6n ~el ·cargo de c_oordina· 13 a ~-11 -·ifto:s."1
..
viot_aclones a la ley de drogas lo mas posible en fa:r· del me::;,,.~or~~~-,A~~tos Ju\·en~I~ __q~~ ~ en_tre_]~;...~Y·l
,
sub1eron a 57 o sea, 6 mas que nor de edad que
ha: neon. ·. recay6 en manos de la doc~r~""f~1f-De···1os:3.994\
•~.el pasado afio. ".{,.; ':·· lea· , 1ey.
Esther
Seijo de Zayas
...,. ,...· · • ~--: - · t ra d o en con n·1ct ossecon
.
. ~-. por e11-~f''r1siden':,eil~t'z.
....-..b~". ., ,. - ~
oc=~
-~!.--2:>~.,!f~~~'.~~~~~~".8'-.~cJ!fc-
es
!!
denri&ias'"poi··'robo
casos
"chan
;;_;;o
eda~ _;~
_Ecif~t·,t:as··ec1a~-fl
r
~g
:·!~ __
a~..
que no haya- cuinplldo. Jos 18
aftos de ednd'"· Cuando el menor entra en conflictos con Ja
Iey es llevado ante un Magis.
trado en un tribunal especializado. En cl mismo sc rcaliza un
estudio sobre _~-,..~~cion deJ
menor Y Ja fatta;cometida PQI'
fste. El Juei·''celebra una vis.
ta -al igual que el juicio para
eJ adulto-:-- y oye ia prueba quc
La Adml~~tra~i~~d~~1~;~~r:;~;~~~!~~f~~1tif~~~
bunales, que preside el Hcencia. · La m1sl6n primordial de la_·.," fueion · 'denunci.
do Agustin Mangual, mantiene doctora Seijo de Zayas' es C'S- . de Ia 2:0113 urb~
un Programa de Menores cuyo tructurar firmemente un pJanil~·-·., Eli nw:riero!d
pl-oposito pri nciPal es "pro,·ecr general -publicado-·en···aoHE~~':- al siir ·querellic
11
los nlftos ortentacl6n necesa· MIA el 14 de febrcro de 1965-·- · ra vcz no ash.le
rlo. para su biencstnr en armo- contra el¥ c_~ep_!e .prob_lema de · ni trabajan, con·.
nla con el~~~ pilbll~, m 110••• ~.}~..} ... ~\tn~.!~~iaJi_l!"!~~~~uer...'.:
tener
!~~~;~~--,re~~~~~.2,~JY~:.4~J~~~!~~I plan: .. - de °jl1'eOctJ~c:1$1nes de die~~ ,-~~-·_con SWI fa•
la "eduea'ci6n'p~fra~prevenlr ~· Li ,
Casi el~ 50%'%'<
~Hares; prtnr de la. custodl:, 8_C£~6n _pal'a. red u c, ir I el· pr~~:r;de~Z"e~df'COJi~
de 6stos a 10• padl't'& naa nd0 el., blema/•t:~-,4'"c)f-'f··-,,·.· ~:· "~ ,,,>Cdiciron.qu;'"le~:
.m~-~!M~
r
desfila. 81, su sa.Ja. F1nalmentP . hlenestar de "~.. ! ... el ...~~~~f~z¢~_..:-,s~---ta-r,,an~nci~~o que el,.- ~nales,,~~~~cla:
determma sl el menor resulta p6bllco 10 .fwitl~.q~-1'. b~~r~-57p)an_ 'de· la~, ~~r:c:Im.~~orl'.l- d~~,-fiscal pasado'!ivf,
!--er o no "lnl'urso'• Cculpable)
le, en la medlda que sea post.. ·Asuntos Juvenl1e.c; "esta.'"'empf"~ : padres al
en la querella.
hie, la. orlent:lclon Y la atenclon zando a, rendlr fruto~·~~~:~- cacion d~ la qu,
Las alternativas que tiene e! que debl6 reclblr ea el hogar•.
En u~ ~A.lisis
\~fu-6vimient-·ti>or clento vivtafc
Cinco jucces superiores es tan to de casos de menores eri- los-12.I°%··:con-."otros
mcnot· es el ingreso en una in~tituci6n de Bienestar Publicu. disponibles para atender los ca- tribunales de justicia. del ~pais.
El~totaf't~dc~
recibir tratamiento siquh\trico sos de menores en toda la Isla. la Administraci6n de los Trillu- tuvo baJo · la°"-·~uf
o que permanezca en libcrtad a
Estos no
suficientes para nales seiiala que el mayor nu.mi>. oficiales probat<.
prueba (bajo la supervisi6n de cubrir el numero de casos que do de denuncias radicadas con- asccndi6 a 4,870 :,
sus padres).
llega ante su consideraci6n. El tra ~stos el ano pasado se regis.. 4,1~1~ ~) a~g~~.
Si la gravedad del caso en promedio de tardanza en ver- tro en la zona que. incluye a Rio~ men ores represen
que est! en vuelto el mcnor es se los casos de menores fluctu,1 Piedras, Venezuela, Buen Con. to de un 17.0%.·
muy seria, y si t'!ste cuenta con cntre 8 Y 10 meses, lo que hace sejo y Capetillo. Ademas en el del ano fiscal ..- t,
mas de 16 aiios de edad, el que el menor de edad vaya per. area de In paracln 27; de San- indica -junta al
Juez puede trasladar el caso a dindo la fe y se vaya deterio. tu·rce y A\'enida Ponce de Leon ral. esbozadola(
un Tribunal Superior para que· rando mientras su caso tl~ne eJ·:.·hasto. el barrio· Amparo y La~ . menilre:. dc-'edact
se le juzgue alli como a un dia de co rte que _le r')rres· · Monjas. Un nu~ero creciclo de riorando en Puc
adulto.
ponde.
denuncias SC registr6 en el area motive de] .augefi
La Ley de M.enores de Puer·
De los 5,081 menores de edad de La Riviera, Puerto Nuevo: en formuTan.dr.
10 Rico SC considera como "ei•
a quicnes se )es radic6 denun• Caparra. Heights; Capa1'1"8 Te- registra·do
el!p
t".eleate" por los expertos en Ja cins el ano p:isado en Jos tribu. rracen, L3S Loma~. Rep:1rt~ los esfu{·1·zos f!~l'
materia. La misma esta inspira. nales, et· 78.6% no tenian an- Metropolitnno y Roosevelt.
... realizsn conj:!~:
da en Ia rehabilitacion· del mutecedentes en el tribunal·· El
En el resto de la Isla· el ma- tintas a~n_ci~~
- - - - - chacho, que_reciba orientaci6n---21.4% tenian-antecedentes 'de-· yor·numero· de-dei'i"tmcias pro--·les ~intituciones
·y pueda eventualmente· encomi. anos anteriores.
ccdt6 de Ponce y ?l!ayagiir:z.
d~ la Isla.
,,;.":
··11··
"mo~i
de
son
...
·en'
; " .. i,.•t,•••
A
.....,.,.
- . · ' ; ' ~ ..
.;;~~4?....
1-MdM&iffl!WRM
¥¥kW
;
.
.
- -.
~;,
~
escalamiento, hurlo ·Y
:-'·..-.·.(:-:..:t~:~---.,:~i;.
agresidn fueron· mas de 7.000 men,,
los Ires motivos luer·on ·11e.·v.cido~~:mf.l~principale~
de quere11~·s co'ri'i'rii·; del pais ·ei··,,,·, •..
10s pa·sEActo·
menores_
a_~le\i:~.s(·Jt~-~uiii~tii*.
..·,,--·~;;'ii
an·o-ti"!1cilli~
3-A
�··,,
.
:~-~:•.;,"~ i;·
"': ... :-~· ,,.~,
~~')'···~ ..
t\.
;:-;..--.,
..
-
~J+? ?i:~~:~~~
'-~.--::_ 1)-:f-'/, ·-, ..
.. ·:.·\)~~.W.,.;J';.jj)
�#
·-"
"'•
•
."'ii:'i('\'j~-~-4kt':S•t~~·,:v~"-·
·.·._, _ .,. . _. i. r
1,.
G~.
:~~::m:·::;,:."~ : .:·:, .
,...... ·· _,f}~i{)~:~;.~·:ijT
;~i~:fiJ' ·. i.cooperativa
Na~ e~9m,1~,_u~~nue~,,_~ al tibu~n dia!ruado -~de'.t·,.
. ..
'.. ·:· ~-:· . . ._·.
~ de··. agncultores. termediario que siempre aho-
4
.. '...._~
:. :~
-----:-· : - l
Que. se ~pera tenga e~ bre-
·r~ai:.it-.-1'·:._".'_e Divel lDSW&rt,.~tendida P~t;.
ga a nuestro jibaro con· pre•"
cios ridiculos por SUS frutos
·, -~·.•:=·: :·-~ todos nuestros campos. Dichai··
_.
~ ··
cooperativa se enca.rgaria cle para despu~ venderlos en .el
comprar a eus asociados,toda :ercado mas caros. que los
.
.
- , . _.
la producci6n de frut.oa meportados.
-..;:\~t:,;·;_-f /;:Y~~.:-i~.;.. no~. eapit:81. operacion
- - .;,.·.c, - .. ...
..:•. _
f,s • - 88 levantar6. a base de acciones de $10 cada una. Las uti.. .
•
lidades derivadas de esa vea1
;:·::ta se repartirao entre los mis·
mos agricultores a quienes se
compro. Es el golpe dlrecto
.
l
El
de'.
...nace una nueva
0
••• ··-:--
,
�:·?\:\:,
: ...
~
.
,
...
�.-7~-:}=t~
menos en uno o ·dos afios la
.•
l
,·,·1
,;
t•,
....~ . i'"
·1
!
r
.I:..'-.
carrera de. medicina, ya que
la juventud puertorriqueiia lo
piensa mucho ,'para entrar a
Ja carrera de medicina debi·
ciu a los muchos a.nos quc lie·
nen que dedicar a los estudios .
6. Que en la Beneficencia
Publica para poder prestar a
nuestra gente pobre un buen
serv i c i o medico--hospitalario
es imprescindible que el medico se dedique exclusivamen·
te al servicio· publico no importa el aueldo que justa y
razonablementc haya que pagarle.
7. Que es necesarlo y ur·
1,.~nte qi;,e nuestros medicos
bagan &u internado en Puerto Rico para ayudar asf a. resolver nuestro probiema de es·
casez de medicos.
8. Que debe revisarse la ley
Num. 22 de junio de 1931, so-.
· bre la practica de la. medicina ··
para bacer maa_,. facll el in·
los
greso de
;medicos reclen
graduados al ,seniclo publico.
9. Que .debtpagarse al medico durante· el tiempo que es~
te haciendo· su internado, ya
que Jo que se le paga hoy .dia
ea una miseria y no le da para sus. gastos mis urgentes.
10. Que el medico que combina su oficina privada con el
servicio publico no puede ren·
d.ir de ninguna manera un
flervicio· eficiente en la bene-ficencia pubnca.,'.·. ~ · ·
11. Que una ·solucion al ac~ • "!: ~-.
'
.
..
--~ :.
- ·.:....~ "\ •
;
'
,. •
-iBendito! No creo que ustede's°' v~y~n --~ .traer. aqui. a Gua:yam~ :(o
p~~ un "lrabajo'' ... ; porque para brvjos. nosotros los de lob::a Aldect-?~
-··.:
1.:..A .•
�.•
~.
~j/·/ ?-~~-}::/f\~:.--,',}):<,,: t{~~'i?.
.. ·.~-_::,
•
Por ENRIQU_E PIZZI GALINDO
fotos Barcala
.. EN REPETIDAS OCASIONES LOS LIDERES DEL FAU
HAN RECIBIDO AMENAZAS. DE MUERTE DE PARTE DE LOS 'GANGSTERS' FUPISTAS Y COMUNISTAS. PERO , NINGUNO OE ESTOS INTENTOS DE
AMEDENTRARNOS NOS DETENDRA EN EL SAGRADO OEBER DE DEFENDER A DIOS, A PUERTO RICO
YA LA UNIVERSIDAD, DE LA TRAICION Y EL ENGAf:.10".
•• r ·-·, ~ .. ; -
.. ' ~-.
~·)_j :--~~-:"num11tr~sas
ocasiones, el estudiantado pue~torriqueiia se ha apreudo publicamente contra los }lgent,is que disfraudos de "111a-
ciarse "a nombrt• del estudbn,
~do puertorrlqueno" tanto dentro como foern nc Pul'rto Rico.
Los.de la
bre de ta
triotas de papel" pretenden subvertir el sistema democr,tico en
.__,.,:
Pu-irto Rico_._::,
-~c.~-~,.--..,.:~'i'°t,~.-~-~~~,""': ..... ::·,t·:-h.
- ..
"';,
·,
i
f·
ni~h·acion Cur,1c-1 c:inl ch
se expresc tan cl~ia1
dcfinir los p1·c-:;c,.,ito,; ~
��-··
.Ja
l!.~:~D ..MlSl~ .•se~~!a ~~lODC~'4
M·RTA~~·coNTRA~.~
. .~;·~. ,. . ·. . . .~,
":.~;r.;,?-;~~ '!_array.,f~~.~~El&~~~r.~r
.
\t'r~b..!t•
que ea.e gru1,o de ~UdJ> ~.te.
1:
,~;if;,·::;""i-~.::·.::FAU-;-: no·. deftiii11tner;.limltes!
..;:-;¥:\';ffi'\i,~;r:~
lectue.les
en• est~ha
.•
~-,,
. Todo" Jos
\·M~nos.,....~';. -::.la Fupl/orga.·i\
L i'·r:1·-~:~. . . '.
.-,~~ la democrac~.t~nem
.... '
-:.. ~
'ir·.
F~~. - t'OO, .•..fnatd
i
""""
~
~
lt,y,.
~ ~.. .,.
:.' ·: nlzac vn q~e _ ~!~• l~..~-•e-:~·
~ ~""'~!~'$~;~~,t'-, ,_:~~;;!)e ,~!_t:te~~-~O,!~a!~t
~Jvos agl,tadores ~Htfeo_~~l~ofe. :.;."l?!}"'.1« • : .. r .,. .··:r:•,.f.i::.: ·
••
ant~. ~ualguler looo··que dlsf~;,~~~}i:>
• ... alonales, mu~oa de l~......~!~ ~, "':~
~:'!jt!lff::;:ri~~.,. .
zado de cordero lntente de-s· - ·
.-~ ban ~ !9-tttnado~":en.... l;11a es: ';
tn~lrnos. Nuestrn • d~n.~oe1:1~·~ ';' ·".' ·. ~ : ~
ti,:.,..,:cuel~~.:.:~~: ,e~~~~~~~to_)
;'.,._:: 1 •
·
110~ ser eso mlsmo, nna demo,.'~~.,_"(, . ur,·
.:·~:·;·:·,·:""!'
-;~J marx.lsta, sub,-enl6n Y tenort..~i.i..~:i::.r.:i(~·~;-~- : .
~rat'ln. i.lem1.re hn ~stndo n la .
. . ' , · .. · ·
mo que ~y ,ea.b~ba, Checoes·,lefensh·a. F.s 1•or ello que eada·z,:;..';l, · ·;. ~~ff!~%f-:'-'..
lo\•aquta; Roda:.Cblaa R0Ja1 ).
·~ ~.~ri:-.:~w~
•~•- .'"- HBO de no50tr0s es un esta~da;;J~/. ~-~~~~~-t{~l t~·-~r-.-~"
denu\a palaes~el mund~eo~~--r:·t.:~';!;~'-"":t·•.,- ...
te en la defew·de 8D!II 'prlne1.:T~,:;_.-., •. t·~~~~-:::.~
1·.~,~·:;:~ ~;:~Bri"si1
uista"•.. -~:~.r~··
Seeretarta~~. pi~i.· ,.
if;d~'.1'1deat;· .f- iidep,er
En nwnerosas ocasiones, · 1os'(
·'de la .Fup1 Marta.. Sin- • . ''.Nuestra Jucha h~ sido du· :. Que J,enctic:lo .·;;po;'t.
j6venes estu~_tes..: que ~!lte:~? chei'"o1meda~';,y"Nin:Jso~'Ribeiit~ra·;";.:,1~ :S('g11lni ··.-1..-·ndo: Bat.tu·.... ('4US~ ... ln_dcpendentbita
•
gran el "Frent.e' Anticomunista ~
·;,confereneiiri"-f'piRCi~ti ..
~;-t ··~ceM)S;;~" rrlque~ .;·
_".:::·.:!r'_Universitario" han denu~do_ nalmente''con Mao Tse Tung.·. acoutecldo!ll en octubre en In Ja defensa~dc·· ,in 'd°gbl
; ·, . publicamente -media_nte •. pt. '. presidente · del Partido Comu-. UPR rueron 1>recedldos ·1,or. un nntl-lndepe'ndeiitlstnc'tfn
quetes. folletos, .~oj~s;~uel~, 1 , ni~ta de .Chin.a Roja;'*~;~~'!''.:::..~·.!rn!clooero.. lltaque: al p11cffiro -~,-~~ f1deJ Castro!'.'/a~gt
d~laraciones. matines. etc.,__;._:~: Ademts de haber ··publicado-~'.'mftln que
Frente Antlc:omi"1::~· berto_, Piiia Calderon;--:,
la maquinarla que u1ilizan los £otografias de esas ~reuniones,·· - •nlsta . Unl\•enltarlo rcalizub.a. ri_o de ,Relacioncs Ext~ri.
de la Fupi para intentar con- el FAU h - dad ·· ·1a
bl. 'dad . ,. · -~--1'' ··--J~:;,;t.··,~,,·-·::.>:,v~. .., · -t:~"-FAU-;·;; ... '· -·,:::~....-·~ .• ,
·..,.~ ..•.. ·:;_,<:;,...................~ .....,,..!>.a.....,.,.!~~ .!::,., ....;i,en_.f:" .,_bar_r~;~~~..mp~!~.'f,!1,~.._~(0,.i;t._:,...;;;.~:v::.::(
,
;-:;;-.., trola.r ...1~,..pasos del_ es~~ta·:t·marufiestos explicando_~".l~:.{~~~~1!.~~!-4U4: en repetldas"oca~ ~';-"AJ
1 que~o,e.l!,!r
do puertorrlgueflo. Y en · mas Fupi, tras largos meses de coor." · slones nuestros lideres ban re-- f'D el interior de la Uni·
de una ~si6n. e~~ \·alientes dinacion con el_MPI y otras or· dbldo nmenaz.as de muertc· de todos los 11nertorrlqu:tfti
denunclas .han • Jogrado creai- 'ganizaciones· ... similiares logro pa rte de los "gangsten'' tu ills• ,Ifamoi. 11 F1del Cn.stn
conciencia dentro de· 1a masa provocar un motin dur~te ; eJ .;: ta~ y comunlstns. 1•ero- nlngu· ft" sabldo. 56lo simpail:
: e~tudiantil. Y .P~~~r~!u. repu. cu.al se destruyeron propieda· · no··
estos lntentos de a.me~ 11u. rlginte:n lo.c;· cw1t~"i.
d10 a las consl~s comuni&toi• des de la Universidad. t-C. atac,'i
drentarnos 1~os detendrA ert ·c, Ja Fupl y nlguno~ ,;_;to!1
des de los fuplstas
.... ~' '
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d d
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':.;'h:~..........,:r~;,i;.e::,""!'.~.'"i"~ 1j;..,:.~Jiri!/.i[!fi~,;: ·, !.~, ~~-- Poli<:i~ y. se dier:o~, ~\'~~"."'' sa·.
? .. --~. e!.... ~-.· ,.~!~nder ~,~~...e:.~~.·-~~~I};;, P.:[,e.t:t<'
.t~l}f'¼,~;.~ll~;~::~111.i:~f·:
-:1:.9astro ~, olrOS Jider§(C~ry'J,il*~~•-.!':~~~~..!!~~;y D la ~U~~~~~+l';;_por•ShOblstnor f
~!Stas.~.-·.' .
. . .,. ,-::· ··~
!1'? )~".tnld~n y cl ~II~~-, ha~e_,nJ.~l-~~.~~ C'~.~J;~.21;
.9}_\'~~~-.)>,;.~...~_c:,1~:~:~~~~-~. ~- ~
~~~r~\ ~~1son M1sla pros1gue:., ,.P~---~l.,.,~:Clara. Edwin .. ~fa.el . re~~ben_!~~~d.~_;Y1,~
'}t,ali,tl~.,e~11~·n~r.en. la cran masattt-i·":"Algunas· person.as, des-cono- · Col6n,,~ecretario del FAU.- ".:,..: ._de,Cu!Ja. Pero.Jo ,,~u, f','
~~;.:;./~nt\frsiia:~~'~, l,0005. esta.·· ::;~dor.t~ de fas tactleas comun~~: •.
ll>ll: nombre,
ban dando la lmpresl6n de que' tas. subestlman el
8.CU~rdo't:on lo- que·. ttplteJi'909""'"' lJUefio repndJa"'dc' ~1'1\Z•.
ba.blaban a· ·nombre de la Uni- repre-11entan c " t o s · efomcnto11 lidcres, la Fupl 'oparenta luchar que se hnn <ksfaeado, re
. "-ereldad de Puerto Rico. Sin sub,·ersl\'os. &Jo el pre-texto por la lndependt-ncia de Poer- siaganalstas llel ~ar~t
f'mbargo, desde hace unos me· di:' q_ut\ "f.On pot'OS.. y dt> quP to Rlt•o. Pero no loginndo ob· nl"'11o, Ejcmplo 11t" ~~
!it'ti nuestra organlzaelon ha
••.-1 imeblo no los slgue'', ba)'
tener cl debldo respnldo 1mr .. tih1yc cl. t-:1so_ ti.el ~r>rol
ereado un antteomunlsmo mlH· mul"bos 1mertorriquefios ,•on Jo,. pa.rte dcl ~tudiantado y el pUt'· !-ol! '.\farfa Llnt_:i:'.!':.C?Pin,?_
tnnte en el estudiant.odo eapa'Z bru:ws rru2.udos. Por eso nos hlo ante l:1s tAl'tk:ls por elJo!o, Ramc-s, dests.cado ~~d
de dar·a1 traste con los plaacs hemos dildo n la tnrea de lht• utillzadas. los lupff-f:\'- han re· FAU.
. ,,'.,JS!it
de subversion de 1011 agltadores mar Ja ntencl6n sobre la pell· l't1rrido a los org:mhn1os 1.utcrPor ultimn, Erl~~
roJos.'', opina Edison :Misla.
grosldad de es.os "i~atrlotu& d,~ naclonnles «1uc f;e han ldenll- \V:lli:"tm James Y c.tfos
En uno de Jos panfletos edi· pupel.. que, ,,or upatia de los flea.do como ncerrlmo1' eneml- tes clel "FrenlC" .Ant.ice.
"'O d"' \"" sl I
t
t
Uni\'"r~·tario" expres'an
tados por el FAU ~on dine- th.•mds, hoy Ke en<'uentran sltu11, ,. s " .a l ng on con e pro· 1.: ..u·,.:r-.~·[·","d no •"· nl ""..r
J'O que voluntariamente aportan
dos tanto en la Unl\·ershl.:ul <·o- 116slto de que fstos 11reslone11
.. ~ " u ,
,.
,,.,
estudiantl?S, profesores, prof~- ~o en otros lm1»ortantes ,;er- t'n la ONU y se le haga t•l Jue- comunistas nl ,fo partl
sionalcs, politicos, etc., se mues· tores de la 11ren$0, cl mngiste- ::·o ,\ sus fines 1101Itlqucros. Por tko alguno; fa Unh·erttra graficamente los hilos que rlo, Jos coleglos profeslonales y csa. razon es que nosotros pre· dt· Puerto Jtfco y debe :
mueven a Ja Fupi desde mas nlgunns agencias gubernamen• ,:untatno& u <'SOS que pN'!tendeu lo!. Interest's f-11.f'Jlcintes ,
;,
alla de ta Cortina de HieTro. tales•·.
r.ubrirso eon cl nmnto del sa· tro pais"•
.
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.A.etas
Mart(nez"'
t~nt1at'.t't~cntos.:~:.~':::,~.;f.E-;:_~~
reco-:..7'\:-qiie'; ,' los
ticti;;: r~;m;
el
de.
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};;:a~~~.-_d?:S5,~~~~,"t~ro.:_','
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pellpo' ' que· '.
.'..,ffJJna ~<;rie_ .de_ Cotocrafias pone
la vinculaci6n de
l.~~.atlac.'descubierto
fupistas con el movimicnfo
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f,
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y\~~~,~~'l~(a.~:{~~Q:!.~~~.!~li:
" ... hay que mantenerse bien atentos a los. acon!ecimientos
n.ador. ,ort la Reforrna Universitari3 porque los fupistas~p·r
desoricntllr al estudlantado con fah:os testimonies;!;
Y!
comu n ista intemaciona!
qtue_
EN esa d:daliente batalla .quc ·•"'-:':'-·t,· .
en e11a se rccoge 1o s1gu1en e: ha cmpren 1 o contra e 1 comuNarciso Rabell Martinez asis- · nismo. el jo\'en Edison· Misla----
:I :~
·
. •
.•.
:4:~~'~::.
~£;1.:;:::?.=: :~;-~; i;p:=~~:E; , ;· " ,' , :"
un ~itio destacado al Jado del en dcfensa del siste~ · demoentonces Primer Ministro Ni• . cratico. Empero, el F.AU no es·
kita Khruschev·: en 1963 Io., un grupo de ..c:wernfeolas. rea(')"camaradas " Ramon Arbona ~lonarlos e lm11erloll5tas•• y mu,
M,u-tinez, ex•J}resldente de· la cho ·menos de "fnn4.tlcos pltl· -..• ..:~ · ·
Fnpi, y Narciso· Rab<!lJ Marti· )'ankis", Sc trata de uni\'ersi.
nez. delegado permanente de la_ tarfos que han decidido comba· ·
Fupi ante la Uni6n lnternaclo. -~ tir a ios comunistas crioUos en
nal de Estudiantes, con Bede .en au propia madriguera. Y gue
Praga, ocupan puestos de honor opinan asi: ·
en la tribuna. presidenclal del
"La mDILuncla e1tudlantU
Congeso Internacional de Soli- ·· • contra la lnfUtraclon comunlsta
daridad con Cuba celebrado en -expone Francisco Diaz Echc,
e
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�de ,·ista cornunl!,ta. Esto es Men reconoc!_do _P:,.~~)
h1stlga cl odio cntre In Admlnlstraclon y Jos ·_fs1
puertorrlquci'los '.\' yan:.ls, entre riros y pobre~. ·en
lndcpend!entei., et('. J<;n el fontlo, estos 'es.!ud~!tf
i:~
.~
_:,
'.~~:i:::·
no quleren la ,iolm16n del problema unlversltarlo,
1:1. Reforma Cnh·er!.lt:1rla, t>nton<'es dfo.~ rr:o,·l'rfar,
" ... lodas las organizaciones verdaderamente liberales Y democr,Uide di!umarion contra cllu para volwr a. fomcnta_r
cas debemos unirnos por encima de di.fere~ciu pa_rtidistas o religl°:__ "·
Para puntualizar sus ohscn·aciones sobre . Coit
us para demandar una Reforma _Un1vers1ta~I~ hborar y dernoc;rj~'':';'.'.:,
.
.
. . .
. .· "~!:.;;.·.
tica ... ~.·-_,....,.--:··:-;-,- .. -'t ;·asunto, ~f1sla Aldaronr!o sefiala que "ho~· qur. 1:
··
·
'·
utentos a Im, aconkci~llcntoi. refadonados con i:.
,:t-rslt.:irlu porquc los !UJ>i,;tas pretcnden desorlen,
-- tado con folsos testimonlos para h11t>erse
apareeet·, .
de la lucha
... :,-zw.~
~.i1';,
. pro Reform"''. __ , . .
"En realldad los de la Fupl son enemlgos:d~,,
do 1>rogresfsta y .Uberal para b Unln•rsld3d de· Pt:
que reeordar que - ello& no rt>SllOnden a nuestr~s. 1
108 de. !\loseu o Pekin. Sus lotenclones i.on las de ,
de C'onfusl6n en cl campus pau aduefi_arse, d~~~t·
mJsta y 111>i poder luego aumentar uun mlis e l ~
res marxlstas en la· UPR", ,re\.'ela Misla. - __ _>:._'-:--~7
1
Y para !inalizar, el lider· dcl ."Frcntc Anti,
versitario" ha.::,:a un llan~amiento "para. qu1:
nes ,·erdadernml'nte liberates y democmtlca5 i_ios},
<'UUa de. dff~rcm·l:is partldista.s. <J
t~~f:i,,
rcllglosas parn
Jtcforma Unh·erslturla liberal y dcmo<-aUcn q~e..,,
nltud ms ,·erd:&deras necC"sldadcs de la Unh·crdda,
tado &In
di"
-~ lltlcas"
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lnt.ederc•nrlu alguna
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partl~i{.~:f{fc-
�ROJOS vr.. ROJOS
~;,.,i.·.: _:.. _ China
Comurii'i~)l:n.;.unci~
que.J
Iida· ~ovietica .hiri6 de ~raveda~il
• •;lt ·,. ·· e$tudumtes chinos al ev1tar una.,m,
.'
tad6n que tovo Jugar ,frenteri!.JaJ_, E
iada -de Estado~ Unidos en Moscu.
-Al parecer. estamos pr6xbnos'..,
cumpla la esperanza 'isniwrul
;
''·:;.
·
aniqvilen
entre eUos mit.m ·
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0
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i MAIZ: ...die,; mil toneladas p~r• Puerto Rico .. ,
t,
. 0
;CUIDAD0l
-MENOS MAL 1SE SALVARON
LAS FEASI
. :·i_1-:a. fuerza Aerea de faoana entro en .
'.. J,r;c'ei'a super.sonica de la aviaci6n al reci•
EN EL LIMBO
g,,: cle Estadoi Unidos iiete jet~ de comi,,::_
bitM.J:,ockheed Fl 04G, habiendose orcfe.
El CorresPonsal del Miami Herald, Al .. -:-.. ·r
Ji 11ado igualmente la entreRa de
Burt, lit ha dedicado un follet£n_pcr.-en.:~,
-·M-u-c·h--o--o-J·o-c-o._n___•___l_d. -,c-t.;....•.----- tregas al regimen de Fidel Castro, ha1
'
' •
. blando de tod0$ las cosas Que suceden "· ··. '
dor ferrolano, 1cive •s capaz de camblar· en Cuba. En uno de sus numero11os ·ar- · ·
f, selo, a Fidel Castro Po' tabaco o azucarl
tkulos -loables en su maYorfa- le dedic.6 no menos de doce cuartillas el nau•
f
HARINA
seabundo Luis G6mez Wangi;emert, ha- .
TITO R.0DRIGUEZ:
~
blando ''sobre ta revolucionaria libertad
...tufrI6 otro a~cidente•..
fr
El ma(z es un cereal del Nuevo Mundo,
de expresi6n nue existe hov en Cube",
MAL ANO·
nativo de America. Era la comida de los
aprovechando su · condici6n de director
f; indios de siglos antes de Col6n. Es la
del pert6dico "El Mundo". Y en una de
s&milla del m6s delieio'° de los granos.
sus partes. de fas muchas Que clta, dice:-.•.. . , .. Tito Rodriguez, ca, wrnte. mus1co,
'1 Et maiz es verdaderamente uno de los
"El QOblerno cubano, aue intent& esta- •. .
rector de orauesra. "puertorriaueno.
recurses mas grandes de America.
blecer un sistema comunista, es el dueiio • , ' ,fri6 un' ac.cidente en Buenos Aires cua
-OIi* no Jes h_ablen de estas maravi-·
de fos peri6dlcos Que les auit6 a las emel autom6vil en ciue viaiaba se votc6.
llas a 101 que tienen una diet• fonada
presas orivadas".
obstante las magulladuras Que sufri·
de harin1. En lo quo sl estamo1 de acuer•
--No -hay duda que Mr. Burt
en
el estado en ciue te encontraba concu
do es en eso de que "el malz es uno de
El Limbo. Esta en Cuba. quit er. lo mis•
al baile de Carnava: para el c:.1al habi,
ros recursos m~s grandes".
mo. Lo unico que le falto fue parodiar,
cio contratado v termino su acr:.iaci6n t
en relaci6n con el regimen, er slogan co1and0 sentado sobre una silla, en·tmc
POR PRIMERA VEZ EN PUERTO
mercial de "India". cY pensar cau• toda
del escenario.
·
: ~11':·
RICO SE BRINDAN CLINJCAS OE BE·
eH baiofia se publico en (1191'1 Y hasta
-Tito Rodriguez ha tenido un ano ...
LI.EZA. - · · _ : .,·
.. ·
r.e 1r1duJo al es.,_iioll go. Hace poc:o en su pr~~io
..
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e
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~~ ~nador \~is·Alfredo.;
."---· .:-·. Colon fue rad,cado en· el Senado un provecto de Jey Que estableceria un seguro
compulsorio para automcSviles que han de
-,-.: .;.... conducir menore~ ~_..16_...,.~::.18 e!'<>•~,de... ~
t;:":·'.·~. edad. como·cond1cl6n para ~rseles ex-·
!r.";'.:<"' 'pedir licencla ·~,;f.~f'ldu~ir.;·~~..:..~i{:{.};'1. '·
:··<;;~':,;:-,-J.Por~cauc5:_n.e,:~)es u1te meJar QUe
·~,~-··ungan"uil .... PoCO mi1 'de edad par• quo
· ;, • ...n mis· responsa&les , ver sf reducimo•
~·,;/. ; . el alarmante promecl~./~~~~t!':'1~~1." ...
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El puertcrriauefio Manuel _f
sido ascendido al. cargo,Xde)ia'!
·'• _gerente,. en·i el:.. DeS>artamentol'(
~ lidad,V en "•la' famosa ~ tleiida'.' S
Quinta· Avenida de Nueva;,,Yo;
. ~-,va,•ven: lo unico"..
nosotros~H CIUe nos den la "os:.
; , .•.;~,;~,ee-"' --, .. s ; • . _
qua;.r
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Durante el ano P.11sado la pe,:rera. mu·.
,~.,
,
nicipal de San J1,.1an entreg6 a la Sociedad .;.,~ -- ,. · • ·
-.
· ,
· ·
. _ •, ... s\·" __ ..,;;~ ·t:- ·' Protector• de,A_nlmales un · tota!'~de 1.987 .
REALENGOS: ...nlnguno . d•,)~!· .. 1:987 ._
i",~:'·~-tt•t,~..t::t.·?~-~ . .-.-trealengos; Ninguno.de estos animales PU·
. · .•
.. perr_~__ ,Jrv~.;;·
;. .
·
.
tearrn;,ri~~no.· ta~.tor de ...Get
Acres_, . Tobacco ~. v. otras.,,
. U~'!-~,COl'.',f!J'e"!Ci~..£.enf~.
.
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:: -:-- Erskine\ Cald;eif t'fimoso. es,
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En Colo'!la; Alemanta. ganan mb, esU.n meJor cotirado1, 101 que se dedi.
·-· can • c·uidar a 105 animales cuando sale la familia de la. casa, que 101 que se 41!ncargan_. ,. .__
do culdar a los nenes. Ochenta y dos centavos y medao la hora para los cuadadoru Cf.:!.·'.!
de perro1, por eJemplo, v • clru:uenta centavos la hora para las conocidas babysitters.
·
•
Cuando la p01lcla sublo al apartamiento al ser Hamada por el encargado
dal edlficio. el inquilinn ·le dijo quo ten(a la motor• funclonarido en la aala, porque
querla calentar los motores y afuera nevaba. El ruido.que producla la motocidete ·
era Infernal. Y tenJa locos a todos los vocinos. ·sucedi6 en St. Paul, MinnHOta.
•
Wllliam Wright es un anclano de 73 ano1 de edad, de Lindsey, lnglaterra,
quo era clat,o: Si: era ciego., :.Porque WTIIJam. que clorm(a fa siesta, cayo de su _
cama y .perdi6 el conocimiento. Al volver en si, la familia comprendi6 que habia -· ·
·- recuperado la vi,fon, al exclamar mientras miraba hacia fa ~ntana: "aest, nevandot" Fue un verdadero milagro.
·
•· . La Sapporo Beer Company, ciue es una de las m1yore1 cervocerfH de Japon,
usa una chapa tan ligerita en las batellas donde envasa 1,u cerveu, que cualcauier
persona puede dutapar la boteUa ligeramente con el dodo pulgar. Mucha m,, facil
que las chapas que se usan-en E.U.
-·
.
e La North Thames Gas Board de Londres envJ6 una cuenta a . uno de 1u1
clientes demandando que la misma fuera liquidada antes del dia 29 de febrero de
1965. Parece que el c:ontable do fa Compaiiia creyc5 que,nte es un· ·aiio btsiesto.
.
0 no hay almanaques on la oftclna. . Y el cliente, con cierto. humor, contest6 di-·;-:: - ,fciendo que ofectivamente, pagarla el dia 29 de febrero. Todavra·re est,n nperando.'
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edad :crue·.resids'-.enJSeri.[.f,
di jo en tre - ot ra s '.' cosas: ',~·er~ s~r
es una combinaci6n de un lnteni
m4s bien un al)remio POr. escril
mas de la i."lfluencia ciue eierce
biente Que rodea ese individuo. ·
,. lento lnnato'.\. •.
'.t'.';:~f~
~! ;.- ~ hay, Maestro, que:tli1M11
. QUe tienen apremio, pcro. cleItal,
, da. 1Y ,e1<ribent. , ..... , ·~.~·,,t;,!Ji
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VACAS ANESTESIADAS: ••. una ch"lcit~--!~~ !~-~r-~ novocain1 .•.
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,,.Puert~··Rlco/Caldwell!'ciue"cue
ce
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·? ~,t~~:'Wff~~/r,:1~;.~-:~~..~·:'{·1;ft~:
e ANIMA~~~;/:.Es~~~i~
El senador Euadista; ··Arturo·O
ro, radico un Proyecto de Lev ·qucs
saclo a la consideraci6n de la Com.
·· A~ricultura de! . Senado, aue decl
qal el sacrifkio de animales dor.
en los inataderos publicos y_:priva
cluyendo IQue!IOS·. de consuni~\<a
do. a ·menos Que sean_anestesla'dc
de sacrifica dosi'i-9'~l"~,b;-~1-1it;1(~;
:. , -La ·Jdea no ·es mala~ _senado,
, ae ha puesto usted a pensar, en
Uc, ricamente- audo cori-.-,,~~i.
,o una chuleta encebollada; con.'-.!
novocaina?
· ~>
�MILAGROS GONZALEZ CHAPELL•••
se niega, a pesar de ser furibunda ,, ~
·
reformista...
.. ·
#
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·:;_·~:-~~:
LUIS MUIQOZ MARIN... l.que suce·
deria en un caucus del Parti~o... ?
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�;;Te lo diie. Akalde!I
Tu no podias .caminar
det.de Guayama ,hu1a
San Juan._ Mira como
se te han hinchado los
pi.s ...
.
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;Qulen hablo del c"c:o? Yo
sigo con mi tacita 'I Htoy
camo looo
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:LA;.\ INSTA·NTANEN·
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. . . DJ I s·-c··. R. E.. TA>"~·1~::::~:;'.,i:i;: :;_ ·.
t ··~
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~>!:. ,:,,, ··/,..;:"'~fjJ.::f,\~,:;:;.~-
•
.rr..ri;?tf~I,11 ;~ es s.~~ 1'1~~ 1nte.-~~~;:~~~- e• "Fumand:·--:;;:::_
aea
tl'&la de Emma Rolla VlncenU, qu.ten, dlcbo:
do pa.so. en.
,,partansea*a clel '<ae..~apU.. puede pa.rame'.-v~ndo qlllernJuntc1·
_, aetrlz' apalola. B e m ~ -· lits \.'1lmplresu·· t'lnematogr.i•
•.;. Jo
Emmii
;cie· -.~um::ilr fr~ntc
que·espei:ab&
#e;a~ ~.- mociteato
::i c4.man• .-:Tv~·-:roa·ea,u'"~.-de\Ul"A, j)_orante
habl~~ .~t~lonea7:·-,··i.;"'C:.;da' lblt'rlftda'•; y
0
I
-,.,,,:·;_>;:;,-;.,·,~·» caperaba era
que la
Uft.11
·Jo
dei1,
:.1...-.;?;:
lento de Barc:ala le reaaltara. tan tra\'lesa
.·,"·
-·~,;~i~f¢}~i~'4.Sb15f
~i"'1a'.·~L \reritlC{:
-- ...
_....,.,~~-
:,o que vio Juz oomo especit!
rumor algo sordo y subtc~neo ya esta tom.ando (onnu
, ,et:,.lles. El propio Ralph Perez
;: ,·ry. de regreso en Puerto Ritras su viaje a Mexico y los
. ~ados Unidos, revel6 "'a.rio,;
vo hasti ciue arribe a una de,
cision. Tan pronto ~st:i se pro.
dnzcr. -ya fuese positiva o ne,
,:;-ati\'a- serlt dada .a conocer 11
la prcnsa y, par supuest.o. a l.i.,
partes interesadas en el m.·~o·
cio.
;: •os sustanciales en tot-no n
Pe1'C".t. Percy, un n~rdadero
½ '. neg~clones que envuetve11 · t:namorado de la TV., no tenia
~ ,Lil propiedades en la .radio v mucha prisa por alejarse del
f
f
~- ui. lo expuesto por este Re•
.
montana de binetcs vl!tdes )'
f -la en anterior edicion, he
:: :.ui lo que aclaro Perez Perry;
fragantes que de un dla para
otro habia. l!turgido en sus hori·
~· ·, La swna que Je ha sido
7.ontes.
(/tiid~ por la compra de su
;.QUE PASO CON
~
~,,.
TV puertorriqueiias. Confir,.. negocio. Ni aun cuando cue1·a
1:ido en cas;l todos sus exta·e· para dcdicarse a contcmpla1· la
rkau Co~on.la~ Broadca.~tlni LILIA LAZO'!', •.
I .1m.;1 prop1ctana de, WKVI'\t; · ,.! · • --: ,. , • :·
t; ~ a di o, WKBM Televisi6n )'
La contraiacion de Lilia. Laf ''SUR-TV, en Ponce} asclende. zo "pot• Paquito Cordero se pa·,:-.;,. :
~~
_'.Ii
los iDOCE
M.ILLONES-of;---=-- ,·ecia
~ ,OLAR.ES! • ·
.<; l- ,_: .
much'o-..:.::cegun· comento-:.\.
-J
aiguien- a la histoi-ia del dul- . f ·. · .(.
f) Amen del e~presario mexi:· ,ce de coco sin coco.
'·, '.":,;.,:: ...
~ ·-·
·mo· don Emilio Azci\rraga.
A poco contratad.a la actriz..
_uiPn posib}emente Se hara CSt"· 1.!l prnductor -a tono con las
_u del 20 por ciento de los in· mas inteligentes practieas de' su
F·Freses en Ja nueva ·emprestt llticio - in;yect.o fuertes dosis de
Jj acorde con lo que disponen propaganda II Ku adqubidon.
it ,:uestra.s leye.s), pooerosos con, Las \'irtudes y cualidades de
.: ,,,reios de Estados Unidos par- Lilla (quien cs actriz de muy
,dpnn tambien en la compra, .mperlativas facultades histrio·
. '·1briendo el 80 por ciento res, oicas) fueron trompeteadas pol'
. .1.nte .de la responsabilidad.
Lodo lo alto. Se la pinto como
• '.) i.a oferta cs a!go definido. el elemenlo ideal para sustituh·
; ,,o asl Ja consumaclon de la y avcntujar ampliamente :i.
\'c:nta. Todavia el -Perez Pc- Slmpllcla, poco despues de que anuncio Ja
rry- se encuentra estudiando . la intirprcte de este persona· joso contrato oon Produr-'·Jom.•!i>
{ ~I asunto y nada seri definit.i- je, la actriz Normita Suarez, Tommy )Ila.ft&.'-(; .•
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Las Naciones Unidas sc reunieron para dn.rle un \'oto de c01uianz.n.·a s~
vador y permitir que Doris Elizabeth Martinez -su Undo producto!t
diem nnestro "Pollola.ndia•, de hoy. El \·oto fue un:\nime. Y ustedr-s 1
juzgar por que. La conmocion que catiso Doris cuando recicntemen~·. .a1
en nuestras piginas por pritnera vez bien nlfa este ·'bis'' algo"'ma~·T~~~·
que nos rega_la ~-~citna.ta, de-.,,{'!t~AN.:~.· ~~p,.,e!eenf~~~~-;.
· h~
:
. ,,,. "'"'.':'2:c/i':i;·.:·19:...'f;:~1-:,:-.;:;';.,ITJ~:,:--. -~'t~;·:.~ •"'f'i. .~ ;',"i'~i!-~" -
}}\ttii§~s~
�f~Yi;;aa habido,demoras.:-,.,,.en,las,,.~.··:.~
\i.?.!::.fi~clones~entre~M,rtt\,;;i;',i.!.,:,.
lil;~- Silva' y Telemundo'!para lfta:?··.,,._
~preienta~n. de la prt~~l·!•.~··
dentro. de un ~ . est~.i?¼,~
~/:§.ta "'"d "\"'··A;,lio -,de-dwi t6n-.JJ.'!ti~
~t11,
e.:~~de ""la~'·"··
da-~~,~a1'·'•r'i:!-:,
~.•. 8 r,traVca
I
• lleglJ.n
i\-..
-~a-·;
..,,.,,_~. rev~, desde Juego, es;,como
· hubiera sldo exti'afto. Li.s i:io:,r:·~,
sfbUidades de · un . entendi· :( ·
*·" :.
tJl
lJ'i:P..el'II(:
f"queYf.an.to·''6i:lfo!vfene'n
Drlendol" . jl, ~a . no\·ela
"1sada ~a&· .Me.r~ftJ..
ita!~~l.rnii\1~~~·~·~11:
t"~ l'l}ientol.toda~~~peid~iity :_.
.;,.:~~ muy· conslstentemente. Suce....
/f:,rde; s61o;:que estas·cosas to- ~
l,~z.-,q~l~n:l!~~~!':'l!
~tor.d~ ta, P~-~J!!!r
trales de dl~ha nhra.:.,q
.efeetnari.n_~JJf ·
-?~: · man tlempo y
tiempo -mu·
-cho mis-. habr.i de trans•
.airrii.,probablemente;· antes,.
.cena.rlos .de.:IA'.:hl
qiiela ·rigura'redorida y bien '.
tu<!Jando• inii'y" en ~~ri
nutrida de Myrta sea_ una
~ propo!ilcloaes
realldad.en ·m pantatlas delt;._-:,
"tvela•se· . '"
~al~2~~ii.1-poslblll•~'
.cfo'delas· g
;i..::.·':~dadei'"".°uo··:remotu de q11"
.-.TV., Sustit
r:
nuevamente por aqu(
~
"El~Malfq
a&
\
al famoso trlo de payasos que.
1;i;.<i.}
reuie;bajo' elftltulo~d~
~).:.')'; ln....- n GabY Fof6 v 1\flll: -··· .,,,.,..,..,,.. .. ,- i;~.;,•,-·
··:,,,.no
. . Azu.1·..."'aJ'!'sigillente
'li<'•·r,
.....,..
••
#
Roberto
:,,;;...·..,~
-,;;, .;_· cu.,
.. Tunn
c C?rrea,.·rvoJoss1
· -.
. ·.•kt:"."'11>Los
mur.haehos,
des.d~::;.,,.,.;;.:
.... , .. ·, 1.ectesma
_._, .~.;;:--~
.. ,·,- ¥,,.i,,.- ~·"',..·:··
~. ·• Cbtca,:o, esbozaa planes p:ara{~~~. ttv~ '!-~reglos muslr:a1~~ 9m• · ~~- rez,' Esteban dc__~ap.l_m
una. nue\'a teinponda' en~~:_dn'eu ·~ra ,..ld~~~~r~a la·• "'
Esthert:: 9~~~1
nosotros.'}..:_Apostariioiix_a_: qur·:~:.=.~' ~~P!.~~P~~~~·,
. 1:0?lo.~~~~Peddto
terubfaa' tremendci''a:lto. · ffa-~S~despedlr .IOII 'espaclos,vdestlnu• ..
( taJentoso - hJJ~de,1&1! ·
-·-· re. tanto' Hempo que no al'·
· dos a las no~s y para d1\l'·
Gladys Aguay~~4.i,t
f:6an por ari. que )'a tlenf' qur
le. promocl6~, ..- duraate ·sn
d!! la teleJ?.D~l~J:.74~~<
·il1i~~-,•ea.rnos
1 -
Acu...mos naclbo de ,u
cart• y con · mucho ttutio, a ·
SU
debldo tltmpo,·· . l;o.os·'
dando cuno • IH entrevt..
tas que ustecl : augi..,.. Ya
habfamoa .. rectbldo comunic•·
clones· cle' otras mlembrot d6
su club' in. -~ sent~iJ-'•
·;,i
.r.i1cttamo1· e - todas;,ipor~·lo -·"
,;~ ~: · ctJva y blen ·organtrada quo .
• '.· • antitnen au a r
de,
• ,J.; J.,.; ;<;;.
.,;:l."!t•levll.6filas,.
i-~~1f).:
.. :~{hl°;f-:it;~·,:..
---···--·
··,
·1
~-?,t\-';~,!:<:,~'.¥f1,i-;i.::.~
,.,·;., .;
·· ··,,;.·.>,..
'·
,I
I
.:·:·! .,
·l
I.
chii Quinones y crey6 que
estab.tmo, escribiendo en se,.
rio aqu.Uo de ..Orquesta Sin•
.>I '•
-
.
ta dos oclHa1 '·m,1 'arriba,·
estimado c.n•larlo. Sia du-,,
da no cap16··· ushld~et···tono,;..,
de t,roma quo ravmab.t la
informadon •n torno • , ... --
·.'
fonlca.... S1 tey6 completa la
partitura, antes de que se
enm1r1fiara el violin, habr, wlsto qu• expUc4bamos, ·
debtd,mente, c6mo Pach,
Qulfione, no era director de
orque1t1 • nl -mucho .,,..
molmudo. . . Pach,;
,implement•, a un dutaca·
do y laborloso operador de
audio en WKAQ Radie cuya
nos-
~
t
r
,'
t
..
~
l
''slnf6niu.. no
YI
mb
an,
del disco y la "1infonola...
,:. ~~e que dis.ponga, en t:l mo;.~tnento, para quo .•• music•
u deJe oir. Repetimos, por,
si ICIIO U traban de nuevo
laa clayJfaa: · Pach6 QuinonH .
no H un director cle orques-
:1t:~·~:it:~~;
.;;,}.\·dt·?.?l_~·-:_·,- 9una nueva ·queJa ·quo form11.-·;
f
Jar, le 1ugerimo1 la dlrJJa al
senor Ramiro Martinez, a Ra•
dlo "E.I Mundo, qu.ien lll9U•
ramen.. e.ndr' mucho gv..
,. , to en a1*nderla,. en · lu c•·
Hdad d. "agente y repreMn·
tent• mundlat" del senor
" Oulnone1. En re1acion con
101 otro, comentariot
que
,. no1 hace en 1u cart1, no &a·
i:
be cuinto l1mentamo1 uo
P dal quo I• brlnqult el arco
- del violoncello. Pero, jquci le
nmos a hacerl La vida H
••' de lngrata, utlmado Can•
dttlarlo:"'· ·
·~
·I'
...
f
·%."~;!~\t:·
·ser totahnente···aue\la la t"11.·
,programacl6n·.dJarla. t1 '\'a•
~mal de! aulor ·Enl'lq,
mada .· de nllios~'sltuatlos nl
rlos de los m:ts estelares
Betancourt- tiene.'con
.. . otro ,la.do de los televtsore11. ; , . 11~cramas Cl':!>. e~lte la platt·
ma una c ~ n c i cm:?fJ::.~
'f',( AqneUos. que_ tanto°'.::ie""'dMr~~t~:~;i~~!arreglos musicales
A,:ul", Que. fue e~peci~
· tleron a.ates eon Gaby ·Fof6 f~
son obra de uno de los mh
te grab:.da para ,as,:..o,
y MlllkJ, a travEs de 1"a TV,
. destacados m6sfcos qm.• te·
tizac~ones.~po!';:,el!Pia.:Dl.
liD duda __~!>!'°' se es~r:i'.'-·- , ·~·nemos por.,..~quf: ~ m~~t~.!.,1.--.-,,, c
_. _,:ra4uando_•en• la ,.~h ,; • :
~ Y.,.!trpp4.~eo,..~~....tL6pf:Z;t,~
~. ... . .
•.~mo.
"''','"~'l>'!;..~~T<'•~~"~;>Pr'½ -"',
. . telarlslma:"ttrompeta'.""en :· l:a .
p~t;'e!
n!iru~g ,
Ya est.a a la venta el nuevo y - ..... orquesta de· Cet.ar Conrl·J•· ~ F.rankcl; . Aud
' mis reciente long--playlng de
don ... No pudieron crista·, .
Baez ei; la r::i:is,r~
•.":'~ Hispanos".,Se llama Ti_~~.·.;., . . ·.lizar.las.gestiones.pai·,Ltraer~..i~.don al;l!bro_!iilo'.
)~~~gue~tpresenta ~.t,{.?ta: f>uerto;RiC-0:a~ Lola~ Flori!s.~~1gi.ims-· fA'rand"'
H.ispanos.. 'Y · en· ~I abundan
La "Faraona" · tenia flrmadn .. .... rec_i6n Jleg1:1d .. ~
·J~~~l~lJ
·~a:
en Paris un contralo que de. · ·-.arra el hogar; do':'.
bl~ cumplir antes de -~~._,. _. -, valloso cooi:~)~!~J!a.4!...
brincar el charco y vis1tarmundo .. ··.-t4~Pt.1w,r.a\t
· · to, W1s6n y Carmelo, con el
nos. De todos mud(ts. Tony
prcsentacione.s'::fque'tOlo
tremendo respaldo quc apor·
Chiroldes -que era QUien
terpretes-de-·"Maiia'""J3',
tan la banda y la _persona)!.
andab~ tras la negociacion-.-;j.· La Mulata'' :~f~~tj.z~dad de nuestro Tito Rodncontinua en contactc, eon ellR. ·. · la Isla, ter.la que::-ser.
guez ..• A prop6alto de Tlte: · ·. · y planea hacerlo aterriza,·
supuesto. en Coama5
su \'la.le • Puerto Rico DO~::. 7'· cuanto antes en Isla Ver.
tanta admiraci6ri'tei"rtu
tendn\ lugar huts pr1nclpl0$ •
<1e ... A ""'ta" alturas \\'lAC
terada dur:.:.?1te su·-re<
clel mes de ma.yo. Para e5a
,. su staff de :ti"th:f)S ('(;ffit,n·
\·isita. como invitadof
~poea ea ·muy probable qoe ·-·
tutst.u deportf\'OS de bfl n
Club Social y :Reerea~
cctlnclda. 'aqU( eon SU hom6nl.'
tenerlo todo hic-11 ttl!tJHte"to
aqi.:elJa )ocalidad?uf!'ifC
mo y competldor -aunque
para la transmtsl6n, dlff'~ta·
.~at:-al de la no~liff.qu,
l,uen "panlta.'' en el rondo-ment~ desde Nue1·a 'Fork. d~
cdcs dias debe,z, estar,
Tito Puente, qulen tambl,..n
la lmportantt'l pelea t'ntr,,
tando eJ escenal'io'fcii.ifn
planea renUz.ar una Jl111 en•
Willie Pastrano )' nuestru
sc ajusta estrietamen
tre nosotros. aJ rrea.te de, s11
Cll~i Torres. El estebfr .·
aqueJla parte.dc la drii
orquesta. dentro de las dos
prorrama boxistlro compren·S:'"!:'?' zacion que hasta.'.~anor.
. los arreglos modern~. ma·
,..~-~. gistralmente a rm on !za.dos
por la~ voces de Charlie, Ta-
t1.l
prlmera•
semanas
ck
ma·
yo ... WAPA Radio esta m,1.
dificando radJcalmentc su
prograrnacllm. Los prog1-a·
. mas vivos han ido desapareciendo (vgr.. "El Show dP.
. Bobby Capo'•. "El Pro~rama
de los Expertos") yen su lu-
de tamblEn un comhate C'ft·;;-;"""~ sido vista· a· tr:we.i1·~!l"
tre el t'Ubano Jos(,. StablP )'
rn11r.do. El final de
«·J "s:.ilntomrno" Emik <:rif· .·.
p;): s..:puesto .. !}~.,;~
'
fith ..• Si no tu,·o sucrtc·oou r.i(,,. sc a :c.Jnocer, en1esa'.
•
'. Lola Flores. con . Robe,'tci'{f~J:-· gu'na. cle' las 1subsigu~ .. •
Ledesma. tLJ mcnos. ~i h;, tc.
· p;·e;;t'n~nclones te.atrnle,
nido exiro el cmpresario To· . . se hag:an de )~.,,~?.t"!,'z:
ny Chiroldes:EJ popular can·_c;_,:;;-~- · que n? h11yan eonctuid
1·.:1
--~ar-surgeri·mis-espaeios-mu-----·-tante debe.-estar·aJ·poner·pic-·.--capit1.1los'l·c-gulares-dITa
sica!es. La lntervenclon de·~., entre nosotros, para a.pare: ..... rna, .. por .las .ondas:j"'de1
'.r;::.-:_101 tocuto~. ~bJ!n~·~,~h~Jf'&.:L
. en t_!:Ra"1l?!~.!"1i;.8.~!.1~~~~~mund~}~~~~~9~~, g.
'':J~::·reducldo~ a un. mmfmo.'~I..a-~~- '
de.iar olr _su·vo%:a·tra~·~:'7'' entro con malat~~'bi·
...,;.~· · Idea . es ,•estructurar una di!"~'. · ves de WIAC y encabezar el · . regrew de. PaoamE1.Po
. ·esas program.aciones eminen•
espectiCU}O n O Ct U l' n O de!
guna ra:ton de.~C'H'fdi
temente musicales. al estilo
Monte Casino. La de Rober.
pudleron cnmpllr:·un't~
de las de ·otras emlsoras ya
to constituye una. lnteligent~
mlso que tf'nian fi~d
ex ls ten t es· en el: dlal. • .
importacion. ahora que ~u
.. - Jw.na. - Diaz.--La- ,rente.
\VNEL estA en rub.a de • .,
nombre ha venido cobrando.,_._ alla_estnfnt que trlnabi:t
trenoa~ .••~un«."16 nue,·oa pla· ;:::~· tai_!ta':'popula_ri~ad,. a trav~ · . la auscnrla de J,,;~,. nui,
nea eon au translc6ptero (f>I :.:~de ·sus grabac1ones ... Pro·,
Tlene que h3ber rned!nJ
helk'.4 pt er o "ave1'fi:iladtto...
dncto~ de Puerto · Rlrn '.\"
~n:l r~zon m!1y p1uh·
c1uo rc,•olotcu ~n torno n
Est.ados Unldos \·lenen moDe t:iio estamos ;;t·;~urn..;..
nuestros problemas del trio,i.Endose en tomo a :\lanu<'I
que los mu<'hachos dt"I •
slto) ; l.mpartl6 nuevn rum- ·
G. Pltlera. Ra61 Nac~r ~ Ju:rn
Combo, as{ itmlo ,mn d,
hos a &us notlcfcros -qu~
Sant.a. Cruz. en con,'f'r!i::.clo·
<'h.1.nJ!,1sos a !a ho,a. dt·
ahora csta.n dlrlgldos por {:I
nes que posfblcmente dct.t>r·
mar utt h:i.ila.blt• son de,
l'Ons.agrado per1ocllstu Gui.
mlnanin la filmarion, muy :
malell y cump11dott& ail:
llenno Gener- y puso rn f'I .
~n breve, de un largo ni~t_'.!1.:-...:.:.., . ra. de ·ohsen'ar
,~coi:
al.re una ~Jett.Ion de atrac·· ,_ Je clnemato,:-nifleo bnaado en(,·,~, tnlsos: • •":.i'l ,
- . .~,:;;:~<'?;'.;;;· .
~A:;.; .
",.:;< ;·. ;:; .,. . .. .
,,p~"-i\J~
�.]~~&~i;~;:;,h
,}/:~~:~~1·
•'
0
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-~~77 ·. ·-'
Si~;;~~ ~mpre leche fresco en Botellos de Cristal.
· Son Juan, Puerto RL:o
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Carlos Rubin Ortiz es •I tipo
n1tural a qulen le abrimo, totalmente fas puertas de nues·
tro, hogares para que ponetre
en ellos
Cu,mdo titne un "break" abandona lu. , dmaru para meterse 6:"!
la cocina y darle los toques finales a la comida ~uo presanlarli ~se
di:a. Saber lo que tiene que cocinar diariamente es l,1 mayor preo·
cupacion de Carlos Ruben
,u
Irene, la betla espou de Cilrlos Ruben, y Velda Gonzalez, en
p,1pel de "La Criada Makriada .. , aunque en "Buenos Dia&, Puerto
Rico", se porta de lo mejor,, son dos eficientes auxlliaret del
. Chef
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Se & rat a .. det /'International ., .
Comme\"cial; Cente,;j:of -~ ~erto'f;., · ·
Rico, Inc.•• para el coal el Cha·
se Manhattan. Bank flrm6 m,
t"Ontrato que aslpla- al banco el
· \fJr~,:\;;i\; {{
.
Un nue,·o edlflelo' de.. ·15- plsos
para ondnas est4 elendo c:onstruldo en 1a eane Ocasio, en ·
Rato Rey. entre las avenlllu
Ponce de Lea11 y lluAoz Rivera.
,..._:~·;~;-
llnanclamtent.o de la. construey funcJonandento. -El eosto
total del proyeeto es de mu de
clnco millones de d61ares, segiin
lnform6 el aeflor Max Cohen,
presldente de la f1rma Intern.a•
dona.I Conunercla.l. Center, wu.t
cle las tres compalUu ec,..propletarlas del modemo cdlflclu.
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EMPRESA PUE~TORRIQUENA
La .Administra~i6n
<ion
Fed..:ai •. Hogare& -( FHA. i • ,. Admini5tra•
de Vttteranos, han otorsado. ,u r«onocimiento a la San
· MaPtin Mortgage and lnve.stment Corp0ration, institucion dedicada al financiamiento de YiYienaa's' en Puerto Rico. Esra emP!•sa, bajo fa direcci6n del ingeniero Justo A. M,ndez, cuet1ta
Entre 1us principales colaboradores al higeniero ,; abogado Rene
Aponte Cat.alibi, el licenciado Luis Fermin Gond)ez Correa, y
el sefior Juan C. VUlarlnv. Entra las nu,nerosos pr:i)vec:tos qu~
esti desarrollando esta empresa se c,ncuentran Sa Urbaniiacicn
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Wonderville, en el. barrio Cupey Bajo de Rio Piedr.a1; Urbani·
.zaci6n Ciudad Univenitaria, tambien eri Rio Piedrasr Urbani•
nci6n· Villa Graciela, en Jum:os; Urbanizaci6n Ponce de Le6n,
en Mayagiit2; Mayfair Development, en Bayam6n: Urbanind6n
Villa EvanteUna en M1n1tr: y el Medical Center Apartments
en Monaclllos, Rio Piedras. El reconocimiento por las mencionadas agencias federales c:oloca a esta empresa en condiciones
de ofrecer a la comunidad puertorrit.11.1aiia un programa com•
pleto d• servicios en el finandamiento de proYectos, compra
v mt:}oras de hogares
CONVENCION
.
·::_, .·.
El senor l\lannel F. t:'rqtwtl.l,
E,i('cuti\·o dt~ Uni,cd Promoter~
and Advcnisci-:;, prcsenw r1··
dentemente anfr ta. pr~ns.a dd
p-.us y ante un gn..c1>0 de cllcn·
t..s la nue\·a linea de 11ro!lur.tos J:::terna 21 y Colorsilk. de
Revlon. Durante el ado, en H
_que p.:,,rtlel1>,11ron ejct'11tl1.os )'
,;endedora de Revlon. lie db,·
C'Utl6 t:imblen la naturaleza dr
esb nuev~ Hr.ea de pro<lurtos
de embelledmlcnlo )" h1 c:m1pa·
i\11 de .publlclda.d que ha sldl'I
creada po."' presentarlos
mtestra sOC'fodad.
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Con,·enclon L:itl.uo.irm~rh•ana de N< F.. 11u~ ~I\ ,-clf>hrara~a
En la foto aport'>t~ un grupo de ofk:la.les de la National Cash prlmer9s di.as de m:1r20 l"On la "il:t:tir!~:Ll'lor. di" !oo-·r'~:
Register Company, de Puerto. Rico, qt1t1 a.cudleron al Aeropuerto
tes de ,·rnt& .,.. e11pe-t'fall1,tas tm ulertronka (}M\"enl<-:ttl!"l
lnterno<'lonal dP. l11la Verde para darle tu. blenvenlda al seftor R. __ Sf's latl.J1oan1l!'rleano'i. El s.t."l'l:11ru.irlo. q\h.' d:.ir6 un:t se~t.J
StanlPy Laing-. El sellor Lalni=; Uego a. San Juan pnra aststtr a b
tmrroll6 en r,~l.nt'tim ('()n €'I prOt'er..a.mh·nto t'lf'.,('tr6nlt'o ~.
�VENTA DE 80t~0S
.~:,i:i;
. La fofo r tTJti· el in,tante en que e! Secretarlo;
s.eior ,lorge 1:~nt S:ildaib.. redbfa ae mam,,: t!r.l Vic,
Geren le General del Chase ~fanha; ~.rn 2:.:nl: cie Pu;
nor Fl'llnr.l'ICO de Jesus Toro. un cht>que por la. awn:
nes de clofares, producto de Lil redente Vt-r:!a 'de hon,
Ubre Asodado. Esto. bono,; -,·er.di.Joi. en X .1~1·a. Y,
de intcrf.s de 3.358!)_ fueron adquirldas por. un crup
ros im· .. rslonb,fas que represcntau a. los st;;utent"5 Ii.
11aiU11s de lnnnJones: Chase ~ianhattan Bank, First,?
Bank, Morgan Guaranty Tru!'it Co. of New York;-~'I
Co.• Bank of America, N. T. y S. A.. First Natio:ii1·:
cago, The First Boston Co!"p.:-r:,t::'.>~. B..:nco C:t:,'::ro y
ceiio. Banco Popular y Banco de Ponce. Obser\•a;la
;<'heque el seftor Juan Lahadil" Eta:1te. Prestdente;'de:
·,:.~. • .
70
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h~:~m~n~nl cir !l"onwnto.
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t:I Keitor .Robert ,J. \Vestbee. Vlcepraldente de Grupo de ti
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., a cargo de loa Prodocto"
· · El#!ctrlco!i. •egundo a la derecha. estu,·o reclentemente de \.islta
en P11erto Rk'O paro, r.amblar tmpre~llones <'On los eje(.'uttvos tlil..'
3M en la lsla, ret.pecto al progreso y desarrollo del negoclo aqu(:
y 1•n la Amlrica Latina. El i.enor '\\'~tbee n•nfa aC"ompaft.ado dti
:-n e:i.&1osa y fue ret'lbldo 4P-n el Aeropuerto por el aeftor Frank E.
Lesli~, Gerente Dlr~tor de 3M en Puerto Rico. y el aei'lor John
Peters y ~fiora, \.'l«!epresldente • C'argo de la Am~rlcl Latina con
ofldnas en San J'uan. Este ultimo aprovech6 la 0M1sl6n para lnl<'rmar que durante el pa,;ado allo la Compaftin 3M hahia logrndo
11nas ,·enta~ mu11dlulcs d1• 903.9 mlllones de d61nrtt. to ctUll re.
11resenta un aufnt!nto dt· un 11.! JH>r rlf>nto Nn re•J)f'rto a la!'>
c-feortnndaa en 1963.
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¥ot·~iRA ·s~~a:;t~~-,.; ~ pa.;: Jo. -~ntest~~ ~:a!:t~os
~do volando';°y':"'"camo'·e:·~~quisiern 'ii t.1{i'\~: (M!ro
~~~{~;ihi~~e~te~iit ~ 'se·.~~: ;natoN·:f~~c.:,
prometo'""" telfre·-aq~i~n"'Pi:iertc?Rico~· y~~''dido -~iisift"uVc·
natU11ll, :,"- O~~ t~e}~na~-l~IJ.1ti. .: ir. ~cie~~~-~,,~. ~l,!it~.lo,.: ~~~!!• ,.hay ~oda en ~ell!~_:.-1-;,., 1~ ~~Y;.:1..a corevgrafi~··y.,
···r.:i~~vamente. con ustedes para, que. se~.···"
. ·::-"·'··r·:.:;~2 1.Y:·bre·'Y.J>&rece que ,·a a ·ei,lat~,·· tuar10, muy buenos P,.Of..,'
1
traerles los. comentnrios dcl e Hoy quicro comentar dos buena.. • ::.· -:.:· , . ,,.::f'__,:;,, ... ~ ,..
corresponden al conocido
ambiente farandulero de aqui y cartas muy carinosas que reci~ 4:, ,_;.,J,, j}. .~.,;j.'.t :::::,:-? '.i'.:_'./~{{;:-J.;~:. . , Reyes, qu!en ya ha .
~~;..extra?Jero~;a,~!~~b~~:Ht·bi .ha~.. _uncis _dias:,Una~: es dt··" NOTl~IAS.
c
·-:::-.:. mi'!!· El ttempo pasa·.. tan -ri.p1· un amlgu1to m10 que estuvo rt'.
·:
~~.a-1{.r~~·:}if7-,_. · Ju.~
. 77;~~
:i.:.do que no
da.~o ni cuenta .•. cicntemente en,Pue~to .1._Rico y. e ·"·
rece-· .ta:.foto "·:• .•Y _habltu:do de.cs1c...:(..
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q~e~
pre:f'.tque.?a .,.~-......-..
itive
otr11 cosa que quejarme·
sent6 .' en el Teatro Pue1·to Ri· , HOMBRES ·, 0 · MUJERES?: nuevo F1amboy · y me ..
.,-..1-.. 1,1a. irti.s semana de la wJocidad
~N~eva Y°:k jun to a -Mi- P~x:a. los. ·q.ue no ad.iv:r.arcr: I<',; to. !°',) so!a~. e. .nte~ ~.f-~u:
,._ :;+~.i;:.~:/-'.x-;;_}~~::,1 . ~ n que .Pa.s~mJ,os.•~as. las ho ••. ~u~l ..A~~~~-'~eJ1as con "?u~~ ..:.•}}~_.,}~!!!,,.~~c hom¥~~~}·~~.!P~:l!· m~iy ~~i~~-~~1:,f' · 1
·:~·~:· :-.::.:..,:"~f:,~,;1' __ ::,:· ,.,, ras y Jos mmutos, pero ~s que ex1to. Se l~ma Fredd~ Rico ()\:'.~.~~~~~.. los Cmes 'de;se~a· 4u': . cncont~f.{~
cuando uno va para vleJo co. \'an tres Rico en la m1sma ora. na en ·el show del "Cotorrno" gente que ie d:iba~
mienza a preocuparse pot· es- cion) yes un pollito. Para qu~ de, ·~ohnny Rodriguez. Quiero tiguo FJamboyan.:'.<;,ausa.
"i : ~ · -~·';l~}~l'f~ ~~ ·tas c:Mas. Cada momento que \'ean quc no miento le~- incluyo que ·_aepan_. que • dicho sh~w y:i · bieri. Cesa~....~o!ic:~~~i$1
., .
pasa es uno rnenos que quccla una foto en esta secc1on. . .
ha s1do comentado en vanos re- qucsta, Uhses B:·c::,:,'-. c:
fl
pafa \•ivir y ••• para quc voy a O Otra carta es de un joven ri6dicos de San Juan y gue c·s- gue hacicndo de maestro
seguir. ,Me pongo niuy triste y que se llama Nelson Fraticelli, ta muy_ bien present.ado. E:. lo rcmorila·s, · y 'micchisimai
;..... ,
no vale la pena ••• !
Quien me dice que es hermanf) que se llama un show de tr:ins. ma., ,11:r, :no puerlo enum;;.
, . . ·,
NOTICIAS DEL
de nuestro compancro Jocutor formtsmo; del mismo i;cmcro dcl falta t!:- csp:1.cio. Pero·;.
1
Camilo Fraticelli. Nelson es re. famoso Jewel Dax de los Esta· de i.::;;o ha;; gl'n~e nucva
·
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EXTRASJEl'tO
sidcnte de Nueva York y sc dos Unidos o del Guilda's Re- inyect::.rlc variC'dad 'al· lug
·:-~-- :t'.· _ • . Parece que en Nueva Yo1•k
comprometi6 formalmente con ,·ue que sc prescnto haee poco noeh~ que )'O :ruf·cstaba,'
se lee BOHE:\IIA muchisimo. la senorita Isabel Rivera quicn en uno de nuc:.tros hotclcs con ,·ista de Heeter de·::·s"ir\
:,
pues recibo semanalmente una tambien reside en la urbe. Ten- mucho exito. Se hace la salve- con Margie- na~•el. ··01:· ..
casarin ;., dad de. que &on transformistali mas inuc:ha.chas
·· ~t
. ··, .-·. ,., gran cantidad de corresponden. go entcndido que
cia de atli. Desde luego, no pue- fi~es de septiembre proxtm_o )' y no lo que llaman. '.'imperso. nes. _La coreogra!~,t~~~,
·~····
• -:.:;,-~···· .. -tupenda y la rop1.L:ni~I
·
D.f~f~!lf~.\ ofr2s.es
ae
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sema·· ·
pre_r.ci;filJ~rc§~::·
me
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Y estsa hailarina-s.. . . ;_~on hombres. o mujeres?. ·.•
los carnt:\'::1:er d~ Ven,
·, Vinu arompaiiado de'
su·
Gumitty:i'con:'-iC~ti?n
",.,' .. c~·tinJa·~~~~
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P GO A· PlAZOS DEf::·~~
CONTRIBUCIONES ADEUDl1~
El Departomento de Hacienda, por virtud d~ las disposi~i~ri~s·· d~··:rtj-·tffev.1
numero 8 de 1964, esta concediendo planes de pogo O contribuyentes qu$i
tienen deudos pendientes con el Erario. Estos planes de pogo se hocenfae}
ocuerdo con las medios de coda persona..
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Si usted odeuda contribuciones visite la colecturia de rentas interrfos
locaftdad y apro~eche 1o _oport~nidad_ ~ue ~e fe ofr£ff> ;:'·-; ~--~.:--;,~
de
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Ac6jase a un plan de pogos y podr6, de-.ahi en cdelante, pogo; las contri:
buciones carrientes obteniendo e~~~IJ_eficig. _de_ la te>' de_ Descuentos:.P~f-
pronto - pogo.
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Visite ohoro la colecturia. ·
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JORGE FONT SALDANA'."
Secreta,io .de H~i.ead01·.,- ... ·:·--~~-
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Roberto Cle~ente volvlo ~ua. , una gr an experiencia.._.,:,..con su· j1;1ego sin las preocu.:·:, ,· ocu~ la atencl6n- publlca.'.._"1· Una.. ~perl en c i ~ _!ructifera ·.' paciones ':fe la d~cci6n; que f ~'";'... ...:._"' ~:~.
:.=.
_, .I;,.,.,. _.. , _-·j ·::1pues. de au _· padeclmiento;~,que si;vf6 ~a co~vencerle dP. es lo s~~o. El pr~p10 Cl~e_p.; . , ~ :---....: :o1a·.. . , ._-:·.
:! malari~--: E!~-gnn~ jugador···q~e~~!!-~c!~\~r~unc1~n.n~-~~e;~;.;1~x-1.°~~lJ~; ~~c;_onf_1eso
· · ·, :;!-;·, ~-: ,_ •· ._
, .,ertorriqueiio aiemr,re es
de rendll"Be a cabahdad ·cuan-:-.. encanta la adca de actuar en~ -~Ai 1 .
Vfl
::/,,_~;~:> _., _:: .:ia. En invierno, en verano ~. se es· un pelotero estela- mo dirigen_te en el fut~ro, po_r- ~ . ';1<:;J ,
_: . , .\ -- · en primavera. Siempre. Co- ns1mo como lo es el y sobre que el ~e1sbol ~s m, prci:·1a
I'
-'
· ..<.:-: i') deapedida, antes de repor· cuyos hombros estan deposi· vida; Sin embargo, compren- · I,
~
.rse a los Pir&tas de Pitts-· tadas to d as las espera.nza.!l do quc la duafidad de mana-:--·; • :irgh, volvi6 a invadir las del club, y sabre quien est.a ger 'I Jugador es problemiiti·"
· :-./:; ·~ginas deportivas al revelar. _ dirhtida t~da la_ atenci6n y to-_ ca y pu~sto a eseoger prefi~;,_. ~~
-.. :_:: m.anera ofic~ su deci• rl~ las ex1gen~1as de sus par• ro segu1r c~mo hasta,,~~O!~~~CLEMME~'\,:t
:·.:t?-:··. . ··: .. -.:in, de romper la dualidad-de c1ales•. Renuoc1ar a_ ~omar .-l pr~stando m1. c_~n,cu~.;~~~dem,,~..,....icfq1airlr un
_ ;_ ~.-.·-~_/{ JJtddor y dirigente de_ los ~do nteuevamenclate den la ptrrb- Jugad~o~ cotn la .es_,pera nza .. d_e_:.-~ · ~ne;~I, Ell!:tri~ ·para•·ver"t:,.._.
'.'il ores de San Juan._para x1ma mpora. emucs_ a ser 1r1gen e _cuan~o 11egue_e.1 eev.,1_C'n ~(• ... :.: r.,.::r, , ~-.,
, rmanecer, eu ;~l futu~, uni· qu~ Roberto. Clemente .. ~ 1D· momen~~ ,;·d~e1;~~~~1ra~~e"._.:J!f:'~,z~df,i:Je~~/d:u10~•{;~:t{~~
. ~_.;:_:;..: ·_1-mente, como Jugador. Como t:hgente -lo es ~b1en co· agrego. 1:>mg1r . u~: ..e.qu,po · - Sonaciores··del San Ju- _n_·_ ar_i:
--~~--~~;~:~ ___ -- _:e..--. , gran pelotero que·es. mo persona al prefer1~ un Ge- trae apareJada una serte de
quedars.e solamentA coma,,,...,
·
.
Tom.ar las bridas del equi· n~ral Ele_ctric, porque c_omo respo~~~ilidades q u ~ re.suliugador · · · -:!-···,:,·.-:=+t.¾Yifl.~·
; cuando aufria una Ugera b1en t.l dice en los testima- tan d1f1c1les de cumphr s1 al ·- ' 1 • ._. •
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(sis altte el licenciamiento de nios, puede ver televisi6n m- propio tiempa es un jugador
... r:., •
4 :rl Ermer, y llevar a Ios Se· chisiv~ en alta ma.r- y que activo, como. en mi caso".
.,
NARRAD0RE5 CONTRA-CATCHER.-Cua~do los que trabajarran
Cle~ente cumpli~
misi~n tambien cuentan con el d~iu
en la trasmision del Juego llegaron al parque Sixto Escobar, cuando &e le neces1t6 y lus at· nicu.o Elvio Jimenez, que.J1
encontraron quo el unlco ,itio donde '* podian colocar los rectores del .equipo San Ju~n lucido bas~te bien.
micrcSfonos, era precisamente detr£s del home. y su gran fanaticada, que ~3 que aderr.as mantener · fi~c
1
'
en el beisbol, ,61o pueden estar el re!e::!:'; ~j
la mayor
la mas compacta. novato de pro:nesaicomo Jim,
J
.
porqUe UHn caretH. 8e 10 reCODOCen y Se lo COll• nez, eD . calidaci de SU'plent,
,
.
Per~ habia que cum1;11ir la ~isicSn radial. sideran. y aceptan SUS :ir~u- no cs bueno, Par eso Arturit
' y M busco 1oluc16n. De todas maneras el riesgo M 1ba • correr. mentos al dejar el responsa• L6pez Sera envlado al Toi~-
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c!~:~~r~:;;'rjn:i~ol:~~~~~;ili~:'.
~a;ji:~~~:,°
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~~mE
y
bleElcacamrgo.pe6n de bateo d
las
dife _la Liga de la· Co!!t~del F:
. Dl.az Collazo. de WNEL. Radio Carlbe tuvieron como unica
e
c 1co.
.~·.ii-~
proteccicSn un vieJo v bastante destartalado .. batting cage". grandee ligas merece una fe·
Cuantc r. Horace Ctark:q-.:
:. :..,nca antes una trasmision de bei1bal .. hab(a orrecido tan cerca licitacl6n Porque ese f!'eStO segu!"an:ente tomarA
m?.:
de los artiifas de! espect~:~l~i~r~f;~
suyo
el sello
mo cam.i!!O
Artui-ito, tie:
1
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_:t.raciu a Dios, no hubo C!Ue lamentar lesiones. ~ble de Roberto Clemente.
en el domir,:c:ino Pedro.-Go:
narradores contra-catcher demostr_aron que lo mismo hablan· 9 Arturito Lope% y 1iorace · zalez su miis !ue:-te oJ)(i~tp
por el micrcSfono eomo filcfean un .Clarke ban permanecido en el El santorneito t:'JCdt' ser ·uti:
•:t~,'~~ ::!!si~:!~!~
~.
lf ;
b..-~-
lle~a
inconfun•
ce·
el
:ii\~
•
. •
· foul fly. ( Foto Papo Cas~ro ). campo de entrenannento
de Jes. zado como r.tore
y comod:.
~ ~ 0\\••\"ir:;9..a~l""i.11~~~, tti,"'~7l1'~",rtXG:-,nDM
~ _ Yankees. ~-~~~n~~~~__!e!medi~~~ eE__ esas·doi;p,
4
t .; . ~ , - t;:'1~~ ,,,~,:r:\~t\\~1 l \"lt'•~tfJl;t".
ny Keane ha querido verlos · siciones se desta~a. ._ pre_cls
_ ._
•
~ft~ ,..\t~t~it ~d}((ft\\\~ • 1111f'1' I i desenvolverse a plenitud, pe- mente ''Speedy".:~{£.~~
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' . ru ha· sldo sincero y honrado. Y lea ha dicho a los mu•
chachos que sus posibilldades
de permanecer en el equipo
campe:(>n de la Liga America•
6 ~-,t,1.f:;'i"
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na son tan pocas que api!·
nas se ven. Y ~s qu~ Jos _Yankees. como s1empre,. tlenen
material en abundancJa. Pam
los bos~ues, aparte de _los as•
tros Mickey Mantle, Roger
Ma.~s.y Tom n:esh, lo~ "Mulos tiencn a Hector Lopez, a
John Blanchard, que puede
Ambos tendrin que ~eepi
rar una nueva. c-portunidad.
e Jose "Palillo" Santlag
siempre· resulta les!onad~e
_el entren~iento de_ pri~w
ra. La primerjl. .vez. que~ft:
lleva~o a la prueba ~o~,'.;lc
_Atlebcos d~ Kans.:J.s City,- t~
V? que ser mtervenido qu.iru
g1camente con caracter de !1:
gencia. Despues, sufri6 ··: ur.
fractura. Eso ha .s,uc~4_~;-~
los dos, tiltimos afios.\•Elt
•••Ya"Palillo"~o.~·gc
,7~u~,,1,~.~f,~~t~~'~J~.~·!i\~~·'r'.' -~·~~~~
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Al disponerse un ca.non
arrendamiento superior :ll
que ya estaba cstablecido en
el parque "Hiram Bi thorn",
entro en crisis Ia organizaci6n
del pr6ximo tomeo de balor-cesto superior. Y un espccta c u I o que contribuyo con
$8,500 en la temporada. anterior, s6Io por a.rrendar
par·
que, parece que hara mutis en
el
el eatadio de Hato Rey, si cs
queen definitiva nose llega a
GARRIGA
... dijo que -SU equipo Rio Piedras
en el Sixto E,cobar ...
juga~ri{
sus
un.a inteligencia entre las par- to, los Leones anunciaban que artistico para
tes interesadas. Previel)do la no habra. problemas de ningun dor<:s Y un triun!o
posibilidad de no llcg:1.rse a un J?enero con 5 u l'Sl::1:1:- Cls:!r 1,an1 la lsi<J., porg_u(;
acucrdo, los a.poderados di' Bocachica, Y . que;.; P0 ?T~ ;;_~c;7 :n~;s~l«J:-_a~~~.~,~
los equipos del area. metropo- tuar. El cas_o. d~,~ .Go~ki.e:-::~~~\f:jfi~r?l~h_~~h~!~~
titana tenian determinado uti- que eSt a raclica.do en San Juan '·bien" un b':ltn 'Jiun'lr
lizar ot..ras can c bas. Juan Y. se le difi:::ulfa j~Jar Y rrr-.-~· tio:u.1Jc.s, que queda
Elias. de las. ~guilas de San tlca.r en :one~. Se rumoraba villa.dos con 10:si:~01
CLARKE
,., .
Juan.anunei6 gue estaba ·dis---·q~e_ eLR10 __ :1edras _Jo .. ll_e:a·--nuestro-clirna-y-de
-- --·-·.-.. aunque·-e, bueno-no-·ucne___ _ puesto a jugar . en la YMCA na a sus filas. A propos1to . dad.es para la pr1
chance en lor. Yankee,,
de San Juan::. mientras quc de 1?5 Cardenales ."Goy a·'. .~olf. · ·: · ·.J:\f~"i._
Porque Pedro· Gon.dla .
Pedro Sarkis y ·Jose Garriga, confian en que Ruben Adorno
En el "entry_:;~~~.c
est, para hacer en el
equipe campeon de fa
del ·santurce y Rio .Pi~dras, pueda es~ en I~ eancha des· ~ petidorcs aparecierc
Liga Americana,
respecUvamente; esperaban el de el primer eilbato. Y 1_os ya conocidoh p~r f!.O:
lo m ismo Que el puede hacer. ;
re,:reso de Julio Enrique Mo- CangreJeros de Santurce af1r- ro en su 'mayor.ia,
mientras esten· jugando dos naga.s de Caracas para ges- man que su estelar Te:, Cruz butantes"
equipos en Santo Domingo, a.I tiona.r el Sixto Escobar. OjalA. {lerdera, t!11 vez, sola~ente los Al Ba~elin.~-:~~~.§'
mismo tiempo lo estad.n ha• queden lima.das todas las as- tr e 8 primeros partidos del puecie ser corpulent<
espectacu· campeonato.
buen jug~dor:~H~~:
ciendo otros dos en San Juan, perezaa, porque
que todav1e.·no lleva
de acuerdo con el sorteo. Se· lo brillante, como ya. lo es el
..
ses rnezelado con}~E.
rles continuadas de cuatro balon~ superior, necesita GOLF
mdcs del deporter 1
partidos. Y los ganadores, en- deJ mejor escenario.
El Torneo Ab i e r to de va en camino de sc.
frenlarlos entre si posterim·- · e Mientra.s Edwin "Cooki~" •
mente. La. idea es buena, por• · Rodriguez. el sensacional no- Golf de Puerto Rico celebra- trc:lla, con sus 25
que nuestro pasatiempo esta vato de los Campeones de do en el campo del Dorado :· ·.
urgido,. de. la eelebracion de Ponr.e, ped1a su licenclamien•. Hilton, constituy6 un exitn ·
·'.en~-n:~ijj,
·un
29-A
�,,
l
r..
fistaa de varios paises: Jean 20;· al lograr un perfecto de
Claude Harismendy, de Fran· 25,,mientras Claude Purba.ugh
cia; Wilf Homeniuk. de C"'· marcaba un 24.
nada; Florentino Molina, de
Pero
fucron solamente
. Argentina.. y varios norte- l~s ho~bres los que tuvieton
americanos. < que decidir al final.: ta.mbien
. El pu~orri_queiio David Ji- ~as damas. Y cqando la. se. -~ ..: ,.
. .
•..... _ ,
·nu\nez 'i;mso en 'evidencia:sus··~ nora Lee Mabie, de Chicagc, • . .
. . .
~-·· .. ~--... ·"··~':u·~,;.~ ·
adetantos. · y
nota ·triste 1/~ 1ogro un. penectct· ·15 en .. 1~:!l~~'AG'itridi'ci'ir~~~rt;n:~1'.:t~Jt~~r ,
. ofrecio Juan "Chichi" Rodri- tres sets de,25, la. senora Bar• uina· de_Autobuses hn::'.'.:a Bay~i. llr<· :~ hlJo crfu~-"~.
guez con ·.una,;actuacion muy .. bara Thom~,. df:.,,D_allas, fa- ~n y ot~ punt~:. de la .z:o· n,.anttner el hoga.r;i!i
por debajo de'su clase estelar.· Haha en uno. pa~. ser recu• .·.~a ,,tte!.~9~l!~a~~~·;,c~::r;.~~l!l\:t:;f.'llJ~O~t_ran~~·q!le 6t:n~!':f.~~
Pero como bien dice "Chichi'', perada.
·
· · hder chorcnl· Jose ~cva:-cz!;,.-!,~· que qulere es que ~~~~
necesita un largo descanso.
. Tanto Claude Purbaugb en·
--Creen,os una n~c1:1id::ld al los po:-teado~:s.,;: I!,~~._
·
mo Barbara Thomas demos- sen·lclo ,, .. ln. A:\tA. a e'los pun· f's tat i za. r paulattiift·
traron un . gran "aportmans· tos porque Jos 1>ori<•:Jd<,rC1>. Slit· :,i.!itl'nlll de tr:1Ili!>Drtifi:!
ABELLON DE
hip", al fclicitar cfusivamen· bllcos no podemos dar M·nklo (!v ),!,, mL.. m·.)'., :\,.-:, .•
LA FAMA
.
te a las vencedores.
· las 2.l horn!!' dt>I dia ~ ,or,1ur m:ir. ijUa\·cs, por ~u.11:,
Nuestro campe6n Jaime Lo- ademas no tencmos ~l sufkler.- lo!> gobcrn:.nt1!s fasd!;
• 'A toda maquina la Fra· yola tuvo "que conformarse te nunu~ro de uuld.1()1~,, tlara. <'ll· rr:unhta>,·.,. _ .~:ii,
ternidad de Escritores de De- con un tercer puesto en la brlr Ja. neC"e:.1da1l c.lt~ t ta mt110,...
Unci . \1£.'Z ··~ mas;r,~v.
tad6n. J>no e-.o !>t' fHll.'de rt:·· Croforil -qu~· ~k'ga='r
portes de Puerto Rico, con su catcgoria A.A, con 99.
soh·er sin cllmlnar los cnrro~ d!ez mil a(iliado~i:;}is
presidente, el colega Emilio E..
publl<'-oi. ••. .-osa. que esm e-n la
ta al Cobicrno :'.'"pc~
Huyke al trentc, continua. laenrntc- di'\ los pa.drM 'd~I ;,Ian. .
qu,en die-~ que "csfo,
borando en la organimcion del
'f explica:
mcnte in(•i.mtti.nd~· -co.
VI Festival del Pabel16n de
el gobierno •••
-Cuando St• Cuntlo fa A'.\lA dafio a esta !.:Ufrlda
la Fama del Deporte Puerto•
liie autorh'.11ron los V!\l (\'ehfeu,
pr~sta ttr. s1.m;icio,fp
rriqueiio, que este ·ano 1e c:elebra.ra en el Hotel San Jero- Jares pre\•iamentc identific.ido~ los ".\letrupolit:rnos) que er:in primer.:: ._':it.?goria'·:~::,
nimo Hilton. Y esta vez se conw ncccsilados de ese scn·j. publicos que para e:.a kd1u cir·
rompers. el record de concu- cio. De acuerdo al proyccto dl' <·ul.aban en fa. :zona. metro11ollta.
rrencla del anterior, cuando ley, 1ogicamente. todo csto dc- na :,· qu<' il' iniwrll::kr~1:1 rnmo
asistieron 920 comensales. Sin_ sapa rcccra y en la cconomia talcs en el ('ehl>-0. Pt•ru; t:11 ':iJ-i ,
embargo. s6lo seran admitidos de los choferes pubticos -pa, tori:t.acl~n l'ra lntriu:_f<!ribk.:.·
no
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Los nuevos miembros que
seran instalados en el VI Festival son: Jose "Fofo" Vicen•
te Grandler, de Trujillo Alto.
en Ailetismo; Francisco ''.Quiro" Santiago. de Quebradillas,
en Baloncesto; Lorenzo Roque, pitcher, y Candido Hoyos, catcher,
de POD•
en Beisbo1; Escola.stico S.
Fortier "Koll Kolo0 • de Rio
Piedras, en Boxeo: Esteban
"Chilo" Bird L6pe.z, de Fajardo, en Pesca, y como Propulsores del Oeporte, Ignacio .
Peiia.garicano, de San Juan. y
Jose ~ivera, "Don Pepito",- de
Ba.:vam6n.
·
ce,
amboa
drcs de familia- dejarian d..:
entrar un promedio de $2 mi·
llones al afio, con cl cons.iguien·
I e apagon en las cstufas de ~u!'
hogares.·
·
-;.Por qu6
i.e
empeftan en
«·omplicar lo que marcha blt:n
y no 56 ocupan de remedJar lo
malo'! ;.Se. pueda hablar dr
huena re en ·-easo& ·'como , .....
euando e.t Goblemo es 4'0DS4'lentr, de que ellmJnando Wl .sen·I·
<'lo Jlrestado al pueblo con efl•
1·lencL'\ SE' estan hmzando " la
ml!K•rin a miles de N»mpatrhr
taA ••. 1uua en dt•flnHh·a. em•
peorar lar. C'OS:,u,! - e prc,:im·
tu. Narclso 1'1aldonado.
Respecto . al anuncio de ex·
Es deelr, t'I cluciio (hil ,::1rro no ·
1•04ill eederlo '":1 su famma .im-- - -
ra. que lo slguiera. opernndo ('0·
mo el media de sustentn de l:l
-~.-~
;___,:,__}
.. -·~i
mb;ma. En c-~ ~ltuadon, .lrlan
desapar<'f·i«>ndo po<·o A po<·(, por
rdiro, muertl", etc., < fr., ('unlo
de hceh~ ha_ sueL'dido: d! : lo"., ,.... _ .
soo y tantos 1nscr1,~toi. en u.41w- - ti ra-· y-· tap a I·
Ila. fE-<'ha., y.a. no llcgnn a: 800 ~- · -···--- t'on cl Hem_po no h:1lir.\ nlng'l.l·
lo. famosr, L. :>C' l,1 Ll
nu. Al extender b, A)tA luuita
tan popular .&e ha
Bayam6o y otros puntos, lit... · nuestra. isfo. a 1ra1.-es'..
,·aran el mlsmo sl.stem:i. Dar.:in crs. .\ :k:rm'i.~ \'~·nir:. ·e1
llccncia. lntranslerlble de V)I n Ja cor.ocida nrtista
los que ::1.ctuahnente ..u1n en nezolana. romo etla~d
t:i. Dago. Todo.ci··cstli
Men1cio para que poco u · poc·o
,•ayan d,1apareclendo·••.. - Sl <'I : mi ~asa una ~· ta,.1~~).:
Gobtemo no permlte· que: eaa. Anibal, ur.o de" li:isy i
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~t~~c!!t~~!"~E~'§ltf§TI~!~s:.~son !j~dondos~ Y. ~Sil~~~~~~~~estan en: .~!:~e,pi·o~~~)a''ealleY~~:
·_· ·"'" ~ tapa:Jl:~e~e ,cuando'·pasa sobre ella un vehi.culo, que :~ lo foformen .a. . . los ··telefonos 765-2780
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es de esta A~to~idad no_1_1os esta permitido,. por-~s
;_~;_. puest~,- repararlo pero con gusto av1saremos a la agenc1a o compama que correspo!lda (Obr;
JJ'J( ~µbJi~a.s. municipio, _telef6nica, gas, etc.).
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.ri.
ron la auerte de encontrar un
asopa~ ~:~)1_0 ,~a !1.~~ y· Jc
entraron como a pillo'~de pelicu·
la. La verdad es que eataba bueno de verdad. Si no fllei-a por..
quc ya yo habia comido y idti·,
mamente me cstoy vigilando la
£igura ( ?) me hubiera servido
otro plato. Asi me gustan a ml
las reuniones; informales e Improvisadas.' Sin muches prcpa·
tivos. Me dice Tito quc· los car.
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fue ; n = a a Ja• hue•
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el ~~,·e
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tes humoristicas clc Paquil<, cretos militarc:..
Cordero con galones de o!icial.
La ameri~n~ta Bouy· ocur,o.
Segtin todos Jos indicios, SC COM- entonccs touas [~s inte1>\·cncio.
taba con ella muy decididamen- nes de LL dentro del nutrido
le en la lucha que ~1 productor pe)oton humo1istico que coman.
de ·~La Taberna India'' sc h_a- da Paquito Cordero {sus. prinbia rlecidido a entablar contr:t cipales rnilitantes: Adalberto
su aiiejo rival cle oficio, el pro. Rodriguez, "El Alcalde rle Ma·
ductor Tommy !\luiUz, quicn con chuchnl": Luis \'igorcau.x. ··r.h•,
SU "Simplicia. La Secretaria".
ncito"; .Luis Echegoyen. "Cutraves de WAPA·TV. habia quit a"; Rent Rt:bicla. ":i-.1'ozn:i~emplazar!o l!n:i 1rinchcr.1 cuyu1' ll:qlll' .. : 1-;1:,\ uniL. "l~c!lqui,1":
caiiones apunlaban dircctamen· Tino Acosta.,:_'Poroteo'~;_Eddie
a
sj:1 ~mbargo, ya la au:
Lilia c:-a comp.Je~
tie c!la se oh, a traYC
Colm.idito Parampam:
bitamcnte deio tambitc
cucharse. Y sr total ~~c
knciv rn la:- ondas:°en
rderia :! Ub Lliic(
!:.ixa C imperturbabl~- f
mosfera que predomi
,-.:;, ,:oni!lo,. fai·a-;.,~ui
10;·n·J a la actriz. Nn~
qu;era los que habia·n
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pue~ n~ pu~e deJar_l~ ~orqu~. -·-.. Durante. la marcha, sm cmta soJa. Tambien· m~~dice que bargo, fueron teniendo lugar.
grabo 'un ntlmero mio. q11e 5C en la trinchcra rl~ Paquito Cor-
gorosa su part1c1pac1on en · la···-Paqu1to· Cord~ro•.. parec
linca de- combatc. De "La Ta- en pose!'iion rlc las· !"azhcrna Indi.i ... p{\r ejcmplo. la --r1ctcrminaba:--, :,1: cc:-.:·
llama-"Yod~tio lloro
:11ncricanita ne
·-Lay con e Ita. ~radd~ial. rctrai11:i~~~?i£
interprete, 1.1hn
Z()-- 11e'•'
~a·. mria. . . ,~.:;.:~;_':;::
go a desaparecer (.'Ompletnmen. ~,"·•La rctira ~ ·~e
te. De uEI Shn,,, de las 12·\ con necia en e1 mlSt;~!e.·~;; ~
n1ucha anterjoridad \tan pron.. dejabu de ser una .. rea!i<
to Popa habia i.ido reportada realidad bust ante· poc
como mucrta en combatel: · ·cad.:i~ Y--menos ··cxpljca'. tambien la figura de Lilia ha-·-• Una hist~ria cxtrniui~""q
bia desaparccido por complet.'.J. mo alsuien hahia_dic!10
Sus actuaciones estaban limi- rccia mucho a.. :··;r.,xe.:.
la hist
tan dose al campo de la radio. duke cle coco ~in coco.
donde la amet'icanita' Betty, de de:.pliegul· de publicid;cuando en vez, seguia dcjando de salir al rnercado. ml
cscuchar su voz graci.Jsa y chi- sistcncia en lo ricu cJel
Ilona en frecuentes y carca- cuan~k, usted.~,\;:n~.t~
jeantcs. rom~nces con .;~~~ach~- ·:· ~uJce que le \'e,:-~~~,,/
chala" • ._,z~,;-;.:,1,1::- ,· ·
·· · '_.: 1 -· .. • • · cchan ~CC? por n~n~=
?~;t;: '• le QUed6_
l~O, &Si
m~: y q-uc. ·dero,porcambios 1de csltd·a~cgia qudc
~(.Q'!,e pron•:
DO
Ca Ute O!iOS
·- :·.•. .-·;
:: _\·: ·;.·~.
. ··~·
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.
.
:t.. ~::.~-.... .
'
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to lo .escucha}!~~--~f;~~i.:~i_ ser ~rceptlbles. Cuando ~a pa.
Dios quiere. ~~'.$·kt:.!.r·\·:f~..,.~: ,~:l -1~ recia haber "pegadot• con su
Y me parece· que. t~~o quf! personaje de Popn. -~-lras d~
dejarlos por esta seinana y ten. desplegarJo _ simulta.neamente a
dremos mas comentarios' en ln .'.· traves del "Colmadito Parampr6xima. Hasta entonces: ;Ciao!__ ... pampan''.1 "La Tabcrna India"
- ~·_· ......· -~~ __: ,~-· ~: .._:-:.-··~.,·:,~y ''El Show de las 12"-, LiliR
1
/~_
,:'t;t·
'.!.·Lazo
abandono subftamente. di·
•• . ··:.: :i!.;-::.-~.".:'.f.:-'
• .
• '"'. 1:-'I.':.';
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•
•
·
~ Q
:
cho personaje para emplear • las
·
t· "" .
tecnicas de otro muy distinto:
)
r
t" la ainericanita n~tb·, Lns m.
zones para £"1 cambio. aparcntc.
re VO hi
- ·,1 .•L mentc. pennanecen archi\'Ada.~
~-.~·,. bian _i~o a busc.a.rla para efec.
en las cronicas de i:uet-ra de!
p!:';. 'tuar 1a· contrataci6n), _Lilia. La· productor Paquito Cordero con
..• :_.:;.
:-, ·
~(-.:
eJaron
;fl&I.1~::1t;~~'.~i~-~~
i1/'·
t~:
l'IU
ll-A
·~!la.
',~-
. ~-
..· -
~;tii
�-~f.;_-:....
;a~} Yo trate
u\ .·.·. A
'~ ; ~-~~~M~~~.
•
.
;, ·-· de~tener musculos
~, ._de REAL HOMBRE
~
~,,
.·.-;>~-~~:~(~~~.:r-~:-t(~7!~'·i; . ~
- I
..
,!
-~,-;· .. '
,.
·
·,· ·
-dice Ch2tles Atlas, pose«•
,.
.,.;~;,:-.·;;- ..• .' - "··· • ·
~ -:"
~:'n•!d!la:~ t~~cu:::~·~ .
·,··-1' -·
I
,
.M.'!~!!i!les.
.
.,,
"ile PROBARfeO fdiaS.que USTED.
Pu'ed8 POse'lii' im Cuerpo coino el Mio.C' . .
1
·• A",,{;+:
· 'f{tef
•
"'$.b"t.:f.dor del dtulo de;~'.EI Hom-,,,,,,
Mas Perfectamente:·:
·.;;::!i":;:,.~•,:.,:- bre
: .':, ~-2!'; }t~.i,:/~~-J[r{t -,,,;~,- .·
1·
•
• ,.
.Jc
•
::;r -;:~•~j).~i~;·,:·,,>i\
s
.:-.-,."...:·:;J,EJ~~:~~i} ...r~~~:;;.~·,:t-&~--'~O""'f.~~ 9~,e·_~e.._!.C:9U1<:!.C~J}µe,g_1~0 y unas p1ernas·como:·.~:-:·~·~,:-···· ·
, · .. ~.:\,-~rt~l:"~lt', _,..:-v:s';•.~ ~ "mul~ti~"fnpc,~n,i ·~t~~:i}·.~1[fJ.~;ut.is. ,o C!~ ~':'~ .P~·:\~)·,;,~-~-,-~'[f-~:
..~
.
J'·
:____·. -:
·· ···':/"
p~~-:1 quc usccd log re cener una
pado. Y me pus~ a estud1ar cl
~····
:·~·.fuerza dcmoledora y u.?.'.~df;~it}S~!)tO::J~c~~~-~- descu~ri.;e~.·:· tfi4u:-:.;·:.
r~so desarrollo muscular! 1~o ·· mc:todo nu~\'O para ~ortaleccr-!·--··· . . -. !°'
me. Un mccoJo scnollo, natuIECnvie_
• 'd o y seguro. Lc JI amc, e upon
ra I• rap1
. ·
da~c! iYO HE PRODAOO "Tension Dina.mica··.
po0
que ambas ideas son absurJas ! co ticmpo dcsarrolle el cu~rpo
GRATIS
S6Jo nccesito 7 dis.s para pro- quc ha ganado dos vcces cl
bark cu.into puedo hacer por tfrulo de "El Hombre Mas
· usced. sin el auxilio de apara- Pcrf ectamemc Desarrollado
cos Jc ninguna dase. -iPorque, del Mundo''.
en rea)idad, no crco en esos
S-Prospedo Jlustrado
mecoc.fos artificialcs que puc:Otro.s miles de: person.ts sabcn ya Im}·, pur
dcn· danarlc organos impor-
p1ense, tampoco, que neccs1ta
.aparatos de g1mnas1a
.
. nt..ue
J
otra
1
.c
Yen
·
p;:~=~o
GRATI
tances para_ cl resto de su \•ida !
-:·: ffl·f~;'.i~· ·r"~~:d~~~;~ui~::s:~~do
i, -·- ____
t
\b aqui la fotografia Je mi
·(ucrpo cal como <:s hor."No se
Es
lc-han "pincado"
la rcproduccion 'fiel quc.la d.·
nura ha tornado 'de lo que yo
he hecho · con MI cuerpo. i Y
ahora cstoy dispuesco a probar-
musculos.
k lo quc mi secreto de la Ten·
sion Dina.mica puede hacer·por
· d SUYO!
experiencia propia. lo quc ha hecho por cllas
fa Te111i611 Dinami,.J,
El pcqucno cupon de. .rb.1jo le scnira p:1r.1
uhrc:oc:r mi Pro!>pecco Ilw,rraJl.', :!>in (l•~w ni
c:o?1prom~w. en _el quc vcra expHc~J,1 _mi
. 1::. ~
mcrodo. : :
Sol.1men;e de,;co proharl;·que· p~~•.fo Jia,er
por usu:-d lo que he hedm por otros muchos;
esro cs, que 1cn,1:ta. hombros amplius y rubustos,
biceps que se cnntraigan
con f uerza demolc-dora.
un pecho salience, s6lido
}' muscul<ISO, y un cuerpo
uniformemenre desarro-Hado, quc ha~a aparecer
como enaoos a los quc
Hace algunos anos, era yo ~e pungan a su lado.
una. ruina vi,•icnte, un "alfofii~ · Remita cste cupon hoy
<Jue", con t~n peso de: 44 kilos,
mismu. Charles Atlas,
11:, E. 23rd Sc., Nueva
un cucrpo .canijo,_ un pecho. York 10, E. U.A.
----~~--~~-~~-----~----------
CHARLES ATLAS.:~:?:,~·-:~,· ·oept.X·.'J.?·t
115 East 23rd St., N~eva·vork 10, E.i.fA.
..
tf"
"'""1'2~~;,
""'~~
Qu1ero {.i pruch.1. de ,:iu<> su sis:cm.i T.·mi,;tJ Diwf111fr'.;
har.i de mi un homhre nut'v<• .... me Jar.a uri. cueirc
~alu1lanlc r robusto y dc:r.arroll:mi ~r.1ndef·mii:1>cclo~
Enviemc i:ntis su Prnspec10 Jlu:-1r.a.!tl,
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portantislma advertencia a Pe-
::¾~,:.
ington, csta nueva
hacia tangible,enfl
bombarderOS:;;;.~
y cazas ligeros..,...sob
.
norvietnamita, qu
silc.etada sob!'c el .
ac\·ertencia de;g_;
.:tlHcnda .esa·.docr.i
"""I
kin: esta ve:z no se repetiran'
,_, . Jas tacticas que se emplearon
. _,.
,·?-~ en la guen-a de Corea, en Ja
cual los bor.tbarderos chinos
atra\'esaban el rio Yalu para
arrojar metralla sobre )os· sol- Los marinos norteamericano, se instalaban en la hase de Da Nang.
per aire y mar, para fortale,er las defen,as con•
dados nortcanwricanos y sudco· Habiari arribado
1
como el ocurritlo. en Pleil.:u
rritorio.'eh.in,.::,·'!'..s..1::t,.,t
reanos, pero los cazas de Ios, tra posib es at•ques del Viet Cong. ·,.,
·-·
.·
*'
Estados Unid,1s no podian
que el 1>residente Johnson "tie.
-~-~ci~do~ wa q1..:int~ fas~. env:ilr "1.\)Hlr.tarios
sar ese mismo rio para perse. ne cl convencimiento de que que bnplicaria llevar la acci6n su~ avio~es_ ·. 8. ~ ; ~ ·
guir a Ios atacantes. Ahora no cuando una naci6n da a enten- __ de castigo .. contra ohjeti\'os·en-·· -~· '
.·· ... ·taabra "santuarios". Si China in· der que no esta dispuesta
la propia China comunista. En Acdon~ acreas·de
·f:··' terviene en el conflicto, enmas· . empt~ t~o .~1. poderio mili_- el inform~ filtr,d~)f ha?a"'SB.· profundidad . :.;f~
carando su jntervencion·tras:el ··tar a su dispos1c16n, esto deb1· her que en. Jos ata.ques aereos
:
calificatJvo de "votuntarios". da. . lita SU libertad de acci6n bcli. contra Viet Nam del Norte, ha<
Heras despues de
~~ ·.: do a sus soldados. tambien sen· ca y mina su posiclon en Ja blan estado volando ca,:as jun- advertencia a Chln,
tira sobre su territorio Jos efee, mesa de negociaclones en en- to a los pesados bombarderos. dcnte Johnson s~
por silos 30 caza.s tipo Mig que . Mc. Narl_!~:.-a . .R.~,tos· del escalamiento. La res.- so de que se llcgue a ella".
puesta serA inmedlata y 'con·
Esta actitud de Washington,:-los-chinos ban estacionado ·eerf:'.-boradores:Mc-:-Geir&
tundente. ,. ~--.·-·- -···--·
dada a C(>noeer eon meridiana ca de Hanoi, dccidian salir al' Bill D. Moyers:·en:'rc.
Esle me-nsaje era transmiti- claridad, marcaba una nueva fa- encuentro de· Jos a\·ione-s nor• · casa de de;;ca.nso:,;·d
do mediante el conocido recUl;· se en la guerra del sudeste ashi. teamericanos y sud1.·ictnamitas :Sj~..:utivo, en ]as ~fl(
so de dejar fUtrar a la prensa lico. El escalamiento habia .em- que cumplian !a mi!,i6n de born- cidt:-nta!cs de Maryl-.
la actitud del Gobierno. para pczado con at.D.qucs a la ruta bardeo. Y en el mismo tono de
En esta 1:euni6n s
que el ot.ro Jado la conozco. a de aprovisionamiento . de los , advertencia, se decia: ''Jos chi. balance de Jos cfect,
tiempo y sepa a que atenerse frentes guerrilleros a trav~s
nos comprcnden- perrectamente . ta ese momento habi:
al elaborar sus decisiones.
la cual se venfa realizando la que ·su planta ·at6mica en Lop. : los ataques aereos..,;·!.
El general Douglas'
Ar- infiltraci6n
soldados, .exper- Nor:
de Sinkiang, se. toi·io del .Vie.t
thur libro una titanica lucha por tos y armamentos; siguio des· ria uno de Ios principales obje- Pere, lo mas significi.
b~·
pa··
a
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'·
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de'
Mc -
._de
Nnm
provipcf!.f
. . ;< .
:I~ ~-
'~(;'11,t;;'~~tt~tr;Jfsw.~
~I,j ;j{[(f;'f
. i.'t~~~~t
' •.••• ,.~~i~;';_,;
.
,..,~t!:;iti'?,t:..,~...
�En consecunecla, en la reu•
nion de las montanas de Ma.>i: .:., .•. ,:.. f:_;_:,
ryland, el pi:esidente J~hnson
.
. . .' • · · .. :;-,;:;;'.
y sus asesores 'diplomAticos Y;
1
:;- {;~.- .. ~•• :·;
' - r
mllitares habian estado consi·
;?~ ': ,.
. · ~:. ":'.~·.:>;':·· ·'
;.
derando c6mo "ejercer suficicn.
~.~~t~>
_,:;/-"<. ···-...-:;,;_ ,·:·
·.-.;te presi6n sobre er regimen co;~·
1:~t:t..: : .• ·.,·.·,~. . ~t:J'v::",' . . -\~~.:_,ct.·.. :t.~~-; i;;li.;·~·,w,."~.~~~. l ta' d H . . ~ .. , ,. . .., - . . r
~:"':~· .·.. :·.: .'.. "~-~. :.•· .. · .· ··.-:::....... 1..-"':.""'~muns _ e. ano1 para persua·
t -~; .~
·: .. : _. :..
.
,,.
-··----- __
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• ., ::_: . -:.
-----.· ·;, -~
·· .. · ·
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j,
t
.=·
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f.
~
i-
t
~~~n:i:
:!
La oposieicin
"-·I
de
Nasser
:I
en
la Liga·
~
f.
~~
que si no surgia ~ndicaci6n de
un cambio de"actitud por parte de los jetes del Viet Nam
septentrional. los ataques · aercos se profundizarfan mas en
el pals. ya que hasta ese momento habian estado limitados
a las zonas meridionales.
Entretanto, los comunistas
a·calizaban· grandes concentra.
clones en Viet Nam del Sur. La
infiltraci6n se habla acelerado
durante las ultimas semanas: El General Douglas Mac Arthur sostuvo la doc:trina, durante 'ra gue·
En los partes norteamericanos rra de Corea, de que los Estados Unidos debian pasar el rio Yalu
y contraata~ar a los chinos
se decia que. ''un numero cada
Los expertos indicaban que si . perspectiva que se dibujaba en
vez mayor de norvietnameses ..
habia sido hallado entre Jos ·pri. la gesti6n de paz no crlstaliza
sioneros capturados al Viet 'en un acuerdo de armistlclo pa.
ra iniciar negoci;1ciones, la Unido.s y Jns noticia sobre conCong.
: con la RAU ·en su actitud pole--mica frente a la Alemania Occidental y en repudio de cual- ·
quier tipo de relaciones entre
las potencias occidentales y el
· estado de Israel. En consecucncia, surgian discrepancias en el
alto mando del inundo arabe.
Et lider egipclo, en un dis·
curso que era calificado de ••fo.
goso" anunci6 que en repre.
salia contra el Gobicmo de
Bonn por su decisi6n de esta·
blecer relacioncs diplomaticas
con Israel, no solamente cortn·
rfa todo ncxo con la Alcmania
WA
¥ I Occidental, sino que ademis
El presidente Nasser fue d<"· conflscaria SUS propiedades . l'
masiado Jejos en sus exigencias· escuclas en Egipto. y rcconocea Jos paises de la Liga Arabe, ria al regimen comunisla de
como expresi6n de solidaridad Alemania Oriental.
-
Arabe
Todo c:se prog:-:,.ma co:.t!:1 d,1ctor.:-s y C0!1St
Bonn, estaba dentro del area . no se detenia :at.
de dominio-de_.Nasse~;_ya~QU<.'_deUe!e'.cgipcl~f.
concernia. a decisiones del ..-:o- ba tt los asodac
bierno·.egtpctJ.
~I iba mu-· Egipto ·a'7estabfo
cho mas a114. Erigiendose a si . - diplomat1cii"s~c6n
n1ismo en orientador del inundo munista que···en
arabe. ad\·ertia a las nacion('s Ulbricht. · ....
occidentaJes de que si continuan
Los hccllos}. r
ayudando a Israel, los pai$es de m..:>Straban que l'
la Liga Arabe "dejarian de ne-.:i. extralimitado.'.t,l
goclar con ellas". y subrayal>a> :punto de los' di
gue esa conducta se.-ia tambien el j~fe egipdo,
scguida po1• Jas naciones·· pt'v· pimiento con Ak
ductoras de petroleo,. lo quc tal,.
<'qUi\'aliu a planfoar un set'lf, propi,::io \i \1n ·' a:
problemn econ6mico, ya quc jm. n~ral arabe. mo
plicaria la distorsi6n de un mentc
d~l"(
merl'ada Ian bisico co1:10 cl _deJ..£ sl~c!lte- d~)~J}t
. pctroleo. con incatculables con~· nez, Habib Buri
secuencias para . los paises pro. cla r6: ··est ''riir:
~~ero
que "se~on~
su:
-·
""":"""'""'
,.
~
l411''
•
a
�. :}-"~~' " :.~~~,:..;;#~~
.. ;,.1,o,.:"!f."'~;::l~J,-•' • -~ :Y •.. _..:.::._:;;:-~~
~~ma·.qurere 1mponer~et~fOmL
yecinos y ~ri9i_r.se~~~_.;'pot~i1ci1
en. Asia." Su~desden ~:P-Qrlfelmt·
-"na~ional,:e.~~i.dencJ~.-•.
~am
Jnd1o~·E~V1et · Nam~· se~~
Pekin~puecle continu·arefsar~I
' 'que. oceptar un .equililirio!fur,
. ;}tj~tu~ ·r~~P~tcf1~r)~~k~==~~l
·
-..,. 4,~, ·.
~~~~·P,.J~f
§('l.!anlel J;?{ue:-se:mfdira~fa.,.f!S
I
ya'ie .odmitfo que la,. condicio1ies en'"que'.eesata'l
Nam tendriaa. gran inOuenc.ia en eft,f~tiiro,!del
ahora que los Estados Unidos han entrado de~l1e1
. f i.e han. compromelido~eri"
: ,guerrillcros dd Vief Cong y contra obletiwi.e1
;- Iorio del Viet Nam dcJ Norle, es· obvio que :acjiiel
;ccione1 "mili~~i
fogicos, ()G1i~~JJ.::.~~~~.9ue/va, le_", P ~
han ·acreddo" enonnemente ·en roedio de'•wJp~
claL · Han· adqoirido estatura mundial. · ··\~··!t~)'
Lo que esti,ya en.la balaau:a no~es,.mnpte:
'i'. o ·el·e1:ilo"'deluna·asesona :'milltaPnort~
: vietna.mit.a"s;"'
locha ·-contia.; la' f ntJtnclo.iiVde'"ti; ·
nados y equipados Al nortc · dcl paralc!o l7 · •
en·_
!~~D ju,egf!_,'~e.l~P.'.!"iP_!.:~e..,1.1!,1 N.,IJli~llJni.,
$;mllilar 1rf>p~Uco.~~:i~l!~los "Estados.~~n!~~.
- ba!anza la· efit'ticia' y~ posibilidades· reales'¥d~~
para afronlar t:>. ·amennza ,!cl comuni,mo .expanai·,
nisla que representa Pekin. y darle la. r e s p ~
.,'" La decision del. presidente Johnioir"de!avam
mienlo, ApUD13., scgun ei;pcrto.; iiHernacicn:i:islast'.
mejorar la posid6n ncgoci:idorit di· los Estados U1'.
qae Hanoi y Pekin acept.-n tomo condicion fa!lc'
paz en et As!a sudoriental, quc en lo :tdelanlei,~•
peiio le imponer la doctrinn comunista a !o1 e1ta.
d.iante accione, de inli~tracion y e.nyi~~ d!',•~~:'
encadcnar la llamada • guerra pohtica • · ~ 0 ·y~
,
Esa guerra "politic." no puede hacerse_ uapu;
tado gigan.tesco~como China no liene der1.~~\'.1
superioridad militar, a pisolear los derechosi'de~,
naciones 'veclnas. El esfucno que en 19Sf ten.die;..
nixadon del Tratado de Asia Sudoricntal
de la OTAN), y todas las entente, C o ~ ~
ban girado en torno Id prop~sitG ~de )m.ped · ,
po!~
·.(nutr~fla ~,n~y~a
!
:•oberan(a
gue est.6 detrai de· tales depredat'ione1:t.fcon
e1 eje de UD sistern:1 de satelites )' \'.'S;l!os-que
Asia, Africa y el Paciiico.
. ---,El desden de Pel.in por el Dereeho Intern.ad
dcnciodo no 1olo en d 9{)0)0. que ha Venldo'-;""da:
general Ciap pan doclinar el 1hia sudorien~I. ·~
·· tido.'el za.rpa20 ·de la o.gresii>n un;i nacion co~£1ii
·,:.~e!~dc~. bajo el ~lo de ~!~lr:iUsmo -q1;1~}
•
j
- .'.<;:"'If
··.:
··~
-".
~·.
:
f
(con:,ra?•
·y;
_ __.,;;....___ •
_
......
~to
~p_!elJUer Nehru.___::_.:-...:.::_~_
. -----·-·-.·-·
· Lo que se ventib f',hora en Viet :ll,;am, es,!ii ,
politica egresor3. siga el. cm,o libre que ''
Pekin., o Ii se:-echan·,!a(~ue(de-un 'equili~~li,
ell el respeto de las sol>eraniu na.:ionales:, y tanto
probij:1do el Viet NNU ,s:eptcntri~nal •e entrcgan~.
mercio y paclfico,.de.sanollo.:r::.,,.~
· ::.t.:',,..'i:tJSI:
Pero acin ion· mas· ,hondas las im11Jicacloncs·de:
teado en la lndochiaa.:,1Al :decidir Johr.son..,.Ue~_ ..
. ha,ta. la fase de 11taqaes: dir"ectos;-ongino una situ
es re~ersible: fa guerra' no puede ser perdidi:"na
dilerua que e.sti amena:zando la pa:z. 'en to,do «:! Ajia:
esos tenninos ~ra un equilibrio, o el esca1amit
camino ascendente. Y si Pekin interviene, tambied
Hegan\ a tiemu chinas. Porqne .Iii Jes Esta.dos. \hue
scnles circunstancias, se plieg:m a b., pretennonei
colaboradores, ya no solo auedaria roto el inte.1to i.
_ el Asia sudoriental iino qui! los efedos de la humiJ!
eion-lider del Ocddcnte, serum )8 mundwes.,La:g
=.'el
recibirian un . lremeodo
~e.
'lniervencionismo
-
,..,
;.~
.,1..,
:if~.').2i~i~1i;} -
..
~ilienh
eontainani;.vi,
~ gia ~ expa.miw :c1e1eo.mwwmo chino;.
! paldas, avan'i.arra. hacla nuevos . cbjetivo,·
Africa.
, •.
en:-"~.
·
�·•
:, ···cc•:...:.;;~~i:-~:
..'. :.
',.
.: •
--~~~~~~,!~"t.~~o/'~~-t~r;~~(·
~~::;.:,;. !!>~,?!- ::- Ludwig Erhard.~~~-~!no~tun ·.n~e,y~J~~~i:.!Ll~.t:.ti~~'.;~~!i~~H~n\
. ·--?~::·~:·-:-~i--~~,.,..z: declarara, durante SU. vlslta~ la Alemanla Occidental; que Inglaterrai'.tam~.:.:.
. bi6n auspicia la discusi6n e"ntre las potencias. occidentales y
' .... ·' .
tguatpron~~ia'!nie11t~?::P ·:"7'!:~!~~~*~~._.,~~{_.,;~i< .:~'Ii
. • ·,: f~::.: ....~ .. ~ . ~ .. •:.,.._·1t·7'~i~- . ' ' ...
.'~".:i.,
do de 1A lueha parlamentir
t: plantesdii· por Jos eomunl1tai,;~
".>:
~~7 ,-..
. . "
"~:~.·-~....-~
1
'::;;,-;.1:...~KIO.. - - China ha superado ya et dcscenso er. la produccion agr1cola, ·que :se on:.:.
----; __ ...,,•. ~. -:-- gin6
politica:del "gran salto. industrial ..~~ELpasiido;.paiici"'
;,,}i~,~"";~
can la'-erronea
itt!i'1~'{;.',:.t;~';~;:; ..
_per capJta'~~podido ·acerc;i.rse
regreso al nivel de 1957:~pcro ei consumo
al de
de importa::ion ...
;aquei:ano)'a. ~virtud
.
se les · ha': prov1slu "';·
con· las "ultimas
Solo
uriidades especiales ticncn ese tipo
de equipo. El clamor por lo "mas moderno'' crecio cuando sc comprobo.
al revisar el armamcnto capturado A los dci Viet Cling; que estos tienen
-~l;,..,t,.muy.,efectiv~~· pie;as.·.~e, Cabricacic>n sovictic11.:;;.\ . ... _ . · ,· .• ':,~ .:,1,,,.,.:
·, . ·-::~~:~,:-~~~~-~::;~~1s;+,~T~1~~~::~~fr.~iZ#!i"r-1:ti~;~:!-;~-;; ~- ~ -~.~~::·,-~~,:
WASHINGTO N - - Los ob'iervadori:?s creen que el proyecto clc fuerza nuclc.u pa·
... ra la.OTAN, va a fo~lalecersc mucho mediante el compromiso que._es·
tabJecerA.n los representantes de lnglaterra, Estado~ Unidos y AlemAnial.~:
.;"';., ~ .
Occidental, en la proxima reunion que ceJebrarAn en La .Haya.
· i~,·
ffAIGON - - Soldados norteameru~anoi. • sc queJaban de que 'no
· .
irmas..:
·::
· ·
~lgunas
.rec~uda\~~n amp!fot
;•1 gen, por.:: Jos~partldORfcltt:
\';" tro/1.zqulerda,?qi:uf forman-:: ('0D.llr16n goberniuite;'t'J,a~vl~
torla 1i.errnlHa a Morot'avari~)V
z.ar en su \lYOgramJI. · d
.-'
. hnbllita<"ion ~<'on6rnlr11:/; .••
..·<tt·
.J~:*?:~~~t~,t:-
·t:J,..:··;:-·':··:f"c::!,..:.:::·.::> · ,.,·?::::~-l!.,:":::..~.t :
<~~t;_;";\:J:.::-
.- ;
NACIONES U1''1DAS - - . U-Thant. hizo silencio en sus pronunciamientos pubJieoi·: .·}\\•t'fi.it,··~~~..:::, ,:::,;1,1 -~,iji;:~.· .
rcspecto a ta participacion de los Estados Unidos en Jo. guerra de Viel
J~;:1't:~:~w'•~~~ti2;:'~t, 7 Nam, pe~-r~!!.?11;:.~}!~.,.~~i'!. arg"!t~~d~;9~!;.}~, E,Ortea_"'!~~~';O! {.e~n,1;'
,.,_ .'"'J; · •;::,.:,-'.!'}~'"'~'~~.- equivocados en su:'politiea· dcl sudesti.'\·l'.iamltlco?'Sn~11f'nc· Qn" ·no· fHteclr.n :.
,.
: • , ganar alti una "gucrra dC' jungta·•.
·
~-f~~-<~;~~J~A~;~ ...;\·:El. embaj~dor, viajero
'
.. '·-
.J
(~
I
I
~
:
.,
~ '
·l
nonc:unericano.
Averell Harriman.
~.,..Q!llen.lli
,: El tenl~nte d~es
da las grat'las al mayor:~~
'b
wurd l.'.'ldon (a In dcr"<'ha). -:..,
. 1•or haberlo ;-,•srin:Hl,) a rln.· • ;,·. ,.
~.c-o mm:is de fa. ~~;! del_}ll~~
·•Nam clf'.'1 Norte,\f\u.tn~~tl'!l~~
derrihado sn Jet F·lOO ·en· t:l:.r;
utnque nereo .a Qn:\nt,r Khc~,·
L:Jdou · pllctraba un ''A1h:i~
tra .. ·•, quc hb;o d<·sr,·~1df'r s,,. ,~
;..,_fll'~f!~.,._C;DC!~~p:t<fo ,,~,..(l:l - '
i\fomarinl
ntla<lor. ,;-'.:-1.;,,:, _ ......
rt}!.ol!'~~~ ~ . i?il"" _ _
•• _ _ _
l.:a rein:. ls:ibr-1 II d~ In
tt·na dl"t•hJia ponl'r-:;., nii
atsku1til"nl :1 .11' •·asi ·3o"'a o~~"ll '}It<- la f::mll!a r.::11 hrh,. -' .
imt:-1.
ba al cese de la disputn gcrmano-iitrneli, al mismt.. ticmpo quc Bonn en.
viaba un "import.ante personaje" a esta capital, p;tra arregldr el problem!\
creado por la suspension del Pnvio de arm3S,
·
• ~ \1ii_~~F
nlca ha1>ia manh-niJo}ii:'
t>'4pO&a norteAn1i>Ti<'nt\n.'.ldeJ
rf'y Eduardo VJII, E1 1U,:HJ
•
dC' en(.'uentro s..rfa f'I salon
PEKIN - - Los "responsables~· de la pl'opaganda eslaban colel'icos. Mo!irn: en un:,
pintura aprobada oficlalmente y rcprodudda· en Ja rcvtsta "Joven China",
se desc:ubricron estos dos Jcmas, ocultos en cJ dibujo de unas mal:1~ r!(·
algodon que aparecian en l:i ilustraei6n: "Vh·a Chiang ..Kni-shl'k'·. "De.-.·
truyamos cl comunismo...
-
de <'on\·;:il,·,·icnte de! duqu .. [!,.'·
Windsor, Isa hci I tenia~.10_
:lf\(\S <'Uando su tlo Eduartl~
:1l,,Hd1 d trc,no pnr:\ ,'aS.'tr!if' ·
l'on .hi muier qu~ d ,,u~rh.1:~
):t
di,-·ort-lad.n .. \\'ams.:..\\'
fit•IJ Simµ~on.
· ·';"~~
NUEVA DELHI - - Los colaboradores de Shastri cstaban muy preocupados por la
victo1·ia que oblu\·ieron Jes comunistas pro China· en el ,estado de Kerala.
Se creian que el Gobicrno Central seguiria bloqucandolos y no accedcri:i
a su demanda de quc ~ Jes. entrcg11c t!'l ~obierno local.
General Ne Win, jde de,
hierno df' Et.mu, a quleri
:u·reditah:t Pl h:ibt>r lo~·do,
uno cl~ Jr,s regirn~nes mA{
e~tabtes en et' sudesti- asl!i,:_
tko, aunque toda,·ia, n!;.h~i:
)10SCU --. Leonid Sobolev. vetcrano escritor. ~ burlo de Jos. J6'-enes l~tcratos Ji.
berales lJamandoles ..de Jn nueva ola". Sobofov (ue ree!egido presi<lcnte- de
' • ·I''~
moelon
al pl'esent.ar una <
de~
<"eusura. en b Nial aflrlll.ft· ·. ·
ban qne e~ G!)l>lemo ba.b(a_id:~
do fncapaz de superar las di~
· ffl'Ultades
ecionlimlt'as . dflf
pu.is. Esta .,.roocl6n tenla. rl,
. npoyo. ~e~!o" .fa.sdstas. y fu~,.:
rque la pobJacion.' ha ere:
~. ;~}K~;J~i~s.·~-~::~~;:~::;~~::::;::it.~~1,~~-:;~~~~~~4'1}:;~t:;ii~
~
•~":-; .•.
primer.
la ·uk.ss;-°"so.~· ;.. tro~ dei°'lt.alla." saUo fortii.1-
·." bNda}reunlflcad6n' alemana; · a base de autodeterrninaci6n. , Y.. antes. De ·.
Gaulle ilabla hecho
..
.;,:~:;.,:1·;, .
-(Al,ln~,~r
la mayor organizaci6n lit~raria sovietica, lo quc '-C considct'aba un triunfo
de la \'ieja guardia. -Pero la gente jo\·en pcrsistira C'n su enmp;uh por mns
libcrtad arlistic.:i..
·
11odldo akanr.ar a l ~
reformas fiO('lale~ y, 11,·an.ctt.
er.on6mlco. Ke "'in aus~h·ln_
- lo· que cl U:.i.m.a un-~~~~~-l\~
mo a tu P.urnur..
l
I
I
LONDRDES - - La reina Isabel encabczaba la lista de contribu}•entes p..~ra t·epi;rar la Abadia de Westminster, quc este aflo cclebra cl 900 anivcrsnrio rlc
'ill 1·oni::t1:r:wh"•11 Pll 10t,!'>. Sin <'llllmri::o, los tr.nb3jO$. sc h:in ~~ll'l,,rndo J'IOl'11ut• h11y 11,;.,t,1 mk:1 ~,,hrt' ~i ~·· 11!1'!\ m:'irn,.,1 ~l'iri::o o ifnli.tn:'I. y ~ohr£> cl di7 ·
!tt•ifo.
,. ,•
\\'ASHISGTOS' - - \\'alt ~ostow, uno de los planificadores de) Dcp:u'!ar:~~~nt;:, di.'
· Estado, sugirio fa or:;ani2ttci6n de una comunidAd i?tilustri.11 par.:1 !::>.s frr·
· tilizantcs en America Latli:1a. similar a 1a de1 carbon. y accro cr~ad:t ,•n
I .~-~G~~·=
Eu1·opa •.
~1~~~
La Fuena Aere~ ha ~~op~:;~· ·viejos aparatos C-47 t versi6n
· militar·de los DC-3), capaces de volar dc.'spacio y muy bajo, para usarlos
Contra las guerrillas comunistas. Han sido equipados con mas de una d,,_
cena de caiiones que pucden hacer 100 mil disparos por minuto.
:s.'4.
.....; ~. ·
.. ·:_.~: . . -.;i·?J;!J~
.. F.1 emb.ifador do los '. E~!,?_dOti ,
Unidnl!I t-u la Unlcn 1'0,1etf.
'c~t,' Foy 0. Kohl.e,r,·
C"lla!fd,e
· abanclon;1t>:i el rr.inJi.terlo:':'d~
·~, Relaclont>t-· ..• E:df'rin_~e,~~
; ·l[OSffl;'dNpt>ff de h.aber~
i:-ho fotm:\f prott"\lits,~p'.or~~
~taqoe df' esrudbntei1,....t'tdn_o..,
,. · nonietn::in1f'i::e,;. rontn•0 !tu
~1•1!,~ ,1~pl11r.1Hir:1.
• :~,'i,.J{.
.:~l:
. Nikita "· Klaruschc\' riap:irccfa. en. pu.~llcp 110r prin1er:i.
,·ez, despuk de su ·d~splaii~
mtento dcl poder, cn.octubrl"
del p::i!l.:ldo afio. El
(''I:
Pri-
1uer .i'lln.btro, "en :.ip::irenk
butn.a S9.1Uil. y anln1~~_;·,
acudla a dt>posltar su '\'Oto ·en
eJecclonc:11 locnles. Los perio-
MOSCU - - Los ·lidcrcs de Pekin dcmandaban que el Kremlin admitiera que "su
1
polieia y tropas fueron brut.ales contrn los ~tudiantes chinos" que hacian
una manifestacion ante la cmbajada norteamericana. 0 dis.culpa~. 0 fn;;
estudlantes chinos se retiraran .de la URSS:. era el dilema que · planteab11
Pekin.
··. · · - . · :p · · ··-... "\,' ·,,, ;.. · ·,. -:;c~J~v
·:f: ;{-;~:. · ·
~.
fas 1nebs d('. su J)rogrn _
dfstas
u<'l'ldent<'!i.
dt.'<'hlfl
que pareelo conmo,·crsl'·
coi,
el riplauso. de c-ludadanos ~SO•
.
vfetltos que- e~talm.n.~ fren1~;~
su apartamf'nto; ·en':;•foicia_.
.
.
,,_,..,t!r~·
'
�EL ESPIRITU DE LA
. VERD"'1) SE LE
MANIFIESTA
~
_i ( •••
�t ..
corifiesati '~
11! -·
#·.,,
-----·-- --·---
�P
ERO mAs que estas es-.
: ;"·peculaclones ·ertsi/lo in:
'teresante es leer parrafos de est'
discurso. No comparado con
resto de America sino con l~
propia Cuba anterim" a.I casb·ismo, sale el experimento boJche.'
vlque ma.I parado. Observense
~
Ii no los datos, tal ·como los
. ,;.·p".
•
ha ofrecido,: en forina· de tabla'
~!';NI EL CAPITA1l$MO EN ,u~. ,~011.Es ·,(EMP0S!
cornparatlva, Ja Asociacion de
EH• faciud\il corrnpon.S. al .,..,;odi<o fu,b•nrro "El" M..»do''.
.
.
EconOJnfStas CubanOS ,en ef ,
edi~;on ffl 22 da •"<tro clrl <Offi<t1U,t am'>.
~vn1,a_ al •••••Pa antl~lano e,, u..ta la desn11dn d.,
•
5 I 000
premios
Q los
000 r,
exUlo, que -pres1"de el D r. Jo•
unpudtCII y ,e,nd.a. rt'11ft4r que rruH~r~, cle piiibbfJ!,
•
, I ,. ,'-, ;"c . .
s6 Alvarez Diaz.
,I ,r9im•n de ei<lo,111d f oprgblo . dores de c~nas,.l,en la .s1gu1e1
..
·
cu. .~ •11c•1;1,•1•- ~~. . -!"' ·
~it""-...-;i...~11~.-;:;_~W~~,-i.;..:: ~
~i~~: ::.~~-- Dijo Carlos Rafael Rodriguez: ,. lo• 1til ai>o~ ... p<r,Mr. •I c. ....... ffllfflO ..... ~lipdo a 01,..
500 .vic:ijes.,:.para·. v i ~
:~-:. ,: :·::,•.~·;,~~:,,~J;~J,/f'~J ,'<.~/··
. ..En
ceneral tu.vlmor.
•• ,. ~........... Q~ lo~ U~PtlHWIII ~Orlen cua. "'_;.,~,
•••. I.. ---,n!l;;ij;,;; •
,.
.
. . muy ba· ' .·..•, .. ·.,au.. -ha,.,ocum<lo
con el .. , ...,.,..." n _ .. , .1.Q..e ha P•u.<10
po ,,t:l.~
SOCIG
1Sto~- .
~-"if Jos rendllnlentos: en ar.roz.,' dt1''' ..• .,. ·: ,c- ... nl.tdo .....,,.li11a u obre~ J' camp,e•i-?,,':~
• , ....,~,.,..."'- • •&"'' . , .,
~;_"'?;C: 'tt. 8 uJn·..:,.,
;.Po, qv!t ha t.tnldo qw apef•r, "" ,obl«l>O Qlle Ml diui
•
1
000
fflOtocicleta·s 0 1 efflClftCJ 1
-~.·· _.. . ..-1 q
....es. por eaballeria; ell
•on••trado • "lo. • al>ajo", • ..... int•-r truco. , ....... ,dale•
,
• ....... 'J,-, • • , . • ~-·..... ••
•
tr)Jolea de 134: ulataJe5 0r
IUU hau, qu~ l,t gMlr ltO~.,j~~
A
1. I 500
"'.re.f flger,o
• • ,• ., d• OfeS,~n,CnOI
,.· ~-•,,"1 ~~
•
•
.Q
p
La te1p...11a H wucill~: ,>0•<1~• .,1 Co,n.,ui,1110 .,, I., .:,p,n;o,.,
IS
,
1
caba.Uerfa: en bonlato. de 1,003
..
pOrQIHI ti C.CIITIUni•mo
hambr•," el c..n,p;:t.ino y
2=0·'·0'0" 'i:J:,· .• v:..: •· ..... dtv;,,_;;,.~,f
el
r~~.9:S a
1
s
~.,:~i•
.
'
!- •
.,·n-.,.
~
,;,c.:.:::_:_;
- - - - - · -~·-··-· .
,
.
· " t
,-~.· ::_I·~.:.x.<··
r
1
I
<
quhltaJe• por caballerla y en .
n:talanp., de f19i qulnta)es pol'
oabaUeiia.•.. .
.
Di
la ADE• ·
ce
· ·'
'S
"En 1957, las cifras eran:
arroz, 6,061 qq. por caballerta;
frijoles.
406;
boniato,
."'.
Dijo· Rodriguez:
'"En ftlgOcJ6ft tuvlm08
Un
tffi•
.. .,.·:. ·I
En caf6 tuvlmos un descenso ~n
196' del 60 por dento. La )'U•
ca. desapa.tecl6 pnictlcamente
como cultt,·o entfi: 1963 y 1964•
Los plata.nalea de Orlente y
Camagtley _,estuvleron lnactlvos
q11i~1e•
usa1.
101
6prime11 V I~• ~,man
N, aun en lo. peorn
IMlffll>OI
d•I
"poclrldo ......ime......,,.....q. ciu-e .11 ... d..:ian odi•r tanlD,
M ll"90 • Hta• ••l•e,no, <I• teuar q\le ofr..:,:r
moton.. ,u, ,elr~aWH ! vi.aja<ito.. al ... ,.rior para lograr q...
II» umi;;c, ..,.,. c ... mi,her•11 ..... bbo,...... .el umr,o... 'Y pc>r
<1u•? Por una tUOfl •en<illa:· parqu., eruont.t1 el
um11111ino tobr.ob• ~n ulario d«oro,o, ular;o pa~ado
"""neda 5olida qu~ .. ,o~vcrlla tn 11im,n10,, n1editinn
HOY todo "° i:·::.':.,::1.:, •:::d~. .!~~n~:::::
m; ...o-.itn•o """
bajo relatlVBJDeftie nta)O eate
ailo. En ta.baeo, Jogramos 81•6 00
. qulntalea menos que en 1963.
--
et,.,
a contrib111' -
malanga, 3,150,
..
~:.-m:.~':'u::w: ::;0;/~~~!:::;·:.~!~':tl:.h::li!~~ • derO.
,
el pan qu• ll4t••n a ""
2.937: ...........
T'
p,t(~.:~.·e::;:" ,!;::: 1"a· :::::~.: I~~
<ornp,o,ui•O• firm.du con ~IA ltn>O&. ,'t lod•v;• licncn I~ •vilo>n\U
d• 1up,on•r qu« e,t• inept• b.•ur,a .,,,. a
~ap&1 d•
<I>
• nad,e en Amet1U.
'*'
••~•e~
programas
e vacaccc
_ . . ,_
. ::;
·
:.,:.,;fi;J.'
Tc,nbien -habr"a' p''r
. ,. ;
<. "
.
otenci6n
,
•'
7
ffll0St
.,~·
lo emulocion:g-e
O
.
•
..;
PO(Q las brigJdOS de COmbil
•
•
y olzo mecan1zodo, Pre!IIIO:
que ,Se hayan dest(I:
para corte y olza individu.
Q los pequenos- ogricultores'
• .
. ,. .,. . ..J.11,c.'.;
y preffll0!: en COd:J prov
3 mujeres ·que mas Se destc
9000S
:·. .,. . .-:. . . t'"'i
.
a1rohlemas de todo tlpo can lot.
trutalea. Un cl.la me llam6 Fl·
del para darl~
eompaftero In•
pnlero Salcl.J!e& mll caballeriiu;
n fin de que blelera un expel'I·
mento de c(trlcos.. Se Lu dlmo&,
Pero la cooclus16n tue un eom•
al
de risa a los cubanos. eontinuo
en arroz. Pero es ; 1\
el teorlco a la vjoJeta :
••En frlJoles ya, le~ dlje que
ht rent.aulli::!ad co~
porque not. resulta:1
St;rr:brar <.::::ii.a
t.::. cl exterior.
<
ico'n:
tambltn ar..damos nmy mat. Tu.
'\1mos unn gran caida en b tru·
los prlmeros · .'1 . meses de! afto,
ta bomba. En pli\a, tenemos nnn
la produccl6n de la papa. des-·
sltuaclfn totabneri"tc anormnl,
cendlo brutalrnente. En mala_n.
ca tu,1mos una producd6n de pleto fracuo. La tlerra no ie;.r11 de cafda constante ~n fos ult1~
9S8.9N quln&ale. (antes de 1950 , apta. Ahora anda Salclnes por mos ados. £n hortall:r..as tr:iw·
la. produecl6n toe de 2 millones brael estuclla.ndo otras eQ)El- mos planes y Jos re-sultados de
65S mll qq. N. d& la ADE). En rlenclas: La pnte se preguntn , ellos no fuerori buenos en I9Gl,
bonlato. tuvimos en 196' una J. d6nde est.4 La. naranJa '.!' l:' yu El c~lti\'o de la. ci.fia no ha
pro4ucd6n de 1,942 qnlntales. le.s dJgo: la narabja est.6. por sldo en mucJ1QA areas tan ('om-,
ahl, 'puea tenemo• ~ oumento plet.o como en 196:1, pero en
(En 1957 babla stdo do f.!72."761)
qq_. N. 4e la ADE). En flame. la del 10 por clento. El mango nu conjunto se av::mu,, a pesar d.producd6n fUo de 181.146 qq. Jlego a La Haba.na. Los orlentu- ser una z.afra t"normemente
· ( En 195'7 habf.a sldo de 508,110 lea comleron mucho mango y no eompllc:i.da. Por rrutlas 11ni<'tl·
lo dejaron llepr a In m.pltal. eas fltG-SltJ!ltarlas, perdhnos en
Qfl•)• EJl pa.pa, ,la prodttecl6D tA)..
tat. fue de 1,637,418 qq. (Ant""' Peto prometo queen 1968 todo · otro& cultlvos S7-i cabal1erias,
pero yo ereo que son · mucha!ii
de! Com.unlsmo era de Z.O"M,600 cl mundo comer.6. mango".
m4s c&ba.lterias: sit1 C'outar lo
qq.). En yuca, la producet6n
que perdimos en cai'ias·•.
global comerclal fue de 1,591,28'1
-5Continua el ex-Ministro de
qq. (En 1057 habia sldo de
cspucs de esta promesa dcl Batista:
4,099/JOD ,q.). ·
genio economico de la barbn
"Ha habldo un P,an deseenso
Continua Rodriguez:,- .
"Se fall6 en eoeo' y Jua.' habldo trotskista que ha hecho morir en mal:t y otro gran descenso
D
·II
Fori
Ia
tilunlfic:ucion!'..°"~~:.irroz. de o,ooa cabal~
lo 2,709, pero
qn<: esa. meta no . I.
.iamei::
cun1pllr''. · ..
-.it~~
~ota de la ADE:
sis es muy interesar.
Jos comunistas'?'esiu
ciendo durante·~;~,r.
rents.bilidad compar;
ua pl~ imperialista
mfr a 'CU.b~ en .ii?~
<
if'~
mo~ocultivista:
Continu6 cl
esposa de Joaqui'i?-0:
ex~1-
"i;'1deJ dlo uru ei!
de Enero (se
referla
La dfra era de' 5,500
fodas, para cumplir:lc
misos adquir~dos!l~
no se 1mede ~ <'~tmpllr.
. Co'ntin:J.a. en.,.
.,,.. ;,~,.~,.·~-··=~~:~~;,,;f~,i~1~ ~ ~
�,cuBA tOJk'1
.. EN 7· JI.AS· . ·
'
:".: (St~iiio"'de~~
Aii>"''
1
"""'.J.,t.,1 ~~ -~·t
~
~f1 -i~~ •
.. *Dos ecuatorianos qR•
•~- _adjestramitnto ~~is.ta "'
, ...,).':
·~~· escuela tomunlsta, dt~Cuba,7df:.~
saparecleron mrsteriosamente. Uno:.
se apeUidaba Angulo,. t! .otro ~ ~
• _Jlamaba ,Rafae,I EC~l!'f'~OI!-.-'' __ ;eras~ secretas ~ dtl ;;mt!!lfn .P los •
sacarcn del campamento · de Mi-
nas def Frfo, en &a Sierra Maes•. ,
· trl, el 17 de. febrero.~y':'1'desdh
entonces sus· ·compa.ileros no· han·,;
~-~~~-i.;;~·~.-,~--·
•y{~
.•••Miguel Entlsco; capit.in de ta
Compaiira.. Cubana de Aviaci6n, ·
dtsett6 en Gander,: Terranova,· al.
arribat-alrf .con· SU nave, en. tlaJe
:,:,.: de.Praga a La .Habana_-:.:. ·..\..,.--, ;.
.. . •.
. ~F:.:._.,..jJ
.. ,Josi·~·Sustamante .~un medi.:.
co~ tristtment.e, cflebre 'par habt!r
sido· qulen ·, oraaniz6 en Cuba las
tecnicas de "lavado de cerebra"
para extraer confesiones a los prl- .
sloneros, ha organizado ahora un
slmposia internacional tilulado de
·'Aclividad Nerviosa". Se cree en
•:..:~·.iOs drculos rnEdicos que no· se
• trata sino de un c6nclave mundial
0
•Conlir.uan las 1 pugnas. Los· alcaldes de San Jose de fos Ramos
(R~olfo Garcia) , de Jovellanos
.. ~ ·" ....
(Rogelio Martinez) fueron susti•
tuidos por dos figuras de la
"nueva ofa". Nilo Osiel ·Carballo,
otro comunista de los "nuevos".
susliluyo en fa Alcaldia de Jatibonico a. Clerencia L6pez. Todos ·
los retirados eran comunistas del
1
PSP.
•••Una locomotora Diesel, recientemente adquirida por el regimen, fue incendiada en el cen. · ··'.\~:: lral azucarero Mercedita por pa·
:":'".;t}. triotas de la resistencia.
.
f
... La Utulada Casa de la ·cul-
.~
tura de La Habana ha editado un
libro sobre Bolivar, anunciando
que los for.dos que prcduzca I..
venLa "ser.in destinados a ayudar
··I· . it!
w::!!o~nca~~ ~ ~!sam:~~; ·
Cultura es la tntidad con· que
r-
f
1·
.,·
: ,1..' , • ·
05
han cocperado escritores corno
Ezequiel Mardnn- ~sltada Y Bernanlo Lachtman, recientemente
fallecidos. muy efogiados por la
prensa capi~alista de Caracas.
CACOS INTELECTUALES. -
Que los comuuistas son
mws bribones ea hecho conocido. Qu.s atacan hoy lo quc
de/e11dierot1 ayer, y llaman blanco a . lo quc c:s negro, de
acllerdo con au convenie,icia, esta mas que probado. Pero :
nunca cs ocioso record/.lrlo. En Cuba, JJOr ejemplo. ae lo ·
han robado todo dcsde ln Patria (par<1 1.:cnderla. a Rttsia J
hasta las casas,
lwros, las fincas, etc. Ultimo rnbc: cl
del Ma1)(J. Geol6gicc;, En marzo de l961 lo habia ya tcr
tninado el Ing. Ar,nando Atidrcu, q1ticn sc habla baaado 6H
- los htformes de las compaiiias p!:trolcra:s. Pue.s bien, al apa,
iecer' vublicado s11a autore.s ,cm.: Antonio Nii.liez Jimenez,
que ni e11 ge6logo ni .tiene la md.s Temota idea de con~o. IJ!S
Juice mr rnapa geoldg1co, y ••. rtres ru1Joa!: A. ~. Bogatrn.o·v,
/. P.- Novojatsky y c. M: Judoley:-Lo··mas·cinws.o deZ ca.so
ea qr,e loa nuJO.S, en el mc:,,nento de 6ditarae el Mapa. llet..'CI•
los
4
ban en Cuba adlo uno, ,meses.
ADOOTR~NA;;,I~NTO ·EN us·
~
OARCELEs}=::_ En. mt
di.,cursa ·del d.&pota 11 ·~n emisione,, oficialea de! Gobie7:t10 /
comun.iata 86 ha anunciodo que Zoa prcaOtl polltacoa aenan ·
.. rchabilitados". ,Out qui.ere decir esta pala'brat Quiere de,
cir lat:arle.s el cerebro a los combatimttea. con el dni1!}o de
·• luicerlbs abau.donar aquellc, principios J>o/_los_~que. P!.f:Cis'!:.::,..;..
tnente se lea tiene entre rsjas. Uni,, ia/cim.ta, f t suma. 1obrc .
todo ai se· tiene ett cuenta que aquelloa hombre& 'JI mu.Jere,.
estdn manialado.t'JI no as pued.en d,efen4er. Infamw. mayor
,..,...Camilo Jose Cela, el novelis• 0 •""J0SE MARTINEZ RIE
ta gallego famoso tanto por su
a,h, 68 la d.e procla.tn1.1r que las "claaea'- aerian oolu-PLtariua.
~ blidtario cubano, coma·· C,
tafento como por su deshonestiLos i:n.forrnes clan4eatinos recwidos por eata secci6n indican
Promotion Manager de
dad politica, dec.lar6 desierto el
que ca todo. lo contrario. A ll>s presoa que se t1iega11 a ser
s;6r. Latino.?.merica:..:: de
Premio de Novtla de la ya referiadoctrinadoa ae le,, aomets a .ca.stigo,, se les au11ienta el
duc:tos Ayon: [n Nuna V,
da Casa de ta Cullura. Las obras
trabaJo y ae Zea prii,a de laa wita.t de au.a familiares. MMi,.. .
--·;:_..>I, '. :~\~~.ag~
presentadas eran de tan l)Esrma ·
• cos y tlcnico1, que realizaban labore, "en lal>oratorioa 11 ofi·
·$•MIGUEL ANGEL·aus·
calidad (puros pastiches soclalis· cinae# Aaa sido privadoa del jab6n. aemanal que ae lea daba;,: 1:;; trabajando, H. San ,'rJuan
teros) que nl ti fuerte paladar del
~ JI deJ d.erecho a maa wita meneuai que lea l&actan aw, fa,.-.:: ::,':. "visto negocio"'{ deTe'static
falangisla Cela se las pudo tragar, . :- tniliare,. Se le.a l,a h.echo ademda tmbajar en el campo.
· .tos.
··
~
, ' \;+.";.~:iifr.'::. ._. ~· '·1- ~ "':;.:~,~~~:~;~,,. •
:,:!
�-John y Caroline no resisti·
l'ian quc se·les diera otro "papa", ha dicho casi enfurecida.
Y anadi6 luego: "Ademas, ella
. ~i~~~.~:~. ~-~
,·
no tiene ningun.n necesidad de
. ayuda material ni economica
de nadie pua criar a sus hijos.
Si volviera a casarse, traicfonn.
rfa la memoria 'del padre di?
es.as criaturas.
KENNEDY HUBIERA
DESEADO QUE VOLVIERA_
A CASARSF. .•
;.Se casara otra ,·ez Jackie,
abriendo entre eHa y su energ'i.
. <t{
-· .-.
ca suegra, un foso de cncono?
;.Sc apartara de! famoso clan
Kennedy? ;,Ccdera un tanto ·el
cuidado de sus hijos a la fa,ni..
Frei
Jia de su marido, para ·h'Se· ellJ\
cJon ,contlne~_ ....~~
inclinando hacia SU propia
\.'i·
da'! Nndie lo ~nb<:! h;i,sfa hor.
0 al menos los amigos in ti mos
-Yo estoy segura de qul! que conoccn SU pensamicnlo
Jackie no ha pensado jam.as en. han tcnido cl pudor de no revolver a ca.sarse. Para el!a, co- velarlo. . . :;~~2; .:·
. : ~ ,
h atic,l
~.:zi"-"'
econ6miea de Ame1
que el Pr..:sidente "f
csta nueva vktoria
electoral, Viene'.~ai
pauta que '·debti'lan
partido;; Y· movi~le:
crbtianos en
tc. Esto es: ta ~;-~,
«'i6n sereJU 3-· ~.~£~
mo<'ra<'ia Represent,
'imlca \'erd:1clerame1.
·a las profunda;."""tri:!
nuestr:
Pero el periodista Jim Hoff.
man, escribicndo _en la revista
"Photoplay". ha dicho que la
.
.
.,.'"' La prensa europea ha comen. regla de· conduc:ta 'de Jackie
-~ tJido en SUS columnas de rurnv• quedo lrazada .por el rnismn
.,-res las palabras de la jeta del Kennedy antes - de morir._ Se
· clan KeMedy. Unos · estari" de' condensa en unos versiculos"'de·1 •,-_ 0/'.~ soclaJes. tton6n
parte de ella. Otros conside- Eclesiastes que cran los prcfe· nlr.trati~·as, cultmnlc
l'an que procede con critcrios ridos del Presidente asesinado.' tros t:-ubdcsuroll:ido
.
pasados de moda, y que nadit: Esos versieulos, que ·1ey6 el ·sa:---inlindan.- .
tiene el dereeho a condenar a ' cerdote durante las cxequias. ·
Frei ha ,:encido}c,
una vida anormaJ a una mujer son los que dicen:
no so!o en Chile·~;
beUa y Jlena de deseos · de dis·
-Hay un tiempo par.a todo Anierica Latina,. po~
frutar la existencia, una mu- debajo del sol. Tiempo pa1·a en el h~ho 'concreto
Jackie
jer que apenas ha ·cumplido 35 plantar l' ticmpo para recoger slcion ··doctrinai"~ inc
aiio.s. Jackie, por SU parte, no lo plantado. Tiempo p~tra sufrir ment~
Fuc el quien, scgun se dijo. la
ha qucrido decir palabra en el y ticmpo para alegrarsc. Tiem:. .. nal... Ame~·ica Latin.
habia convencido de quc S<?·mll·
asunto. Se ha· limitado a con· po' para construir y tiemo~·pa~·'~'deti:-"avanzar hacia·:
dase a Nul'va York; cerca de, · tinuar de modo lento, pero fir• ra destruir, Tiempo para ll~m:·•. cstructur;i~~s que p
t.O propin casn. y <!n u~- l'stado ~ me, el reencauzamicnto de su
y tiempo para rei;ocijal'se.
coord.inacion econom.
mo para mi, John es irreinpla-
zable. ·
Kennedy
d;fuocrati~a~ (
,.. __.~;~ ,. • . :.,
..,;:1;,tff,i~~~J.r<
,.c.. ,.. ~,.,...
C!!nfi~'..!?2
�: ~..
.,.
'
I
•
(
i:- • •
~ ~
~
···:····)
,....
·.-
·-
··I
., ti
-· "-:.
t
_·,
....... ...
·:.•
..
i'
�.:·::~t~~
;=~-:-·~' . . ·~. .
• :~- ..;.'~. ·.
i.~t:-;~~~ '
;:_ posa. A'.udrey Hepburn, pero to-
. do fue una simple tormenta en
ae
~y Tony'
·
Curtis
a acompafiar•j,";,, Ja ·
'~f.,,.-1t,r
- ••', \41,,..,_t._
1
~.;:~~;P ' ""~· _!:a~,te~~ '..'"!:i!tjo.
~ ··'·"::"'-· Su nueva pellcula · 'The Great
Race" ha despertado , nuevas
: -: i; . un ,.,so de agua.. Mel
Ferrer'·
. ,,,,;;_retra~(t"1:con~,..sur;.mujer
i4f't. ":._.'
~~I
~,,.
; :'x.:_~ especulaci~t. Natalie"o/trabaja~
~i::·coi{~Jack'Cemrrion'1"V~i"ac:..i=
~
·
L;_
' ::; cC.,<}ffJ;ff't;ittfl
tor b r it ,·n i co, Christopher
Plummer. Pero de nuevo Ju es- ·
..J.,.:;~~-rh
~
:rj,;;.~-f;ffii,~!f):;;:
buscar
pecu)aciones
.iu:i"teii~·-funda.•.
~,..
~mto;w~
· ·;~l?J
l'i~J': ·Natalie·. Wood . debfdo ·a los
;~pa~lei(que'tla~·d~sempefiado _e~
!.'me1 cme ha tomado fama. de mu•.
• ct&acha ligera. :·tie"fadolescente.
sin tlingun fundamento, El pu·
blico . ha .oMdado que elia ha
crecldo y que hoy tlene W18.
gi:an experiencla de la vida, Ya
i'
pa~o el tiemPo de Jos romances
faciles, que termtnan siempre
con Zagrimas y que una mujer
adulta no puede permitlrse.
Verd.ad que ella corre el pe.
ligro de volvers:e una Kim No.
vak, que huye pr6cticamente de
....
... , '.-:1
los hombres y ha perdido casi
·.
eJ sentido del hogar. Se ha
. . f. welto
Imagen de la mujer
fsolitaria cuya vida se ajustara
t dtficilmente a las obligaciones
normales de cualquier esposa.
incluso de una de Hollywood.
~y{ Natalie todavla est.a joven.
;i}._Ella ha dcmostrado una gran
sen.sibilidad polltica y. cultura1.·
Se ha interesado en el due co- .
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~-~·~;;-;~~·.'1r?.~~t,~~~~:.~',:!•
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te · !as Sll!ll~S 1mcrtldas. Perr>
~i~
.:de·.la,ctudad."an'~hor•s!•·,aati>;·. veran ,"!1-eJon~ _en el d~sarrull~:t·
·~.<'-°f'~
l· · · t..··T·· -.;.~'.-..,~ .. "'· :..:.... , .. , ·.:- de los · negoc1os y senhran ~queJ~t---.-.~··-}! ry~ ~ .. -~~_-';".I~• .. ~.: •. ~!'".!-k-,"!9~~,t~!:..,!.t !'cl
•1 1
· : -ba· ·,l·8 1 .£~ ·-'·Mantener "una":
~:que·tenga_q~ ver.con las sen-~
cu os s~~~«-'-~ ~:1-~~i'con los demas,-'j'te
.
H 'te d ..,,~~.....~·.-r·,a:~,:.®~pat!u·y.(~aum~~1
!· am11tad
a •I,., ..
romance
...,· ten ay
n encias
a que
aun:ien
:· · gio personal ·.· Piens
,.·
., .. ~ -~-,...., ..~,,..t;.·comlen·
...• ,'. -~••·<J·
el peso
Jos que
pasaron
de·
•·
• ;';_~-•.1.•,11oc~~~'~?ff:.:·.rrl-:"., ;~l Jos 35 anos. Los que estan es- tc la serr:3:na ·!11,uc.
:,:. ,:~~--~.i~s. r~~-~~!.J-~~,: ~''\: 1 tudiando que tratcn de ir " ta~~ pe nd1 ente
,;.~-~
·
,_s,~.,f~,}~s ,q~·-~~i~~-!n~~"-j pi;Jebas el dia jueves, QUe es cl T"?ient~s. A~a nd ~'
.i
fef!.c.1~1d •.
Y,.: mas posir;Yo de la !"Cmana y po- hdades y t1nta a l
~-!os··escr_itor•~;~a!!~"·.~i:i~:.u~_,.-.: siblemente dcl mes.
rt~:i.n cm: ig:ual. r.e
vnstant.!.J~''Ji~,~~q~~t:_J~'!,~~ •
.
.
,:.,_a,_ ,.
qUC asp1r~,3J~·
"fig\;Jt
f,,i'!IJ•n_t~~-.~~~~~)~:o.~-,'..~•~ ~.
tist1cas. ~odo lo q?e lleve selto
de creaci6n atravtes~ por morento_ estelar: Los 4mtel~t~a·
~es disfru~n. de unc_1 pos1c16n
astr~l pri•;I1eg1ada, ~st _como .los
escr1tores y l?~ per~O~ISl'.1S. fogo lo_qu~ ex.i1i/~~maJQ1dad ¥,.,.;,
.COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO:·..:
ent~ en
uen gus sa . Jen: ':Je Sl·,;..:t·Pa,•-~-~,t~~-·· ..!, . ~;,~aa~·. ~.'~.Verde;'Ji:';:=:L-·
·-,-·~,:at:,-:,_,\,..;...·'· s~n_1mcn~a .~.Y.~.no
gan adelante, sm vacllac1~~. '. -_cl!,.:.qu41:",~ ,el!~"..2~':'~";,~J~~ ~NUMERO DE SUERTE: 8,t~~~d;it~rn~cho,t;.t~1
1~. 9ue han tornado el cammo '.,;alt~t~;,;~!~~'?~.:-.,•_•~~ .'-~1•**~ DIA MAS POSITIVO:
s!e~pre-.Nept~of.,
~1f1cll ~e.alguna ob:a de alcan.
·_dfas.=-·. ,,-_.. ,.,_ r-:l.;,:'-'-;r:·_·_, .. , -,.,1_, DIA MAS NEGATIVO: ;_;>1;,,~
s,bllidade-s de sltt
t:~.,-,,~r,.
·).:·-.-...~;; •:
'' ', .-.;~.
1~ ~!'.l_.,-,:..:~
.•·J~,::-:d
.':;;,.
_>.~_-.. 01,...~~-~~-~ ~.. ;.·,_;,;1.~.~--~.•~';'.!__':',·.,'.J:::--,~_:;1,;,:~~=~- -"~ ,-- .•,.,'""·
F'fi""~-..r ~,•, ~·
_..- - "Lr:::-
tn~~d~:·:fl~l~!s~;~--salJc:la_(!u~r,if,:.
•• -
es
·... · , -;,,·<: . .
,,
~,_-. __, ".......
_~_:_-'
· t'·_'-U'7tllNA..,..Eit~seMANi7.?_;'' . Los que h_ayan." heeho in_ver:
11JMctad6n gene-::--t
s1ones notaran. c1_erta l_cnt1tut1
r';.1·Magniflca
:·,;.~~,o.·!que·:;hayan~~pla~~
en que rcgrese~ n su_caJa fuer.
. ·,,··.·.-, ... · ,._~·,-( ::,-~ -#'&;~~~~.~·El Japso
apropiado' para la
._:_-_~_:{ _:,\~_~.__,_;_·:-,_·..·;_{_:}.·_·_(,E..~. ;_~.:-~-:,x_,_·_:_:_J_i:-.,-·.:t_":~-•-;_•·.· ·'· ~;i.- · • • •
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.. ··-.,-·,~-~-·-.,;:,. ~-:~~-:~ ··-~· '.."'-~1:.;.~~--:-.. -,~~SEM.iN·A -COMPR ENoTo·A;•f,:;.c:J;.-··
.
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·'L·'
·~-t--.~'· .. ,,
Lo•.:~*~•-
i•~\c,~~-~·-~ 1~··t~~r,J't~~ . ·
.~PM~
Jueves: -.
1:~a~~
,~~·.:~·!~~.g~~f~:~. ;::~i~~~t~~~;;.;~
5
·\::;:b.<:~,:;.L,;.-:f~h:
·-~f?':~~para~~p~:~s~.u~
~~crda~
,... · · · · ,.·' · · · · -- ·
resol~er problemas Y. ev1-
SUS po~ibilidadcs . .. T~~drA opo;;.~1·. •~bado.
tunidades. Los q~e anden en ·
· ····-·~1c--•·1:,.....,,.._ ..., • ·" ,.~ as~~nde!.~;H~~te~c
pasos falsos atrav1esan un pe- ·
_., , 1...
• •.· dro que ~,te ;;..lia}?f,!
riodo peligroso en que pueden
·
Debes oricntar~
qucdar al dcscubierto SUS tram.
modemas :.,Y.(~band
pas. Pies de plomo y mucha
co la rutina,;y".J:~~
p1'ccauci6n. El caractcr tropec0<' ,J1:r,l1J 21 a
dos. N'o tc exp()rig.
-x
zara con una serie de inconve,hallo 22).
tcs de aire:·ru_;ij~:
nicncias. La: persona a quien
fisico superior, .-•si:
mas se desca agradar no es muy
h,;s tenido p1·oblerr,
facil de comprendcr. Los que
Cuidate de tus palabras y Lus Los_ niflos, ...19~{.a~,
naciernn en Tauro son dinami- acciones, sobrc todo cuando cs- · muJcrc,:; en ·cstado.
SU COLOR MAS FAVORECIcos.
inteligcntes
y
decidido~.
tes
en pres.:ncia de per!"onas ccs tod;Js ios ·d,ia,_s
00: Gris.
Esta semana neccsitarAn de to· quc no forman p:1rte del circu- mana. . .. ~,ifl,~
SU NUMERO DE SUERTE: -1.
das esas cualidadcs.
lo estrecho de tus amistades. •
· ..,,..,:.c~
SU MEJOR DIA: Jueves.
Dctalles de susccptibilidad pue. SU COLOR '-fAS
SU DIA NEGATIVO: Marte~.
DO: Rosa.
COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO: den ocasionarte trastornos y
cchar a perder asuntos que es- NUMERO DE SUl
Rojo.
ta
ban
rnarchando
por'
bucn
caDIA
MAS POSITl
NUi\1ERO DE SUER.TE: 1.
mino. Los problemas persona- DIA MAS NEGAT
DIA l\!AS POSITIVO:
TAURO
les deben dejarse para despue~
Jucves. -~:~r~~
Viernes.
( D1• 11bri1 21 11
y rlcdicar todo su csfucrzo a . n · ~ · - : z ~
DIA MAS NEGATIVO:
los asuntos relaciunado:; con I:,
Lunes.
economia y Ia seguridad del fu.
turo.
Los que estan dewcados
>"i.tiNi-.!r
Surgiran magnificas iniciati· al comercio disfrutaran de se... =·~
vas por lo cual deben contar CS·
man,. r.i.is p8sit:va que los pro:
(~cta semana con sus propias poGEMINIS
fesionalcs. Los qcc C!':tuclbn C$· ~ Se~tk:
sibilidades. Las finnnzas van
. taran en ventaja sobre los quc
.• :'!j~
mejorando y hay perspectivas
tf\lD)"O %J
trabajan_ y _Jos .Que. realizan -su;:; . L:t semana-:est.:
r. de que sus ingresos se _el~\'en.
• lwdu tu) _____ obligaciones
en la r..ochc- · estc1- ;:;fccwd.:;. ;rJr situ1:1
; · ·- - ------ El ahorro es positivo y bene·ran en mejores condic.iones pa- \'l::.tas. Deben hace:
ficioso, ahora mas que nunca.
Hay cambios en el Camino ra aleanzar SUS prop6sitos. De. lidad mental para
Los que son soiteros y tienen .
ser · firmes en sus decisio- te a estas circuri~
inquietudes matrirnoniales, es- ·que npuntan hacia la feUcidail.
lo romantico entra en el nes; pero sin menospreciar - lai- . mas habladorcs: dcl
tan en semana critica. Deben Todo
cuadro
general
de
sus
actividaideas
de Jos demas. Tome en la lengua. · Los tfrr
fijar claramente sus aspiraciodes. Una semana de disfrute. cuenta todos los ponnenorcs y c n l l c n de-finitivu
de realizaciones concretas y de cuidese de las malas intcncio- sicte dias. Deheri~h,
rnetas alcanzadas. Tendris oca- nes. El derroche de energias y mo . esfuerzo panf'
~
~ I .;fr. :e~~~~i-!',_'". ~,:~ ~~- ·~:·-. -~;'"
si6n de saber el por qu~ de al- la presencia de nuevos elemen. en las empresas ·qt:
"'};';,~.~~··,·:>.~:,,;;,..~-·~-·-':,:._;.. ·;,;,._-;
gunas cosas y podrAs alcanzar tos en tu vida, requeriran me- g:..n .• Eviten ~asl.:~lf!i~.:<.'"~-la\~/~u_n
Ja satisfacci6n de hacerte com- jor .alimentaci6n Y reserva de" y ·no muestrenprender por alguien que_ te _.in· __ energias. Ve al cine un dia de res e~ acti\'idadef
teresa mucho.
· -: ..-~}:.:•, ~· Ja semana que no sea miercolc~. ;•cunior.es con muc:
Los asuntos econ6micos, loi. .
.
a Ia \'t'Z. Pcse
1
sentimentales y Jos que tienen COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO: frrentes puntos~de
-MARTES/-~ ·corre1Po11denclil/-· que ver con Ja salud, estAn a:;._- " Amarillo.
cordializE:.r. eri!!ii'i
pectados favorablemente. Nep· NUMERO DE SUERTE: 5.
.;us compaiieros~
tuno y Venus protegen sus in- EL MEJOR DIA: Luncs.
Ncptunci esti.,en 1
.fVIERN1;$}_c:;."•!'_quiiit1.~'-;.,;f
i;fi:._;f~,; tereses familiares y Jupiter an- .. , EL !)IA
N~A,TI~9,; ",i,:.;.· _qu~. l?~,;.~ism~~ur
da en la cas.a de los de este .:.: ;~ .M•~~~~. ·:~r:t.~:;:>i->.'.'-".: '-:,,~··:s"'· -:-Y::. ·: mucho ~··ma! ~que~i
signo eliminAndole obsta.culo.; ·
pucs tiendf'-;,- dii-/....n
en todos los terrenos.
---••m11mm111ma:Raraa:11a11 .so a las cosas._Fr,
tar angustias. Busque quietud
para su corazon. Trale en li:>
posible de cumplir las promesa~
hechas. Vigile su salud. Su sistema digestivo puede ocnsionar.
le trastomos. Su alimentaci6n
puede ser la base de un mejor
caracter.
c·-- . ·.;;CANCER:
m
~, Lr
l
'='
B
-.-
.
1
I:
hen
~~;~~:;;.;~~~~;;
I
·:~•t --~'~}
der.
rWJff~~~~,-~~,;':,"·,..J~T--r:~;
1
,,~~i~~~!~1ftf/ J1W
·
a~
JJIJ:~f~~,~tff.;rf~1
o'.Z'·~:~
M1S._,
h.
· - · ..
•
....
•
'""
•
,._. ¾y~ . ·, .,
. •. p
•
••
•
--'-
,
i--~~~.~~fy:
~
(~~~
�. :.\:'-:{::.-· '. ;.. ;-:j
·. d:fl
'" .'. ,j,(J.;,C{$iitf1:'#ltiiil ;ii);,.
- _'·::~. '.~i('~t£(1f;';;,,
.i
i•
los que nacieron en Virgo · de.
bcn realizar el mayor esfuer·
zo por seguir su marchita y no
\'iolentar los acontecimiento~.
El terreno amoroso estara abo·
nado por la compi-ensi6n. Exce-·
lentes los dias para tniciar tratamientos medicos. dentistas o
profesionales de cualquier cla.
se. No crean mucho en ·cosas
que le cuenten en las que ,·aya
envuelta la moral ajena.
.J
•
A ~
,.
•
... ,
-,
. ~,·
·.. ·._- ...... ~
.
r
'
~-
;
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f:
COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO:
Azul.
NUMERO DE MAYOR SUER-
TE: 9.
DIA MAS POSITIVO: Martes.·
DIA MAS NEGATIVO: .
~mingo.
.: II
1
t
f ~ .;
.:. · ·~-·.
1
·
r,
;
~
i
·
~:
,.
·r..:._
f.
f
.
Ult- St"J)Urmh~.. 23 a··
. .. ·o,.tub.... ~,.
·.
f·, ..... 'La semana. transcurrira en•
tre dificultades. Por eso es ncccsario mantener el control ab.
soluto de tad.as las reaccionc~
y scntimientos. Es comun en
los nacidos en Libra que con1amlnen a otros de su mal ca·
. . r4cter o que ofrczcan respuestas lnjustas e inadecuadas a
\ ../; '.~' los que nada tlenen que ver
,:;.;i; -' : con sus pe~. Esto n~ _Jes trae
c .• ,r,.·.. almpatias. ••
Las dif1cultades
.'':,~·,_,!, ,en el 6mbito familiar ser6n SU•
,..J :>: > peradas !Acllmente, no asJ las
.\ ·.. '.que aparezcan en el frente sen.
.--·;/·
r'
.
LIBRA
;:·,til
timental. Los noviazgos y. compromlsos que se rompan ahora, .serfm dificiles de rehacer.
Que se cuiden los enamorados
y resten importancla a los de·
talles pasajeros. Cuando sientan inseguridad ·pidan consejos.
Cuando esten irritados, deben
recogerse a sus habitaclones.
Es scmana para andar solos.
Reh use. invi taciones a fiestas y
haga un receso en su vida social. En. el trabajo: dip!omacia
y sentido comu.n. Es una semana, en lineas generales, compIi,
cada y llena de obstaculos. Pe·
ro. como dice la gente corrien·
te, "la sangre no llegara 'll
rio".
COLOR MAS FAVORECIDO:
Negro.
NUMERO DE MAYOR SUERTE: 4. .
'
DIA MAS POSITIVO:
· Miercoles.- .
_,.
.·
· ·.
DIA MAS NEGATIVO:
Sabado.
+
m
mo
SAGITARIO
(De No\iembre 22
ii
Dlclembre 21).
Esta semana 1a palabra col.ibnraci6n cstarn prcsente en to·
,fa~ Ta!=: ;:,cfr:i•h".!e~. E• 1:::,:,i:
:.nsiar.do p:>scer ~Jgu. s h,H:cr
algo, y aJcanzar aJgo, y lle~;ir
a determinadas meta!=. E:;tan
ccrcanos a csos idc:iles. Pct\J
no se cmpccinen en marchar
solos. Busqucn ayuda. Ofrezcan
y pidan consejos. Oen :)-. reciban
ayuda. Las cps~s quc rcalicen
en colaboraci6n llcgaran a ter.
mino feliz. Buenas oportunidanes para los que se dcsenvucl•.
van entre juegos de azar. Tam-}
bi~n para los que andan • en ca-:
minos 'peJigrosos. No obstantc.
en eJ horizonte de los sagita·
rianos hay posibilidad de cam-
ESCOIPIO
(Odubre ft.
So\"l~mt,re 21).
Viejos · problemas q~ se COS·
sideraban superados, ~ reaparecer4n con mayor fuerza. Los
que nacieron bajo el signo de
Escorpi6n tienen de su parte a
Venus, la Diosa del amor
bios de profesi6n. En el terreno · del nmor verAn coronados
!',US suefios. Todo les saldra bien.
De todos modos, llenen a plenitud sus responsabilidades y
hagan su p:irte adecuadamenk
�• ·~.'r -
~--·..
,,
.t.,.,
... ·~_'i;,-\.:
.17:~f~':i"lj;i;.: ~:.,(11.
.~ ~·. ; ·=t·
<-·
-
.
-
.\
,~;~~F
Cuatro hombres vivir6n en cada una de lu dos d~,sulas quo muostra la
los extremos de una vlga de •s metro& de longitud. Las ciipsulas estaran on.[contir
durante un perfodo de 30 dfas. Con este aparato, actualmente · eri construccion:'--r'se~"d<
grado de eficiencla con que pocfr6n trabaJar las Peno~u en llb~ra inbt es~~ d,'!le~·; ·
6rbita en torno a la Tierra. Se obscrva la_ forma en qut c~~.1:in divididu ias c~;
in~~rio~;.,. ~ F(?!~. IPS)
~
de
simu1ador
laboratorio
espacial _.
en orbita
I.
- ~:
~ '!.~~
t~::ctt:,:;~1:: ~\; ·
Con eJ fin de-averiguar como "·ir;a de 45 metros cle longitull, ui,.:i. lir.ea !igernm,
vive un hombre durante perio- centrada sohre _ un mecanismo en relaci611, con~la
dos prolongados, en una est.a- giratorio. · De cada · extremo de la tierra::, Siri~eni
ci6n Cspacial en condiciones-·ar.-la-viga-pendeunodeJ~modC:--persona SU posiei61
tificiales de gravedad, Jos cien- los de la clipsula espacial, cu· .. \'crtic.:i! y norm:i:
tif icos . norteamericanos . es tan yas dimensiones . son _3 . metros :r- sentira un poco. ma
construyendo dos mode~os de vi- de diAmetro·y 12 metros de:Jar:f:de costumbre,·{deb.
vlenda para· incluirlos en di- go. Cada una de esta.& ·capsulas ., de gra\·edad ·artific
chas . estaciones espaciales. Ca- rle prueba esta dividida en. cua;;r-:·,: LBS . capsulasTse.
da uno de'los modelos albergara ti·o departamentos: cocina, Jabo,; ;:· gar de cualquierfp:
a cuatro hombres y se ma11ten· ratorio, sala de bano y un dor- ga giratoria, con'.·e1
dran girando constantement~ mitorlo para cuatro personas, zar una variedadj,6
durante 30 dias, mediante una las cuales tendran quc ~vivir alli ... tos. cuidadosamerit
miqulna de grandes dimensio-·:-para manipular Jos aparatos ex· - Se podrim variar:J~
nes disefiada para tal efecto. - .- perimentales.
· ·• <~
.
para diferenles pn•
El movimiento giratorio pruEl movimiento de l'C\'Oluci6n mularan otras:-.coni
ducido sera similar al necesa- · hori2onta1 de la maquina empu- bles de produc:irse ,
rio para suminlstrar gravedad · jarA a las personas hacia las de las naves esp,
artificial en cl interior de la paredes de la capsula con una ccmo el balancco .
nave espacial, en el ambiente fuerza similar a la de la gra- ·· cin. Las· capsulas·
Jejano a la Tierra donde la gra· vedad. Para compens.ar - esta~!;. les tienen· portillos
vedad natural no existe.
, fuerza, las capsulas espaciales · 'fos los hombresJ:c:i1
La maquina, que es la mayor de prueba estar.in -ligeramente:.: metidos a laH>rilekdel mundo en SU clase, es esta inclinadas,'de'.tal'modo"que:una'=.":':-un ambiente espaci
. construyendo en Downey, CaH· persona quc este de pie· o cami· identico al que C(
fornia. Consiste en una fuerte ~~o~.;.~,· .~~'-' ~t~ri~!".,:;;.fo~_ar~ , desde · ·· una .. ,\.·~-~~d,
·IX
~<-
..
_,
;:t·
.~:~l
' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - ~ . . . ; ._____;.....;;~.··"!":,-·',;,:~;;··.{
..;;;:;.;~~J..~2-;;~'
.
t.:,r:.~;;;~;..'
..;,.;~:--.:·~~-;~;.;t[~:t;.;,~; .;~.:·~='~; .-~~;.; :;~1\,:t';:~.i~~:~_;:.~·t:. ;:~; ;,?.; ~~.;:·.,. :;.-~;:..
.-~ '"--".;,·'~~~:.: r:.:;:~~~:!~~;~~.: ;:t; ;~,: ;~~;.:,li~:~;: f~;; ~~·~·
��,~'.~J~!:~!=
ori6'un ..diploscoplo'"; es ... • hasta 40 grade>£; pero en estos
decir, un microscopio .bmcicular:;.".el enfoque queda muy limitado.
doble con el cual el' cin.t,jano y " ··• Un problema . con el quc sc
su ayudante pueden observar si- tropieza en la alta amplificaci6n
- multaneamente el lugar opera: es que ·el estrecho campo de vi 0
do, ocupando su posicion nor~ si6n tlene - como . consecuencla
-mafa ambos Jados del paciente., que .la 2:ona operad& queda pc·
El error de un escaso mllime·- .· ri6dicamente ;fuel'a~;de foco, de~-~- tro en. la colocacion. de una~:~;i.:.bldoJa).t~:n,ioytmt~tos cil'Cula·
. tura en.un vaso sanguineo cuyo .,. torios :y.'resp1rator1os del paella.metro sea;,dei 1- centimetro ciente. Esta dificu1tac1 se t-esnl·
. no produce efectos .adversos, pe. \.'io con pinz:as estabilizadoras,
ro un error de la misma magni- sujetas n las mesas de operaci6n
tud puede ser desastroso. para y colocad:u(ii~icacla'· laclo de la
. el paciente si el cirujanri lo ·co-,. parte- <id~uerpo somctida a 1a
•·.. mete en otro de s61o ·2 milime-· intervencion.
.
·~; troi de diimetro. ·-- , ' - · · .~
Los medicos quc ban introdu·
perf
;-.:.aa.l
•Jw•nc~
NES:
os'"z0RR0S~~
DIETAZ""'ESENCIAL oi'1.
·. I
''
,-;;!
.;i'. --;;-1';:f!';fji,"J!';'J!";,';f~.~~:,_·.jj.ti~"i:'""'[..", ; , " : ; ' . : ~
I ~zc,rro;;
·,.;tt1i .;..ndenadi> ,,;t";::"ji~"~tdim,'qt
t.trit;s
ona'ia .108 ,. cilmpei.lnoi,"-:-~onie_muehos:t ~m,8, ~ton-ei'fjju
de ("()l'l'al y animates de l'aet>ria, de aeuPrdn con ·ed,mPnr
mu.ca1N reatl:r.o.dos. f'h , dlc•hoi. anbnales. •, · ;.1- •.: •.' ,..'.!;;W~~
'.ff.if;;.~ P,t-r-.1. comprpnder •. mejor. los Mbltos, aUmeoticlos;
;·zorros:~erDepa.rtamento dfl Consen;acl6n de
· m6s de 2.00D t"5tomngos de- dl<~hos nnlmales, Jes cuales·
sumlnfstrados por <"azadores y tramJ>eros.
<i'e"l~
Los nnillsis dr los <'ontenldos cstomacah...os demoi
que durante: el .hi\'iemo. lo& ratones. lntegran.mAs;de';la
de la.. dl~fa:'zorntna. Lo& re&tos de,°. Conejos '561.:-;i'e°'nalJiJ
- un·~e$t6mago -de'l'<'.11da s ·de los examlnados:-:·_..;:::~:t;:.
, Lats· a,·es de. <'nceria, talcs como los : laJsan!!{~
P:
~ acu~t>a~'. stfmpre '. a'·
ln1lgnlfleante en b allmentart6n de esos>:antmales.~EJ~.
t"lentiflco renll7.ndo demostro que-, t'X<'epto dnrante In
. muy crudos, eunndo la C'ara de nle,·e es alla y . duradt>
. 2orros se allmentnn nmy po~o de falsanes;;,,..,J.,,,~~~'
" Lo& 1nvei;tlgadores dljeron que parte de le.s ·1~rdi
1mim.ales de cacerfa podrfa e\·ltarl>e ,·on um.1 incj()r cl ,
el6n de Ja_:.,alimeil!.t:!_C:f6n, iJ!.,·~rnal ,P.,ai:a.}2~,:~.o. '.ro~.
·:~n~·,:1a.,
· donde' hay muchas"cranj:ls.~~~,,.~f\' :~,...,,.~~;-fl~;.;;-~
:..:......•J. •·:£:'"!· .:fl>:i,,,~:.,.. ,·'; ~ . .;: ~· .":"' . ~ ""£'·~. .'>: ... ~~ .... ~.~-:··~?~?.:,-:!~·:~,~'
Wisconsin.
mortanda~ ~.\
•o€:~!!!~f~.nffi
. ,;., Para operar partes tan peq:ie-·..:.: cldC? estos ~ctodos de mic:oci·
· nas del cuerpo humano· ha ·s1do ..;- rugia manffiest:m que su prime·
necesarlo modificar· los instru· ra expcricncia en este campo
mentos quiriirgicos; co~~te_s_ Y.t ha sido como _Ia d".. !Jna pe~so-:
!" adaptarlos a esa'espeoahzac~on:·
na que, ;por pr1mera vez, ~sa un
·,-Por ejemplo, la pun_ta d~ los Ill&:~\. te!esel?p10 de ~t.a. Po,.ten~1_a. Sc, :"· ES!E'!ASZ,A !~RA LO~ tJS~~HZOFRENICOS .-.~ -~·
trumentos ·ha'. sido::-,alarga~:,YJ:, vlsuabzan. ~1cen-=:\una.t- grnn.· ·I,~~t:!T¥.~1.i<:~··'· · ·
,... ,.~-r:)11.':..~..;:;~...,.- .: 1 ·.. :·
·• ~~
miniaturlzada.:~-- · ;-~~':t~ i • ,·.. cantidad de detalles Y se disU1t estudlo re:\Uzado durunte un largo perlorlo entr
parlentl"s dr r,;iquln,fr.·;:i:\ f'n 12 hoi.plta.lf•s neuropslqul
. Un cambio introducido en el tinguen claramente otros que
desthrndos a ,·,.tc-r:in .. -. ::d Ejerl'ito 11ortcamerkano1 Jnd:
diseno de un instrumento utili· suelen pasar desapcrcibidos a
cstos enfermos. ha!ltt,1 ahora conalder.idos,:?como;!resld,
zado para operaciones. del (!ido simple vista.·
hospltalnrlos <'ronfros, pueden retorn.•u a la· soeledad,' s
hizo posible el perlecc1onam1en·
gros p:\ra rmdic, dunmt(• t>Xtensos periodoi. dr tiemp~ _,~
to 'de un aparato de rcsorte que ;BACTERIAS CON SEXOt
sujcta una aguja :,• permitc el
en form.a 11crma.nente. . v,,..,,:...,,{~1,r.-,0,r_;,. :_,..,,£,·.,i·
delicado movimiento de los de·
. El 90% deJos paelent_es·.~o~~-t.!~'?s;a.J_;f'St . . . v•:
Las bacterias se rnvltiplican
fneron dados· de alta tl'a5 loii' rlnco afios <Jilt' ab:u·cat,a
dos, necesario para dar ~5 pun· normalmente por simple fision.
tos de sutura en un vaso san· sin' fntervenclon sexual,·de_nfn.;.t ;:,grama_.~e,: ,recup~ra!lim.,..E!_:-.401!1.:~de..:.:;ell,O.:~i.~e~~~·~·
guineo de solo 3 milimetros de guna cJase: sencillamente se··df:' • n11e\'o"perlodo1·111\ hospltallzacl6n,un nft~~d~pa~tYr1~;;f1
rlos de loll enf~mto:oi, cu:itro~afibf
r,uus.,:i\lgt.rn~~t,,
.~ aiametro. Y hubo un easo en viden en dos. Sin embargo, aun
.:\:.11ue se llegaron a colocar, con hay cientlflcos que afirman que
al seno de SllS fami(ia~ )' desem1lf.'.
-~~~~i.Jl~-:·-.,.co_:
•>
-#
~"fl1.oda precision, hasta 58 puntos
en un vaso sanguinco de la di·
mension mencionada.:. ,: r
,;·':...~·.~···"' ~ ·~...~.+...
facilitar la . en.sefianza .Y
cspecializacion en la microciru·
gia a las estudiantes d{' Medicirii y a los muchos medicos interesados en los nuc\'Os procc·
dimientos tecnicos, el doctot
Alan A. Scheer, del Departa·
mento de Otorrinolaringologia
de Ja Escue1a Merlica y del Hos·
pital Policlinico de Nucva York.
cooper6 en el pc11eccionamiE:nto
del sistema denominado "micro·
tclequirurgico": LA· parte principal del mi.limo, cs una camara
rle television de solo 25 centimetros de Jargo y 622 gramos
de peso, que puede set· montada
en el microscopio o diploscopio,
:nientras se rcaliza la operaeion.
Como resultado dcl nuevo proeedimient o, el doctor James
.. Smith y cl doctor Herbert Con.>\·ay, de! Colegio do Mcdlcinn di.."
la· Universidad de Cornell. en
.:'llueva York, han rendido un in·
forme favorable sohre las· mcjoras introducidas en la cirugia
del sistema· riervioso, utilizando
la microcirugia.
~
'€
.~. "'· .·-Pii°a -
___ j
I
":·,
.",.,.
I
..;·.
Segun el dtado infom1e, cl
procedimiento de micl"osuturas
ha 1-educido la formaci6n del te.
jido cicatrizal. Al mismo tiem·
po. la amplificaci6n de los de-
i
f
-:~J
l
tnllcs anat6micos 'mas ·minimos.
ha hecho posible la union de los
cxtremos de:.. los nervios. con ...
gran exactltud y en la direccilm
upropiada.
~
..
Los cirujanos scnalan tamb1en
que una. ampliacion de 6 a 10
veces dcl tamafto nn tural de Ja
zona de operaci6n cs suficientc.
y que la pro(undidad del enfo·
.que cs excclcnte. Sin cmba1·go,
casl toda la microcirugia requic·
,-e una ampliacion de 16 a 25
· 1..-rados de la vision natural Y
para algunos casos sc r~uicren
cicrtos tipos de bacterias reali·
zan en oportunidades una especie
de apareamlento sexuaL Es casi
imposibJe
descubrir"'a· las bact• .
rias en dicho momento y por el
mismo hccho de quc carecen de
6rganos sexualcs. cuando dos
bacterias coliden no puedc afirmi:u·se quc eno tenga nada que
ve1· con sa rcproducci6n o multiplicacion. Pero, al memos una
clnse de sc:1· mieroscopico ticne
vida sexual difercnciad:1. Los
profesorcs Pa\•el Nemec y Voj·
tech Bystricky, de la Universi·
dad Politecnica de Bratislava.
han informado que cl "Caulo·
bacter''. una bacteria inocua
que vive en las ticrras abonadas, poscc un organo espec:iat
quc le sirve pa.rd. difercntes fl•
ncs: a veces lo utiliz.a para una
primitiva clasc rle conjugaclon ·
sexual.
El "Ca ulobactcr·· ticnc iorma
de cmbutido tcrminado en una
~specie de largo pcdunculo en
uno de sus extremos. Unas ve•
. ct"s, esa bacteria utiliza su pc·
dunculo para aplicarlo a otras
bactc1ias-dc espccies difcrentes
y asi alimcntarse succionando el
protoplasma de sus victimas. Pc·
ro, en oportunidadcs, dos ··cau•
lobacter" unen sus pedtinculos
' y ,;e aparean durante largo tfopl. po, mientras que los granos es,
fericos situados en las extreml·
dades de sus rabos se funden
unos con otros. ·
· Los cientificos checos creen
que la uni6n de estas bacterias
en csta forma ti~nc por objeto
el intercambio de materias gc.
netieas a traves de sus peduneulos. Si Jos "Caulobacter" que se
unen pertenecen a diferentes es.
tirpes con diferentes rasgos he·
reditarios, ambos espccimenes
pueden mejorar y evolucionar
en lorma mas riplda. elevil.ndo-
se en ta cscata de cJnsiffcaci6n
bacterial.
El t)ShHl;i. 1:lmhlcn %',('r.a111 qu
tus··<:x-pa.elea
,. :r:ofrenla .tlt>ncn.un indkc <·rlmin6ge-no, mlis bajo··-""'--
:, hroi...1dc!.Ju'i;:co.munlllact.,
1·
:J;i~<-+·
.
~~r-4~~-iJ~~,,.~~~~~·
~~,·r:"'·
LAS BAJAS TEMPERATURAS PARAJ..IZAS. ·,
LA FOTOSINTESIS
-~.
1'cm11erah1ros Jtor dehujo dcl nh·ef de coni:;-1:liu·illn ·<·
tod:t una no<'he cont rlhuy,•n u qn<" el tlto<'f'!'.O 1fo foto·
Ml 1,,., :lrlw!,·, <lt• h,,,.:, ,·t•r,t.-,, iwr. 1::\•~.; th1r:mt,• l,1s di
sig11ie11ks, :lUn 1~ua11;lo d dim:1· \·1:,:ha :, iwr c·tit.lo~l':::
f'l t1uPn tiem1u1.
·
::;-:~·
J..a foto!iinfri.!s es t•I prm·1•""1 mctfoint" ~, ,•uul lair·
uUllzan I.: lu:r. dd sol 11,ua t'<Ht\'t•rtir ,.-: hio'l:id,1 d,~ t·:it
el ogua en hldmtos de c.trbouo, o ist•:i t':l los liamados..,t;
dr constnlt·t·fon .. 1fol l'Tf"1•imlento v.-gd:11.
·
.,-·:iir
·El frio 1101· dt•h:1jo del 1,unto de congt'ladon, "•(:.~~e
lem11eraiuras h:tjo ,·ero. oc1uiiona d.a1los ~n fa.~_··~qu
usuda por tm11 pl:mt1,s t"ll dieho i,roce~o :r como result
Pllo el ni\·t"I dP ('on,·erslon del agi:a t•:1 nrntrrla \'1•g1•f:
:r Gt.I% <"011· rclaelon a la r.1ta :rntt•rh,r a cit-h:
de tt>MPt'ratura.
Cuanto ma.~ baj:l t•s La tl.'IUpera tum sufric\11 en·. lo.
m.:is dest'lr•nde ,•t JWlll'r th- fotosintl:'f.i,, d1• lus ,·pgetalei
tido"" U (•:-,,(\:- rrios ...: ... !\ll,,i ihi1·h,;--. l::t:•, , :r·,H· !.!: ... ·a \nf(,
dtm.mfr nna !'~unl(111 cunjt.!.nt.1 p:!'f'~·:;:·~ i,ur-.1.1~ .~'i.flt~:
1
Blolui:in dP t·.SA ..>" C:rn:1du, realli.~i1 <"n.,.~J;Pfcr.",..::£ ~
del ;107,,
nETECCJO~ DE J'.\"SECTH.:tDAS 1::-,; ·l.O::. .-\U:,U:X"
r~1;:~:.
----- En d I.alwraturio- iledh-udo-a-Resldno~ -"ch~· Pt'~ticld:
t1~uer·lrnt1· 111 Colc-gio dP A,:-rlf'ulfurn de h t.:nh·erslda~:i,
uell, e-n :XUl'\':t \'ork. ::.c Psta. uttli,..:,nc!o un ntHistmo ~
11a.n1 _un:t mas r.ittld:t, i.{•nsihl~ y M·~1:r:1 ,lde,·,·i,:m 111• tr
da!l ·org-lnic•o!io en Ins athnf~nfos.
Est(> !ih,f Pnla, f'Ont·ehlilo por t•l Proh'sor \\'. I), Cook,
1•oluh11r:.1dore5, 1thorr:1 IUU<'ho til'nlflO l'OR rl"larion a':.JOt
dos utllb;ndo~ hai.ta ahm·,1. El slsh·ma t'li cl•· ;,;r;:n .1pllt·:
ut:ll!!ad ;1 cousct·umwia 1.h·l ilwrt-m..-nto eu la utlH:ml'ior.
t-el'fil'~'!as :i, haS4" ~1<" ..!~~~!JrO. ~r~f!l<'_~_.rsarn_1•rt>se~it:r,
-·JlCt'h·111,:~·-.-~-----_-- ,--:.~: . . .~ , .. ::;:s~:~~;'.!~... ~·~, ..:w•...._r•'-'·~~'lo+::,,,'l
Pana ~• anull"I"', 1-P inyN'ta un Pxfr:.tf'to d1• ·1£ mue~
1
aHm,•n(o ~o~t\t~c~hn~o t•n dn
~a~
.. c1·u!~l!~tt)~raf .. ,'\ ~-'.. !Ji •·
tidtfa se St'Jt,u·n tit• 1:.1 .. otr.:1s sm,;tnnt•J,,s )' 11asa ;\I detet·t
11lamPnte dkho, que ,·ontlenc nn peqtu•iio tuhii de cuar1
cado t'fl 1111 (\llm!Hl (\l• aJf:! Pnt•rizia i,f: rad~:1di'in (1t• mil'r
cnf'ri:ia renrclon:t c•c,n ,•l aq.;-on (l,mc,•c.,•r.k t!~·i C'rv11,
~· t.t• produc·e un urt·o intrnsu.nwntc c111ientt>, t·on. t'rag-,
f'I C'U.:11 f!Xl'lt:l :,1 insrrlir·id:\. UIS fragmt•nto~ emtt.:.n-1..
<'OU bl frt•,•m:11<'ia t•aracl.-rii.1k:t del eh•nw11li1 que:·7-oti
Cuando esta energia 11rot·1·,te del fosloro, Sf' u1uilb.:a;y_.h>,
tados St' ret;istran en 1111 ,:nUh•o. El' 1mnto ('Ulmln1i'nt;;\<1
f'lc•o Indira d kr;uln d•· i'<lD.N•nfrii<·i6n ro .. rt,rh::i:
u
t~~7'."
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it;,~~-~m~~~!e!I~ e_;r~·nte~'!~mh~r:.i'f
t~~~ ~~e:.•.~~e~~~ei~~
~r;_ro ....
'~~J~{;;ts~~ti"?!ntal, .. es ~Y;_u~poi:tan-: ,. ~~!L.Part:e. Los dias que p~-~1!:,0~rrl~ l_>!~..~~~d~~~~~~.·~~.de;,1~;~~~¥
0
i~~1'.7~,;te!:,.~.:.9';1~~~~e ·-"ll ~ ~tt~dra.~--cecllaii;:a" la•: pascua paseaban,\}!les-.:~,~...~ -~~.tantral)1.g~~~ ~-t.~on)los,.9.~~ hl~ler(
,~'"""'"· ,,:-J• repercus1ones tooorei .. ~no.iNo_,'!'•,--""""'" ., ...,.,,........ ~ .. 1- "
L.,>:tr::,11.'."que··'a,-·fiii'es':('-derln~iemo'-194.3~Lo~rabinos "u\l\"~c
terna. nunca intercamb1ar sui-; por .las callea a. masa .•>.~,,,,}~irr. --·· .-,\ • .... ~~. ... .
. .
.,. • •~.:,..,. •..,....,.. ,'Ji~-1.,.,r;. ~ ·•.:...,. ideas : pero manteniendo su cri· ... pan acimo ,que,;comer.ianjl~~menzo4:,!~.tSePQri_aC1on. 01g~. ~ dmgent~~s~1crefa
ust-~~b·· ~~l;fi--'!/.'.d.. ";tla-;;-,,c..l~~·,;;.,--~it,ii~
j ~~~~;::,. teri~.\ Cu~do· ~~le4 ~f l~JL~~~beb~l{duran~:. los_ n u eve:,.:
rn ~- !~D.J~~~.......!t~ :P.1::~.' .. a~~>h~u[1,v,~~f~'-~;~ 'mu_. trate.: de ad~~t.f~_!.!S~Pe:!'l~ias~de='pascua.
El primer dia mavera · 1943 ~se~termio6~De:..:': ~olaboraci6~~!~1
5
· ':.:. ·.
sam1bentos, Epero gmtese par t~v . ~ del aiin <Roch· Hachana) y · los 65,000 hebreos quedaron tadores... En ~gen
1 aspec o nega 1 0 ,~.
pala ras.
·
S . ',
't 1
d
del iapso, como (mica. exc~p·-•· mas au.n Jl Dia d~l_ terd6J:1, ., ..~n. _a1~~1ca 7 , entre ~llos ,un na o. ese cap~ ~c.
ci6n, es - que una oportunidad t y om Kipur J se cerraba todo' f-.~ed_~l;O: ': porque•.. est,aban_:- ~ ~;~ ~alontca: ~J~ cr~Y~
que estaba csperando . desdc el Salonica: includos los ne~ .·. sa~o.s;c;'?n gijeps.'..' . : . / ;_: .._ que se hab1a te~r
. afioS, pasara fflUY ce rcad
qu~ ... ~~go-cios DO hebreos.
tiemp~:j:--:;:··~'iSui"'familia
secucion de J.Jos(
', .
pu~da traerla a SU 18.. o. - e ~~::..
•
·:..:.;.•': ,.'. "
.!uri ...s("' O~•.afi~~i:ivo~-... Grecia.\:iY. laoona con una poslc16n de.-Je- 'flkde las. turc;os•.:a, '·..:~·,._,. "'·~~~~--.. .--.. .,.. . . ~ - -.. -~~·-· .. .., {. . . . .·~-,..~U
.
··A--<:. rarquia• ._l~o .haga 1?1n~~l~~~;it~t'Se~q1reda"-;~tando;':°~rmi~~~;~~~~-¥.~.....:'4~~-~~~-~:1, ueron• . •
t~~c-.;-/.:::;.· ta 8 enfennos el d1a m1~rcol~,£,~tas manos·~:"m~al:'iiu.,;elO~que lo Va a dectr<!Tnuez.le_j;;·V~_S£?~. a UlJ_~retJ?l·
..- .•. '··;".':·~: • nt se acerque ese dia ,a nin~~f,;.i:f.,.'l:.:.
• . - ,'... · .:c,, · · -,- !~:~"i'.sube''y ·· 1e~··· baja~ Dei>'ef;ten'1'HfnagogaWruici~I
__;;;...;,,,..~..:,- mesa de juego:Haga ambas·co-~~-t, -~!.ulbl:11~,D!~ del Perd6n!y····-·· - ~
- ...... ;,,·---~.-......- ···"-:::"". . ··\~tf~~
'{~t"'!!/t·sas el dia viernes. :: ·.,!,:,_ -.J;-t!';:fq u·e ~ pase en Sa16nica, hacew!..~;;.';S:~.,1!;1.1.~·.1e .:.1:e~u~i:~.0.!"a pe~~~~~l~~~
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.
.
~ ;-tremendos ':~~-.q,.-t., • ·."···!·~~!"~ se guardaron~blell
:.. :..:.:~~~
. ·. . .
_, · ~ • ··· -. ·• ·. unos anos, uran e unas va·::. .... _
· ·!~~-.th'<' .
·• ,·.·_;,- · ·-·-·~-~~· ~·
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.-................
en
f> . '. . .
.;:t~--:~=--Hace. .
COL<?R. M~.}:_~~~~~~~O~--..... ~ciones.e~ viaje sent.imenta~.~J;~~--::_:Hasta el ~ltimo mo~ent_o;~~!a;""¼~P~.~~
..,...."1' •. ,,-.._ • •
:
nadie se·daba cuenta siquiera,: tuve la csperanza de que lo~· ellos,:~os qu~.&i'\-.-·
NUMERO DE SUERTE · 8.
.
. ,. ra de SU!! easas
DIA MAS POSITIVO: Viemes. _ de] d1a qu~ era, alli. ~ el cen• ,:, ~~..;.,8«;.,;(.~v~an, .-P ~ r .0.-~_0,
•
.'"'"'"S NEGATIVO·:r.~·.::- •. t'"- '1L'-·a11 _....... ···a1·v ,.,.a-d bI::,,; ~ {··rtod · .r+f'·••"'r· gmr aunqueno.fu
J)JA_ Mil.
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• · ,
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1:°· en a .c • e prmc1p , . e- · ..e. ~~set>·~-·· a ml ~ -. l
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M1ercoles;t*-~:,~
nizelos, ni s1qu1era una tien- . ha cercana, madre, hcrmanas e _-.~~""~.·
~.·~!'.':.~,.~t~.-~-.~~.....;1 ~~~~~-.,,__,
. ·da hebrea _cerrada2 De:tan~~.~ y. hermano fue ttcportatla :a ~~~~~~ ~ f f ' . . , . . . -f ... ~'<i\:
. ~.
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d
. 1 suyos~•se.presei
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,-...-=-,;
'
-~"de1ttos' Monasterlis:
timos convoyes, mi madre y puertas de ~9:,':~d
....
_.,_.. t/'de la ciudad ... La situacion mi hermano; mis tres herma- rraron detr~·,:~ .~
·.-.... -~,~-. 1 - · ·
·" ·· · -~~ , ron lle&iijadoala
~ no_.cambio en·,centurias;f..,er~~~,..lA~0~.£1D:'..sus,·~p9~~,..e;,c.:-·""""""'°£>".
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O ~ '.,.. ~
• ares ...,.diabl~'e~"" . net
.- gu1a.·~A1 estallar la segunda.· menos. cercanos, tlos, pr1mos .. ~
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o caballos Y. 28
-.. gu~~~f.~un~~;:.~~n1ca se·:.\ so~•.~~..'~ qu~,_s_~~a& an var1~,'..t.: tiiuidos'"'.'atlE,t.
u er on llevados·:·.,a~t:~?,--.·.b. -~~.- ~r- or
g ma s 1endo el,. mayor ccntro decenas,"'.f.
. • · · .-~,--...---~-.- ..... -~
· _.," - 8 1 an· a1re
cultural sefardita del mundo ·; Auschwttz tamb1en;· Auscbw?tz-·
, ·;_ ,.. ····"·,Jf.c ..
6
con SUS 65,000 mi~mbros. ·L~-- se :ti-a.go
mi familia, a mis so~as,. :..,·ie_JO~~.,....,
"d
· ·
.
·
.
re", nmos. \.,Crrac
1
v1 a cu 1tura.l, social, segman em1gos Y co egas, a m1 mun- dad d d...:Sal·...
igua.les.· Apenas los mas. a vis· d<" de infancia y juventud. ··.:- . os - ~ · ~,.... ~
·. ·· w1tz; de Grecla'1:a ·
pados comenzaban a preocu--;. Y u s t e d no fue con 8 a· 9 dias de·~:.,
Yo sobrevivi
parse por_ las notici?5 que 11~· .... ~~~- .,!::(:~:.:i,_::-,,y -· ·,:·<· :.. ;, . Salonlca,~y·':2~~
Las obras que se ·estrenaban ~ab~~ . de otros ~aises: an t1- '· -:_ -:-Yo vi~1a. ~1: Atenas. d~s~e nas. cacik~'iivoy
en Paris o Londres, poco des- sem1!is.mo. Despues de entrar hac1a _vanos anos, per:odtsLa ba 2 ,500 0 · 3,0001J
puee llegaban s: Salonica, con Grec1a en guerra. el 28 octu- deportl\'O y emplcado ae una ' Atenas sa.Ii6
!
los mismos artistas del estre- bre 1940, y despues de ter- compania de scguros. En cicr· cos hebreos que
9
no. En ciertas ocasiones, las mi.nada._ la guerra griega ~ la . ta_. o~ion fui a ·.Sal6nic3:.,.,. seminados:i-':'ocul~
ricos sefarditas de Salonica pr1~avera ?e . 1941, ganada cuando ya ~abian ~om~nzado asi. los
1
fletaron barcos para. ese fin ca:1 a !os_ 1tal!anos: todo se- las dcportac1ones. lin:i. .ocur,L tcnian :,tue cnfr~n
de transportar compaiiias de gma practtcamente 1gual. En~ Tuve que regresar en un tren enemigo ·mas-· 'lei
teatro. Habia una escuela ra- tonces comenzo la ocupacion aleman solo para oficia~es, en &.ll:'UD.CB has~itf
binica y de ,canto ~inagogal..: .. alemana. Toda via se espera- el (mico dcpart~mento pa~.1. lo::; dt:!a iorcs ... ·,
-Prensa, ~~i-~n-~t:bh~]t-~.:, ba que los aleman~ D? apli- oficiale~ itali3:r:os. Era el d:a
Algunoa,~loJha,
ber..
·
caran las ley~s anhsemttas de del. aniversar10 <lei Fuhrer, do salvarse;: aiF
-Diarios, se~anar~os, re· otros paises .. Candor. A · los·-· nada menos. Pase 14 h?ras <:_~.- ganar cliner<i:'~i
vistas de arte y hteratur3;. De poc~ meses de con~~!,~n~!a~=.;·e1,,tren.;:??.rticipe_;;.d~, .:.i~~i~rrrtanos"i}ap:iffm.
todo. H ~-s \~ 19~1. tu~<?.~·-i,,~As O ~eno~ ~~_rmal ___~~~tel:,
t>or sol~~d?.~-'
ruat:_o d1al'los, d~s en .Judeo~i~\ 1nvasor, se ht~· un censo. ~e nes que sc golpeaban l~...bo;,,-.:· breos de· ori~'
espanol y d~s ~n franc~s: .Cl· h~breos; desp~es se lcs p1~6 ta~. Al )leg~r . 3:. ~~n~~·- me c2.ban a :swHh~mo ~a. cun:>Suiad p~~do de· dmero; .~espues_ se lC;5_. h1zo_ escabulH _(?~mo p_ude.~..:.ror· en- .za.. casa
c!rle que has:a, coD11enzo _dr.
t. r a b_ a J a_ r, obhgatoriamente, _ tonces. quedaban todavfa._ en garlos, a. stis :verc
siglo se escr1b1a el espanol, __ dentro,_del. pa.1~:__ en eLcam~~-:;:;Sal~nica._los.:..~.09,o__ hebr_eos•. :. monient.:.~ios"~,
con caracteres hebreos, in- en las carret~ras, en los bos-,-·que · despues fueron 11~.vados ·· .;ampo~{ie::..'i:~
cn1slndo, claro es, de pa)a- ques. TrabaJOS duros, ..exte- a A~ch~~:~;~~~.· • . • ···-.. , ·.( -~Haidari;·c'er~~
bra_ hebreas y turcas. Desde nuantes. El ce~so deb10 ~a:.,_iC6mo· cons1gu_10 es~?~ ':-:~ perando :tener. ,p~
1914 se ~saron cara~teres la- ce_r comprender..,,4~e _algo 1ba
-~-~ajaba en At~3!..!n, .,tren;'.. AJii?'esta'b"'ai
tinos. con ad1llterac1ones de a pasar. Nada: nad1e teml9: una. :compaiifa italiana de'·se!:-·t rehenes'cristian-.;o~
fran_ces y .griego... Los diarios nada. Las autori~ades comu:_\' gu~s;' pr.ecisamcnte es:i. corn- la ~.:.:.f.:.:!!J. e;_;ec~
era:n el T1empo, Adelant~, ~ ... n~l~. hebr~ ~-~!!1..~01:\~--la pa~ue.. ten1a que secu~trar 1...~~--~n~elect'!-!~E:5-'giie.
Op1nt6n y ... el ~pen~-~te:·.·B; _g~te,..}~., -~~~-r.Jl.!~'?!,a~!~: .· ~~~·~ ~~~!:!~!--.~g~~.~-~i~samcnte~~~do
De las rev1st:as, .La: yara, El -. yendo as1 eonten~ !I,;)~ ale-; etc. Por el cargo que yo ocu·• niatado·· 1~reti"fil
... _Rayo, .~. Rizo ... 9tro ,diari~_{{;i~~!,8:,1_~~ &}~~es se ~8:-:·~.P~~ p~C!!-.;.:i_er~.~~!~~~j~;Atenas, a
que olvidaba era el Progreso,· - ebiii .. lo~· tontos. · De repen~ :i:_~ Dario\ itiillano\de;;_c,cµp~on,'i;~'~if~~~~
P.D franees, en el que traba- lleg6 la ·orden· de hacer una¥
de""
dias.'de··10- - un··generaf~r,
je...
juderf~ para ~<?dos)~Mi judios,. cura, de los que dependfa)a~.--~o~.},-;,co~_~i~~~e~t
- i Las fiestas religiosas?
ricos y pobres: en un perime- vida de tos hombres.... En fin/ · intclectuales g:ne
sabe usted la impor- tro muy limitado; en cada es· para term.inar con la cata!.· · mismcs dcr:1~r.!:'::
tan~a . quc el pueblo . hebreo:; ta~cia cineo O seis personas. . trofe' de Sal6nica. en el . filt,i- '. ya :i?~~~e~dp~Jes da. Se hacfan alborodas, Del "ghetto" llevaban la. gen~,:-•
de la
hebreos:!~~]t.~
· '
RoJo.
·.
ln.im'-·rai,nien·,
1
•
-··'; .... -,~---. · · ,.
•
..11!!!11-..-. ·
0 •·••
,; •• , . , ~ , - - . · - ·
- - - . - - . ~ · , ....... , • .
en..:ePnor-'
ll
r:
a
'uno'.
pocc?'f
~~1211~~:,
a~~~~)iiristerr:e;t~1I~\..,
,~por1cm
~fger;
Equivocos·
esos"'
-Ya
mo·con~y-camino
muer:
�}:~~~~~~,~;~,~~~~~I~~-~,~~~=;•:=~·:.h.~~--,:~:- ~~~).i?.~;~\t~wt ., .
~
.<!:i:'.:; .bra pa~cia~ term~ados.. ~.: ~ <..:._i Usted?
La \'iud~ ~~clan.> ' qu~~:. ~!l,.,, ,_lur<;t~J!~: ·!.~a.ic,,._<?~~~n~odo de \·er. los Jadrones ha· · ft ue · desr..ues. deli-!'~
sesperado par la suerte de los · b1an pcnc1rado eri _la ca~a cor:i. tuadu ·r><>r l_o~.Jorens,
, ··_/;~;::dcfreeibir.~·1as,
treinta~mone-;:;r.'
mfos.
sin..a:!Isunnner
que ya es,.
... el.proposito.,~e r~barle s~:·:io'.41~1e!habia.'1-!;~(
, ·~ ... ,. • •
...
..
'1',$..._~ ~ - .... ~ - ... ~_. ......... J.;,..............
..
,.;a~~·..,~t 4/!!A~.~~...,·..=: .. · i_.,...,~l'A,:,'""· ~ ·-:t.q,;:~~~--~~
du de Ju_daij~ P~ri~m~:;:~ ta.l>an· muertos. :Un·. dia.. antes}f:)~8_L~~:__ ~ir..#f;«ll.!!-:.)~ ":' _111.igj_~f'}~QU!!S;.~n~~f~~.J
-:--··:.;::f~"·asf,
con Ull puiiado de· detela ....llegada
del
convoy.-,je~.~ll!',plPre_,f·~)e::.estaba.,;.~reg~l.a.ndo.
Ull arma· -de~fuego.;.:
...
~ •• ~
•
-t.....
'l<IJ;
'tl: i
~ ..... ...~~~~~1\.'\~~~::;~ r;...
:.f.:".J,*"'·...,.
•'1'\...·~.;-•a~
'.; - nidos en espera de ser sufi- Corfu. -~·estando (en·· mi. babl-f:: pren~,$5 -que,. en ·totaJ·,'eslt· ·. que lo hicieratdesa~l
,. .i:;~~·. _C8.Z9;do~s
·~:"
-Yo vivia _ en. Atenas. dP.
.de v!ctimo.s .. esta•
•• 1 ,~:,.;. ban alb. OJO avizor, esperan-
~~t,'l~;_
~'!\,.
,,....,.
~ri~~~;f~~tsese~l~~~~,
~t:. ci~~ para. u~...~?-i~.ll-..de ~af.~~#6;_ a,-~')ora ·~- la
1:~~~11,!it~~~~
1r1~-~ ballos._ Un ·· dia,':t Jlegaro~loa ~! llarnaron-4,<a,.- la~eitrtrea,.S:s.~:~~J>J.~~tam~i~~,~~~~ enC<t!!!.~M..,.
{
1
,.-.:1.f
·:>:;.
_
de
,li, ' hebreos-de· la jsla' de"Cor;f~.
• griegos: alguien ine ha.bia. de• --casa"': n.~nc:a h~.~fa _·h-abirlo: ar•, ll~ll~ran_ -~el,f.;,!'?,~~1
flj;:".~. que habfan sido:.detenidos.~{Y!:nunciado como hebreo.... . . ---~~~ .. -~e·!~ego. '
_ ....n:..'::',:._.._,.. que le hada~_um}~.'
·····.. transportadoa'aJAtenas."J
· · ·· · ~ '· u e-~;r,,;~,.. ·· · ·-·~ -'-.,~,.~.:'..:.,·.::·•• , "·. ··P.?.·--r~~·~i:;n'""tanto
· ·~ . .._;r.
~
d·r· ~"'~l-ta1d'
· ·-'ii~-Walburrra·"tecibi6""1 ·~miga.~n .,1.l~U · e
,. ,,,~"
...:J'"""">=,,.,..,..,.. ~ , . , . _ , ~ , - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,.,;~..
•
~
-1·:t"'~~: ··.. garon a Atenas. en Wl _estado ·:,.
i_ la ~~rencia de su marido, ai.J~1com,enient_e, ~;;t~'.·
ndSt~•
~ <:~~\. ~esas~, 4~P~,!! 1~ ~ ~• ..tvia· --:·. .J~_ntinuu:a !!. P!:/>~:·:-' .,·;;ce~~~~;i ~.:~!S de mcdio m!-~:~.q~~.~.e. P,1~~~?..~~
·ljf.~;:;: Je 4~·muehos-,cliaa por mar Y. ''SCJD.8Jl9\-e,""~,-,...t"'- '*- - .· 116n·.de·pesos. A! pasa1· de Jos Je ped.lan. . 8~~;~~
I~:'.:· .. tierra, tratado, peor que bes- ·..,_______________. dias""e} 'interes por el ·caso dL· en~ ei,;te emper:~.~~
L;\ tias. Estaban desmo~dos,
!a muerte de1 indu,;trial fuE" panuelo ~on su::-~t!
r~I~-'- a proposlto para el matadero.- decayendo. Su vhJdo siguio en un monton rle ry~a
F: ·
Ya mi fainilia habia · sido ·
la mi,,rna casa con Ot.to en la moda.,_ . t:ii;~;~~
·1..
llevada a Auschwitz. Los ale·~.::
b~hardiUa.·· dt> ·1a ··q't;i~~;alia nia·. · ~a'~. _su.r::;1~:~
.
. •.
·•··
ayudarta
en los uc~tc1
manes h a b.ian a~bado con
"':."' ~ rl8Jllente
.
. •. pal'a
.
.
. . .l e1ch
,, .nomun,
.,. .
\
todo lo sefardita culto reli· · .quehaceres dom~stieos,,J.pues cL:-.. "i:_u,.~1?1~~
·-gioso.
·
d'.
·
, 1~· ge11 _
1ar1os,
escue
~,: ...Walburga
- .,,
. se·':,abstuvo-'detco1o., .j.._,..,_, ~
miro 'mucho~Reciier
te.... De la poblaci6n total de.-:.
i;..::~~~:;:4'J!Y!~~~~ '#g&~~;~:.:'.if.dijimo's''a~'.}~~E
N
, ....
_ , . ••
. . . . . . ., , . , , . . . . .
I:>
•
.,...
•••
F~~e~.... .
.,
Sa~6nica habfa desaparecido un
27 ¼ : 26% de hebreos y 1 % .
de eristie.nos. En total: 10.ooo~t~.f
hogtre9 vacios,
alma.;.
I
~.ooo
cenes va.ctos.~. una· cultura, ta
eefardita, desaparecida. Por-
·'"'#~·~
El h .· .,· ·b
,-r
·
AJgim tiarr:;>o
~espues, 'Wal-·:• C?S uri°' ~a;o·~'y1~i
burga .entablo a1::1stad ~~n un fiscal. El hecho de,
hombre· q~e~~ ~reci6.\gustarte~~~- nOra oeSte~e{Ciirt~
pues las ---~:a~?11~
fucron . mas . de fuego""fd .
i:
~cie~d_o_ ~~~a,~-.!!'~-~.. ~:/~ bre···de'fiJii?rque
rec 1IO
trechas. Por esos mismo~ dins'., contra~;t ~~rido, ift,~
persuadio a Otto µa1·a quc rum- eUa lo m.:dzse. i Co:di ta s mas importantes que otn~ le entr6 en la_ c~bez~ por , piera las dos armas rle fuc,go ble imat:in<1rse que
hoy existen , e-1 de Est"dos
cnc1ma
de .la oreJa •zqmerd:1. .quc tenia en su pod:!r. Una vez cu,r,.lo
' . Ie pucda•J.181'.t•
;,., ...."~.
...
p
Unidos el de Israel, no eonoco despues hallaron .a w_~I; .. · : _mas _el joven la complaci6. Des- . c-n la
servan la tradici6n Jadina cul- burga dcsmayada en el .mtet·1or pues p1'0Cedie1·on a en\10lve1·
. d.
r,-~·;,..,--.,
·
del .. lo t" Le ch
para ~ue 1spon.,.an .
. ,.:., tural••• Lo que ae conservaba
. c se .
e aron a.)!;~a los pedazos en dos panuelos. La_ lugar de hacerlas:..-t
. _:;:·1 desde-el siglo XV, desapare'-. en la ~a"': Y~. pareci6. revivJr. viuda le dio uno a. su _nuevo por s.i misma·f~(yfc·,
---~~:-····cl6. -· - · ·· -· ·
Ensegmda p:egunto d~nde esamigo -quien declaro mas cxplicarse gu·~~
•
.:-~ Los q u e regresamos d e
taba su marido.
t ard e qu e ·lgn ora ba. ~u 00nt en·1· en • eJ mter1or
• .•.••• ..:,"iS,_
de~,.
La primera declaracion d,•
d o- p1'd'ien
· d Je quc IO h re I1a· cc.·rado con lh_.\·e·-p
Auschwitz, que teniamos tanta familia y tantos amigos
Walbu1·ca Oesterreich fue bas- ,·a en uno de los gl'andes dep6· , te de afuera?!~i..:.,..,;;~1
tante incoherente. · Dijo quc silos de r,ez liquida en ·el Bou
·
· · .....".·- ·.cii~,
que en · una ~cmana apenas habian visitado a unos amigos, levnrd Wil!-hire. Pcm~::iba· quc
Por otra par~e. (I
0 ffl
que las dos grupos de s.efar-
y
maneni"'«ru~f~
:ia,;t
°
podiamos visitarlos a todos.
nos encontramos con un va·
rcgresando poco antes de la:.
:\IH dcsapa1:cceria para siempri::.
,.
d~
d
~~~s~a:
;;:;ba:La'
doce de la noche Y que al ,m.-- · Paso otro afio. Walburga Y por las exr..ertos'"~n
trar en su casa vio que habia su nuevo amigo intimo aparen. d
t
dejado un cuello de piel ·en una
t.m:os raro:~ q_ue c1
siHa Y que Jo recog~, subiendo
temente sc •pelearon. Qui~ d~- ~entada por el amig?1
inmediatamente despu~::. ·Jas esbido n escrupulos de c1:~cienc1&. afios no fue la ·i.1sada
·· o ta.I. vez inducido. ·p:ir-el-r_e-~1e-muerte.. -·a·-,-Fr--;:.....::...(
P
-,
Ca)e1'8S COn ObjetO de ·gu_atdal::·
~
sen_timiento, el hombre ..,Y_i~_i,to a ...·,.'y·.
otra,·~'es_:f~_ba
_
,,......_
8.T.
Jo en el ..closet" del dormito·
..
,
- ·~
e&Verna.s...
rio, oyendo en esos momentos
lu policia para contarle-lo .quc- da que todas~li!.S, p:
- ;.. No fueron indemnizadOfl ruido en Ja. planta baja. Sc
habia hecho con et mistenoso
sultaron·: infruct"u·~-;,,~
, .....
._ ·
por lOS alemanes los 83.lidos imagino que SU marido se ha•
paquetc.
,: . 1,"Klo la' \'iul1at'"" .,.,_
de los campos de exterminio? bia· caldo en la alfombra y
l..a poli~i~·-!'t~~-ta a s~~- ~~~_.,,-,~ada·'.
--Si, lo fueron. Pero en Grc- cuando trat6 de salir para SH· re~ w·actico un registro en cl C'n tal
a c0;::.~c
cia, las indernnizaciones por her lo que pasaba se dio cuen.
Jugar -senalado ·por su 0 visltan-.-,,,Su,.det~i;~.~!?W!~
loa ·crimenes nazis las cobr6 ta de que Ja habian encerrado
le. No sin sorpresa.. encontra- 1 raba. en cond1~1~~~>.'
directamente el gob i er no en el ''closet'', pensando enton- ron que cl 'paquete n.:> habia i!entada para el ~u~~~c
grlego; Y no se las dio a los ces que Fred tra1aba de dar- caidu en el toso. sino quc st ma~do en const~«!_~s.
hebreos...
le. una broma: Anadio que po.
hallaba en· el borde a contadas renl:dad. el Dr. Doi
S. Benad6n sonrie con ama.rco a poco oy6 las ~isparos y
1>ulgada,;· del .Juga,· donde ha· Y->, so!id:~-mw.1; . ~.
gura.
que comenzo a gritar y golpear
bria ·. desaparec(do definiti\'a. un:i larga pa:iposicmn.
Antes de terminar au exa- Ja puerta con los pufios y Jos
mente. Cuando abrieron el pa.
A~n cu;;r.do Ia fi.c;
metl del ocaso de
cult~ pies, pero que riadie a·cudio en.. ~uelo,, ~nc~P:traron · pedaz~.-~!~'l~:~~jo_· ... ~.~~.~2~!tt:.,e~~f~:
sefardf. ,<:"!·
. ·-· · ... ·.;:::.su auxlllo.Y que de· pronto. ~~: 1 ; met~l. EUnesp~rndo hallazg~.!~:,~g!~~-·.:_,';P~!~~~!~
..;..Durante muchos afi.os hu• · le nublo~ la ·vista y nada ma.~1.c'' rue seguido por Ja detencion . da,~ a ftn,:,de/cuenta
bo diarios hebreos en esP,8.fioJ. supo. Una' de· las ,•ecill:fts le. di· : de la duda Oesterreich, ~ro n(:-Z<ii.ie; pudo. ~~ii.:,ilrl;t
cio. tan total que no encontra-
bamoa nt una cara conocida
en la ciudad. Los pocos sobrevivientes eataban refugia·
s1·n .. gog.....VIVI
.c...iendos en 1....
aa
do Como en el tiem.po de
la
las
"'f.ci~t·stt,...,,.--., '
fo~r~t
l.a
'en, frances, que incluian una jo que Fred habia muerto,:·.:'·'i-1:•r:,· min enlonce.s se"tuvo ·1i''ineno?... nrm.:ts cor.vertid~e
hoja
griego: despues de la
Por espacio de varies m~es · idea· de 111 cxistencia del hom· sir, GUe se pudierar,
'~ guerra fue al reves: en alp· los detecti\'es escuvieron. traba·
b1·eci10 de la buhardilia.: Al din f'llll" lns baJas que h~
.. ~~ .. ·nos griegos incluian una hoja . jando sin cncontrar umi'~. soln :.. _1dguiente Jos investig~dire:i·:;ha- 1mwrtc a Fred hub:
d~ ladino..• s6lo ha quedade>, , pista que_ los ·oricntarr~pant"·" 1t.it~~n-·et'segimdo:::paqii;i:~on:~..~isp11rndas con ,_ellas.
ademas. un tip6grafo 'que sa- P.~chu·eccr · et mistcri,~ «iue
·-ieniendo'f 1os~restos~ de\'i~oi,;~{,f'P:.ti raua ·de q;ru~
be eomponer en judeoespa• dcal>a la muerte de Fred Oe~:n·m~. Un homb~e-:-qii~'habi;~-·/;vidente, que el 16~,fo
\i·
".n
n:,~- ·:
· &L. .
.
:A .. ~~·~< ··
0
ie,·roleh:'
•. ·. -~,,-:,,
,a.
,
r/~_:~:m:::.t~,·oest~~~:::iirt'!:'7-
��~
~
...
-
~~~J.;,.:
�J~
(''"
;
....
co1VfER
l:li:-:i ,,,. ni::t1l•·,i1:
g uslo. Re\·uelva a Cue•Y
...,
• 14(
1,;,o ·· rue(!as. d, .!,...s••-~.
r.,
· lento hast.a que espese Y al -ba,:;_•f.-::1 • .· lata de'"'melOCbh
jarla. agre~Ut! la ~.t'l;itina · l't'· ,,, '! ruc.h:1rac~a 11,-:,:1<1,
mojacla en el n:.;ua I ;i.1. l:.:dw
: J litro d,· Nl'm:.:. ,
ahi cl 1·c~to ck !~t)'. c,:r,_maca~ .,·. .
(·hl%). , .... ,,~:/i:
_<.:ul,n1~ lo~. hucvo,: .,:on :hcha ~' ...~:. :.:,;..Ahne1(1lr11:(,to~fa•~~"'·
ma. Enfuclos durantc unn~ he.('(•r,- 7.,u Jmra ell:RdGr:
ras. para sacarlos de lu tarlC'·
· ·. ;·;
1
1·n, recortando la ere ma~ dun~
:,o;\t:.'w~
__
alrededor de }().S hllC\'OS •• 'Sh--!,... . :\(ODO OE"·PROC~:
ATRACTIVO MENU PARA-;
"..r . l\lF.:Nlt
vans,l'-en ·1a ruente sohrc. tin-le,• ...- .. _,.-~.. , -;-';'-.-.~'§(
cho de lcchuga pica<iih1.
~Bat'a Ins "ch'ml.S
,
SU ALMUERZO DE PASCUA
% cuntntou1>c •·on MnC'..do·
· ....
nicvc. ag-rcguc
FLORIDA
.
dnnta de Frutas.
POLLO RELLENO CON
.'w l;,.s ycm'ls.
. ,r:
Huevos Vcrtpri.
. .
PAPAS y ZANAHORIAS i: . . .do, eche Ja· .va1m_l~~tf1
Para las familias cristianas
Pollo rellf'no f'On papa,; ~ zn_ ·
. ~·':!'~ la hal'inn. cemida}:pre,
es el Domingo de Resuri·ecci6n
n:ihorlas Duqnesa.. · · ·:·r~-::.t"S:,·,~.":-• .::,;;:-:· "DUQUESA~~_ ...- ·.·,:~&~,,.:,:v can los poJvos de:horn
uno de las dia.s ma$ grandc dcJ
Ensa.l:ula «lr "'Pfi!'f't:llf',i; Art'n
·
. ultimo. ,•!',·.:h la :1::-.
ano, pues asi como las corazolrh..
ln1;r~:dkntcs;
dcnc-tida \' v,i freseil~i
nes se regocijan cl dia de Nn.
PnSire: Corona· dn Plllll.
··-· - - ~ - • ·- --·~_:;:::-:-·-:;·-:"··-cn··un moidc ·c1c-a1,0:,
1
vidad conmemorando cl naci· ,. ·• ...
1 . polio de 3! 1 I!~ras..
",. . do. -engra:-.ado y_. .~~~
miento del Niiio-Dios, se llcnrm
HUEVOS . VERT~RE.~-1~-, llbra de cam#;. ~t; (_'Crd,!>•.i:\,~~con .harina · y ,horneest
tambicn de jubilo celebi-ando la
-----·-· ·
-"-··'-. ··
· ¼ llbra dr Jam6n .c1.-~~«;c:u·l~~F:; durantc ~unos~2Sjir.
1·esurreccion lriunrante del Sal·,
ln,:redlentl·lli.: .-.~.;~-. · .. .
nar., ... .
,... .•·. hn:ita.que al
vador. Aunque la fecha de .. la_·_. ..:.:.,: _· ___ _. _.; ·"':>·:
.,..,f·
ta~s de. ml,i~i..dt>'J!an..:...:_rillli.:':...salga:::'sec'~ n1
cFazucil
!~::bt~fi
semana .santa c~ movib)c, siem· •-=t·,. •. pre coincide con la entrada d,~
·i\4(;1:da prima\'Cra;·dando una pince.
-..-~,~,- lada de color y alegria a c~tn
. -;}
fiesta que con mucho acicrh)
se· le Uama "Pascua Florida':..
En casi todos los paiscs se .ce.... ·>.
lcbril pol' cl cstilo. asisticndt>
csa maflana a la mi.Sa, QUC pO•
~:mf~~c atr~di~~:i~~~-ni~sacf~:
da la familia para cclcb:-a1· c~-
6
3
8 -
1me,·oS, 'u~os.
1
· ·
oz. de Jamon «·m·ido.r,,
1.n~1>:n~ de- e,.pinaC'J1~}.i,¢.'.s;
! :
O%.
4
d(• lf"l'ht•.
t•urhnr.ulus di" hurin,i.
de in:ante,1ulll3 .·'''
11 '.? ta 7..as
J
,
i.uhn•. dt~ gelt,tin:i ,;in sa•
hor.
~
f'IIC~haradas dt'
~ . ';;;~:;~nula
dt-·
1l~U:.t
llC'eitt"
.
frm.
cfo
Sal, l•lnucnfa ~· nui•z mo~rtt d a
·z
in!"o~-
\ieJo. ~"; .· .. ·
,.. ,;_ .. ,:voltt!a en cl
platiten.q,
Lecll!!.-Pa,r,;._!_~.~.e,r.. ~l"l:t••~~':.~fpi-esentar . -v"'\JiQi.•
2 ·~ or.; de mantequ_ma~~-~·:--1ast1"\.l..
4l
,·,•bolla.s medlanali.:-"'"" ........ ···cl.is.
I
hucn) duro.
y' agrcgue
pina, ·
ahi¥t"l
. , r.,··i:i~dulo ,1si. cluranTr
HI
1tee~t11nas. ·~ ... . ~-, .~ ·,;>.~,,<·pai·~ que In 'pifia"leo"'.@.,
12 alnumdr:is 11efad.as.
·~·de la bcbid/. ·co/t'e'i1sc
I lat.a tli- pdt pois.
,b.,; po:r i:-1. rnitad~y-,\.·a
~) tau il(' 3('1'ite "'eg~tnl,
cando}as paradil.as;"~
·-·d~·
or:~· i~-ftt~i·
2•,2 !:t;s ,.~:~di;;~~-;;_ ---
~~o
Sal ~- 1umlent:l a gm,to.
qui,os se le pon~ hi
tl~I'
i.
la festh·idad con un animado )'
t\ 1:U!'lto.
.
.
nn.:. ccreza. {en m:u-r;
ogradablc almucrzo, siendo esa
Le,~huga Jmra atloruar.
lfODO DE t•noci:.:DEU:
Cone lo~ melocot<?~fs,
hora la mas adecuada, pues n1>
. rlos. en lasca!-. algo .~
: olviden las anfiirionas que asu..
llODO DI<: PROCEDEH:.,.;, ..,, Adobese el pollo con .:-.;ii y pi· col6quclas~un;1s de,~f!li'
tit-6.n los niitos y· que deberi.n:
Hierva las espinacas en poca·:: mlenta ..... Muelase~ finamente- la t'n la ,parte1'de _en~~se~eccionar ·platos que todos ·. agua Y. con snl. escurralas bien :.~.cat;ne de .cer~o. el jarn6n y .Joi;. ,,.,coc~o, .. de,._!l1odo__ ~q~e;q
puedan comer. El dccorado d~ Y expr1malas un poco para pi>"';.'..menudos ·del, polio. En la.man-~:-_falinente·. c:.ibicrta~Rell
la m_esa ~elle. de. planearse -con_,... carlas :, blei;t.. finitas. Corte l por._\!-:-:: tequUJa · d6t~eiu:e'ligeramente 111;}?;'! hueco del \h:o..,con:J~§J
el rrusmo es'™:.ro que la eo~f~:.~:, l• · ~~~a!I :'a• Jo. largo Jos. ,h~i:t!."~)..\.~boll a~ ~ica~~ta_s.'.~.Ji;C;.h!se ~,!\hi _;'ii· H~ ,.. ~abra :. .P.!1.~do~~
cl?~ .del menu, pues eso co~- duro., para pasar las yemas po!·(·Jo mohdo.:.::.e_Pp8:n:rem~Jado;.en·;. hasla,:que h.ay~f.:m~!jl1
trtbu1ra a realzar mas .el luc1- ·. un colador y aiiadirles el jamon· _la leche~Y. :expr1mido: .Ja .-tal'ry~:-: ficlente: Espolvor:ct~~L!•
miento del festejo. · El. motivo molido, 2 cucharadas de espi. -~~~la-:1· P~.mi~nta:'!· So,friasc'' du1½int~~lafcrima~"c~nTaJm~Jttfloral de la mesa sera a bas~ nacas, nceite, sal y pimicnta a . unos minutos y aftadase el,hu,.•?r.;·~dn~/~picada~i;Jmam~nt~
tn~~:;tepj~~a~·1;!e~iri:e!~~
. Pascua (Easter L1hcs1, ccsta:-:
llenas de huevos. de colores, co.nejos Y pollitos, que ·.es lo tipi:co para esta alegre epoca pascual.
'
lJ;Ri~-~~::f~~~~:-i};_:~~;~;lr--Ji~-~_a_·
.~ , ·~
1
~~s\:~
~k~~i
t°!,o~l~t.: !~;ts·,··tij,~Af~"'"'4¾. .
una tartera hgeramente engra·
. ·
:r.:
sada con aceite y algo s~pa:
·
. ;~ .
~
rados. Haga una ci-ema con bl · ·
··
\
leche, mantequilla. harina, snJ.
'pimienta blanca-y nuez moscA-:· · ·,"1' -0lla,·,--.~··M• • · •• •. .,.,
.,.;~.
.,,
•
·
··
··=~·
·,;;; '-i, .
~_:?,.-f
··
,,
·--,~·
'
:'t-1-~~~
,·
·
··•• •
:. ·
· ;~~l~):0~:_-~-~-~_;_~~-~-~~:.\_~:·_;~_,~_~;.;~_-_:_~st~: ""' "- C"ri,r~~ "'.,$),,;!it;o,,,1·: ~"""'f";~\~•~'···.-~~'.~·
-
-
• :.::."?.!....._
··-ii- .
i
..
~
:, . . . . . . .
•:..Jw,..,~.~t.;' ..-:.
-
:r
��- . ·-·- - --~ --··+·:~- - - - -
!OUe es el regalo en tin de cuentas? Muchas veces, solo una
gentil obligacion de 1ndole social. Otras, el mas caro afan de
ofrecer algo que patentice nuestra devocion, nuestro ·recuerdo
entra ti able hacia cierta persona. Los regalos 1 _ naturalmente,
oscilan entre el valor de uni piedra' preciou;-~ un cuadro de
firma, pielH, perfumes y multitud de .accHorfos destinados
• ambos sexos, de mas - alto o bajo precio, seg1n sus. posi•
bilidades y la ocasi6n requerida. Pero ·no cabe. duda que,
muchas veces, CUilndo nos sentimo, en la neceddad impe:,
riosa de ofrecer u~ regalo. 'de forma •orpresiva, vacilamos y
nos vemo, en un pequeno aprieto mental. lPor que raz6n no
rec:urrir • los libros? En un libro caben todos lo, mensa;es,
no ya solo Ioli que su literatura contiene, sino la eleccion del
tema o el autor•. Ahora bien, es necesario que conozca usted
bien el temperamento y la aficicSn de aquel a quien ofrenda
..
- -_.•:1
un libro. Si es una joven, por eiemplo. un libro de poemu
0 una encantadora novela de tipo romantico, 50ra siempre
un acierto. Si es un hombre, dctcngase ante los umbrales de
su profesi6n y dar;i usted en ·el blanco 11 elige un volumen
relacionado con su c1mpo de accion. Un. 1 dilet1nte/ se sentira
slempre complacido con ·una buena bi09raffa. ·una muJer de
median a edad agradecera la novel a del escritor
en bog a,:·
' SU du Ice . abuellta .. &entir,, encantada
_.Undo..; deyo;.f
cionarlo. V, en cuanto a los. niiios, segun la edad-que·· a1can•
cen, tiene ,usted una intensa literatura, desde los cueritos de·
hadu hasta laa obras de ficci6n v aventuras fantasticas. Los··
llbros. de" viajes ser,n siempre muy bien apreciados, de. igual
1uerte que los de arte. Y no Hr olvide tampoco del libro.que
debe ofrecer. a sus· amistades para que se dlstratgan durante
determinado:viaje. Uri buen ·1ibro detectivesco hara IH deli•
clas de las horas de ruta a mjs de que olvidarlo • la hon
de llegar • su destino no le acarrear, ningun problema. '.'
mu·
con,..u·n
¥
�.... '-~·:.
4.-Nora Kunz cre6 este elegante conjunto es-
tompodo. El obrigo, de linea•o, no llevo man:
gos. El vestido camisero, las llevo Iorgos y
·
·
con grondes punos---~·-··· :·--5.-Lonita fino y esponjada pore tin dos piezos de cota semi-ent0Hada1 odornada con un
soto bot6n- y falda ligeramente fruncida
�EL ESTILQ JUVENIL, UNA N~Y.A CIE~CIA
.
Hace mYy poeo, y en la vieia 'y ·sabia · Europa, un gruPo de estudiantes de escuelas superiores, pidlo
a determinado lnstituto de Belleza que organizara para ellas una nueva materia, la que consistia en
una serie. de "conferencias de belbza" que lcs permitiera aprcnder a peinarse, maquillarse y adaptar
la moda mas aconsejable a su tipo y edad._ Todas estas j6venes resuharon ,ser.. intelectua(es, scd,3s
y brillantes y a las ciue nadie ·pudo tachar de frivolidad.
convino, -pues, _t
·problemas E:ra~
· distintos de los de las demas mujeres, ya quc la bel!eza de una jovencita es un·a bellc::za en plcna
evolucion. Por consiguiente, es necesario ciue tmcuentre su estilo actual, mas tamb:cn que preparen :~;
-.
la ruta de seducciones de que han de v.ilersc en el maiiana.
· · · · -,: · , . '"'., ~En_ dichas "conferencias": ll~vadas a cabo, se les ~dvirtic y aconseio sobre la moderaci_~~ dd '.11~c;ui- .
lla1e, el tratado de la;-. p1e1, etc. Pero lo m.is 1n1eresan:e de este hecho e:i que nac,o, por _ult1r,.~,.
~
"la moda juvenil", la que se ha convertido en todo u11 estilo primoroso.
· .
\.,i, .
El cstik, juvcnit .radica prirnordial,nente en !a ~imp/;cid,id ; pcrc. ta,nbien ~n ,J:lil SilD\o / i:lpdr~.;:e ,-..~'. ~· ·
·;_·\· .-..~ . I '
envoltura. Nuestra fotos les muestran a!gunos rnodelos seleccionados. por !as menores _de __ 20 af,o~.
'.]'g~
Los modistos ·parisienses consideran. que el numero de estudiantes que lo portan han alcanzado e! · '
:'t-tl,i.il.
doctorado en la nueva y seductora materia.
i,;~
~
Se
que·\lsus
\w .,
·~;;r:
LAS MULTIPLES FACETAS DE
tA· AMATiSTA.
--·----;~-~--i~;~·; ·~~--~~see -j;-·;;;-~~te~ia,
'i_,na
~
.1
•·
la ama~ist.a · es
pie:.
·tista. Sabido eS que cs una pie-- dra jupiteriana, benCfica por exo~~,~~
dra semi-preciosa translucida que
celencia, y simboliz:a. el pcde_rJo. ;.;.;,.:,,:,.;;.,.:,_
.-_~1~nft;t-~
ofrece toda una gama de tonos
espiritual. Es esta · la ra16n:..par."·1.-;.'r ·~~~r.'f.'~~,~'!.·".'~
violctas,, desde el rosa violaceo
lo que la Iglesia ha dcs:inado ·
::,re··e!ii1tico,' dinjm·
•
claro hasta el azul Adriatico.
uso sacerdotal a los .:.hispos .. AV:,_c,· rosi1tir cuz!quier\,
La amatista oriental es una
berto el Grande, cuyo 'discipulo~~·,i'i'· visto. Url~ ~icta, bi[
beltisima variedad de tono vio- . fue~Sant~}omas .de Aq~Ln.o,,a_
se-:·:...:· ·_- H ___en~~.a'':...e!.~r
.-- let 11, ~ es ta,:nbi~n di ferente Por . - · gura- el-· poder· de-· 1a - amatl st a -··-"Los•· cigarrijlos;f,'!."jt
SU or,gen mineral,
para ' fa\adquisici6n def COOOci•
. gen~raf, SOn
El origen de la amatista ema·
miento. · ··.:--".-, ~ ·:-:-" · ·
cro c,rgar.ismo y;el·,
na del cuerzo ·muy fino que con·
E! sentido astrologico de esta
trutornos crg!~Tec
tiene 6xido de magnesio, .lo que
piedra recomienda su engarce O .
d~ grasas en ~Ju <
. ;.
le otorga .sus multiples tonalidauso en forma de medallones~
los clinta:. calidos ,
•
des .
·
zarcillos y collares a las persoe-n demas[a. El trat
nd
Todas la~· p1edras preciosas y
Los lugares. do e se encu~n·
nas -nacidas bajo el signo de
do; una es~ie de
•.emi-preciosas !ienen su histori.i tran las amat,stas son la India,
Aries. Se tnade Que rorna en mas-··. · ,hacia la. muerte. ,Ne.
.--....,- o su leyenda, ya que en cierto Brasil, .~i'?eria, Hungrfa Y.Espa•;:-,:, poderosos a los · nacidos'-en ·,·el"~~. ted, en un·,alenle,j
.,specto la. leyenda es ta· partE: iia:. Las.' a~atistas ~ color
Cicio: A io~ def 'segundo:-~iu~-·
·nb hermosa de la historia. En pun provienen del Ural Y las ·. c1clo les preservara contra acci•
sona m~!. foerte
a Am,rlca Latina, por ejemplo, violetas m,s oscuras del Uru-t). · dentes ' relacionados con el hiepues, a, la postre;
.e asegura que el· coral y el au- _ guay. ·· -· , · ... .:f".tr·Y:~\ ..,... :· ·!J:,':::,\;:rro~:-~ ~I fuega; y a los del tercosa ·,.q~~·~~!!.~~·,
bache protegen coritre la mate-.
Suelen empleerse estas p1edras}.- cer c1clo, l~s guardar.i de catas·
nl·-m,s ·n1 ·men01~q1
fortuna. . .
,semi • preciosas primordialmente'. trofes y enfermedades.
.
, de enve•e.::er. \ '
' En casi · todo el mundo se sue- · en Joyeria, Sus· virtudes se re·
Los antiguos atribuian _ a . la
Por lo tanto, no:le
le ima·g lnar 'que• el 6pato ira<! montan a ,,la antigiiedad, cuando amatista la facultad de 'pre~~;..
su cuerpo mi~fde
mala suerte y el pcder magico los hebreos co·nsideraban la ama·
var de ,~ ebriedad, ya que su
f,erm\tido a ,.,,' nr
de las per las var la segun la Geo- tis ta entre las piedras que p0- nombre proviene def gr i ego
r.ociendo a la perfe,
grafla . Pero aqu! nos limitaremos· seian un poder sagrado.
"amethustos", .o sea, "que no se·;',,~;- ._mas flsicas,'i~acopl,
a hablar de los diferentes aspec•
Segun los entendidos 'en ia
esta ebrio" . . . ;-..;.~.'~;:;::5..,:.-~- ··:·!·::-:;::···;~ giasqui(le' itoti'':,;,e;
su. ,. ., , .
t
0
111
e~!'rn~
,
·,,1 ,. -
pur:::f:;P!"fm~r
CiO
en
~crrer_lfiIDa
·:. _:~J~:;~~Ji~i~~~i~:~,.;~~Jr~·~i~~~~~~~~:
�Oireccion
__________ ·····--·-··.--···-··-· .... ·.......................... ·.·.:-.--.·:.-:--:-~~---·-···--··-~-~El~
~~;;.~ .. •'
· Ci~dad ··--·--·----------.. -----····· .. --·-·····--·-· ..• Esta do. ____...................
~
~
:~~
El a bogado. fue una visi ta
constantc de la viuda, pero pa~6 b.::stnnte tiemPo antes de
que viera al hombrecito de . la
buhardilla. Finalmente, una noche lo descubri6 en una de las
escondite y lo' recibi6 ·cori · estai:- ·
lo'·conozco.
palabras: ...y,;
us::''·
ted ha es·tado visitando esta ca· .'
sa 'desde' hac~"rmucbo' tiempci
i'~-o~·ott~
~f~·. 1
sanhuber".
Agrego . en su declaracion el .
abogado, que el hombrecito ne-
:-~
/.·.........
'.;~;~~~-:~;r.
:
�-'}!...r'.-·i f·"'~. ' ,,;_; .. '
_.:.."';;,~.,,!.. •. ,.:
Pl?llflt
..
�~t,•:,~.
·\t..1i~
~,:!t .
- -'""'·,. .....~~;.
,i!9,~~;~n.~
.•h,~·;:::;;:'.' rama. seca. ·La· ej_ecuc16n; ·.lo··
{J(; ~ mismo que .el- bautismo,. fue
.,4,,
so1enini.'ti.os~ues1nos
P'{
_ breve :1 . 'Cl.'"""''':'4.t''l1t.:-~~,---' .
-~-;.:~; -.
>. - -~ se estredlaron . las,. ma.nos. ,De· -
_ ·_ - -.,:aoioYii'6i~ti"andera~esiiafio1al
-azo-~:
:~ :1Ji}-."--eii..-una asta ··~1ocada en la
t'!t' ~ \\ • •~,.._tea· _del palacio,1 j,,.. Pizarro . dio .
~
~--
.""'\ ~:t~
:te1'.fcmitfre~a::·N~eva~eut1U1t
·
.._. . .,,..;-.~·,fc..,'"'c.,...-.~......
:.~i;::...;;;-;,:_
!'I
·~f:l?:~,,~~;,,,!etTitor~o~ COJ!quls~¥~· ..
••~ 1E1~v;,,~;,, ·
ll"~~~J;
Un m"""' despues De Soto .zar.
Espana llevando ta ma.
yor pa rte del oro. Cu~do · Ue·'
g6 a Madrid, el rey,. Car!o!> :.Y
J.,
•
!~:·· · · po para
"'-"
'
•
;+
: .. .
J,ltt?~
, le ofreci6 ~ reg~o}>~qu!!f~J
··:f~·"·''.""' lo recompens6 con el cargo ·de.··
. l ~•··•:-.-, · .. Gobemador de~ ~~ Durante
:.fr;t~~-~ la fiesta De"Soto:'~ a. un
= , . ., ·
·
tal Cabeza de Vaca, · otro es•
.pafiol que acababa de efectuar
con poco b:ito. una explorai:?
ci6ri del Contlnente de Am~iica,?
del Norte.· De Vaca habla idll
~;J;;~~,: caminando~,desde · la Florida'· a· ·
~r~:.::=~;:T~Jai, pero~·10· tlnlco que encon•_,
(.:..
tro en' el c:amin~ f ~ 'tr!bui:·:·:
· 'de indios hostiles. manadas de
bufa!os )' un 1·io lninenso Yfan;•
goso . que Jos indios llama.ban
.Misisipi. No obstantc, las tribus occidenta1es le ba~ian hccho un rclato acerca de siete ·
ciudades de oro, y cuando Cabeza de Vaca conto esto, Ins
negros ojitlos de 'De Soto brillaron de avar'icia.
.., Cilando Don Hernando Uet6
a Cuba desempen6 el cargo de
Gobernador durante tres sema•
nas, hasta que al fin 'no~ pudo
'.:. •
soportar mas sus ansias por el
oro. Entonces preparo una expedicion y zarp6 hacia la Florirfa. La cxpedicion e;;taba for.
mada poi· i,CJli buques y H+;.
cic-n tos hombres, iriduyendo las
acostumbradas unidades de CH·
balleria. infantcria y artilleria.
En esta ocasi6n De Soto no lle·
v6 mulas consigo. Como pcnsa-
ba · llcgar .hasta . Tejas, ereyo -·
mas conveniente tomar escla- .
vos ·en las distintas tribus in(tbu. quc encontrara en el camino, para -que transportara la
carga. Tambien ·evlt6 Ia impedimen1 a quc suponi&
el fran·
porte. de g1·andes cantidades de
provh;iones. En .vez' ·de· ello. se
cmharco con unn gmn piarn
de cerdos. Asi la expcdici6n po·
tlria contar con carne fresca
en cuaJquier momenta.
Era el mes de junio de .1540
cuando De Soto anclo '
JR
hia de Tampa para ..asombro :de·~~..:.'f-l."" · .· '· ti~:~~"1:'~.¥-:.~_%;i?~~::·::-t~~~t~f~~f1'·, ·- ~•\=-.it;.:.,,~
~!.:~1~,;-~--"'~£~:9(4
unos dos mil indios Seminoles . llenos de CU~OS!dad,·. pero ~in . olas·:r~JlZasdam~n centenares:,:
g~ ~e')a costa:.l::t·
reunidos en ia playa~:·-·
saber q~e los ~pafiol~~.~staba~~·- de c~dayere! mut!ta~2.,~~~ ~ . 1_:~;{i,:,.-.Pr.'!.f!l~;f.,,~~-rasar,•t
:Abran fueg O con ,.,01,. C8•
preparando• una
cam1cena.
·,.;~·r.,,,..De Soto< ' mont6
n·cabill~.en~.... tlo~que,el,bomti
-1
'
••j
' '-n;, •. •••••
' , _ , __ •,, ----e··~r-,.,.Rp_c..,_c,,;~
en
0
non"!-! --Cue Ja primera m-den··
de D~ Soto:·
~1.~.~-\i_;
u~Ri~,~:gi!e~r:l~t:/:t~t c::1:;:r:;/~an~:~1:e:a:U~f.:~·'::;~~lto~\a·'"q"~
rri6 In costa. Las palmas. ca· · jin!~e., ~uer~n ~-~!~!1!,!.,~~.~~~~,.i~~..:'.·h:,-bia ,Q~e?~-~£.SW:
yeron cercenadas. Hacia' el cie:'. agua. EJ animal nad6 hacia ·ta -- •l~s :· sem!noles. muHto
Todos· Josr barco.i: cargaron sus
baterias de -caikmes. de d:::iC'E' .!i·
. ~: ;.-s'!
f~~:i~:-es ~~. ~1.a: ~ ~·~:1?;;
:;;\ - bras. Los arti11er0:; c:,!.:.c::--."". -· -·.!.. -· ~.::a.ar~I se a:;r;:.1.:r• .. J::'L:M !-! c..:gc ••::u~n e:"..:: pl,., ., ..... ,.1 .. i.Y:1 ~ •• t ~
{·L ,:t· ··1a.s rnechas... Los indios ;er, tio en una espuma sanguine>-:.1: ya 'y ~\ De• .Soto ..josYC()ndui<;- en .. b.:. con lr. a fi!.:.c!a. ei;:.
manecieron am. asombrado),:: .lenta. Cuando todo termlno,
do un.ofic.iaLllamado "r_
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rcsultados ' tan asomhrm,fo~"?,?( .
. romplC'tos). quc hast a· i~~
, . DUI:. L':OCCplicas, ..i<lfHltinlll (; U(;. la
de fos\osructicos SC l;a'~~~~
•
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lnnzado 20 arro~ N::: tsfa mu:w::r"
crcacion (fo Uc,don.
. --·;:,;l~;;~:
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De vcntu en las mrjm·,·~ ticm:fo~.p,or1:·
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p;.r~on
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f"adol ,.,, T11l10~ ludii·i,fualr~.
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coso condujo ante su prcsencia
.lii, e· incendiaban· sus·ald~ai-. ··de la noch.o imposiblc.que :-.iioncs noi.,scrvia·n~
· · . · \''.:~:' ,·,:.! ~t.
a cuatro seminoles~·qu"-~telT!_bla~~'"?'~\r;~!fi~l~~l-~~~w-~ · . siguieran cava.nd0:~,yii}fui.buffi~"ia~si1i~as:i~zaf
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~ ,}?S~~~~\. _.:.,.;.~:~::~Geor· ia ·viraron'hacla 'el S~r.··-~ reunido;·m~s d~f.d~~~ii~,~-:J~1~.-.~ablan,.?:~~-~~4~~
~~· ~u!.~~ .-::;~c!~_~? . F g t y
d al
bras de boUn. De Soto cnterm consecuenc1a ~~l.j~t
II egar las perlas fuera de· la ciudad
De Soto-. Apenas puedo. cor-· · ue e~ onces ~uan ~·
c
· ,·...,""~~..t.
an
7-i~.
~-~ ·
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·
a Cof1ta.chequ1 capital de la
on enotmcs ~larme los bigotes. El agua sa-.
.
' .
. . con el proposito .de recogerlas. es noles cons.igulg,
1
• '"'C'"
• "Jh~
.,:,.,::~·:.~~ic Jada ha oxidado el
~/4~~cuando~Jar°oJM>rtitnklI~"o"tp-re~i!"~-ta:~;le...-=t-::.......
..
--:;.~~-~'(<"'-C~··,,...~.;~.e- ~ ~ ....
va.sores~las~prirrieras ~-noUcias," ~--~-'"ir'.•4l''S'~t~.........~~- cos
:..f'.....ii~f..~~·!~ ~~ebe: con -el:,mlo ...=repu• ~~~--..,-_f:--d--d. ~ ..."~d- -,~ 1· • ,<....::.senta~~Pero~el-.conqulsta.i:tor__ htrros
--.--. - -s~ 'Moscoso.-·· -·~~-- ··- ,_. .. -- ffltaS ~ m;nos ~be l~as J~ u~ -jamis. "~-pi; -q~'-;
-,cso~a" ~~n- .. la Bahi~ ~-d~ ··M~bil~
·~-::'~-,.·~.•--.·.,;: ,,._s~.· .....'.,.., •" -.•~f!c"'.
•
gar on e es
an as ama
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d
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1
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, ---;!de,,.o!_en~e! ·..:::!:«:P_lie~4- -~ . das siete cludades-de oro.,, ,.,) .. sis -~.' • - a~_.<, 4; a .,ua u~ • , n~n o s_t ~?.~!'1s~~-6
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.-•.~. -..:.-~.~<• .• -.~-,_~;i :'5.:~~'...
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;"i Soto. Recuerde· que"mi~fespada~o.:.t.~~"°~. ':.~ .. ~;;.,u::-~~01"- que, :' dt;sde ,-:-el~~ punto-::de · \"JSta :-":.'.fSe de:- · q u ~•S"'U
-_ _.
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Cuando los espanoles cruzaron - · · • .. -- rec1'"··-,_:d ,,~ , 8 1 · ·::;1ftl• ~-" · -~. -·.
t '/.•
esti hecha con acero de" Tole-··:·'( · -. ..,; • ....... ·. . .
· , ~ .,. europeo, · ca
an~, e ·' or_.}-.~n !:.: habla · muerto ..
1
·,.
- :~~ • .- '!."' •
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d
ed. ~'. ~~ pu:r:a prmc~pal, ella sa. Jo SbSO)UtO.-,/;•_,;:.~:'',\..'.-X:-~:,:r~SUS
ro'
d:u~alas:o. ust •
ltlO 8 rect1bb1rlos. Sci IS ~uerhrerhOSf:•
un
ocurrido"'re:
... _
rnnspor a an a a muc ac a
.
.
. .,.
· -~ ~~· ·"'.,:;~gc:•.;;ai;,.t
~~:
-Una apu~sta, Su Excelen- en una litera. La princesa ves- mes en Cohlachequi._ !::__~~~;~;::..;.~~£,~:.{~r
~¥.;.2b~~
eia. Diez pesos para el hombt'G . t··la--..
.
d C h'l
· bla nc o_., Jes. rojas se ·~'"''r:
enfurecieron
~cua~~~,negro.-coraz_6n
,
·una t.un1ca
IO
., ......""';,.~~=..>:"'-,-:-;v•Y
• ·
•
,;.,,:le.
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...:~ e'Y4 ~ ~~p=.a.:.,~rur. de. ~~·,::c., que,: ·se;adheria~ reveladoramen:~·- d~,:.~ .!!'teraro_;1~;que ; ~ ~ ~~.fE ~~~~~}:~~!~es
~~~r~~~~
~- r:'~' •• ~ gol~ 1;lJ10 · de,i~~....,~~~~~5~.'cacfe~!y"'f-·s"'us~~senos. · pulturas~habian'o/iid~~'\'f"~~f; Pizarro ·_s~t~~~~!J: ~
"" ~~ •·f~i
·•
-Me parece ·bien · -i, qu~ po- /J"' • d
·
ll ·
b ·
y saqucadas por los v1s1tantcs,
,ir:a pos1c16n ~prl\-:le
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'
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y e su cue o co 1ga a un 1ar- .
..
.
. - -·
.•~dremos demostrar,part1cndo en
ll
d
pero nada d1Jeron porquc De
~uevo ?.Iundo. Ahoi
.
go co ar e perIas.
S
h. b'
"d
d. ·
1 · .._.,
dos un coco? Triigame a dos dti
oto se a 1a convert! o en su
pen !a exc us1'w_'.~~f
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•
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acero;a.~~~k·.~~~~~~l~
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J~· •••••• ,
,
, : . . _ . . . . .V.UI0£1iU,L
m~ti:ios: ·;oldao
-~
· esos ind.ios. Ahora, ·diez pcso.\i
De Soto se ape6 del caballo, rcy al tomar la \"irginidad de
rea de Ucnar. las:;;-1
para el que pueda decapitar de
hizo una reverencia 'Y bes6 la la princesa con el consenti·
~fadre P:!tri.,.'.
un solo tajo a uno de estos. pc- • rnano de la princesa. Lucgo. miento de es1a. Asi ~ra la ley
pcrsp::octivr. cc ti.~.
rros. iEso si es .una apuesta ~- •1~ilizando ~Il)~ interpretc. a . d~ a~u~~I~ tri~u. L:;.~ 1·elacion1:s. ~i,fa, .D,~, ~a.;~,..~}!,~e_l
-Acepto · -manifesto : Mos:!:-::·. uno. de Jos Indios esclavos, E:l •· pacif1cas podr1an habersc man-·-~ hres.-una"Jd1syunth-a
coso. .
conquistador ~(' J1resento:
tenido indc[inici,11ncnte de no
- ; Re·g·~""esen+a11.ir,-J
Dos de los· scminoles fueron
-Mi padre -dijo De Sot<>. habe1· sido porque D.: Soto se
ra durmir con sl
a ta dos de pies y. mano~ }' arro.
senalando al Sol- ha perdidc cnsoberbeci6 c >n su nueva au- - Gu!'itosamen-tc. ;ies···t
jados a •la arena.. . .
6iete de sus brazos. Estos ca- toridad.
·
char --rc"io.clic:om
--Despues de us.ted,. Don Luis yeron a tiernt" .V cuando se en- .
Cuando· dos pi~les. rojas roPero ..-yo ,·;r6i~~jfj
· --dijo de Soto cordialmente.
friaron se convirtieron en siete baron rnaiz de un camp.:, sem- · da, y Ios bravosj·qu
.Moscoso J~\·nnl6 51.J~ hojcl ~ ,da.:·-~;~ ciudndes. l\{i padre me ha en- brado qu~ el .. rey·• -tenia re;·. disfr~Jtarallr~c1er~tiiqli
masquina y dio cJ tafo con to·
\'iado para que las encucntrc,.
scr,:ado p,~ra st1s puerc0!:::. el Jes __ . ~·or.ad.:;s. ···-·- ~
das SUS fucrzas. El acero 1.-er•
corlo las manos·cn~p11blico.·~.La·:·.;:"..•. Pero j·a-.1;0:{e!ari:
•·en6 la gar"anfa del indio. p<:• - · La joven princesa ('reek QUC·· tribu se \eng6 in;.;;cdi:tta'~1cri.tc.'.' --qu6 ·-~of1:1bi_n·~f.~on_i,,,1_l,
"
...
d6 marn\'illada por aquel horn·
1-0 no pudo romper. las \'crtebre tan· extraflo que afirrr.aba Una nochc: mientr~s _los. cspa·
pron:_etid~f~;}!~~
bras del cuello, de m_odo que
ser hijo del Sol. Sus muslos s~ fioles domuan en sus -recias ,·i- ~spanales: abordaron
la cabcza qued6 adherida al
f!Stremecicron debajo de la tti· ,·iendas de troncos d~· arbolcs.
Y se m~rchn/1f}Jf.,. resto del euerpo.
nica de hilo blanco. De Soto los ereeks obstruycron las puer. •: quedo _~n .. l~J;;,~~-·
-Ahora fijcse lo que hacc el
tambien habia quedado maravi.
tas con los mont.),,L'!'i de lena ·. Moscoso;'" su jJealff,
acero de Toledo --dijo De ·solallado al ver a la ·jovencita. y ramas sccas. Ahora le tot'6 al c11arenta prcsii:ffarir
to aproximandose al segunrto Con gran o:;adia la tom6 en indio el turnu d€ aplicar la an- ,L:rian morir antes'fi..
--~.;ff,
indio. Y con un solo tajo podc·
brazos y la llcv 6 hasta su vi- torcha enccndidn..
.,,s mazm01·ras que
ro~o. Don Hernando Jc COl'IO
vienda. y alli, sobre una ca.
Cofitachcqui SC convirtio er, L:tn en . J_a. P.':':!~
la cabeza limpiamente.
mastro de pie] de marta, la con.
lin inCicrno. Pelotone$ entCl"lJS
De Soto. parl~lE''
-"fe
debe a:,('7. ,,_
"-"S(JS. Don
ck la lfOD1:\ de
Soto pcrcci<'· i(', c:n:zando 'p'or li:_
"
drti6 en hija dcl Sol. Dos ho-Luis. Ahora acabemos con lo!'
rns mas tarde los dos salieron ron entre las llamas. Otros lo- paludicos de Ja·:cost
otros dos.
de la ,·ivienda y De Soto era
grAron ab1-irsc pa;;;o a tra\'e.s de ~lejico. Los"''i-~d)9
el que usaba las per las en esde- Jns r.:; :nas cncC"r:diik$, pero >::.Laron t:: :, l ~•.e,i:i,~i
. J?e Sot?. ala a los oir_os rlos ta ocasl6 n. _ ,.-. ~ .:, --.~•. _.,=,...,.· _ •
entonces ~recian al scr alcan- , h~?n q~~).~~..,..~!=
md1os, uhhzando la tecmca del
,
·. ·,~- · ·.,.. ,, ··
zados pc:,r una interminable _llu. _ban~ac1a..::.l!na~mu1
collar, la cadcna_y_el arool:L,1··- - Hacia--el-anochecer ,;arfo~via de flechas. Despues cstalJa· por enforinedacfli'Y?'
(mica diferencia ~onsistio que ..m8:l"!'.an~. f~eron ~criflc:a~os y ·., ron los barril_es de po_lvo_t~.· q~e}t.en
en esta oportunidad les unto en ·· · 1os· ·espafioles-;-y Jos pieles ro~ llcvaban. El estruendo cspanto p~:es. de h matani
cl cuerpo el asfalto cmpleado
jas cenaron en tomo n una ho- .~ !rJs c::.! :!!!:,, c hi~ ... :·.:1i:· ;1 ~o-~ ;•: ... r ..... : :-:,:,:,;;·;(~
para· calafatear los buqucs.
guera gigantesca. Cuando el puer~os en todas dfrc.:ciones. ir.l.!t'io ·en ~n- charc(1
hambre de todos quedo sacia· romado complcta;.nen!c ·po r. .piu vomito r.l?gri:t ~
Luego rccogi6 una antorcha· en·
cendida.
da: De Soto y Moscoso se ·es· sorprcsa, De Seto echo a correr · . a la ori!la ,.k ,,r1 ri.J
-i,D6ndc_est.an las siete ciucurricron de la ciudad y una por t()da la ciudad gritando:: --lla de ancho·llamad,
dades de oro? -grufio De So.
\'CZ fuera de la empaliz.'1.da Se "lA las armas, a his armas!". ~1oSCOS() .. nojo"-:'stt
Un interprete cubano tr-d·
dirigieron al .cementerio de los Pero pocos fueron los .hombres Jas aguas fongosas.
dujo SUS palab"ras. __ Los indios creek. Con palas cavaron f1.irio•
quc respondieron: ~ l)U , llamado. da·.·er s~ csfum'ar'o~-hablaron sin cortaplsas, pero el_ samcntc en las tumbas. No tar·
Cuando amaneci6, Cofitache· csperanzas. de. haii'a:
interpr~te no pudo entenderle,/ naron en desenterrar ·una doce.
qui ya hnbia quedado complc- 1:lS :.;iete-,;·cil;dades'· •
Lleno de frustraci6n. De Soto na de restos mortales momifi- ·tamente arrasada.· Con gran j:i.mas cxistier.:.m._c_i~
les aplic6 la a.ni.orcha· y dos escados que tambien estaban en. desconsuclo De Soto hie· de ·rui·. , gar. ~fo£coso·> y_'.:.:!lo:
·i'nspi
~~·-:·'..'
i(ff:w
0
-
•
.
De
~'J.~~!(,:'"'-~'.~~€t.]f-
.-,·.~~~
to.
~!~~-.-
~-l~~~-i.;-,~-~..:~!1~-s~~2M2~~~.~-~£.l~~j~JJ~~~§}~e~,
pesas co~u~~ ~e .humo.
,-X~.~~-!O:S e~ .~~--~! .te~:
se _desprendie~n de los _d~_. s~·E:.:..ca:.. Qui!4~!U~;..l!~9~~cu•7 ,quel!t~ :~}l~e. ;:;1 a.unl:!?,u~~~~'.'?}:· ~ns_truyeror:i) ~ ;
res humanos suspendidos del'. bricron que la cavldad ·abdomi· dentro de las~·ennegrecidas al'· . pai·on pol"· e1- rio;~;,
Arbol. •
· _: ~ · ,, .. : .: nal d_c !oSJ cadiveres h~bian~ Si·:c-.'.madura~ _castellana~•;j'.,a'_'mitad · <.Goifo."para\:jj_~gaijn
. Y. lo n1ismo sucedio mills tras · do vaciadas.y llenadas con_ per:--. de· los exr,edicionarius ··estaban ··J··'-·'Algi.ufos""""libro~t,
milla hasta la.s Carolinas y luc·
Jas dcspues. De tumba en tum. muertcs. D.: lo~ $obrevivi0ntc,;. ;~c;·~.:i\tan :, De Soi
ba loi. dos cspafiolcs saltaron la mitad cstaban heridos y muorimiento de! t'io
go hac:ia el Ocste hasta. Ten·
con frenest echando las. perlas chos de. estos sc h:....lhban li· r.T !uc :;u rk.,;cubrid
ncssec. En cada vuelta del camino los esparioles torturaban. que encor,traban en sus yelmos
teralmente- dcsnudos. Sin la
no·r correspon(lc .a
a Jos· indios, \'iola~an.sus muj~·
de acero;:;:~~;.~o la oscuridarlf,t p6Jvora los mosquetcs y Jos ca·
Vaca:·
.... ·-
_··:-~\lf
�~;,;~~.~~1fj~tf~~~,~ffJif~
El hombre estnba d~perado pues no acerlaba;
dor en nlnglllln. carrera ·eu aquel _hlp6dromo)Al fbiOo
..· . prar • uno_. d!,,_~_.~uadraa,, y~ dlo~ ~::d~~JJ~te1iaJc
::.~~al,caballo que·pensaba..Jugar~-Hecho,esto~pre~
.,..
:\P~ee:·~t;i~-~~-: .
:. ,:. _ _-No lo K, per~ seguro que t.eru.. el caballo:inA,~1
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estar blen ('Urada. sfendo preferlbles las de abeto, caoba y p:a1o• : ~-~ ·
aanto. La tapa es de plnahete. Para. la rabrlcacl6n, .al,ru.no11 c· '.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_009
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3-147 EBF 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Vol. 3-147 EBF 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c40024a81168b632191b247b3c57e9af.pdf
786b3c7863a6bfb5f890eb50365d6053
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
,,...
-
_,,. _
-
~__,,,,.-- _,,,,-
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SlTBJECT: _
(COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION·6 ( 264- )
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
--~- .. _ --·
�NOTICE
I
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUD~D IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CON])ITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
��.,~;-,'.;.,
· •f
ro
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FBI (10~- 0 31211) · ,. -- ~·;·.,... ,_ -- ·
DIRECTOR
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.
..
.· · . .
SAU JUAii (105-3353 Sub :t)·(P)
SAC
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·DATE. 5/28169·:-... __.. >-.
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GROUPS SEEKitm IlIDEPEIIDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO -·: ~--· -·.:-.:··: .- :· ·-.- ·-:':_··:f_f
Cotn·rTERil-rrELIGet:CE. PROGRAM
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wife of
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facility in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
.
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San Juan proposes that a lette~., prepared in the
~ a g e ~n nl2in ~.P-arked paper~ be sent to
-o...a
na.D
I ii . . .
ht:3 brother and head
'-'d<;; !·.: .l:-·.n i.,ission in ~an Juan., ruerto Rico., pointing
out the above and indicating thet the situation should be
remedied before the press is advised and it beco~es known
how the MPIPR., through the actions of its leader., rewards
faithful advocators of independence. The letter may be
worded as follows:
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).
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~.,-~-~-J§f.%e
o~eg~r:~;~~ty_ · .:,:,:::~~
s..,udents for Incepenaen~e
FUPI) member and ·estranged -·~ ·. ~·-- .,~.:.~,-,,.·.~,~t··
Vt;TS1
-··~-
·.
Sources of the San Juan Office have for a period ·;_.-.- · .·::~/~1Xt
or time advised or romantic interests existing between : · .-.-~t·\-:~.-:..:-.;~s:·_ ~--:
JUAJ.! J,:ARI BRAS., head or the Movimiento Pro-:tndependencia . _· ·. ~ . --~~>~i~~1
de Puerto·. Rico (Puerto Rican Incleoendence Movement) (MPIPR), ,t;-:,~ft:?fa~~
---
.
· :.:'./
QI
''HARI continues to be seen with
IJ @M
If you
are too much or a fool to resent being a cucltold, I. as a
friend will not allow it to go-on. If you will not stop
this I 1·1111 expose this fat clown to all., including our
friend
or the. press. 11
·
fttfill
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~~Bureau (PJ,I)
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Buy U.S. Sa,:i,11,s Bonds R11,11l11rly on tht PaJ·roll Savin&s PJ1111
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By use of this ~ e 1:t is believed·
may be caused between the""'11at and MARI BRAS, and thus · _. · '.~·~wi~,. t11,e. MPIPR. An add~ioin.4.;.. nos~ible _result could be ,__ ·..,·· ·
a t~tiP±:t on the part ofMldfaii to reveal detail~·-=.-· ~: · . ·
regarding any 11rJt betweei?A~rt;errMTst act1v1t1es· ~~-.-.::~~-.. ~_·.·:-.-:--::; ..·:
the MPIPR., as a reaction t~ the ~~f1v1t1es. of
;'-~;;;f~i~~{~·\:.
Bureau comments are -solicited.
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'Reurlet 5/28/69.
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Autt1ority ts gra.ntod for you~ office to proceed·,~ . ·
•ith the counterintelligence me11sure described in r~let. ·
Jfowever, in adc!i tion tn ·,.1~i.ling the letter to
:~.
t.:
allJ":.nd
~
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~ho'!:tlcl sir.ml ....
C'o::-v nno
Advise the Bureau when the m~ilings have been
corapletea ~nd closely follow resction thereto tbrou~h sources
nv~ilable to your office. Positive results achieved should·
be fr~mptly furnished to the Bureau~
.'
LEB:bbr .:_.,
(10)
..:
NOTE:
See memorandum W.R. Wannall to W. C. Sullivan
6/9/69 captioned as above prepare~ by LEB:bbr.
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1\~hile San Juan recommended only that the Jetter be directed
i,,
·---~ij;I
letter should
etters. s1ould be
simultaneous y t;o
1e
The letters will be prepared ,:~
on unwatermarked paper and prepa1'ed in such a 'manner so there will be ,
no possible link to the FBI.
·
-~r
ACTION:
. .
.. •; - :,.~-,
authorizing ..i..t to .pr'oceed with
~
Enclosure-<~
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be sen'Cl td 1J~a1t2J:Oan
telligence measure.
If you app~ove,
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Mailing of counter1ntell1sence measure referred
· - ·. ,:&t
to in reference letter carried out 6/18/69., 1n accordance ·_-,~-::<:/·.: .,.-\~fl
with instructions therein.
,-.·•:
~--
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_ ofSJDallwill
followd for results and Bureau will be
positive evelopments.
.l. advised
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REC· G\l
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Ci.· 117
-
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--------·. - - . . . . .. # • •
.£2.:.. Bureau
1 - San Juan
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In view of the above, San Juan_ sb~uld give prompt
t:
. ,..
~ considewv: counterintelligence moves at this time direct~d~;
$!l
Si~ce·certain LSP members are apparently~'\ 0
N
i disenchan~ed with him. it appears nov would be an appropriate :::rfr
2. t; c.., time to discreetly let it be known (for example, by anonymous
i·!.
~ o _; lettr
~ · he reason for the recent arrests of LSP members
U
..__ _....-is
· indiscretions. Anonymous letter could be so
f.! .
1tr.1.tten that t Ytould clearly point to ~ a s police
~
source ~ho l•d to the arrests.
i
tw .~ a g a i n s t ~ i f :
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'r.
You should consider the above in light of the
situation as seen by your office. Submit 1our comments and
recommondations for Bureau consideration. Ho anonymous letter
should be mailed •itbout prior Bureau consideration.
T•'"°" - - It can be seen that a successful move against
.· ~~--------_ would result in the removal from t>;o·minence of n militnn-c,
: ::..,--- dan~ous
separatis. .5nd
.' g:.-::. __UHlli#ltW- B!lilf
:'" F•ll-=-==== 1 - 100-335202
~ Conrad _ _ _
;. F.7,°_
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, 19 OCT .21~59
SEE NOTE PAGE TWO
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=fi-BNOV'., 1969 :.f!'
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a~ove
rensons, the Bureau feels this· ·counter-
ploy should not be,. utilized.
SEE NOTE ON PAGE 2.
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YORK
(p;;)
~~\).c'.:-f/NJt;f}~fi/:'°'i"f·
GROUPS· S:BiUNG I~IDEPEIIDEUCE FOR PUERTO RICO,
·· -, · · ·•
~gr~TERI!1TE!.tr.:2NcE PROGRAM (IAT,m AMERICAN ss:cTio:i.)
PR.'1
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ReSJlet 10/29/69.
{ :.· .
T~e ~~o reels that the mailing
·1etter as set ~orth in relet. would·~
and 11k9ly would result in
or
the proposed
no useful nu.r-
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ne 1eeJ.s that
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San Juan proposes that an anonymous letter, prepared
~
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tp various LSP members in Puerto Rico and tollllBI
B
L .Prestdent. of tl"'j PLP in Ne,,i. . .k City, pointing out i-1lt:: snort.com.i;ng~·: . ~- -...
. of
iffliiCi
~ j . s leader of_ the· LSP. .The ~~tte_~-~may ·. ·. · · .. ·
. ·be ,..;oraea as lu~..&.~h,.s:
.. _...... •. :......... ,?:~-:-~-~:.... -· .- . . ·:- ·.;·
1
ip
the Spanish language on plain unwatermarl;.·~ 'C·~r.,,:-·r .. l'
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_._-~-:r. : _:·,•Comrades_ of .the Liga Soci~~ista· Puertorriquena·:· : ·.· · ·--/7-':~:.,.~:)/···><.'·.~i
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~;~,~~t~r1,J/:o~'~~~tt~t.it\({n~~;;\\;c;i;?;~~ft~'i¼.
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1
"In 1954. our or gani za tion was formed with the · ~:· 1
• . ,;:c
~-~r~~a ..pr ' _ha V ing ·_ a Close-knit group of militant xoung ;.-~;~>-~-~~ ·..-: ~ ~-~-)~=.
??}!~l~~· :-.--~.·~·: ;..,~:"~~:·:]L'·:~~·:. · .··men to ·advance the teachings of- Marxism-Leninism. andt-~~-~:~. -·~·,..~~~-~:~~·
·
to lead in the 1'1.ghf f~r. the indep~nd~~ce of. ·our~.;;· -:~:;tt\\·::/I~f::\tf{1;
beloved country.'-;.·' . ·'; · ;: .:_·,:
-=-.-·;,;t~ ~;""'~:<. \~::
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~:=~
nothi~:i~~:
!!~~m;~~~h:~sb~e:~. wri~!e~a~u!ru&h
i s. tha t wh i• l e our 11 1 ea d er II s it s i n hi s . 1 vory t ower,if~~;·
. . ;....
'l~.s.
·
writing "poetry," Mari Bras gains hundreds of followers
,;..,-:·::-:.J
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by acting and leads in our struggle for independence.·· · ·, :· ":··,:·-.·· ··. ~
While we talk, others act. While our old men -discuss ··~,~ r.: ·-.::.· . .~-::·.·... ~::~
theories, our young men are carrying 'the -·struggle ·1nto-~--~·:= ~:. ~:: \t}?
the· streets and . o~to the campuses. While our. young ...>,~.:-,·- ..!'=~"!-.-,·~::~~·/.
men travel to other countries to establish ties with
~- .. · · · ·
other peoples who think as we do, our 1'1eader 11
indiscriminately tells the police of our plans and
,,
,,
actions.
"While our young.men.gain publicity by bombing .. ....
·· .
stores· and destroying the ROTC building, the only
~: • . ·. ·\.·· ...
thing the· newspapers can publish about us 1s· the fact~>: ..~-· : :_: :.·.~ .·
that we managed
get ourselves arrested f~r carrying :~· ·· -~-<}'!-JJ'i.
weapons, while all other independentistas carry guns
-~··
unmolested.
•;
~
~·
. . ...
.
.
to·
"Thanks to the indiscretion of our ttleader" the
police have.been in our very midst reporting our every
move. Who knows how many other info~mants attend our
meetings!
"The time to press for our independenc€ is now.
The people to do it are our young men •
.. t.r
l
f
·"What do you think?
Is it time :for a change???
"An Activist ' 1
The San Juan orfice reels that the sending of this·.
1 t ter should create dissension within . the LSP and poss1bl~ _-r;·-:,~
· result in splitting the LSP into various splinter groups. . . . ~-·:.~'!!~.
It is also felt that this. letter· would weaken the prominenc:·e· ... J,,-:::i-.,•
i, ~-<L~.
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. ·,.· ,_
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&&t111s.dhmt would .· l~~~e·n. the ·weight'.. of ·h1'S· su~p~ic_ions-::~·-~~:ff{~.\~~:.~~>=~
against
.
.
.
-~
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·. . -~~...-~.. :_j_ •. : ·. :}~\'%'
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The comments in the proposed letter refer. to ·the:··-_._..·..
arrests of the LSP members, the recent firebombings·of ·
American stores µi the San Juan·area, and the attack on.the
ROTC buildin~ at the Rio Piedras campus of the University of· ... _,.<.·.\:-_.;.
Puerto Rico {UPR) on September .26, 1.969. (?ne or the ·J..eade;s·: ::::.!./..J~:f.:--;~)~t;.
in the attack· on the ROTC buildin~ on 0/26/69, .was. 29 year{;,.;~:~~-:~;!~-:.~;,·
w~-ceid
old LSP member,
.
.
,
.8., , .. ;, •;-; :.:·,.,
great deal of pui..,..1....L.1.. .... """ -·· ............ "'u.a.n nei·;.c)l:',;lt'~rs~·is ·
· · · '.':#if
listed as being "Sub-Director" or the LSP •. It is 1·s1c t.nat
·the rr.; l; t~nt language of the nrcnC'~ed 1etter is· ch~!~acteristic · ·
. of
and might cause
to suspect
his
c1c£ J.~t':::utenant~· of being wuc: &Lt~nor of the· propvse;u .etter .
and vying for leadership. of the LSP.
·.;..:: ::: . · ·:_ ... : < . ... .·. >· -~~ .._._-_:. ·""
a+sw
. .
..
. .. ·-.~
.·. .
.. -·. ·:. .-.~· :_.:. t ~;"_:.- .....
San Juan proposed sending this 1etter ·to· the . . ·=· . ..' · ·
following LSP members in Puerto Rico: .
. -._ .··- ·. ... • ;,. ~ ; ·~ ·-,:_:-_
......
Cammi ttee oi' t.:·,~
friend of
copies .of
surely be
New York's comments are requested~ particularlv
or not this letter should be sent to
as to additional individuals in New 'lvr.K ~i"L.r
should be sent., and the _impact that a letter
have 11\:ithin the PLP.
r0~~~rning ~hether
suggestions
c..u , •• HJ ...1. the letter
of' this type_might
NSi. .
Bureau's comments are also solicited.
(
·... - ~":: ..
....
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•
�AuthoritJ is granted for your off.ice to pro-·
ceed vith -the counterintelligonco measure described lD
reSJlet •. However. mn111ng should be 1111.ited t~ se~ected
members in Puerto Rico.
Advise th~ Bureau when the ua1l1ngs h~ve been
completed ~ud closely follo7 reaction t~ereto through
sources avnilnble to your office. Positive results·
achluved should bo proaptlJ furnished to the 3urcau.
i, ...
-·~j
1 - Bew York (10S-32fl72)
(
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SSM:bbr
,,....,\ :
V
(9)
NOTE:
See cover memorandum . . . . . to Sullivan dated
12/10/69, same subject, prepare?oy SSM:bbr.
,,
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JI.AILED~
DEC l~~ 1969
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NEW YORK (10$-32872) (P•)
.
.
.. .
'
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO. RICO -. :.:-: ~.;:~.. ,·
.
CO'Uh'TERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(LATIN AMERICAN SECTION)
IS - PRN
. :i!
New York Observations
NYO reels that
(never known to be controlled
by any. orgenizstion, grouo or ina~viduel) .. is very resilient. · It
...
...
bcunced from the LSP, he undoubtedly will have a new group in
short order. Ir not forced out, on the other hand, the LSP can
be expected to become
end more i~~otent b
actiont in the
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The New York Office, which also considered this counterintelligence move. recommends letter be sent only to LSP members
1n San Juan since New York Office feels possible schism should be
viewed as a local matter of little interest outside Puerto Rico. · ~
Y.
- - - - - - - - A.
:
The anonymous letter wi·ll be prepared· in such a lanner -4.~ ,..
thereJ would be no possible link to t~ttr:~\rr'FhDfC 1 1969 :ET _~~ . ~
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Enclosure~
105-93124
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RECOIDJENDATION
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-105-93124
RECOMMENDATION:
That we concur in San Juan's proposed counterintelligence.
move and send attached letter to that office author~zing its use
·•
with the mailing to be limited to selected members in Puerto Rico.
, l'
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-.
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Memo andum for l'lr. Sullivan
'l
. Re:·. ; G~oups Seeking Independence for Pu rto Rico .
·. - Counterintelligence Program
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-· J ·TO • - (105-93124}, - · • -~:, ., ,
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SUBJECf:
»Am:
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\
AC~: SAN JUAN
·S~b::I). (P)
0
oR;~;~· SEEKING
DIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
Ji
_·
::-0;
\:~fr::;:: o:,f
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(IATIN AMERICAN SECTION)
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Re San Juan letter~~to .Bureau·,· 11/21/69.,.·.and -~·. L;}.~_\'~·;~\!:~~<·l·
Bulet to San Juan., 12/11/69.
·
·
··.{··
•
Mailing or counterintelligence measure mentioned
in referenced San Juan letter accomplished 12/19/69. _ _:
1:-~.
•
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•
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into. ddiomet1c Sp9:ni~h ·.:• .>·: ..: -~---~
and· S;i.n · Juan_· orr1ce employee., -~~,\~:-_:·::
.... -~
_:~. ..·:
:
-· -. :·.-~ ::;e.\\/.:~-<'.,;_..,'}-t./i -~~ti{
·:.•
...
Letter was mailed on plain, unwatermarked paper
and envelopes, and was mailed at the Rio Piedras Branch
· /J ···)(: '.
U. S. Post Office, which is near the Rio Piedras Branch
/-,~ // -of the University or Puerto Rico.
.
'
Letter was mailed to the following subject~: .. :. .. ,.-"- -~..-....., .\· -
·,~;-~/._}:~r·~..t(}_
·.;
/
San Juan will ~ollow., as per instructions in
, referenced Bulet •.
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To:
J:ro=:
1:i.rector • Fl.!I ( 1"&-i.6ltt9)
~
Kr.
.. llr.
Kr •
- Jtr.
- Kr.
�on
:';, ... ;.ft
Ort
~-.:;,: f.
.
In Yiew of above, Chic~o.sbould.be nor-t
the activities of above-i:entlon~d sabJeets during
~:·,
ata,· !.n Chf.ca,:-o.
Chicaf.'C) should atte!:•~t to rl'ter.:
o1iemam~n
ADV ~rtincnt ln!onl.Atioo.
~tay
ChiCrtgO Should be
forni~b~d by eo£t expeditious ae~ns .a ranted to Bureau,
~an Juau &nd IUlJ ~ther a,~ro~riAte field office.
GCVelO~Cd dcring tile
Chtc.o..~o sbo~ld additionnll
<.:oun te ·1 nt
r
~~tder •~:ediate
'
t'l!'
r.~tad
.~
NOT.;::
All subjects are included on the Security Index.
.
,.
I
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i
CO~TIAL
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. PARTIDO PROLETAnio· REVOLUCION.AR~O DX PUERTO J?.ICO
' ''
(PJWOLtrrIONARY PROLL!',UUAN PARTY OF PUERTO RICO)
. ·
. ·· · · .. ·:-:~"*(PPR)
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l'.'A.........,...U.~i .~·.; .. ~~~~:~•>J::-.-·~:·
BeS.Jn··1r·tl.!._e~l-~ ~s\T/~'10
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.· · -. . . ·.·.· ~.. •. · /". ,-.=:~ ·. . : ;·:~ ·· :- · ~,. . .
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ncnirtol advised tbot captioned organiz:aiion· .~;
" now dissident gruup formed from the Puerto P..ican Socialist
Lcasuo (LSP).
..
.
It 1.s notod thnt
net ions, a Burcnu-approvod
;
.
. ..·
. ..• •
-
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I
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1n our cont1Duing counterintelligence:~ · '.~-:~·
anonymous uiling was tu.de to ... ,:# '".:_- t· ••--: -r~
selectivo LSP mcabers with the planned objective of. the :<,.:.,_':.:·~.:·.. ·.~-- :~-disruption of the LSP.· .. · · ·
'· =-'. •• · • • , i
Advise if our countor1ntc111:cnco aovo w3s responslblo
for the r:ipporcnt disruption of the LSP. Additionally, furnish
1our asnccs~ent of tho current strength ot the LSP in ViQW ot
the sopnrntion of certain ot its mo1:1bors who now compr~se·;-_
cnptionod group.
..
......- '. .. ,.? __ ~.:.-': · ...
-
.....
~
~
·~
.........
Extra copies of .this 1otter·bo1ng furnished San.Juan·
for your filosmncorning the LSP nnd countorintelligcnce matters.
2 - St.n Juan
.-
1
1on-0921 CL.SP)
1 - lOfi-336~ sub I (countorintolligance)
(1) _
,. '
105-D3124 (couutcrin1dligcncc)
1 - 105-127313 (L.5P)
SS!.l:sef
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(9)
NOTE:
-rSnn Juan at Bureau instigation. vropnrcd ononyrJOus
letter approved by the Bureau for mailing to selected LSP i
niembcrs in order to disrupt, this ~ilitont R,)d-chinose ·.... , :: , J<·~.
oriented group.
· ·.
·. · .. ·.·, .·
DUPltCATE YELLOW
S--OAPR ;30i970
' '. . . . ~OTE conih~m -p~~E ~-~ :·
.......
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l?Z:.!-::n !S t-::CY.SSIP'IED .. • . · - ,:
J:~C?Z m::Ri SHOWB
~~~~;~:.???ii
PARTIDO l>ROLETARIO REVOWCIOUARIO DE PUERTO R~ft:R\TISE-.~~---·t::·:-;:··.= . _. _· .
(HEVOllJTIOllARY PROLgrARIAll PARTY OF PU-ERTO RICO)
- .
__ .. ·_::~·=·,':·;,_ ... : •.,-·.:;::-'
(PPR) -. ·-· ,
·· ·
.
IS - PRU
_
..
t" ·
~ -_-; ~://1." i~:,,,,/.·. ;:::.., .. :
//1:1: ; .....~. /.. : (:.!) ·
-.. ··:·-:-:-.~..
.-. - ,; :.:>/.·: ,.//'Re ·au.reau letter to San _Juan, 4/16no. -.·
\._-~::~.~
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Gr.- · I ·'
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During the latter part or 1969, positive indlcati~~
~i
were developed that there existed aome 111ajor disagreements_ ___-. , .•.
w~~ng l!o.ders and members or the Liga Socialista Puertorriquena "-"~·-:t
(Puerto· Rican ~ocialist League)_ (LSP). A n u m b ~ _ . '--~~r:{'.
LSP r.ic~:bers were questioning tho leadership or . .:t
and indicated that he should be repl&.cea..
--~~~Jf-;
fY
41
An analysis
or
the overall situation at that time
~-._
resulted in the conclusion that the situation presented an
opportunity to disrup_t the organization by taking advantage .
,!. ••
.:;
li
~
.• r·
--
..
l ..
-."·>. .
er the oxistinB situntion utilizing a oounte~intelllgence ·
measure. An anon11nous lotter was composed fer distribution·
amen~ selected me~bers or the LSP, including some or those
who wore directly involved in the di~agree~ent described nbove.
The letter was worded to take adva.nt~ge or the disagreement
and to increase the bitterness that was already developing.·
The letter was approved by the .Bure~u and subsequently mailed,
on ]2/19/69. Although no first hand direct report or the
effect or the letter is available tor lack or any sources
within the organization, subsequent develop~ents establish
a s1en,ificant measure of success ror this counterintelligence
....
device •
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nere are presently nine known active· members
,.
.
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~-
~-]_.
;;ffzr;,n·
. _41 the San Juan, Puerto Ric~ area and e1gbt known active
. met:tbers in the Ponce, Puerto
.l~_ad~ition,
investi~tion indicates that
- is in the process
or a rebuilding campaign, att ·'·i-J .1.11& o recruit new LSP
members fror:1 local university ranks.
•, I!
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~~
CON_~TIAL
'
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I
.
or
aed t
the LSP
.- .
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�!~~2;f.~~t~~~hftt~~(~~~~;~~· ·;·~:~i <·,·~
~,··~-.·
Fr~'
("".!~ k
•• ~7:;. ::
~
ACTION~~
None. For your information. Additional pertinent
results of our counterintelligence efforts will be brought
to your attention.
)
,.: : _ t
..· .,
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DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE DIVISION
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Appropriate-letter attach.ed.
.
·.... ~~.: .·'.
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;. /
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V·
�·and the LSP.
move agai~st
this militant
ueutralize the
·. San Juan reoared anonymous letter which pointed
out shortcomings of
.
leadership and his indiscretions in le~king infor~,~ u o police source which led to
\ arrests of a number of LSP members. Letter was so written
that it was felt additional dissension would be created within
the LSP. With approval of the Director, San Juan's letter
was sent on 12/19/69 to selected LSP members in San Juan.
·'·
t
[.,
A current analysis of situation in San Juan shows
a number of dissident LSP members (all or whom were recipients
1of' our letter) have broken ofi from LSP and have formed a
lsplinter group. Th~ LSP at the moment, in view of this, is
disorcanized
is reported attempting to recruit
new members in orucr 'to restore life into the LSP. It appears
: reasonable to conclude this counterintelligence effort bas
succeeded in taking advantage of noted dissension in LSP and
has ·created an irreparable
between
~f his most devoted lieutena
9Q /.., .,
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f.
andaseaa
,7~xq-.
sfili.t.
re
105-93124
·
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SSM:sal/pca
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.
i16 MAY >2 1""0
CONTINUE~ - OVER -·· ____
.
-'f: J
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~-
SEE ADDENDUM, DOMESTiC-INTEULIGENCE
JLJEnclosur~ S-~<tJ _ )c,
DIVISION, PAGE 2
~
·
_ 6 6 N 4mm
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-~~8t~~~3/.if}r.it1:-t!tl:·:;l
- ~-~ -~~~.
Memora.ndum \\'ann~ll to Sullivan
Re;,~-itar1 Bras·
.. . . . 105-,292 .
·
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.... .....
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RECO!it!.!ENDATION:
F~r:f
,, ,; ,: . . . . ~ ,. '? t.,
._,... ...
concur in San J'uan • s prO!>Osed counter. ... . . · · · ·
..
intelligence move a11d send attached letter to that office and· .. ··_:' \.;C~;~~
the New York Office authorizing its use 1 with mailing to be_.:.··:: . ..>..i~?-::i
limited to selected members of the KPIPR in Puerto Rico and. --:--(._-~·?{~:s·
New York City and to two anti-MP.IPR journal_ists in.Puerto Rico •. :···~:~;·{~
That
..
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SA!i JUAN
' ·.....
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i:.pprovs.l
AT S!,N JUAN. PUERTO RICO:
or
t,he- counter-Intelllc.;ence letter.
,... ·
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Will await Bureau· ··:.-_·~~-"~.. ··.-·~-~:-/..::~i.i~~j;
.:
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- ;_ ~~ ,. -;. ~ .
· we believe tho.t
it is
time
for
a
se~-cr~tici:~~~~l'Jf:{f"'':;'~~¥.J~ i
~-t appears .. ·~:.:-..;·/:\'.J,~~~iit·
e.nd e.n evaluation of ·the goals of our J.:ove?lient.
ot our spokesmen are su1'fer1ng f'rom ··the cti{ ~' i-_~~: :~,:~~
thst :eor:ie
.....
··:......:._~
~
·... :.:_:..
~
i
We .e.re beµig led, 1ike sheep to the ......
~- .- . .... . .
· · ··:
.....· .
.
.~,.
&laughter~ to.' a disaster ~or our co:uades., our moveoent • and .. :~ · .:_· :_ ·. t
t?-..e u,::.ividuai n.
'.
.
~ ,.,.,'~ ;;'-'~,._1:· • .
O\.:r
bt:loved country.
~ • ..... ·~,:-IITi,-r,"'=' .- '•. "'
, ..I•',!•'
Let us pause . and reflect
'
I
Who ttade the decision tor the. i.:ovement to take the. ' ·· ·
step fro~ organized o~en le~el action egeinst the repressive ·
forces to actively support the clandestine groups 1n physical
the ·Yankee military?
Why~
at this time, do cert2.in
incivi~uals clam the right to expose our wives and children
to the back lash certain to result from political assassinationt
It :is c,ne thing to destroy Yankee business., but it~ a ~ar
~~re serious to openly~engage 1n gunfire on the streets ot
Se.n Jue.n.
U thh activity continues, which
or
us w~ be
2.ble to leave our home 1n the morning and be certain that the
....
'~-
re~resslve torces will not have user our children in thei.J'
g;.L~s1~ts!
How ce.n our leadership be so 1acking 1n 3udgement
as to ~ake a decision i.nvolving not only ourselves. but the
faDily
or
each and every Puert? Rican patriot%
J;liCLOStJRE
("
•i
~;o~ '~ur -·' . ~: \.·.":"'/.:.:)~~~~~
actions 1-rhile there is still time.
E.tt.acks o~
.
'\,~t.i.i-h
�..
~;>J: . .. .,{ ·
:i:s
OU~
stl'Uggle against the Yank~e.
i.mpcri~l1~ts~~g~~--C'ti?!'~"t:f·
·i:,Jt <•:. -~t~~:/·to. defeat that we ~st l!lll~te/ ~ursiiv~r-,i~t~,~1ii1ffi*b;f[ijJ
-
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.· .•·.:-: l-h.~
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.
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.
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..
-
.
.
.-.
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>...:::,,. '·.":~ ..· ~--~~-~\·' -;·_ • ·'·-- ·. ·•.
"l.
~
t~e progres~1ve. peoples ot :the w~rld such a f>iasco th~t. -~e_ .· ·<\~:. · .·::..,,-~.,.
•
•
•
• •
• - .-~, ~ •• ',-. ,~·1:~•;l•C:.~;: ~--~_:,:~·:~~-~~~;;~
ce.n onl.y of£er ourselves and our tam111es as sacrlticial lar.bs -~ . · ·,i.;; ·
•
•
~
•
...
on the alter o! the class struggle? 1'here is no_t one
.
•.
Yenlt.ee U!per1al1s?:!..
-
-
.
...f:.ii}~.
~-
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But., our homes e.nd the stl·eets of San-·
Juan are not the Junsles of Vietnan.
trhe r:pressive f'orces·
''
ttt
need only to ley 1n 8.l!lbush for ns et our homes to ~eteat·
the vanguard of the Puerto Rice.n people.
occur?
..
or us .· · · _:,:.~~~-
t:ho is not reaci; to .,oin our brothers in Vietnam to def.e&t the
,·\'
0
E
conj~~!~~ri~,~;~tf·':':_°'.>·: ''(~,i@·
in
~
V
. . . ·• ... .......,. . .
ettem;; -~' gain wo~ld_-'t,:f
'·'.~~d ~omp.2.e~ ~nnihi1at16ri 1n a 1'ut1lc
Opinion 8nd e~pathy? :ts our cempflign
.
.
~hen~ what will
Do our leaders think the.t they v111 be afforded
police protection? ~hen~ with the vanguard ot the people
~assacred. who w111.1ead the tight tor 1naependence--th~ fag3ots
.
and lackeys of the PIP?
We can reach on1y two possible conclusions.
- -
-
the ncult of the 1nd1v1dualn has ceused certain.
of··our
One~
leaders-------
to become so psychotic that· they.actue.lly believe the
nhistorical cr1s1sn_has arrived
m
Puerto Rico.
However. as
individuals who actually did participa-te in the march against
SKO on May 3rd and in the recent action against the Yankee
Navy's enslavement of Culuebra~ we know how many militants·
'
-2-
�.
.
4,• • ., ..••
.
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nT.., , ,~..::.-.. . ~~.::·~~:l;e~ .~.·the\i~~~;~~ ~\it{:1.fi~.~/~;.· .·.·t~if~~~.\·/.·~.;:· .~,~:,:
~.a.:a~
'•••,••_..- . .
;.,p.i'.A\,J.AJ'•~tt,:.,•...
I•.,
~A; __ · . ·t,~r''''i:itb;ut arms.
~
t~a~1ng·
,•
1
;
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•".
and other
.es~~D~#,~s~_,'tf~-~~i~f/:2t~
"•
:,,... ,., ...
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~-
._-C.•-:_-:•.--:.. ......,,....,;~.... '.:'--'I!.._..,. .• ,
•":-:'. •:
1
be total~~elpless age.inst the repressive f'orcesf\. ~>..: _:;·/-;.;t~;.lf·_~r·;/::-.---··s-:~i.·
;(_ ·~~-·
•
:·,?,·, -~"-.
.
.-.
..
·-·-.. ·-·- ·_:.~-.!_~,;~~~--.:·· .:. ;. .
Th~ o ~ ~t~~r::~onclusion 1~ the poss1b1lhY
~ha{~'/-~,:.:.};;.~
::;::t::::r:; :: ::::::s:~c::::st:v:n:::t:;t::{,:
'}i} ,._
:::
l(~ik,
1ndependen_ce m~~ement have_ ~~-~cted., 1n their _'tt1ldest dreams~:·-._-:,
i~·::.j
that their pr~ry enemy would· elCPose 1ts membersh1P to· Ope~ : .
rcprisslt
t,
r
·i-
t
:;_-::,,;;;Jil'
Only through .the use or Judas goats could such
1r.san1ty come to pass.
f ..
Comrades, search your minds!
ine future ot our
struggle and a Puerto Bica free or the Yankee octopus
u
at
stake.
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Mr.
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(Mot.H'lt Qlpplng I~ S,oce Below)
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t~~1J.t..307,000·",8:iid- SiilfGi·owing,,"t~~~:~,,.
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By fltANK SOL£R
Of ow Lit• Aftllta sa.11
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· · ~,, ~ econor:nic re.5earch ana.'
. :::: ......Jt"St Tuesday ~stimated that
~;:={tJ~e Lat.in population of Dade
:' ::Ounty was more than
.&07,000 - and growing.
(,-·:·Li Richard Tobin of Fir,t Re- ·
·' ;'.earch Corp. said his mmpa-·
{:a~· estimated there v..-ere 307,•
;' iJ4 Spanish-speaking per-
living in Dade CDunty
. -r!~r'.iOns
af January 1970. Tobin
.aid that about 90 per cent of
lS
;,
.hese are of Cuban extrlt•
.1:o:- f:a-::.--~bo~r;; ·;:
f~e area•, 1.+million
':'population is Latin. .
{cent
~~
TOBIN aid lhr fi1ure rep,, Latin markers potential, had
resented an increase of estimated that there wowcl ·
S0.000 - up from 221,000 -be 308,000 Latins in the area
over the last 3½ years..
. b,)• June.I. 1971.
- 1be figures coincide ·with . Tobia
attribull'd
the
recent estimates 1,y the Stan• ·IJ'1)Wth to the number of rerdard Rate and Data Compa- ugees who return to the
ny. a national media market J.tiami area after they have
researdl f inn. which report. been resettled elsewhere in
ed. 303 .ooo Latins living in the United States.
Dade. County as of January.
About 4,000 Cuban refube said:
arri,-e in · the . United
States eat'h month 'aboard
The estimates were re• · the twice-daily airlift flights
vealed at • Lalin market from Cuba to Miam·~·
H~~REVIOUS .
report
by
first Re-search. prepared for
advertisers Interested In the
.
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-1.be MI.AMI HERALD
)fiami, Florida
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bade to Miami and its UttJe
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Heing followed
5/27/70
£41Uaoa:
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UE: MLUII CUllA.N
COLOA'Y.
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Memorandum recommends approval of San Juan Office•a. i:. :;_.::-::~ ·f: ::
proposed counterint~lligence ploy directed against J'ua.n Kar~--~.;.\~/;_(/~
Bras, Secretary General of the Jdovimiento Pro Independencla . ·;~ .~ ..::./t;.,,t
de· Puerto Rico .(Puerto Rican Indeftendence l!ovement) (m>IPR). - ··:·:-._,:·~$,
The !!PIPR is the la:-gest and most dangerous of the militant
Puerto Rican proindependence groups. Letter isa.tacbed for.
transh1ittal to San Juan.
.
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The 3/15/70 issue of "Claridad" ~ontained a~ article·· ;:~. _::'t~i\~
bearing the byline of Mari Bras entitled "Political Commen_t,. <~\.-~.:~·: ·· _i
Act of v-·ar." · "Claridad"' 1s· the-·official·-newspa.per 'of ·the"':"t::·.-:~:~ : ....":" ... .. / ···1
l!PIPR. This article condoned the ass:i.ss1nat1on of United siates · ·
·
military personnel stntioned in Puerto Rico and declared th.at
the time was approaching for Puerto Rican "patriotic forces"
to engnge in warfare against the Government of Puerto Rico and
the United States military.
',
''
This article apparently caused consternation Within
lll>IPR ranks. Many MPIPR members feel they have neither the.·
strength nor resources to engage 1n violent activities at thistime, nor do they feel that the "moment of crisis" has arrived.
Mari Dras has been openly criticized by some 11PIPR leaders
who foel he bns crossed the line between respectable independentist activity nnd illegal acts of violence.
San Juan proposed an anonymous lotter designed to
ex~loit dissension among l1PIPR members as a result of public
support of te1·rorist activity by lfnri Bras be sent to selected
lU>IPR rno1;ibors in San Juan and New York Cit,,. S::tn un.
nro:,o~~d to ~ d copies of this letter to
Eff.*9§9%¥64¥ who are editorial writers for ~panis i - angunge
news~a~ers published dnily in San Junn. Both individuals have
previously published articles critical of Mari Bras and the l!PIPR.
&ending of the proposed letter could create additional dissension
and distrust within the llPIPR.
/ .. , . .,, -· ,,. -· . /.
. , .
Enclosure
· ·· '·
· '· . . .:.~ ·- _:_;_:_ ~ ::.::::-=- ·.:. ·1 :.·...· ·
- ... 105-292
5 4JUtJh"jj~3124
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(CClunterlntelllgence)
OUPLICATE YELLOW
NOT REC:O~"--
202 JUL 8 1970 ·
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RECOH!ffiU)tttON" - Omt
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l~OTE: CONTINUED:
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Referenced San Juan airtel advised of the
organization of captioned group from·mc~bcrship of
dissident J.SP individuals.·
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FROM
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IS-PRN
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SAC, SAN JUAN (100-4785) (P)
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San Juan airtel and LHM to the Burea~,
5/4/70, captioned es abovej
. San Juan a irte ls a?'!d LID!' s to the11 3-1.!.!'eau.
6/25/70 and 6/30/70, captioned!" MOVIl{IEkro
Re
PRO INDEFENDENCIA DE PUERTO R3:CO {PlJERTO
11
RICAI-; I?ffiEPE1'"DENCE MOVEMENT) (Y2IPR) IS-F?.:1.
Enclosec for· the Bureau end New York. are.one
copy each of a letter written in the Spanish leng-~age a~d
its ":"\-~,; ~~"' l~rr!Uage tran.slation. Tra.:1slation 1':as mace
b3
San Juari Office Correlator ?rar.slato~.
As the Bureau·1s aware. the· factional crisis
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co;1fronting the MPIPR et this time has been given widespread_
9uc2:city in the local news media. It is further noted that
this a ct i vi ty most probably resulted :f ro!!l an ed 1 t:>rial l·?rie~n
by :.:ARI :BRAS in the 3/15/70 issue of "Cle.ridad," wherein he
.coL:}011.ed the assassination of US milita·ry personnel by
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A?~roved: - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
S;:,ecial Aoent in Charge
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172 JUL;·13
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�,clandestine. terrorist groups and declared that· -the ma.n.ent w·es·-:.· .. -_;·
near for all "patriotic" Puerto Ricans to engage 1n insurrection
ar:ains.t· the legitimate .authorities~ On 4/21/TO, MARI BAAS-:·;::.~~
appeared on isle ~-··:·de TV where he hof' l'i
e;r: h, '"·~"" ?. ~he!"e;;ts
'For th~ t·~IPR.
{fir?'
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It is believed by the San Juan Office that this letter
will assist in maintaining the rancor of this disp~te and 1n
further alienating V..ARI BRAS from the dissidents. It is the
ex~ectatio~ or the San Juan Office that this crisis will
per~anently factionaliz~ the MPIPR into small ine~fective
groups.
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Bureau is requested to expeditiously revie1·i this
letter as rapid dissemination appears necessary Et this ti=e.
The
LEA!):
SAN JUAN-DIVISION
AT SAN JUA!x, PUERTO RICO
Will.await the·Bureau
decision to disse=inate the
proposed counter-intelligence .letter.
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·-:-.~· · Existe una crisis en nuestro Movimiento ·; po~·'.·..::·-_, :···-:--:1.:~~i:
10 tanto ha .llegado la· hora· de la decision. .
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~Continua.m.os la senda que nos hernos trazac!o en
nuestra valiente lucha en cont~a del Imperialismo Yankee •.
o vamos a perm.itir que un egocentrico con delirios de
grandeza nos convenza que un punado de muchachos "pega
fuego 11 puede ganar la revolucion?
t
Mari Bras se ha virado en contr~ de sus
compeneros de la manera mas v11 y cobarde. Haste. el
intelecto mas brillante de nuestro Movimiento, el
Camarada Cesar Andreu, ha sido censurado y condenado al
ostracismo fuera del Movim1ento por este despreciable
despota.
.
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Cem~radas, ha llegado la hora ~e alzar nuestras
voces para oponernos al poder de un solo hombre. No
estamos luchando par~ destron,r el Icperialismo Ya11-~ee
a costa de soportar una tirania en nuestro propio suelo •
. Dios nos libre del poder de un solo hombre!
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Our movement. is going through a crisis,
therefore, the time to make a decision has arrived.
Do we continue to follow the road which
has brought us so far in our.valiant.effort against
Yankee Imperialism? Or ~owe allow the raving thoughts
of an egomaniac who believes that the revolution c·an
be won with a handful. of youthful b~rners?
~ari Bras has turned against his fellow
· co~races in the most underhanded and ·Cowarcly mar.~er.
Even the most re~arkable mind of our movement, Comrade
. Cesar Andreu, has been censured and ostracizeo from
the Party by this petty despot.
.';~if$
~·~~~;~~'!J:~
Comrades, raise your voices in opposition to
o~e-rnan-ru~e. We are not striving to overthrow Yankee
Imoerialism in orcer to gain the mantle of horne-gro\,:n
tyranny.
··"-·
God save us from a one-man-rule •
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Translated by Carmen R. Orraca, Translator
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Director, FBI (105-292)
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ReSJairtel 7/1/70.
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Reairtel enclosed proposed letter for mailing as
adbditional counterintelligence measure against captioned ). ~--~ ._ .· _,
su Joct and the Puerto Rican Independence Move,uent {MPIPR •. :· .. ·.
.
. . .
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-
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It is noted a si~ilar letter·was approved for ~ailing
by the Bureau 7/2/70. This letter was to be sent ln order
to take advantage of consternation within the 1!PIPR ranks
caused by o.rticle of lfnri in· which itari condoned the
assn~sination of U.S. military personnel stationed in Puerto
Rico and in which article he declared the time was approaching
for · Puerto Rican"patriotic·' forces"to engage in warfa.re .
against the Government of Puerto Rico and the U.S. military.
. '.lie .
....
The Bureau has not been advised whether this approved
mai~ing has been accomplished and the results thereof.
The sending of an Additional letter a~ prooosed
in renirtel does not apnear to be feasible at this time as it
could convey to discerning MPIPn militantG th.at a police
organizatfon was Dounting an attack against the'fll.
In view of nbove, Bureau authority for this counterintelligence measure denied~-~
1 - New York ( 05-39139)
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SEE NOTE PAGE
59
JUL 1 6 1970
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ourucm YELLOVl
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-_ .: ._':· .;··.1.·-->.-·.·_
NOTE: ~-·,
The 11PIPR, the largest, most dangerous of the
-.
··.
Puerto Rican proindependence organizations, is 1n the midst
of ·an internal crisis .. which is apparently the result of ... · .. _-,
Juan 11ari Bras' decision to block publication of a colwm-: :/~ :-~. ·..-. ·..'
by an. IIPIPR leader as ll~i cla~ed the column· was a ·
·. !'~-;·. ·;: : ·: · --~~ · '
personal attack against bim and made public the internal - ·-·~:.-.:.·:._·. ;..:··~
matters of the organization. :This actio~ led_ to· the resignati~~r:W~
. k~
~ :;-.!§;_~
of a number of leaders of the MP IPR.
------ fl·.
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By Bulet 7/2/70 we approved counterintelligence move . :>:Jjh
(anonymous mailing) to take advantage of this crisis. Additional "
letter as proposed in reairtel does not appear desirable at :.--· · · ·
this time.
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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ReButel ~all 1/22/70. ~
m.,
Jlt 12:11 a.
7/22/70, an anonymous telephone call was
received at the Seat or Government. The caller, a male, spoke ln a
clear, ·concise manner, \\ith no accent. The call was a local call and
no mckground noise \\'as heard. The caller explained that there is a ·
Puert9 Rican answering service ln New York. telephone
who are running guns into the country and have ln their possession
=,' ·I - .~f~varlc,us types or explosives.· He suggested that anyone desiring to obtal( ,· ·
information about the answering service would merely have to contact Y
them and advise that you are interested ln helping or as~lstl~ in any '
manner.
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New York wlll conduct appropriate investigation to ascertain
lf in fact the answering service exists and Ult does, will attempt to
Jdentlfy the individuals involved. \\:111 advise Bureau of results of your ·
investigation~
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Call received at 12:11,a-.·m., 7/22/70, by SAIi
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- ~ p e c i a l Investigative Division. Information furni.s!re'a to SA
. !.~11: : .-=--=--. . .~ New York, on '1/22/70. Above cleared with Division Five.
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·ncd ~ six colw~.n article wri~ten
entitled, "New Trends and the
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:!'?le ., /2!!,/70 ·edi t;ion or 11 El Im!=)~rcial II a
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:;;.:::;.:.:."':::-..1 c::"iz::.s 't,·::icl:: h:..z cc:-nc ::.bout ~s :1 result of c:!i~fcre~ees
i;c·:.~.::6:.: .s-:.:.~j cct ::.1:d :!?Il?:t l~::.c!crs on the use of violc~ce :.nd
fc~c= to ctt~in ineopcnclc~co fo~ Puerto P.ico. By lotter 7/2/70
~-:~- :.~:::·.::,·..t~d :!. C:)un~ci•intclligcncc move (nnonycous n~ili:i~) . ·
C:::3i=::,:.:-~e to tO.:::c :::.C:v:!.nt::.~e of this crisis nnd to incrc:.sa the··,_ - ~P{t~
d:.z:: ~ .::.:.:ic:i ~i t!lin !D!P:?. r~nks. nclct noted th::.t ::.s ::. rcsul t,
=~jc~ s~~ Jc~n nous~~~cr on 7/2t/70 published n lengthy··
::.i·tic!o ~:1!ch quoted c.tcn~ivcly fro~ c:ltcrial cont~ined in
o~~ ~~o~~o~s letter.
Relct noted, ho~aver. tb~t rc~ctioj to
t~i~ ~~ticlc h:lS not yet cc~a in ~nd ~a are, t~erc!o~e, denyin,::
=c~u~zt-by s~~ Ju~ cont~incd in relet to o~il a sGcond
c~c~:,:::~~s lGtter, nlso cosi3ned to ~iden the split 1:1 the :!PI~a.
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SAN JUAN OFFICE FEELS THAT THIS IS AN EXCELLENT OPPORTUNIT.Y.J.-,,,\t'f•
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E~ACT TH£ FOLLOW ING COUNTER I NT ELL IGENCE l'iEASURE-. _· . r,
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PRO VI OED NEW YORK CAN FURNISH SAN JUAN OFFICE WITH. EXACT
FLJGHT NUfflBER
AND ARRIVAL TIM£
SAN
JUAN
OFFICE, IF
·\~¥,.
AUTHO.RIZED·,· VOULD
·TELEPHONICALLY AND ANONYr~USLY REPORT THE ARRIVAL OF
WHO HAS IN THE PAST DE~ONSTRATED A ZEALOUS ANTI-CO~MUNIST POSITIOH
IN HIS PUBLISHED NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. THE POSSIBILITY EXISTS ALSO T~~T
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THE EXPECTANT RESULT, IF THE Ar0R£~ENTI0NED IS IMPLEMENTED•
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JS THAT
~~
11 END
SAN JUAN OFFICE AWAIT B~REAU AUTHORIZATION.
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FOR R£:AY
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SH DC FBI· AND GA
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COUNTERIN'1'El.LIGEllCE PRCGRtJ-t · • .' ,',• '
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I_MTERH/t.L SECURITY • PUERTO RICAH' NATIONALIST··· ._:~.
,'~file: 105-93124 . _ ·
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ReSJtel 11/23/70 end NYtel .11/24 o, both Co~~ero$.ng·)::~~{tt·
captioned matter.
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been -postpon~d ·until
• no action ls bei113
· ·, "· · ·
tnken by the Burenu n · this tl.D.a. regarding reco:.T.1cnded counter•
·..:,;. {
intelligence action contoincd in reSJtel. The Bureau. however,
,-:ns fevornbly dispo!led to the implementation of tbe suggestion _· :
.
.
.·
to · San J'uan has ;·.
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in quostion and vill be similarly disposed to simile~: suggestions·
designed to· thwnrt an allia.p.ce pr points of aereement. betw~ ) j .,.
. cotmrunist clements and those·· seeking Pue~ ntca.n independence.-·.· ·
by forceful means.
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Both lfo':1 Yo'rk and San juan, therefore, should. remain .
alert !or addit1.orial definitive iltformatio~ concerning the.:. ···...
·upon receipt of such information,···
_..,nn Juan shou .c ernin consider irr.plemcntntion of countcrlntelli··
scncc a~tion deemed fnvorable at that tine antl subntt srune to
Dureau for consideration. Mo action should be ta'ken vithout -. · ·._- :,,~.;:>·
prior Duroou nuthori ty.
.-2 • ltc-d' York (100-121002)
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TJM:mkl (9)
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DI JP! ltATE YtLLOW:1 · · '
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Letter to St£, S3Il jtJm'.l
PAR'lY, USA
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Such ectlon could prove
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c .a.ei:1ents involved.
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Domestic Intelligence Oivi&ion
INFORMATIVE NOT£
Dat~ _ _
1_/_l_l_/_7_1_ _,,___
Att~chcd ~escribes counteri
proposal to be i~~lementod bv
Office u~on ~rrivnl of
.
.
·"
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·· P-Jblicity g i v e n - on a.rriva.1 would
hinder any ~lli~nc~nne~ betv:een
these groups, nnd docs ·not appear to
offer Bureau any possibility of eob~rrnss
ment. If nporoved, San Juan will be
instructcd-to--i:nplement this ·activity.
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USA_,·. INTERNAL SECURITY - cor-!MUNIST, BUFILE
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OtlE .;;;-~DRED DASH THREE DAS~ SIX tllNE, NEW YORK FILE O~E HUNDRED \_i\i'
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DASH Or~E T':10 ~a~E. EIGHT ZERO T~O , SAN JUA t,; f ILE O t~E Hu:mRE:D DASH
SIX SEVEN EIGHT;
.
f~A1IOtJALIST, BUF'ILE ONE ZERO FIVE DASH NH~E THREE ONE T~O FOUR,
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GROUPS SEEKING ltDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO,
COU~TERI~TELLIGE~CE PROGRA~, INTERNAL SECURITY DASH PUERTO RICAN
ON JANUARY ELEVEN l~STANI,
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�tJUi·3ER, ARRIVAL Tll'~ AMO AIRLINE UTILIZED I SAN JUAtJ I IF A.UTMORIZED i
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WHO . HAS.
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lH THE PAST DEf·:i:>USTRATED A ZEALOUS AiiTI-CO~~mrasr POSITION AtJD WHO
IS
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- T H E POSSIBILITY EXISTS
AIRPORT BY
·B§@@I
OR AT LEAST .BY SOr:E TOP FUNCTIOt!ARIES Of
•
.
THE EXPECTP.i~T RESULTS, IF !HE AFOREH!tJTIOi:£I> IS
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t1EtJ YORK THROUGH ESl'ABLISHEO SOURCES DETERt.U:JE AIRLINE•
e
FLIGHT t!U~·:EER AtJO
I
AT SA~ JUA~ I~TER•
TH~ OF ARRIVAL OF
NA!IO~AL AIRPORT 0~
SAU JUAt: OFFICE
{ ~t'A 11 U:G BUREAU AU!HOR IZA TIO l~.
R RELAY £LR FBI ~ASH DC
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LEAD.
NEW YORK IS REQUESTED TO EXPEDITE OBTAININ
DATE AND TIME OF ARRIVAL AT SAN JUAN AND ALSO THE AIRLINE TO BE
UTILIZED IN ORDER OFFICE WILL HAVE ADEQUATE Tir~ TO IMPLEMENT
THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PLAN AS SET FORTH IN REFERENCED TELETYPE,
PROVIDED BUREAU AUTHORITY IS _GRANTED.(t.e.)
END
ELR
FBI WASH DC.
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SAN JUAN 10~-67S
SAN JUAN VIA V~SHINGTON
WEW YORK
AKA;
100-84994 ·1p
INTERNAL SECURITY-C; ~ATIONAL COMMITTEE>
RE NEW YORK AIRTELS TO DIRECTOR JANUARY EIGHT,
SEVENTYO»E AND TO SAN JUAN JANUARY THIRTEEN, SEVENTYONE.
RESERVATIOr~s
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VERIFIED F,OR SUBJECT A S . . , TRAVELLING
, SCHEDULED TO DEPART NElwARK AIRPORT
VI~ EASTERN AIRLINES FLIGHT
AT TWELVE NOON
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AP:RIVE SA~ JUAN INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT FOUR T\L1ENTYNI~E Pral.
911' SCHEDULED
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TO JOHN F. K;NNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MEW YORK VIA
EASTERN FLIGHT
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GROUPS SEEKHJG INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO, COUNTERINTELLIGE~C£
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RE BUTEL TO SJ JAt-:UAP.Y lJiIRTEEN LAST.
ON JA~UARY SIXTEEN, l~STANT.
CP • USA, NEW YORK,
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lI THE PLAtlE. . . WAS CONFRONTED BY NUi"iEROUS REPRES~r.tt.TIVES OF THE
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LICES FLIGHT NINE SIX SEVEN FROM NEWARK. NEW JERSEY. UPON EXITING
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PUERTO RICAN t:EWS MEDIA SPECIFICAl.1.Y FROM WAPA TELEVISION, WHOA RADIO ..
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PlEl.lSHED DAILY IU SMl
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APPROXINATELY FIFTEEN MINUTES AND~tUtIALLY AP.PEARED FLUS-.
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1£~£D AND DID.NOT GAIN HIS SPEAKING COrlPOSURE UNTIL NEAR tHE END
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OF THE INTERVIEW.
NE~S ~EDIA REPORTERS ADVISED
WAS ACCOl-1-
PANIED ON THE FLIGHT BY
A~a UNSUB ~HITE ~~LE. PRESUr~6LY
WAS it.ET 5 Y I.HE
FOLLOWING PCP PERSONAGES;
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SUITCASE·.
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BORE THE STICKER QUOTE FREE ANGELA UlvQUOT£.
INVESTIGATION DETER~INED THAT
NEGRO ~~LE, THIRTY
EIGHT, FIVE FEET ELEVEN INCHES, DEPARTED FOR ST. CROIX, VIRGIN
ISLA~DS, TOGETHER WITH
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FEET Tt;.,0. It~CHES.
NEGRO ft"~LE , THIRTY T~O , .SIX
P~ll~AIR TICKETS IN THEIR NAMES REFLECTED THAT
THEIR ITINERARY CONSISTED OF LEAVING ST. CROiX ON JANUARY I~ELVE
- LAST, GOH~G TO NEW YORK, THEN TO ·sAN JUAN AND RETURNING TO ST.
ARE·AS FOLLOWS: HE STATED HE
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WILLING TO HAVE A PRESS
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HE CO_M~~'!_T~~-,,~EJ,:_OULD BE GLAD l~
Wl~~--TR~DE ,,UNIONS, INDE- __
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FILMS AND TAPES OF INTERVIEW WILL BE ~ADE AVAILABLE-
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Accoim1·NG· ·• '::· -
INTERVIEW HAVE ALREADY BEEN BROADCAST BY
ABOVE INTERVIEW WILL RECEIVE NATIONWIDE NEWS
COVERAGE AND WILL APPEAR ON lOCAL TV STATIONS THIS PM. LOCAL
~E~SPAPERS TO CARRY FRONT PAGE COVERAGE ON r~NDAY JA~UARY £1GHt£E~
NEXT.
SJO
•s li1?LEMENTAL COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
JWI.EASURE. APPEARS TO ·HAVE
BEEN EXTRE MEL. Y SUCESSFUL .l N 1' HAT llllllf'JPO N CO NFRO ~JI AT 10 N WITH
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THE FULL EFFECTS
NE~$ NED IA -~AS SURPRISED AfJD A~NOYED.
OF
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE ~EASURE WILL NOT BE REALIZED UNTIL SOURCES ARE
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CONTACTED.
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HOW SJ FILE ONE FORTY DASH
SJO I ND ICES RE
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SEVE~ THREE FIVE, POSSIBLY !DENT.
SJO
I~OICES NEGATIVE RE
SJO iO :w'.Al!-;TAIN CONTACT \r1ITH APPROPRIATE SOURCES.
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Re Bulet
On 1/16/71 1
Corn,
r.mnist ?arty - USA, arrived a.: .:ne
In~e;national
/drport :t w~ th his bodyguard., - j . . ; . _
As
alic:;hted
fr.'w t:1c pl~t,c, he was con.f'ro!1t.eo oy news medi~prescnta.:..:.iv_es :..r~r.l \{HOA Radio., WAPA-TV, 11El J.!u:1do'1 ne?t·,.~oaper, 11 El
=-~::1arcia.l II newspaper, and Visuie Ne1·:sreel.
initially
~,~~~red surprised and stunned at the press~age ot his
ar~!val. He was interviewed by the aforementioned ne~s media
:"';??resentatives for approximately 15 minutes, as he t:alked ~
t.;.-~"<"f':1 the airport.
As a result of this press coverage or
arrival in Puerto Rico.t the following publicity was
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WAPA-TV - Film clip
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On 1/16/71>
starting at 6:20 P.M.
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''r«a In:p~rcinl II news_paper. - --phot'ad~aph.
~nd interview aRpeared on tne front pa~e ~n the l/17/71
~dition, and additional photos and excerpt~ from this in~erview a.ppea.red in the 1/18/71 edition.
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Vj.:-uie Newsreel - .The fil~ clip o~-:;~i_i&l ·.: -~#
~n:i interview scheduled to appear in movie tne:at.ers throueh-:-,•;.:'ly~~l.6
out ?uerto Rico from l/23/71 to 2/15/71. · ~
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.L·vcd by Bureau A::;ents .shakina ha:1ds t·rith JUAN
:-:::>I/BRAS, who also part19ipated in the demonstration.)
.ff ~as named in a· Federal Court Cease and Desist Order
;1~:-.dcd do,·m by Federal District Judge JOSE VICTOR.TOLEDO.,
ordcrins de~onstrators to leave the Navy firing area. ·
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{ co:1:erence which was attended by memb~ a~l the news
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Ti1c aforementioned -publicity was a counter 1ntellir-.::r.ce plan or the· San .Juan _o:rice in an effort to disrupt
"C~:c. visit ora!B:o P...terto Ric·o, which plan was desiilned
-:: :1 t:1wart or ~ n t an nllinnce or points of agreement
ct.:?twcen communist elements in the United States and those
elcr.1ents seeking Puerto Rican independence by :forceful
i.e~ns.
It ·1s relt by the San Juan Office that this cou..~ter
:.n·.clli:;cnce plan was - e l y successful in that, due to
·
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- ·• , arrival and stay in Puerto Rico,
~u:·::.~:"o:~s scheduled meetings with Puerto Rican independe:ice
:c~~~~t were C3ncelled and_.was unable to ~lar.dcstinely
:r.e~~ ~r.5 cement alliances ~ u e r t o Rican independence
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___.. ......<1- 105-JhOl) :-:PIPR)
-~---( 1- 100-3) (NPPR)
··c 1- 100-}iOlld ( PIP)
.A1~-4.oo-678) {CP, USA)
1(1- 10S-J3SJ-.Sub I) (GROuPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR P.R.~
M~
:r.11-n
(t??)
rn.- Mr" -.MAY
G
. ~ ;::5.;;i~tfon fnddinit~
_
:
-
---·----~~------+"T9"'1'-- ..
__
AP.piov~a~
} "'JL;.~
fl
5 '' MARJ. 'l _19,Ii.;1 Aoent in Charoe ·
I
I
t-· i·
~~:.
~
I
~
~~.~<"'"'~,c=ry~--"-·ii.If-------------~~-.~~~,. . . . --·~
;...._!""!!!
...~-.,.....
D:.:
I
Sent _ _ _ _ _ _ M
~
Per _ _ _ _ _ __
�... '"' ..........
,:._ . s/;/:~:1~<;~- ·.,_;
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SJ{l:1:i-J&>;-~ ....-. :: ,
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·. ...
.
•
·.
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.
the Buro'lu, l/29/71, . also·· eJ'iti tled CP • USA: Snn J\:an· a1rtel_\~f'.r/J~\tl~
to tho Bureau, 1/21/71; San Juan teletype to the Bureau. .: -f(·..'."i?,. :· .. '. ·-/&1/21./71; San Juan t9letypo to the Bureau~ l/23/71; San Juan ...::
B\l.rea~,
Buroau drtel tO San Juan, . .
.~··
~2~ih:o &)
>~-.·__ ._·~~t~t
-,,,s
1/.2~/.!l;
Enclosed for the Bureau are 11 copies of an LHM __ .· _ ·-ds. tod and captionod. as above. Enclosed tor r;ew York 1:1.re ··
S copfes and for Miami 2 copies_ -of the _same COIT'~Unication~r.,)·
Local diasominRtion is being ~~de to 771st
:-·.,.
Military lntolligence Detachment; U.S. Secret SerMice;
,.-.· ·: t·
t:t..vo.l Invo:atlgntive Sorvice Otrico; and Office
lnvo~tigatfons,. Ramey Air Forco Ba~e. (u.)
-----..
~·; .
' i
\
{
- · J;f
'.
or
~
.......
Special
Sources referred to in LHM are:
\,
h-'.
f;
,.
- ~-
1'1.
ob~arvoci
('9
-· ·@.lltJDr.lG , iAE
2
f
.l
�The LP.M is clo.ssified "Confidential•• as 1 t ·:,
cor.t3in= 1ntormation trorc SJ T-1 througl': SJ T-6. ths· ,.::·.
unr.:,:tr,o:'ized disclo::ure or which could roasons.bly be
expceted ~o expose sources which would not be in the best
interest or tbe United States.
·";~t\l
. ~;...~
-LEAD:
SA?! JTIAU
AT SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
:-egarding any
nave aeveloped concerning
in Puerto Rico. { JA}
I,•
~-
cos IFIB-ra
-·
•
)!{
II
"'
i
�o~
, 1.1c·uJ..d ·
1'.
----,
J&.n-;.:t1ry
16.
.,
On JanuLry 16, 1971, representatives of .the Fe=eral
. ff.
~-..,~cr·:~1 of Investigation (FBI) observed- the follo,d:ig: (
c,.)
disembarked tro~ EAL
··· .. ·..n~ !"'.i.:i.ght ,19o7, "ni.cn h&::-... arrivec. at Sa:: Juan l!'lt.e:-r.a~ior.&.l
'P~~~, S~n Juan, Pue~to Rico, f r o m ~ · ~ew Je~s6~
·---~ ~=-~r- E..t approxirr.ntoly 4:30 p.m. allDf~:Lg conf:-o~te~
t,,.~· r.wT.erous renr.csunta ti ves ot the P-Je:- ~o Rican !"'.a89JS :-;.ccia
s~ }ci."'ically from WJ..PA Te;levision, \tJHOA Re.di.o, El K~ndo and
~l !mparcial newspapers, both ~panish lan~wspapers
;:,u~.lishcd daily in- San Juanli Puorto Rico. ___,..; suitcase
oo:-c 3 sticko~ which read, ·~re~ Angela". (tA)
Group I
----"a,L
f ,,
~·'
.. ~,.., ,:-
.:.,:, .i"s.nuary 1S, 1971, s; T-1 ad-..!sed thnt Hall 'W01J'lci'.- •.;. ~--.-:i·;l~Jj
~e a!'~ivin3 Snn J\:.~n Intor;iationr.. l ~i~port aboc.~c Easterr.)
Airl:~~s (EA~) flight scheduled to arrive at 4:30 P·~· (u
(
~~~
·
Excluded from automatic downgrading
and declassification.
locu.~ent contains nci~ner reco:r.m.endations ~~~_cor.c:usi1r.~
of tha FBI. It is the property or the FBI and is ~o&~cc ~~
7':>lA.r e.gency; 1 t and its contents are not to be c.istr~~ .1~ed · . __
ou~sid~ your agency.
�. .,
~.~
1-.
ti
~-
ro~1nine Affairs
or
PCP Secretary
-:i4i~ .
Finance ..and
I,.
•
?,.!)' •
--~··
PCP rnernber
PCP :member
A characterization of the
PCP appoars in the appendix.
(v.)
Jsn~ . . --\· , t. 1971, SJ T-2 advisee! the follo~ing
sur.~?.tion of what
sta~ad in intervi~ at the
lt.!r;,o!"t. to the ?uo:,,:o Rican news media: ( IA.,)
0l'l
He was in Puerto Rico to get acquainted w~th all
to~ the
ir.de~e~~ence of Puerto Hico • . He expected to visit rlussia
anti-imperialist fighters and that he, hi~~elf~ ~as
i:1 ;.. ~.:·:r~, 1971 to D.ttend the Co.rJnun!.st Ps.rty Ccn=:;re3s. ~e
~c~~ioned he would be glad to ~eet Yith trade unio~s,
ittcpcnccnce
parties end any anti~imperinlist fi~hter. ne
sta~cd, 11 ;.-~e he.ve o:ie onemy, U .s. irnper!alism. '' He Cv!'lsidored
the re=un: Culebra·solution a victo~y and stcted that the
U.~. :-:.1.vv has no business on the Island of Culeb:"a. He
rcr:::ir!!cdw tr.at the CP-USA has between l,S,000 L9lci 16,000
cue~-r.nyin3 m~mb~ra with the eenoral membe~ship being a~p~ox. irr.atcly 100,000. He characterized the llixon ad'!':".inistration
as b6ing reactionary, racist and pr~-war. (
I.,\)
.
2
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-.
-. :. ;~. -~- :;-~-,? -·)·. :-. ~-;
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r• ~:
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The_ island or Culebra is ···.:. ,_ . .- ~- .. ?~ • ·-=~~{~f.':1~.,?>·:.' ·
located northeast or Puerto Rico:·.·.-~ ·;; ...-:f~·· ·.... -\~:~.-~--~~ ..':'- :.-·.
and ·ext~nds tor approxima.tel7 21 · -~-·~_-::~;·=-·~:-.'.~: . ~;~-~-. / ,.
square Jlliles. Executive Order
. ·=·:·.:;~·\'·
8664, dated February 14, 1941, .._-.~: .~: · . :: :::i<.. _· :~ ..-.:_<-;: · -.. .
designated Culebra and adjacent.!_~_~:~:<}.{~<-~
waters as Naval Defensive Areas ,· >-·-,~-~•.. .. ·._;.-.:,. ::= .i..-...
and Na val Air Space Reservations. ::.t,:. .
t~.·&~~~;: ·-~17::)ln 1963, the Atlantic Fleet \o/eapons: ......... : .-~--~_.;_~ ~··?-:"" · ·
Range was es.tablished_ in Culebra. ~ -,;<_·.i·.. ~ •. _/\::·
The range represents one or the
.-... -·. - - ..: . ::.:
largest controllable sea. &."'ld land
..... .
1
1
~he
y. ·. "/
<·.
~.-·:·;r,..~:~··· :.- ..
~·.{qf-:~.:.1:>~:
::< /
~~~:~\::~! ;~!:/:~o::~::::
>;=.:·:>-~x?tf
i~:~d:°'~iec:~:;r!n:!~d;:e:~:s. . . :; .. .)~ r· >, iit
Puerto Rico.
{.IA)
.·
.
.
· '· ·.... ··
·:: :\'~
,.'"
On Ja~uary 18 1 1971. SJ T-1 advised that on .
January 17, 1971, a general membership ~eetir.g or the PCP
tock place at the home or Movimiento ·Pro !neependencia de
Pue~to Rico (Puert~ Rican Incle e '
~ovemen~) {MPIPR)
me~ber and PCP sympathizer,
Nl!l1lerous person.a
wera in attendance, includin 0 •
0
~~
~
A characterization
or
.·-. ~
,'
...
the
MPIPR appears in tbe appendix.
t'·
..e oIii I D:. K'.r J.A'rl
3
.
. .J
~
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-~....,,,,,.
.~
�. _CJf, f 11'L.. J. ~
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,..
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\ffb) .·
'.· .. . .. .
r .. --, _•• a.
~
~?••. •
-·
· > --=·~-~~ On January 21. 1971, representatives· ot the FBI <~t. ~~-~-.~:--:~: _'.;:. :)~;.,
tl'>,e,,,.$~-~}~~ing: {p.)
. · ·· : _.-:.-<:', • :~
> · · · · .. ·•
,;~~~~
0
obt.~~ve~
~&.~·:1ei~ai'i~t~-~~t:;:,:_.:\~~"'"c
an a.-i t! -Cu .1.e .>!'8.
(1
:>~ r ,;,) t{,:I
e:r.o;i.:; r. J'L;. r.;. C:l sponsoree by tb e Partido ':~ .
l~efende;~tista Puertorriqucn~ (Independence Party or Puer~o-~~:~\-~\-./~~·f
ihco, (PIPl~.which_~as taking ~lace in rront~he P~_~;.:i:-:?·f;:>~.~-./:~f}.,:f:~f
Office Building, Old San J'uan,. Puerto .Rico. allM was·.=c~~..:.:_.·~-~:--:..~·:~:~~. :i-.~t'f.
observe~ to shake hands with Juan Mari Bras I se J.l - : i ~ ited.. _ · ·.· -~ · · · ~
was also
botp PCP officers, wer·e ,u.so p~r~icipc..~ing.
. ·:-;::i-,:·,.··-..
.
• . ;. , .
ehs.racteri~ation or the
PIP appears in the appendix.
A
~::-: .·· '.·
c;:2~;,:l'~~i~i~
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c~)-. -~·-,.= ::·--~----.}~/~-~~·....}.:;~:~}I:
On January 21, 1971, U .s. District Ju.d~e Jose·
':'~:sd6, San Juan, Puerto Rico, advised t h e . t - . . . - a s ···::\ ~/_·
::.,·~r.li:.ded in a.""l injunction issued by hirn on ~ , 1971 ·
~-:l~icb o:-derod certain PIP mer.>bers from interferring wi tn
O~:~~at!.on Springboe.rd being conducted by the U.S. Navy on
~~~ island or Culebra.
Judge Toledo pointed out tb&t
·
ce;!"·~b.in PIP roe:nbc:9s. were · interrerring by occu~ying ground.·_.
1"'itnin the Navy firing ran.ge in _Cu~ebra. (1.1.J .
::.-· _· _. .
,,_
,.,.,,.
•
f~c~:.!a~soe:n~:!.!~~t.:~ro::m who
}.
· ·,.·,--•
trf:I·~tt~!ittllll
J •• •.1.
,i~ir-'-.~:--~::£:://J_: :. .~:~~;~\: :_: .
-:.::'.:~B-i _-_\-)?-~
'";' .
·
I
�.....
,.
........
.. -J~--
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.....
ad\"ised that on
Ja:::iary 2L
1;.&., a.
&e:ie!'&l ~e:-:i::>ersh:.p rneet!r.g took
-::2~·.ce in R o o ~ w a r d ··Johnson's Hotel, .Condad.o, Se.nturce.
~ .. rte Rico. - - advised that tbe tollowing perso:,;n::::.S_:-~·=··=-·=·==-:-::-=--::.;;,:-:·
-. .. -.!. r
~
a in .a t t encif c.e•a•t.,· _·t_h_:_s_Jrj_:e_.!_~_~_:1_Z~--_(_IA_i_~_--_-_-_·: :::-:· i.
---
: .f - .
~
.
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·~:
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.
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inemb~~.
5
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.
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..,
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on .. -. '~ . . ·
gdeps~ted S!ln·
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,c
.
_._a 1n::,., ..... 1AL
6
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, ..
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�?~\#,.·;·
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r;::;;.f .
~{~~, -~:<
'Ip~
.,.
.·~;/f,;i:-~~-f,;ii; .. r · ·
Ji,;
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w"'.' ~.·
>::.:.,;,;,r :~, /~:,; ~~....~'<.::!;~;.~-. :
•,• -•• : :•~-.£.~ • ~:: ': ~ '
t!1,{_. "":~.~~~!:~....... ·
r·:•..:~:-.:
.
~·.:··;\:· -
·· ....l
f;
t"
.
{,;t :, .
-·".· ·, -~·
._..
~.;_·, ·:·-,·-·..: ·. ·<:. · : ·.·.-.'.,· ·:,·.· .},·,.·:-.·.·.- ..~·.:.;,.,...~.-';:.,
...
.
., ... advised., ~ha~.~.);:./_-.. ~·/~·
re .... iaent o~ ...be S ~ .· :~ .. -.At,
v :·ero
........... a1·
nsu,r-"· .- l"'\kers Syndic&te) (SOI). h e . - · _ . ; '.;.:~:
:rr.ct w i t h _ .
:roorc in the Excelsior Hote.....
.
-~ ::·
Co~d~do, ~ ' Puerto .Rico. Source opined that tbis -"."f~_ .. _>/~\//i
meeting took place on ·January 21 or 22, 1971. ·. Source could.,.·-~:-.·..:-·~.~-. __ :
furnish no deta 1ls concerning this meeting. (a) <c:)i,:-; .. '.-{: ..
e
. ,
1
inWII
·'~<f?\
1
was· .. ·; :~:.-:~~:~?·::_~·;t
tt
/!/1~~e e;cirr::: ~=~;:!~e;~~~;t~ . _c··: ·•.. ;
··: :f-·
~
Ii~~;~--~·,·.: ·.
to July, l 9S3 at which time be
wns expelled t'ro:n the pep· .fop
~
..
_:
:';:·. :..-: ·
,·.
f:.
.t:
1~
ind6~-
.;;o;o ;!i~w U*~~)
,;·
The SOI is an
i
.
On JJnuary 29, 1971, SJ T-6 advised t h a t - · in
1ntervie~ by ~erto Rican news ~edia representatives vn
· January 22, 1971, made the ~llowing co~..ments·whicb are ~et
f'o!"th below in summary: (C-t)
·
.....
U.S. imperialism has made Puer~o Rico a major
nuclee.r target since Puerto Rico has. ~~t . .~~ez; ..,.~~....~,~
included in the nuclear tree zone.,,,... ) ............. ·-··'-··.····-·
I
t
'
'-·
r···
\..,'-\
The U.S. decision to withdraw tro~ the United
Nations' Cor.::nission o~ colonialism indicates
thatjthe United· States·deeiceQ to do this .
becn~se the Puo~to Ricon independence question
was. to be presented before ~he Comrdssion.
Halljmentio~od that ha would be raisir.g the
priority tor Puerto Rican independence thro~ghout the co~'"mnist parties ot the world. (Lt)
:
.·l
·1
'
7
~
.. · : .-.· ....
'·:.>,·:: c··~::~.,··:-
viola ting party discipline anc
. . . : ·. - · ·
ts:.ction&lisr:1. Although not a PCP.:. ::· :... ·.. :· ·
member, he describes hims:i.f as a
· ·
1'..ar.xist-Lcninist and maintains
- .· ·
.friendly rel~tio~s with tbe PCP. (&J..)
·.-·-f
· : ; · ,·:- .; ·.
.
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He wa~ di-sposed 'CO promote a movern.e~t to .·~. ·. . -,.. . . :;·....r!.~--~
.-~::l
!reo :,olitice.l priscners in the Uni~e«l States·:.~;_:•·:.'>-~t-}·_,~··:)f
tbe 12 im;risoned me~bera -or the
!nclue::.ns
'--=t>p'!""I
,,,
.:.v. r,. c.,,.tA
6 ·-:·
:-:::
··: •
Be stJted thst the
eonuna:nt poli ~ical_
;ir,:
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HE t:io:i:it!·~IW,'S:ltz1}t;j¥1inrri{'-"-,t1;"''''f'''1/
riY ·,~:::L·,{- :~:. -:,c· l:< . -..
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:,·,"t'~
_._Ci))-····-.:.,'·.-··_.-.··.;,_: .....,... -
. -
>
~·;.,,;:,:.=;.~i.,.t
j~-b~;:~~~.~~: :~!: ..!.:· . :·. iA;p:,;Nn~,n~:t~~:'.~·,;.t-~;i~:-~;.[Ji~1~~~~~~~
'"'R, : : ::;~~/_··_'.;~~:~~
··-~
:- ,.i,;:a.;- ·•·•
~\-.:~ . . -. .·::·-·>
).OV
J.:••.Ll:.~1'0 P!,O".""I~:DJ:.P.t;NDhNCIA Dl~ ?uE:{'l'O RICO c..;~··tf::..... ~.-: ·?·:: ::: ~.:.r.::,.::. ~J,·_,.:._.;,:_..:,
.....
.
•
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---- .
..
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• ....._. • •
.. ,- .......,~.....
P"',m':i'O RICAN IND!~PZt\'DRNCR f.!OVF.~!~NT MPIPR ··.~\~,r;\~)~}~·:::~:t:~f/ffi(f
~
:.;:- . .. ._ . t ·'(
·
~-
!
,
:
.
,
·
>: _•,\>_·:c:,,c: ~i:;tJ:lr;-.\S1:f*~JfJ;fj
The ~:PIPR w~s: ·or~3nizcd ~n November·~ 1959{
?o~c.e;·jt
I ·
1
- : _.
0
C&t·
?u~rto Rico~ _ J. t h3.s a ~urrent mcmoershin o'! · &bout 700-800 ·.,·.:./:__;ff:!
:~crto~.;. 1·:i tt scve:r-ll thvl"::ltn:i ~y:~n~ thizer~. '!'t,<.: :.~I?R 1s · ... ·... _..:~Jf
:,?'~~r~!zec i*1 missions t1.r.1ch are located. in various towtis throug1t
o~~ Pue~to Rico.
There' are also me~bers 6nc sy~oathizcrs in·.
...: ~ . -
"..::~-
••
•
tr.e continental Unitec States;. The MP!PR National H~adouarters·
at
1122 Ponc'.c C,c: Le.on .Avenue~. Rio Piecir~~, ·. Pue~to::._·}~~--
i~ loca tcd
iU r.o •
/
---
.
-·
:-·.
i~,. '. _;,~~,,-. . .•
,,.,,,.;;,~
I .
-it
l · - '·
:. ··. ·· · ·
cl : · •
; , • '~ ;
the tirr.c t~o MP!PR ~u~-
ore~~f~.~~-~-:-~-1/~~~~i~;ii~i}~-
th~ ~ i:. did/ not oclvoc~ t:C vic,lenc~ but woulti t.ccc.:pt ::.1c::>cr:; :_". .·,~-.r:.
•
• '4 •
~,,.
V"RI Bn~s
, t·r.e ~4" OU..~cer
•
...
•
•
\O::'&C C.-.C.
~H.1.nh a..r\
·ttn ,
~na OO:::~r.:l:"lv ~ec.OC?" O.:;_;,~,~,
t:-.:.~ ore~niz~ticn, in a. s~ecch in 1964, ·thr<:atene:c? violcnce'-_·.'\:~~f
co:r.p:1rr:olc to th3.t in .Alceri:i, 196L~, 1f Puerto Nico bccll:ne ~ .. ~·
sta r,t: within the United: Ste,. tcs.
.
-- .
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~p
.. ,... ! '- • .;: '
~i ;.,. , . _,. .-~; ·. :c--:-i.,.;~,:-'.;_ ·:_.:_:"'.f.
4
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- ~- .-· ·-··=· .{· .: ·. -.
.,_
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!-:·~rch 15, 1970, issu~
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:;t~tcc th:1t1_ 11 in Puerto Rico there is :in i.¥"J.c::i.picnt nrr...e:d ~t~~gel,
or ·
c~ the p."lrt1 or pro-indcpc:r.dcncr. i.ndi vidun.ls t:ho ccr.:;!ae:~ it : ··~?~::·
th.cir p~ tri otic duty to'. cor.<luct w.:irf:.1.re c~ainst th~ <:~pirc · -· ·.\·?f~
:·:hich comin ates us. · we· believe th:lt every Puerto Rican :-~s
·~\
'the ri.:;ht t1a cake war against the invaders of our coi.:.."'ltry.
And war 1s tna:..r.ly k:tl-~ing and dying. 11
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~r.:J Unitcc /st:itc:1 policy L~ Victnn::-.. The ;.;.i,:rpn h::...; ·!'\u·t:·.~r
url~~d the boycott 01' cl~c.~t:11.'\n:.~ in Pu~rto Rico.
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On April 21., 19"/0., du2·ir-,:; the ~uUl."SC ..,:· !l iU'Oi!l'::::-, . ,-,,,
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to ti~-.; Si.lpcrintendc..mt., C,-,:r.:r.onwcalth of ?uerto Rico Elections .Board., : . -~:r
s¢viscc th::t :l.t ~he J'anu:.i!"y 23, 1970, meeting 01" the E~ections .Boarc., .
.... .-!c-i P:? 1,;:... !' certif~ed as n !egnlly constituted -polit!cal party in
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·. . .·- ·: (At
.. :
~'
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_··_-/·.;: ·.·}f?
. -:- ..·\·
INTERNAL SiX:URii - COJOlUHIST
-_
.~:',·:~·:-::::.~:.:t+t~~:--·:-;-~;·;-::rf~~
_
. _ __ .,
dllring Hbjeot '• recent_ t:_rl~ t:o Puerto .~aico.
onl 1/11/71, it ••~
learned-tbi.t .
'"'W."n~ ~~:!:~ !"!!~i.! !,(~~:~as·:
BACKGROUNn:· -
5
0
.:
Ji
i.
1:!:!!.~;r::.
To advise of positive reaulta of counterliitelllgance
·· act{on _~aken
PURPOSE:
·:: ... ·. .._ __ -- · :-:~-~- ...:.
·>t~·~. :·
(..J:·'~;i~j).
~~~i~~J:
tho
Communist Partyl of Puerto Rico and leaders of aubveralve Cl'OU~~~~
seeking independence for Puerto Rico. llllllf intention was to· . · ·. ·
arrive without :fanfare, and conduct. n o ~ aeetings but meet_ . .- ...
in private with! these leaders •. The main reason tor hla vleit
- ~\~
was to institut~ cooperative action between the Communist Party · - \
of Puerto Rico and the •ubveraive Puerto Rican nationaliat
·· :·:, ···-= ~·
groups. ('-\)
I
·
·
l>
i~
With tho Director's B.EJ>roval
Nf't!£:;:_n-1val ~as
eiven.
~ la B
'l!\ontit:£lf alighted from h~ pTane, Ile
television andl news e
_.,..,. . ,.......
.a
information regardin(!
~ W I 1111
I!! mrc13Ptirbil
•
of ra~,
. ~--
�... .
,
Brennan
".-· '.. ceuor-~1;12_1s.·.,
·~"-: .. . . .·
.
ACTION:
.
·_
.
I
•
4..
. f
J'or information.
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~~-
SUBJEc/· f ~OUPS SEEKING JINDEPENDENCE ·
I. :f'~R P~RTO RICOI
.
.•· h
..
,
.
.
.
i. .. .• .. .
~-
· · t·
!{}d
··/. ·
jJ~~NTE~LIGENCE PROGRAl4 .,
.
.; ,,..
.. . . .· .
t~
~
.·..'!_ . :
Re Bureau· letter
··sai1 Juan
sal'I Juan report ot SA
l21/30/7P, captioned,
Puerto_~r_iqu·ena (LSP); IS -:- P~.H.
I
.
-
"flil_~:.
.- ·... --- ·- ., ~·~-;~-
Enc1o~ed for.the background information·
one copy or referenced Bureau letter.
•
r
f,
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~-:
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-~:,·~'.'"t
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~
·~
.
~;~rqi;I ·~. ·~· ·
u~:~'Jr~ .ci!a ~0n~ih~~ 1~!~~~ :f -'"~r.11
1
!h!~~:,,.tf-
ca! ~;IT~~!1i::t:to!~s
-~~~.r~.
licizing
ra!'l1 tvle.
living, would have. any,*::t_-:.·.:·t't}f~
f)~ ·· -· ~.-..,~:··,.,,. .' _, adver~e e 1 ec ·· Jon
t appears that - a s ~ ! r . ~ ~. . :~~-.
;,-;7:f.-;.i\, ·
.•.
always prided himse 1 on the act that the L S ~ i s ·. ~l: · .._.. ,.. ,_ r
j
~ole dir~ction a~-~_;s 1ndepe_n~~~1; _or . any othe! Puerto -Rican~··<~ .· · .~~
.. {
1ndepend ent1St group.· . . . . · , · . .
• _
_· ,(-- r _:· ;· ~-,'. ·: /~:
~;;;z;~ .· :
ti
·. .J
- ";' .1
··,.·.::t
amtl
it
I~n.!!1!~s oih!~e
1111
---:r:(:5/i
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-.i•
i.
..
.: j
'b
--~
. ·.l
···2
J.
tr-
// :formation
. · ·'l'he
wlw York off1ce is reqtiested to furnis~·:any
it may have to indicate ·that ·the PLP is furnish-: ... ·:
in~
. ---
.
·ft..
....
·· . ·.:.•
~-
. ing funds to th~ LSP~ If such information does, 1n fact,
exist, the San Juan Office would propose sending_ an anonymous
· ·;fi
-- )._et~_e~--t:~ .!~-~ PLP J-.~._New___Y~rk Ci~y__p_QJ.n~_ing out
grand style Of living, in efforts t~ · Stop any S U ~ w . ; I ·
flowing from the PLP to the LSP. If such information exists
in this recard,lthe New York Of~ice is requested to submit
its comments c .. ;~cerning whether or not such a letter should
be sent to the PLP, specifically to whom the letter should
be sent, and the impact that a letter ~r this type might
have within the I
San Ju~n ,,,i 11 continue efforts to determine the
source of
funds. .
. : ;·, ":-'";.~.,J,,. ..: ·cc:;:>: ;,;-;:,J{·'- .;/ii",.'' .
-ses+aa; I-
PL\.·,
p&SiiCf
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..SONF_lOEN~lA~ ·
- 2*
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·}·lli\
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-,.._'·-\ ,.•~.. ~~.<.
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' -~~.
._._. ·- -'SAC,
I
i:{{
1 - llr.
l - ltr.
1- llr.
San Juan (105-3353sub1)
§,.:. .
· ··
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~
..•;. -':. · · Director, FBI (105-93124)
. ~:
0 ,
--
::_ , : .
.
-.
I
GaoUPS
.
.
sEr:KING IN~END~CE
:roR
J»w;im> a100 .
I/
-
..~1
.
COVNTERINTELttGENCE .... . . . - . -· - .... - ..... - ·. ·;.-/~,;.:: ·-.; < .. -~.. ,:-i:,··:· ..,.:-~ . ~ _::~:~:
IS :. PRN
. ~.
·
· · _· . . ·:·':"·· ... -~, : ::·~'' .·: -4~'..:'.'
. ··
=
I
.
· . . .
-v··/
·-_
Encl~ed tor San Juan are pages M-2 and K-3 of the
issue ot
:W~r~d,: ~ WesJ, ~ t
~~.ist n.eflt~,,.°'.---
.:~!!:~1
' Ps.,_.,
eople's
c~.
6
1
· his trip t!11;:: ~:!:~, ~~ ·c M-2 ;: v~~~!~:dofh!:~~:: :P~!~~~j
!ii!:togethcr with
· ·
. It would
..~.
~ /~--., .._. - ....· . ,·_. ·\.
6r-.$
M~r
1;~:
_
Mku
that, itl thi.:.J
ograp
e superimposed on a ·
.,,...~!~)i.·
suitable cartoon such as that utilized in the_past (see your
letter 11/14/GSI and Bulet 12/17/68 both entitled as in caption),
' much value could accrue to tbe Bureau. It is noted Puerto ~
Ricans have historically disclaimed communism··and that the
/{,
om.'l':1nist Partyl ot Puerto Rico is still regarded with dlstru,- .,
:··
nd suspicion BflOng even the most staunch advocates of Puerto
u
cou
IL
r----.....
"" ~n !
ican independence.
a ·.~ :k
,-·. c r ·
.~ ·::, :E
.
, Accor~ingly, you should give prompt consideration to
·-~·~:(~
i n:, 8 his a n . e r possible counterintelligence moves directed
,u .
ainst · ::t:Winl light of current situation as seen by Jour office . .
u...
ubmit
· · omments and recommendations for Bureau consideration,
ti!i;in~;bo;;~cap:ion.
FBf Laborttor~ w~u!d be :ble :o ,.. -,-:::~ass0 S eyd carot 001 Ce ~--~~~r -~p~ ng enCc?S_f?_.~
OD .., -·--/...
.·,.
. pr P0 9
n.
·
REC·71
._:, ~ .._,
C/
;
...
,
J .. _
i
Enclosures - 2
·
·
----,
J
.
·
T:e
10
I
f)
SS'.J: c!l\Y
(6)
- · ~'J
•\ 1 I
NarE:
;,o~~~r,
:>~·,_,_
t
-
M~,. :J 1!7!
·
i
---... --.._
results of trip
we know that,
the
orit~
~•-.r.--::~.- ....... : ' ! ..:..·S ... -
- . ..<?Lt ·1
•
·
�. Letter to SAn Juan
· -.. · Re: Groups Seeking Independence for
105-93124
•.
\
•
NOO'E CO?ITUroED:·
.
. .
I
-..,.i...,
..;_1 ~ ...--...-;-, ·_;.
... - .
,:..
.
·
In order to· pr_oceed logically and to continue pressure··.'.-:;:,~.,.__
on subversive groups in Puerto Rico, it ifi felt we should tak~~t/i,:~:..)t.
advantage of lllffl'! visit to Puerto Rico and show his relation-:,·.-~·:-.-:~.
ship with
· It is felt that, if sufficient· · .. / ~-~:~-- ~-./.}:"~
.""· -_...,
publicity
is relati
, it would have advers• ;___.::.,,.:-.
effects on grqups led by
, the Puerto R_lcan --._~'l;::~t!-:· :;:~>{\
Indopendcnce lfovement (
mmunist Party· ot Puerto· _ Rico (PCP)~ respectively.
I
... •.• ?"
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-
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·.:"I.-•
�·, r'f·· ., .
Director, FBI (105-93124)
/'
.'.··rl:~
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RIOO
COUNTERINTELLIGEUCE
.
ts-;;-·pRN ···-···· ... --··
. ··--· -·-·------
,~~~
{.,,! ___, ·-
ReDulet 2/26/71.
~- ·rP-·-
~'
- .. ··
I
.
I
._
;A
·-.,-.:~. -· ·: · ·__ -. ReBulet suggested counterintelllience ploy against-' :.,:·--,.;~i~
Juan llari nrasi Secretar1 General of tbe Puerto Rican Independe(···c··~~1~~
Movement (UPIPR). ·
· · ..
.-i
'.::::..:.......___
...~ ~
i., ..
SAC, San J~a~·(l05-3353subl)
.
. .
-;
.
--,~· -.·.. -
.
.
Enclosed tor your office is single copy of 3/8/71
edition of the "Bulletin," publication of. the ''Workers League." #~1~_~~.-:
See page 51 of SAC Letter 70-62 dnted 11/3/70 captioned
Jiftt."Characterization of Subversive, Racial, Klan·, White Hate, an
-~;:'.Militant- Black JOrganizations, IS-C" for characterization of · .. /i :_· .:_, ._:_~_-.·;:_., . ·_;·~.:
0
Workers League."
·
.:
.,
I
it r·-o;:;:,·_-··,:--; ·-·
!
~~-
··1
On pJce 9 of enclosure is article entitled "llPI Fol"IDS·, .. :~.
Alliance with Stal inlets." This article should be perused by
.
your office fo~ possible material for use in counteri~telligence . ·-
· ·
~_ __!,/"Y jgainst
llrfX-104
Rlc,.a\
93/d.'-/-:--J?I/ :\~
.·U5"-
As instructed by·reBulet, you should ~u~mit your ~mments~
· and recommendations for Bureau consideration.
·
----'--::-;:;1·
..
'
---------
Enclosure
...:i
6
SSU:dlw (5)·
~·.
•
C:.
NOTE:
I
·
MAR 12 1971
.,
... :~/;·:Jr
_..., · : - .·_
AS
.
m
.:·
-1?t:.
~:; 1J:,__
--:--
_; <•_?·. ·.
/,",r.r 1
'
·
Following recent trip o f _ , ~cretary General:of· ·.
CPUSA, to Puerto
Rico, we suggested to San Ju~b relet that
.
I
the
onsider ~tilizing photograph showing
Secretar.y General of the Communist
toon show'ling their "marriage.~·
-
rt.:-~.:.-_-_-_-__
l·: ,..., _ __
!:!::•. en._
_· ,~-.~~.!:8·-- alliance
Artic le'i,'hulletin 11 takes the MPIPR to task
with "~talinists" and could add strength to
{ ~.. ___ intelligence pl~y. The .. Workers Le~~e" is composed
expelled from t~e Socialists Workers Party which bas
~-- .,.•• __-_-_-_-_-designated pursuant to Executive Order 10450.
·
i.-.
1
._ ~::!"'' ---
._:~ E~:-~=-~~~=-=- ~?, ,-{'uAo6.~i971
) i~ /'
c..., ___
=~~-,. _-.
·.
MAJL RooM~L:ELETYPE UNlTCJ
··-
.
for
our counter-
.
of indiviqua~s,.~ _
been ;·._ ~ -.~:, J · -.'..q:·
.-.. ---
·;~'
~ r.} ~ ), .
IJJ', :
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-~--~-.~·;,;;\J..:;::-:..-':.;~~.;..,-~;.,.>:.
...~~;:;;
•. :;;:;;_~~;::...~~~~:i}:;:r.,:..e:";~;:'-_~,. .~.....-;;;:;.j;:::'h~.~~,..~..:::i.i!~.:-t.Z.~.
_:;_::;:~~!_T.l,c=_~~.;:;i:=;t;:.;:ic~ru.=i~==..-~;;:_':;~.::~:::~;-;;;;.:...,,,.:;:=._!;:;:~:-;;_~=-.~'!'j:-~::;-~~::;:~:;.~;:;::-.;...:::;~.;:;--;::i:f~~-;:_::;::::;:.,,,;,,;:-:;"1:;:-~::C!!~-
�e:;Jlct 2/17 /71.
.
.
1
: rr;,e
bel?!7 so•.•rce.~~ .... fe~it i:.sr with th'!. rro-·
·-~sive t,a~or Tnrt~~ (I"..,:~) in t:\P. }'7r are:1, ·were con-·-·
·
·t,~c t~~-~ ''t.ttl cnnlcl 't::urnir.~, no· 5.nfon,t\ti.on ()r ~\1'i'.~S?1ice· .... ·...... .
hn'·'d' /\)·.~::r-.,
-:'J.1-i::.;ij1_?f!.&;1'f.,
..2';.;::..-:.~.~.. \"
t ·1!'1 t t~,l~ rtj 1-:·- ,· !'J. ' ·run,r1 ""'.,:)
t·\e ' . i~~a <'»ociat;:-;ta !"ucr
.;:-,·!·" ......
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----- -----
6
-
MAR IR 1971
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... ~
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'-
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.
~ ·•.
. : ~<}l
J~,:;n e..i:rt~l to the Bur:3~u-..~~ted 2/~9/"(l.,,,.~nd .. \t;~~-)~;
the Bureau d.:.ted 2/2/71 e.r1d 3/3:,nl. --" ." ·::
· --.·- --":.-
..
f.
2
7
I
·!
. M~~a
15
ft~
l1 (l -
~·
~:
t...
!{tJVn 1 . 1911 .
Approved:
·
.. .
-
.
·
~
'•
·1
·
f ~~~f-_::__~~_:-: r_~.- - - · - ..,
.
· ·
Sp~eial Agent in Cbaroc
l
.
~
:i :! -:--- ------ -
1C5-34QU ... ;,!})IPR).
100-20)
100-618)
?CP).
CP., ue:~)
105-9332}
105-4535
105-3667 ·
Per--------
. ..
~-'.~;w.~~. ~~~~~"!~~~-r?'.%~?lZr·~
.
.:~:,..?·-~
. ..~~·y..
119
1111
r*~-·. .
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�!'.!~ti~li~f~t1~~,;'f~i~l~~f,i~Jttf"1-~tt:Wi?,,·'l%~l!i~~;::,:,~:.~";,,,1,~. ·:'.::t
~~~;:lifJ?;\;f~~~~~;1Y~&~~~'1if;.;~~,i:i£~~$~.if~~~,;;X:,~;~;(!;.;ti,rc,~ · ~ ·
, .
.....
~:
., ~
' o:...sscr::.1na,ion
.. . ' is
. .
.
<,:\'0if;,;f!.f~ij
bci~ ~ce 'to 771st .. .,:_.-~-;~·:~?~...- :<· -~·
· ··)
·!ntclli~c:1cc D~t~ch!:t~nt; U. S. Secret. Service)f.:J ?/.·t .-:·:.··.
_;y\':., -·;z.:. . , ·; r:~, :,al I:iv.:::; #i:c..ti ve. 0l!icc; and Office of Spec ia:l :rnve s :t1!~/"'c:' i}1t.i}
_.,
\fiJ~"°j
f~tj
,
~ z.:111·~a1·!'
',~tti~ili~~t1ons,
:i:t:~I ---
L(?C:l,.
:~l;j :~:- ::rec B~::;eJ·,,.
.~:·:, -_ - -: .
"·
::;\~:it;f:}'~·':_'::f~
ir,fo!;.~,::ct~i~~;.~· :~f;ts~!~1~;:g~~!!?:~tft!:1~:u;~I~n:~t ·~~,
1
,,;c,
could r~~scn:.bl:;~ be expe?cted to expo3e source Which \fOUld not
b~ in the intcr2:zt of ·.;he United Sta.tes.
·... ni
·. l
Di~::cr.tlne.tion o! the inf'ore.z:.t1on conte.1ried in the .;,:',~
L::-~ is bcin.:;i r.2.dc et this tim:~f since 1 t has been deter::-J.ne.~ ...;,,:..-.., ..::~•
t!'::.t the dis~cclr~tion 1·1ould not jeopardize S~ T-1., a
·,·,:::~- ··:·";?·??;~~:
co~ti."luing sbl urce o~ .1.rJ.f'oraation. .
_1 . .. ·'-··:?, ·~·-.
; ·-:r.'7~J~1}
~
~'~1""'2~~~~
SJO has. conducted all logical investigation and
cc~ziclers ceptioned case RUC.
~:-~--·
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.
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. .
.
-
,; ... .....
·- _.
·.:
:
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.
.
In Jlrp'.r, Pj~llM &Ji!r,.
F,J.,
.,·o.
l
}
"J
-·~..
..:
o-r the MPIPR and
appendix. (Le.)
,.,f:
I
t
L
e
p
CO.;..~" J.J..:!~·!'.::J..hL
II
~
f .
i·.
•
G~oup I
>
; .
•.• ·.,· ::o.,
Excluc~d fron euto~...2tic:cowncrad1ng
.
\ ·. And decla.ssificatfon. .
This woc,;;~3r.t co~~~ins neithe~ reco~~ndations nor,co~~l~sio~s
of tr.c !BI. It j1s the p1·cperty of- the FBI a.r.ci is loaned to
your &sency; 1 t · ~nd .1 ts contents a.re Inot to, b~ .cis#tr~~uted
cutsiea ycur agercy.
. •:
t) <: I. I •• i -
-::. ~r:4~-· •
'
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On AJ, .......
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:~;:':-: J..r~::r, ::;.:. coilrse of a program
:.. :,,
on Wr.:'SJ Tcle\.. i:·
•· .·. · .~. : ...._ .. _~ •· :~.:.cl., ¥..ARI BRAS. stated
that ·!~.,he ;,;?!FR :::.r~r. ~ ..:··~um::.ra·~1e, ccntac s wi ~h revolutionary · - ...._-·_ .. ;:-~,
orgar,izations ii~:. ~:.-;~1.::"I. .t.~ -~rica, C6n~da,. c~·~a, Europe, Africa.,>: ;_·_.,..t_4~
and in Asia. ··; ·.L ·~·.:... ~·. _;_,.:CJ., .._:!-:: 1•1:-~,:iPR t'..ed a permanent
·. ·· · ---'.": · · · ~-=,·
represe!"'1tl:.tivt.: · ;:;: ...._~:! :.n ::a.~1 ena_. Cuba.·
<.
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�(1:!
IX\" !::.ST ICATIOX
~~tn_;~~n, ~~~rto Rico
. 1.:~rch 17,
ltJ_ ::,:J~·. J,:..-c~ 1:,Ja.~"'
J-';.!~ ,)"o. . ,: •\. ~:-· ;"'i .~'>_:.
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Title
_:~.;...t~ ~#~
Cb!.ractc:-
INTEPJ!AL . SECtEJ.'.d~'
Referer.6~ ·..
FBI s2n Juan co=::.an!c~t!on.
dat~c and captioned.
E.S
ebove·~
J..11 zou:ccz (~zcc~t ~,y i!sted belov) ~hcze !de~~ities
&~c ccnc~~l~l i~ ~c~c~~Lccd cc:=...:.r..ic~t~c~ have fu:-:iishe~ :-el!~~le
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loor,ed to rout a;ency; U Or.d 11• CODl4tftta or• COi IO oe chaUd~ut•o 4>11:.,:.
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. Rciu~let 3/30/71. Authority. g~anted tor· your office.·.
to proceed with counterintelligence·measure described in
·
re let. L~mi t Imai U:rii'i'' Ila ae t out 1n 10u~,J!~,t'!~ ··;;,'~i'i . • . .
·~:~*;f
Advise Bureau wllen above bas been completed and
closely follow·ronction thereto through sources of your.
office. Positive results achieved should be promptly furnished· ·
to the Durcau.
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Seo r=er:orncdW!- to c.o. Crennan,
dated 4./7/71, so.no c a : , t 1 ~ 7 SS!l:dlw.
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.. Secretary. General of __ the CPUSA, traveled
_____:-~K
uring January, 1971, where he planned meeting;.
with leaders of t]le PCP and with leaders of the IIPIPR. He
· • · ~ .- ,
pla-nned, through these meetings, to institute cooperative··
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action among. t~e CPUSA and these rou s. With the Direr.tor's .
npproval
·ovided
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n_ view
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w publicity genera e
canceled the
majority of his meetings an
e t Puerto Rico two ~ays early
since he coold\not conduct his busi~ess in pri~y •
. : :
..;;;, __
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Since these aieetinffi&, ~ a s had a "Communique of
Solidarity" published in the 'nai~rld~' an ~ast Coast communist ·
newspaper, tog~ther with a photo depicting h i m , ~ -:_·.:~{ ~~}~.
Secretary- General·-·of-the· PCP;-·· and ·3\lan lfari- B r a ~ - : - .,· ,.,:4. ,~"".;:;:;~
General of the ltPIPR. Neither the PCP nor_ the IIPIPR has ~een :-;;<~~~~t
fit to publish either the photo or t~he article.
- "::; ":."-'"._ : , .. ;· ...;?'~:-:·t:;1~
Historically, Puerto ,Ricans have shunned th~ communist.
::1,
party an~in v~ew of the increased acts of terrorism generated·~--~
by indcpendentist groups, the majority of the Puerto Ricans are
seemingly shunning the independentists also.
. ~.
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In order to~<>llh\nu;J°tiuiP p·r~s~ure on· subve;siv~ "gr~ps7 1crto Rico,\ San Juah "'1\'ds proposed we release· the text of ;._. _ . .
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· "Comtriuni ue of Solidari
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:·/:· _~: fr_iendlY.:.irela~ioriship among·~ the CPUSAt=·~the PCP' and,"thet,"L···~:-~~~·· ..... ;_ .:Y--}.
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l!PIPR, could destroy any aura of respectability that .the:f~)*i:;t;i.£r@i · ·~
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Additionally,\the reprinting of this article would make this
relationshi:p ~nown to the Puert~ Ricans since the PCP _and· th~L-;,/::;:.:· -....
ISPIPR .have not published same •
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That attached letter approving the mailing of
above-mentioned "Communique ~f Solidarity" to "El Mundo"
sent.
A .Xerox ·c,ipy of "Communique of Solidarity" ·1s
attached for y our information.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_008
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969/1971
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 6 (264- ) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 6 (264- ) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/530f3ff66cac1451dd3d38ee85b68946.pdf
f41e09a99fff92ebd1d9fe530cc25e1e
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 5 ( 204-263)
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
�NOTICE
.r
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLlJD~D IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
.
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suotr:? .CROUPS '!:fEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
CQUNTERINTELLIGENCE PRCCRAM
·
. ~UBVERSIVE
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PURPOSE:
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To reconnnend that authority be granted to the
San Juan Office to mail an anonymous letter to selected
members of· the Nationalist Party of Puerto Ric
denouncing its cooperation with
the President of the Liga S0cial1s a Pue;torr1queno LSP,
which is a militant Marxist independence group.
~ ,
DETAILS:
•·
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- , a key figure and Security Index subject
of the S a n ~ i c e , was formerly an officer of the NPPR
who ~as expelled in 1943 by Pedro Albizu C a c
because
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his cornrm.mist activities. In recent months,
s
been a featured speaker at NPPR ceremonies an .a merger of
the LSP and NPPR is currently being considered.
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The proposed letter emphasizes that the NPPR is·
dishonoring the memory of Albizu Campos by cooperating with
- a connnW1ist who he pe~soaally dismissed from the
~ this regard it is noted that Albizu Campos although
a militant independentist was a strong Catholic and a~8.!Il~t
in barring communists from the NPG/PR., ., , , . .
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The attached lett~r is beii\J4-~9 ~};>an J u a n ~
approving the ~iling of the suggest,ed ano~~~'r!-:..,letter.
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~JAi 1.:iS ·1.
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~-:,• ~00-335202 (Juan Antonio. Corretjer)
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CONTINUED • OVER
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Memorandtnn J. F. Bland to W. C. Sullivan
RE: GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PR<:x;RAM
105-931~:.----~
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San Juan is cautioned to insure that the letter will be
prep~red and mail~ in su~h a manner that it canno~ be
traced back to the Bureau.
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tactic into ettect and the Bureau 11 requested to have the · · ·~-- "::~~ :_":Doc~ent Section prepare these letters a.a :repidl.y as possible.,.'1J':"
ln order tb&t the San Juan ottice 1f1ll. be able to issue these·--·~ ;. ~
letters ·at·· a time lllhen the i,leb1sc1te .issue 1.a before the ~ ·_. ~""r.?}..:.~.:~ ·
entire :isl.And ot Puerto lico. · - · - - -~ - . .
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hora de iluch~ ~in C\·)rtel, dcber.1os unir
.\Juestrr.s fuerzas pnra lu~har c-_,ntrn ·....: .PJ.cbisci to •. ··Debe~os·
¼star resign ados e acept:tr l.n r·yuci~ c1e todos los grupos, 110;
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Como contribuciqt"i a estn uni6n, estoy publicando
una carta dirijida a Jua~ Mari Br~s por Jacinto Rivera Perez;
Presidente del Partido Nacionalista Puertorriquefto~ como sigue:
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••a 14 -de septiembre de 1966
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flLcdo. Juan Mari Bras
Secretario General Inte
~ovirniento Pro Independ
Rio Piedras, Puerto Ric
'
''Est imado Juan: -
flAcnba de llegar a mis manos tu carta, fecbada el d1a
12 de los corrientes
car§cter de •entrega personal', misi6n
. que dej6 oesempeiiada
e stro mutuo amir;o, Carlos Padilla
P~rez..
"Es cierto que e Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
ha hecho reserva de la laza de la Revoluci6n de Lares para
llevar a cabo Jos actos conmemorativos que tradicionalaente
celebramos en esa efem~ ides nacional.
~'Honradamente, no pas6 por mi mente el que el 1JPI
esperara una invitaci6n nuestra para la celebraci6n rlel Grito
de L~res. Como es sabi o, el Partido Nacion~lista siempre
iovit2 a tod2 la oaciOD a dichz celebrac16n. El fjpl, como
organi:;~ci6n y sus mie1n~ros como puertorriquefios amt!Dtes de
nuestrn independencia, ~unca ban estado exclu!dos de esa
invit~ci6n y manos podr4n estarlo en estos moraentos en que el
patriotis~o de los puertorrique6os pasa por pruebas QUe pueden
ser determinantes para J1 futuro de nuestrn Patria. Comoquiera
qu~ la Cocisi6n Politica del MPI, segOn comunicQci6n de fecha
17 de marzo de 1966 al Partido Nacionalista, no torear! pnrte
en ~ctos en ~ue el ltPI- *o hnyn sido parte organizadora. y
habid~ cuenta de que ds,a fu~ la contestaciOn que recibi6 el
Partido Nacionalista al hacerle una invitaciOn al MPI para la
/ConmemoracioD de la Masacre de Ponce el 21 de marzo de 19G6,
'fen este caso nos abstuvimos de hacer unn invitaciOn especial
[ya que le celebraci6n del Grito de ,Lares la auspicia el
· Partido Nacionnlista.
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''La actitud del Farti~o Nacionalista de Puerto Rico
iha sido y cs de buena teen todo lo que atafia a la ~ciensa1
. ~ de nuestra Pntria. Si no fuerr.. a.st a est as s.lturas
f ·::-ya habr!a dejado de existir. 1;0 pueden olvi~arse las
__ ;~
-e:xp~-ones de perdOn que el Maestro Don Pedro Albizu
· · ···--
Campos tuviera ado para sus enemigos gratuttos y encontr4ndose ya ~l perdienuo iUClZ3S fisicas. En ensefianzas de
-esa clase se b~sa la_fortaleza inquebrantable d~l
P'artido Nacionalista, fuerza que mantendremos hasta
tanto se proclame la Indcpendencia Nacional, fecha en 'Aue
el Partido Nacionalista se convertir4 en bagaje hist6rico de
la N&ci6n Puertorriquefia.
'H=:=.blfndot'? en cl tono .franco y sincero como be
procedi~o en toda mi vida,desco en este momenta acci~te
que me b~ e;:traihido sobremanera el acontccimiento que
sigue: Recordar~s que antes de tu altimo viaje ~ Estaoos Unidos tuvimos una entrevista de una hora provocad&
~or un mutuo amigo que se encontraba de visita en Puerto
Rico. Recordaris queen ese moIJCnto me dijiste que tan
. pronto regresaras ·me lla~arias para que continu~semos
conversanuo en torno a los problemas que tanto nos
afectan a tooos los que luchnmos por la deiensa de nuestra
independencia. aegresastc, no me llamaste y consider~
que ~us ocupaciones note habian permitido llamnrme. A
los pocos dias de tu regreso yo me vr precis~do a ausentarme a·Nueva York por unos d1as. !cu,1 no ser1o mi
sorpresa al enterarme a11, quc en un acto en snln
cerrada que celebr6 el MPI, y al cual fueron invitados
v~rios nacionalistas,incluyeudo al Presiuent~ cle l~
Junta de R. Y. ya la Secret~ria, cstos tuvicron que
a~anuon&r la sala en medio ~e tu discrtaci6n pues no pudicron sc-portar los 2t~'1,Ue3 «;.ue tti hicistc al ltt?.cicD~.lis!JO! Dico (!UC esto me ertrnii6 precisn.mente de ti
y lucco ~c h~bcr tenido 12 convcrsaci6n que sostuvimos.
::a 4sto 11::biera ocurrido sin nosotros babcr tcnido nf!uella
convers~ciGD no me hubiera c~trafiado, pues corao te be dicho
v~rias veccs nlgunos miembros del m>I ban hecho ntaques
pOblicos al N~cionalismo tnnto en publicaciones como en
acto~ del l1PI. Como record~r~s, ese cs uno de los temns que te he venido trat~ndo oes~c la primer~ vez ~ue convers&wos. Sigo so5tenienuo lo ~ue tc dijera en nucstrn
~rimera eutrevista. La uniOn_cst, becha en el pueblo
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:patr16tico nuestro. El pucblc, indisc~tiblemente, est( .
:~ dernostrondo sensatez y patriot ismo. Es tiempo ya de que
.el pst~iotisno se entiend~ ep !a vln dcl vnlor y cl
sa~t-U-4-Gio, como nos diO el ejemplo el Maestro. Se
reqriicre valor y sacrificio pP.ra llegar a la altura
a la que las Ectuales circunstancias demnnd~n dcl
patriotismo. ~uiero ·dcc·1rtc que el Nacionalismo est,
.en esa dispos.iciOn.
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"No tengas la cenor dudn de que ~n el acto que
el MPI ce!ebrar~ ese d1a habrt la concurrencin de muchos
DDcionnlistas. Siento no p~der acompafiarlcs person~lemente,
por r~zones de decoro que td; como hombre de honor,
ficilmcnte puedes comprondcr.
"Con mis mejores deseos de ~xito me es grato
••sinceramcnte,
(Fdo.)
Jacinto Rivera P4rez
·para que el llPIPR pucdn prescntar un frente
unido contra el Plebiscito, nos urge tener un sran
corazln y estLr dispuestos a pasar por alto imprudencias
pnsadas conetidas por otros grupos.
·Seri& bueno que todos nos unicramos por cl
momento par2 nuwcntar nuostras filns durante esta guerr&.
'.~' ...
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Cordialmente·
3
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••Respecto a los actos de t'ares el 23 de septiembre,
deseo decirte que no podemos fijar hora exacta pars
su terr.lin~ci6n. Las organizaciones que tomnr~n p:irte
son varies y no creo podr4 terminarse a las cinco. El
nno pcsndo rccuerdo ee terminO d~ noche y no hab!~ tcnto
invitado. De todos modos no estd en nuestro fnimo cntorpecer ~ct·os quc ustedes u <'tra orianizaci6n defensora. del
ideal quier&n llevar a cebo. No es necesario decir que~la
reuni6n p2tri6tica idenl a realizarse en Lares es lo
m4s deseable, hecha posible un dia por una fraternal
revisi6n de actitudes y opiniones.
quedar,
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12/14/66
Date:
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FROM:
qRo~s_s.EEJQN~' ;t@~P~IDiC~· FOR
PUEJITO
CQ.l)__NTER Il{T..fil.L!.aEHC..LfI{.QQP.!AM..
[SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SIDTION}
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ReSJlet, 10/27/66.
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Enclosed herewith for the Bureau is one
copy of a letter~ in the Spanish language~ proposed
by the San Juan Office~ to be furnished to selected
Movimi.ento Pro Independencia De Puerto Rico
(Puerto Rican Independence Movement) (MPIPR) and
Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico (NPPR) member~i
a copy of a past _issue of "Carta sema.nal."
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As the Bureau i.s aware~ the MPIPR is Pre:ently
engaged 1n an island-wide battle in an attempt to defeat
the plebiscite proposed for Puerto Rico on 7712/67. I.n
this connection~ it is believed that a letter that will
be set out subsequently 1n this airtel, should be sent
to selected group of individuals 1n the MPIPR and NPPR.
It is the objective or the San Juan Office 1n setting
out this letter and setting it 1n the form which would 11
lead peop1e to believe it emanated from "Carta Sem.anal.,
to cause a- greater schism between these two parties
and disrupt any plans for unification that·the~ma.
have had to defeat the upcoming
plebiscite.
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(Encs~CJ.4)i~f)~ .,~'!,\\
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~ t~ CRO~EEKING · INDEPENDENCE FOR P~TO RIOO
0:\. OOUNTERIN'l'ELLIGENCE PROGRAM
.
(SUBYmSIVE CONTROL SECfION)
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Reuralrte112/14/66. ·
The Bureau appreciates the interest and_ enthusiasm
exhibited in preparing and submitting the counterintelligence
measure set forth in realrtel; ·however, after giving lt · ·
careful consideration the Bureau ls of the opinion that
tt should not be utilized. It ls felt that this measure·
could possibly have the effect of furthertng the al.as
r
and purposes of the lndepeb~ence groups.
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While lt ls not posslbl~ to approve your suggestion
ln this· instance. you should continue to glve this program
your continued attention.
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San Juan proposed utilizing a letter written by
the President of the NPPR _to the Secretary General of the
MPIPR on 9/14/66 as a counterintelligence tactic. It
desired to mail this letter with a short note vritt~n in a
t~d--
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condescending manner ~stensibly from the MPIPR to
independent ists in P.t.ierto lttco~ Although this tactic
could possibly cause some !11-feeling between the tvo
organizations, it is felt t.ba~ __ added publicity to
.
the letter from the head_",of the NPPR more than counterbalances
any possible good that could come otherwise.
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OUPS ·sEEKIH'.i INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM - ( SUBVERSIVE CON.l'ROL SECTiqN)
Reatlet. 12/13/66. ·
-.4
On
12/4/66. the Nationalist
Party of' Puerto Rico ( t.."PPR
Form.er
dissident Nationalists asswned the principal positions on
the Board or Directors and former prominent memberc or the
Board were elected to lesser positions.
'
New York Junta { NYJ) underwent a reorganization.
On the surface. this would appear to indicate that tb.e
·~revious dissension between tb.e 2 major factions has been
resolved; bowever. the distrust between these £actions is
so deep rooted that a strong poss1b111ty exists that
dissension will again erupt~,.--~~ .-...-:"!_-:•::;:r:iO:i_
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in fi.C within a week or the reorganizat
be recalled, previousl7 held the
of the NYJ and was replaced---6
While the dance organized by
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active Puerio Rican 1ndepende
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tberef'rom were to be given t
a fellow 1ndependent1stJwho h
to promote the cause or independence in NYC
picketing demonstrations.
attendc
held
The NYO suggests that counterintelligence techniques
aimed at reopening the schism between the previously
disputing parties be held 1n abeyance until the exact
dire~tion of their relationship becomes known. Based on
past explrience, this should occur in a reasonably short
period of tiMe. It ia relt a counterintelligence technique
aimed at a specific target to gain a specific objective will
prove more errective than a general technique aime4-a.,t the'
ent~e membership and/or leadership.·-.- . .
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fact ons will soon reopen old wounds and the NYO v1ll tben
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technlQ.ue.
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Puerto Rican pro-independence ~ield to report ever7/or~ . .
personality connict. 'me HYO will remain aJ,ert to take
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advantage or every such connict which presents itself'•. .-7 .· ·· -
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
FROM:
SAc,·· NEW YORK
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SUBJECT: ,gOUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERrO RICO
COUNTERIN'I'ELLIGENCE PROORAM
{SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRN
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ReSJairtel 1/10/67.
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The Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico (NPPR)HY Junta has no official headquarters or meeting place.V
The NYO suggests the following names of persons
receive an anonymous letter:
EJ_
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bssified By_-t,~·oL9L.!O::!.-.---=--from GOS, catego1J1-.....:zi~~C.ate of Oeclassification---==~~'-'rl-fl-''---
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(105-3353) {RM).LA-
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On instant date, San Juan mailed copies to selected
NATIONALIST PARTY OF PUERTO RICO {NPPR) members in Puerto Rico
• and New York City of anonymous letter: for wM,ch Burec,t:thOrity
was granted in referenced Bulet •... ·;: ··:· ..
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a.ddressee' s cooperation in this matter were added to most or· · · .the letters in order to "personalize" them. These additives
were carefully phrased and tailored to individual backgrounds. ,.
;;s~~t:~:ected ~h~t .they w~ll' ~nh~c~prospec~s of. p.osi t ~ i .
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Mailing was under secure.·conditions;.pape·r··and ·. ·.
~nvelopes ·were purchased a.t a Woolworth•.s store; ·typewriter-· .,,:
iJ.sed in preparing -mul tili th was a mechanical one ·containing ·· Spanish language symbols; envelopes were hand addressed.
LEAD~:
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SAN JUAN OFFICE
Will report any results~JlJlis ~e.tter to the Bure~ua,.
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Will furnish
and San Juan.
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NEW YORK OFFICE
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· &y U.S. Sa11ings Bonds RrguLzrly on the Payroll ~allings Plan
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llfl'ERNAL SECURITY • JIUEBTO IL.IC.Ali NA'rIONALIST · .,.-~" ·~·: ,· :·:-~,·, ,: . . ; ..: ·.· ... .:-.-. ·:
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-~f"·: ;~· i :· Ban· ifuan,·:·b1 letter. dated ilarch· 14,· ·1987 ~. recommflnda .:.·.
that. • press r•lease over the signature of the !)!rector be.·<· . :
. ..:.
Jrtr. Tolson noted, "l doubt tb• wisdom of ths.s.•
Juan Mari Bras is the founder and d~lnant leader ~- ·... _ .
of the Jlov1m1ento ~o lndependencla de Puerto Rico. ,rh1ch ia -.
thti largest of the a11S.tant groups ••ekl.Dg independence fo,,
·.
Puerto R1co. A plob1sc1t• ia.acheduled to be held on Julr 23,
1BG7, 1n '1h1ch ihe people of_ Puerto Rico •111 express tbe1r ·. ·
preference tor independence, atatehOOd, or a contlnwlnce of ·
tbe commonwealth to.rm of government.
::.
. .
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: · · San Juan statM that the issuance of tbe press
r•leasa would serve th• dual purpose o:t in.foraing tbe
.
,. _
, lolence-prone element 1n Puerto Rico that the autbor1tlea ·_. .
~ro alert to their activities and of posa1blJ swaying tbose · ..... ·.·.. ·
· atembcrs of the independence element who are opposed to .
· ·
comraunism. .trom par~icipatS-ng in .violent .a.cw. . ·. · . ' ;. · .:·
~au Juan, advising ' · ~ ·
ltlm that the Bur•a&a d ~ not concur wt!h b.ls recommeDdatlon.
ciuce it could be construed as an attempt by 'the FBI to·
tmluence the outcome of the plebiscite and embroil us in a
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pre.rared ooneernlng the lmdergroUDd torca·ot Juan Karl Bras ill
Puarto Bico.
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IUlCOMMENDA TION:
That attached a1rt•1 1n line with above be approved.
· Buelosure
c/2,
2MAR2( 1967
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.lteurlet 3/14/67 •.
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The Bureau does not concur with your· recommendation
concernins 'the·press·release over the signature of the Director
coocernJ.ng the underground force o:t Juan lbri Bras. It ill.
roted that such a press release could be construed as an .-· · · · · 2i
attempt by tbe FBI to influence the outcome of the plebiscite
A
~ cou.~d embro~ us 1n a local pol1tlcal situation.
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53 MAR 281967
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DIRECTOR• FBI {105~7.5~}_
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(105•3353) · .
-~-N· JUAN
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'·"OR~KING INDEPENDENCE
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FOR PUERTO RICO
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San Juan··has prev1ou·sly :turn.fshed Bures.a with
an outline ot the-underground organization ot JUAN MARI
BRAS and has shown its financing and control by Cuba.
·
In casting about for disruptive measures which could
possibly minimize the influence or this group and
neutralize its effect upon the outbreak of major revolt.,
San Juan has formulated the following plan which is
be1ng set forth ~or the Bur~au•a consideration._ .
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.A carefully worded Bureau press release in be
form of. a "Message to the People ot Puerto Rico" over · ·.-... _·
the signature of the Director could be issued simultaneously
to ~he Puerto Rican Spanish language newspapers at the
time deemed most propitious by the Bureau. This message·
·uould emphasize the FBI 1 t neutral pos1tion with regard to
--·the Puerto Rican political scene but would point -out
··; · :·. the Bureau's responfibilities 1.n··the·Internel Security
field. Thereafter~ the message would generally contain
the _following:_·
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For several years,·· the FBI has been concerned
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t11th ths extent or influence and control by Cuban communism.,
with its policy or exporting violent revolution to other
Latin American countries, over a certain segment ot the
Puerto Rican independence movement. We have we.tched
with concern the build-up or a highly erficient Cubantrained underground network 1n Puerto Rico, composed of
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NOT RECORDED
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00 MAR 23 1961
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or ihe.:-ffi'nt1ti!!·s. ot other cell members. A substantial
n,l.mber of these cell members have been trained in Cuba ..
in sabotage an~ guerrilla warfare and have thereafter··
returned to Puerto Rico to resume their daily routines •. ·
quietly waiting to receive the word :Crom Cuba through . ~ ·
their leader to initiate their campaign of killing and ·::_~. .,
terrorism. This campaign will be conducted under tbe·
guise ot the struggle tor Puerto Rico's independence
but will have as its actual purpose the furthering or
the aim.1 of communism 1n Latin America. Through this
campaign or·v1olence and terrorism. assisted and abetted
by the communist government-of Cuba, this group will be•
in effect~ attempting to impose its will upon the Pue~to
Rica..~ people without their consent. Not content with ·
legal and peaceful means to further their aims, this secretive
group hopes to create surticient clamor and confusion
·
on the political scene through violence·and terrorism to
leave the false impression with the United Nations that
the vast majority of the people or Puerto Rico are being
subjugated by the United States Government. In thls
way, they hope to create a favorable climate for the
submission of their pro-independence proposals to~the,..
United Nations.
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The
FBI is well aware ot the extent and purpose
ot this underground
§roup, the identities of its officers
and individual 11 cell members .. as well as their targets
Md overall plan or operation. Proper authorities stand
ready to take swift, appropriate action upon the first .
sign o~ violence and sufficient measures will be employed
to halt this terrorist campaign end protect the people
or Puerto Rico from the irresponsible actions of this
.ranA. t 1c group.
·
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The honorable people o:r Puerto Rico, regardless
of their political affiliations and desires concerning
the future . status of this great ~eland., should be wary
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of b11nd~llo~1ng the policies ot those who~ under
the guise or seeking independence. advocate violence.·
nnd should carefully consider the issues at stake and .
consequences which·would result from such action. Above
ell• the people of Puerto Rico should avoid be1ng duped. ·· ~- .·
into unconscionably further~ the .aims ot 1nte~a.t1'1 .. · _, -~-communism ~ Latin America. :.
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Issuance or the above press release would
Berve a dual purpose - that or informing this v1olencepronegroup that proper authorities are alert to their
activities and plans and stand ready to summarily deal
~1th any attempt at violence,and that ot alerting those·
in the independence camp to the Cuban communist directi:>n
or an organized plan ot violence and possibly sway
them to oppose e.ny violent action which otherwise they·_
n"ay have supported. In this connection., it is noted
that the MPIPR has an estimoted active membership o~
1300, while it is ·believed fully twice this number can
be mobilized from among active membersa inactive members
arid sympathizers, a large percentage or which may oppose
aey violent course initiated and directed by Cub,a. ~
r • ••
While issuance or the above message by the
Director may never become necessary., it could be prepared
in advance and released it necessary at a time believed appropr1ete by the Bureau. It may well be-that issuance of such e message
et the proper time could serve as a severe deterrent
.
to any action by MARI BRAS' underground group.
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Bureau•s comments regarding above plan would
be appreciated.
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FROM
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COt!F!DENTIAL
--..;:··~-DIRECTOR:,-··FBI -{105-93l.24):.
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. DATE:
'
.4/13/67
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SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 SUB 1)
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--:-:;...~I !"fl:l1R0'11PS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
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PUERTO RICO
·counTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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{SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN
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Re San Juan lettersto Bureau dated 12/19/66,
1/10/67, and 2/9/67; Bureau letter to San Juan dated 1/5/67;
New York airtel to Bureau dated 1/16/67; and New York
letter to.Bureau dated 3/22/67.
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Set out below are additional results
~terintelli ence letter re~ar ing atterrpt· o
to take over
1
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The February, 1967, edition of nEl Intransigenter.,
officia~·
ublica
n ' P ion, carried a lead editorial by
Editor
(Bufile 100-818~) attacking
the wri -c J.1 •
· ·- ·,..,.. "
'""'
~rinous letter)· and settins
out ~everal
necdotes purporting to
show tha
icomed the support of adherents of all
political,~~_
ious beliefs in the' independence struggle.
The editorial concluded with a statement that the writer
of the anonymous letter should know that no one in Puerto
Rico should discriminate against another Puerto Rican, no
matter who the other is., or what his beliefs are. U
.
.
This editorial began on the first p~ of text and
was continued for almost another complete page, indicating
by its length and plea for unity the importance attached
to the "anonimo" by NPPR of:ficio.ldom. The net result, of'
course, is greatly increased publicity of the controversy, as
"El Intrasigente" is widely circulated in the independentist U
community.
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Buy US. Saz,jngs Bont:h Rtg11/arly on the Payroll Savinjr Plan
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JJ 105-3353
SUB 1
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liilllllllll-5-.r · tne ·
~account.&'/.~-:; curre-ntly e'r;,p°.J.oys
~ 100-37Ji868), NPPR President preceo:i.nSc
~
Prior to the NPPR General Assembly last· month,
i n f o l ~ - ,-:as received that an a t t e m
wild
p t .be made to
have ~~eelected President. This was
by a
decision th~t the Party would have to unify en nd the
- . . ; n t leadership. It is :felt that identification of
~ s the letter's author will have to place also
of suspicion on his close friend and employee.,
thereby deepening t ~ h e t w e e n the present
"ship in the Farty a n ~ : a c t i o n .
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It is further noted t h a t - i s
and his identification as ~ t e r ' s c.u-;:.nor
~·-: .. ~ 1.:-~
to further exacerbate ihe strained relations betlt:een
the 1-~IPR and the l~PPR. The pcssaee in
".)us
letter citinG an insulting description o~
oy
JW~N ~:ARI BR.t..S \':as inserted to possibly implic&te u, }.J'IPR member
as the writer of the letter.
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~egardins the effect of the letter on
~ relationship l'lith the NPPR., it is noted that
~ r i n c i p e l t:PPR activities since the mailing of
I
the letter, t h ~ l Assembly and the P::mce J.:assacre
commemmoration-1 poke but \·;as not .£. .fe~.tured
s peal,. er and rr.a d &·~1 ;s a J. .1 us ..:..tms. to NPPR - LSP uni fi ca tin, nor
did he mentionhis vision of a S o c ~ o Rico, a stoc1:.
item in previous such speeches b y ~
and the l:asis of the letterts char,.;;Gs··aG2:1ns~her.,
&t preceuine l~PPR r.iajor activities several o ~ - ~
LSP underlin&s had made speeches and had rrJ.8de thc::..~:rance
as a body, arrayed in lSP uniforms. Hot only ·was
· ·the only LSP spea~'~er at the two recent NPPR major activ:;. '-·._........ -~·-'h,..,rs of his L s
,·:ere
- -conspicuous
by their absence.
noted that
.' left the r;PPR General /-1ssembly
.,.............Y follmdn,c: 11l.:::. F ........ u.nctory speech. Obviously,
- i s treadins lightly ~nd tal:inc pains to reduce
"n:;· ":,_,·.,_, .~sion tl~et he is_ try~ng _to ta'.;~ over the NPPR.
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UNITED STATF.S
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GO?-(~
MENT
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Memoraitilum /
TO
FROM
:
DIRECTe>a~ FBI-.... ~ ...... ~ . . .
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Sl'BJECT:
SAN ;UAN
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DATE:
-: . . AT'tENTlON PHOTO LAB
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4/17 /67
(105-3353)
~LI·~-·....,_.,..-.-..'·
:..·GRO!)FS SE~~~l:N~ ~ JNI!.~.t.~~F;~C.£...
~ FO!L.!:Uf;B.T.a....lUCO.IS-PR..~
(00-SJ)
Enclosed are six, 100 foot
rolls of 1~ MM Tri-x
film.
The photo lab is requested to de~relop instant film
and return same to San Juan Office.
,;s~'c~1.. ~,).. .\
2- Bureau (RM) (Enc,,~)
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April 24,. 196?
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POR PUERTO RICO
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Reference is made to your communication dared 4/1 ?/6?
D o~g~tive(s) fi. film Q photograph(~) D document(s) ~
penaarung to the above-captioned matter.
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positive copy made
print{ s) made ..
slide(s) made
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Photostats made
transmitting
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AIRMAIL
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The Puerto.'Rico ~ 1ndepen~ence··groups., ·1n·
abortive
effort to bring the .·matter of the p-pposed political plebiscite
scheduled in Puerto Rico·ror July -23;, 1967~ to an abrupt halt~
haveduring the recent past, -by extensive travel of var19us
u~embers, sought to have the question of Puerto Rico I s :·colonial" status adjudicated by the United Nations Committee ·cf 24. This matter was heard before the Committee sitting
in its entiretr on April 19, 1967, and the ComICittee by a·
v~te of 15 to 8 voted to adjorn the discussion without setting
a new date for further debate in this matter.· ·
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It is to be noted that local representat1ves·or the
various pro-independence groups have issued a plethora of
pressr.releases, when originally the Committee agreed to hear .
tl').eir·~J;>lea that the Puerto Rican question be placed before the
U:U:ted··Nations; however, when the matter was shelved on
, 1
.April 19;. 1967., the press releases emanating from this same ~: I \
grolJ.E> regarding the United Nations action were minimal.
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we have been .. sleepin~ 1ong; "but not deeply and.
e es have been ~pened ~a~n by the· failure of our • jwr.ping ~":·· ~:;
~ ~ p g - J ; : - to convinc_e the United Nations. to .1 liberate•:-·.·. ~ ;
Puerto Rico.
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'Are:w~· to cqntinl;le· paying·-Jcr :the.pleasu_re tripsr :-\.
of- JJ,JAN MARI and CARI.DS:PADILLA (whc·is he).·to~south·America { ..-·. t•1hen -Professor ·ooNZALEZ q-ONZALEZ ·in:- Nei,~ York' must.·beg" rr,oney .·. ~ .,: .
!n order -to.· surviv~?-:.--licw . . ca~-we-·arto~d the· p l e ~ - ~ - {i .... ,
of FATTY .PEREZ and ben·chrr.an., ·RUBEN ·ALVAREZ t~anchurle}-when .
·
each edition cf' 1 Clar1dad I rercinds us to pay our qu~tas?
··
:'1e are· not rich enough to af'.fcrd sending JUAN MARI tc lie1.·1· Y-::rk
every week sc that he ir.ay return in failure f'rcrr. begging the.
United llatipns to· ~1ear o~r; p3=ea fer ind.ependence ...... J . . ~-_;:".€:..-..
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we.· .are . now without effective leadership;. as· i ·. --~-:.. 1 - · ··• ·..
JUAU ·MARI. has proven hin:self' ·w1 thcut in:f1uence in rnatt~r~,. 7~ _· ••• • : : .
vital to Puert<? Ricarf.1ndependence matters Qefore. the-:,,_ "i~-.-;~~ ~.-;-: ·.
.
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United _nations,· and we are also certainlt on the road to··· 'J: -· .
banl:ruptcy ( ask the Financial Cortmissicn )" •. ·~ All we are 1eft
Hith is Puerto Rican pride, the desire fcr· ..mnity in striving
for independence and the abi1ity to vote. The recent effort
of cur leadership to b_oycott the veter-registration- l.aws was; ---:
as it a_lways ·has been, a ~a~lµre.: · ·:·...: ~..
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''1w/ a;e -no ·near~~ ~~·0.-··1~~epenoen~~-- ~-~~--~~~n ~~~ -·;:;~.c:-'.:·~·-~
in Ponce in· 1959; ··we. ·are· poorer.. and elder, .. but we :hope wiser.~.·. ·
Wake.·;tup ·Puerto.. Rico.,~ .tta~e:_ use·_.;pf,.the·. vote.!,.._·· -'~G~po PrQ-Usc_'."?'o~oDe 1
_) --~?··.:} ~ ~-:<) ~ ·- _.,- ·:. -~.~.7·,:: :~ ·~. :· .'~-. ~"': ..
MPI/'~ · :~.. ~ ·.-· .. ·.·. ·, : ·-. '. · _·If:~~~~/:<.. _=~
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As ·has been ·done tn the past., we·· propose to n;ail
this leaflet fro~ post offices in outlying areas to. various
representatives of the Puerto Rican independence ccu.itunity ..
end also to select independence leaders net necessar.1,1.y
aff'~liated \'1ith any particular groups.
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:ipr-,rtuni ty to capi tslize on the failure of the various· ·
., · .··. ·
.~.·: -~ • _-.
r~:ese.ntatives of .the Puerto Rican independence groups to ,· :< ·
ac~ieve any success in their cone entrated effort before the-·;."~ .·
Un ted Hations and also to again.lir1ng to the attention of ·. · .·
th -.:ankr.~ile of the MPIPR the amateurish direction
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of the1r-leadersh1p ~--- .· · . ·. ·.: ..:.. _· ·.·.. · ·.· · .·: __ !. .~·-·_-1·.\.· .. '. •
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put the .propo.sed ._c9)lrite_r~_nt_elligenc,· ;tact~ce i.nto ef:fec.t~· :-,...\·_-~~·{i
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To:
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·sAC," San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
From:
Director, PB~f.f1~i.93124) __.,.,.~ )
l:X 109· -·.: :
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.
GROUPS SEEKING IHDBPEHDENCI
FOR PUERTO RIOO COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRA.11
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
.
;
-
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Beurairtel 4-25-87.
The Bureau concurs with Jou that the refusal of the·
Committee ot 24 of the United Hationa to take up the so-called
colonial status of Puerto B1co offers an excellent opportunitJ
to utilize a counterintelligence aeasure to discredit the
leaders ot the independence movement and particularl7 Juan Mari
Bras. It appears. however, that Jour proposed anonymous letter
as it stands might provoke Mari Bras into taking violent action
to overcome this defeat in the eyes of his followers.
~
It aight be desirable to blame the communist bloc
and particularly Cuba tor the failure in the United Nations and
to~-criticize Kari Bru and the others for isolating the
Puerto Rican independence forces from the democra.tic:countries.
This would imply that Kari Bras erred in aligning the
Kovlmiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico with the communist
cou.11triea but would not d~ectlJ attack his leaderahip.
-.,
Your comments concerning the above are solicited. If
~ou concur with the above, submit a proposed letter 1or anonymous
aa111ng in line with the Bureau•• observatiou.
UU · 'll'l~ 11r.E
HOTB:
Puerto Rican iid$eo.<len~acroups in an effort to
~"-- the plebescite scheduled in Puerto Rico tor 7-23-67 sought
~ - - h~h_e_Comm.ittee of i~J ,rJti~ J:Hl.A~ll~.s colonial matters in
Nations take upfttne)coldlB.21,a.tatus of Pu~rto Rico.
~;r.--==:
ldeteated. 4-19-67. San Juan proposes to anonymously
~d-ter-to ~he'independentists-in Puerto Bico attacking the
p and stating:that Mari Bras has proven himself to be w
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Dote:
5/4/67
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As the Bureau is aware, during the recent past,
GIL GREEN, Chairman of the ~'Y District, CPLJSA~ ~ent to Puerto ·
Ficc 6.nd while there contacted members of the •1ndependentista•,
community.
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·The ·1'-YO.-fee'ls= ..that.~·a.ddit'i'onal ·activiiies -showing-·-.. ·.:>'!'._. .:..
closer.-cooperation·between:-·the~·CP/USA~.end the MPI-could have J:·-/extrernely ·unfa.vorable:_:effects·· on::·a:~tempts·-.of · the Bureau and . -~ . ·::: _
local la\!; enforcer:;ent agencies to· curtail ... illegal independence~~~ . · ·
€ctivi ty in Puerto Rico.. As the Bureau is -acutely awa.re tne - . ·-.~.
introduction of a ·1e.rge and weal thy Moscow dominated ·.~·
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cr&a.nizQtion into the independence stru&gle .at a
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Jul 23· ' 1967 . .
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'l'he MPI through it~ leadership has betrayed the
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A short time ago, a prominent member of' the Communist
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Party of"'!tn~n~ted States, Gil Green, came to Puerto Rico.
and through the use or influence and money succeeded 1n doing
what all the agencies of repression ot the North American
government have failed to do. He corrupted Juan Mari Br~s,
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the maximum leader or the struggle.
Secret agreements were reached.
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Lcdo. Mari, in return tor who knows what., agreed to
place the cause or independence second to the "party 11.nea
of the CPUSA.
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It is no secret that during recent days Ledo. Pedro
Baiges Chapel, using the pennies of the 11 Jibaros.,f. went 'to
New York and spoke at the CPUSA May Day celebration held there
on the first of May. It is no secret that Baiges spoke in
English., and badly, either ashamed of his language and culture
or anxious to ingratiate himself to the North Americans. It
is no secret that Baiges spoke about the goals of. the Communist
Party and not about the struggle taking place on the Island.
-1t is no secret that many Puerto Ricans present at the ceremony,
because of a desire to hear a leader from their country~ burned ,
with she..me as Baiges made a fool of himself.
·
v
What is a secret., is the ·story or Baiges• other
activities 1n New York, the story of how he avoided his
people, of how he went to cocktail parties at the homes of
t1ealthy communists in the suburbs of New York., of how they ...- .
gave him only "promises., 0 after ~e-had-entertained-t.hem-and .J.i,j, t'/·
Qatered-·to-them· and promised to support first of all the
Communist Party, USA.
s. -tr;":.,f5
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le.
What has happened to the fight? Is even o u r ~
for independence to be controlled by North Americans and from
the United States? Are we indeed a lost people engaging in a
hopeless struggle?
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Ee~-Yairtel 5/4/67 vith enclosure thereto.
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Bureau believes that the propos&d letter JCAY be put to
eood · ad,·antage ~ However, New York is requested to clarify 1nforc~ t ion eet forth-in para~raph seven of - b.ro~osed
e
letter. Th~a
pt. ragraph makes mention of attendance b
at cocktail_· .:. . ·
pF~r ties ,rhich were held in 'the bones ot. 'I\.:"".:. ..... communists. ;
Y~ntion is then arJlde bow "he had entertained the~ and catered
tc them." It appears that this \?Ording should be clr.rified and ·
th~ ,rord1ng ch~nged since we ha.va mention made .iitllllllllll~attending
.cocktail parties and then we are talking about ~ t e r t a 1 n i n g
the co:::u:.unists •.. Kew York is requested t_o revorQ t.n.l.s paragraph
for ~luificatio°.·:~-~o~~s~~~ ·· ~ ~--. .•. ~.(.:.:.~.-~~-, .. '!_.. --.-:,:.
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The last paragraph of the proposed letter sakes mention
The Bureau believes that 1n order
.
tbat ~ore eyl:lpathy JCAf not ba invoked for the M?IPB cause, the
·-~or-ding ~entioned above should bo changed from "dying for
~
ndepondencdtto
"struggle tor
independence.~~'!:>
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.
· • ot "dying for independence."
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Upon r&ceipt of New York reply, further instructions
!Jill be issued to San Juan re,arding the proposed mailing,
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•·..:~- .._:~New York Offi~b~has :pr~p9s~d mailing of ano.nymous lf tter
in :---panish language to members .o.t :1£PIPR, tr..ilitant Puerto Rica. . ·
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in' ependenco croup •. · Proposod letter is aimed at informing ~ PR
~rabers of recent informati<;>n ~bowing apparent attempts by Co.-.munis~
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NOTB CO~TINUED PAGE TWO , ~ ~ - -
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Part7 to aid the IIPIPll;
, CP leader, recently made a
trip ·to· Puerto llico··in c ••h
o therewith and one of .the· IIPIPl .
-le~ers spoke .at .the·.Commuaist Part7_ Kay J>ay celebrati~n. ·1'1 ·'/":-:tJt~·
New ,,York C1 ty_~on 5/1/67 • . ,.:.· Anonymous letter ·-111ters. that lfPIP.B .~ ?·~- ....
11a.y:-be-plac~g-:.tb.e :Commun!s_t~ P~:tJ'·.&he~ ·.ot.~the ,l!PzyR;;fig~t~.forN • _
independence~· It:1s·believed·t.hat the suggested anonymous letter
will·be·aost beneficial.and may belp us in preventing a further
interjection of.the Communist Party into the Puerto Rican
independence picture.] However, clarification from Hew York is
needed before ,re authorize .the mailing. _
..
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5/8/67
Date:
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·ransmit the
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{Type in plaintest oi cotle)
AIRTEL·.
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DIRECTOR., FBI (105-93124) . .
TO:.
FROM:
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(105~33s3",.s~b
SAN JUAN
. ~oUPs·· ·sEEKmG.
SUBJECT:
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~EPENDENc; -·
FOR PUERTolf!co
.
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COUllTERlid'ELLIGENCE"' PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE
-wa •
C01'"TROL SECTION{/)
~ ~t1 ~ttarr} -;j:. ( - f /t. J.
Re San Juan airtel 4/25/67, and
Bureau airtel 5/2/67. ·
-.. .
The comments of-the Bureau with regard·
to this matter are appreciated and the San Juan Office
is in agreement with the Bureau's suggestion to.blame
the·Communist bloc and Cuba for the failure in the
United Hations and to criticize MARI BRAS ·and others
for is~latinG the Puerto Rican independence forces
from the democratic countries.
The reference in the proposed
bmitted by the San Juan.Office t
. a n d - r e references to tl
b ·
Brt-i..Losit
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3> - Lureau (105-93124) (Rl-!)
'1" - 1;s\·, York (105-32872) (info} (RM)
2 - Snn Juan (105-3353, Sub 1)
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.. "DESPIERTA BORICUA, DEFIEIIDE LO l'UYO"
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and~.·our eyes have b~en .. opened -..a.gain by the·· fa11ure of-~··,_:"..·-~:·-~~-- : _
our.~. . jumping grasshoppers\:·to.:convlllce· the· United lintions ~.:;1 ~ ·~:-to· J_liberate' Puerto Rico·.:·':._ ~'::: ~ . · ...- ·.- ·
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ei---us":now ·be·men enough.~o ·admit_ that . we havj! :f::!.~\ .. .:.- ·successfully::.:.defeated our·--_hope·_: of.' having --the United·. >-~·.-r:/·:, \~.- ·
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----~<r. Nat_ions.-~~a:r.-.0\~:!\ plea .fpr ·~t~!v:~n~-~~~-~---- Wt' B,~y7_:_F.~-C:>~h~-n.:·~~}r-: .. -_
:. ihe. :Wroµg ·COurse, ·•..let !_s ·.:8d.ml.t: it~.:-~:!~~ ·.,:'::/:..~•."-'_:.,. .. ~·...};v-:..·.~-~:/-~ :·.,.:;;: ii-!'~··.,·,_·
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/i·r-:~::··f~~- ~-{:_ . ·-we~ •r·et not· ··commuhists~: so .why have"·we-·sought;.·~:;,.-~::> . . ~- '
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~\::·the .aid_'=of.~.Cuba:; -;,.:R~_ssia/~ ~9land -~~d ·:Bulgaria?.· .•~ we··:are.:·.'?,:ft;\:~~~·-·
God-_feari.ng people., ·steeped_ 1n·. the· tradition::of ·De 'llos_to~;·).:. ::.~.
De "Diego and Barbosa., and we have_ no .need ,or·~- Castro.;:: ..~-,-~':. -- : - ·
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Guevarra and other Cuban hoodlums. ··"' -· ·· - : :.. . , ·_. • .
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,._. ~-- '.:.:.'.\\. :: ...Many .,years~.-:have -_passed-·.since ·we.. were .. born. 1n·\~..::-.:: ~-- .
.._":.Ponce~ ·bowever·~we: are_: furthe~·. a.way -~froni our_ independe;nce :·;.·, .~ :,:. ~ ·
. ·n6w~han. _ .we-.wer.e "'theij.~1~ ·W.ake :UP:"Puez:t.o'-Ricq/_make_.. _use.:~'f'.-~;:..~.·.:..
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We propose.- to m~il this · 1ea-flet from post offices
in ;-outlying- areas ~to Na~ious. represen~at1ves -of the_·Puerto ~·
~.~.:..Rican indep~ndence · _"community and .. also · to -sel.ect;·1ndependenc;_e.
-.::. leaders no,:t_, .. ~~c.~ssa:ril.Y}B:ft11iated... wtth:.~.-.1>artJ_cµlarj_ ~-,_·r ·
.. ·,:grouns
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· Bureau· _auth'or.ity :.is solici:-ted ·tq-~ediately .-~:.: ~-,,·-·
put :the- proposed count_erintelligenc;e
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To: .
SAC,· San J'Jan (105-3353-Sub 1)
From:
REC-16
Director, FB_I (10~-93124)
CROUPS SEn<ING INDEPENDmCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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EX-103
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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(SUBVERSIVE OONTROL SECTION)
IS•
PRN
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Reurairtel 5/8/67.
I
Authority granted to prepare proposed letter ln
Spanish language and to mail lt as set forth on page three
of referenced airtel.
Preparation and mailing should be handled under
the most secure conditions to protect the Bureau as the ·
source. Advise the Bureau of any information coming to .
)'our·attentlon regarding-the malling· of this letter.
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San Juan has proposed mailing of anonymous letter
in Spanish language which points up the recent defeat suffered
by independence groups at the United Nations. The United
Nations Committee of 24• which handles cplonial matters, did not take up the colonial status of Puerto Rico as sought by
:t::o_-- indepenaence groups. At1~11ymous Jetter makes mention. of the·
a f : J F of independence··groups,':yith some of the Soviet bloc
~;..~
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tries and Cuba, ~~,the lettetrpoints up the mistajte,of_,.~'--
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
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the incfe~n'ce~ groups aligning themselves with these
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countries who have failed to help the cause of Puerto Rican
i nd pendence.
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· · San Juan prop~ses to mall the letter to various
representatives of the Puerto Rican independence conmnmity
and also to selected independence leaders who are not
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necessarily affiliated with any particular groups.
San Juan•s proposal has definite merit and should aid us as
a disruptive tactic within the independence organizations.
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IS 1NIENS1FlCAll0N PROGF.A~
OF SAN JUAN OFFICE.
PURPOSE Of TRAVEL U~KNO~N.
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OFFICE Of INlELLIGENCE POLICE
OF PUERTO RICO ADVISED THAT
H.A.D PUER!O RICAN FLAG IN
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LUGGAGE.
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RE~.DILY !DENT IF'IABLE DUE 10 NUMEROUS REFERENCES SAN JUAN
lN~lCES.
YORK COVER SUBJECTS THROUGH APPROPRIATE
SOU?.CES
AND ATTEMPT
JO ~SCERTAI~ PURPOSE OF TRIP.
SECRET SEP.VICE BElNG ADVISED LOCALLY.
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SECRET SEP.VICE NE~ YORK.
END ACK PSE GA
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DIRECTOR~ FBI {105-93124}·.·
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FROM
· SAC, NEW YORK {105~32872).
SUBJECT: ':.GRO~~--$·~-~JCilfG~.EH.Nl)E?i.CE
_.FOR_PUERTO.....RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE-PROGRAM __
- _(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION}
IS-PRN
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ReNYairtel, 5/4/67, with enclosure ·thereto and
Bureau airtel to NY, 5/10/67.
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The NYO agrees with the Bureau's conclusion
that information set forth in paragraph seven of the
proposed letter should be clarified.· In including in
the letter the words 11he had entertained them and
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·_··_;catered to them., the NYO was attemptin
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show that
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. ··:lihile at the cocktail parties concerne
. ad made
:.attempts to ingratiate himself with his
u
the
possible loss of his dignity. It was the intention of
the NYO to subtly show the undermining of dignity whi:h
is so important to the P.R. male.
In light of the Bureau's request to clarify the
strike letter two al1ernative wordings are hereby suggested:
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3 - Bureau (RM)
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by the ·phrase ' t He had been entert.ained by and catered to...
by ,Re.m ..~
:is felt .·that this wording would result 1n .
ho possib 1 lity of the.reader misundersta1Mn·n
the letter··.·-~··~·~: ..-.
since· it would :fit in with the mention-o
ttending;:::~;-;;_-:11" .·:
cocktail' partfes spon·so~~~ 7by,_ the ·C91]UDunis •· _ owever~ ..-:-'~- J·\:_;_ ~:-~!:;
1t is~also~ felt-;:th~t it. -would~po~· have:..th~ct· origina~.,,lY..1/~-...
c1 es ired '"by ~the:; NYO _-or :-subtly_. ·undermining - - - · dfgn1ty::.:..,~ · ~~/~·:,~ ~ .·· ..- . "':- /~~'(':)~·}i~ -:-f_;;.=j.~'??~)t~:. ..~. . .~-~t_r .....·: ·~~~:-•• ;. l ~ :~r-!i' _.. •. : . . • ·\·. _:;-·~:--~·-\l,.·=·;:~~/~. .~.•.
- . ~· _.. ; :~·~ 2. -· As an . .alternative wording the NYO suggests --;. .
that the.· wording ·in question be· replaced by the phrase ·... ~
"he had.attempted to ingratiate himself with them ana
catered to .their typically North Ane-ican opinions about
.
Puerto Rico~' 11 --: ·The NYO 'feels:.. \tl"Et':..this~w·ording ~ould·::-~:~-t>·.:·\t::~~\f :._::\:..
present .no problem .regarding·.;clari ty·~an~- .woulq. ~~rl~·:;_to·\:·.~--:~:__-~·_,.__ :_;_:_._~,:.,
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by the·._Bureau.·9f the-v,ossibility-that sympathi!' might be · ,,_.-_ .... .
evoked by the phrase· 'dying :ror .independence,• is correct
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and that '"the phra~e should: be changed to read "struggle ~
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SACs, San Juan (105-3353 SUB 1)
New York (105-32872)
.
. Director, FBI· (105-9312..,•
.
GROUPS SEEl:Ilnl INDEPENI>lllCLC
fOR PUERTO RICO
Ht.
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROO~- (SUBVERSIVE CONTROL BECTIOH)EX.
IS - PBlt
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BeNYairtel 5/4/67 with enclosure thereto and
11Ya1rtel 5/11/67 •. · ; ·
. Authority granted for San Juan to translate tbe
anonymous letter submitted as enclosure to reairtel 5/4/67·and
to mail it to KPIPR aembers including members of the
New York Mission. The preparation and aailing should be
handled under the most secure conditions to protect -the Bureau·
•• the -·source.
·
The Bureau believes that the alternative wording
.
as set forth on page two of reairtel &/11/67 should be
utilized in the second last paragraph of the anonymous letter.
Accordingly. line five of this paragraph should read •g,ve
him only promises after he had attempted to ingratiate himself
with them and catered to their typically Horth American
opinions about Puerto Rico and promised to support first of
all the Communist Party, USA." Tbe word "dying" 1:o the first
line of the last paragraph of the proposed ~etter should be
cha~ed to "struggle.•
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. New York Off ice has proposed mailing· of .anonymous . :·
letter. in Spanish language. to members ·of llPIPR, militant ~·~..<. (·=.-~ ·
ruerto- Rican independence ·group. -~Proposed· 1e~ter:·1s :aimed ~at ·~/··t~-~- :·
infor.ming MPIPR:members ·of .recent .information showing apparent~:<·.·.::...~
attem_pts br Communi~~--~~tt ._to-.~id •th~ ltPIPR: ~:Gf!_Green,--·:t)i-;:r:~-~~-_:. _:
CP leader. ·_recently ·made a trip to Puerto 'Rico in ,connection.'--~· ··
therewith and.one of the KPIPR leaders spoke at·tbe Communist
Party May Day celebration in New York City on 5/1/67. Anonymous
letter infers that IIPIPR may be placing the Communist Party ahead
of the llPIPR fight tor independence. It is believed that the
·
suggested anonymous· letter will be most beneficial and may ··\.:::.. -. ..
help us in .preventing ·a· f_urther interjection· of .t~e Communist.\.~
Party ·into ·the Puerto Rican. independence picture. ,,:.:we asked~~-··..-.\_ . ·
New York to clarify. certain p~opose~ wording in' anonymous ·• ._-:
letter and this clarification is set forth in NYairtel 5/11/67.Change~·in the wording in the proposed.anonymous letter more
clearly points out.the point ~e are ~rying to get across here.- .
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SAN JUAN
DATE:
(105-3353-SUB-1)
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5/_17/67
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(P)
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-~-~. .#effi:JUPS -SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
l
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN
00: SAN JUAN
f.
.
Re Buresu airtel 5/11/67.
On instant date, San Juan mailed copies to selected
1nernbers of the independentist conununity in Puerto Rico of
enonymous·ietter for which Bureau authority was obtained
in referenced Burea.u eirtel.
Although copies of this anonymous letter were not
sent to persons residing w:ithin the New York Division., it
is anticipated that some comme~ts may be made regarding it
by members of the MPIPR., New Yorlc Junta and the Ne1-1 York
Office is requested to remain alert to this matter and
ndvise any results obtained by this letter to the Bureau
and San Juan.
Mailing of this anonymous letter was made under
. secure .conditions and the paper and envelopes us_ed t:ere.
from stock readily available at local stationery stores.
,.
LEAD
,
SAN JUAN
At San Juan, Puerto Rico:
Will report any results of this letter to the
Bureau.
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Bureau (RM)
ew-Tork {105-32872) (Info} (RM)
an Juan
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MAY 19 1967
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Approved: - - - - - - - . . - - - . Special Aoent in Charoe
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6/8/67
Date:
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Alrt,el
1 • Mr
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To:
SAC. San Juan (105-3353)
f"roa:
Director• FBI (105-93124)- ').,/'g'
ST-ll°'EC 46
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tr:ouPS SEEKING INDEPDIDiNCE FOR PUERTO RICO -
~
COUHTERINTELLIGENCE PROCRAM
IS• PAN
(SUBVEl<SIVE CONTROL S.EX:TION)
,
~-
I
~euralrtel 6/8/67.
The Bureau does not belleve t,hat the technique
s~egested in referenced alrtel should be utilized at the
ptesent time.
You are encouraged to reviev this matter
ln an attempt to coce up with another count~rlntelll ence
llllllliiillilm1ght be utlllzed agalns~
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Secure prior Bureau authority before lnitiatlng
nny counterintelligence action ln this aatter.
1 - 1~5-76456 (Silen)
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NOTE:
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Uovimie~ndependencia de Puerto Rico Youth. San Juan
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roposed &n in Ormant report be drawn Up either in
t.
's handwriting or typevritten....lilZ...e!_anted 1n another
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From:
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FBI
(105-93124) ~. ··
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CROUPS SDXING INDEPENDENCE
f OR PUERTO R.ICX>
Pt-
COUNTERINTELLIGWCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SIX:TION)
IS• PRN
ReSJairtel 6/16/67 a copy of which ls enclosed
for the information of the Nev York Office. San Juan
should note .that the Bureau has a separate file for the
Counterintelligence Program dealing Yith groups seeking
independence for Puerto Rico. ·
,·
~
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I
: In accordance vi th San J\!,All Is suggestion as aet
forth in referenced airtel. a cartoon vlll be prepared by
the Exhibits Section and 225 copies thereof vtll be forwarded to the San Juan Office. This vork will be completed
as soon as possible ln order that San Juan may handle the
mAlling prior to the time of the plebiscite on 7/23/67. '
·,....... lithe cartoon will be prepared On unwatermarked commer"c~a~ ·
~ ~ grade paper.
~ ~. 1 • Hew York (105-32872) (Enclosure)_
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NOTE~,-~ The cartoo~ mentioned aboveC
bet ng-;:p::d by
.~~-- ~ .. · its Section pursuant to approv~l of memorandum/
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Mr: Su~liv9:°:
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·nIREC'fOR:;·'""FBI" "( 105-93124)
,
SAC, NEW YORK
(105-32872)
-~F;=~~;-~G
Counterinteliigenc·e ·-Pro-gram· -.----··
SUBJECT!
'
6/2.6/67.
INDEPENDENCE FOR. PUERTO RICO . .
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Subversive Control Section)
IS - PRN)
.
{00: SJ)
.
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ReButel to San Juan and New York, 5/16/67, and NYairtel
to Bureau, 5/11/67.
The counterintelligence letter which is the subject)
of referenced conununications has had dramatic results which.,· .
upon analysis., indicate that the disruptive purpose or the .- ~ ·,
letter is being acheived.
·
In the June 11, 1967, issue of "Claridad," the
the MPIPR (the target organization),
has written a lengthy article occasionea oy
as the Bureau is aware, is the Secr~tary of
Foreign Affairs of the MPIPR, a key figure of the San Juan
·office and a delegate to the Tri Continental Conference., which
was held in Havana, Cuba, in January> 1966. - - s considered on.e of the most likely candidates to a ~ mantel of
power., if and when tJUAN MARI BRAS., current ·MPI Secretary General.,
steps down.
In the article. mentioned above., which~~aptioned,
"Another
Committee
of the C.I.A.;" he warns the ~ h i p that
the 11 Committee Against Foreign Dominatll.on of the Struggle for
Independence 11 is the latest weapon or the notorious Central
Intellr§ence Agency. labels the statements made in the
lt:!tter calumnies II an
ains of its widespread distribution.
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Sub 1) (INFO)
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In an extended comment on past "C.I.A. n tactics, . ·
reviews 'the history of the "Groupo Pro Uso Voto del · : ·.
~ a n. •
counterintelligence device originated by · ·.~ . ·
the SJo.-·
omplains of' how hundreds of· persd'ns associated
w1th·the 1PI we ·bombarded with letters from the-two Committees
ehd how the letters changed in tone·· from mild policy statements
to vicious attacks upon MPI leaders, in which t h eis
. . r" .
conunittees accused them of all manner of treason.
then
ossures_the membership' that dispite all this, the
ectoral
strike~ which was the target of' past letters~ was a success •.
(As the Bureau is aware, the MPI.suffered a serious defeat 1n
its strike against the 1954 elections since· the largest percentage· of voters in the history .of Puerto Rican elections was . · recorded that year.).
. . ..-. · . · ·
..
- . ·
. ~: ·
Turning to the .letter in question-takes each
of the charges made in the letter and i n s i s ~ h e y are not
true., dwelling particularly on the alleged "secret meetings"
,·rith the CP, USA; control of_ the MPI by the CP~ USA; alleged
agreements between the CP, USA and.ro.• .
nnd, a s~llout by MPI
_·._ leaders corrupted by the CP., USA.
ends his comments 1n
·· ; a series of inyectives against the C •
·.- ·. ·
.
'
Analysis of the Above ·
It is the opinion of the NYO that the subject.•~ .
l~tter has thoroughly disturbed MPI leadership. The usual teetic ofthe organization is to not respond to attacks by 1te
adversaries, feeling that attacks which do not seriously affect
the operations of' the MPI are better ignored. It is unusual.,
to say the least., that the MPI would give space end extensive
space at that., in its
organ for such a purpose. In
addition, the fact tha
: whose credentials are set ~orth
above., would be chosen o
ea-refutation is significant.
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that· 1.s to· say,· that the :coverage 1s·.·wide spread and known~-~;/..:~·-:-,._.
·.~. _ _
e so· by MP!' leadership~·. ·It is t:elt· ·that references _.1n:}::-~···~:·_-.·· ·
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s attempt to embarras
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in the letter did not go unnoticea y
3. At a time when revolution 2nd violence is 2
distinct possibility in Puerto Rico,.the creation of an impression that the- CIA is operating in Puerto Rico against the
NPI is · a welcome. result. -~he NYO 1s· of the opinion that ;·. ~- · '. : .-·
this ·1.mpression may well act .. as _a furt~er deterent· toward ,. ·. · ·- ·
violence.
·
··· ·
· ·· ..,. ·
4. · In swrunary, co~fusion has been created in the
rank end file, and M.PI leadership has had to counter with a
refutation. The leadership itself, which is of course more
sophisticated, has.,nevertheless, made a serious analytical
mistake about the.origin of the counterintelligence letter
·a~d will be more cautious with operations as a result. 'The
widespread effect of this measure and the overall counter-·
intelligence program of San Juan and New York has thus been
tacitly admitted by the MPI. In addition, the security precautions taken by the SJO in preparing and mailing the letter
have proven completely effective as _evidencedby MPI leader's
belief that the CIA is at the heart of the operation.
· Additional results will be reported as received.
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6/29/67
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£dTIAL.
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st BJ£crr~GROUPS SEEKING INDEPE1,DENCE
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FOR.PUERTO.RICO
COUNTERTh"TELLIGENCE PR0llRAM,
SUBVERSIVE CONTROLS 1SECTION
IS-PRN
(00:SJ)
5/11/67.
#
•.
Re~'Ylet to Bureau, 6/26/67 ai:td
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airtel to Bureau#
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The ~'Y~ has recently come into possession of the
following 1nforrr.·ation considered pertinent to the recent
counterintelligence letter captioned •coMMITTEE AGAINST
FORE[GN DO~!IN.ATION OF THE STRUGGLE FOR Th'1JEPE..WENCE•:
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In any event the tall or
trom good graces . ·
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e
gence operation
~
which will be submitted to the Bureau ror approval within
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INDEPENDENCE
FOR--PUERTO-RICO-- ----- --COUNTERINTELLIGlllCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
-
.
6/20/67
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
PURPOSE:
To recommend the preparation of a cartoon by the
; Exhibits Section of the Administrative Division depicting an
attack by members of the Liga Socialista Puertorrlquena (LSP)
\ on a Mission of the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto
i Rico (MPIPR) • The J.SP and the MPIPB. are militant Puerto Rican
independence groups. The cartoon ls designed to cause discord
between these two organizations and will be sent anonymously
~o-members of·:various independence groups in Puerto Rico.
•.
-:;
ST-104
!
BACKGROUND: . : .
REC-75 IO!/ .-.~~- 1s~J f- -~
.........
; San~_:Juan Office bas
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rmation that
., bas accused
·of being-a coward.
n other mem ers o
e
LSP have entered an MPIPR Mission and threat.enedlllalltwith
bodily harm unless he proved or retracted bis s t ~ about
On one recent occasion members of the MPIPR
·
~ r e armed with firearms and knives
and
other LSP members came to the.Mission and blows vere·exchanged
between the two groups. San Juan Office has suggested that a
cartoon be drawn up showing~tanding in the dooniay ...
o.f__,.,._
. . ...... the M l s s i o n ~ d i s t i n c t ~ standin~d bl~~ JUL 6 19r.7
Confronting~would be a caricature o f - witn a
/
mra,bearing a Red;~~~ne~e s~-ogan. The LSP is known-f.or •
.........-
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1f5-93124
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Memorandum from Mr. J.F. Bland to Mr.
w.c.
Sullivan
RE: GROUPa- SEEKING .INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICX>
l0~j93124-., ~111,: . ..
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its.pro-Red C h i - n ss. - t h e LSP leader, would be shown~
ush~ards
• Under the
cartoon there wou d be printed in Spanish t - g a n ••.al,•
~ T w o Weeks to Prove or Retract Your Statement~
- ~ i s a Coward.''
y ........
--
;.
OBSERVATIONS:
It is believed that this cartoon will be of great
assistance as a disruptive tactic in the Puerto Rican
independence groups. This is most important at the present
time since these groups are attempting to unite against a
plebiscite which is to be held in Puerto Rico on 7/23/67. ·
At that time the Puerto Rican people will.vote for statehood.
independence, or a continuation of the present cormnonwealth
. form of government.
The preparation of a suitable Red Chinese slogan
such as "Down with Imperialism" has already been discussed
with.the Cryptanalysis-Translation Section of ~he Laboratory.
The £..mi.bits Section should coordinate the preparation of the
cartoon with the Cryptanalysis-Translation Section. Since the
plebiscite is to be held on 7/23/67• it is believed most
important that the cartoon be prepared as soon as possible to
allow for mailing prior to the time of the plebiscite.
RECOMMfflDATION:
Th.at the preparation of the above-mentioned cartoon
by the Exhibits Section be approved for mailing to members of
the Puerto Rican independence groups in Puerto Rico or to
persons sympathetic to these organizations. If approved. 250
copies of the cartoon on unwatermarked commerical grade paper
sho~\d be prepared. Photographs o f - and
have been forwarded by S a = z a t i o n in
epara on of the cartoon.
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SACs, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1) (Enclosures • 225) · · ·:· . ··~· ..
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CRO'JPS SEiXING INDEPENDm'CI:
.
· . · -.
. . l~---~o~~ ..~~~5~32s7.2> (Enclo~e~ _... _.,. '.·'., ,·
From: - :.. ':- Dir~or ·FBI· (105-93124) _, ;;?e::Jd<:.,· ~. ·~·-,>
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fOR PUERTO RICO
ST-115
COUNTERINTELLIG~CE- PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SIX:TION)
IS • PRN
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was fur~sbed to the ~ev York Office •. ·...
- ·: ·, ~:... · .· (: . ~~:·...,_ ·: ~- Enclosed for San .Juan are 225 copies of the
cartoon mentioned in referenced airtel. One copy is en-
closed for the information of tbe Nev York Office. The
. translation of the Chinese characters ln the cartoon ·ts : . ·.,.
· . "~wn · Wi ~-~ lmper~alism~ ~· ·
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Authority granted for San Juan to mail the :-:· · ·.
cartoon to members of or persons sympathetic tot~
,_..,___,.Movimiento Pro lndependencia de Puerto Rico, the Ltga ·
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Socialista. Puertorriquena, and the Nationalist Party of ·
z Puerto Rico. The mat ling should be handled under the
": cost secure conditions to protect the Bureau as the
~ ,ource.
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San Juan and Nev York should advise the Bureau
of any information coming to their attention regarding the
mailing of tb!:.s letter.
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RE: f-GROOJ'sZSm<ING INDEPENDENCE
1 FOR PUERTO RICO . ,
105't93L24
.
·
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NOTE:
.,. Pursuant .. to approval of memorandum~o··_:
Hr. Sullivan 6/27/67,~cartoon involved was p r ~ · \ . : ; . - ; ,
mailing to members of certain indepe~dence groups in
· ·· . . · ·
Puerto Rico.· Cartoon is aiaed at causing discord between
two of the groups since San Juan has learned that ,the · .
head of one of these bas been called a coward by a member. .... -··
of the second group.
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(-Of-?j_c~· ~-AN;·.ro~· _- (loS-C:3353) sY13~{:.c ..- SUBJECT·; ·QGRWP_s_S~Kilm. INDEP~IIDENCE.. -· ,.· · ·
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Dat.D of DeWlJlila~un i~uchnlte
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SAN :JUAN (105~3353)
~E~1~nm lNDEPEllDEl~CE
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CiI!OUPS
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t 'nority
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Tnc variouo croups advocatinr,; inuc_pcndcncc .ror
.P~ic.;1"'to Rico nave greatly incrcasc:d tllCil" a.ctivit)' wit,ll -tnc.;
:· Pt~roaching Plebiscite scheduled for July 23, 19S7, .to .
,h:t~nnine the future political status of Puerto Rico.
· The ,
t·L\'imicnto P1 0 Inciependencia de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican .
fru Irnlepcndence Movement (i-~PIPR) (Bu.file 105-75715)., · aa the
!: l\;est of the pro indcpcno.encc groups, ha.s placed an ··· , .
::.ucrcasingl} heavier workload upon their Pl''J.ntinr;. racilities,
:.:w. :listling pa.mphlets., · and publications contc..inint; cdi·torial
,· ,·~'.;jcli'.s of, and. pla11ncd demonstrations ac;ainst., the scheduled
..µl!:oisci te.
·
11
T~1c san Juan Office proposea that a chelll.ical ·· ·
Ltcnt, available to the Bu1--eau, be placcu in the printers
inl:, w11ich., s.c ti va tcd b~ the heat or the i>l"csscs, will ecu.t
st.l'oflS oJ.or and prohibit the use of: the pre:ss~s.
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CRO~EEXING INDEPEND.ENC~
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Reurairtel 6/26/67./Y
Careful consideration bas been given to the .. '..
counterintelligence technique set forth ln referenced
airtel. However. the Bureau does
believe lt feasi•
ble to authorize the implementation of this technique.
.
You~ interest in forwarding this suggestion ls appreciated •
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not
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San Juan has suggested that a chemical be placed
in the ink used by the Movimiento Pro Independencia de
Puerto Rico to print its various pamphlets and publications.
San Juan indicated that the proper chemical would be
activated by the heat of the presses and emit an odor •
.Jacr.. _ _
·loach _ _
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FOR PUmTo. RICO
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lrom:4~rector, FBI (105~93124) .........
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Mr.
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l>ATE:
•
July 7 t 1967
1 •Mr.Deloach
1 •Mr.Sullivan·
IN.OM
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GttOUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
1 l ..
FOR PUERTO RICO····- ---·-COUNT~INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
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PURPOSE:
·
To recommend that we authorize our San Juan Office
1. to mail an anonymous letter.to members of the Movtmiento
'Pro lndependencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR) in Puerto Rico and
New York City. The M.PIPR is a militant Puerto Rican
independence group.
BACKGROUND:
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�Memorandum to Mr.
RE:
w. c.
Sullivan
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPEND~CE
FOR PUERTO RICO
1
1
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL·SECTION)
-93124
New York City learned of the action by the CP. A member of
the Executive Board of the Nev York Mission was reportedly
removed from her position on the Board because of statements
she.made regarding the CP donation.
/I)
The Nev York Office has now recommended the
preparation of another letter by our San Juan Office which
vould be aimed at revealing the CP donation to MPIPR members
in.Puerto Rico and New York City. It is hoped that the
letter will cause dissension within the MPIPR, embarrass the
New York Mission for falling to keep the donation a secret,
end.embarrass the leader of the MPIPR by inferring that he
ls utilizing the money for his own use.
OBSERVATIONS:
It appears that New York's suggestion has definite
merit and will be most useful to us in causing internal
strife in the MPIPR.
RECOMMENDATION:
If you approve, the attached airtel will be directed
to San Juan authorizing it to mall the letter under secure
conditions to MPIPR members in Puerto Rico and New York City.
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"Awake Puerto Ricans, Defend What is Youra"
, We are grateful to Ledo.
fo~ exp~!ng
to us in the Claridad that the MP! has not surrendered t~ the·
( Cotrll11Wlist Party of the United States. His den{als, although·
. vehement enough and interesting enough, do not seem to- chsnse
the £nets which are lmown to the· hierarchy.
.
.
We have said before that Ledo. Juan Mari Bras,
tho maximWl'l leader of ~he struggle,·had sold the revolution
to the Communist Party. Now the Communist Pax,ty has sent
$500.00 in the strictest secrecy to Mari Bras, which is
probably only one payment for his loyalty.
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So secret was the paymont, that wren
.
the Mision Vito Marcantonio in Ne\
marked
~ ; h e was itrJnediately removed from the Executive
. Board. Thia is strango since she was just recently elected·
·by the members or that mission to the Executive Board.
-nst
It is difficult to understand why such violent
action should be
this dedicated fighter tor . ··
independence, as
certainly is. It the Corn~wiist.
Party directed thi ~c,
en our point has been proved,
that the North Americans are now in charge or our revolution.
01• it may be true that Ledo. Mari Bras ordered---ai°is punishment.
Is he afraid that his North American partners will no longer
send him this pocket money? Is ho afraid that there will be·
a dir.1inishing in his personal comforts, his first class travel
to Uew· York, to South Ar;ierica e.nd who knows ~1here else? How
much more 1no11ey has ho socreted, money that is needed ao
badly in our strugglot
Committee Against Foreign Domination
of the Fight tor Independence
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. TO
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DIRECTOR. FBI
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(105~ .
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SUBJECT:
SAC• ·11El(YORK (10.$-32872)_:
·0 GRoUPS
"
s~-~G ItJDEPEH~ENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERiNTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRN
-(·OO :-·-San-Juan)
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ReSJlet to Bureau, 6/29/67, Buairtel to SJ an~· ·:· :~.HY, S/16/67, and HY airtel to_Bu~eau, s1i1/67 •
Enclosed is a proposed counterintelligence
letter designed to augment the original "Committee Against
Foreign DoMination or the Otruggle For Independence" letter
which was the subject or reteren~ed communications.
.
.
,., •• - "- . .i,':'-lf .·'
As the Bureau vas advised in NY letter or 6/29/67,
the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico (MPI) - ..... ·
New York Mission (HIM) recently expelled a member or the
Executive Board tor talking about tS00.00 given the N!M .,
by the CP,USA, which was to be sent to Puerto Rico under·
a veil or secrecy. · · . .
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It approved by ··the Bureau,· 1 t is suggested that·: .,:.··
the.San Juan Office again prepare a.letter in Spanish to .
be distributed to MPI rank and tile •. It ia anticipated that
the same success achieved-by the ·SJO in its careru~ preparation
.and dissemination. ot t~e first let~er 1!1111 be .. ·the···result)..,J.:I<~\.-.
· ot · a.. second attempt to disrupt· the :·MPI b7· use ·or the\::")\~::~:/.:_.'.!_\.:
·.: "Comm! ttee Again~t. ~or~18!1--~~m1~~F1.~~:~ .o~i-.~h~·~s~~$8l~l!')t·:;· ·~.:t_~---~j;/->
For ~~dependence_. ~-- ;-":,. ~- ;-·,; ~-: >..·:
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8
Communist Party or the United States. His denials, although
. vehement enough and interesting enough, do not seem to change
the tacts which are lmown to the hie~archy.
We have said before that Ledo. Juan "ari Bras, the maximwn leader or the struggle, had sold the revolution
to·the Communist Party. Now-the Communist Party_has· sent
$500.00 in the strictest secrecy to Mari Bras, which ia
probably only on~.payme~t tor his loyalty •.
So secr~t was the payment, that ~n the Mision Vito Marcantonio in New~marked
~ s h e was immediately removed from the Executive
Board. This is strange since she was just recently.elected
by the members ot that mission to the Executive Board.
-or
It is difficult to understand why such violent
action should b e ~ n s t this dedicated tighter tor · · . .
independ~nce, as
certainly is. It the Commun.1st
·
Party directed tn s act,
en our point has been proved,
·
that the North Americans are now in charge'or our revolution.
Or it may be true that Ledo. Mari Bras ordered~is pwi1shment.
Is he afraid that his North American partners will no longer
send him this pocket money? Is he afraid-that there will be
a diminishing in his personal comforts, his first class travel
to New York, to South America and who knows where else? How
much more money has he secreted, money that is needed BO·
badly in our struggle?
Committee Against Foreign Domination
the Fight for Independence
or
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SEMANAL
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MOVIMIENTO PRO INDEPENDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO
II
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1966' ---- ANO DEI, CENTENARIO DEL APOSTOL j0SE DE Dmoo ___ ., 1966
l== . ::d==· === === === ~ :::: === .. = === ·=== ===· === === ===
Afio VI - R!o Piedras, Puerto Rico - a 6 de·d1c1embre de
--.---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - Alerte
,_
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• • • • • 41
-
NO SE PUEDE PERMITIR LA IMPOSlCION
DEL PLEB~SCITO
COLO~IALISTA
-
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1966 - Nd~. 264
·
...
•••••••••••••••••••••
~
: MENSAJE ESPECIAL. A LA lULI- •
• 'TANCIA DEL. SE-CRETARIO GENE- •
• RAL,~COMPAF.ER~ ,!TJAN MARI
A peser de la manifiesta oposici6n
BRAS, EN LA PAGINA DOS.
de los roAa di.ve1•sos sectores de ls so- •
•
c iedad puerto.rriquena. 1ncluyendo am• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "· • • • • • • • •.• • • •
plies sec·tores dol prop lo p9r tido de .gobierno, ls ad.minis traci6n colonial acaba do envtsr e su legi_sletura un proyecto de plebisc1.to ordenado ror Washingtor. pare· busear de elguna form.a der visas de legalldad al
regLr.1el'l•
.
.
,
Sin heber estado radicado e6.n' el proyecto, ya lo opo'sici6n el ple1,.!.scito co;nenz6 a rll8nifestarsa por todaa pertes4 Pero de todos los sectores del pueblo, son los luchadore3 de le 1ndependenc1a los que con ~ayor v,igor y con plena a12toridad :,noral nos· oponemos e. el. Y si nos.I' opone,i~cs el plebisc1to, fflucho menos' podemos permttir que se incluya en esa
'laniobra frauduJ.enta a le independencia por encine de la radical negati•;e de s u.s leg! timos por ta voe es..
. . .' ·...
Nua stra mU.i'tancte debe ester. alerta ,.· b1en prepe_reda para· respond.er a cuel qui er l:le:nada de ~,1ovilizacl 6n q_ue ·tengamos que hacer pars __ detener este frsude.
E.l Hov1rrilento Pro Indeperrleneia estara preparado para rnoviliz.ar todos sus recurses contra este n~eva bu.rls colonial.
== = ==
ADELll.NTE LA EMULACION EH IA VEi'!TA DEL ALMANAQ.UE PiJERTORRIQUERO .
.El anuneio de la emulsci6n en le vents del Almanaque Puertorrlque' fio de 1967 he despertado gran intel'es tant(? entre misiones co:'IJO entre
.nil itant.es .. Algunos compai'icros se han enfrascado en una verdade.Pa earrera, solicitando 'diarlamente 100s almenaques. Hasta el moinento estan el
f.rqnte en ventas por individ!lo los sisllientes cor1paneros: ,primero: Luis
Escribano, (2) Jose A. Quiles 1 cmbos del ~ree mctropolitana, y (3) Antonio Molina, de Carolina.
·
La Comisi6n de Finanzas anunci6
~O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=Ot
que dera dos premios en la ven ta de 11 •
'•
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ol:".~neques: uno e ls mls 16n y otro
al :militante que m~s vendan. Pera·
tales efectos. s medida que van so1 ici tando mas alroanaques, las rnisioncs deben ir informando los no,nbres
do a.quellos de sus militantes que
~ts se destsc~n.en ln uenta junta.a
ins crrntidades que estos hsn vendido. Debe entende.rse que los almannq•.les quc no hay an sido page dos no
serdn contcbilizadoa ~ara fines de
esto co~petencie fraternal.
Es i{·lportante tar;ib1,n que todos
los militsntes recuerden que es nccesario vender todos los el,11anaques
entes de fin de afio, puesto qua los
que no se hayan veoo 1.d O para esa fe-
-~~;i~~n~;~~~d~:obobtlidad sercn ma-
'if
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El 'domi.n~o
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~ REUNION DE SECREI'ARIOS DE ZONA
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E). pr 6xi.mo domingo, 11 de dl- ~
clembre, se .r:eunirsn en nuest.ros ~.
ofiQinas nacionales los Secreto-/
rtos auxiliares de Orgsnizsci6n. i
La reun16n cornenzar, e las 10 de,
la rnanana y en ella se t-ra taran 1
asuntos de extraordinoria 1~por- \
toncla, entre ellos la celebro--t
c16n del Sexto Serilincrio l~acio-- i
nal de Dtrigentes y las posibi-lidades de efectuar movilizsciod
nes de e~crgencia relaciona as
con el proyectado plebiscite coloniel.
.
-.
~O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O;
�••
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A MOVILIZARNOS PARA DERROTAR EL PROYECTO D~ PLEBISCITO
E1 proyecto de. plcbiscito Hitlcricno. prcscntodo en lss C~r.:iorcs Legislotivos coloniolca dcbc ser dcrrotcdo. El pueblo puertcrri-
qucno puede derrotwlo con su protestD. El pueblo no quiere eae
plebiscito, porque sobe quc cl mismo constituye uoo ofcnso c su dignldod y unp meniobre pero.:·1mprimirle legi tiruidnd ·~l.'co1onicje.
Yo ernpiezc o mcnitcstcrsc por todos ·si.ti os ·.la·:opoa!ci6n populcr cl proyeeto. Les fuerzos indeptndentistDs todes lo combo ten. At1n ··
E'le ntro dcl Pcrtido· Populor; · se hen, monifestedo·dos ·grupos dis tin aos ··
en.eontrs del plebiscite. colonielisto-: Vonguordi~ .y ·!l.os 24· intdc c- ·.
tu!:'le s · y -prof.esionol,.s .. Ambos grupos refile jan unn crcckntc insetis-..
fcccion dentro del pcrtido de gobicrno por la ebycecion crd o vez mos
1nsolvnble de su je.re pol"itico, Luis Hui'l.oz M.crin, y los posicioncs
eed,8.-Y<:Z.. PlPJ!I.-C:.PlP,QJcJ~.s~qs.:g?,1e ..>;:t~ r~_llp_~_:>,:lo__ l_..'l colrctividcd.
El CongrEso Anti-coloniolist;o_.repua.ia ·c:1 proycc"to. Er 'Co1eg1o de Abogcdos
he impu.gncdo lc~festinoci~n ael proceso_y solicitcdo.--.como primero
provide ncio ~--.'que se cx.ticndan por~'ti·empo ·rozonobl.e J£ .s vis'tes
pdblieos sobre e:l_mi~!l)O porc-dcrle tiempo ·o someter un enjuieia_mknto del proyect.o o ·io .. luz de los rcquisi tos m!nimos qrobcdos por e 1
Colegio en efios posodos el pronuociarse sobrc nuestro problemo eons-~J~~pionp;~ ..•.•....• , . . .
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'En fin, -yo· vo to~~ndo cuerpo lo protesto e!vica contra este.
nuev-o r:troco de, lo roE!quinerio- burocrutice c~lonivl.· Nos corrcspondc
c nosotros como vcnguordio !mpulsot <JSEJ protesto haste que _olccncc
le fuerze neccsoria pcre pcralizcr a la burocrccie eo su empe~o de
cpro.bor. e todc_ pri~o el p_lebi.s.cito • .: .
Lo t~ot.ica mufi.oeistt consist"e cn·'.·ccc1.erbr·todo cl -trlmitc lcgisletivo p~r.o: oprobcr ·el proy-ecto· orrtca de finc.liznr lo scs1·6n -ex:-.
troordinnrio de les·c~morcs,·que tcrmfoo e1·;d·h 15 de d icicmbre~
_PDR eso· hen ·sd'i.c·l.odo·v·tstr.:s perc,los·4!es jucvcs, vii.c.rncs y s'cbado de
est~ scmi:ns;. ·Int-cntcn· C£lcbrtr estos vistos pro rormo.;Su pxrosito cs
r-probar cl proyccto el luncs o mcrtca de; lc-sem::nc/qm.:·;v1c.nc. Si no
pucdc_Q oprobo~;J.o _entof!ces, tcndr~ quc qucdDNJe:":.pcro,-lo::7eesi6n ordinorie de cncro, y micntrds tcnto- cricerli ·1c '.oposlci6n':·:t:1l "pkbisci to
y el pu'eblo sc movil-izer6 .y se :cons:olidor,fo:·1os':':fucrzos\potri 6ticas.
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Tenemos que exi.gi?" ·que :st cxticndcn ·10s vio.t~s'.~pdblic!:'s• y
p~ror cste proyecto.. Todri 'lc militEinoiD debc movilizer'sc h::ieic lss
vis tcs c n cl ecpitolio vierncs y i:d bodo, pcro cscuchQr',nµcstros planttemientos en lcs rnismos y orticulcr le presi6n populc~ quc dctenga
El oousecbundo cntregcmieoto de estos lcgislodorcs··scllos de goroa.
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?luestros dirigentcs en t:oda le Isls debcn trab:.,je?" inb:' nssmcnte en los proxiro::is horos poro conscgu.ir quc cl"·lidcrato dcl pucblo:
lfdcrcs obrcros, dirigcntcs dcl pcquefto eomcroio;~ccmpciino~, J6vcncs,
est'llldiontco, intclectuclcs y dirige.;ntcs d.c .orgnni.z_oei~ncs de tc:dcs
·closc·s cnv!cn telcgrcmDa a. 11: · Lcgialeturo .P~~Je:nd_(!-' scr, .. o!dos t n los
•E;:udic.ncins. Dtben ·movilizor e nuastra gcntc hccio• cl· eopitolio. lfo
1mporbJ loo sacrifieios quc hoys quc ·huccl', hey que: .mc·tcr cl pue&
en cl copitolio. Que le prcscncio dc.l pueblo sc;" dcJc{si;;ntir sobrc: los
lcgisledorc.s· pusi16n1mcs .quc pre tendcn dcsconoccr...:o:.s.u .pueblo y pcscr por e ncimc de su mcodoto. Todovtv· hoy ticmpo·~pcraJ..e;vl t:;r quc · c .,;tc proyccto se oprucbe. Todovfo podcroos solver c Pucr.to· Rico de lo
ignom!nio de un plebi1:icito eolonielistc, inmor;l,.-,~nd.:-''coro.so o indce~nte.
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El .focto:r d<;termincntc ·.co le lucho. ·con unD:·luchc bicn crticulodo j fir~cmcntc. dcsorrollodc, pDrarcmos ·e1 plcbis"clto AHffiA. Eg::)
cs .nucstrc funci6n. Tol ·cs cl. objctivo dcl momcnto ·poro cl MPI. Asi
·.lo._ecordo lo Comisi6n Poltti~o. Asi lo instru!mos.-o todo lu militcncin. -VE11CEREM0S. .
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DESPI.'!RTA BORICUA·: DEFIENDE LO TUYO
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.Fro ternolrnt: n~c, ·
. .TUA ?l MAR I BRAS
Secrctorio GencrDl Interino
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TOOOS DEBEMOS ESTAR BI.EN PREPARADOS PARA EL
SEX.TO SEMillARIO NACIONAL DE DIRIGENTES DEL MPI
Los d!es 20; ~l y 22 de enero s·eri1 el 3exto Seminario tlecional de
Dirigentas del Novimtent:o Fro Independenclo., qi.le disc!ltir~ los aspectos
fundar.~ntales de nuestra Tesis Pol!tica, con ~1ras a su nu1s complete
reevaluaci6n. ·
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. Debi do al tema a discutir se, es te Seminario de Dirigentea seriS uno
de los mas 11Tlportantes celebrados hasta shore por el iiovimiento. En consecuenci·a, todas las misiones centrales deben ester debidamente preps.radas pcra el misno, discutiendo euldadoso:'llente de antemano el euestionorio sobre la Tesis que fuars d istr.ibutdo reciente!ilente. Aquelles mlsiones que necesi.ten cues ti onarios edicionales doben solici terlos sin mayor dilaci6n a la Of1cina 11 scional.
De la misroo fcrma 1 las misiones deben seleccionar sus delegados el
Se:;1inario tornando en cuenta que seen istos verdederos portevoces de la
misi 6n, dispuestos y preparados .para parttct par acttvamen te ·en las. discus! ones expresando los pu~tos de vista de la mlsi6n.
El Semin ar1o se celebrara.en el Cempamento Yuqu1yi1, de Luqu1llo.
Los delegedos deberan pager une mstrfoula de ~~10 pare cubr1r los costos
de meteriales 1mpresos., hospedaje y comides. En aquellos ca sos en que
el delegado no puede pager dicha cuota de su propio pecunio, la roisi6n
debera ocuparse de pager la misma.
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Cade rnision central t.endra derecho a envter el Seminario el doble
de los delegados con que c!lerite en la Mis16n Nacional. Las misiones patri6ticas particip·aran en ls reuni6n de la misl 6n central bejo la cual
trebajen para la e~ecc16n de los delegados de 1a misma. Ls Juventud eleglra 25 delegados, los cueles deben ser representativos de los nucleos
juveniles en tode la isle. De le .mlsrna f'orr·l.8, le Secretar!a de Acci6n
Fe~entna tendra derecho e diez delegadas.
El Sexto Seminario Nacionel de Dirigentes constituir~, sin duds elg1.1no., uno .de los .evantos ~s .trascendenteles en la vlda d~.:nuestro Movlr,iien to.
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Ineludible deber de todos:
CAPACITARSE PARA ELEVAR LA LUCHA PATRIOTICA·::.· .. -'..
Durante la dlti.ma semana de enero cofllenzora stmulteneamente en t·odas las capitales de zona el Cureillo Lasico de Capacitacton Pol!ti.c a
del i''lPI destineoo a proveer a nue stros aetiviEtas con una ·s611da preparac16n 1deo16gica que eleve nuestro nivel de lueha. Ser~ deber de todos
los e.ctivistas tomar este curso y asisttr regularmente a todas las sesiones del roismo, En el curse tienen que metriculsrse·todos los dirigentcs, desde el nt,,al nacional has ta las mlsf.ones ·pa tri6ticas, De la M.isma foriua_. para el c u.rso no se requiere preparac16n escolar ~previa, por
lo cual nad1e debe sentirse cohibido de tomer el eurso por.'.el hecho de
tener poca prepareci6n academies.
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"El cu.l"so que ven!e prepar-errlo la;J_uventud del
MPI, por s er de un ntvel mas ·svanzado, seri§ inte1radg en su pa rte .funda1re nt el a ls segunda parte de 1: eursillo Basico
del hPJ. (las uJ.timas cinco leccicnes). Segulde.rr.ente. aara:.-ofrecido en
s•.1 for1,1e !n tegrs como uo curso de seguimien to, _que. s6lo' pod ran tol'lar
aq_l,ellos que hayan aprobado el priJ.1er curso. ·
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CURSO DE LA JUVENTUD
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Capacitarse plenemente para elevar el nivel de nuestra luche es un
deber funda!"'»!ntel de todo activ1sta del HPI. P,or lo tanto,· tienen quc
lr,1r,oner·se la meta de aprobar este curso todos nuestros dir1gentes y actlvistas; quienes luego estar~n en condiciones de trensmitir estos conocimientos a sectores in.as aroplios.
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Les mislones deben. pues, intciar de inmedta to una eampafla para
~atricular a su militancia en el Cursillo B6sico de Capacitaci6n Pol!tica, de tal forma que las que veyan a torrulrlo began los preparativos
con tie:npo para es:tar en condiciones de trasladarse una vez en semana
a la cabeeera de zone a toins.r el curso,. Smpie zo as! un per1odo de prepsr ec i6n y estud1o en el :iPI y ls conslgna debe ser.que tcrlos los mil1tantes esten totalrnente enf.rcscados en ese proceso. 1A preparse todos,
e capacitarse todos, a estudiar todos?
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ENERO: MES DE RENOVAR LA SUSCRIPCIOH A LA CARTA' SEMANAL
Al comenzar el .sno, los.:Susc:r.lpt~res de. ls CARTA SEMAN.AL renuevan
uu nuacripcl6n. Cun~len as! eu obli:ecl6n de eyudar a cubrir los altos
costos que envuelve .ests publiceci6n,·que tante· Lmportoncie·'tleno para
la Vida de llUe B•tra orgenizsct·on. .
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: El cost~· de la CARTA SEMAN'AL 'es· bastan'te;· al't"o.' 'inciuye la eompra
de $randes canttdacles de pspel semanalmente, ttnta, estarc~dos, eleetri•
ci:c'!ed, sellos, arnorttzaci:on- de la:. maquJna de -lmprimlr dtrecci.ones y de·urecta c.i.on tan-to del rn1me6g.refo como ~e la. maqulna d·e direcc1o·nes. A
esto se debe efiedir el -alto costo del ·franqueo,cpe llega s cerca de 100
d6lerea semanales. Comprender~n los ·lectoras de le CARTA la necestdad
de pacsr puntual.mente ·le suacripc16n.
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. . c·~'11pa;ado -~~n ·1~s
~~e-·ie· CARTA·.·;·-ccfa le -extJ$~rainar1a
Lnportancie de este veh!culo de comun1cac16n d_e la dlrecc16n del MFI,
el ·pr_ec1.o .d·e la susor1pei6n·. es· vardacleramen t.e ·bajo: ·ts.oo el afio. No
hay rez6n, entonces, para que nadle deje 'para lue!!O pager· la suscr.1~ei6n.· Y el: rehovarla.,,:·1.os ·1nteressdos deben tsrnb1e6 indlcsr clare:ment·e
SU d irecc16n para •cota]ar nueatt10s· 8!'Cb1 VOS~
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e·l-tos.costo~
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LA SAF SE RE.'tJNE-'EL -DOMINGO 11
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. · En nuestras Oficinas r.acionales
LAS FIESTAS EMPIEZAN EN AGUADA
se .reunir~ la Secretar!a de Acc16n
Las ·e·elebraciones
,Nevidad em- Fernenina el ,p.r6.xi1no '-domingo 11 de
pezaren para la militort ia. e.uepe!s· · diciembre, eon ei _prop6stt9 de
coordinar :varies sctividades na.cio
tu en-Agueda, -e~ 18 ~e dlei~nbre.
nsles y c·onttnuar el trebajo de or
Ese domlngo, eomenzanoo a las 9 ne
genizac16n de ·n~oleos re~en1nos an
le: mafianu, scr~· el -pasad!e-bol·le
nst•ideiio que ausotcia le :1isi6n .Cen . distinttis·puntos ~o la Isid.
Fera esta ocas16n ls SAF prapatra l 19 de No vie mbre. El mis TlO serl
: en ·1a Terrua Agudo;· ~e· la Plays do rars, aae~~s, un.magn{fico almuerA::;uada. ·La fies ta tn clu1rt1 · ur:i suc·u- zo 6. Sel':·aar.v.ido.'.':a:!'los~asistantes
lcn to almuerzo criollo, ro6sice t!pi es! como'·a·:·1os::fnt·e·gre'ntes de la
·cc·, rega 1 os, sorp1'esas, :be:-il·e ·-y :ba·':°· Comis16n de· urgoni'zae'i6n .a prec!os
sum.amen te :m~dlc os·;·,·:::\:!S.:-·;;
no de qar para los que esten dis-pucstos. Toda por un preeio rid!cur. : ::
ln11eo1te bejo: un d6lar. 1:os veremos
_• ·- \7: ..~;u:~-,~~,~~·~~~'i,:.
en Aguada el dom1n~o 18.
Una d1seust&n;sob~c:~·el Serviclo
Milttar Obl1gatorio~ .~eon partici. .-psntes de representan,tes de dis tin
MITIN EN NAGUABO EL SABADO 10 ·
tas tendencias .. pol!ti'cas> se cele. A 'ias ocho de la noche del pr6brara este .dbado·:;10:d~,'.,dteter.:.bre,
~
·a las ocho ~e le noche,· en la Casa
xi1,io .sc.:.bado 10 de dlciel"lbre. sora
Alcaldie. de Ca::;uas:·.:..F.ert1c1par!Sn,
el 'dtin que celebrara el PPI'en le la Dra. Piri·Fernandez~de Lewis,
flaza de Recreo. de Naguabo. Habler popular; Lcdo>.or.lf3.~~q'. Ferge, est a
rdn en .estt: acto los companeros Po- dis ta; Dr.· Gilberto;.Concepe16n de
dro _Baires Chapel; E:nely Velez de .. Gracia, FIP,•',Ing:,:t_er_i{rdo i,avos,
\Tendo y Juan i'1ar! ..Br6s.' .
Yanguerdia Popul_a.r ·Y.;el esc:r1 tor
Cesar Andreu Iglesiei:r;-.del .NPI.
T·!ITIN EN DORADO BL. VIERNES·
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INTERE3~~i~~;~;;~;t:ci~tiAS.
Este viernes, 9 de dicie111bre,
se ceiebrara un mttin.eel !iPI en
=+=+=+~+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
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Esto £cto sere ausptciado eonjunta0,1en,te por los sfiliodos de Dorado y la l~is ion Central Jose Anto-·
.nio D~vila,
Bsy~m6n.
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•:·.C,,A.R T. A S E MA N A L
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· li1.1m·. ~84
,.J:~,c;l~ ... ·_~iciembre 4e 1966
brgano·d.e la Hisi6n lloeionsl
Fedro Albizu cam_pos .. d'el i1PI
· . Editor.: R_am&p Arbona
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Separe·· esta. tech.a·:~}·
1e Pliia do Recreo d~·Dorsdo, co-·
nenzando a los ocho de la noche~
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8 DE.EiJERo'::..-;Jj,.'
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.. · 1A REYARrnON EL MP!!
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DIRECTOR.MRS JOVEN~
Al seleceloner su nuevo direct!
· vs, la 'f-lisi6n Central Rar,16n J•iedino
.. Rem!r~z .. de Ssnturce, el1gl6 direc
tor· el jov_on. LMstor · Wazsrlo, del
·Barrio .Obrero, quien se 1n1ci6 en
la lucha pa tri6tiea. en. las filas
: de'la F'EP!~ Es el director !MS jo-
ven eri'tre l'os dirleen tes del MP!.
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Ac~ inter nos, culdado que pason cosas que parecen c~ses. Hace unos dias se
cay6 o dejaron c;:ier en lt' vecindad dQ Vieques una bo!llha de hldr6geno. Nos enteramos
por la prensa del rero~to Oeste y ni por ~sas c nadie se le movi6 una tripe.Yen
ver:.kid la eose era seria. lJ;,tural1TCnte que luego vino el mentfs oficial, Se dijo
que era de jug~ndo, que si pat.attn que si pataUn. Pero a mi que me reglstren porque sc roe ha metido en la chola q.ie el ~sunto tenh mucha mlga.
If!lfl!',ltnense
uds •. todo lo que ban hecho hast.a hoy las fuerzas armadas de '!la
s2nto bebito por espantar a los viequenses
de su cmac1a l sla sln poder lograrlo • Obviamcnte est.a vez han carobiado de rrAtodo a
vcr si se enteran. Desde luego nos hemos enterado pero e trav~s de la prcnsa cosa
que parece haber endernoniado a las grandes fuerz.as armadas de la "gran naci6rt1 que
P lr. hora prcs£nte so&ban no quedarta ni el mes minimo vi€quense q11e n:, hubiese
salido disperado huyend1 lleno 6e !')avor por aire agua o fueqo de la paquena Isla.
Se pens~ba, adero~s, posiblemnte, que la alarm::i ~ubicse contegiedo a los otros
puertorriquenos uel misroo p~nico y cnsegui.t~ <lel pepite20 cund(eni el 11 sal p~'
fuera ~ ~ te menecs •" Sin embcrgo no fue BS{ y la p,,bre ~nte sigultisTncnte•
rt-rse eiunquc sc lo djera la 11 gri:n rrensa 11 • Sabio instinto de pueblo que trasluce
elgo singul?r, a saher; que fsta 6ltima II grende11 , cligo "prensa", no sirve sin:>
pare coC1Unicar grf!ndes rnentiras y caller verdades grc1nJes.
gran naci6n'1 del combo de Combes ye
Tal comportamiento ha servido para inquiEtar ah~ra (volvicndo le oreci~n ror
prsiva) a las 11 fuerz. s arroaci:.>s 11 las cuales r'ecidicron utili22r otra arlll1! secreta.
Y as1 ha succ(aco, por<;uc desrulls de muchas consideraeiones, C()nsultas y pasteles.
hen dejcdo caer sobre la roblaci6n entera al mago cte las fin~nzas intacto, es decir, tal y cor.io habf.a actua,:o sie11cto Secrctario del Senado Acad~raico de Jairae
Bl!nitez en suCesa de Estudios. Lleg61 decimos, con s~nrisa pl!cidz, quc ha hecho
s'"lnr<.!i r e muchos en orc-Navidac con l::s mue las ~€ atr~s.
?Jo neg('mOs que <l:sta arma haya dejac!o sentir' sus efcctos l'lemoleibres en cicrt::>s
drculos tenoe:ntes, pero co~,:, a l.i par se anunci6 que ner!llcneccrla en cl hotel gratis cc donde le ser~ ffcil salir b::jo su .u0,1ste p?l~br~ luE:9() luego, la gent~ ha
entcn•ido que ~s que erma mort1fera (quc lo es) ser!a amtn.!'2a a le vist~ por Si
l2s moscas. Se dijo que Sl1 S £f£ctos 2t6roicos estarfan alli !:ejo· C!)ntrol." Valga.
-/'.pr.ovech~ndo est<! roecl:io susto vin:> ei ~ordo rellizco de Las Mareas ·_que fue
r1onde la '.'Werca tie le -r-hillins cnbrch6 el rabo. Y no lcs gustl'> porque·~1e rn;irejarl?. que subiO ~r poquito se traot o emb~rranc2 algCm ltc?yo a sucldo.:,Ensefn1iQl
em;-ieza 12 e:>a"losi6n de otr.- qrcin bomba £n las alturas ,ie. Utu;:-do-,'\djuntas. Se
trata I de sde lu,ego, de l atraco mayor de que se tenga l'!K?moria: en, t.it.?rra:nuestra. Se
trata de un robo e mano ernada con el permiso de su Mere! ttel retirado". Aqut ha sido cbnde el M~I soltO los controles del chanchullo y por aht. andan'los·cueetos deraoledores de piquet.es y protestas"
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Mh de cuatro han abierto sus paraguas sin nensar que' es
el Ql\C
viene de arriba, de las.alturas. Esto hace pensar en el hirono pentecostts Inc. quc
dice algo as1 como "Hanel.a fuego, Senor m1md?. !uegd1 •
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Es entonces CUclmlo Udall, Aspinall, et. al, dicen que· el Morro ·y:,todo nuestro
h.-.ber histfrrico les pertcnccE: porque st-. A tor:lo lo cual., el, gobiern?·c~lonial., sin
cuhinar. et al, no dice ni Snn Pascual sfllvanos del 'bi:rengenal y·.de.,la/llovizna
tcrmonuclear.
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Y come si fuese poco, como ~ramos pocos, pari6 ta abuela. En ~dio del terrible c!esconeierb y h!>rribles punala,ias, despuOs de furtivas visi~as ~'-,F:ortalezaJ
1catapH1m~, nos dispaN!n 11 democr~ticarrente" el Plebiscito. ·-·
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Ya todo el mundo en Pue1·t0Rico, ero.~z...ndo por los e,bogados~-(yD!os·
c::,nfc.sados) etc., etc. daban por orJ.erl:.a la f:irsa r,l:biscitarie_. Hace, ya ticrapo· la
h?btan desoellejado y pucsto en tiras al sol. Nadie hEibh r,enss.ido que . el paji.'lrra o
tl..vicse tn::ls vidas que un gato. fl mismo ?-logul 11 retirac!o'' sc hab1a· h(::cho el sueco
siendo noruego. Pero ••• cuancJo Ud. vendc su alma al diablo, Sata~s· viene a cobr3rlc siempre, aunque la vieja no quiera. Y asi ha si~o. La orden.es··c1eJ"ashington y
a prisa. LI!! campai'ia emepc!sta mund:, afuera le ha pisado callos.·el Iinperio, En la
prb::::vera sonarf! desde el fimbito de las Naciones Uni<las el caso"amargo· de Puerto Rico, victim~ de ch?nchullos y despojos. El Iroperio le pide a sus lacayos que caminen
co,no ch~veres·. Y ~stos han empezado a renquear. No importa que el pueblo les dipa
oue no hagan el rid1eulo. Yes cl pueblo Justa!l)(:nte quien tiene 1~ o~l2bra. Pero,·
lcuidado si para csto trajeron el Mago de raarres, es deelr, para administrar el ple- ·
bisc:ito? Culdado, cuh:adito.
Cor-dielrmnt.e,
FRAOCISCO MAJJ?J.QUE CABURA
Director General
�,.
;ir. E. M.
j~n
SA~~~~Y4~.(.105-~353 Sub ·l) · .:·
.Jrector. FBI (105-9312~) -
-~
~~
c~mJPS ~\i:KING · INDEPEN~CE
·,
3/1L:/6S
'11/1 _
;
t
.......
FOR PU~TO RIOO
CX>UNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL-INTEU.IGENCE SECTION)
IS -PRN
teurlet 2/27/68 setting forth a counterintelligence
proposal which your office feels would give rise to the possibility that there again exists within the Federation of
University Students (FUPI) a dissident faction which will
severely disrupt and ··discredit ·the FUPI campaign to boycott
the 1968 elections for the Independence Party of Puerto Eico
(PIP) candidates. in addition to causing serious factional
cisputes aDOng the FUPI rank and file. You point out that
there exists within ~PI a querulous faction which cisapproves
of FUPI sponsoring a campaign to boycott t.he above-mentioned
elections.
It is not clear to the Bureau how the malling of
your proposed flyer to selected mecbers of the Puerto ilcan
Independence Movement (MPIPR) and FUPI will accomplish your
desired aims inasmuch as the faction you speak of ls already
known to ruPI and probably the MPIPR, and even if not known
to the UPIP:&, it·appears doubtful that they would be too
concerned. The Bureau agrees that your flyer.may disrupt the
campaign and discredit FUPI in the eyes of those not connected
with FUPI or the MPIPR, but to accosplish this your flyer
woulc have to be clrected to members of PIP-Youth and other
university students.
The Bureau desires that you reconsider your
proposal in light of the above observations and submit. your
vie~_ and recommendations.
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7/10/67
DeLoa~br.·
1
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trom:
SACa, San Ju.an (105•3353)
New York (105-32872)
...- ·. REC 6i.
1
1
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;
.
.
Director, FB~ (l~S-93124)_:_ d-d\o
.
EX lOf · · .
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
·.·
\'
CXJUNTERINTELLIGmCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS• PRN
af,'f ·thereto.
~·
ReNYairtel to the Bureau 6/30/67 with enclosure
Authorlty·gr-anted for San Juan to translate the
letter submitted as enclosure to referenced airtel and to mall
it to Movimlento Pro Independencla de Puerto Rico members
· including members of the Hew York Mission.
The preparatlon
end malling should be handled Wlder the most secure condltlona
·
· to protect the Bureau. as the source.
San Juan and Rew York should advise the Bureau of any
information comlng to their attention regarding the ma1Ling ~f
th1a letter.
V ·
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(10)
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DATE:
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FROM
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1 - Mr. DcLoach
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July 11, 1967
.
SuBJEc·r:· GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
!· Q!t.. PUERTO nICQ.. __
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- COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PilOGMAI
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUbi?TO RICAN
PUHPOSE:
To advise you of significant results achieved as
result of counterintelligence action taken against the
ltlr>virnicnto Pro Indepcndcncia de Puorto Rico (MPJPR) in
Puerto Rico and the Corr.munist Party (CP). The l!PIPR is a
rlilitant Puerto Rican independence group.
L)
In May, 1967, we authorized our San Juan Office to
mail .MPIPn metnbers an anonymous letter which pointed up
apparent attempts by the CP to interject itself into
Puerto Rican independence picture.
.. c
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ODSERVATIONS:
t-:i-\\~
ttEC-11
-·- .
A roilow up on this previous counterintell~cn~~ 131967
oction has been approved. This highlights money donateal>y
the ·
o the ltPIPn. It is expected that this will cauft~
~._:. •
fu th~r dissension within· IIPIPR ranks a~~. 1?!? detr_imental .~o he CP.
.
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On 7/25/67,
7 ,the Movimient_()_
Prq Indepen
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eQ~ta...... Pue]'_torr.iquena·· (MPIPR) ~a·s-:~·· ~ ..~> _
i n t e r ~ e c i a l Agents of the FBI in Ponce., ~to....~·~\·~:-·
P . i c o . - . among other things, -1ndicated~that he : -·:. ~:-·:-< ·.
~lished to report 'a terrible threat to the MPIPR". · tJ .. > ·. :··_-~ ·:
displayed a sheet or yellow, .lette·r sized
p~per on which was imprinted a characterization of a threat
~o the Ponce Mission. Three figures Sf.pear one standing in
the doorwa.y of the 11Mis1on 21 de Marzo '. The second tigure
: .> stcnds outside the· doorway brandishing a machete with a labe
.·l:- .•
· bec-tring what eppears to be Chinese characters. The third ·: .~ /.:. ·. · .
r 1.r'ure owe rs behind the second. A ception ·in Spanish says ·.< ·, '. ~
ou
ve · two weeks to prove or retract
ur statement: ,·(J
is a coward.'.'
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orway is
. _......
The person w th the mache e is a member
~ cia.lista JPuert.or.riquena LSP)
(name not known)
the-Mission during May. l
threatened
st'
to the eftect
t.-.
LSP
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10/16/67
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V,rect~r, FBI (105-93124)
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'
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPIHDENCB
FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PBOGllAII
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
JS - PBX
&eBuairtel to San Juan and Bew York dated 7/10/67.
.
San Juan and.Bew York shoilld advise as to &DJ'
inform.ation theJ have received regarding the counterlntelllgence measure which was utilized ln rea1rtel.
2 - Hew York (105-32872)
~1)
Jfi
JJD:ebb
(6)
NOTE;
...•
By airtel ?/10/67 San Juan was autho~iud:tD translate
and·aa11 a letter which was intended to be a counterintelligence
mea.sure against the MPIPR, a Puerto Rican independence group.
We have not received any data ~o date as to any tangible
results.
,
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Trnnsmit the {
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OW[nc;j in
10/17/67
(T<ypt! in plaintc:d or codl!J
:
AIRt);;;,,,
AIRTEL
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e::'~IRECTOR, .FB~ ~105-93124) \::·:
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: qROUPS. S~EKrnG INDEPENDEN~ '.~~R ~ll'l'O .BIC9
SAC, ~AN
(105.:.3353 Sub''1) (P)
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c"QmiTERINTELLIGl!lfCOROGRAM -
- {SUBVERSIVE COHTROL SECTION) · ..
IS-PRU
.
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Re San Juan report of
· 9/28/67, and Bureau
10/12/67, both captioned,
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MOVIMIENTO PRO
IfIDEPENDEHCIA DE PUERTO RICO {PUERTO RICAN
DIDEPEHDENCE MOVEMENT) (MPIPR} ~ IS-PRN 11 •
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Frora:
Director, FBI (105-93124)
. - . ...... ·~ . ::.,,. .
'
GROUPS SEEKIOO INDEPENDENCE l'OR PUERTO RICO
CCUNTERINTELLIGENCE. PROORAII
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE·· ·SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN RATIONALIST
/'
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.
'
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1leSJa1rte1 to the Bureau 10/17/67 and enclosures thereto.
I:•
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Authority granted for San .Juan to reproduce the ~ .··.-·: ·
cartoon which was submitted· as an enclosure to reairtel and . -. ·
to aail it to Movlmiento Pro Indepondencia de Puerto Blco (MPIPB.)
~embera tn·Puerto Blco and New York City. The preparation and
mailing should be handled under the aost aecure conditions to.
·protect the Bureau as the aource.
". . ~;~ : ..: ··..
,:
l'i th regard to the aa.tllng of thl.B cartoon- to llPIPR
i ....
member.a in Hew York City, the Bureau haa receiYed no lntoraatton
·.~
1\J
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,rblch ~-would indicate tbat
IPR n
• York Citr la aware .· .·
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t>f the :ettspute involving
If this ls •o• it . :.~
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appeara~the
receipt
of
tli
aembera
la · . --·, .. ··
-· l i.
.; ;..i. [_) 7 Mew York CltJ would not have too auch impact. Accordingly •. : ·. ~
Now York should auairtel to the Bureau and San Juan with i~·~; _,
'
observations regarding the above ao that San Juan can be gui&,d
accordingly As to whether or not the cartoon should be malled to
J'PI~ ~abers in NAw York City.
.~:
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.
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�FBI
Date:
Transmit the 1;1:_':'..lno In
Via - - -
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(Typeln plointul orcod•i
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FROM·: :
SUBJECT:
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DIREC~~,. ~:)t~5:93124)_
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SAC, NEW YORK
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10/2.j/67
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
··cotmT'ERfifTELLIGENC·E::PROGRAM (SUBVERSIVE CORTROL SECTION}
IS - PRN
.
Re SJ airtel., 10/10/67. · ··._, .'. ·.
tha ..........
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s~eaker : .
at an anti-Viet Nam demonstration ~ n 8/6/66 •. ·. - ·~· ..
A large number ot organizations participated in this
·
demonstration. As the purpose·or the leaflet attached
to re SJ·airtel is to embarrass JUAN MARI BRAS, NYO feels·
that 2 copies of the leafiet, it approved, should be mailed_
from Puerto Rico to the l> ow organizations, with several.···....
exceptions. . It is hoped hat the leaflet will be passed · ·.
along within each organization, thus being more effective ·
than a wide mailing _to specific ind! viduals, : . -: . ·.· ... ~ ,· .
. ~. . . : ·.··\ .. ·.'- .. ;·~;-.-.; ........ ~ ....... ·'. ··::.
.
.·,,- .'·,:
/3:/ Bureau (RM ~- · · · · · · · · :/.., :: ·. ,.··· · ·· •.· ,. .. :- . ~.
2- San Juan clos-3353){Sub _I)(RM}EX 109 ·• · ·i:. ; _
·.
. .
It ahoUld be noted
:-- ·\. .
. .
9 New York
·
· · · . ··
- 1- 100-148916 (YAWF) : . . ._ .. ,...
1- 100-147372 (PLP)
1- 100-97078) s.w.P.)
1- 105-39139) MPI)
1- 100-137309 WWP . · _
1-
100-133479
1- 105-2168)
1- 105-32960
RE"'·
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OCT 241967 .
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C, Moore
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GROUPS SEEKING IHDl~IJftJ
FOR PUERTO-RICO
.
~.to~LLIGEkCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL JNTELLIGENClf.SECTibN)-INTERHAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN MATI·OHALIST
PURPOSE:
To recommend that we authorize our San Juan Office
to mail an anonymous cartoon to members of the Movimiento Pro
Jndependencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR) in Puerto.Rico and
:
New York City. IIPIPR ls ailitant Puerto Rican independence ·
group.
·. . .
I
BACKGROUND:
has been dissolved and
f
, has been dismissed after Cj
y
ea e _a.faction within the IIPIPR
and disaiss,·,~
rrom a position of leadership tn· :.....
the KPIPR.
included in the Security.
Index. Repor
,
an
nearly came to blows over
the above-mentioned
spu ea
a commission has been established
to control MPIPR youth activities: u~til ·the next national.
assemblJ which 1s to be h~ld tn
3jt}
,,.IJ_-".'j
the
be a
!,OVfl•te) J9!!·C/
tj_;
To exploit this aituatio~a cartoon (attached) has·
been prepared by the San Juan Office. It shows Juan Mari Bras.
leader.of the ltPIPR and a Security Index subject, with a flag.
in his hand. In the middle of the flag
n the face ot
Fidel Castro. Behind 8uan Mari Bras
who is shown
sticking a dagger into the.stomach of
over the.cartoon
is the slogan "Death of a Puerto Rican
utJonary." Thia
is printed in
i the cartoon.,,Tbe revolutionary referred
to, of course, is
San Juan proposes to reproduce 200
·
of these· cartoons
s Xerox copie~ .. ,.nd mall them ·'under ::secure
conditions to selected •embers of the MPIPR in Puerto Ric and
allork C1t1 with emphasis on ,jou~ members. . · . ·
Spawh
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�·Memorandum to I
RE:
w.
C. Sullivan
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUEL
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
ICO
105-93124
:, .......
•
OBSERVATIONS:
.
'
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It appears San Juan•a suggestion.has definite
merit and will be most useful in causing internal strife
in the MPIPR. This ·is most important at the present time
since, as noted above, the national assembly of the MPIPR
youth is scheduled for November, 1967. In addition, it
is most important that we take all aeasures possible to
disrupt the MPIPR since its activities of late have -become
more militant and its young members were involved in recent
student riots ln Puerto Rico.
RECOMMENDATION:
If approved, tbe attached airtel will be directed
to San Juan authorizing it to Xerox the cartoon it has
prepared andail it under secure conditions to UPI.Pa
members in Puerto Rico and Hew York City.
"4>
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Date:
Ttonsmit the followino in
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REGISTERED
via ___A_r_·R_T_E_L_ __
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10/27 /67.
(Type in plainte>.t or codt!}
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------~-~-------------------------------------L-----.
TO:
-~:. . · DIRECTo~. FBI .(105-93124 > ' .
~
FRON s
·o . . .
SAC, NEW YORK ( 105-3287 2)
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· ·. ·. · COUNTERINTEj,tJG.E.NCE...J),WRAM
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ReBuairte/:0~2::,. / ;
HYO source
he MPI have. not ~eported that the disput
involving.
is known to rank and file MPI members in
·Ne\i York.
uded ·that· the MPI-New York Mission would:
follow policies as. dictated ·by JUAN MARI BRAS/." ./
· , .... ·::;· ·: ... :_
~
.!;.-.-::~ '..·.-~:·..
NYO recommends that several copies of .the proposed cartoon be maile
:--
to the following:
·
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�YMENT
Memorafl!ium
DIRECTOR, FBI {105-93124)
TO
DATE:
10/27/67
~~/
FROM
,
/
.....~,.
. t' .
j S.AC., SAN JUAU (105-3353 Sub I)
·.· GROUPS
SUBJECT:
.
. 1
.
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~
SEEKING INDEPEIIDENCE
FOR.PUERTO RICO
COUUTERIHTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
j$UBYERSIVE. COHTROL SECT~ON)
IS - PRN
ReBulet to San Juan 10/16/67.
San Juan has received no comment regarding
counterintellinence measure _
n _
ed in referenced communica'
tion other tha~ mention·. by
that he had received a . . . r-r
''well prepared letter" obviou
r m an independentista_ .
\.) ·
croup seeking to undermine the Movimiento Pro-Independencia
\
de Puerto Rico (MPIPR)., or perhaps even from the CIA .
San Juan remaining alert for all developments
t•hich may arise from above measure and will lceep Bureau
advised accordingly.
2-Bureau (RM)
2r-.York (105~3~72)
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10/10/67
Date:
I
Transmit the following Jn - - - - - - - . . . . , . _ - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - {
f
(T)pt: in plainlexl or cotlt:I
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.TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124 ). ,
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Ji'.ROMni:·~AN JUAN (105-3353) (S~b. _I) -(P)
s·
sUBJEC~·~aROUP ~~EKU{G_ ·-~~~l'~NDENC~~~ F.O;.P~'l'O_. ~ C.Q.
· COUN'l'ERIN'l'ELL"lGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE-CQNTROL·BECTION}
IS-PRN
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Enclosed for the Bureau is one (1) copy of a _
handbill distributed by the ·11 Com1te Pro Defense. De Si.xto
~
Alvelo" (S1xto Alvelo Defense Committee) during 1966, along·,\
with. a Xerox copy of same (minus certain printed portions) ",. ~·
substituting in the body a self-explanatory letter written in
the Spanish language with an English translation attached.
One Xerox copy of this handbill with English
translation attached is enclosed tor
.. the New York Office.·
,.,
.
.
,
These handbills are being forwarded to the Bureau
~~~;:~ideration in being used. ~ -~~r . CoW>.terintelligen~r .
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.
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5.SNOV.29 . : .--~ ',iw•,:j,;-. ~
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Approved: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ · Sent _ _ _ _ _ _ M.
. >· ·.·:· Special Aoent in Cbarc;re
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~irtel
To:
SAC, San J'uan (105-3353 Sub 1)
From:
Dlrectoi• FBI (105-93124) . -
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REC 5~
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GROUPS SDXI~G INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
~ (JiACIAL INTELLIG:mCE SECTION)
f , INTERNAL SDJ.JRITY
/ J
• PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
ReS~at.rt..,el to the Bureau 10/10/67 and NYairtel to ~be
Bureau 10/23/67·. ~
Careful consideration bas been given by the Bureau
to the suggested counterintelligence measure set forth in
reSJairtel; however, the B~reau does not believe that thla
counterintelligence action should be approved.at this time.
l • Hew York (105-32872)
.
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SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
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SUJJJECT: .
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'J,D1li"~ATE!
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
TO
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS ""!' PRN ·
Re San Juan report of SA
dated 10/25/67, captioned "PARTIOO
NI TA
(COMMUNIST PARTY OF PUERTO RICO) (PCP): IS - C."
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·;r"~.
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As set out in the cover pages of referenced
report, the PCP continues attempts to. ingratiate itself .,,,1th
the MPIPR and to identify KPIPR actions and goals with
its own, hoping ultimately to greatly increase membership
through recruitment of MPIPR members. As a matter of fact,.
three current PCP Central Committee members were recruited
from t.he MPIPR approximately one year ago and retain MPIPR
membership. In addition, the two newest PCP members, accepted
into the Party on 9/16/67, are MPIPR members, one of these
being a leader of the MPIPR Mission at Fajardo, Puerto Rico.
t,/
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In the past such PCP proselytizing has been ~~ r1·~;:;
countenanced by the MPIPR, that organization being aware
f3 ;..j :: ·..~ ;:3
of the del>ili ta ted condition of the PCP. However, a recen1' • -;,; .1 :~ .~
development within the MPIPR portends a possible change in - \:t L; ~
relationship between these organizations. On 10/22/67, an .'Ri ~~ ~ :=;
assembly of MPIPR members from all San Juan metropolitan arel f!~:•
missions was held. The letter announcing this assembly
\ ~ !3 ~
indicated that one of the assembly topic~ would
·
.~~~~
concern the possibility of the MPIPR adopting a Marxistg
~
Leninist outlook. In addition, the 10/27/67, issue of
~
"Carta Semanal", MPIPR weekly newspaper, set out that the J
/
MPIPR Political Commission,. prior to the adoption of a new
MPIPR political thesis at the Sixth National Assembly in
December, is studying six themes, one of which is "Should
the scien'?e o~ .ll~'!\f.~R~~~1 .•R~:.Jdopte! as ~-. guide for
1
~!~_action?
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�SJ 105-3353 Sub 1
.
the IIPIPR
,_
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-..
Regarding the above, it is noted that
since its inception bas welcomed nll who desire independence
for Puerto Rico, regardless of ideological convictions. At··
the same time, MPIPR leaders, cognizant of the basic antipathy
of Puerto Ricans, predominantly Roman Catholic, to communism,
have.consciously avoided, at times through public statements,
any direct, overt linkage of the MPIPR to communism. As
little as a year ago, the words "Marxism-Leninism" would have
been-anathema in any lrPIPR publication or public statement.
In view of the proximity d:li time, it is felt that this
possible new .MPIPR direction may have been suggested to, or
forced upon,· MPIPR Secretary General JUAN MARI BRAS during
bis attendance at the Latin American Solidarity Organization
(LASO) Conference in Havana, Cuba, 7/31 - 8/8/67.
·
It is further felt that MARI BRAS and his
leadership associates, realizing the disruptive pdential
inherent in MPIPR adoption of the Marxist-Leninist ideology,
are attempting, through a display of general aembership
''disc·ussion" at IIPIPR zone assemblies of the "possibility"
of adopting a Marxist-Leninist outlook, top.uge membership
.reaction to such a radical step prior to the Sixth National
_·, · . · Assembly and to give the impression that inclusion of ·
-\·· .. this ·ideological outlook in the new thesis would reflect
·membership consensus rather than imposition by the leadership.
The SJO feels that the above situation can be
exploited by means of• counterintelligence letter,
purportedly written by an anonymous veteran IIPIPR member.
This letter would alert MPIPR members to a probablo ~om.munist
takeover of the organization in light of certain recent events.
By means of emphasis on the imminence of a eommunist putsch
within the 11PIPR and an emotional appeal to combat same,
it is felt that a considerable rank and file reaction to
such a takeover would be generated, thereby frustrating any ·
plan to. adopt a Marxist-Leninist viewpoint in the new MPIPR
thesis and causing considerable embarrassment to MARI BRAS
in his capacity as MPIPR maximum leader and in bis carefully
cultivated relationships with Cuba and with the CP, USA,
which latter organization reportedly is furnishing, through
llARJ ... B~S, free Stateside legal counsel to a number of
yolths, mainly MPIPR members, currently awaiting trial at~·
·sal Juan for their respective refusals to be inducted into
thd Armed Forces. Further, reaction to an alleged Communist ~.
takeover of the MPIPR could result in defections from that . . ·.
glWp and create an atmosphere of dissension and distrust witb ·
long range weakening effects. It is also felt that this letter
will inhibit further PCP attempts to recruit within the MPIPR.
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SJ 105-3353-Sub l
J
. therefore
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The following draft of a proposed letter,is
being submitted for Bureau approval:
"11PI Members,
.. We have reached a turning point in
the independence struggle. We are growing
in numbers and strength. It· is obvious to
all that the United Nations will soon
consider the matter of Puerto Rican
independence, following which the United
States will be forced through diplomatic
pressures to grant that which has been our
right· since the first 'Grito' (shout) of Lares.
It is at this point, then, that the Communists,
as they have done in so many other nations, plan
to seize control of the liberation
movement for their own purposes. This is not
an idle statement. There is proof. Were
not recent zone assemblies ordered to consider
the possibility of MPI adoption of a MarxistLeninist viewpoint? Is thee not a plan to force
adoption o~ Marxism-Leninism as the basis for
the new thesis to be announced at the
National Assembly next month? And is it
a secret that the leader of the Fajardo Mission
bas joined the Communist Party along with
several of our Youth from the metropolitan zone?
What is happening?
.. There can be only one explanation. These
strange events have occurred since the return
of 'Licenciado' Claver) MARI BRAS from the
OLAS·Conference. It appears obvious
that FIDEL somehow, perhaps by means of
blackmail, convinced our leader that the
victory for independence in Puerto Rico must
be a Communist victory. Ia it not the strategy
of the Communist jackals to inject themselves
into independence struggles for their own
purposes when victory is in sight, when true
,
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"patriots have worked and fought,
been imprisoned and even-died for the
ideal while Communists watched silently and
hid their cowardice7
·
"We must not allow the Communists to
steal our victory. What have we gained if we
ex:hange JOHNSON for FIDEL or MAO TSE TUNG?
We are Puerto R_icans and Christians, not Communists
who hate GOD and owe loyalty to foreigners.
We are inspir~d by the philosphy and deeds of
DON PEDRO, not those of foreigners MARX and LENIN.
Puerto Rico must be preserved for the Puerto
Ricans, for our children and their children,
forever.
Only Licenciado MARI BRAS has the. power
to end this Communist threat before it is too
late. He must publicly identify Communist
agents and withdraw bis support from them.
Only in this manner can be remove the stain
from his patriotic honor. Any mistake can be
forgiven if -there is repentance •
0
.,
,
.. I have done my duty by alerting fellow
members- to the Communist infiltration. I regret
only that I must remain anonymous as I
have grown old in the struggle and do not wish
to be a figure of controversy. All of us,
young and old, must protest the emergence
of the Communist vermin. If we succeed, the MPI
will go forward in unity to the final triumph.
If we fail, the Communists will gain control of
our organization, cause disunity and do
irreparable harm to the independence struggle.
Awake! Defend what is yours!
r-~.·
"Un Empeista y Puertorriqueno Verdadero
(An MPI member and true Pu~o Rican)"
- 4 -
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CD!17\EIITlAL
.
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The "Gri to de Lares 11 mentioned 1n the fi:et
· :-·· 1 :. _
..; _
aragraph of the above letter is an independenti,st catch-<f. , _
hrase referring to an abortive Puerto Rican uprising . ·:.·: :· .
99 years ago at La.res.
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v(jhemently anti-Communist and expelled any Nationalist ·who\,:
..
- ._. joined the Communist Party.
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If approved by the Bureau, the above letter will
be translated into idiomatic Spanish and mailed to
selected MPIPR members in Puerto Rico and New York City.
These letters should· be mailed prior to December 1. in order
to stimulate a reaction in advance of the Sixth National
Assembly mentioned above.
to furnish the names and
nornore than ten influential
addresses
rep
e, as c 1.s no
at the· .
tlPIPR should carefully avoid a pro-Communist line, such.being_
repugnant to the average Puerto Rican.
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Mr. C. D. DeLoach
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11/22/6~ ·.·
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l - Mr.
1 - Mr.
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l - Mr •
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To;
. SACs, San J'uan (105-3353 Sub 1)
, -,~ New York (105•32872) · . ·
·
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From:,.-' ~rector~·FBI (1~5~93124)~
· ·
·
ntC. 122 · · ··
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GF.OUPS I SEE<ING ntDEPlllDcNCE FOB
fUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PWGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
.
INTERNAL SWJRITY • PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
--
-'
R.eSJlet 11/13/67. / Authority granted for San Juan to prepare the
_ __, .anonymous letter suggested in relet and to mail it to
. _
,:_. I ,.._ . selected Movimiento Pro Independencla de Puerto Rico members· .
>··., . , '~ ··~ in Puerto Jaco and New York City. Preparation and mailing .
~\,_Ill"" -·~·/~ should be handled under tbe most secure conditions to protect ·.
·· ·] G'l I the Bureau as the source.
:. . .
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San Juan and New York should advise the Bureau of . ·
\~ - - - any information coming to their attention regarding . the
malling of this letter.
·~ ·
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1 - Mr.
1 - Mr. \L
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· Mr. W.
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Sullivan
l>ATE:
~
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JeLoach
Sullivan
Cai:,-, _ _
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November 21, 196.7Jv
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1 CROUPS SEEKING INDEPmnmcE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION) INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
...
Purpose is to recommend that we authorize our·
San Juan Office to mail an anonymous letter to selected
Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR) members
in Puerto Rico and New York City. Letter will point up
comnrunist influence in MPIPR, which is the most militant
of the Puerto Rican independence organizations.
BACK~'ROUND:
The two newest members of the Communist Party:of
Puerto Rico (PCP) are also MPIPR members and one of them is·
a leader of a MPIPR Mission. The PCP is continuing its~
attempts to ingratiate itself with the MPIPR and is achieving
some success as evidenced by the ·fact that the MPIPR Political
Commission is considering whether or not the science of
Marxism-Leninism should be adopted as a guide for MPIPR. action. ( \
In the past, Puerto Ricans have reacted adversely.
to conununist influence in the independence movement and
San Juan feels that the latest conununist attempts may have
.
resulted from Cuban pressure on Juan Mari Bras, leader of the
MPIPR.
. _A/I .
OBSERVATIONS:
't:;
.
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San Juan suggests the mailing of an anonymous; letter .
purportedly written,bx.a vetera~.t1PIPR member. I~ '411,. point
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Memorandum to
W,
Sullivan
.
RE:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
105-93124
,..:tp
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cooununist attempts_ t~ s.eize .control of the Pue~to ~ic~ ...
lndependence movement; suggest that Castro· influence on
~µa~ Mari Bras is the reason for attempted communist
inroads and call for repudiation of the communists by
Juan Mari Bras. We feel that this counterintelligence
technique is an excellent ideaa1d should be approv~d.
ACTION:
If approved, the attached airtel will be directed
to San Juan authorizing it to prepare the anonymous letter
(in the Spanish language) and to mail it under secure
conditions to selected MPIPR members in Puerto Rico and
New York City.
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105:-93124) . ·. ·.·.: .
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(Trpe in plaintut or eodeJ
:
sAN
JU~N {105-3353)
c·su~·:
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sUBJEcT~lrnoUPs SEEKIN~· I~EPENDENcE ~OR PUERTO RICO·
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM.
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS- PRN
Re San Juan airtel to Bureau dated 10/10/67; ~- ,.· · . .'. .
Bureau airtel to San Juan dated 11/3/67 .,,;, ; . . · . ·: ·. - · - ·,:-:/ ·. ·
.-: ·.~.. ~ .
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, voluntarily appeared ~ _. ..
, an Juan, Puerto Rico. He advised· · ·· ·
that he had become distnchanted with the Movimiento Pro- ·
Independencia de Puerto Rico (Puerto R1.can Independence · · · :
Movement) ·{MPIPR) since he realized that it was now functioning
as a communistic organization, serving neither the people of.;:.:·~ .
Puerto Rico nor the United States. He also indicated that· ··:· ·. ·. ·
additionally he no longer cared. to be a~soc1ated with the MPIPR."
for personal reasons _and intended to se·rve in the U.S •. Army.:
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step __to take. Fo! this reason San Juan requests that t~ _;:fj\·.<;.: ·-.;.,
· · Bureau reconsider this matter in the light of these new .· ··;;~.,..t~·~.tn~".;:1 developments and autho~i_;f -~~I) . .J°':l,an. tct ~~pl:oy -~his .~P.~t~~·{<~. ~:~:~: .
intelligence
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11/2~ /67
To:
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GP~UPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE .FOR PUERTO JUOO .·
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTEUIGENCE PROGRAM)
INTERNAL SECURITY• PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
ReSJairtel 11I 8/67.
·.. •':
.
~
SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
From: ·
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Since the Selective Service case on
.
- - - - la still pending at the present time, the Bureau does .
~ e . ! t h a t the counterintelligence measure suggested ,1n . ·.. · .
SJ~/10/67 should be approved. Your letter 6/9/67. regard! ~ San Juan file 25-194~9, indicated that he was being · ~~
carri'ed as. a delinquent with the local Selective Service Board
bec-.use ~s case bad not been refe~ed back .to the Board by the
Unlted S~ites Attorney's Office for final action by the local . t
Board. ·tn your report 10/31/67 regarding - - San Juan file· ~
1---~·t 105•7706, you indicated that the documents flla:1 by the subject
1
ti; \ with 'the local Selective Service Doard entitled him to a reclass• l;l
,. . . ~. ~i, lficatlon from lA to 3A. The report indicated that the local
~-i
Board expected to render a decision in thh matter on 10/1_7/67. ~
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The Bureau feels that:your suggested counterlntelllgenc~
. tneaaure has def.1n1te merit and when the Selective Service case on
the subject is resolved, you should advise the Bureau under · ~
captioned matter if you still desire to follow through with t:be
suggested counterint~l.llgence m~sure.
·
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�Airtel to SAC, San Juan
CF.OUPS SEEKING INDEPENDWCE FOR PUEl{TO BIOO
105·93124
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. the leading figures_'.;amorig·:-:Puerto·~Ric·an . you~hs~iii.:~efyii,i/\~;-~>;,;:t~".':·
Selective Servi~e: laws~..,. San ·Juan: r~cei.ved · inf.~rmation· t~f~:~t~·\~: .. .he submitted certain forms to his local ·Board· and the filing··.
of these forms constitutes to some degree a recognition by· ..
him of the authority of the Board. San Juan feels that we<:
should publicfze his compliance to cause dissension within . : .
the. ranks of~., indepe°:~ence ··groups' and ·1~. partic:ular·~--~.~~~.~~~~r-:~~~-~i~.. ,
tho~e. yo~th:5 ~ are; de~ring ·;.S.~l~~~~Y.:~ .~~~~~,. ~~,If !-:I(~::){{?./·~~-: ~- I
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· · ·· ·. • ~ · This matter: ·-,,as. discussed w1·th'·-:the Speclal ·.' _·,:·:t-,~ ,·,~~:·'~: ->
1:nve~tigative Divisl~niwhich is ~d~ing the Sele~~ive .._~ : . \~/. ·
Service case on ·the subject· and it feels· that t~ counter-.. ~:-; -intelligence meas:ure should not be considered until. the"-·.· · · :_ .
Select! ve .Service .case· is ..resolved ,.~-~f·:: :. ·j.._ ..3. ~: · ·. )i ·. ;.~. ~-:~:\:;~·<·" ·. . ·
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11/29/67.
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From:
Director, FBI (l~S-9~12A)', ._,.
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(:,;GROUPS ·smING INDEPEND~CE, FOR J'UDTO RI~
CCJUNTERINTELLIGmCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELUGENCE SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY
PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
.. :'\.,.
1,
..
Your Weekly Intelligence Summary dated 11/22/67 told
of a meeting on 11/12/67 between Juan Mari Bras and members of.··
the Federacion de Untversitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI) -.-:~-·-·
Executive Committee. According to information received by your .
office., .Mari Bras accused three of the members of attemptrng to· 1
cause a split between-FUPI and the Movimiento Pro Independencia
r3e Puerto Rico (MPIPR). Reportedly, one of the three members ,.c~l 1 ,· . ,..
called Mari Bras a ·-liar and. Mari Bras responded by a~apping this · · :_)f
individual in the face. Reportedly, a letter was sent by the~... ·
fUPI Executive Committee to Harl Bras asking for. an apolop ' ; , / ,;-,
regarding his actfo_~', at _t~;e;lng. {)
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5', 73/
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You should glve consideration to possible ·counterintelligence action regarding the above;...mentioned matter if this can .'· ·
,m
. . l·approval
be done without jeopardizing your sources. Secure prior Bureau
for any counterintelligence measure.
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Mari· Bras·· is head· of .MPIPR,· milfla~t Puerto
dependence organl.zation.
dependence group. There bas been dissension 1) 1t'ftee~IPR ;,::-;..
d nJPI recently and ve have been attempting through _c~~~~-~~ q
1
~ f t ~ t ~ b g ~ f c l i t / ~ to ,further ,~to,lt7ls, ;l~:1~~~~:}~~~:.~:., _I
·~~.:..:MA; :oo"ct/rtTl'P~!'lflTD . .. , . .,. -~I .-;;_., ,; ;. ,, '~• . ._, , .. . . ; ·:1'=:·:-~ •.
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_ UNITED0ATES ~.RNMENT
Memorandum
I
Tf"1:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
;cl!~:
SAC, NEW YORK (105-32872)
,;"
(FA)
;:
IUBJECT:~ups SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
.
-,
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PUERTO RICO
COUHTERIHTE~LIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
.r
l!/.aa/67.
, 1·· ·-..· ...
DATE:
\
ReSJlet 11/8/67./
The New York Division suggests that the San Juan Division
mail the counterintelligence letter·, as set fort}?. in relet,
to the New York subjects set out below:
uerto Rico
erto
East 14 St.
106 East 14 ST.
York City .·.,· /
New York City · ;/ _
.._
........
. ............ .
.
/
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It should be noted that the first foUI' persons above are not c u r ~ i v (
l.
e ~ew - or Mission of the MPI. .They arc
"older generation" MPI members who maintain a fraternal
~ t h y for the organization. On the other hand, and
' '~ _t
-
-
are extremely active i~ the New York-Mission.
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'2 - San Juan (105-3353)(Sub l)
7 - New York (#4 .. )
Cl - 105-40519)
Cl - 10S-IJ2963)
(l
105-51138)
(1
105-59145)
(l - 105-53045)
(l
105-76015)
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12/6/67
'IRTEL
AIRJ.!AIL
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(Prlorily)
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TO
: DIRECTOR, FBI ( 105-93124) .
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·
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FROM
subject
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SAC,,'.SAN JUAN .·(.105-3353 ·s~b-1). (P) .:~ :::-_.·:. :/:· ....
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GROUPS SEEKillG IIIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO. RICO.-: ;~-.
COUUTERI.,f,TELLIGENCE PROGRAM
. · · .~
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(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE PROORt1M}'i"(1"·10 I.I ·
·
INTERNAL SECURITY-PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST. ·t"-: .
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Enclosed for -the Bureau· are the following ·
listed items:
..
1.
Letter dated 11/6/67, bearing letterhead · : .
11
Com1te Alvelo Pro Defensa de la Juventud
Puertorriquel).a 11 , soliciting membership·
·
and/ o:t- f' inane ial · support ·in said · · .
:. ·::i,
organization/
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ot ·aforementioned letter,
substituting 1n·the body, in Spanish
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(English translation attached) wording
....
considered appropriate to san Juan's.
-,·· .·. ·.
coW1terinte3:11gence proposal.
":-~ .
2. · One xerox copy
·= ..
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·
C. .C. • EJ"'hO~
For information· Bureau.,· SIXTO ALVELO RODRIGUEZ ·.
{Bu.files: 105-147298 and 25-518228) was reclassified fro~
·
I-A -to III-A (fatherhood) by LB 5., Aibonito., Puerto .Rico, ~
on 10/18/67. A closing report under SSA., 1948, was
.
forwarded to
the
Bureau
on
12/4/67.,
anta1n1ng
th1~
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.informatiol
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It 13 ~/be noted the ,Co1t·~L10, ·~tn,.
:
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.- recently called themselves the "Corai.te Pro Defensa ·... ·.~' ·t,·:: .~.:.~ ~
.: SIXTO. AL~LO". · Items previously fort,arded the Bureau ·.·. ·.
along_ with the proposar 1n question referred to .that name • .: • ~
Since the Comlte · has officially -change~. their· name· to .. ·: ...~\·{· '. ~- :-; ·. ·
· the -"Cami te Alvelo .Pro De:fensa ·de . la . Juventud Puert·orriquena ~\<· ; .
any material prepared· .by. the Bureau.· 1n connection.·wtth ·::..:· i ~:-~·,. /;··· ·. ·
· th;s.·:propos~1·. sh_OU4fi _c~rry"·~~pe .. pe1t ·:na:m~·;}·.:.~: ;: \:; \.L :.~. -~: -~·:.,:.r._-.·~.:_;.·:·,
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. Since ALVELO'·s· Selective Service -delinquency has
been· resolved·, the BLf.reau is requested to reconsider .. · ·
. adopting. San Jus.n I s proposal,.. us .. ng as an. example· ·.... · .:. · · .
enclo~~~ item (2):: .....
i. •_· 'f ,"\~.
..
· Information copy ·New :York, _along. with :p~e:,-:_:_" :··/ ·.( ;~ __:\·. ·.
xerox copy item (2) :.· ..-...... _..: . .:.~ .. ~.. .,.<·. ··
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t.11ANS1AT.ION FRO!! BPANISJJ
Voting lleabors:
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Thia eomm1tteo baa asoumed the responsibility of·.··~-~ ·-.· ..
tinuing to watch over the. defense ot Puerto Rican youtbsf ·-·':-..: · >
.-.;_:·:.
f.
rged before tho Foderal Courts with alleged violations dJ
·...
e Obligatory .Military Sorvlce law. These cases· transcond1 . · ·
boundaries of parties or groups, because the very life of
o\l,.Jouth is at stake bere.
.. . . ~
.. · ·· ·
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After the trluapb obtained ia the case of Sixto·Atvelo
and bia friends,· aew accuaa~iona:have been. brought aga~nat.otber ..
Jouths· in the establlahlleat of a new. tactic -by Federal authori- ·.<
ties.· .: During October .of. thl• ~ear· diecusai~ was. begun in_:.court ··1.:·
ooncerniDc first aotiona ·ot,. the aew caaea/·:: .. ·.·'··=\>: : '.,: ·.\~::.:·~ .. ;·~~,.·;. ....
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Court ·defense 1a very expeaaive~· ·· Tbe aervices ot
ltabinowitz and Boudin, the ••mo American lawyers wbo defended
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Sixto Alvelo, have again boen.obtalned. These lawyers specialize
ln eaaea being tried 1·n v. s. Foderal courts involving Civil
.
Ri1hta,. political .and -constitutional ·aat.tera.;.; They, plus .the . : ..
Puerto Rican lawyers who lent their . . rvicea free of cbarge~ la ·· .:.
the Alvelo caae, alon1'.~witb other :la"78ra -~who. bave · joined tile.~;/:.;·
oaa~ Yill handle tbe · ·defenae:;: >·:;~1d-.-~~~ ~ :.~:.1~: J~-'i~~ti~.;a.\·~:~;· ·:f::i£;!:-_ii··.
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1-.-.. . . , ./, :"" •· :;;::1 ,~· In· addition to· pa7in1 the legal fees of tho American ·
lawyers, we have to bear the expenses of an orientation campaign
tor Puerto Rico. This campaign is of extraordinary illportance
inasmuch aa tbe defense calla tor a·serlea of lunc:tamont&l· .:·
questions Will aoat likel,- be precedent-aettiDI .in rep.rd to·:·: . :.'·:.· ...... .
tho aubJugation of Puerto Jlicana .• o: ~he Ja"8 of ·Obligatory-, .;/ · . ·.! • . ·
Militar7 Service ... ,-_. . · ·.·.,,;_ .: ~f··. -.. :. · .:•·' ;_., · : '.! ... -4,..,;~.. ~- ..::;~. •.....-. ··.• ~ ·--·-,.~~\r:i.;. --,• · -·. ·
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facing the trap of vlolatin1 their conaciencea or auttering · ..~ ·.
five ,ears impriaonaent. ·. Then tb• civic· apirit of our people ··.
will know tho gravitJ of the situation now being experienced b1
our 7outb in its resolute atruggle aplnst tbe blood tribute
being tyranicall7 imposed against us.
All of us aust kaow that in the •odern world there la
no other aetropolla wbicb aay impose Obligatorr Military 8e~vlce
on 1ta territories or coloniee. During Spanish rule wo were·_ ..
never tor~ed into tble lnequltJ. Today we are tbe exception.
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fa:thor or aotbor, wife or relative of one of these youths and ·:
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justice la done and the right~::,;,_·•.·.~,- ..
of' con•clence 111. reapected.:. "Tbank. you. ~ a_dvanc~·_.to~. roui;Ji~~-"i\·~ ·· ·
contributions.
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we have assumed in ·eeelng that
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Thta committee baa. assumed ·.the 'responsibility
cfoutinulng to watch over the defense ot Puerto Rican youtbll_ ·-;;_(}...-·_
dllarged botore the Federal Courts with alleged violation• -ot .1r·.:: :< ·
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the Obligatory Military Service law. These cases transcend :"-...._-·.; . ·
the .boundaries of parties or eroupa, . because .the very_ life of·<~·---...
our 1outh 1s at s.take here.
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and his friends,· new accusatlona bave -been brourht~ against :Otber -,_
1outha. in the- eatablisbaent of a new. tactic ·:bt),ec,eral ··autbori~-~-:-:···
ties. During October of th1• rear ·-cU.acusaion·· .waa begun -la .c~t \.
concorniug f1rat aotiona ·of the new cases;--":·'.{'~·,...-:·_·:·..:,~/.·"-:'·:.\ ··.r=-.<~/. .
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iContribut1~a witb
d'{tense of :youths of allitary ag~ which· we could ~ve in ourr-:·.f-:: ..
owp families. Put yourself for a moment in the position ot? /~:/
father or motbor, wife or. relative of one of those youths and;,;-,;:
you
will be better able to underMtan~ the aorrow and anxietr~.
involving each of tbeae· c••••• ....:. . · . . : ·: · .. .:._ ::-:; .- :. :,,_.·~; ..:.
· ·-·: ~-.~ We want you ·to a!ra~~ .~1tb·.u the .reaponaibilit)' -~~h~_,-_~,.
we have aaawaed·· in aeeiDg. that·· justice la done: and: the right.;~.·:,-_/·_::.....
of conaclence. la respected. ·. .·. .~nk, 7ou_ ~in :~d~nce 'for rour :;i)t't:A ·ti>_:·
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Cordially,
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Fnou SPANISH . )
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Alvelo Committee for tba Defense of Puerto Rican Youth
·<-
Box 1438, Sao Ju~n, Puerto Rico
00936 .
Dt. (female) Piri Fernandez de Lowis - President
Engineer Gerardo Havas - Vice President
Professor Eve Scott~ Secretar,
Mias carmea Vazquez Arce - Asst. Secretar7
br. Rafael Navarro Cadiz - Treasurer..
.
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Telephone nos:
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723-6967
786-4305
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Voting Members:
Ur. 3. Antonio Alvarado
Ledo.• Ruben Berroa
Dr. Hector Davila Alonso
llr. Jaime ,.errer
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T,: i·,~ :. ~i.·; . . . . ~ . ,· .' - . Dr. (feule) Isabel Gutierrez Del .lrro70'~> ... ·_:-,:•. ~ - ·. :"· /":·#'.i~_.:.-,.~$":''· ···
Dr. Manuel Maldonado Deni•·
·
Mr. Rene Marques
ltrs. Josefina M. Perez
Ledo. Ivan Ramos
Lcdo. Jorge Segarra Olivero
Mr. Jose Antonio Torrea llartino
llr. Arundo Torres Vega · .
Dr. (female) 87lvia Viera: ··
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Dr. Baul YWRet
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Jf ovember 8, 1967 , ..
D1stingu1sbed 7rlend and Coapatriot,
·We are honored in inviting Jou to become a member, if
you are not already one, of the Avelo Committee for the Defense of
Puerto Rican Youth, an organization which la tbe successor to the
Colllllittee tor tbe Defenae of Suto Alvelo. We also earnestly
point out to former aembera the necessity of their moral support
and 111.terial contributions •
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Thia committee has assumed the responsibility of
~ontinuing to watch over the defense ot' Puerto Rican youths.~
barged before the Federal Courts with alleged violations ~f ~: ·
. he Obligatory Military Service law. These easel\ transcen9. ...··/
he boundaries of parties or groups, because the very life of.
ur youth is at stake here.
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After the triumph obtained in the case of 81xto Alvelo
and bia friends, new accusations have been brought against other
youth& in the establishment of a new tactic by Federal authorities. During October of this year discussiQD na begun in .court
concerning first motions of the new cases.
- . ~·-·-'
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Court defense is very expensive. The services of
Rabinowitz and Boudin, the same American lawyers who defended
Sixto Alvelo, have again been obtained. These lawyers specialize
in cases being tried in U. s. Federal courts involving Civil
Rights, political and constitutional matters. They, plus the ..
Puerto Rican laW)'era Who lent their aervices free of charge ln
the Alvelo case, along with other lawyera. who have. joined _the -.:.
handle the defen• e • · :·;,
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· In addition to paying the legal fees ot the American
. :: ·..7_:·. ~:· ·.
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lawyers, we have to bear the expenses of an orientation campaign
for Puerto Rico. Thia campaign is of extraordinary importance
inasmuch as the defense calla for a aeries of fundamental questions will aost likely be precedent-setting 1n regard to .·:.·
the subjugation of Puerto B1cans to tbe law of _Obliga~or7 .
Military Service.
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Every Puerto Rican •ust be ude aware of these.cases
because they &J11.lbolize the thousands who.have faced or are now
facing the trap of violating their consciences or euffering ·'
five years imprisonment. Then the civ1c.ap1rit of our people,
will know the gravity of the altuation now being experienced by
our routb in its resolute struggle against the blood tribute··
being tyranically imposed against us.
·
Allot us must know tbat ln the aodern world there is
no other aetropolla which may illpoae Obligatory Military service
on its territories or colonies. During Spanish rule we were
never forced into tbia 1nequ~ty. Today we are the exception •.
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Equate this economic contribution with aid for the, ·~·....i..
dE1fenae of youths of a111tary age which we could have in ou~ :...::'
o~ families. Put yourself for a moment in the pq,si tion of i i ;~.
f•tber or mother, wife or relative ot one of these youths alld .. ·
ro~ will be better able to understand the sorrow and anxiety ·,.
tnvolvlng each of these caaes.
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We ant you to •ha.re with
the responsibility which
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we have assumed in seeing that justice la done and the right . . ~ .... ·
of conscience 1a respected. _Thank rou in .ad~nce tor rour...· ... ·. -
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Cordially,
illegible - President
/a/ illegible - Vice-President
/s/ illegible .. Secretar,
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/s/ illegible • .&sat. BecretarJ ..... <· .:··: . ; :.
/e/ illegible ·• Treuurer .- ~ f. · :..'· · .,. ~t. .:.:)·-.r
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dcl ~crvicio r.:ilit:u: o:JLl~:·:::c.}:~.:. 1 1.··.; ~!~: .:. :.J:.:t..., ,..
cu Juni.::i Local, y c::t:-. lr: h:·, e; ...,:;.:..\;:....::-.. ; t::.• ::. :.: .... .... :.;...::;!f ic:tciGn p:1•:i cvitn:::;n l:.·~ r:··.:='i.:.:-.~; y •..··.:·c:~·:~·-..:~::
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DRA. Pf RI FERNANDEZ DE Ll!:WlS
Praident1
iNG. CERAR DO NAVAS
Yiceprnidcn&e
PROF. EVE SCOTT
Secrctaril
S.RTA. CARMEN VAZQUEZ ARCE
Sub~retaria
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766 ·4-JOS'
OR. ltAFAEL NAVARRO CADIZ
Taorero
YOCALES:
SR. J. ANTONIO ALVARADO
LCDO. RUBEN tiERRIOS
Dk. HECTOR DAVILA ALONSO
SR. JAIME FERRER
LCDO. CARLOS GALLISA
DJ1A.. ISABEL GUTIERREZ DEL ARROYO
D~. MANUEL MALDONADO DENIS
SR. RENE MARQUES
SRA. JOSEFINA M. PEREZ
LCLO. IV AN RAMOS
·
LCDO. JORGE SEGARRA OLIVERO
SR. JOSE ANTONIO TOR RES MAR TINO
SR. ARMANDO TORRES VEGA
DRA. S\'LVIA VIERA
t>k. RAUL YUMET
6 de noviembre de 1967
· Distiguido amigo y compatriota,
Nos hooramos en invitarlo a hacerse miembro, si aun no
lo es, del Comitf Alvelo Pro Defeosa de la Juventud Puertorriquena, organizaciSn sucesora del Comite Pro Defensa de Sixto Alvelo. Recordamos asimism.o. encarecidameote,
a los antiguos miembros la necesidad de su apoyo moral y de su cootribucion 111aterial.
Este Comite ha asumido la responsabilidad de continu.ar velando por la defensa de
los jovenes puertorriquenos.acusados ante la Corte Federal por una alegada violaciSo
a la ley del Servicio Militar Obligatorio; estos casos trascienden los ludtes partidistas ode ag~upacioo pues en ello esta en juego la vida misma de nuestra juventud.
Despues del triunfo obtenido con el archive del caso de Sixto Alvelo y de sus companeros, ban surgido nuevas acusacionee a otros jSvenes, al concretarse un cambio tacti·
co de las autoridades federales. Durante el mes de octubre de este ano comenzaron a.discutir:f··eir'\a corte las primeras mociones pertinentes a los nuevos casos.
-~I·/.. ·
defensa en los tribunales es auy costosa. Se ban contratado loa eer,fi.cios del
miemo ufete de abogados norteamericanos que defeodi6 a Sixta Alvelo, el de1labinowitz
y Boudin de Nueva York, que se especializa en derechos civilea, politicos y constitu~ionales ante las cortes federales de los Estadoa Unidos. lste bufete 11eva la representaci~n, junto coo los abogados puertorriquenos que hao servido gratuita J espontheamente en el caso Alvelo, y aquellos otros abogados que de igual foraa ae ban integrado a le
defensa.
�AdemSs de pagaT los 'i.lrados de los abogados non -
inos, hay que eufragaT los
gastos de una campana de orientacion por toda la isla. Es l ,: ct.,mpaiia es de extraordinaria
importancia por cuanto la defensa plantea una aerie de cuestiones fundamentales a la jud
catura federal las cuales con. toda probabilidad sentaran precedentes en lo que respecta,
ls su~1:::~::o:::q::::t:::::::n::n:c::se::::sc:::8 S:::::08::::::~b:i:::,:::·q~e ha:
pasadol, siguen pasando por igual encrucijada de violar sus conciencias o s~rir cinco
anos de prision. Entonces el esp!ritu c£vico de nuestro pueblo comprender, la gravedad d•
la situacion por la que atraviesa la juventud en su lucha denodada contra el tributo de
sangre que se nos impone tir,nicamente.
Todos debemos saber queen el mundo moderno no hay otra metropoli que imponga a sus
territorios o colonias el Servicio Militar Obligatorio. Durante el rSgimen espanol nunca
se nos someti6 a esta iniquidad. Nos toca hoy ser la excepci6n! .
. -:
La aportaci6n economica que ahora se haga equivale a una ayuda para la defensa de 1
jovenes de edad militar que podamos tener en nuestra propia familia. Sitdese usted por u:
momento en la posici6n de padre. o madre, o esposa, o familiar de uno de estos j6venes.
As! podra comprender mejor el dolor y la angustia que se encierra en cada uno de estos c:
sos.
1
Sabemos que usted querra compartir con nosotros la responsabilidad que nos hemos impuesto de que se haga justicia y ae respete el derecho de conciencia. Gracias anticipada
por SU contribucion.
Cordialmente,
~~~~
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Vicepre~identa
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Secretaria
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against compulsory milit:_ary serv.~ce ·has .reques_ted and>_.':, ·:- ·
. · been granted by his draft board a reclassification · /'i ·:...··~,,. -~··:
· ··:·.-· to avoid the·.trial§·\and embarrassment· he would have· bad·:1~: :,? ~. ~-!;. to bear ··by -'again being''. ·9a_t1~c(~o_r,: !_D_duct.~oii_·:~1n~~'Jt~,JJ~~\f~~{1t~-..
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We have recently. learned that this action on· ._ e" ·:
the part of Alvelo was done on th~ advice and consent ~t:·
his a~torney Juan Marf Bras, championed leader of the.·~ ' ·
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you,:ths who.- h_a~E: ---~-. ::c: ::..jf. -~ ~
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-.· .... ·tor· so long •respected Al'velo · for his ·struggle ·to_~:: i ~_:·f:~... ";Y::~~-~ ~ ·
· ·resist comnulsorv militarj .- ser,vice.. . ;, ·.. · ·. · ·. ~>.,.;; :~ .\_f\·.r·, ..:~ ·::; ·.
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appears that Alvelo ·and Mari Bras ··10 actual fact do ~.:'/· '~/-:-:,·:. · ..'.
recognize the authority of the United States· Government .-_
in Puerto Rico, while at the same time publicly .denounce_-. : .
1 t. · - Since. a 11 · loyar:·advocates · of Puerto Rico! s .~~ .·. / .'. <: >··:.;; t
-~-i .. independenc~ have· c;alled ,,upoQ _.our,·_y(?uths to. foll~:W./~.7"~_~.{:-~~!..
'. · Alvelo's ·example it-_'s~~~s ·Ma~i Bras an_d:Alve.lo·', :-\_.:,1;.+<"?:.. ~·-~~::: .'
l'· now wish· our youths i·to_. follow,:. them 1~ promoting··~!, ..,!.; i?*-~-!··::.~r-: :: . more cooperative ,.att1 tµ~e 1~· m.aJters ·· invo~vi_ng. ·-.~. -.-.· _.;1~\··..;·l.:~~ ~ !... :·
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Alvelo can only be looked upon as being an act of
cowardice and a betrayal of the cause for which our
committee bas so loyaly dedicated itself; to free
Puerto Rican youths from the imperialistic demands.
of the United States .. --
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·.-T~~SLATION FRO!J SPANISH
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Alvelo Co1111ittee for the Detense of Puerto Rican Toutb
.. ,-SOX··1438, San J'uan.· Puerto Rico 00936
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of! (female)
Pir1 Fernandez de Lewis - President
Engineer Gerardo Navas - Vice President
Profe~ve Scott - Secretary
Miss Carmen Vazquez Arce - Ass~. Secretary
Dr. Rafael Navarro Cadiz - Treasurer
Telephone nJ:
723-6967
766-4305
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Voting Members:
Mr. J. Antonio Alvarado
Ledo.• Ruben Berros
Dr. Rector Davila Alonso
Mr. Jaiae Ferrer
Ledo. Carlos Gallisa
Dr. (female) Isabel Gutierrez Del Arroyo.
Dr. Kanuel Maldonado Denis
Mr. Bene Marques
Mrs. Josefina M. Perez
Ledo. Ivan Ramos
.Ledo. Jorge Segarra Olivero
.. Mr. Jose Antonio Torres Martino
.: ·Mr.· Armando -Torres Vega
· 'Dr. (female) Sylvia Viera
Dr. Raul Yuaet
.N oveaber 6 • 1967
Distinguished Friend and Compatriot,
We are honored in inviting you to become a member, if
you are not already one, of the Avelo Committee for the Defense of
Puerto Rican Youth, an organization which is the successor to the
Committee for the Defense of Sixto Alvelo. We also earnestly
point out to former aembers tbe necessity of their aoral support
and material contributions.
with university degree, possibly an attorney.
�,,._......~--~·~'This com.m.ittee has assumed the responsibility of
c tinuing to watch over the defense of Puerto Rican youths·
c::b rged before the Federal Courts with alleged violations of
~ Obligatory Military Service law.
These cases transcend,·
the boundaries of parties or groups, because the very life of · ·.
ou~~~~ at~stake here •.. ·
........
After the triwnpb obtained in the case of Sixto Alvelo
and his friends. new accusations have been brought against other
youths in the establishment of a new tactic by Federal authorities. During October of this year discussion was begun in court
concerning first •otions of the new cases.
_
Court defense is very expensive. The services of
Rabinowitz and Boudin, the same American lawyers who defended
Sixto Alvelo, have again been obtained. These lawyers specialize
in cases being tried in U~ S. Federal courts involving Civil
Rights, political and constitutional matters. They, plus the
Puerto Rican lawyers who lent their services free of charge in
the Alvelo case. along with other lawyers who have joined-the
case, will handle the defense.
In addition to paying tbe legal fees of the American
lawyers, we have to bear the expenses of an orientation campaign
for Puerto Rico. This campaign is of extraordinary importance
inasmuch as tbe defense calls for a series of fundamental
questio~s will aost likely be precedent-setting in regard to
the subjugation of Puerto Ricans to the laws of Obligatory
Military Service.
·
Every Puerto Rican must be made aware of these cases
.
because they symbolize the thousands who have faced or are now
facing the trap of violating their consciences or suffering
.five years imprisonment. Then the civic spirit of our people
will know the gravity of the situation now being experienced by
our youth in its resolute struggle against the blood tribute
being tyranically iaposed against us.
All of us must know that in the modern world there ls
no other metropolis which may impose Obligatory Military Service
on its territories or colonies. During Spanish rule we were
never forced into this inequity. Today we are the exception.
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. ~ q u a t e this economic contribution with aid for the
df~~~e-~! youths of military age which we could have in our
o~ families. Put yourself for a •oment in tbe position of · ., -:
fatller or mother, wife or relative o:r one of these youths and ··
you ~)le.·VJh.bett_er able to understand the sorrow and anxietJ' ·.involving each of these cases.
·
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We want you to ahare with us the responsibility which
•e have assumed in seeing that justice is done and the right
of conscience is respected. Thank you in advance for y~ur
contributions.
·
I·
Cordially,
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Vice-President
Secretary
Asst. Secretary
Treasurer
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Presldenta
lNG. GERARrxrt4A4k?~,
Vicepresidente
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PR.Of. EV£ scon
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166 ·4JOS
HlTA. C'A,..MEN VAZQUEZ ARCE
Su~s.ecntaria ·
DR. llAFAtL NAVAR.RO CADIZ
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VOCALES:
SR. J. ANTOMIO ALVARADO
LCDO. RUBEN BERRIOS
DR. HECTOR DAVILA ALONSO
SR. JAl~tE f"ERRER
LCOO. CARLOS GALLISA
DRA.. ISAbr.L GUTIERREZ DEL ARROYO
DR. MA!t,;l' £L MALDONADO DENIS
SR. REr-:C MARQUES
SRA. JOSEFINA t.t. PEREZ
LCOO. IV AN RAMOS
LCDO. JOltGE SEGARRA OLIVERO
SR. JOSF. A~TONIO TO?. RES 'MARTINO
SR. ARMANDO TORIU::S VEGA
ORA. SYLVIA VIERA
DR. RAUL YUMET
I
6 de noviembre de 1967
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Distiguido amig~ y compatriota,
'l
Nos honramos en invitarlo a bacerse m.iembro, si aun no
lo es, del Comit~ Alvelo Pro Defense de la Juventud Puertorriquena. organizacion s~:cesora del Comite Pro Defense de Sixto Alvelo. Recordamos as:imismo, encarecidamente.
/a los antiguos miembros la necesidad de su apoyo moral y de su contribucion material.
,
Este Comite ha asumido la responsabilidad de continuar velando por la defensa de
llos jovenes puertorriquenos acusados ante la Corte Federal por una alegada violacion
a la ley del Servicio Militar Obligatorio; estos casos trascienden los lunites partidistas ode agrupacion pues en ello esta en juego la vida misma de nuestra juventud.
l
I
.
..
Desrues del triunfo obtenido con el archivo del caso de Sixto Alvelo y de sus companeros, han surcido nuevas acusaciones a otros j6venes, al concretarse un cambio tactico de las autoridades federales. Durante el mes de octubre de este ano comenzaron a discutirse en
---
La de ensa en los tribunales es muy costosa. Se ban contratado los servicit· del
mismo bufe e de abogados norteamericanos que defendio a Sixto Alvelo, el de Rab owitz
y Boudin de Nueva York, que se especializa en derechos civiles. poltticos y co stitucionales ante las cortes federales de los Estados Unidos. Este bufete lleva la tepresentacion. junto con los abogados puertorriquenos que ban servido gratuita y espontanmtente en el caso Alvelo, y aquellos otros abogados que de igual forma se ban integrado a la
defensa.
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los bo~:6(t.
•Ademh de pa gar
de ·~o~ ·~~ogado; n~rte"ameJ
hay que suf ragar los
astos de una campaiia de orientacion por toda la isla. Esta can..;
) ;~s de extraordinaria
nportancia por cuanto la defensa plantea una eerie de cuestione~ fundamentales a la judiitura federal las cuales con toda probabilidad sentaran precedentes en lo que respecta a
1 sujeccion de o~i µeitorriquenos a las leyes del ·servicio Militar ~bligatorio~
Cada · rtorriqueiio debiera conocer estos casos porque simbolizan a millares que ban
asado y s~· en_pasando por igual encrucijada de violar sus conciencias o sufrir cinco
oos de prison. Entonces el esptritu c1vico de nuestro pueblo comprendera la gravedad de
a situacion ~ - a t ~ a ! i ~ s a la juventud en su ~ucha denodada contra el t!ibuto .. de!.
angre que se nos impone t1ran1camente.
·
. .. _ .
. . · .. . ...,..
Todos debemos saber queen el mundo modemo no hay otra metropoli que im.ponga a sus
erritorios o colonies el Servicio Militar Obligatorio. Durante el regimen espanol nunca
e nos someti6 a esta iniquidad. Nos toca boy ser la excepcion.
La aportaciSn economica que ahora se haga equivale a una ayuda para la defensa de los
ovenes de edad militar que podamos tener en nuestra propia familia. SitGese usted por un
omento en la posicion de padre, o madre, o esposa, o familiar de uno de estos j6venes.
s! podra comprender mejor el dolor y la angustia que se encierra en cada uno de estos caos •.
Sabemos que usted querra compartir con nosotros la responsabilidad que nos hemos imuesto de que se haga justicia y se respete el derecho de conciencia. Cracias anticipada
·Or 6U COntribucion.
. .. _,..._..
Cordialmente.
~~~J:(eak_
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Vicepresidenta
el>t!,
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CSA FPMII ( • CPIII) IH•tt.,C
l.'NITED STATES GOV~NT
MemorandUTn
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( 105-3353
12i27/c7
DATE:
~N~~PiiIDEHCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(.;QUirrER IlITELLIGEIWE P110GRAM
(IUCIAL Il:TELLIGEiICE SECTION)
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Sen Ju~n 1€ttcr .to the Burcc.u., 11/13/67;
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Bureau airtcl t:>. San Ju<1r1 and Uc,·: Yor~:., ·11/22/07 ..
The C·:>Untcr L"1t:lli:..;cr:·~C lcttc:i.· cs su.:.;:c:'.;t:o ~~1
11/13/S·;-, end upp:-o·:cd i;~ Bure;:::..1
; :tt~r <lcttd l!./22/S7., l1CS translated ir~t-:> idior.:c.tic
S;n:.aish ~nd rr.cilcd ur~dcr secured. coticlit··o:1s on 12/S/67 >
: :l selected ucr:f'Jc:i'S of the J..iPIPn in Puerto ntco end UC':::
-i. :>l"~:, c.n(: PCP r.tc:·.1bc:.. s in So.n Ju~:.-..
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Jur<n letter clctcd
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:::>n.~crnin:; t!1is J.cttcl" c,1d cdvisc t!1r: Burcz.t:. and S~i1 J"J.a?//t
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
Director• FBI · (105".'93124)- 2
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GROUPS SEEXING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO·JUQ)
COONTD<INTELLIGENCE PP.OGRAM
( RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SEX:l'ION)
INTERNAL SEOJRITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
....
.
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kurairtel 12/6/67 • . /
Your proposal has been carefully considered. Though
we are most anxious to disrupt the activities of .Juan Mari Bras
end Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Eico CMPIPE), the
proposal bas a bearing on your Selective Service.work. If the
. letter was mailed and finds support from those receiving lt or
·:: from· those who would hear about its contents, it would 1~ effect
encourage cnntinued opposition to Selective Service laws and
thus would create additional work for your office in the Selective
Service field. Though the letter might cause some individuals
to follow the ·example of Sixto Alvelo and comply vi.th Selective
_ __, Service requirements, the Bureau feels that there is a much ·
greater chance that the letter would find support and, as
mentioned above, encourage opposition to Selective Service laws.
Accordngly. your request on this matter ls not being authorized.
Your continuing interest in the submission
tntelligence proposals ls appreciated by the Bureau.
'
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GROUPS SEEKING 1NDFPDIDENCE FOR FUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
I
(RACIAL INTELUGENCE SECTION)
IS - PRH
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ReNYatrtel 6/'30/67.
New York should sulet and advise of any
counterintelligence measures presently being considered.·
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Memorandum
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( 105-93124)
DATE:
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·2/6/68
(105~32872)
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.UBJECT:
•
.
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G.ROU~£E1CING D~DEPEtlDEUCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COWTERP.TTELLIGE1'!CE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS-PRN
ReEulet. 1/21.i./68.
The pr1rd.pal organizations in the }TY area in the
Puerto Rican independence movement_ at the present time.
are the nationalist Party ot Puerto Rico (NPPR)-h"Y Ju..."'lta
and the Mov1M.1ento Pro Independencla de Puerto Rico (MPI)JiY Mission {NYM).
Concerning the NP.PR in the NY area, the NY Junta
consists of about 1S to 18 active members and has never
been more divided or wrought by schisms then at presen~.
Two factions exist eech with 7 to 9 adherents. The NYO
believes that tranquility will return only when one faction
is el1~inated from Nationalist membership either through
resignation or by expuls1on by the NPPR- National Board in
Puerto Rico. This Division believes that no counterintelligence measure against the NPPR could possibly be as ~rrect1ve
as these 2 divergent factions working against each other.·
The :tTYM has an active ~ernbership at t h ~ .• / ..
about 30 individuals under the leadership o r - / . / ·.
The NYO believes the NYl~ at present is drifting. ·Since l
·
the plebiscite in Puerto Rico on 7/23/67, the NYM bas
had no real issue to propagandize. There have been no
public delllonstret1ons for several months, little collaboration
with other groups and regularly scheduled _neet1ngs bsve
been poorly attended. The ~TA has received no or few
directions from the National Mission ot the MPI •
I
. In view or the above, the NYO pre~'l.%. is not
considerins.a .. co~er1-nt&l.J.1genCJL.JI1e~-~-1:1,re against the NYM;
J1~ever;-the NYD w.111 ..!c~. ~o_thJ_a_pr~g!"s!f(~'tliffi~t.ne:~rection
or tuture-plans-o -tlie NYM beco.rne obvious .and such measure
1
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FEB '1 1968
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MemorariaUm
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FROM
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~.. DIRECTOR~,' FBI (105-93124}"·. · "
C,~Jtt.;7
SAN JUAN
··:~~,J;1-ZioUPS
(105-3353
Sub
(
2/27/68
DATE:
I
l)CQNf I NT\Al, · .
.J
SEEICTNG INDEPENDENCE FOR POER
o RICO
··
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
{RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS
=
PRN
Re San Juan airtel and LHM to the Bureau dated
2/20/68 and captioned "FUPI, IS-PRN." \.)
As set forth in referenced LHM the fOUth of the
Independence Party of Puerto Rico· (PIP-Youth) are in the
process of organizing a student group which will attempt
to exhort University of Puerto Rico (UPR} students to vote
for PIP candidates 1n the Puerto Rico elections scheduled
for November> 1968.
V
To counter the afore-described activity, FUPI
by means of their official publication "Informacion Estudiantil", recently announced that they would sponsor
a campaign to boycott the 1968 elections, and in addition.,.
sponsor a series of debates between FUPI, PIP Youth.and UPR
Student Council representatives. The theme of the debate
is · 11 Puerto Rico Elections of 1968; vote or boycott".
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MAR l 19S8 ,.
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San Juan Office fee:flhat the afore-described
uation can be exploited by means of a counterintelligence
r er,purportedly written by an &nOi\)-mous committee. This
f~~ ~~~_give rise to the possibility_ that there again
._. \' exists within the FUPI a dissident faction which is not 1n .-· ·
\agreement with its current policy,. it being noted that the
'FUPI was recently ravaged with internal dissension that
resulted in eleven FUPI members submitting irrevocable \ )
res~a.tions.
_ . .
. _
Further, the San Juan Office is of the opinion
that the flyer will severely disrupt and discredit the
campaign as well as c~use serious factional dispute amongv
the FUPI rank and file.
The proposed text of the flyer is as follow&:
"FUPI ERRS AGAINn
u
"Recently FUPI announced that it would sponso~)
a campaign to boycott the 1968 Colonial elections.
"In the past electoral abstention has failed to
/
bring us any nearer to independence, in fact, it has
actually aided Populares and Statehooders to retain control O·
our government. Asnanifested by the re~ults of the elections
in 1964 and the plebiscite in 1967, we are even farther
·
than ever from achieving our rightful place 1n the family of
autonomous Antillean nations.
"Following a traditional line of extremist groups,
FUPI has posed as the representative of the independentist
feelings of the student body that does not support it,
as a legitimate spokesman for the student body of which it
represents hardly 2%. And despite the emotional advantage
of having independence as the cause it advocates, FUPI has
never achieved respectability among the students themse1ves
due ma.inly to·its vociferous use of Communist propaganda.
"Are we to be particularly •proud' of the activities
of our FUPI students who have brought the University such a
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the world sees our-students as lawless brigands
crating their University campus, jeering at their Chancellor
and ·.q_p~~~~c~ police a~tion to curb their juvenile antics •.
.
.
"We have always maintained., as have various
members of our group, that the electoral strike campaign 1s
a sterile, useless and cQwardly maneuver to a true 1ndependent1st.
"We will always remain convinced that the only po~sible way to independence is through the vote. Now 1s the
time for rational students to take 1nventory of the situation
and remove once and for all any doubts about our numerical
strength. The ballot is the only solution. Independence 1s .
net dead. To the Polls!!!
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"El Comi te Contra la Huelga Electoral a
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If approved, the flyer will be typed 1n Spanish
language on cheap gr~paper and mailed to selected MPIPR~
i. FUPI and PIP-Youth members.
The flyer will be mailed from
; e.n area removed from the Metropolitan San Juan district 1n a
1
1 manner that will insure;cannot be traced to a Bureau employee.
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2. The MPIPR has recently publicly announced its
Marx1~oerit and_ is reorganizing 1ts political thesis on ~--
Marxist-Leninist principles. Many members, including some
lesser officers., have voiced their .disapproval of this
move and point out that it conflicts with the strong
Roman Catholic religious beliefs of. many Puerto Ricans
who favor independence for Puerto Rico.
'.
•
I
i
Based on the above, the SJO proposes the
preparation and distribution of about 250 copies of a
leaflet in the Spanish language., the English text of
which is as follows:
'
"Consider., Puerto Rican
"Once more the campaign mounts. Once
more the cry is raised that the imperialist elections
must be stopped - boycott the electoral farce.
ttvery well, boycott we shall., if that.is the
path to a free Puerto Rico. But is it the path?
Enough of this emotionalism. Emot~onalism can
hide facts for a while., but only a little while.
:::~e~c:: his puppe....... in a
brilliant d i s p ~ w to lose the g~nfluence
we were beginning to enjoy in sectors of the· people,
publicly announced our embracing of the Marxist-Leninist
doctrine (without consultation with the majority of
. us). Thus we have gained the Leninist image:, the image
r'terror1stic barbarian:, and have lost the respect
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SJECT!
.,...0:tm9C'l'OR,. -FBI
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{lo"S-93124)
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DATE:
3/8/68
!Ac: SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub I)· (P)
;~
.-~·oRo"~~i'csEEKINo
INDEPENDENCE FOR
,, - ' -
'
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
{RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS - PRN
.
As the Bureau is aware, the Movimiento ProIndependencia de Puerto Rico {Puerto Rican Independence
Movement) (MPIPR), with affiliated groups, is planning
another electoral strike campaign in which it hopes
to influence large sectors of the Puerto Rican electorate
to abstain ':from participating in the Fall, 1968, elections·.
The VJ.PIPR already is laying plans for the campaign.
•,t..
The situation as it presently stands in Puerto
Rico is as follows:
i
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1. In dir ct oppositi p to the above campaign,
the Independenc
·. , ~ ,
PT
eaded by its
president
is conducting a vigorous
camp.aign t .:. ct_;lS er as many inae endentist voters as
.Possible
-~ticinate in the elections. On 3/4/68,
publicly proclaimed the PIP candidates
& t 125,000 votes in the elections.·
supported the MPIPR boycott of'l966,
ar1a t.o a esser ex tent the previous one in 1964. However..,
apparently due to open criticism from some MPIPR leaders,
he has withdrawn his support.
0 ~~
In that connection, it is noted that as recently
as 1956, the PIP.was the second most powerful political
power in Pue~s,_R_~C_Q, but 1 t has since become weakened and
split with internal dissension. Efforts to unify the
party are in process, and include a youth group on the
University of Puerto Rico {UPR) campus to influence
~'
students to vote !"or PIP candidates.
;eau (RM)
(}!,- 7.J / .;_;:_
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.. ,C-21 ,.••
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~ MAR 131968
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· ·-· wffl~· the' vast major1 ty of Puerto Ricans are.
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tt2. Our attempts at electoral boycotts,
sometimes ridiculous, have all been miserable
failures. True, 1n July of last year~ only 60.
per cent of eligible voters participated; and true~
depending on who interprets the results, it could
be said that the 40 per cent abstention represents
a 40 per cent vote for independence. But consider
this. In any country with a democratic electoral
process, it is seldom that as many as 70 - 75 per cent
of eligible voters participate. The better educated
the people, the more likely they are to vote, and
sad though it is., it must be recognized that we:·
are not among the best educated peoples. So> even
if we take full credit for 12 - 15 per cent of the nonvoters of last year and assume they were influenced by
us, this is no staggering success, no repudiation of
anything.
,
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''3. There is no denying the desire for
independence in most of us., though it ·may be latent
in many. Given the proper impetus, the proper
leadership, the desire can be awakened. But the proper
impetus is not to be found in the Christ-forsaking
Leninist doctrines, but rather, in the guidance
a.nd dedication of leaders who are aware of the
strong desire of Puerto Ricans tr freedom; leaders
who see undistorted reality, and who believe 1n
the democratic, not autocratic, exercise of our
God-given rights and privileges.
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"4. Fifteen short years ago we had our
sovereignty within reach and could have attainedjt
by democratic process.
In 1952, 125,000 people
voted for independence, we, put five senators and 10
representatives in the legislature. In 1954,
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·---~-~.IQ4~endeptists of voting age numbered 250,000.
What-happened is clear. ·Petty ambii!!·tion
soiled
our chances. Selfish leaders, ou
among
them, destroyed our unity to satis y personal/·
vanity. A near mortal blow was suffer~d.
I
5. We have clearly witnessed democracy\
as practiced in our organi'zation: - What happens
to our leaders who question the dictates of a chosen
few? - What happens to our youth who dare to question
the authoritarian methods of
and his puppets?
11
...
t
"Wake up Puerto Ricans, the way to
independence is c1e·arly not the Marxist-Leninist., antiChrist way! The way is through our awakening of
the independence ideal in the people and our sending
them to the polls. The United States would not dare
deny us our freedom in the face of adverse world opinion
by refusing us our independence when clearly voiced
by the majority •
:.
. .:,·
_
.Wake up, Puerto Ricans, before it is too
late! Recognize that the nickels and dimes which.
you have contributed to support electora-b
cotts
are~ulterously squandered on the
a.nd
t h e - b y those who collect them in ne n e
of 1 bevo~u~io~ary Vanguard.'
Give of your money,
your time, and your sweat, but give in the knowledge
that it is for independence,. not for the hedonistic
life.
,1 ,·
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"Register and vote.
"Grupo Pro-Uso Voto del MPI"
The above leaflet, in the name of a fictitious
group already used with considerable success, while
decrying too much emotionalism, will accomplish the
o ~~~ purpose of somewhat emotionally pointing up the
i"-religious nature of the Marxist doctrines being advoca~ed_.
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by·Jnost of the leaders of the organization; will, while
showrn~?~fa1lure of past boycotts, point up the
strength and past successes of the PIP through the legal
and peaceful electoral process; will plant
in.the minds of_the rank and file the idea of the futility
of another costly boycott; and wilT imply that their
hard-earned money is being spent on riotous and immoral
living by MARI BRAS and his consorts.
The leaflet will be mailed to members of the
MPIPR with attention being given to those known to be
more conservative in their approach to independence and
who st111·maintain some semblance of religious and
anti-communist beliefs. Members of the PIP.:will also
.
be included in the mailing, as will selected representatives
of news media and security informants. '
It is believed the Yl.PIPR leadership.will officially
credit the PIP with the leaflet and brand it as an
.attempt. to disrupt MPIPR efforts at unity, hence widening
the already existing rift between the two organizations.
At the same time, since it is common knowledge that some
MPIPR members oppose the switch to the Marxist line, it
appears likely to create a feeling that the fictitious group
actually exists within the MPIPR and thereby cause
confusion.
·
If authority for utilization of the tactic is
granted, the Spanish text will be prepared and mimeographed
by the SJO on cheap, unwatermarked paper and mailed under
secure conditions in the outlying areas of San Juan.
.
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Bureau authority is hereby solicited to put
the above tactic into effect.
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3/21/68
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To:
SAC, San .Juan (105-3353 Sub I)
hoiD.:
Di;ector, FBI (1.95-93124)~
.
c;},J.jg"
l(-1U:i~EC-1SI
GROUPS S£EX1NG INDEPENDENCE FOE. PUERTO RlCD
COUh~RINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(MCIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
INTEF~AL SECURITY - PUEATO RICAN NATIONALIST
:Reurlet 3/8/68.
Authority is granted for you to translate into Spanish
the letter submitted in relet and to mail lt to selectecl members
of_the Puerto Rican Independence Movement (HPIPR) and the Inde•
pencence Party of Puerto Rico (PIP). The preparation and mail. ·
~·
ing should be handled under the most secure conditions in order
, .··.·· ,:;.{,::. · ~o protect the Bureau as the source.
,t"<,.-··"11 .• ,;
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.
.
Relet did not contain the names of the newspapers or
,.. 92 f their selected representatives to vb.om you intend to mail this
§ .-t ~ letter. Authority, therefore, is being denied at this time for
- N
:E
mailing of this letter to the press. Y® should submit this
1 ~ 8 the
information to the Bureau upon the receipt of which a C:etermination will be made on your request.
'"" ·~
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San Juan and New York should furnish the Bureau
w·
.tt~~·-r·;fpl ~
' concerning
'. the mailing
any inf unation coming to their attention
'
of this letter.
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·March 20 1 1968
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GROUPS *s'EMNG" INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICX>
~
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - ·PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
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Purpose is to reconnnend that we authori~e -our
·. San Juan Office ~o mail a leaflet in the name of a fi~-
· titious. Puerto Rican group to members of the Puerto Rican
Independence Movement (MPIPR), the largest and most mili-c.;;
tant of the groups seeking independence for Puerto-Rico,~~
and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), a legally;.,
constituted political party.
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BACKGROUND:
The MPIPR is planning another electoral strike
campaign in which it hopes to influence large sectors of
·the ·Puerto Rican electorate to abstain from participating
the Fall, 1968, elections. The MPIPR has recently
t~;_
publically announced that it is Marxist lent and is reor\~:
ganizing on Marxist-Leninist principles. Among the rank
and file of the MPIPR including some lesser offica:s, there
has been dissension on this new political thesis. In
opposition to the above campaign, PIP is conducting a campaign to influence the independentist voters to participate
in the elections.
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The San Juan Office has recommended the preparation
of a leaflet which would be aimed at influencing the people
of 1 Puerto Rico to vote and revealing that the Marxist-Leninist
do.ctrine is an image of terroristic barbarians and not one
-~Jl~ I
·
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:ebb ,,,,,1
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-
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I o · 1 - "I :; I ;2 \.;
J --Mr. C. D. DeLoach
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:.- Mr •
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C.
T. E. Bishop
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Memorandum to Mr. W. C. Sullivan
RE:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERlO RICX>
·-4..
~ --·
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, ·;fu_ch the MPIPR should embrace. It is hoped that this
; leafle~i1.. c~use dissension within the MPIPR, will
widen the already.existing rift between the MPIPR and
PIP, and discourage the planned boycott of the elections.
i
. OBSERVATIONS:
·It appears that San Juan• s counterintelligence ·
r
suggestion has definite merit whtch will be useful in
causing internal strife in the MPIPR.
RECOMMENDATION:
If you approve, the attached airtel will be
directed·to San Juan authorizing it to mail the leaflet
under secure conditions to selected members of the MPIPR
and PIP.
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�c~ ,;..;.. ii, ai:i ..........
·-----------------
:M;::i;;;,;1:.
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DIR~~~...,~-l~05-93,_124) .
•
DATE:
:
BJECT:
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4/3/68
t!.ti~"? .
OM
'' '
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·sAli JU/Ul (105-3353 - Sub I)
..........
·,,:-:.
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Group~·eitlng Independence for Puerto Rico
counterintelligence Pro~ram
{Subversive Control Section)
-~~
.............
I
c.;
IS-PRN
,l.
Re San Juan letter to Bureau 11/13/67~ and
Bulet to San Juan., 11/22/67.
.
.
:
San Juan Office, to date, has received no
information as to effect of counterintelligence measure
~entioned ·in relets among groups and individuals at which
directed. ·
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i
Bureau will be advised of all results as such
become available.
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2 . - Bureau (RM)
l - San Juan
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GFC:wtl
(3)
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REC IO
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APR 8 1968
':,..--:,.
....
.
. . - =.. 'r....
. ·,,o-\
APR ·151968
........
~
·
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' \tt1a~
,u..~t .
Buy US. Sa11ings Bonds- Reg11Lzr/y on tht P4Jroll Savings ~
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uBJECT:
•
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-:
DAT£: ·
4/3/68 ·
.
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUE
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(RACIAL INTELLIGENCE SECTION)
IS - PRN
l
RICO
I
I
Re San Juan let to Bureau 2/27/68_
Re.Bu.let. 3/14/68
'
.
aforementioned source advised that C
,
FUPI., PIP-Youth and University or Puerto Rico Student ·
~~~ -•,
Council representatives have,intensified their respective
'' '\ ':·
campaigns regardi~ the elections in Puerto Rico scheduled
~- _..: . .for November of 1968.
.
on 4/3/68.,
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~ -~~)~-. ~! ·
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41
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According to source, PIP-Youth and UPR Student
t ~
·1 ..., ~ ... Council representatives continue to exhort students to
J
~ ,:
·\. vote 1n the election while FUPI continues its elector~ l
·-:· '{
strllte campaign.
V
PIP-Youth representatives are exhorting all
students to go to the polls and vote for PIP candidates~
as that organization is 0£ the opinion independence will
only be achieved through the election of their candidate.
This is diametrically opposed to the FUPI campaign.
U
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If directed to selected representatives on tne
UPR student council, University students, and members of
PIP-Youth, the SJO is or the opinion that proposed flyer
would be fuel to the campaigns of the aforementioned as
well as disrupt and discredit FUPI'S campaign and debilitate the latter's image on the UPR campus.
J
If text of flyer, as set forth 1n re sa.n Juan
let, is approved in light of aforementioned observations,
same will be typed in Spanish language on cheap grade paper
.and mailed from an area removed from the Metropolitan san
Juan district in a·ma.nner that will insure it cannot be
traced to a Bureau employee •
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CONFl NTlAL
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,..,,,,,•·
(_ i
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(105-3353
'
Mr-_ C. D. DeLoach
Mr.
w.
C. Sullivan
1
·
:,
Sub_O: ' .·. · ·
»\irector, FBI (105-93124)-~::_-;- ·'
-· _ ~C. 1~6 .· iOl
·
CROUPS-- sEEKING 'INDEPENDENCE
',..
-··Mr. T. E. Bishop
t
:r-"6&tl~uan
'
4/17/68
.
1
l
roR PUER'IO RIOO .
a>UNTERINTELUGENCE·PROGRAM ·
(RACIAL INIELUGENCE SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITf - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST ,: .
"'
'
ReBulet 3/14/68 and your letters 2/27/68 and 4/3/68.
I
Enclosed for New York is one copy each of
jus.n letters 2/27/68 and 4/3/68.
referenced San
Authority ls granted for you to translate J.nto ·
Spanish the letter submitted 1n rele~ 2/27/68 and to mat~ it
to selected members of the University of Puerto Rico Student
Cowicil. university stude.rts 1 and members of tbe Independence
Party of Puerto Rico (PIP)-Youth. The preparation and mailing
of this flyer should be handled under the most secure conditions ln order to protect the ·Bureau as the source.::
I
San Juan and New York.should furnish to the Bureau
any information coming to their attention regarding-the
· mat ling of this flyer.
j
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1 - Nev York (Enclosures - 2)
V
EM.J~°ebb-~\
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(9)~u
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See cover memorandum
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MAIL.£.Q 2
APR 1 7 1968
"'
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to Mr. V. C. Sullivan,
db>: FMJ:ebb •
�a
,i
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DATE:
•••
··April .16, 1968
~,
___
f_.~
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61dloe-Ca11PN.-Callahan-Ceruod--
,.tt -_-_-_-_
$1e::::
~
T,n/-~--
1'T•11"'.Rooa.
~ROM
K
"--
C..--
(1 ._
1UBJECT:
..,, GROUP~ING~· INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
OOUNTERINTELLIGENCE._PROGRAM -· ·--· -•u••·•• •-•-·
.[RACIAL INTELLIGENCE ..SECTION)
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
,
Purpose is to recommend that we authorize our·
San Juan Office to mail a flyer in the name of a fictitious Puerto Rican group to members of the Independence
\ Party of Puerto Rico (PIP)-Youth and selected representatives ~f the University of Puerto Rico Student Council
and university students. PIP is a legally constituted
\ political party seeking independence for Puerto Rico.
BACKGROUND:
PIP-Youth and University of Puerto Rico Student
Council representatives are conducting a campaign to
·influence the independentist voters to participate in the
Fall, 1968, election. The Federation of University Stu_:.. dents (FUPI) ., a militant independence student organization,
is 'planning a boycott in an effort to influence large
sectors of the Puerto Rican Electorate to abstain~from
voting in the above elections.
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�Memorandum to Mr. 'W. C. Sullivan
•~!@~~! ~_EEKINf
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INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO_
-~
~~BSERVATIONS:
-,. .·....._. . _._. . . \.I.Sll.·t· -appears that San Juan• s counterintelligence
recommendation has definite merit and will be useful in
offering armnunition to those attempting to influence the
people to vote and to discredit a militant organization
of Puerto Rico's youth.
REOOMMENDATION:
If you approve, the attached letter will be
directed to San Juan authorizing it to mail the flyer
under conditions that will insure it cannot be traced
to this Bureau.
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,-
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UNITED STATES GO!'(~°'
/~ENT
Memorand
t:r(.
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FROM
,
>L'BJECT •
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11".1..! R. lYa nna 11.,"'
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<utows ·~tfic'1NG" fNl>EPENDENCE
l>Ai'l:, May 28,
~9,:
~~
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C11Ullh•--
Coafllld-F.tt _ __
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.FOR PUERTO. RICO.
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGR.Al!
INTERNAL SECURITY - PUERTO RICAN NATIONALIST
Memorandum is to·advise of positive results achieved
against the Movimiento Pro Independencia. de Puerto Rico (MPIPR)
es a direct result of our continuing counterintelligence program.
The 14PIPR is the largest, most articulate and most militant of
the groups seeking independence for Puerto Rico.
L)
The Bureau had authorized San Juan to mail a San Juan
conceived leaflet to members of the MPIPR. Leaflet, which was
prepared in the name of a fictitious Puerto Rican group, was
aimed at influencing the people of Puerto Rico to vote in the
Fall, 1968, elections and revealed that the Marxist-Leni~ist
doctrine is an image of terroristic barbarians and not one which
the MPIPR should embrace. It was hoped the leaflet would cau; e
dissension within the MPIPR, would widen the already existing rift
between the ~PIPR and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
and discourage the planned boycott of the elections. The PIP is
u legally constituted political party in Puerto Rico.
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105-93124
ss
.:, ., ,._
(
Mr; C.D. DeLoach ~")
1
,.. •.. 1, \ •
11.r.·T.E. Bishop
1
1
Mr. w.c. Sullivan
1 - Mr. W.R. Wannall ·
1 - Mr.
s.s. JUgnosa
,"
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tl\.
~emorandum to Mr. W. C. Sullivan
RE:
1
:q
,
S~~EEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR.PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM.
93124
Above are selected examples of the success of our latest
counterintelligence effort against the IIPIPR. Further resultu
cnn be expected.
· /
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ACTION:
None. This is for your information. Additiona~
pertinent results will be brought to your attention.
..
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SAL-n___.(105-3353)
D½rcto~,
FBI. (105-93124)
0GR~UPs
..zrdlcfNG
PUERTO RICO
1:NDEPENDERCE
· ..
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· 7-25-68
l - Kr.
:roa
IS - PRN
As you are aware. on 7-21-68 the Popular Deaocratlc
Party (PDP). the party currently ln,power in Pue~to Bico.
turned down tbe bid of the present Governor. Roberto Sanchez
Vllella, for renomination to another tera. Sanchez bas
indicated tbat ·1n spite of tbls. be plans to run tor office
on 11-3-68.. Apparently, the party's convention bowed to the
wishes of former Governor, Lu.is Munoz Karin, and noalnated
Luis Negron Lop~z.
·
·
I
This should lead to a lively election period when
.taken together with the various •achtnations in which the
independentists can be expe~ted to participate.
You should closel1 follow the activities of tbe
yarious independence seeking.groups to deteraine their plans
- - - concerning this election. Be especially alert to any plans
ex,
ot these groups to take advantage of the current problems
t0
within the PDP. Submit pertinent 1nforaation received 1n·a
~ E form suitable for dissemination by aost expeditious aeans
u, ~ warranted utilizing caption aost appropriate to information
~ ~ being reported.
=; .. SSlf:ted 4G ~
(4)
-NOTE:
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This type inforaation will be of benefit to the Bureau
and to the _intelligence communitJ, including the highest levels.
0',
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or- j_z~'-1-;;i. ~-/
:IIOt'. _ _
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a JUL 261968 ~~;
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T£L£TYP£ UNIT
.
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1/ '--·
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DATE!
AUG 231968
..
- --ir:, ~...
SUBJECT:
~
...
•: - .:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
IS - PRN. -·- .
i
I
Enclosed for the Bureau are nine copies of' an IHM
laptioned and dated as above which are suitable for
dissemination.
/// , / .
/
I
As indicated in LHM., if the Peoples Party ('PP)
continues its present bent, it could well become an unexpected
gift for the Independentist community in Puerto Rico in that
it provides a ready-made and powerful vehicle to obtain
political power. Although on the surface it appears the party
most likely to suffer from the advent of the PP over the short
term is the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)., the PP
' could well:, 1.n the long term., become a cohesive force uniting
the Commonwealth-Sovereignist group with the more open
adv~ates or independence as the PIP and the Puerto Rican
Independence Movement (MPIPR).
This matter being closely followed by the San Juan
.r
f
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IHM being disseminated locally to NISO, OSI, 771st
MI-Detachment, and Secret Service.
c·,
t:J ... ·:,·!.. ··,J
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<_-·2)- ~Bureau ( Encs. 9 j (RM)
3
.......
-- an (105-3353)
(1 - 105)(Peoples Party)
----· ·--- .....-
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�. UNI-~TAn:s
UEPARTMENT
OF
J~Q
FEDEBAL BlJBE&tJ OF INVESTIGAT~,
,,. 1tq,1_,.r·-~....;._ . . .
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Sari Juan., . Puerto· Rica
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AUG 2 3 1968
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-~-~.. : ~ E ~ N G ;rmEPENDENCE. FOR PUERTQ RICO
.,
, w~),
·""r.'~·
INTERNAL SECURI'l'Y - PUERTO RICAN .NATIONALIST
ine August 8~ 1968, issue o~ flEl Mundo•. a Spantah
langG&ge daily newspaper published in-Se.n Juan~ Puerto Rico,
! n its politic-al column ••Tras.rondo" • written by AsGocie.te Editor
Miguel Jr-::.. c-,n:t.1n, comm':l:nts 1n detail conc6'rn1~te fa.ct that
i:1cumbent !'4erto Rico Governor Robert~nehez • elle.. having ·
failed to secur·t':. the nomination as ropul.&r De cratic Fa.rty (PDP)
candidate f~r governor 1n the November, 1968, elections, has
. accepted t~~ full leadership or The r~rtido del Pueblo (Peoples .
I·arty)(PFJ and will be that party's gubernator1al cand1a&te in
the coming elections.
~he article notes that~eral key leaders of the PDF,
including Senator Jos~c10"'I'orres
an,, Representative Luis
F;.....a ·e!:ffia.cho., all known as 11 sovereignists". wit.h strong
independentist sentiments, have bolted the FDP and are throwing
. their full support to Sanchez Vilella •. ~hus the PP, origina1ly
formed as pro-statehood 1n nature, has tak~n a •sovereignistn
slant, and could draw the support of the Independentist
}/ community.
.---..
is document contains neither recommendations nor conelusrns
t the FBI. It is the property of the FBI ~nd is loaned t
our agency; it and its contents are not to.be distributed
outside your agency.
•
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The article likewise notes that the PP, through
Sanchez Vilella, has ~ree access to the Commonwealth Electora1
Fund since, as governor, he is trea~urer of this tund.
The August 9, 1968, edition of "El Mundo• in its
political column "En Torno A IA Fortalezan,written by political
column.1st Eliseo Combas Guer~a, notes the PP, due to both its
former pro-statehood slant and its present Independentist cast,
·has the power to draw votes both from.the Statehood Republican
Party (PER} and ~rom the Puerto Rica;.. :Independence P&rtJ" {PI:P),
well as the "sovere1gn1st• element or the PDP. Hence~ it couid
ir
Ac
�GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
, . ~. ~ .. . ..
:{·~-
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re~sent
a m~Jor ~orce in the November. 1968, election~.
,
,:_~..,...:__,:..~ugust 16, 1968, edition of "The San Juan St.'l..rfl. an.·
English language de1ly newspaper published in Ss.n Juan. PJerto . 'T:1'Rico~ carried an article on page one to the effect thet the PP
will include 1n its Rlllt~ a CAl1.;tn:c.. .a.•Jt~ond 2~_11t1cal status
~besctte wnicb wIT1 1nc1ude as n.ne cb~1ce ~orim'Qnweiitli~~mrus
w!th sovereic;ntz" &1milar to.tha.t·ot the British Commonwea.ltb---c-ountries.
·
_
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The PDP is the incumbent political party
in Puerto Rico.
The FP is a recently formed political party
1n Puerto Rico presently und~r the leadereh tr of incumbent Governor Roi•erto Sanchez
Vilella, who bolted the PDP in l~te July.
1968.
The FER is the Pro-Statehood Party in
Puerto Rico.
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A characterization o~ the PIP is atta~hed
he:reto.
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APPENDIX
·1
.,,,.lllli~--::.--.--.. PARTIDO
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INDEPENDENTISTA PUERTORRIQUENO
{Independence Party of Puerto Rico) (FIP}
i068, the
Hato Rey,
erto ico, advise
ar iao noependentista Puertorriqueno (Independence
Party of Puerto Rico) {PIP) is a former legally constituted .
party, which according to its officers, advocates independence
for Puerto Rico through legal and peaceful means. ·
l
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In the November, 196~, general elections in Puerto
F.ico·the PIP failed to obtain the five per cent of the popu:~~vote required to maintain it~ ~tatus as a political party.
~~e PIP recen~ly completed a successful campaign to secure
•.-:'le necessary number of valid petitions to be included on
the ballot for the November, 1968, elections.
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BACKGROUND: ·:. .. ~
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.... · .... _:-~··~ .. ~- :' _·. __ ,.
.~ !~~·... " '-; ....~...........
............ - ·~" -..~. --: ......
.
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__
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: ..-. ..
····..,,,,,.·:·.~ ..... ·.,:; ..·:-.....
_
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. '- :/ .... The Camandos·= A.nnados .de L1berac1on. (CAL) is a. pro- · _ ·;,
independence~ group in Puerto·Bico which . ~ ~latmed·cr~dit ..~or_~"'.:· __
1nany .of tbe ~ecent acts o~ .~cendi&ri~m •...CAL re~ently :· . ~ - ·..: ..: ~:
tJirected -bulletin to neYS media and selected pro-independence .-~- ·. '.
individuals in Puerto Rico calling for Puerto B.icans to assist ··
tn sabotage activities and support CAL..
· ·
·
<-.·
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: .- ·: _; • - ~ .: .
•
._ -,. • ,
:
•. ··.-.:·_. - . .
·\:·:~·;.·":~-~~ ... ~·-~---·;-.·-:;,. . ~-~:;'...... ·,/··":·-~~:·.··-~~"-
:,~
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.. _. .;·-:. · · ~ :_ Invest~gation by .San Juan ha.a revealed pro-independence
~·aotiv1sts feel ·~that . bulletin ·published· by'_·CAL.wa.s prepared.--.~-.. _. ~
as a trick by police.or ~entral I~tell1gence. Agency (CIA).:_t~.;. ··
expose persons active .in lnoendiariam and all~ a wave o~ ..-.... :·... · :
arrests ·.of lndependentistes for terrorisa._- ~-:- ~ -.:_
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PROPOSED COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IIOVEz·. :·~-· · ... · •
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.
:-.:·./.~.. -·· ...:.San ·Juan ·.be autbor.1.Zed. t~. proceed .with' .~t~ -.~ec~en~•~-- ~,
oounter1!1te~ligeo~e _·move~~~~~;;\:~:~·... ~·#?-/.::~~ . ._·.. ·· ..r:: :·. : ~·: -· ~ ~--. -~ )-.~;:_~ ;:~:"=,'::-~·:
~< ;.__
.,·" ": ·: ":: ,.· . '. ,':. ~., \~;·:T-:: . . }'. -; ~~:"'' '-).;, -~:--:. .,.~-- ;;.. ..:. . . .:/ ::,~::..·)·. ,::.
....
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If approved,. attached teletype _will be seu.t · · ;:_:.~ ·
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FROM
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SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO - COUNTER
l~TFLLIGEHCE PROGRAM; JS• PRN
ON NINE DASH FIVE LAST, SAN JUAN OFFICES Of UNITED PRESS
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JNl~RtJATIOt:AL, ASSOCIATED PRESS, AND SELECTED INDIVIDUALS Alf',ONG
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J~D~PENDENTlSTA ELEMENT I~ PUERTO RICO RECEIVED THREE PAGE BULLETitP
FROM COMANDOS ARMADOS DE LIB£.R-ACl0~ (CAL), OBVIOUSLY PREPARED BY
RtrROOUCTJOI PROCESS, OUTLINING ACTIVITIES PAST AND PLANNED OF
ORGANIZATION AND EXHORTING PUERTO
nCTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF CAL.
RICANS TO ASSIST IN SABOTAGE
AIRTEL AND LHM BEING FOfiWARDED
TO
Bl1RF~ll INCORPORATING ABOVE BULLETIN• · lT HAS BEEN DETERMINED THAT
f"CFLHIG EXISTS AMONG PRO-INDEPENDENCE ACTIVISTS THAT BULLETIN
PRtP~RED BY POLICE OF PUERTO RICO (POPR) OR CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
-A3F~CY AND IS TRICK WHICH VJLL ALLOV VAVE OF ARRESTS OF
iN~tPF.NDENTISTAS FOR TERRORISM.
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IN .ORDER
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USED BY CAL AND DIRECTED TO SELECTED ADDRESSES ADVISING THAT·
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cor~HDOS ARMADOS DE LIBERACION
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COMUNJCADO IR. 6
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ESTE ES UN COMUNICADO ESPECIAL PREPARADO POR EL CAL
P~R~ ADVERTIR AL PUEBLO QUE NO SE D~JE ENGAIAR POR EL LLAMADO
•eoLEIIN CLANDESI!RO DE LOS COMANDOS AR~ADos· PUBLICADO EL CUATRO
OE SEFTIENBRE 0£ 1968~ QUEREMOS HACER CLARO QUE
EL C~l OPERA CLANDESTlNANENT£ Y SOLO, SEPARADO DE OTROS GRUPOS 0
IND!VIDUOS. ESTE ·soLETII· 10 ES PlAS QUE UN DEBIL lNTENTO DE LAS
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AOENCI~S DE REPRESIOfi DEL GOBIERHO COLONIAL PARA HACER QUE EL
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Pl'EBlO ACTUE DE MANERA QUE 5£ HAGA POSIBLE CONTINUAR LA OLA DE
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E~RESI0~ DEL PUEBLO POR LA G~STAPO. 10 SE DEJEN .,
ARP£St
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tONTINUAREMOS COMUNICANOONOS COii EL PUEBLO COft;O LO ·-·· ·-·
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INDEPENDEHCIA O MUERTE.
SAr: JU4N, PUERTO RICO
•••••Dg S£PTI£M9RE DE
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1968
Of LETTER IS AS FOLlOWS•
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-ARMED COMMANDOS FOR LIBERATION.
COMMUNICATION IIR • •
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TKIS IS A SPECIAL COMMUNICATION PREPARED BY THE CAL
to ,ovISE-THE PEOPLE NOT TO 8£ TRICKED BY THE SO-CALLED ·cLARD£5T1W£ BULLETIN OF THE ARMED ·COMMANDOS FOR LIBERATION• PUBLISHED
ON NI l'E DASH FOUR LAST•
WE WlSH TO ~,AK£ IT CLEAR
THAT THE CAL
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PEOPL! INTO ACTIONS VHICH WILL MAKE POSSIBLE TH£ CONTJNUATIOH OF
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DON •t LET
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OUR PEOPLE SY THE fotsrAPO·~ .·
YOURSELVES BE DECEIVED AND FALL I~TO THE TRAP• CAL 00\ES_
SOLl_CIT THE HELP
OF THE PEOPLE t
WE ARE IOT COWARDS WHO ASK
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FOR ~f.LP BECAUSE WE TREMSLE IN FEAR OF ACTIRG OURSELVES.
VE WILL CONTINUE TO CO~NUNICATE WITH THE PEOPLE AS WE
HAV£ DONE lN THE PAST IN THE FORM OF COMMUNICATIONS, NOT IR THE
FORM
or
FALSE BULLETINS
WHICH CANNOT HIDE TH£ STAKP Of THE YANKEE
U~F£.P. IALIST • .
·-
INDEPENDENCE OR DEATH.
~EON GUARD.
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- S~" JUft~J,
.PUERTO RICO
NlNF. DASH BLANK LAST
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DISSEMINATION OF LETTER MAY BE EXPECTED TO HAV£ TH£
CREATE AN AIR OF UNCE~TAINTY Ar.ONG PRO•
FOLLO~lNG RESULTS-
!~DEPENDENCE ADVOCATES AS TO WH~CH CO~MUNICATIONS RECEIVED FRON
t
C~L APE LE6ITI~ATE 1 SUPRESS TENDENCY.AMONG RECIPIENTS OF BULLETIN
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:...wa~~R LAST TOWARD FOLLOWING CAL·s INSTRUCTIO~S TO CARRY
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ILL FACILITATE JDENTifl~ATION OF ORGANIZATION.
END PAGE FOUR
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IT SHOULD. BE PREPARED ON TYPEWRITER CLOSELY RESEIWJBLING tHAT USED .,;.;
hY CAL AND UTILIZING THEIR LETTER FORMAT AND ADDING DATE AT
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ENVELOPES SHOULD ALSO BE
CLARJD~D, CALLE
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PREPARED AS FOLLOWS•.,,
PALMA 1505 1 TRAS TALLERS, SANTURCE, PUERTO
RICOt MOVI"lENTO PRO lND£P£NDENC1A DE PUERTO RICO, AVENIDA
.
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PONCE 0£ LEON 1122, RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO; LIC. JUAN "ARI
!3Ri1S, I\VENIDA POIJCE DE LEON 1122, RIO
P1£DRAS, PUERTO RIC01 COC~ATE,
APt.Rl Al~O 3209, SAN JUAN, .PUERTO RICO 90904 I
PRENSA
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UN IDA
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IRTf'tf!~CIONAL, P .o • BOX 5315, PUERTA DE TIERRA, PUERTO RICO:
PRE!~A ASOCIADA, APARTADO POSTAL 4187, SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
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SAN JUAN,
BP.905 t
ruEnT~ RICO £090~1
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LIBRERIA PUERTO RICO. APARTADO POSTAL 23161.
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lA EST/\CION DE U ,P .R •• SAN JUAN t PUERTO RICO 11931.
SAN
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JUAN WISHES to POINT OUT THAT DISSE"INATION to PRESS
NECESSARY IN ORDER TO LEND CREDIBILITY TO L£TTER. PRE-
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dated 9/11/68, captioned flincendiarism in Puerto Bico, Internal
Security:- ~erto Rican Kationaliat," prepared by ERB:brr. ·... ,..
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FBI ~ (105-93124)- ..
FROM
SUBJECT:
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DATE:
11/14/68
(105-3353 Sub I) (P)
EEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
--(M 110 ftf'f!!LLI6EMO:S PROGRAM}
I
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IS-PRN
Since October, 1967, a wave of incendiarism and
bombings bas swept Puerto Rico causing damages estimated
in the millions of dollars. By means of letters directed to
) local news agencies a group, self-named the-'Comandos
\ Armados De Liberacion"(Armed Coaµnandos of Liberation)-(CAL)
, bas claimed xesponsibility !or these acts of terrorism and
bas vowed a continuation of their attacks agai_nst u. s. owned
bt1sinesses.
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Recent arrests of individuals associated with
isolated instances of such incendiarism and bombing, however, · .· :
have all been of members or persons connected with the
-Jd'ovim.iento Pro-Independencia de Puerto Rico/(Puer.to Rican
Independence Movement)-CMPIPR), the leading pro-independence
/ . . group in Puerto Rico and!/ in 'fact, during the separatists'
.
celebration of Grito de i;ares/at Lares, Puerto Rico, on
September 23, 1968, JUA~R~RAS, MPIPR leader, made
specific reference to t~e CAL in his speech before an assembled
throng of seven to eight thousand persons and "saluted"
the CAL's endeavors •. Thus, it has been well demonstrated
to the pecple of Puerto Rico, including members of proindependence groups, that the existence of the CAL may well
represent the extension of clandestine arm of the l!PIPR or
at least cellular groups operating within the ambit of
that organization.
In order to exploit this situation, the San Juan
Office proposes tbPt a cartoon be prep~red and disseminated
to select targets in Puerto Rico including members,· sympathizers
or persons affiliated with the 11PIPR,-.l..iga Socialist&
Puer~or~iquena..-{Puerto Rican Socialist League)-(LSD), and the
~
t Party of Puerto Rico-(NPPR), depicting the ..
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A "judas goattt b~arin&; ~h·e· features of .JUAN MAR·~
r;~t,;.;.
BRA-·a-group of sheep through a guillotine carrying·:·.'\."~ ··
the iabel "CIC~' • . The CIC is the Criminal1Investigations · ~Corps, ·the Police of,Puer,to Rico Agency charged.with .investigation
of. incencUarism .and· bombing· -and t~e organization ~-re4:1ponsib.l~ ';.·:..· :-~ ·
for .recent ..arrests ·of individuals connected~·witb such activ_it°.f/·~
Each ·sheep _wi~l bear-~~the name of _an··indfvi_dual.·arrested-·.for·~~-:{.-...:.. ·
complicity i.n·. recent ·.terroristic activity.·· A caricature of · ~.._ ~··.
FIDEL CASTRO will appear in the. cartoon leading MARI BRAS·..
· · ·., andc:co11menting, "Don't worry MARI some sheep must be sacrificed
in each revolution, and . a~yways, I' 11 see that you remain · ..
safe and well fed." __ ._.
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It is· ·expect~d· 'that dissemination
-t.his cartoon~;_-_;·,.-:
will-:11ccomplish .. the. following results:.':/~·:· ~·;:.·, ... ~..~~- ....~.-~~:·,.~:/'{·. ·! .;.: ·- ·.j~:_-., ..
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Poilnt ·out the· ·tact -:and strengthen existing _,feeling-.·. · -~/
that WlRI BRAS and· the MPIPR a·~e responsible for the CAL's
·
actions with its resultant property damage, unemployment, aod
edverse effect on the Puerto.Rican economy.
-~
.:_ . - Act· as a -deterrent to -future action of the ·CAL.·::.~~.,·.\ -~-
··
as ·a result of the. e~po~ure__ .and-__pu~~ication of 'ti~ejr i~ent(tY·/.~·: . ·--~~
·· · · ,. .. · . ·.· .. - .. .
. ·. ·
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J · th· th MPIPR -
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. ,-~~\ - ~~::. . .·:'> :· . :_<:: -.. . ·/···· ·..
! .•
Ren~w-.. suspicion·~that KARI BRAS and ·his. organization
are puppets of 1':IDEL CASTRO,\ an·. alliance which ·1S still ·.
regarded 111 th ·distrust and suspicion among. even the most -·"".· 3
staunch advocates of Puerto .-Ri_can independence. ·
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Create the impression that MARI BRAS is willing
to sacrifice members of his organization while remaining.
in relative safety and maintaining his own well being
Bureau comments regarding above counter.intelligence
measure are solicited.
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!*ector.
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11/26/68
1 - llr. llignosa
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INDEPENDENCE POI ·
PUERTo·--alco , - • .-
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAK
(LATIM-AKERICAR SECTION)
IS - PU
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Beurlet 11/14/68.
in relet is most desirable.
1I
Bureau feels plan enumerated
Promptly submit sample of proposed cartoon together
with sleeted targets tor mailing and recommendations of your
office.
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SSII: sed (4) ,.
NOTE:
Relet solicited comments of Bureau re counterintel1igence plot of San Juan.
.
In order to exploit tbe pom.bility that the Araed
·.' .:. · .- Collllll8.ndos of Liberation (CAL), group that claims responsibility
:.•· · -~- for ~ecent rash of incendiarism in Puerto Rico., aight be the
.;···· · ''action arm" of the MPIPR, San\ Juan advised of proposal to
prepare cartoon for appropriate dissemination. Cartoon would
in part point out that Juan Mari Bras, Secretary General of
the MPIPR, and his organization are responsible for the actions
of CA.L •. Cartoon would also renew suspicion that Mari Bras
and his organization are puppets of Fidel Castro. It is noted
this alliance still is regarded with distrust and suspicion
among even the most staunch advocates of Puerto Rican independence.
Cartoon would also create the impression that Mari Bras is
willing to sacrifice •embers of his organization while remaining
in relative safety.
~
~
·
Plan appears sound; however, Bureau-needs finalized
plan and sample of cartoon prior to approval of same.
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oif'ector • FBI (105-93124)~ ;;J
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Mr.. Bishop
llr. Sullivan
12/17/68
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1 - Mr. Mignosa
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GROUPS SIBl:IKG INDEPENDENCE 1'011
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGBAII
(Latin American Section)
t \11.-(:-·3
\._."
IS - PIU(
I
aeurlets 11/14/68 and 12/6/68; Bulet ll/26/68i.
.
Authority granted for your office to proceed with
.counter1ntell1gence measure described in your referenced
letters~
Advise Bureau when mailings completed and follow
reaction thereto closely through sources available to roar
office. Positive results achieved should be promptl7
furnished to the Bureau.
'
6Sll:brr ~,(9)
.. IIOTE:
See memorandum W. B. Wannall to llr. W. C. Sullivan~
dated 12/16/68, captioned as above, prepared by SSM:br~.
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UNITED STATES GO\ @;JMENT
!ifemoraM:t1lm
·ro
DIRECTOR, FBI
(105•9)124)
:SA9, NEW YORK
(105•32872)
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DATE:
12/16/&8
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GROUPS. SEEKING . ..INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUER1Q*JUCO
.•....
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(Latia Ame~ican Section)
IS• PRN
ReSJlet, 12/6/68.
I t eopies ot •uggested cartoon are mailed te
Movimiento Pro Independeacia de Puerto Rico (MPI) and
Nationalist Part7 ot Puerto Rico (NPPR) aasoeiatea 1n the
NY area, t~~~iv1aion believes the belov abould be directed
copies ot
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PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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counterintelligence ploy directed .agains'.t Jua
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ras and tbe . . : -~~~ Puerto Rican Independence Movement (IIPIPR>-;-PB is the largest
and most dangerous of the militant Puerto Ric n p o-independence ;..-.. ...: ..- .
groups and Mari Bras is the Se~retary General of the IIPIPR. _Letter.·!
is attached for transmittal to San Juan.
In order to exploit the possibility that the Armed COJDll&.ndos
Liberation (CAL), group that claims responsibility for recent rash
of incendiarism in Puerto Rico, might be the "action Arm" of the IIPIPB,
San Juan advised of proposal to prepare cartoon for appropriate,
dissemination. Cartoon would in part point out .that Marl Bras a~d· .:'.,·
tbe l1PIPR are puppets of Fidel Castro. It is noted this alliance is .
still regarded with distrust and suspicion among even the aost staunch
advocates of Puerto Rican independence. Cartoon would also create ··:- ·
th~ impression that Mari Bras is willing to sacrifice aembers of -bl
organization while he remains in relative safety. Copy of propose
cartoon attached.
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�No need to worry Mari , some
•
sheep must be sacrificed ,in each
revolution. In any event, I will
see that you are sa~e and well fed .
Tne,e individuals recently arrested
by Police of Puerto Rico (POPR) .
.........
AfJ(i./JiTO'Pi..li.f:J> rMHIA/l>O
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JUDAS AND THE·SACRIFICIAL LAMliS
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UNITED STATES GC.::~IJMENT
MemoranUum ·
DIRECTOR, FBI
TO
FROM
e,:if ~c,
,
SAN JUAN
(105-93124)
DATE:
1/3/69
{105-3353 Sub I) -P-
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-;
SUBJECT: .. GROUPS_ SEEKING .. INDEPENDENCE
PUERTO RICO
FOR
........ .
COUNTERDlTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(La.tin American Section)
IS-PRN
Re Bulet 12/17/68.
(
J4a111ng of counterintelligence measure mentioned
in relet accomplished 1/2/69.
I to
f
New York requested to remain alert for reaction and
advise Bureau and San Juan of any positive results. ·
San Juan will also follow as per instructions in
relet •
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Bureau (RM)
~Nt!W York (105-32872) (RM)
-San Juan
12 JAN 8 1969
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1/10/69
Date:
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AIRMAIL
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-292)
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--ecr: JUAN MARI BRAS
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<I• . -PRH
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(10.0-4785){f?
SA~, SAN JUAN.
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to the' Bureau dated 1/7/69,
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captioned as above.
~~closed for the Bureau, the Miami and New York
· 1 ces 1-1.r', nine copies, one cop¥, and two copiea es.~h
rJ.n LHM rP..ptioned "Cuban Power ' and dated as above.
M.tami and New York are being f'nrnished copies·
,,.:;ncJ r-sed LHM due to their overall interest 1n CUnan
er · •1.tters.
( J'·!Ur:eau·
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(RM) {F.nc. 9)
.
. 1-105-·176790) (Cuban Power)
! '.-105-93124} !Cotmtcrintelligencc Program)
. '-105-75715
~~.;,··
MPIPR)
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.
' 100-4785)
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· - J:;5-33~3 Sub 2 )
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(MARI BRAS)
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100-4705
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It hao been determined ~-.ha.t the letter rccai·1cd by
A.c;socinted Press and set forth 1n enclo::;ed ttcncrandtmt has", ~:..::.:.
;·~·:fived some publicity in local r.r!Wa media, includ~1g 2•ad~~- J'.?/.'.
' · 1" ...o.dcasts
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• In light of the above, ' he Sa..'l ,Tlian Of f1:e
._,;_ the letter affords a unique opportwiity to exploit the~ ,i' ·"~~ •.·· , .,.
lP.:··,Jing of a vehicle of JUAN MARI BRAS on 1n/69 1 and the
. ·.·.··. ·. :
1,~ttllca.tion of the letter 1n view of current Intensification· ·.....
T 1 "~ram and efforts 1n the ca:mter1ntcll1gcnc:e field.
,. · · ·
Upon authorization tro?n th.e Bureau, a lotter will ·'.·~--.. '·:
·, ·.lirccted 1n the Spa.ni3h language to the Associated Press,
·.'"',; PrePs and the th.!"ee leading newspapers 1n tho San Juan .:· ..
· , ,:'IhP. San Juan Star", ' 1El Mundo 11 , o..,,_d "El Imparcis.l".
.
! .-:. ·t •'" will be prepared on a. typew1"1ter exhibiting
·
•,p.·; ",.1.,....~·ics similar to those 1n the letter rcce1vod by the:· . <
,r:tt.~~-cd Press and set forth 1n cncloced IJiM. All soc~it:,
~r.ut.i "'ns will be taken 1n connection with. the writing
·
ha.ndl.lJ·.g oT"tnis letter. ·.
#
The letter under consideration is as follows:
"~e~ond Open letter to the Pue~to Rican People:
· · nAs we a.."UloWlced 1n our previous letter, -wo w111 not ··
·.tn .inactive while some pigs, as arc the leaders ·-of tnc
·
,._ • .trolento Pro T.ndependoncia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR-P..1erto Ricll.I'1.
,1 '?pendenco Movement), corrupt· and dcat.?'oy the foundat 100
. . ~;his democratic society and ·the peace and freedom which
....~, ~t-·here.
1
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-"Already the traitor JUAN MARI BRAS has felt the
· of ~ur dedication.
~jfith this act of 1•etr1Lut1on~ we sot into motiozi,;
. .::dly hesitation, a-caJnpaign of action, ·.1U3t1f1cd
i:f, .....cil.! ~- (; subversion of the pr1nc1ple3 of democracy -which ··
- ~ 51:t:: a~ : ;.gly bacn under attack by these strident co?DDatnists.
- ,_. .
11
W1th the commemoration ot the Tenth Anniversary of
!CI.PR, we have su.ecessfully initiated this cann:>a1gn whoae
,.. 1. iP. to stop the adv8Jlce of' the communist groupc 1n Puerto
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"Long live freedom! 1
Lc~g li"1e Cuban Pa;1er ! ! "
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Tile Bureau is requested ·· o ,,xpcditiously give
.: i.derat1on to th:i.s matter 1n ora..:.r that the full iILpa.ct
1c letter may be realized.
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CUBAN POWER
;~ERliAL SECUPITY - C:~i: ·,
Rofo:.. <.=n~e is made 'to FB:!: ::.~?;..C•:!'o.!ll!·J..:::: dr:...:.~-:.
:~uar~,. 7, 1969., captioned ".;-.;;,.~: M..;R: EF_;s, :~·.::E:RIA'!.:
···x;URITY - PUERTO RICAN NATICiiAL~S:' 11 •
"Wo Cubar~.£ wh:: have ten:~ -..~ic~o·.,..~1~- c.n~::...<'.::::.
..,.,lC'"lad Cl;.t,.:.. :.. 1...·v o U:.:.:.t(!c. r"Ol" t:·?.~ ·;,~1.:..";o:::: c:,:·
:·1ghtinb :or one single goal: ...;~:e :.::.::~i~·;;.~:!.on r,:"' ~t..-r·::..
·.7 ! i_:L t '.is glor1oas purpose WC d*'.:ClS.1:"r1 C~J.l' nol~tr.:•1 t:r
·-;'J.?' -b!'others 1n di""e:.>sc c~t~e~ o~ ti1"S u. s. ·.;~10
:.),.:;~n c..ble to take -tr... e nece:~~a~:-y ~-J&..:;tn'·::r ..;o p1t.-..::...;··.
-( ,103e: who sy:npath~ze w::.::~h ar.:.d su~po:;.·t i:t.. ~ 0:1::.cun t~.-:-~~1~.:;i L~n has exte.r.:.dcd itself O\• ..!!.. th•.? bc:~ut~!u:. !.:-:i.,:,.:>6.
of Cuba.
I
uTt 1s a rr. ct that our brothel'!l 1-11 the :.i. s.
· ~ r~<tt "the punishin:r force of a sr.o:.. i:signted So::..·th
~~~ ,olicy, but neither they ~or w~ w~:: bcw dew-~
· - ·· :1 policy.
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;. .;: gcw::rous Puerto Rican p\:?oplc offc~".:c it. to
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-~~ocratic society.
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the libcratior. of C-"f:>a.
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·.er~ of s.11 enemies of democracy whoreve~ tha:t :.&.y
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Er!clu~cd for the Bureau arc five copies ot an /4"
L!W captioned ".Assaulting-Killing of .federal O!ficerv .
·.
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Loca. 1 d1saem1na tion is being t:iade to v. S.
;:, \ .· · :. ·; ~ Secret Service, San Juan; Naval Investigative Service
.
~ ~ ~t.:! Off ice, 10th Na v11 l District; 171st Military Intelligence·
~1 - Det&chment; Ofi1co of Special Inv~stigations, Ramp( Air
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Force Base.
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•Both of the abov'C:tioned persons are.closelj
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a lied with tho 1.1,.~•.,.}1 ··1·~ or
tt,e Partido Socialista · ., ·
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Obrero (Socia list Wort.;cri,; l'arty) (:PSO).
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Proper dis~~"'i.nation of the matter bas been
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or the San Juan Office and the Police·.,. · ·:·
of Puerto Rico, San Juan, l'Uerto Rico.
made to all agents
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LHM is being cl1ssified "Confidential". in order -~._:~ :._, .~o protect the identity ot the inforaant, the unauthorized ·· ." · ·.. <iicclosurr: of which •h,::ld 1,.,,r1cally result in the identi-.
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~be i~iure successful u~e uf the same person.
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Hcsolu tions ador,ted at the 7th lJa ti.or1~ l .i\sscr.,bly
l2te J\pr1.l, j9GS, at S.an J';.liH:, P1. ierto f<.icG, 1,-.c'!.uded
i:-:·=~>·-:s, ·ons cf solidarity lvi'th the Natic,r,al Liberat1cn ~·rc:-r,t
:
held
of S~ut Vietn~~ and tro~ises of mat~rtal sur.pcrt in the for~
of medicine and mon,!y.. Also inr..lud~d ,iere a resolution of
solidarity with .. Black Power" ic the Ur.dted States,. scd an
express:!.on of solidarity u.·ith the ''National !:,.. berat1on"
movements in Vctezuela, Columbia, and Guateir.ala.
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To:
SAC,
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Juan
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Bourairtel and LEK 1-28-60 entitled "Assaultlpg~
V
!alling a Federal Officer.
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In view of information~ in re alrtel, insure that
,
this matter and that every precaution J.a exorcised to lnsure
Bureau personnel are not lured into any situation where sue»: :l
a plan could be carried out.
C/
,
All illterviews ehould be carefully planned bearllag
in mind background of aubJect to be 1Dten1ewed and bis
potential tor violence. Conduct all interviews 1D such a aanner
thnt Agents a.re in control ot altuation at all tlaes.
V
Remind all Agents of current Bureau regulations which
roquire that except in those few lnst1.11ces 1D Wblch carr,ing :_ · .
...--"!9'a---.·de arm would be a 11ab111t7, tbat each A1ent llUSt carr, <.)
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when out ot tho office..
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Promptl7 advlsc...,tho Bureau by aost expcdltlous
na warranted 1n all caaes ~~re Bureau Agents encounter
t7pe of resistance.
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�Airtel to SAC, Puerto Rico
.
4Cili iBLnlAt·
RE: CillOUPS SEEKING INDf~ENDENCE POR PUERTO RICO
105-93124
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;. _~ \-..:-. Pertlnent·1Dformailon concerni!g the above furnished.·:_.
locally by Sall Juan -to th~ Police. of Puerto JU.co,- Secret .. .--~J..t :)·: ~.
So1-vlce, and local ailitary··agencles. Information being·; ·
·
furnished at SOG to State, Central Intelligence Agencr,
the m111tary, Secret Service, and the Criminal and Internal
Securitr Divisions of the Department.
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·r-1~0RMATIVE NOTE
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llJlf!.lt
- Date
1/31/69
This intormati.
h
to Police of Puertoo: as been furnished
agencies and Secret S1co1 local military
and at Seat of Gov
erv ce, both local!
San Juan bave beenerdnmient. Agents in.
av sed of the plan
<)
e
Information in tt b
be furnished to Stat a ~c ed will also.
gence Agenc
e, entral IntelliWashtngton !~dt!:e•Jl:t:ry agencies in
Security Divisions o~ tmbnaDel and Internal
e
partment.
·. Jc:'"
Cla~sified By
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Exempt from_G_D_S.:.,-C&-..a-t-cg_o_ry,__........_ ....,...
TJS:ts
Date of Declas
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• ification._......,
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ASSAULTING -
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A·characterization of the J4PIPR
appears in the appendix attached
hereto •
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In the latter part of April, 1968, a
new group called -the PSO issued a manifesto in the western section of Puerto
Rico·as an independence for Puerto Rico
group aligned to the Liga Socialista
.
Puertorriquena (Puerto Rican Socialist
League) (LSP).
" .
CONFIDENTIA
-~(
Excluded fr
grading and
- Group
.
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automatic down~
e.flassificat:ion.
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This document con ta ins neither reco.mmendations nor conclusions of the FBI._ It·
is the property of the FBI and is loaned to
your agency; it and its contents are not to
be distributed outside your agency.
; •.
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ASSAULTING-KILLING OF FEDERAL OFFICEfi
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CONFI~
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A characterization of the LSP
in the appendix attached
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.CONFIDENTIAL
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•
�APPENDIX
1
,."
LifA SOCIA.LISTA PUERTORRIQUEU'A
~~ertu .Rican Socialist 1/4:ar;ue)
..
.
.
{LSP)
A source advised on Janua:r"J 13, 1964, that the LSP was
·
fo1'med 1n early JanuarrJ, 19611,., b;y· JUA..~ ANTOUIO CORR.ET.raR.,
uho had resigned frora a top leadei--ship J..,osition 1n a.not-he~
Puerto Rican pro-indepenci.ence ol..:_;Ai1!zat1on 1n Octobar-., 196.3.
CORRETJER formed t.he LSP troru. a group or 1-oung men who were
described aa being militant> Ma~xlst-or1cnted ar..d devout
f~llowers of CORRETJER.
·
A:cordj_r..g to the source, CORRETJER's aild in the fo:rtrY.1tio~
of the LSP was to have tJis own or~anizs.tic·n with t.he D'Plf.t~rs
completely 1ndoctr1natt:ci. 1.1 tlie th~ories of Marxism aria
!.eninism. · The LSP waa foi-mecl on the socic:tl1stic t;!oncept wi'"-!l
the purpose of str1v.'.. ng !'or the in.df:;per1df'nce of P"..ae~~ R.lc.o
\'1th the u.l 'tima te zoal be in~ the e:;. ta'Ll1::ihm-=nt of an
1n1epe:nder..t buC ialistlc typt:,. of E;cvernm.er.t; for Puerto Rlr.~ ..
According to reco:-·ds of tht' or.rice of I::.~.~ llit;~l'l.Zt:-, Fvlic-=
of Puerto Rico (OI# POPRj., tht-~ LSP cll!'"rer.ltl~r inclu.ues cit-:·_}!thi1"ty mE':r.iber·;;, mainly in the San Juan:- Pu1::r·to Rlc.o.,
r~etropolh;a1.1 area., Ponce arnl Q!J,l.nic.1-1., Pue1.. tn Rice. Tt~
LSP also ..ia;J a sraa.11 group ol.· sy!'Dr,ath.izers :in mm York C!.ty
and maintr.i.ins f'rat:erns;.l rE'lst.ivn~ ..-,1tr.. tw~ Ht:\·/ Yc-r-1~ C1 t.~,
Marx1s t gr·:>ups, the work~1 . s \:J,:>rld Paz,t. . y (WllP) and t ht.i ·
Progreesiv~ Labor Party (PLP).
Th~ LSP ha.n t\·10 m3.1n publ1c.:=tt,1"~no, th~ 11 corr-eo de la
Quincena" (CDLQ) and 11 Pabellon 11 bc,th in r~t:wsletter fc!"'r!l:i.t.,
but also p~blishes ma.ny leaflets., pamphlets and reprints of
Cuban Premi.er FIDEL CASTRO's speeches. In addition., t!:t?11
LSP diss<::minates the PLP newspape1•J' "Cha.ller,ge-De:ss.fio., 1!:..
Puerto ru~o.
LSP leader CORRETJER and LSP m~mcers, durin~ the latce~ p5.:!'1.;
of 196G and the tirst pi.i.r-t of 19.>7, l-vl.Vc at~a~ked, in p·..1bli(.
speecJ,Js as well as in LSP publicatio~, obl1Bators
,,. _
mill tQ.~- sc.·r·v1ce for Puerto Rican.a. Tl1e September 24 .• J.9':,"b.,
editi9i.:: .c1 11.El Mundo," a Sl}anish-lau;;-uag~ daily n~wspaper -:... ~.' ,
lis~d at san Juan, Puerto Rico, car1\.:.ed an article · ..
r~ ol"tina that durir.&o a speech the Pl'evictls day at an
·
:-:- ·
eµ(~l:J.entlst COmDlt..iH.vrat1on# CORRETrJER .i1.ad urgeu P....;.ert~·;,. . ... ·....
n.1 .an ye:·i.1t-h t:o resist obl~gatory military serv~ce b~ gtu·..!':1~e_ ·-, :·
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MOVH!JEN'fO PRO--·INDEPESDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO
-~~;~~.:.: to Rican l~~~.Ll::!!!~!!ce- Moverr.~t)
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The MPIPR ttRS organized ir,. ~nve1r,bE-1', 1959, at. f·c,rC"s:·.
J'P,:Tt o 'Jt1co, to work fer the 1ndepend€Dco of Pue rte· Ri~o.
l t · ·t:- .·
h-as r.n ·estimated eembership ot between l ,000 ar,.d 1,300 if.or,le · · - · · ·
with missions throughout the island of Puerto Rico and tn
New Ycrk, New York; Chicago, Illinois; and Buffalo, 5ew York.
.
.
At tl-l~ tiu,e the MPJPR was organized, it indicated
.·- --
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that it did not advocate v10Ience but would acc&pt aembers 1rho
d·l ':'
JliAN ltARI BRAS, the. founder and domir.ant leader cf this
.
: ·Lat ion, ~ n a speech rlu :rJ :,g March, 1964, three ter.ed vi<; 1er:ce
. · . :ble tr.......:.:.t ir. l'" ·
it
··'."' ... '
· · .,uerto Rice beU1'f-
~c£ report~1 l~-1966 .
te within the UniA
_:•.·' a leader c,f the .MPIPH. ha:;., indica LLJ that "tbe He,voluti,-i~"·
·r\Jd soon bcgir.. and another source advJsed that anott.cr
:=11 l of ~h:i.r:; orp:ar..ization bas atter·: ··cd to obta1n a
· ·• 1Jt:?T of autorrdl tic pistols.
1
Articles praising FIDEL CASTRO ar.d th~ Cuba~
· ·· ~ .... ,._ent r~(""lP.rly ar. pe.·&r ir, the MP-I.PR r,nblicattc.ns. Jn
1
the MPIPR adoit~d a resolution erpr&ssing a 100 percect
, r=" 1 of and scl1d.iri ty with· the Cuban revolution. · It
t a delegation to the Tri-Continent~l c~nference of Africa~~
· ~i·, tnd Latin Arr.eric11n Pt.ople, held in Ka vat.a! Cuba, duTing
.. trn2ry 1 1966, and it auintain& a s;.-1,;.rm,nent-d.a-legate to the
.~t~crt- ts .~ia t located in 1ia var...a.
41
Tbe rrcss of Fuerto ~1co bas report~d t~a~ ~he ~PJPR
h~~
h~I,t nu•erous de.mc,nstrations prott:sting cc,l'lpulsor7 ,t:1lit:1ry
of Puerto Ricans and United States policy in Vietue ·
·~·" Doa:.inica" Republir
'~3
In .D1::cember..
. •. .
... .)r of Puerto R1 co sigr..&d
J~w a bill calling tor a plebiscite on July 23, 1967, to
··"."·~~~·1!:jae the future political status of Puerto Rico. The
_· · .:bisc.: te dencun.ced vociferously by the KPIPR as "an act ot
. ·10
· -~?tee imperialism to 111aintain the colonial status of Puerto
~- • . ,:, = '' resu J. tell 1 n an o verwhe laing endorsement of the prBsen t
~ ~c Associated State status.
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Resolutioos adopted at the 7th Nation~ 1 Assembly
. . ·:~ ;('
held 14 late April, 1968, at San Juan, Puerto Rico, inc_luded
.·· ..1 .ii.·exf)resd:ions of solidarity with the National Liberation Froo.t ·,·~ ..:,;."="'·
of South Vietnam and promises of material support in the form ·
of medicine and money. Also included were a resolution of
· -~.
soH.darity with .. Black Power" in the United states, and an
expression of solidarity with the "National Liberation"
movements in Venezuela, Columbia, and Guatemala.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_007
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967/1968
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 5 (204-263) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 5 (204-263) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/febb1df360abbb08d3d41d406ea75aaf.pdf
71a7c51366780def3cb10c2a46034414
PDF Text
Text
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FOIP A C0VER SHEET ·
-____.-
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·FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 4 ( 153-203 )
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
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�NOTICE
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESU~T OF THE CONl)ITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
.( COPIES AVAILABLE.
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SAC, SAN JUAN
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Re San Juan airtel 9/22/66 and Bureau letter 10/20/66.
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·. Cnrtoon described in referenced San Juan airtel e.nd
authorized
in refer.:nced Dureau letter was'mailed under·
secure condition to selected individuals of the PIP., FCP, r:PPR,
LSP and J.t?IPP.
1·Ji th
the follo\·:ing results:
On 1 1 / 1 4 / 6 6 , - a s o u r c e - m a d e
available a copy of t h ~ s a y i n g t h e - t h e
.
· cartoon is in some wc1.:; co ""'C:c ted Fi th the l:PF7: r-.:1d t1,r:" "'"e urn
'· :-:-. · to Puerto Rico of l!PPR
'i ·. who would ·prefer to l:e -i-, u. ... r.r-.h
and other independence groups due
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On 11/15/66, _ . - m a d e available a copy of· the
cartoon saying he had l ~ i n ~ discussions with other
·~. independcntis ts tha.t the UPIPR leadcr~!1ip believes the
· -~.- cartoon \".ra·s published by the PCP in an effort to discredit
JUAN NARI BRAS and the 1-~IPR because the PCP is jealous or . .
i!PIPR successes.
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Reurlet 12/19/66.
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· Bureau authority is granted to prepare and mail.· · ·:·
the anonymous letter as recommended in referenced letter to selected members of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico.
· You JDU!t insure that the letter will be prepared and mailed
in such a manner that it cannot be traced back to the Bureau
or any of its employees.
Advise tbe Bureau of results.
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1 - 100-335202
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dated 1/4/67 1 same c a p t i o ~ y n1K:bjr.
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MAlu:.o 19
JAN 5· 1967.
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(SUBVERSIVE CONIROL SECTION)
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GROUPS SEI:KING It-."DEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
comrrr.JUNTEU.IGENCE PROGRI.M
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SUBJ.~UPS SEEKING...INDEPENDENCE ~OR PUERTO RICO '~ . : : ·'- :...~:\ .:. ' .
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(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL _SECTION)
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case precedent. Therefore., no.counter- · :-···_.
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nee measures calculated ·to creat
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increa~~ in cooperation between and the NPPR.
. _ - in recent m~nths has i..i;,,.:Gn a featured sneaker at li'PPR
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and LSF is bPing considered. The foll:>wing dra:ft
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na~nal off'icers. no-copy-will be mailed to
o"iIEne will undoubtedly be apprised quickly of the.
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..·nI am· sending copies of' tlm lett~r to leading·-.~ : : ~·.'_· · ·. ~ ·. · · --~ ·.
Nationalists 1n order to protest the rebirth ~:r th~t
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infa~0u~ communist and divisive. influence, ·-.-.--~_·.· .· ·.
~··:.:.· · · - · . For several yea.rs he has deser . .~ s c u r e ·:: ·\
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.· _'.,:;··:.;at Nationalist: ceremonies.· It seems. that he: 1s attemptµig ::One·/····:-:··:··-~
. :- ... ~last time to wear the mantle or the beloved DON PEDRo;·to.: :. · _. ,_-;:..::· •
whom he refers constantly in speeches and newspaper wr1tings_. ~-~ ·
He also has an endless fund or anecdotes linking himself to
DON PEDRO -in a manner most flatterine; to himself'. How
.disgraceful!
· ·
.. ·
~- "Has it been forgotten that DOli PEDRO personally ·: ·
.;. ~- ..,.· · aismiss~d · - from the Party? Are we to dishonor the . ·. ·.
. :~:: ......".~ memory ot ~ by welcoming a conm1unist to our platforms? . · And worse yet, has there not even·been talk of merging the Party
with the Liga Socielista o f _ _ , It seems that
now thet DON PEDRO is no 1 o ~ o deny him, may .,;;..;1., ... -__ ...,. __ ,_._
. in his life lone a:nbition to dominate the Fnrty.
"And there is n::> doubt that
·illl stteml)t t:>
. seize the leadership of the Party. Has he not tought :for- sole
,.: . ~ ~·leadership and broUBht· to ruin every organization )fith _which be i.
~ ?:'-: ~ has been ·associated since .his ~dismissal from the Par.ty?_. Licen-·:..
_./· .. : ciado MARI~orrectly observed , . . , t~nA
his
will ha\·e. nothing
to do w i t h ~ He has described
as extremely
v~in, more t,Li~!J ~ ........ ~tle crazy. and as nn ,..J..·.·: v·. • • . - t:t
· ·
·
!ndependentist unit:,". While the Party ha~ its 01.·:fl areas or
dispute with }!../\RI 13?..AS 3nd the UPIFR., so.rcl2 there can be n:>
querrel with th~ ab")VC c~cl"'inti:"'n
" ~ - nor wifh the intellie;ent decisLm
of MARI EMS to exclude
.:0M:0letel.7 t·rom cooperatiou
witi1 the MFIFn. The l';-:-r ~; .:: ... ,,p_~·..1. uo no le~~.
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105-3353
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·the olon1al plebiscite .:and ·-compulsory
~
~.-...:--~-~ · service we have two popular issues that o f f e _ r
""',.,...
~ ,,.,.~
ea test ·"
·
-. '
opportunity for growth in many years. But --1
is ·. ·
_.:.:.
allowed to continue his strategy to assume con\.,_~ .... 0.1 ~ e -.. ·
-·. ·
Party, then the .Party~ and all we he ve stru5gled for w1l1 be
'\
.1..
doomed. Yes, we will have lost faith with DON PEDRO and w111·
t :-.:;-~· .. , be wor.tly only of contempt.~ _.Leaders, you must act ·now!. ·Before. :. .
_:~. ~I.~~j-':1·t_too )~te.·you -must ~id
p:r· this c:>mmunist j~c~l tor~_ver!-/ · ·
.·:~: ·~ .or the fate .of. the .Accion patr1·otica awaits
the.
Party
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IV,6.'~·~ · -~
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but neither am I
-
....
...
'
nr am not a coward,
youn~ end ~tr~n~
anymore. If this letter has its desired effect,
pack of young thue;s·will seek retribution eaain~t
in their usual manner; for that sufficient reason, I
to .rema:1-n anonymous.
. ·"·.
-
-l~}:~·{}:i·;. ;r;'Do~~l_ wit~
.
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""A national-1st forever·".
•
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Down :with coinm~ists·! ~.,·-~-··.. /::-\ -:.. -
......
~
.
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�SAC, New York
·'
.
(105-32872)
12/13/66
,,j,
Director, FBI
·"
1 -
(105-93124)
Mr
1 ..
...... t'"'·?'
,,,.
Ci;JtOUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR P~TO RICO
COUNT~INTELLIGmCE PROGRAM
(SUB~_SIVE CONTROL SE~ION)
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Reura lrtel 12/5/66 captioned· ''Nationalist Party
of Puerto Rico, IS - PRN.". . , ·
.
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It appears that the underlyJng reason for the
reorganization of the New York junta of the Nationalist
Party of Puerto l?lco was to overcome the factionalism
vhich'has prevailed therein for a considerable perlod
of time.
·
·..
J
~
.
~
aware, a unlfied Nat_ionalist Party
of Puerto Rico jwita ln Nev York is undoubtedly much
more dangerous than it has been in the past few years.
You are, therefore, requested to devise suitable
counterintelligence measures to cause dissension vlthln
the Nev York junta, and submit your r-ecommendations to
the Bureaa for consideration.
As you are
i
This matter should receive your immediate attention.
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1.- 62-7721 (Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico)
'.
NOTE:
The NPPR has a violent history dat·n~
New York junta was reor anized on 12 4 66
:_:- I
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:·"
�.... .-.~: Nationalist Party or P.~e~to PJ.co
APPENDIX
-1.
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~!ArtONALIST PARTY OF PUERTO RICO {N'PPR)
NEt-1 YOR.':( Jur!TA
On May 13., 1963, a sou?~ce furnished· the
following information:
The New York Junta {or New York Municipal Board)
of the MPPR we.s fomed in 1943. Since its inception, the ·
?lel: York Ju.."'lta ,,,a.s supposed to operate under the control
~d direction of the NPPR National Board, located L.j San
Juan, Puerto Rico; howe~er, on occasions, this did not work
ol.!t in practice.
On May 10, 1966, a second source fu!"l'lished the
following ir-,fcr.;na. tion:
The New York Junta has approximately ten active
men~ers, but there are approximately 50 individuals in the
liew York City area l>1ho consider themselves Nationalists 11 at
heart·· a.n<i can be counted upon to attend New York Junta
sponsoreo pubiic functions.··
·
.
.
The New York Ju.~tn has the same aims and purptses
as the 1iP?it pa.rent organiz.a:'ci~n, ,·ihich ~re to establish
.
Puerto Rico as a free and sovereign republic. The NPPR has
proved by past terrorist acts that the use of violence to
achieve its goal would be·condoned.
The NPPR has been designated pursuant to Exe~utive
Order 10450.
. · :·
The New York Junt~ activity consists primarily of
promoting the ce,.use of· 111.d.e!J_endence through sponsoring a.nd
participating i~ public demonstrations and commemorating
specific past even.ts, having s~gnifica.nce to the Puerto
Rican independence ~over~ent. ·.:
ThE New York J~ta·h~s no headquarters·and its
r.i.eetings are held at the residence of' the members.. It elects
its o,m officer·s and is eenero.11 y n.ut,01,f'>u.ous ir1 Nl'PR affairs
in the N~w Y9~~ City area •
••
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CONFIDE?~IAL
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UNITED STATES Gt
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Memora12du
.
- i·:r. lieLoach
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. ,-....
- J.
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Sullivan
..
"'·JRPOSE:
•'I'
To advise that
'
tnc
confP-r~ncc on Puerto Rican
•, ·: Nationalist matters was helcl as sc:.cduled on 10/31/66 and
~.11/1/66 ,with representatives from the San Juan and New Yor~
(~ Offices __ in attendance. Officials and Supervisors <?f this
· ! 'Division ana a representative from the Laboratory were
.-~'r/
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1
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present.
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�,·;emor@dum }l .C. Sullivan to
~.a: @~OUPS
105,66754
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SErXING INDEPBHiJ~ 1-~~~
-e..oach
i't,~~
,
l~l!:l~TO UICO
'if
~_:~,:
~~-~r~ .
To accomplish these aims, the conference unanimously
reconmended·the following:
Specific suggestions ano recommendati~ns of the
...:onference, noted above, will be handletl by separate memorandum, and where necessary, appropriate instructions will
be issuec to the field.
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Memorandum
..
, - -0iRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
~~
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DATE:
ll/ll/66
,,,
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SAC'
m:w
YORK
(105-32872)
_
'{.A,~
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11· .
GROUPd SEEKING IKDEPEUDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO .
SUBJECT:
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(clUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRli
ReBulet 11/10/66.The NYO has no additional information concerning
7/29/66, 8S reported
in New York airtel of 8/3/66, which mifht assist the ~an
Juan Di vision.
·
the re!'Darks of JU.is.N MARI BR"-.l"made on
If the SJO draws up material suitable to widen the
schism between 1he NPPR and the MPI, the 1:yo feels that each
junte of the lWPR, or person therein should receive a copy.
Such a letter should be made to appear it erninates from the
J.1PI. Probably a better plan, if the dJO has such a contact,
is to have some reference of RIVERA's vacillation appear in a
~an Juan newspaper.
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Q) - Bureau (E·O
2 - San Juan (105-3353 Sub l) (R14)
1 - liew York
,,
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(5)
.....
,,.
�~--:--.--·
SAQ. San Jua.n (105-3353).
11/21/66
'
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1
J>irector, FBI (105-93124)
1 - llr.
1 - llr
'1 - 11r
·':--:-GBOUPS-8EEl:D'G llfDEPXNDEICB
FOR PUERTO llICO
..couNTBRINTELLIGDCB PBOGB.O
(SUBVEBSil'E CONTROL S!X:TIOJ()
r
DTllXAL
________,_,..
SECUBITY - PD
.
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lleBulet 10/27/66 captioned
Security •atter - PBX."
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There is a possibility that the Departaent will
decide that the Government will take the Selective Service
Act case agains
to trial. It is i.llperative that
leaders of the
o ~ d e n c i a de Puerto atco
(IIPIPJl) not participate i n - defense.
)
~
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Since one of the leaders of the IIPIPR was pbyslcallJ attacked b7 a member of the Liga Socialista
Puertorriqueno (LSP) during the past year, it would not
appear t ~ t organizations would cooperate 1D any
·
matter.
· as you are aware, is a •ember of the LSP.
:ro precl
·e c ances of any cooperation between these
. two groups, it is desired that counterintelligence aeasurea
• be designed to create additional friction between tbe IIPIPll
~d the I.SP.
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NOTE:
is on the Security Index. Be is a current . !
mem6er o ~ a llarxist-oriented group.-s£1cking independence
for Puerto Bico.
..-L,ooch _ _
1
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Be was arr
d 4
66 for
.
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REC-39 / _. - ~·,f/~::t_/
.
to induction processing.
>lson-the LSP, was quoted in Jun ,
,
severed all relations with the IIPIPR.
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1 - 1os-111409
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Thia aatter abou14 receive your iamediate attention~
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submit.
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FBI
rranp&i~tbe: following in.____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
,
(Type in plaintext or code)
' AIRTEL
_ _ _ ___;;;_;;REGIST:SRED
Via--t
(Priority).
~-~-~--~~----~--~~~-~~-~----~~~~-~~~~~~~----~~~~~~~-~~~~--~~-~~~~-~.
.....
,.
TO:
DIRECTO~, FBI (105-93124)
FFOM:
SAC, HEW .YORK (105'-328?2)
I
StJBJE'iCTqROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
ReBulet 10/20/66, SJairtel 9/22/66.
New York recommends that a total or 8 copies
cartoon,,~nclosed with reBulet, be mailed as below:
or
the
"
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.
(3)_ Bureau ( RI-I)
'2 - San Juan
1
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- New
- New
- New
- New
- New
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York
York
York
York
York
York
York
York
York
(105-3353 Sb
(105-2168)
(105-1870)
(105-55659)
(100-121213)
(100-147372)
(105-47061)
(105-2120)
(10,-4623?)
{105-32872)
REq-43;
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.~. OCT 28 19c5
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The NYO will remain alert to the results of the mailing
of tha cartoon anj advise the Bureau and San Juan ac~ordingly.
A Xerox copy of the cartoon is attached for each
new York file to which it will be ultimately mailed.
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353 sub 1)
..
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Director 1
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.
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11/10/66
.
.
.
l - Mr.
l - Jlr.
1 - ltr.
GROUPS SEE£:1Nu I'NDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUMTERINTELLIGENCE PROORAJI
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION) .
IS - PRN
ReSJlet 10/27/66.
f
It·is noted that relet ,ras directed to Bureau
and New York, but New York did not receive copies thereof.
San Juan score form error t:o personnel responsible. Enclosed
for New York are two copies of relet and one copy of its
enclosure.
Bureau feels that letter of
to
Juan Mari Bras, can be put to good advantage as disruptive
tactic. In planning this, San Juan should consider highlighting·
........._ letter as attempt by him to curry :favor or to "kowtow"
~ M a r i Bras, despite 11ari's violent attack on the
Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico as mentioned in New York airtel
-. t:o Bureau in captioned matter dated 8/3/66. ·San .Juan received
a copy of this airtel. In drawing up its aa~terial
San Juan
might consider getting across the fact that
etter to
me when a
/ Mari shows a definite weakness on bis pa.rt a
: repudiation of Mari's remarks in New York should have been made.
If New York has an1 additional information on J!ari's remarks
which would assist San Juan in this matter. this should be
promptly forwarded to San Juan.
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2 - New York (Enclosures - 3)
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NOTS:
Mari is bcn.d of MPIPR a n d - o f NPPR,
Puerto Rican Independence Groups. A ~ h e l d in
~
New·.-York City in ?/66, Mari attacked NPPR with NPPR members present at the conference. San Juan has obtained copy of letter
written b y ~ t o Uari which was made available by
to HPPR m e ~ a n Juan presently attempting to dr
material, inciuding utilization of this letter to widen the gap
between MPIPR and NPPR. In this regard, San Juan solicited
1
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siNQV\i ,~g>~:nions of Bureau and New York Office. JY ~i\": ~f;,,,,:..
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10/27/66
• 1:
· -:.!Ac., :SAN JUAN
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DATE: ..
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(105-3353 sub 1)
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUHTER INT,t;LLIGENCE PROGRAM
. (SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS
PRN.
..
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eau and New York · · ··
~ttPr distributed
·Enclosed herewit
i~ the trnnslation
t·o NPPR nemhers by
was f\lrnizhed t :> tnc-.;;,015y-
•
~
Th'i~ letter
The SJO is of the b e l i e f ~ letter
...-,,,,
·refl~~ts an attempt on the part o f ~ w h i l e soothing
the ruf£led feathers of the NPPR memuers, to help the ·. ·
NPPR and MPIPR drirt closer toward unity ror Puerto Rican
independence.
The SJO is als:> of the belier that th~~ letter,
or its p~rts! c~uld be utilized to ~id£n the schism
bet,·1een the MPIPR and NPPR end is pres~r.tly ~ttempt_ina
to dra,·1 up· suitable material tc>l·:o.rd this end.·
.
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.
The Bureau and NYO are invited to examine this
lette.r, and any su~gestions or opinions they might have
will be f!reatly appreciated by the SJO. .
//1..__,,
· ••
(
2-Bureau (105-93124) (Encl 1)
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September _2!~ 1966
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Dear fel1ow citizen:
Because I consider it extremely important
that all fellow citizens of the Nationalist.Party
of,E,uerto Bi~o_ be well informed of the truth concerning
our position about the unity 01.th~/trugcle for
our National Liberation,! t ~ c r ~ I this letter
~hich I wrote to CounscL~VA ~~RifBn,lS 1 Secretary
Genernl (Acting) ~tiie IJPIP : .
I
--~-·
"September 14, 1966
"Counsel JUAN U.t.RI BRAS
·Acting Secretary G~neral
r
f
MPI
Rio Piedras, PR
"Dear JUAN: ·
letter, dated Se:r*?nber
to me by our
'' I have
12, 1966, 1 pcr~n
mutual friend
"It is true that the Nationilist Party of
Puerto Rico hns reserved the Revolution Square in.
Lnres to nola the functions to comme~orate the things
ve celebrate on those national dates.
"I honestly did not think that the l1PI
expected an invitation from us for themlebration
of the Grito oe Lares. As you know, the Nntionnlist
Party invites the whole nation to this celebration.
The MPit .as an org~nization, and its me~bers as
P~rto Ricnns, lovi~s of our independence, b2ve
never been excluded from this invitdtion, ~nd cspeci~l!y,
not nor:, '\\'hen the pnt:;:-iotis1u of the ~uerto Ricans
is i;oinc tbrouch so t1nny har<.lship!:i uidch mibbt be ·
determining for the future oi our Country.
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'Anyway, the Pol 1 t ica 1 ComUiiss_ion of the MPI 1
according to a communication dated March 17, 1966,
to the Rationalist Party, will not tnke part in functions
in which the J.4PI bas not been organizing, and/knowing
that this was the answer received by the Nationalist·
Party when they invited the MPI to commemorate the \
Po·n·ce Massacre on March 21, 1966, in this case we
did not make a special invitation, for the celebration
of the Grito de L~res is sponsored by the Nationalist
Party.
•The attitude of the Nntionalist Party of
Puerto Rico b~s bcEn and is one or good faith in.
everything
which concerns the defense of our
·
.....
Country. Ir it v.ere n~t ·this ~ny, it ~ould have
stopped exist i "'. Th·~ !'.?>:")rcssions of forgiveness
of the
towards bis encmie~
w~en b~ ~~E lu~ing blz strength cannot be forgotten.
In teachings o! that ?:ind is based the strength oi
the Nationalist Party, ~bich we will m~intain
until the proclam~tion of the National Inde~endence,
date when the the Nr.tio~alist Party wilJ become
historical for the Puerto Rican Nation.
(
f
~As sincerely as I have ~~~n t~lking to you
all my life, I ~ant to tell you that I ~as very
surprised br the followins: You will remember
that before your last trip to the US we had a
one hour interview, provoked by a goocl frined who was
in Puerto Rico at th~ time. You will remember
that then you told me that you woulu call me as soon
as you returned to continue talking about the
, problems which i-.ffect all of us whostru~gle for the
,~~fense of our independence. You returned, did
not call me, and I thought th2t your work had
not permitted you to ~o so. A'few <lays niter your
return I had to go to New York for c few dnys. I
vas surprised to find out th~t inn c,oscd function
held by the JrlPI, to which were invite~ severnl
nntiounlists, including the President oi the l~ Junta,
and tbfd Secretariate, they lu:td to :taJnndon the. roo:a,
because they could not stand the attn.c~ you made
on Nationalism! I say that this surpri~ed me fro~
you, after we had our cocversation. If this bad
2
.
•
1
1
�-
.
r~;
·_
happened, ni thout us hnvine tolked, I would not have
-·been surprised, for cs I told you 6cvernl .times 4 ·
some l1PI members have mac.le public nttacks on
Nationalism in publications ns well ns 1.1:PI !unctions.
As you will remember, it is one of the themes I
have brought up ·from the first.time we talked.
I still maintain what I told you in our first
interview. The union is in the patriotic people
of ours. The people, there is no doubt, are
showing wisdom andtxltriotism. It is about time
thnt p~triotism be un~erstood in the ~cy of courAge
and s~crificc, as the Maestro showed us. Courage
and sacrifice ere needed to reach the heicht demanded
by patriotis~ at the present time. I want to tell
yoi that Nationalism is ready that ~ay.
''Concerning the L3res function on September 23,
I wish to tell you that we cannot fix an exact time
for its ending. The organizations which will take
p2rt are sever3l and I don't think it will be fini~hed
at 5. Last yeF£r it ended in the evening, and
there were not as many people invited. tnyv:ay,
we don't want to obstruct functions which you or
another organization, defender of the ideal might
want to bold. It is not necessary to s2y that the
ideal patriotic meeting to be held in Lares is the
most desirable, made possible one day by a brotherly
revision of attitudes and opinions.
"Dont doubt for one mom'!nt thP.t the
function which the m>I will hold On that day
will be attended by many nationalists. I nm sorry
I cnnnot be with you, for uaor·a l reasons ,rhich
you, as nn honorable man, c~n easily understand.
"With my best wishes of succes, I remPin,
"Sincerely,
,~,
It should be ur:derstood that this comm~nicatibn,
as a wbole,.should be used for your information,
~
and not for publicity. The time DOT: is one of
total reonnciation to personnl matters within all
those who struggle for the liberty of ou~ Country~
3
.
.
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inspired ns we ·all should be by the riricinle tauf'Tht
to us by the Maestro of the Country,
that the Hrt:ionalist Tribune 1 a a ar
~ i o t i s m where you have to renounce to everything,
witb courage and sacrifice to preserve pure and
virtuous the nationalitv of all the P~erto Ricans
and that the ..Nationalism is the Country organized
for ~h~ rescue of its sovereignity."
I
We should not be surprised, on the
other hand, by the fact that many Puerto Ricans
have raised oth r r·b
to defend the· independence
of... Puert
r::, ~!?.re bing Revolution,
began by
which nobody
or nothing-¥.'¼.- .--.£..
and Sovereign
Republic of Puerto Rico is proclaimed. Until
.
that moment arrives, the Nationalist Party of ,/. I(
Puerto Rico will be strong in its position
,,,,.,.,~
~.and with its arms open for all Puerto Ricans.
•
i
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....
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4
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FBI
·TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124) .
FROM:
· SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub I)
SUBJECT:
· GROUPS SEEia.NG
(,/
INDEPENDENCE FOR
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROORAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN
.
.
PUERTO
R
-
RICO
SEP 26 1966
--
in Char;e
d
·~-~~=~=~~!~~
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7f. ·~i· :/t ~ !!sa~~~~i~
would devei~p.
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&no i e me
i":,,:,::~ 'f'.'.:~;;~:most part unaware or .developments ··-ti:
~· .~: :,
quite certain that 1r such intergroup maneuverknowledge immediate friction and distrust
.
In this connection, with the double purpose
rank and t11~ -mem~e.':~ .:··,.·_,·i.·/.
:-iJ:..s·i-_~\.~ahip.k.no~ of.·the,above ..,mapeuve~!,•&nd also to make
.::~~l
_, . . ~... ~-·-\, aware .ot-·MPIPR -dominance. ot- the situation and etrorts 1n .:.. · .·. -~~ ·'1-. ~-
.:I?:('t<~o:r .l~tting
the general. public .a.nd the
"f/!<ft . .
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The ~ t Section ·should prepare a simple · · ·
or tour French poodles, superimpose~<·~-.
over a sketch or Puerto Rico. The heads or the poodles
shoul
replaced bv
closed hot
·
.
.{it~-·:: . . roughly
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drawn· cartoon
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If' tactic is~proved, New.York should furnish
SJO with limited mailing list (perhaps ten people total)
·.~·!:;J};.:; of both·MPIPR.and NPPR members-in New.York City~:. .'; :.r .. ....,4 •. ---_
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&Aq,.. Ban- J'ua.n (105-3353 Sub 1)
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Director, l'BI (105-93124)
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Bnclosed herewith are 200 copies of a cartoon
depicting Juan Mari Bras holding leashes attached to four
poodles with heads of independentists leaders. Enclosed·
for Jiew;_York are_ ~wo copies of this cartoon.
.
... ....:'"'".· -··-
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You •ust insure that the cartoon ,rill be aailed ·#. - .
111 such a manner -that it cannot be traced to the Bureau· .. '
or to any of its employeea.
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lt
··
New York should, if not already done, furnish
San 3u8.l1 witb a mailing 11st in Bew York City as requested
in reairtel.
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Advise
·,_. __.,__ .. · · ruptlve tactic.
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_·2 - Rew
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e Bureau of the results of this dia-
(105-32872) (Bncl~urea - a) /<JC"- 9
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· · NOTE:
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6
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OCT~ 1966
._
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By memorandum 9/28/66 approved by tbe Director, 1.t
was recommended that the Exhibits Section prepare attached
~n cartoon for anonymous mailing to selected independentists in
---Puerto Rico and New York. This cartoon was designed to bi~der
,_ _ _ any unified action on the part of the various independence
1.on _ _ gr,oups and to create bickering between them.
1
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UNITED STATES G"-
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Memorandum
C'•IIIJ'ft-Collcdl• - ·c-rCMt-f'•II---
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>UBJECT:
Holae•--
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'G•:r-·-:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
~(SUB~SIVE CONTP.OL SECTION)
. _:,1 ~
.
'
...:.
.
~..,i~ I
.
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PURPOSE:
To recommend the preparation of a cartoon by the
Exhibits Section of the Administrative Division depictin8 .
Juan Mari Bras,the leader of the Movimiento Pro Independencia
de Puerto Rico {MPIPR) 1 as dominating the other subversive
and independence groups in Puerto Rico for anonymous
distribution in Puerto Rico and New York. ·The cartoon ls
designed to promote discord among the various groups seeking
independence for ruerto Rico.
.
·
i
i•
BACKGROUND:
.
A plebiscite is being considered by the P~erto
Rican Government to determine if the people of Puerto Rico
desire statehood, independence or
retain their prese~~
· commom-1ealth form of government. Historically, the
':'~
independence groups have fought among themselves; howeve~~
· faced with certain knowledge that the Puerto Rican people
will ove~helrningly reject independence at the polls.
the proindependepce leaders are attempting to form a common
front to fight the holding of the plebiscite.
to
--,
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;
..,
_. _,,....,...~,
The MPIPR is the principal subversive group
advocating indep!~~Q~~ for Puerto Rico. San Juan has
proposed that the ~ni~~ti~-section prepare a cartoon of four
French poodles with heads of prominent leaders of the
Independence P~;,ty,; tlte,-Na,t ional i st Party of PtJerto Rico and
the I·uerto J:ican ,~~~ililr'sti'l18gue.
£) .... , , ..... c: 'I
l~-93124
A fourth poodle
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�Bland to Sullivan memorandum
P.E:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOC PUEPTO P.ICO
105-93124"!~.:-·...
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.
wiil have the head of a prominent labor le~der who ls
....
·~:-
-- ...
.
~
a member of the Conmunist Party of Puerto P.ico. Juan
Mari Bras will be holding the poodles one tight
leash implylng MPIPR dominance over other independence
groups. The cartoon will contain the sbgans
· "La Palabra es UniC,ad" (The \lord is Unity) and
"Despierte Independentista, Defiende lo ·Tuyo0 (Wake.Up
Independentist, Defend1Jhat is _Yours). These slogans
are used extensively by the MPIPF and will. therefore.
imply that the cartoon originated with a member of that
organization.
OBSEPVATIONS:
,.
The independentists have threatened violence
if a plebiscite is held. This threat will be increased
materially if the various independence groups are able
to form a common front. This cartoon is designed to
I hinder any unified action on the part of the independence
,groups and to cause them to spend their time bickering
\among themselves.
1
J,
RECOMMENDATIONS:
That the use of the poodle cartoon to be
>Al'" r.... ~--:_;-···prepared by the Exhibits Section be approved as a.
~-•. '"f",,·,.;?'.5t/~~.~~L.-counterintelli3ence tactic. If approved, 200 copies
·of the cartoon on unwatermarked commercial grade
paper should be prepared.
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�Date: ,.
Transmit the. followino ln
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9 SEP 19v;.;
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(Prl.oriff)
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AIRTEL
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D~RECTOR, FBI ( 105-93124)
. TO:
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,
SUBJECT:
. I
SAO, SAN c!UAN {105-3353 Sub ·lJ (P)
FROM:
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
· COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
\
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··-
( SUBVERSIVE CO?.'TROL-·SECTION)
I
(00:SJ)
"1
I
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,:
Re San Juan airtel to. Bureau, 5/12/66;
and San Juan tel to Blire~u, 8/25/66.
Enclosed herewith for the Bureau and
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The Sa.~ Juan Office also not~s w
e
FUPI - Movimiento :Pro Independen~ia de Puerto Rico: (Puerto
Rican Independence Mov&aent){MPIFR) leadership consistently
refusesa..flY approach by Bureau Agents 1n efforts to interview
them, yet they apparently cannot resist the opportunity
to display themselves publicly· inany.war rh ~h i t offer
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105-3353 Sub I
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It is believed th~t this system, if used
on a limited basis with c~rt~in key leaders of independence
groups in Puerto Rico, will continue tc be of
1mmeasurable value to the Bureau and the Sen Juan Office
and, accordingly~ we will remain alert for further
opportunities in this direction. ·
.... " ....
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�FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTICATlt:
Fo!t Cff1ce Box 1711
Eato Rey St~tion
........
..
la R,pty, ,,,_.,,,,, LI•,.
.&.n Juan, Puerto ~ico 00919·
m,N.., 105-3353 ,Sub I
• 9 SEP 196fi
,.~~~.,
'•
-.·
SECURITY
SECURI
According to SJ ~-l, ~ho
he.s :f'urnishe-d rel1ts.1'lt
inforrn.ation·in t.h~ put,
the Fc•.irth L!.t1r- American
Stu~ent Congress was
sponsored by th~ International_
Union of Stu1ents {!US),
Prague, Czechcslovakta.
A characterization of the
IUS is contained in the
chsraeteriration of th~
Federacicn de Ur.ivcrsitarios
Pro Ind~penden~ia (Federation
~r Univ~rsity Students tor
Indep~ndence)(FUPI) &ttached
hereto.
Ji
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I
APPENDIX
'
FEDERACION
DE UNIVERSITARIOS PRO INDEPENDENCIA
Federation of University Students for Independence)
FUPI
.f'
-...-..- ·
,·
11
According to information appearing ir: ''Patria, self-described
official_organ of the FUPI., the FUPI was formed as a student
organization at the University or ~erto Rico (UPR)~ Rio
Piedras, Puerto Rico., in October, 1956. "Patri_a" stated that
the FUPI was not connected with ar1y political organization
and wjuld work fo~ i~depeneence for Puerto Rico through
logical and peaceful means.
·
·
Information received ~ro~ a c~nfice~tial source revealed
that fr~m 1959 to 1964, FuPI representatives attended
various student conferences in foreign c~untries to promote
the cause- of independence ~or Puerto Rico. This source
·advised on Mey 28., 1962., thE't the FUPI was.elected an
integral member oi the Internat1o:ia.l Union of Students {IUS),
Prague, Czechoslovakia, in October, 1960, and elected to the
IUS Executive Committee, and si~ce October~ 1961, had maintained
a representative, NARCISO RABELL .tA.ARTINEZ., in Prague as a
member or the IUS Executive Corr.mi t tee, his salary and expenses
paid by the IUS. Acc.::>rd., ng to thE= source, the propaganda
activities of the FUPI in the i,~teniational field have
f'ollowed the
11
a.nti-ir.iperialist 11 theme of the IUS.
The !US has been cited by the Internal Securlty Sub-Committee
of the Senate Judiciary C~:n.m.ittee in 1956 as being among
''international communist frunts f1,;.nctionir~ at the present
ti,rie, u and by the Commit tee on TJn-American Ac ti vi ties, U. S.
House or Represent~tives, in 1951, as one of the "long-established
Soviet-controlled international organiza'tions."
On March S., 1965, the above source stated that the primary
objectives ot the FUP! s.re co bri:-...g about Puerto Rican
independence and achieve reform at the UPR. The Sjurce
Ftated that the FtTPI s~pports the principles of the Cuban
Revolution to achieve natio~al in1ependcnce .
.,.'
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Director, l'BI
....
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SAC, San 'Juan
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: r ~ o N T AGAINST THE PLEBISCITZ
'.'~ .
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According to the 8/17/66, and 8/24/66,. ~~su~·~-r-·· ( '.
,.-0. J the "Weekl7 Intelligence
·
erto Rico
J 8 1 cts1' ~
:; C·
prepared.by your office
an :.~~-·~
r.: a>
U President of the Partid .......... ~ ..., ... &,l.......
r que o, has ~,; -if!
;: \"\ - approached the Jfovimlento Pro lndcpendenela de Puerto Rico · · ·· :-·. ~
~ regarding the formation of a "United Front Against the
·
.
j
~
P
..
ce summaries indicated that
·i J.i~
,.
· :.as stated publlclJ' that:a
'1:1 C _\ isc e ou
resu
n a civil war in Puerto Rico and
: ,,.. ~:
~ t;· ,._ that he Joined Juan Marl Bras in a statement that statehood . !} .,'-:
. , .. ).. will come to Puerto Rico only over the dead bodies of all
.1
!: '-'~ ,rJ Iodepe!ldentlstas.
•.
~
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You are roquested to immediately submit a letterhead , .·
eomorcodum to the Bureau under above caption setting forth
·
;;i
.. )..;;_
backgroun:l 1nformnt1on and details concerning the efforts of
!S
~
the above-mentioned individuals to form a front group. Ro
·~t-u
·. \J
investigation 1s being requested at this time; however, you
:.k:
~<0 f}. should continue to ~urnlsh tbe Bureau an7 pertinent 1D.formatJ01r·~·-. ~· ·
....-") ,~ coming ·to 7our attention concerning thla matter ln letterhead ::\.····· .
~ aeaorandUJn form.
If subsequent events indicate. that an active· ·
~
investigation should be conducted, aubalt ~our recoaraendation
to the Bureau.
f
You should be alert for an opportunity to disrupt
this budding alliance between these two individuals and~tbelr
organizations while it ls in its formative stage. The
development of suitable counterintelligence .easurea to
accompllsb this should receive close and continuous attention·
by your office.
@
/tJ5- '13 IJ..1~/-
----
105-93124
.... -.- ·~!"'MO~'l
~•..~ ·-·'•. l'IUC
U
iw- (~)'-~ i. ;.:.
~"!!UlilDI./,
- . . NOT J'l:'r,Ott'DED
176 SEP 7 1966
I"
~
Plebiscite is being considered by tho Puerto Rican
110TB:
Government to determine the status of the1ilaiiaaesi.red b7'
;,14
tbe people. .luan Marl Bras is the dominant leader of the KPIPR •.;..,·~·t~
the.largest of tho subversive independence groups. The Partido .....
lndcpendentista Puertc:rriqueno is a legally constituted political
party
~D
Puerto Rlco.
/0/
69SEP161968
··
·--------..
~- ~~-~..:. . .. ·
·· : . -,-
.
..........
... ... -.~-.-.. -------.-~.----.------·---. - . - - -··-~-'
-- - - .. -·'"!""'"-_,
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t.... : ,_
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-
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.. ,~ ~.-~ ··--
.
. · · Re Bulets .o.r 6/1 and 6/27/66 · authorized the mailing ·.. . · ·;, .·
of two anonymous letters to JUAN MARI BRAS implying p:;hat> .:·-;-.-f-:r\fiA{~~~
_..
PUERTO RIC At" Tt~-C,~ENDEr:cR -~ ~.rF.J,"81\
Secretary
BRAS and na a..liii::>l. t.i.ons · o
organization.
,.
:
.. -
·(MPIPR) Foreign Relations.L ... ;,. •'. -~. -·
. :·.-j~
is disloyal to JUAN MARI
a.Ke over as maximum leader or the .
·
, Instant anonymous letters were mailed under secure
conditions on 6/7/66 and 6/30/66 respectively. To date, no
results from this tactic have been noted.
i,
f.
.
Re Bulet of 8/4/66 authorized the mailing or a
.troika cartoon to members of the independentist community
and selected newspaper writers who have been critical of
the independentists. ·The cartoon was mailed under secure
conditions from two ~ost offices near the University or
· Puerto Rico on 8/9/66. .
·
.
On 8/25/66,-advised that the abovedescribed cartoon h a d ~ been circulated in tqEt
f-i
independentist conununity and ~lthough no official stf.1tements:.j
had as yet been issued, the consensus or opinion was.that ·•
the cartoon was .a disruptive tactic or the CIA.
· On 8/29/66, advised that a cartoon bad
recently been c i r c u l a ~ e independentist community.
which depicted control or the MPIPR by FIDEL CASTRO and the
2 - Bureau (RM)
1 - San Juan
ACG:gjk
(3)
.
(,•
f.r
·" ~
.... t
·'
s AUG Sl 1966 •
,'
54 SEP ·t ~·1966
........
I
'
BtlJ. US. Satting1 &nds R.4g1114rly on tht PtlJfOII S4vings Pia
. ·;.,;·
�.. •. -
--
.
-..... ~· ...
·
~
_
. .• 'I ,,. •. _:
••• !..!-..
" ...
-·, ·,_)j{t//..
Cuban Revoiutiona·ry Government. Source stated that·MPIPR '~:.
members generally agreed the cartoon originate~ \'11th CIA o~ ·-. -~~~--~· \ ·
the Police of Puerto Rico.
The Bureau te."111 be advised
or
any further results·~··_·
..
·
-2-
!
..
..
t
�..
:
.
8/26/68
·1 - Jlr.
1 - llr.
Reurtel 8/25/66.
~..
!•
-.
In wiew ot·tbe sensltlve nature of tbe CounterIntelligence Program, the Bureau does not desire proposed
measures be submitted on a "unless advised to the contrar~
by tbe Bureau" basis. In the future, J'OU abould atteapt to
foresee opportunities to utilize measures in sufficient tllle
to obtain prior Bureau approval through normal aeans of
communication. Bovever, if an opportunity arises ·to utilize
a counterintelligence measure to·good effect and there ls. not
sufficient time to obtain Bureau approval tbrougb normal
channels, you should obtain such authority·through more rapid
aeans of eommunication.
·
:-·
{·
::
••
.
-
TWl::jmk ( 5 ) ? ~
NOTE:
The Subversi~e Control Section, Domestic Intelligence
J>Iiision has 8 continuing progra• to disrupt the activities ot
- - - - the Puerio Rican nationalists groups. San Juan bJ retel advise 4
that the President of tbe Federacion de Oniversitarios pro
Independencia vas returnln to Puerto
n tbat date following
tr
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Tour c01111enta and suggestions concerning the ·above . ·
are requested. If it appears to r~u to have merit, 7~u abou~d·
also furnish the Bureau photograph& of the tbree above~\
..
mentioned individuals and advise the number of copies of the
leaflet tbat rou·would need for distributloa.
ROTE:
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URGENT 8•25•66 CRT
(115-,3124)
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,
~
SAN JUAI
FROfll--
(115•335~ SUBJ>
~OUPS SE£KllG INDE,ENDENCE FQj__fUERTD.RlCO;. COUNTER•
INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM <SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION> (OO••SAN JUAN).
RE SAi JUAN AIRTEL APRIL ONE NJIE ONE IIN~ SIX SIX; BUAIRTEL.
tvo
APRIL
..
SEVEN LAST •
01
.
-
. ~,.~..:~ ...: . .._,..
;;/_
-•.
. ADVISED THAT FUPI
AND OTKER UNIDENTIFIED INDIVIDUALS, WOULD RETURN TO PUE~TO
RICO ON AUGUST TVO FIVE INSTANT AT ABOUT
-
- _..,•.,~"""' --
ONE
~--;...;,:......,_ ... .,_.._-,.. ....... _ .... _,;,J:,.., .. "•._,._...._
THREE ZERO
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.VAS· AWARE OF. P.EREz•
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ALL MATERIAL INVOLVED HAS BEEN _CONJECTURED UPON BY -LOCAL NEWS MEDIA. ·:~~.
.
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END PAGE TWO
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In
effort.to exploi
.~
~'PPR case,acent at Nev York, reviewed the internal· situation
"i thin the ?JPPR both at New York and San Juan. Based on - ·. · · _ . ·
this review~ his lo~ experience in Puerto Rican independence .'
J-i?~
matters, his c~ose association with the individual subjects ·
...-:~=·
;
~1s area and his knowledge of the animosity created by .
..
repared a docwuent pointed toward discrediting
lnis document, in the form of an. anonymous letter, was
esiened•to be ~ailed trom New _York to specific individuals .
:fi
in Puerto Rico with the hope o . t i n g disagreement within ..
the :t.1PPR over the elevation of
to the second highest·
-"J~
leadership position, and/or to
omote further disagreement
between the ?-"PPR and the MPIPR.
.
..
.·!·- .....
..
;
~
:
The preparatiQn of such a letter posed· several
problems; one, the matter of focusing attention for its
preparation toward an organization or individual who could have
reason and capacity for preparing such a letter; second, the.
necessity tor so wording such a letter that in translation 1t
would appear to have been written in the Spanish vernacular;
third, the placing in proper context of various telling bits
of information to lend credence to the entire document; and
fourth, the statement or facts in such a.manner to evoke anger
and promote dissension.
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After: this, the counterintelligence letter vac pre.E;e:;t~~ . ·...
to the Bureau and was approved. It was prepared in a
·. :·\; · ··~ ·
!ion-professional · m a ~ n eimeographed form, accord int to !..~ f!
exact directions of
nd was mailed £rom N e ~ · :en ~uly 12 1 1966, to ose on the list prepared b y -
r,..
The results or this mailing, t~ date have be~i bi ·~-Y
successful. Within a week of this mailing, a San J'uan i:~or 3:~
renorted those tl))PR members in San J'uan who received tht- ; ei.. :!."!'
were outraged and were firmly convinced that it emanate5 fro~
the }l,F!PR1 further they lllere attempting to detennine whll-C act:..v>
could be taken agalnst the MPIPR. Subsequently, the J'uly 20, 19·:: ...
edition of "Carta Semanal 11 the official MP IPR weekly ne·wsletter
sent out to the rank and f 1le membership and sympathizer~, devot~s
an entire page to
r
1iation of the ano
1'n open letter to
~rom the
of the MPIPR,
set fort, in wn1 n
~.letter~
Ava~ accused as its
~._..,as assured
~.&.PIPR support.
. ...
•
~/
.
,;_
~
..
It is also noted the July 20, 196~, issue or 11 Claridad''.
self described as the official organ or the MPIPR, similarly carrie:
the above repudiation which, es a matter of interest, is
·
circulated in approximately 9000 copies, the vast._majority or 'Which
is outside the pro-independence movement.
·0 '
i>-· •
;·
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•
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.; ~
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•,
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_
purposely did not mail the anonymous letter to
New York subjects in order to heighten the curiosity concernint
it and to promote knowledge of 1t through vord-of-mouth 1 thus
•
leaving room for personal distortions and exaggerations. The
effectiveness or this was shown in a speech given by JU~N Y...ARI BR.it.J~
Secretary-General of the MPIPR, ·in New York City on 3uly 29, 1966,
··at an ~J>~PR Gene~al·Conference, attended by numerous non-~eabers.
. ·:: .and sympathizers; ·with the leadership or the NPPR-New Yo~k J'unt&.
:.: ....i~, :pres~nt 1 MAR~ ]~~S ~itta~ked . the >.'PPR, calling them "behind the time:
-~ ~ ···Confusea:·8:n? :in ~~roi:~ 1.-_,.s '!el~ . as.· "so call~d Nationalists".
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The NPPR-New York 3unta.leaders stormed
and later voiced anger and confusion. ··
or the 1''PPR-New York Junta, in referring to t ~
_ .
made by }'~RI BRAS, stated that they (Nev York l\'PPR membc-:·.s; ~j .i .... ·..·.
n~t know what was going on in Puerto Rico to cause ~ut.RI ~an....
to make the statements he did. She angrily denounced hi; sr·&Ecl.
and heatedly commented that such remarks ••create a bad and cor..f't: ~·,
· · t t · n''. The President ot the ~PPR--New York ~unta instructec.
· -·
to correspond vi th the President or the ti.lJ>PR to advise ·· _..-.,. ..,,,:,-.,! M.J..RI BRAS' comments and to strongly suggest that the
N"'fPR sever all association with the MPIPR.
The success or this document may be judged by the
· reaction or the two individual organizations. The NPPR
Teco~~ended that all associations with the MPIPR be severed and
~he MPIPR felt-the necessity for a public repudiation, thereby
i giving the matter greater circulation than the NYO could have
1
achieved by direct mailinc. The overall result can best be
evaluated from the view that the schism between the MPIPR and the
lil>PR has been widened, that additional animosity has been crest~=~
that personal conflicts have been aroused, and the limited
; strength or both groups has been further veakened by creating
; a situation which will diminish any prosnects or unity
I in the pro-independence field.
•
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PUERTO RICO
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GROUP~ SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOB
·._._:·>:._,.....
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fs~J:~f~::::g~f~::::tinuing program t·o=:·1~:upt ,~-he
r0JJJ?
I·/ . .
militant subversive groups seeking independence for
Puerto Rico, the New York Office prepared a letter attacking ·
one of the leaders of· the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico. · · ·
Tbe letter was written as though it were from a member of tbe · ·.
Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico (11PIPR) and was
mailed anonymously on 7/12/66 from New York City to selected
nationalists in both Puerto Rico and New York City. These
two organizations are the largest and most dangerous of tbe
proindependence groups.
·
·.:-~f/!t
The effect of the letter was immediate. A San Juan
informant reported on 7/18/66 that members of the Nationalist
Party of Puerto Rico were outraged by the letter and considered
it a "character assassination" of on~ of their leaders perpetrated by the MPIPR. The acting Secretary General of the
MPIPR, in the absence of Juan Mari Bras who was in New York at
the time, directed a letter to the Nationalist Party of Puerto
. Rico in which be denounced the anonymous letter as another
trick of the Central Intelligence Agency. That denial was then
published in the two MPIPR publications thereby giving the
_
anonymous letter much greater publicity. In the meantime,
Mari Bras in a speech in New York City,· referred to tbe
Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico as "so called Nationalists"
who are ''behind the times, confused and in error." This, coming -·
on the heels of the denial of authorship of the anonymous letter,
bas further confused the rank and file nationalists as to the
,<,. r,
true state o: affairs •ithin the !ndepe~~ence a~vemen,t·.
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OBSERVATIONS.
REG,. 13· / .J'·.
• .:.. /,.•
It appears that the anOPf410us letter has achieved its
purpose of confusing the inde~Kd1A\lists leaders, exploiting
.group rivalry and jealousy and infla.m~ng personality eonflicts.·
Tjiis will undoubtedly thwart any unified action by the two r
. lfincipal independence groups within the ~ear fu~~e ..- ~ •
.---:'.. ..
ACTION:
.·
• AUG 2">
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~or in.formation.
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Date:
8/3/66 .
FROM:
INDEPENDENCE FOR
..,,;···
ReBulet 6/30/66; SJ airtels 7/19 and 28/66 •
•
. ..
I
.
· In response to Bureau·auth?rity,set forth in reBulet,
the Spanish language anonymous·letter was-mailed from different
points in New York City on 7/12/66.
.·
In addition to the disruption outlined in reSJairtels,
there follows e_vidence that the independentist leaders continue
to embark on a campaign to d1scredit rival groups,·thereby hoping
to diminish their influence and importance.
�NYo. As~ eS sm~nt· '~,. '. · ··... ~,; ·~' ; _.,
~·f'::~'
:~:~¢::~: :~:1.j;t~:;~~:41~n~:~! t{~
As reported· by the SJo,~ .the l1PPR '·is firmly convinced· that:!~
the MPIPR was the source of the anonymous letter. The necessity.'-.,~i~1_. ._:z __ · ~ of the MPIPR to issue a public repudiation, devoting a full page · :.·.:.~
:-;~·... ~~- .. ·in eac~.or its princ_ipal -publications, is evidence or .the -~~·.·/:··,_:~.:>·~:~f:?fij:
: .. ·::.,;·t:.: .lhyst~ria with vhich they have reacted. ·1 The NPPR leadership.·~· --t.-.. ~ ~-- > :)l<
. Y:.·~-:~~;: has ~every right· .to ~nfer' that·· the ·MPIPR s protestations a;e \~~~. ;~:\';·-:~:·
fur~her indications-·o:r their guilt rather than innocence ... -~:If>:··.·::_.;.·
·_ ·... ' ~. the MP IPR had truly desired· to exonerate -themselves, i't ·would·.· · ·.: .
· ·-· · ··
have been more prudent for them to consult privately with the
·"·
?\'PPR leadership to present· arguments that an "imperialist plot"
.. · ·
/ was l'.'esponsible.
In this manner, the matter would have not
. . . become a public issue. The NPPR leadership can logically assume
·i:·.. , •., .... that the.~IPR's public repudiation is nothing mor~ than a
.
??:>~..... means by which .to. promote and -call· attention to an~ issue that .
.~l-..-:l~-.·.:-~ .. · can onl v bring embarrassment to ·the -NPPR.· (The. SJ_o, -t~rough;~.:7;···. -·.
··:'*=:::·~<:
is in a.position to· exploit this argument) • .-/::,· . · .:~.' · ·
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;·:- !'·:,,{;~ ~i~t · Carta ·semanal and Claridad. has given the issue greater· circulation
~:"
. than the NYO could have achieved by direct mailing. In fact,
. \·.
many rank and file independentists, regardless of party affiliation\·
\
:· ·.. · .. are on the MPIPR mailing list and now have had this matter ·
· .
. t- .... ·.·
brought to their attention. Their curiosity, once awakened,
i·
u~questionably demand that they seek out the original
t~
anonymous letter or speak with someone who has read it. Xhis
'~
will result in further circulation of exaggerations and criptic
:
criticism, based on personal prejudices.
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8/4./66 .,~-
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GROUPS s·EEKI.NG .IHDEPENDXNCE POB PUEBTO JllOO
COUNTERih"TELL IGENCE PRocawl : ·;
(SUBVEBSIVB C ~ L SECTION) ! -···
..
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Be San Juan airtels 7/28/66 and 7/19/66.
,.;.._ It appears from. referenced San -Juan a1rt·e1a that 'the . .
anonymous letter submitted br 1our office bJ letter·dated
6/8/66 has been u.nusuall)' successful. 1n widening the schis11 .
· ,_-t,:~:;
between the Rationalist Partr of Puerto 2ico and the
Movimiento Pro·lndependencia de Puerto 2ico. You are requested
·~o advise the Bureau of the results achieved by ~bis counterintelligence measure among the Puerto Rican nationalists in
New York. In addition, you are requested to submit your
recommendations concerning commendations tor responsible
personnel. Handl·e promptly.
·
,:
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1 -·san Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
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Subversive Control Section, Domestic Intelligence,
has a continuing program to disrupt the activities of the
i' Puerto B.ican Nationalist groups. Hew York submitted lett·er.
:E 6/8/66 for anonymous mailing to selected members of the XPPR
C
CJ
l : , 0 and the MPIPR. This letter was highly critical of one of the
BPPR leaders and was so written to indicate that it was from
c:C
:I
an MPIPR member. By airtel 7/19/66 San Juan advised that an
,-.
!IPPR informant stated tbat JlPPR members were outraged by the
i ;.~-_-_--:._- letter and were discussing actions to take against the MPIPB~ .
San Juan airtel 7/28/66 ~tates that an 11.PIPR publication
-1 , .
~
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~~
c{ontains a letter from the political com.mission to the ID>PR; 1 ·· .- ·
:•"iim'{~ficial involved. .I11 this letter tbe MPIPll denied· involvef~ht ·
r=•
and placed the blame on tbe CIA. San Juan points out that·fPIPR
,,..
is ·obviously concerned over the effects of tbe letter vitblil tbe ·
Independence )lo'fement and that it believes the distrust created ~;::~_ _ JiY,J th.....8:,'W,~D ous letter will open new avenues to utilize. con cte~-T•••· ._ _ ~llR:a,n e
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The July 20, 1966 ·edition of CARTA SEMANAL., the .
.-. o1'ficial PUERTO RICAN !~"DEPENDENCE MOVEMEUT (MPIPR) leader->.·
:. ·- l :,,; · ~ ship 1 s .week1y n;wsletter to the ranlt f!,Dd file membership, . ·:
:. ~ ~
devoted one entire page to a repudiation or the mea~ure, .
~ "'
· . .-~ which repudiation translates as follows:
. ..
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addition to· results of New York's counterintellige
measure suggested in re New York let,as mentioned in re
San Juan airtel, the following is being set forth.as further
results:
·
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Bur~au {Rl-1)
New York (RM)
EX 110
(105--32872)
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{ 1-105-3401
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"Letter· from the Political Commisbion to·
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"Repudiates Baseness
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Anonymous Letter·:.:..;-:_;_~ ... :
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.,.
IA., the MPIPR-_). ·,:"":...;_· ..i::·:~.~-:.:-.· :
.-,~<·. Acting Secretary General.,
addressed in "the··-~:··.- .._,_. ··.-·
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f" -,-..= ,olitiCB:l Co
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·· unication to Mr.
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·.'-~·-....:. .letter is headed with the MPIPR motto., ·ywake Up, . Puerto.. -· _.~ · .. - :·>· ·
-: ~\::~:·-~· _:. Rican., .perend ·~hat·. is yours. • -- ··: !..... ·, -.. · -....
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· ·"The ·:rollol'~in~ is the complete text
· · ·. ·
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or the letter·
dated July 21, 1966:
Distinguished fellow citizen:
11
• A new anonymous trick has circulated profusely
. . ~-::-_-'._·~.. ~ .. during these. days among a great_ number ·or MPIPR affiliate_s., ____.
· '\";-..:··.~ ·-.·vhich .. directs against you infamous accusations. · In the~·.•.!_,·-.···· • ·.
r..
. J ~~-~ .... •. past, several MPIPR leaders have also been defamed in. similar:···_··._·
U .; .(.- · · · ·1etters~ one of which has· now been circulated placing a doubt
·
. J ' :-r:~, ·. ·. · concerning your immaculate patriotic conduct. The source· of
those letters is., no doubt., the CIA or the .JI. s• ., whose · • · ·.
1 · · ·,y.-,.
).:/;.._.-:-:-·-methods are well known all over the world .. ,
.
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The fals:tfication of the .conduct or the leaders~
patriotic anti-imperialist Puerto Bicans., seems to be one
· · .- ,~~.. :
of·the principal tasks of that imperialist agency. In the
letter against you, ther, are so cynical that they use as a
ti t1e the MPIPR motto, • 1 ''Wake up Puerto Rican, Defend . ________ _
What is Yours." 1 •• Nevertheless., the CIA and its helpers · will not be successful in their purposes, will not be able to
.
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i.~~"·,:_J::"~.: ~ ~~::h ~~~--of our p::~le in their leaders~. no:.~~~li~hey.
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�.As is ob·vious from the fact that it lil~s felt
necessary to publish a repudiation of the tactic for th~
-.'t•.: - , benefit of :the· ranl'::: find file membership; the desired .effect ; ~- .
::ti,_:.~~-~... of creating confusi~n 1n the··7ttQp level independentist~. !\
'_: ·.. · ··
· :-··"' -~ ~ leadership has been achieved.':.· The ·source· of the letter ·1s,···· . .·.-=·: -:.~
·· ·-.
obviously unknown., it being noted that CIA often bears the
· ··
.. . :"· .
..."'.~---··
brunt ·of -the blame f'or matters .. of this nature.
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It seems apparent· a~so that the restricted mailing
. ·:. i·-~~.
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of
the
tactic.,as
suggested in re San Juan letter· served ·
$:
.
greatly to enhance its effect~ s i n e ~ from the
;,
text o:f' the above repudiation., o b v i o ~ l e t t e r
. .
was rrnfusely circulated and has created doubts i n t ~
of the rank and file. This assumption on the part o no doubt comes. from the :f'act that past measures ~t tni~ na~ure
have been widely circuJ.ated to the MPIPR meL1bership. The
act of publishing or a repudiation in itself enhanced the value
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�ReBuairtel to San Juan dated May 31, 1~6, and: . .... ,._..
San Juan airtel dated May 19, 1966.
· ·.
Referenced san Juan eirtel requested Bureau
authority to nre~?.re
e ]etter in the Spanish
1
language to
, Secretery General
of the Liga ...,,. 11.. ..1.s. .... 1.s a ·u r "~rri.~uena ( Puerto Rican ·
socialist League) (LSP). Referenced Bulliiir~·
.irtel granted
said authority and letter was mailed to
on
June 7, 1966.
·
Rey, Puerto Rico,
source within the
ect of above letter. On July .28~
advised that according to
; t.'h in the ma in LSF group,
LSP meeting
he had received an unsigned er-..,
J.J.'0:,1 a group of
.
Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican
Independence Movement) {MPIPR) youth in w h i ~ t 1 e d
him !'or aggressions ee;ainst MPIPR members. further
said that in the same letter he was u r g e d ~ to
the MPIPR leader and harmonize with him. ~
hat
reportedly com.1nented that whether the letter \·~as wr1.~&1en by
an MPIPR youth group or by the police~ the aegressions
against MPIPR members would continue.
· :-:-:·· r
~
-
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•
San Juan Office source~ 1··i thin the KPIPR have ;.· ·,
h<=:.ard nothing of a letter t ~ :!om ! .group :o~. MPIPR
1 t/ - f
y~uth.
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Buy U.S. Sllvings Bonds Rlg11/a,ly on the PtJJ·ro/1 Stl1•ings Pia
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. ,-:· . : . ·, ~- . . The ·san .. Jus.n Office···will be~ atert ~or. further····-~
. opportunities to exacerbate the·111~reelings between the LSP
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BACKGROUND:
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The Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico is
the dominant subversive proindependence organization in
Puerto Rico. It is closely aligned to Cuba and some of its
volved in a Cuban espionage network beaded by
the interim Secretary General of ~he organia ion.
sent a delegation to the Tri-Continental Conference held in Havana Cuba dur n January, 1966. It was
headed by
an·zation mainta ins ·a rep
in Havana • . ) ,- .,,
To emphasize the close ties o! the Movimiento Pro
.Independencia de Puerto Rico witb Cuba and to ridicule it
for its subservient roll toward Fidel Castro, the following
counterintelligence tactic is proposed. A cartoon prepared
by the Exhibits Section would be mailed anonymously in
Puerto Rico to the less enthusiastic members of the Movimiento ·
Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico and to other 1ndependent1sts
who are not affiliated with that organization. The cartoon
by three donkeys with heads of
It would be driven by
s 1ug a ong whip. This would be superaap of Puerto Rico and wo~ld contain the.· "'. ···
1 1
ios-9312~
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. . ~)t-103
JlE.C- 1~ · ·, i ·
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5 'Z-AUG12 1966 i
•
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AUG 8 1366
6
CONTINUED - OVER
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to
·uemorandum J.· F. Bland
Mr. w. c. su11·1van
RE: GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
'11JS:- 93124 .
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. . . ·.···,_:-!/t~~~,.-·... -·
iaptio~ "Si: La independenca para los Puertorriquenos.f~·~;;;i::-:·_.-_:;.,. ,~:·
(Yes! Freedom for tbe Puerto Ricans). Bufiles contain _.;,f. . ~--:~,: .• ·.· · · ·
app1:opriate
photographs of the above:i-mentioned indivS:duals·~ ··: .. ·.
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1::~tf!a!1t~en!te1:!e~~ \i;~;f1j;
·fere
tbi~ ~arto~e
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!~:1~::e:~:
in any manner with its operations. It suggested that .. :.
250 copies of the cartoon be furnished to it for appropriate -~· :·
distribution.
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OBSERVATIONS:
It is· believed that this cartoon,. by implying .. tbat
the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico is dominated
by Fidel Castro and Communist Cuba, will have a positive_
effect of undermining the influence of the Movimieoto Pro
lndependencia de Puerto Rico leaders among those Puerto Rican
independentists who do not favor communism and Fidel Castro.
In £ddltion. it is believed that the c.omic aspects of 'the
cartoon will cause embarrassment to the above-mentioned three
leaders of the organization.
RECOMMENDATION:
That the use of the troika cartoon to
be prepared
by the Exhibits Section be approved as a counterintelligence
tactic against the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico.
If approved, 250 copies of the cartoon on unwatermarked
commercial-grade paper ~hould be prepared.
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depicting a:tr-C?ika, suporimposed on a rough map of Puerto B1co• - , ~_.:·~f.:/:~:
being pulled bJ three donkeys with beads of three pro-Cuban ...
leaders of tbo 11ov1m1ento PrO lndependoncia de Puert.o BJ.co
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and driven bJ Fidel Castro.
·
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You should consider mailing this cartoon from one·_
- or more past off ices near the Un1vers1tJ ot Puerto Jlico to.
f oatcr the idea that the cartoon was _prepared by &Jl art
etudent at the Universlt)'. · ·. ·
· ·
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In drawing up the aaillng 11st for the. cartoon
,ou should consider in.eluding selected newspaper writers who
have been critical of the independent1sts.·
·~I1" :.·..
.
You auat insure that the cartoon will be aalled .la.
such a aanner that it cannot be trace~ to tbe Bureau or aD.J
;: !
· -of !.ts. employees. A.dvise the .Bureau ot the,;1s~ts.
'.;·; - - - •
.
Enclosures - 250
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By memorandum 7 /12/66, approved by the Directo,; it
that the Exbibiis Section of the Administrative
.PVA.D:
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Division prepare attached cartoon for anon1mous malling to
the less enthusiastic members of the llPIPn and to other
independentists who are not affiliated with that orgauization~.
f T~~ The cartoon was prepared to graphically emphasize t~e
_ : ..::..,L.ood. • ~luence of Castro on the independentists. It is believed that
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• •his c~rtoon by implJing\that the KPIPll 1s do:ninated by Castro
:1 ~:.__:__.and Communist Cuba will have a positive effect of.undermincfing
~;•-=-•--the influ nee of that organization among those Puerto Rica~
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indepen~ ~~s ·who dO: not :favor communism. and Fidel Castro:- ..
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· .. . .
advised during an interviev
that members of the lfa ... ,; ...... .1-..Lst Party of Puerto llico (liPPR)
bad recently rece i.vecl an anonymous letter ..,.~ '·
estion.t:i.on, a ' 1 character assassina1ion" o1
:. .-·~£ : ~ u r t h e r advised that everyone of .aa , ·
..
· - _..... : . ' , _ t h i s -letter was outraged by the .. letter and are· firmly
·. _ .-~' ·~convince~ that· it ·e1.u1nated from Movimiento P1·0 Independencia~ -·, ·
·· · · ·. cle Puerto Ric~ (Puerto Rican Independence l!ovement) (m>IPR)
".;.·;. headquarters in Puerto Rico due to the fKct tb&t it contained
· .· · the 11PIPR e,:pression .'~l>cspierta Boricua De!ienJe Lo Tuyo.". _.
.
· ···· ·
Source advised that· this letter has plainly upset ..
.the members of the lfPPR and ·they.are conducting investigations
in an effort to determine the source o! the letter and also
·
are present!y tryin~ to determine what action they will ta~c.
a~ainst the 11PIPR.
i)uring
.inform~tion that
it
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6/23/66 . ··:·· ·. -~· t., ....
_DATE.
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J.:- SUBJECI'PGROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR 'PUERTO RICO .
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It is not anticipated that the use of the
troika cartoon described in referenced letters will
/
interfere in any way with the ·operations of the SJO •.
A suitable mailing 11st of :individuals to whom it cou1d
be mailed is available, and it is suggested the Bu~eau
, .... _ furnish:-·-the SJO 250 copieis or_ ~~e cartoon.
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DETAILS:
New York by letter dated June 8, 1966 1 recommended that
an anonymous letter be mailed for the above-stated purpose and
requested San Juan to furnish the names of likely recipients of
this type mailing.
San Juan by letter of June 15, 1966, furnished the . .c..names of twenty-six individuals from both the NPPR and the
MPiPR as likely targets. This letter is receiving a restricted.
mailing in the belief that its distribution to known and active
·members of these organizations ~ill lend authenticity to. this
tactic.
. . . . i s a likely principal for this counterin~e'iligen~~:·it·
technique~e of bis recent appointment to high office in
the NPPR and because of the number of individuals in the ·
,_·;gi~
Independentist Movement who disapprove of his tactics and··----·- .
manners. Be bas alienat~d individuals in organizations with a
similar purpose as the NPPR and even in his own o i . i· l i l· an
many independentists refer to either t h e _ , r
fa~tion while speaking of the NPPR, New ~ l , n • . .
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·
REC 3Q / , 1 . - i ·. t ./ ; - ~ J · ,
-sJclosure 1English translation attached) '' ~ ·
--- •
• ;--CONTINUED - oVEA!"; JUL 6 •
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�DZSPIERTA BORICUA 1111
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· ·{ ... ,,;_ Our goal -~s · to r:gain .what -1~ ours ~~- to r1~: o~ ~~~~'.i,~~~
of\fimperillist rule --- not tobe divert~d by 1·nternal disp~~es. _· . · I
l3ut the election or
as Vice Prasidcnt o.a. .the ,...,, ....
Nationalist ..-_Pcrty or
~· .· _ 1..1-> et back .the independence·..:·~~:.- ·J;iJf
move:ient went)" yon.rs. ·
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We who have tried to worlc vi th D i c t a t o ~ aro -· ·
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fa1:iiliar w1 th his despotic ways. He presents· . t h e ~ o f · an· . . ~}~
unself!~h leader, but he is interested only in person.al prest1ge. -~ :··~-:
It is his hope to take over the leadership of the Partido
Nacion&lista and wear the mantle of our £reat apostle, Don
Pedro.
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have such ·c11s;espici· io-£" thl _. .,_
·
·
\'ihat irreverence 1 Wnat· hypocrisy!
principles
Jlo one but a l'!apofeon would
or fil lfaestro.
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· ··
· ·
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lLsk his Iiev Yo1"k Ca":l;"ancros vhy they could not eet · aloli£-~;Jc;:
with him. Ask them about his. :rnflexible rule ~ h e : r o u s
~methods.· Ask the~ about hi; disresnect for t h e - ~ ~ ~ e and hisw~
un\·Tillingness to cooperate With those \/00 have Cn:.!Ul'f:Q years Of . _--~·.-::t
personal sacrifico.
. · . ,....~"'~
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If his cotive:; are so pure, ~hy clid he not return to o,11r .. ::.
hoc~land · while Don Pedro 11as alive: Certainly th.:! part!,' c~uld 11.a vo
used his "lei2dership 11 durin:. D~n Pedro• s lon3 sui'forinis. It
\
would have been a comfort to our beloved npostle to k..--io\-1 that his
work was continuing.
Is it poss:i.ble that our crcat . . know that ;his d~rk ·. :. ·
mo.tives could not· escape the piercing ligl£~ of Don .Pearo'.s keen eyes
•:
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. . . gladly accepted tho l{U!.Jbcr 2 rosi tion b·~causc he f'el·
he might ~ e to contr?l anj influence Don
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It ~~uld have been less danccrous to appoint a £ox to
guard the hen housel
Don Pedro is no loncer \!.~th us, but his soul and hQal'"t
live on --- his words still guide us --- his dreams ar~ o~r toal.
\\'ho will s ten f or1'a1·d to halt this chicanery 1? l llh~
will cry,_ "lfo I The memory or Don Pedro ·will not be L1ockedt l 1'1
•
Our enemies cust be laughin&lll
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DE 0!1 YOUR GUARD 111
.Di':r"'l::~:D YOUR IDitALS J ! 1
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~5-g~~~~PS~EPENDENCE FOR_ ~UERTO RI~··
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OBSERVATIONS:
..
. New York's suggested letter appears to be. an·.·---·.·.·-:.-··._._excellent tactic in widening. tbe breech between the NPPR _. .: __
and the 11PIPR. This letter is so worded that the £inger of
-~\~
suspicion as to its author could logically point to any .....· ,.:.:·.---~--- ~--\"·._L
numb~r-of individuals active in the Independentist Movement. ··· ·
·
It is anticipated that by having a number of suspects, an
atmosphere of "finger-pointing" will be created, followed by
a predictable disruptive environment which would tend to
counteract· any Unification efforts DOW in progress between : : ·.· :;_;ri.-:~f~
these groups •
·
ACTION:
/IJ~
J
The attached letter is being sent to New York
approving the mailing of the suggested anonymous letter.
New York is being advised to exercise the proper caution in
its mailing and to advi~e the Bureau of any results received
therefrom.
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GllOUP shitING .INDEPEh"DENCB FOI1 plJERT() ~JCO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGBAII
. ·
{' -. . . . .. . (SUBVERSIVE. COKTBOL SECTIO?l)
·.
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-~.-~,_Mr.
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J · .\: ••·... · Benrlets dated 1Ia7 :19~ 1968. · June 15. 1966,· and Bale~ .Jane 17• 1966.-·· · · ·.
.
.-,
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Bureau author! tJ is granted to prepare and u:ll
the letter in the Spanish langnage 'to Juan liarl Bras, as
i~ :·:.. _ recaazended in referenced letter of June _15. 1966. Tci11
I ·;.., .._ au.st _insure that the letter will be· prepared and aalled u
~ . ·~:.;·>
au.ch a aanner that it cannot be ·traced back to the Bareau: ·.: ..
ri·=_.;~<·.:::'_·. or. •»-1.~t. its employees.· Advise.·the Bureau of the results.-.~
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Jtegarding. 'the nse of the··cartoon described in ,our
letter of l!ay 19, 1966, to be used in conjunction with the·
above-aentioned letter to Kari Bras, ,the Bureau is taking no
action npon this recommendation a.ntil your reply is received
to referenced Bureau letter.concerning the same subject matter.·.
·.
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to w.c. Sullivan, dated
prepared by TJJl:sjs.
See aemorandtlll
_-~ ___ 6/~4/66. ~aptioned_as abo
Referenced Bnlet of 6/17/66 requested San Juan to·
advise if they had any objections to the use of a similar . . -.
·cartoon first suggested by the Bureau as a counteiiiiiiiiaintelli
ence
tactic to widen the breach between b.ri Bras and
both ~ig~ ranking off ic_ials of the MPIPR.
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6/15/66
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. The letter authorized in re Bttlet 1.-1?.s rnDiled to
·JUAU MARI BRAS under secure conditions on 6/7/66.
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"Esteemed Leader and Friend:
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"Ask yourself the following questions:
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Bureau (RM)
'/' ;-!-- __ ;>i/'"
'. 'r. - San Juen
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(3)
JUN 20 1966
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Buy US.· Savings 'Bonds Rtgula,ly on lhe PllJ·roU S11vings Pia
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-. "Why d o e ~ a l k s,o much of the :need
militant leaders? - , _ _
"Why does he vont to make ell the decisions?.:·
....• .:~ :.s·
..
.
"Why does he talk so much·of your 111 healtb end
a need for you to rest?
"Why does he·-meet with
/s/
"one Who Wonders.''
The SJO notec thot re San Juan let of 5/19/66
requested Bureau-approval of e cartoon described therein
to be used in conjunction withtteletter mailed on 6/7/66.
It is believed that the c a r t,.. ,. ., "
~la' be en excellent
tactic to cement the idea of
disloyalty and
ambitiousnc~~ ; the mind of .1..ruU .o:i.iiS and ,·:ould further
undermine
position by sur;aestin;:; his attitude tc·the
J.1PIPR rnn:,: cno 1'1 le.
1
'l"'I
Accordinsly., if Bureau approved utilization or
the cartoon tocti~ preparation o~ the cartoon by the Exhibit
section should be e:q:>edi ted so thot ma,;imum e:fi"ect ctLn
. be achieved through llppropriate timint:;., i.e., :follo,~ing
shortly after the letter suggested herein.
Bureau authority is hereby solicited to prepare and
mail the letter, the English text o~ ~hich is set out above.
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�ReNYlet to Bu, 6/8/66, and SJl.et to .Bu, 6/lS/66.
:~ . .
~
The suggestion made·by SJo·tn its referenced
letter is well taken. NYO agrees that selective malling.ct
the counterintelligence letter would lend support to its
'"authenticity"• strength~n its impact, and better assure
the desired effect, i.e. the continued disruption or the Puerto
Rican pro-independence movement, and the prevention or
unity among the groups involved.
.
Bureau authority is requested to mail the Spanish
version or this letter, as outlined in reNYlet. to the
individuals and addresses recommended by the SJO. In the
hope or convincing the recipients that the letter came rrom
someone in NYC, only Puerto Rico subjects are being sent
copies, at this time. It_ it is round feasible and prudent
to expand the tactic into the NYC area. consideration will
be so given. ·
•'
,:
5
:_'_
..
;
-. -·
If Bureau •utpority is .granted, SJO is requested
to report and assess the effects or this strategy as learned
through confidential sources. Likewise, NYO will be alert
to any reverberations telt in NYC area.
,,
·/
. REC 36 . /
,\ 2-=Bureau (RM)
' .. 1-San Juan (10.$-33S3-Sub-1J. (Info) (RM)
1-New York
--JUN 23 1966 ; - ·
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(SUBVDSIVE CONTROL SECTI(!K) : . . \
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·~. 6/3/66
. ·· .returned
B.eBuleta 6/1/66 and 5/4/66 and Fora 0-1 dated
-..
with notation to see Jour ~~t~~r _s/19/66~ · ·
·~
I.
•. · • •
·· ·
It did not appear to tbe Bureau'"tliat your ··letter
of 5/19/66 was intended to be completely responsive to :-.. -....
Bureau letter dated 5/4/66. Thia Bureau letter pointed oat
that the suggested·cartoon of
b donkeys
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confl lctlng since one
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depicts
as being pro-Cubaoand the other in a some'
what .more avora le light of being at least anti-Cuba. Since
f
the Bureau expecte~ a more direct reply to its letter of
!~
5/4/66, no action ,ras taken on that part of your letter dealing
. \
_;.:-c.1-. _ _ with the suggestion of the cart being pulled by
i ,::!_.oocti-- aild~endiog receipt of the answer./ .
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. SE!?. NOTE PAGE TWO.
EX-103.' }REC."°
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therefore, reques.ted to advise tt the use. of the troika
cartoon would interfere ln any _,ray wl th any of the operation• .
of your· office and if 7ou have available a aultable llat. ~f
:· individual• to whoa it could l;Je malled. If so, advlae : . ·.. :._
Bureau of tbe deatred number:·· ·
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NOTE:
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Sine& th~ Bureau -ftrSt S~gg;~ted b8 ;use of
cartoon dep1Ct1ng tbe troika bJ letter d&ted 3/31/66, tbe ·.· '··· : . , . _.
Bureau desires that it be resolved promptly~ You are,· ___ · ..... · .. · -···,... .,.,,
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Bureau previously suggested to
:~t:eb~=~~r!!k~!:•:r:t:1~t=·~~ :;~:~n estt as:n!~
.....,....,
:·.r4, • ·•.
above-mentioned cal1Don of troika being pulled by three donkeys
with heads of th~ee high-ranking officials who are closely·
aligned to Cuba. San Juan apparently desired to combine the
two counterintelligence tactics and have furnished no reason
as to why the cartoon of the troika should not be utilized .
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l[J...&ubrnitted _
Oairtel
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• DATE
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90-day progress letter
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~ b m i t t . e d _ _ _ _ __
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Reporting e m p l o y e e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - 3. If valid reason exists for not submitting report at this time. st.ate reason specifi~lly and ·
when report will be submitted - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - -
O lnquir:,
D Investigation
D 4. Status of O Appeal
O letterhead memo
D airtet
D s. Submit D report
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letter
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90-day progress letter
by
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SAC. Bew Tor!: (105-32872)
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GROUPS SEEICING INDEPEKDENCB POR PUEJm> BICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRA•
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTIOB)
. . -. . : .
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.
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Be~et June
a.
1Q66, and San ~uan letter June
-
·1s.
196~.
Bureau authorltJ is granted·to prepare and aail the:.
letter in the Spanish language to the individuals ··.
set forth in referenced San Juan letter.
recommended
,:
You must insure that the letter will be prepared and ....
aailed in such a manner that it cannot be traced back to the ·
Bureau or any of its emplo7eea • .Advise the Bureau of the
results.
·- . .,.
1 ~ San Juan (105-3353 Sub. 1)
'l'Jll:scr/tj (10)
.
Tj•' ·
.
lfOTE:
See a e m o r a n d u a - t o llr. W. C. Sullivan
aated June 29, 1966, p r e p ~ s c r •
;
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17() - - ,. -·
~f1?1 .~- •. ' ·: UN~TED STATES G(' \../NMEN:f ·
;Jt'fiiil".;
Memoian u~,,um. ·
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~~R~CTOR., FBI (105-9312
4)
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FROM
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(105-3353 Sub l_) (P) . . :.
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"'"'-~....SEEKING- INDEPENDENCE ..fOR _PJJERTO ItICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUDVERSIVE COl~lfOL SECTION)
._:·. .~,,t: . . :i,·_. SUBJEcr.;._ ......
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Re New York let to Bureau, 6/8/66 . .
Enclosed herewith for New York is a colloquial
translation of the counterintelligence tactic contained 1n
re llew York letter.
..
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. .;
:•
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SAN JUAN) .
~
,. SJO concurs with Net1 York's belief that tactic
described in relet miBht deepen the schism between the
feuding factions of the IlATIONALIST PARTY OF PUERTO RICO
(NPPR) and the PUERTO RICA?J INDEPENDENCE MOVEUE?lT (MPIPR)
and offers the :following suggestions:
~..
. I'--- }
In the interest of givinc; the tactic credence, it
is believed that its mailing should be restricted to only.
the more active llPPR members and those more prominent MPIPR
leaders ,-,hose reputations are known :throuBhout Puerto Rico.
This restriction., by avoiding the "shotgun ef:fect" o:f past
tactics of this nature obtained by mass mailing to the bulk
of the i1PIPR menbership, will., by its selectivity> give
the impression of authenticity.
~
The following is a lint of names ond addresses of'
··.. ~ individuals wtiom the SJO :feels should be recipients o:f this
.:,~ ~~
tactic:
·
.
r
·•
PUERTO RICI.H INDEPEflDENCE MOVEHEUT (MPIPR)
i
.. J·. ·,' .~
tt"•
....
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)
/(
.
(RN)
~.:-- New York (Info) (105-32872) (Enc. 1)
{RU)
1·- San Juan
ACG:cjk
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----a JUN 20 1966
·-
-
suwi,~frrr. 01.
Buy US. Savings Bontfs Regu"1rlJ 1111 t& PIIJ")ll Sarings ~-
. {}
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.• • .•• ; •• -·~-:-~ ~ _\.
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·.
·--=-·-~··. An attempt' is;' th~;eby;·· beillg ~ad~
ca.91
''!t?t/;/~:growing· dissension between these two·organizations,· emphas1.zecf·~·~ .-::{~~-l
t{'.,,, · · . most recently by the recognition ot the MPI by the Cuban Government·~~;
~,~'. · ·
- ·.. as the only group truly working for the independence or Puerto .. .....~,
i.~;, ': ·
Rico. h"'l.ements within the EPPR have been angered by the · ·. ·· · ·· ":', ··.,. ~ /.f; .
direct slight by the Cuban Government for not inviting an .· ·
.~~. •. .~ · . NPPR representat~ve to· attend the Tri-Continental Congress held
~ .:::.~-;, ..:· in Havana during. January,· 1966. • The establishmen~ ...or .a .perma?e~~-~.~i~\
. t r!:-:~~-: .·i· MPI delegat1on.-1n.Cuba has-hei_ghtened this insult.· Any··tuel:-:·:·-::J)>;,:~·~·:;
~
\:!·-~ ~· ··· added to .'this heated ·situation will unquestionably prolong _the·_-.. ~-:.~.)_::.·.·
.:.~,. .- ·'distrust· and anger between'the two· groups and ·deter any ot the·····
·~:-:-t
oft-spoken-or attempts at unity.
· ····· ·
.:. :i~ -~t'!.:-
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·
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•
The passing referenc.he
to some recipients that either
or
Treasurer and Secretary ot the
-
name may
sugg·est"ajt·
1
•••
urrentl7"~;::i·. ·-.~"'
- , ·}/:>ii;~!-{
l~:::!i;fi:!ijI;f~~Jtgt!~~;:~~ter·~~~;iJi\~:~!
to prevent
rom assuming leadership or the Party. Upon
~ t u r n o ,ew York City, she disappointedly commented that
- w o u l d eventually show himself tor what he really is.
··
o be suspected ot having
who, himself, is
.·_·i,. ~.:: , · j./
se, insists ·on the complete~-tt/<"'·.'_:f . ·..
Because or their. similar ·!'II·::·:.._:.< .. ~: · .·
were rarely in agreement·
· · ·~·-..
and usually at o.d s.
noted. for his almost neurotic
satisfaction·1n find ng fault with others in print. He is a ·· prolific writer, often devoting eight pages a month, in the
;
MLPR uznrormation Bulletin", to personal· ramblings and scathing
castigations or tellow independentists~ The terminology
and phrases ·used in the anonymous letter are not unlike
usual bitter criticism. ·
A further 11k
:·. ,~. , :f ·!·.. authored· the· letter is
~t-.-~.=-~~~:· · distrustful or others.
·-.:·"·::_.-:. obedience ·or others to·
-~;f: -· despotic· natures,
1
son
..:.~·~·~.., :\<':· ·
"
the
By not trying to
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r·:· ···,,.,· ·;··:·~·. _.;·:{;1~,:.i}:'i-i:·:;-.--~- ·:.
···.·!he ·.NYO suggests that· tlle San· ·.ruan. Office have ·1:~;J..-;::r;·:. ~· ..~. .
' ·. ·.~
.·• i
•
'the enclosed letter reviewed and translat.ed by so_meone . -:- ..)_.r:J?{/t ..·
. /1'
having native ability in the Spanish language,. s_o· that the·:·.\. . , .....
...- .. ·;
finistied product will not be a word f(?r word translation, . '.~., ......... · .
·· : )
but one which will convey the meaning and essence of what
.
,.
_
has been -written,in a manner most likely to _be used by.• ...· .._. ·<\ ...
, ·.:.~ t _..-.. ~. Puerto Rican •. Use of colloquial expressions to repl~ce_ ..._;.~··:·,:~· i;':;1· ":~
· { :..- •.;·_·:··. :literal ·translations ·should be.. considered; · In the·~.; .. ~-~...........-:~~·-7::~ ;'! . ·.:· :. :
•··... .,.:"1.
preparation of the letter, an attempt has been made ·to make·/·.~.·: . _::<: ·.
·.., :· the wording sound as ·though it is itself a translation from·.· ·, .... ·
:{
···:f
the Spanish. It was ~or.ed that in this way the letter would ·
be easily ''retranslated.' into Spanish. It is telt that · . . · .· ..
those suspected as possible authors would all be su.fticiently ··
· literate to have written this letter.· . · ···.
·.·.. ·· · ....
·~ .:'. .
.____~_ :~·i. ·:·~-~ ·. .
,·:· SJO is requested ·to provide HYO vi th a· list. of names:· ~. : : j ·
r · ·•.: / . ··: and addresses of persons felt ~to be 'logical re.cipients- ·of -tnt_s -:~/~·.:.. :·.
k . •_:.).~>- .- : letter.· .. ·All NP~R members,· MP IPR leaders· and ·prominent':: ".~ :':.· ?~.-~ ·.'.: ·:
;,
. :r
•
sympathizers in ·Puerto Bico should be consid_ered. It is ·desired·. · '.
that the letter be directed to independentists in Puerto Rico .
so that suspicion will fall upon individuals in New York.
· ...
... ,::
.
·!!'~···
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11
.
.
. "_
.
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amateur
...
The ·letter would.be mi~eographed in an
tashion
on inexpensive plain paper ·and mailed in plain white envelopes
readily.available to the public. Strikeovers and p l a c 1 ~ e
in an unbalanced position might suggest the work of
a Nev York City printer, who is ~ e
· -·
!action and an outspoken enemy o - is noted ..
unprofessional printing work.
· · · · - ~·
..
8
••
-».
·.::
·,:
·
After receipt of the final text in the Spanish language
from the SJO, approval and authority or the Bureau will .be -requested
to· mail the letter to individuals suggested by the &JO.
-. ::-:··.·· .- ·
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..
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The suggestions and opi~ons ot the Bureau and the. SJO .. '
~~ 1nv~ted and will ~~ gr~atl~ app.~eciated.
·__.. ·, .. :..-.. :;~i-~.
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D~SPIERTA BORICUA 1111
Db:FIEND.E LO TUYO. J l.l ~::tt·t:;·-~,\:,:: t
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· ·J ,:.#J.. , >~/:?::~---··0ur gOal 1S to··regai~s ours.__.:., to r'ic!'.our·: m91a~;.:'
.--;, :"':·· ·ot imperialist rule --- ot tobe di
ed by internal _disputes?r '.,.,;
..:-
_ . . . . ·.,
. fi ~· .· .. ·t·.
.· 1 · ·
.. i;_•.-.1_
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But the election
ot
as Vice President ot .the·
set back the independ~nce ..-_. ··-·--·~···--···
· ·-"·
· ·.·: .. ,
Nationalist Party o
. ~ovement twenty 7ears.
• ·•
., .J _
.-
\(/ft ~ ~- -. · .~ · .,
· We who have tried to. vork ldth Dict~tC>raallli ~~e·: --~.-'.~. ~ ·~
i~ ~.:~:?·~ . .· tam111ar/vith his"despotic-~ays~
He .i>reserits -~e~ot air·~~( ".,·'"
:· ·: .. j
•·
. !f
.:{\~: unselfish ··lead.er, but-'he is· interested oJll.y in pers~nal- pr.~~tig~.·- ··.. :.!:-.
_. t'·"-i; <
It is his hope ·-to. take over the. leadership or the Partido···<! . .-~ .· · .·/·~
·.· · . : · Nacionalista and wear the mantle of our great apostle, Don .
~
What irreverence I What_ h~ocri~yl
No one but a Napoleon vould have such disrespect for th8~':~·
P:inciples or El: Maestro.
.
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· ·. -;..;.~-~:·.. ·;. ·
· · ···:: Ask his Nev· York campaneros why they could not get alo_ng : .
~- .../{;,.·· ·vith him.···· Ask· them about bis inflexible rule - c h e r o u s -~ " .. "···_ .. _.
f, .•t:;~ ··:·methods.·~ ·Ask them about hE disrespect tor the
name and hfs·:~1
Ji · •. _.
unwillingness to cooperate vi th those who have
years ot
personal sacrifice.
·
It his motives are so .pure, why did he mt return to our· __., . .i
~.
homeland while Donllllallllllwas alive? Certainly the party could have
t "' :·...•. . used his 11 leadersb~ing D o n - long sufferings. It · ... ,
.:. ·:_:7·-.~- .would have· been ·a comfort to ..o u r ~ apostle to. know that bis.:-·: ...
;:i.. \ \ ~~rk wa~.~.cont~u1~~ ··. :···/.·-·:--~·~: -~- :".-:~ ..:...
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Is it possible that our great-,.ev that his dark
·
motives. could not escape_:the piercing l i ~ D o n - kE:en eyes.
·
- ~ l a d l y ac.cepted the llumbe~because he felt
he· might ~ to control and influence ·
It vould have been less dangerous to.appoint a tox to
guard the hen housel
- Dorlllllal is no longer with us, but his soul and heart
live on --- h ~ d s s.till guide us -·- his dreams are our goa~.
,··
, ':t.
_·v?l
Who will step forward to halt this chica.neryl?J° Who .·.
11
er!'_. Ho~ Xhe memory or D o n ~ l l not be mo~~I_IJ-. . ·.
:\,:_. :- .:.•.:~1:
..,·. ;· Our_,~nemie!
~ust
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·. . . .· .
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be laug~ngl 11 .
BE ON !OUR GUARD I I I
.:.
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PEFE~ YOUR IDEALS 111
�To consider authorizinl thc-Snn Junn Office to prepare n.n :u,"nynous letter in the Epnnish J.:,.n,:;u:i:;e to Juan,. Uari :.: . .:,, .... ~... -.
D1·as; the intcrin Secretary Gonernl
the !lovi;.:1ientc, Pi~o!. ::~-:;::,~\---~·"~:i?i'.fr ~,;
Inucpr,nrlr; 1~~i.:,. (le 1:ncrto ~i.co, iraiplyin~ ·that ~. sul>o1·dinate of!ZJi~
· ~-- ·ccr
is ccttin~ overly aml>itious and
. · c"'·:
crsbip of the or~anization fro~ ·· . :· ·~-:. t
or
..:
~.
.,'
.
.
.
-
.•
m:TAILS:
S:-tn Juan by letter dated 5/lfi/GG rcconm1ends · nn a.nonyr:ious lcttar be sent to Mari Dras to be mailed from an outlyiD::!··.·
are:i which r.,:i!-:=:cs~1n
,1 ·rect accusntion n f ; n i n n - u t merely
points out that
is perhaps too : u o ; J i t i o ~ a t people
arc talkinl abou
1. ·•
·
·
·
Tho nureau previously pointed out to San Juan that it
bad noted thn.t Mn-ri Dras appo::u·eu to be somewhat jealous of the
nttention...-it v:n.s get tin~; !1·om the Cubn.ns and that counteri n t e l l i g c ~ i c s should be considered to cause dissension
between thc:u. The aureau su~.;ostcd the mnilinr; of an anonymous
letter to Uari Dras ostensibly from n friend of
indicatin~.
that the v.rri tcr is hurt by the snide i·ernarks tbn:
is ma.kin~
nbout ?.lari Bras anr1 that he has r•~lucta.ntly come
.,_
.. _
conclusion t h a t - is knifing J.!n.ri Bras in t!!e b?,ck.
~ , . . ~ .. ·
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ODSimVh TI onn:
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· S~n Juan's sucrrcsted letter nppcnrs to have ft8r{4il ~ns an opcnin!! s•10t i11 our attempt to v.·idcn tho brench between
li'.~i Brasi nnclllllllaall.ho,~-cver, it nppe:1.1·s that it shoul:e
ffillowed up i ~ t h i · c c \'."eeks TJith a11othcr anonymous
letter indicat~nc t h a t - is a dix:ect threat to the
ership of ltari Dra.s.
· ·' ~14
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.
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Enclosure
105-93124
·i
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69 JUN 7 196~ .
.
·
CO?IT IllmID - OVER
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~~01·andUJil J. F. lHaml to lji-. l7.
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aullivnn
'GJmm:s SEEKING IfIDEPElIDEllCE Fon PUEI!TO RICO
iqs-93124
·
· ·
..
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ACTI01l:
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.
The attached letter is bci113 scut to San Juan
.· ·
approvin:~ the mailing of the sur.;-rrestcd anonymous· letter implyinc
· thattlllllll is uettin3" ovc1·ly arA1bitious. San Juan is being
r e q u c ~ subanit n !ollov,·-u letter ior Durcau approval containinc accusation that
.s out to tnkc over the leader-.
ship of the llovimicnto
1uc1>cnclcnr,ia de Puerto nico from
Mari Dras.
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GROUPS SBEEIWO JHDEPEKDENCB FOR PDEllTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGJWI
-
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(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
...
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-. .
.
..
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Reurairt•l &/19/86.
.
.- ..
~: Bureau authorlt1 ia grant~d to
th•. letter in the Spaniah lan,ruap ":~&to
u recOIDMnded in referenced alrtet'.
"··~. :+:.
You au.at lnaure that the .letter will be prepared
and aailed in auch a aanner that it cannot be traced back
to the Bureau or any of ita emplo1eea. Advla• the Bureau
of reaulta.
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·. -The proposed letter t o - Eey Figure in·
·
e an Juan Off ice and leader o ~ Socialist Puertorriquena,
! (LSP) is designed to create addi tlonal friction between the· LSP
:i and the Movillliento Pro Independenci& de Puerto Rico (KPIPR) •
•··
OTB:
Sia leader ofconcerning
the LSP struck a leader of the IIPIPR on 4/20/66 following
the distribution of
the LSP
dispute
propaganda by
t a MPIPR function. Pr
.
osed
.
letter will be fro• "Militant · .
outh of HPI" and warns
of reprisals!iiiiiii:ttacks by - ·
~
LSP continue. Letter i
to irritate
who 1a
· ·.,.p
known to be sensitive to critlclam. It la rec
t this
. :.
(h could result in an altercation between aembera of these two
groups, but it is doubtful it it would result in aore. A definite
>
break between these two allitant independence groups would work
to our advantage. One of· our .aillla· 18 to create friction between ·
-~--the' proindependence groups.and to keep t~ea occupied by
.···:;~;!-. .-· · ·
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_·cirbbling among the~elvea.
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The text
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-~~.~..~~·r-: ~into··. a
the proposed letter follows:
a
•
LO
,
•
..
"This ·1s to advise .you that. we· have formed oµrse~v~s. ·~ /\}:~ ··
self-.Protective ·group:·to prevent any :f'urther :µnprovoked::~~·,_,\. ~
.~-=sJ-2/}< assault.s aga~st ·MPI · members-:·by.:.-cr1m1nal elements
your :f~-~2!?~~:i:~~. :·;-
~
·*~;:.,_·.•.·organization. - Any further such attacks will result 1n the· ~~..:·.s:_; ....\!.· ···
..~;:;,:• ::·~. :severest d1s~1pl1ne against ~~ose responsible •. Further.
=.i·r,i..,~. ··distribution of Liga Soc1al1sta propaganda at MPI events_~·i/·\f·~::tj·_.*'i? . '··
~:·:~; '. · · also will not be tolerated and will result in immediate··>•-=- :·.· .-~ ·. '. · ··· ·
··.>.:, ;~( .:/:. ·.. ·:
-~·:~ii~{.··
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..·-·
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disciplinary measures.
·;· · ~·_ :.·
. : ~: ·· · ·. ··' . ·.-·. -··,.. ·: ·
"We urge you to publicly repudiate the actions··ot ·--.... :. .
these gangsters and to inform our leadership that the
distribution of LSP propaganda and insulting literature will
cease immediately and permanently. such actions only encourage .
...... -1:;
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See memorandum~o llr. w. c. Sullivan
dated Jla7 31, i966, c a p t i ~ v e prepared Tl'E:btf/scr •.
.~ :~---·. Qu:'~:~s
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COMM..f8'
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. UNITED STA_T£S·cr-~~MENT.
. Memorandum
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(105-9312 l)
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SA.11 JUAII)
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Re Snn Juan let to Bureaul lljl4/66.
Bulet:::, 4/27 and 5/4/6 •
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In connection with the ri~~i:J~s suzgest1·
~V27/i 6 that an anonymous letter be rc"'n red,
to~
t ~ ~ ,~inn1 ~ ~chism between
to be f ollCl·IC
...· "'
or
eJ.n[f set
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.1. It is beli ed that an anonyraous letter in
~- ·\· ·- ,.
this connection must nee s s - r ir- lvery brief and should m.alce ,. _I
no direct accunatlon oz ins
but rather an oblique one -·
in order to appear sin ere.
· v nally, the writer should
.
represent himself as
PUERTO. RICAJtl INDEP
r.e,,
MOVEMEHT
(J.tPirn) militant uho, while recoanizing
leadership
ts ambitiousness
s the proven
leadership or
The letter Ghould be in reBularhandwritinc an cru e y 11ritten in the Gpan1sh language. '.l'he
· following is the su~e;e·nted text of the letter:
abilities., rnistrur.tn
~·
i; I
"Speal,ing as a ~ a n d admirer or you ..
would 1;ke to say t h a t - i s obviously a true
-~· 1ndependcnt1~t and a riGinG lender, but he is perhaps too
, ..... ,\} ambitioun and people are talkina. · We prefer y'our time-proven
} ·~ t~\ leadership ~ a n c y as maximwn leader, to the unproven
_c.,
abilities 0 1 ~ Be caref'ul.
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Bureau (Rl-1)
Son Juan
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"A True Militant"
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BIi] U.S* Sllvmgs Bonds Illg11'4rlJ on tht PayroU_ Ml'lngs P~ ·:/~·-~;.;.:::\·--~~;t.-·~t:-' _:.:_>
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SJ 105-3353 Sub l
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This' letter c·ho.uid -then
., ~
f'oil~o,1ed.,·:·.e:rter"··;t short·:/~:>:·~-··-C
be'
intervenine period, by a simple cartoon as suz6ested in re · :: ~-.. ·. ·.
Bulet or 5/4766., as follo1·1s 1 in line _'tlith the oriein~l idea
·
or the troika drawn by donlccys, but conciderably
.simpl1.fied.
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The cartoon should be a rough sketch of a two-wheel
cert labeled., "MPl!'., · t1ith a donkey bearing the head of
-hitched to one end pulling toward a rough map or·p r
~ the map labeled, ·11 puerto Rico Libre'' (Free Puerto Rico
Hitched to the other end should be a second donkey bearing
the head oiallllllll')ullin~ toward e. sketch or. Cuba (labeled <:, -.:'r;;t(:··':··.
"Cuba"), on~tonds FIDEL CASTRO, cigar in his mouth','
and leaning over with hand outstretched in t1elcome to fIETP. •
.
.J'''
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Such a .sketch,
across~the idea that
.-.~..•ur- jJU!C>~
the 1,D?IPR in two dif ·
· (WT,.,
the ri:ft between thc:::LU.._,....
that
·
. r~ing primarily toward a free Pu vO Rico,
pulling to1·1ard Cuba, t·1ould point ;p the
conncc"' (..,(J:; oet11een the MPIPR and Cuba and
J. er that
,-,as pullinc the MPI1'R further under Cuba omination.
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This cartoon could
depictin3-..-:tabbiri3
to decpen~t. ·
followed by others
the back and so forth.,
Bureau author~ty is solicited to put·the abovedescribed tactics into effect.
·
If Bureau approval is eranted, the anonymous letter
will be prepared by the SJO and mailed from an outlying area
to avoid the ponsibility of it being connected in any way with
the FBI.
In order to avoid the posDib111ty o~_the MPIPR
leadership making a·connection between the above-described
·cartoon and previous_ma111ngc of anonymous leaflets by the
SJO, the cartoon t1111 not be mailed in Guell quantity.
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AccordinBlY, if the use of the cartoon is
· ·: · ·. ··
authorized, Bureau should request the E:thibit Section to. · · · ·,;. · · -· ·
prepare 250 copies of· the desc:tibed anateurich cartoon· . ·.
and should mail thece copies to San Juan, where they will
be mailed under secure conditions to selected individuals
on the )1PIPR mailina list and other known independentists •
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Date:
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TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI
(105-93124)
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. SAC. SANJUAN (105-3353 Sub l) {P)
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SUBJECT{-,GROUPS SEEKING ·I~EPENDENCE ·FOR PUERTO
COUlfi'ERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
· ·- : ·· ::-.. -~ . ,· .. : ·
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fSUBVERSIVE cotl'l'ROL SECTION)
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SAN JUAN)
Re San Juan airtcl to Bureau. 4/19/66.
··-··· ·
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.- ·•,_,., j '· · .
Enclosed herewith tor the Bureau and !few York . -: . -·
,~ are nine copies and one copy respectively or.a letterhead-(LBM)
memorandum captioned• nJUAN MARI BRAS; IS-PRN, IS-CUBA., BA-·..
CUBA. 11
·
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Public source information concerning statements.
oints mcntione
.
made by JUAN MARI BRAS
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APPENDIX
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MOVIMIENTO PRO INDEPEUDEHOlA DE PUERTO RICO ._. ·. _..
.. .-.·:·,:::-:,y·i~-z:f.":.;~}t-:=~'.J. \
( Puerto Rican Independence Movem'!nt) (MPIPR) ·=_ ·>::.;-;,:j.-i{~/~". _··.... :__'::))f.{ ·\~~?\:-~/:_·.
MP1PR
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The'
was 'organized
23,· 1959., at Ponc~J Pu~rt~::--~;r~J(~\\.·_·.:.::)·_-::
Rico, according to· its· first Secretary General., JUAN MARI:.,._::;·\.-_~·=~-:.·_~ ·_ .·
J3RAS., for the independence or Puerto Rico. It was stated that."~:.-.·.··.
the organization did not advocate violence but would accept :-· :. : . · · ·-. ·
anyone who believed in Puerto· Rican independe.nce • regardless : ·< -:
o~ his beliefs as to the use or violence, provided he agreed ..with the MPIPR Declaration or Principles..
·
. .
\ --· ·.
Since its inception, the MPIPR has had as its leader and · -~· ,.-., 2 ·:'.\?ti~'I
guiding force JUAii MARI BRAS who, speaking on behalf or himselt ·· ···:·-::, .-·~-·~_,and the organization.,. said the MPIPR does not advocate violence .· .. '.
·as a means of obtaining independence for Puerto Rico only
:.
because he felt violence would be ineffective against the power ··.· .
of.the United States Government •. He stated that he believed
· •· ""1
in the right of the Puerto R1can·people to use violence to
obtain their freedom if and when the circumstances were such
that they could possibly be successful in their efforts.
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A confidential source advised on February 20, 1964:- that MPIPR
Secretary of Youth BEUJAMIM OR'.:'IZ BELAVAL gtated that although
the use or arms and violence is not presently advantageous to
the Puerto Rican indcp~ndence movem~nt, the right would be
reserved to use an.,3 and v!olence in the future.
The MPIPR hes misF.icns thl"ottghout the island of' Puerto Rico
and in ?Jew York, new Yorlq Chicego, Illin')iG; and Buffalo, New
York. It has &n e~t1cat5d mcn:,t•ership between l.,000 and 1.,309
persons# according to the Polle~ or Puerto Rico.
·.
'
Since its inception, th~ MP!PR end ,.ts leaders have frequently ·
expressed sympathy for th.~ comro.un1st ?·evolution 1n Cuba and
with the CASTRO Government in Cuba.
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He bas been favorably disposed towar
an Office and is on the Special Correspondence·~ -
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OBSERVATIO:~is J'adi~al pro-independence grou: b : : : : ; ;f~jp;~,;+;; .,
Mari Bras comprises only a small percentage of the total <::<7 ·:·: _..... \_-;:~=-·-. -~
population of Puerto Rico~ B:, publicizing his anti-American ::·:?;::1;_;~~
and pro-Cuban statements as well as his attitude towards the ·::::.\~:tff'jj
use of violence, it is believed he will lose additional ":_. "··,. .. >:·:~· :./)?:::
prestige among the people of Puerto Rico. - It a pears advisable,. ·._
however, to authorize an Juan to
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authorizing it to furnish
for its use
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San· Juan,
source information
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San Juan (105-3353 su~ ·1)
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From: Direct8r, FBI (105-93124) -- \
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
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J'OR PUERTO RICO
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE 00NT.ROL SECTION)
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aeurairtel dated 4/19/66.·
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1th full security and that _ :.::_.·..
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no embarrassment to t e
ureau will result tberetroa. ·
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~-z:f ..",:' ,,.-.;.. ·representation 1n Africa,· Cuba,· Europe., and Mexico;' :r!·~.<:.~;:·.i?~!/:.: ( ·.. ·..·
~.: :~·~'.: :: ·: · about the 1nappl1cab111ty of ___u. ·.s. Selective Servi.ce-::-··\;::::{~:._~:·r:·:-···:~\::·_:.:~-~>:~
:\?}·---~·:- ·. laws to. Puerto Ricans; .his ad.vocation of tlie"'·use or· the-~\:,<~..... ··.·-
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electoral boycott as a means of gaining Puerto Rican :~ .
independence.
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�·fin ·View or the time:·element involve·d.,
·su.reau:..!pproval is ·requested, tor·this._measure.
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If the measure is approved, Bureau suggestions
are solicited.
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You should consider samothing dong tbe
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following II.Dos. An anonyraous lotter, 'ostensiblJ' frma · · f.'·· :.-:'.·
nt believer in iDde.
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o 1s a friend of . · ; ..,_·-.::,.: .-.· ~- · ·
would be aailod to
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that he has r e l a ~ ~... :.. .-:.·.::.:. :_: ··
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to tbe
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'Ibo letteJ.' couldiii.'aicate that t e writer<··._..... -.. -->-.-· . .,.
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•. • J,elieves t h a t ~ 1s get ti~ overly ambitious and
_ . _._ ·_: . .
!"actuall1 want~ke over the leadership of the JIPlPB. ..,:
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er could indicate tbat the writer ~ advising _.., .·.,.
of t h ~ u s o of the high esteea 111 .
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·which bo o l d s - d because of.his'bellef that· ·
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the ono leader ~-o. can obtain i.Dde~~~~ •
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REC. 7
- s APR 27 1966 ·
.Punilah the Bureau rour obscrva.tions on tho @ewe, . . -.;~~ '.-.:;.·:: ..
d if J'OU ap-ee w i t ~ o a c h , subait approprtat@ ·<·1· _\~
~~.r to be sent to . . . . . . for app~oval b7 the
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CODC~t
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bet• .considered, and you •111 bo advised sep~tei./( ~:~
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Letter to SAC, San Juan
=-._.
__ · · ·.... · ~: . GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
l
FOR PUEBTO RICO
.-. --~ .
105-93124
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M
is the leade;
ltPIPR and Piet~l
·
is in cha~ign.atfa1rs.
headed a delegation· ·
to the Tri-Continental Convention e
in Havana, Cuba, . ·
. · - ...;
during January, 1966. 1be San Juan Star issue of 3/9/66
· ··
contained an editorial implying that the MPIPR desired
indrpendence for Puerto Rico to place it under control of
Cuba •
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�GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUEilTO JlICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
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(SUBVERSIVE
C()NTB.OL SECTION). '
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B.eBulets 4/2!/66 and· 3/31/66 and rour letter. 4/14/68. :·~ · ·· · ~
The
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and
stro,
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ca -, emphasize the control of .
Castro '°'1Cr the Movim.iento Pro Jndependencia de Puerto Jllco. ·
·., , · It was felt that .the cnrtoon·would have some effect among the
t ~··· ..~ . . . ·-:-~.less enthusiastic members of the ltovimiento Pro lndependencla
....,
de Puerto Rico and among other Jndepondontlsts who are not
affiliated with the Uovim1ento Pro Indcpcndencla de :
Puerto B1co. It wns also intended that. the cartoon would
poke fun a t - a n d place him in a defensive position.
It 1s bolievcciti'.iatii cartoon should be simple and limited to .
one central idea. Your ideas c o ~ a cartoon depicting .. ·. :
b · ~-:·,:-(·.-as
healthy a n d - a s b e namic
d and .·:.:
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b-enbout to use a knife on
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merit and you s ou
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evelop these ideas for separa e. cartoons
to be used subsequcntl7 in tho Counterintelligence ·p,rograa. .. :···· ·
.< ·: . .
.
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Your comments and suggestions as to the possible .
benefits of the above-mentioned cartoon among the.less.
.. ..._-:.·,
'
enthusiastic Movimicnto Pro lndependcncia de Puerto B1co ·. ~.- · _:..,.
members and other lndependentlsts are requested. If JOU
··
agree that the idea of the cartoon would be effective. submit
any suggested changes bearing in mind that the cartoon aust
be simple and direct·--~~~-,
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'l'WE: lam ,~• ··
(5)
MAJU'.QA
tAAY 4. 1966
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Letter to~SAC~ San Juan
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE F
: }15?~124
.
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NarE CONTINUED:
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superimposed on a map of Puerto Rico •. In addition, Bureau· hil~ ~~\·,. -~':-~..
previously suggested counterintelli ence tactics to San Jua~ · ·J~.'.),fi{it
to widen the known breach between
In
. .~.:,-;.·,.~ ·\:v·
.San Juan's reply, it suggested com n ng
e
by ;·
·_·:·._,-:.;;·.-_.. :·
having the donkey with head o~....a.holding a dagger b~·one · ··._:;:-~·:_.
boot 1 . n
o - c ting knife ~ back of donkey bearing .:,..'<)·. ·
head ot
In addition, San Juan states there is a d,_·:··~~·•.•.. ·
marked
o bent throughout. the rank and tile of the .· < ~
: _·_ ·.., _.
ltovimiento Indcpendencia de ·puerto Rico and a tactic implying - .---::··~
pro-C:>.stro sentiments would have .no ef.fect vi thin the
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organization.
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.·The above would imply that the MPIPR lea
·.-.,-\_··/~~ ,was firmly. controlled by,Cuba, that an unhealt~
was··being removed by the dynamic and obe.die
at the direction of
O and would serve o po n
s=~·1e rift between
in addition to
~<="'~--: .' •.
the CASTRO-Cuba contro
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If significant results are obtained from this:{.< (·~ : : -.--...:c· •.· ~
measure., it could be followed by other tactics of' similar
nature, in addition to usage of the established "Grupo_ .:: ..... -···
Pro Uso Voto" method to further any ri:fts developed.
.
.
Bureau authority is solicited to put the above
tactic into e:rtect.
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If Bureau approval is granted, Bureau should · · _· · ~ ·. _:·. ·-:-r
request the Exhibit Section to prepare 500 copies of · · . _._~.-=·.r·~·~-~.~-~-:~
·
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AGUA0ll.Ll:I\
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�year
e
ommonwea th governmen
announce
ar er
s-~
ts annual date .- ·::1::,~11
for voters registration and immediately the principal subversiveJ
inelepen~cncc group,Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico,,·,~~t~t
(Puerto Rican Independence Movement) (MPIPR )., decided to 1n1 tiate :_.-~:a powerful drive to prevent its members and all Puerto Ricans -·:··.
from registering to vote
est
st • S.
ton
of Puert
1
S-..: , ,; ~ .'.:c:.•.• • .,.: _: ~-':.. • -·: ~·:;:;";' _;......,.:. : _~-'· - 'W··~:':_:.. __,._ :f: '.:',,:.;:::.":!,":':.:~ .;;"::.;.:
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poli t1cal column, quoted f'r'-'m considerable portions ot the ::-f:7::[.':~;:,~~\:~t
leaflet and co1DD1ented that cl -?arly the authors of it were ti/Yr:~;_r_:?+;_;·;·.
good Puerto. Rico.no who desir~d and were willing to tight·· · · · . .~
for iru,cp~nd~n··,. l.~1;.itir,~•!"'\y. The maximum leader or the .: .>··'. · .. · ·
Jt.il'li'n, who !,., ·: -~:.... ·•.d • uave ·himself named to the permanent :"":};;.;~~ ·~.'!~:\~1
top lcadrr·~i,lp by :·· .. accla1m~at1on, in a phony draft, revised ..._~:: .~:·~·-·
his plans and continued in interim capacity. 'The MPIPR
.- ... ;.
learlcrship_ privately believed that leaders or the legitimate· ·. _.. · · ·
pa1·ty in Puerto Rico were responsibl~ for the leaflet while
. ..
they told their ro.nk and tile followers that it was the ._. ·.. --:' .. :::
work ot the police.
.
•
.
; .' ,. ' ~->:if),/1~
The legitimate independence group which had been ·.-leaning dangerously toward association with the MPIPR., broke · . _..
away completely and indicated its members would register to
:/
vote and they condemned the MPIPR publicly in.a press
conference. The MPIPR retaliated by branding the legitimate
indepen~ence leaders as traitors.
~·
~§
.
..,
. ·[:t::::::ti;:es::r~~ ~a~:~n!:m~ii:;:p~d?l{~~a,Y,~~~ t~JJ~ri:
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· Sources reported general disruption in.the ranks
ot the MPIPR and other independence groups and the leaders
were reportedly upset over the ridicule made or them.
..
The issuance or this leaflet seriously disrupted
the MPIPR leaders and their program and it is significant to
note that there was no drop in the projected number ot
· -re 1
s 1nd1cat1n their ro
failure •
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n~IIG ..llfD!:PDD~CEFOR PUERTCLJtICO
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COmrl'ERIHTELLiriDCE-PROGR&II
(SUBVERSIVE COHTROL BECTIO!'), - · ·.
(ii •
'
The "San Juan Star" issue of 3/9/66 contained
editorial which reads as follows:
· · , · ·'-· ·
' .
. .. ~ ->/\~·_;. ·. ;·_-~>: .: ;('.,:;;~;~Love Affair
!'
The Puerto Rico Pro-Independence.
. .. '. .
Movement (PIK) opened• permanent office tn . :... ..
Bavana last night and the bead of .the PIK'•
mission in Cuba hailed the event aa·an
official recognitionn by Cuba of his group's
efforts to divorce Puerto Bico from the
United States.
.
..
Kore often than not a divorce ls
sought because one or the other of the_pDrtners
bas• new love. ID this case the divorce would ~;
be followed by a quick aarriage, apparentlJ', ·. -:_
between Puerto Rico and Caatro '• Cuba. . .
·· ~·
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MAR 311966
•
COMM·FSI
In line with the theme of the editorial, the Bureau ·
desires thit 7ou consider the following disruptive ta~tic . . , . .
which :la designed to further lmplJ that the llovimiento Pro ·_·, . ·
lndependencia de Puerto Rico is dominated by Fidel Castro •
. In amateurish appearing leaflet prep~red by.the Exhibit Section.
of the Bureau would be aailed anonymoualJ in Puerto Rico to
independentists selected bJ your office. Thia proposed
leaflet would contain a trol
A-•·-eys with
beads of
and·· ·
stro as the driver
p. Thia would be superimposed on a
~.
rough up of Puerto Rico and would contain the caption .:·: -: · ·· · ....
· ::.~. -·~:_
-~ - - •st! La independencia para los puertorlquenoa." ·
- · ·t .
TNtw
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�Memorandum
ro
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DAT&f
:DIRECTOR, FBI {105-66754) {105_-8078?Vc
SAN JUAN
iR~~
{105-3353) _(105-3733)
. .. ~
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l~BJE~RQUPS SEEKING I~ENDE~9~_FQ8._P._1!_~RTQ_fil~~ _ _-_ -. :
·.
. IS-PRN;
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. . · ·: . .
,L__;_-- • .CUBAN_ 1NTELLIGENCE ACTIV'ITIES IN THE UNITED STATES. - ·. -: · . : ~ /-!=~..~"'l'rf1S-r: ~r-.1.?.ClES.:
1.ifrl ;iz~n C\S!~".:~
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~Y!~~-;-~P.OUTIN~~·:Re-:BU1PtS
p!'1rrc:) ~!'t~. . ~' ~ ' )
to San Jµan,.11/8,
.
11fu~:,,1? 1 "0,;f5;~hrence to suggestions
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8l'ld
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15/66. ,-,
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instructions arising
\. f;om the two-day conference on Puerto Rican National.1st matters,·
• and instructions set out in referenced Bulets, and in line with
'~thinking of the SJO concerning the apparent danger or violence
i from Puerto Rican separatists, particularly members of the ·
'\ MOVIMI.Et{TO PRO-INDEPENDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO (Puerto Rican · ·.
4~Independence Movement) {MPIPR), the_followuig action has
S~been _taken:
. . ·-
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· '· ~
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and
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With regard to the missions of the MPIPR 1n the
.. r~San "Ju~ Metropolitan area and in outlying cities and towns
~ '4~throughout the island, active investigation is presently
·
jbeing conducted . concerning these miss ions t.o detennine the
·.
~. ~ ~ extent of the _activity of each and every mission. When it
i t
is detennined that a mission is active, investigation is being
~ ~ ~ expanded to detennine the organization, membership., funds
..
~~-... and activities or each mission.
To date it has been .
~\, ~ ·aetennined that there are approximately 4o active missions and
h invest!gation is moving forward to determine the extent or. .
, ~ .._ activitity and details listed above. Where appropriate,
\!.: , .s_eparate investigations have been initiated on the identified
, ~ ~ officers of the missions to determine the extent of their
' : , activities and verification of their official status. Upon
t
completion of investigatio~-~r fficers, recommenda~ion.
~or
·-_
~t I.
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(1 - 105-3733)
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(1 - 105-3401 MPIPR)
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105-3353; 105-3733
·placing these individuals on the
made where. deemed appropriate.
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To date:, with regard to ·the active members of the· ___ -~~ ,.-·.
missions, investigation has •been· pointed toward identifying · .>;: .'.
th~se mempers, with the eventual aim to conduct separat~
vestigations concerning all highly active members.
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The San Juan Office .recogn es the ~portance, the ....
extreme need and desirability f"or the program., however, .due.,;··:~··-~·
to a la.ck of manpower wbo can devote their full time and ... · J/ · :·,-' ,\_,
attention to this program at the present time., definite
·· . ., ~- -_
plans for implementing this program have·not yet been·.
ma.de. Manpower needs will be commented on later. The
-,..
survey, however, is continuing concerning the above listed.
individuals.
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:~DD. ·Juan
(105-3353 Sub ·1)
Director, FBI (~~~~931~)
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_(SOB~SIVB COHRCL BE~~. . .
·• .• .
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1
·Relffalr el.dated 3/23/68 captioned
Espionage - Cuba.">·.·;·· =.,.......
·,
concernin
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ears that information contained ··1n· ·~alrtel
aay present a
disse~aio
...
·.
· :~·-:,-:..:.=:~·:..--~···. .·.,.. ·
··.-
arl Bras and
Tou should sive this !IStter aerloua thous
and .fu
e . -.{·;~;/~f~
Bureau rour observations 11111ediate1,. Any plan devised would ~~--/::::;·:;i7
have to be long-range ln nature. At ·this p o l n
tt-would
t
._~_.~ .. ·. . ~·~~:·/
appoar that causing Marl Bras to believe that
18 subtlJ · ·.
attempting to underm.ind lfari Bras' position as
r of tile ·.... :·{_. <"·
Kovimlento Pro Indepondencia de Puerto Rico would·have tile ·
desired effect. Following this, you would, of course, have
to seize upon additional o p p ~ i e s to keop Marl Bras'
distrust and/or jealou&J ot-,growing. · ...
-.
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. Both Karl Bras a n d - a r ~ in S1iiit·
ari Bras--<~..:.- . :~···
is acting Secretary General ~ I P R and
recent1,/: ;. _.:~·-·.·_· . :~~-bedded a delegation to the Tri-Continental Co erence in
-_
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a1rtel 2/10/66 ·and
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JU8.11
Spanish language leaflet pl'oJ).Dal!ld-l in ·re San Juan -·:; . . !>.- _~-..
·and authorized 1n Bureau ai·rtel was mailed under· _ . ··~~··/~~
· · secure conditio~s at .B~amon _and )Oil~yn&bo•!!Puer~~ Ric!), -~-_-;i_·?~t:::tfi~~j
Pebruarv
· · .••••
- ·. ~-" 'Zl and 28
. , 1
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--._.- : -'/···
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Reaction to the leaflet was immediate.~: res~t~·.:·; -.· :
exceeded all expectations.
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·
- ·
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.... :. ·.t\·= . { ·,:}:.J 1tF~f-:'t\
. ·. who ·_ 1s the local newspaperman mentioned in
Juan· airtel.: { .
who was as aulted bf members of the FUPI on t e University~~:';~·:.)\
t;,
-~
ico (UPRJ campus on February 4., 1966., quoted the·~·--:~::·:~
.\ ·. · ; r the leaflet verbat1m1 point1ng out that although --.:..·..:
.--f ).:f:~~;-: .
JU
claims that the MPIPR represents the ideals \\~\· ~
ff _~~~~-~..~~,=:-\; ':-~ ot t _e people and ·hence._. does not ~eed; votes because '.the v~~~/{,.:-.-:
·:.-t. :'···~---~.--·_means·noth1ng . 1n Pue~to. Rico, not all members,of:.the MPI ·:1,.~-~·· ;.::·
,:- ..~. "?· 7 · ', ·reel the same way as ev:td.enced by the leaflet put·.~t .~r...:._::}/.~·?.
. ·p --!/.......
a group within the MPI. 0. · .. ·
··
· : ... iJ ·.·~:·.:.:':~ .. : ~:-~ ~· .. _:: .. / . •
;:··.
. .:,•.~_-;
.~.·:· ·_-~:;. \~;-.·. -_:'_..
i
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. _~,.',: ,. _~. .. ·\ ·
~~......-i.
4
,~
·:·
Two copies ot a translation of SANTIH's col~··:~--~,;,;.;:.:,
attached tor the Bureau and one tor Rew York. for examination~fr~!
· · 1'
:,_, ·· :
l ·:: , ~ · .
·1~·· th;:<::._:. ~::/
·
The March 4., 1966., edition ot "El Hund~•
0
column states that ·Havana radio had _recently /;f,//.
MPI had ,called ·an emergency general a.ssembl.y on ..,.;-;.~/i).~
~ •;.--~:-i,.,... -.. ~. ·. · February 27 ~ 1966., to .organize the tight against ·the colonial ·.-. ·
~ .:.~: -· · ... · plebi:cite and that the MPI had declared the. "Yankee· 1mperialis~
rr
...
had started a campaign in tavor of the p~ebkite which must·· '·
r
be counteracted. The inference in the column was that the ;~. t.;
•
Cuban government had a great deal to do with the tormulation ,. ·3 '
f
ot MPIPR policy.,/
. ; :::·Y-1·/-_..·. >- ·· ~.~'xrasrondo
· .t\ '~.t"l. ·;: stated t~e
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. Bearing 11(.mind 'the !~b~~ ~~~~ti~n
placing .of ihe b~ame of the ·.leaflet on PI~ y 'u
5
· ::\ .,. _\ ~·~-.
-:. - . •. . .
ed that! only recent~ PIP P.r..e.sident
;.,.:·!'..;: ·
had publicly endorsed MPI policy regar
• :::·-i:
o onialist plebiscites~~
. . , · ·
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The March 2, 1966., edition of "El Imparcial~• anot~er~
Spanish l~age daily newspaper f.Ublished in San Juan, · _.... ·(~ ~,~
.
carried banner headlines stating 'The PIP Repudiates MPI Call".,
:. :·· .
and ... states the PIP at Ponce., ·Puerto Rico., on that date had . \.~... ~
.. :.\./.·.,·-~ · ·: · repudiated the MPI __ call for abstention in the v~t~~;'s ~-·':>_::\,~_~:~·if.
.•-....
-. · _ . registration
drive
scheduled tor March 6,. 1966. , _,. ~. . --·-·· .~., :,..
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The March 4., 1966, ·.edition ot "El Mundo" carried . ·. ""
an article which stated that PIP .Yl.ce .President. ~CI~CO --·
USOHI at a press conference on March 2, 1966, at Ponce, ·
uerto Rico~ had condemned the MPI and the FUPI with
_
reference to the electoral boycott campaign,say1ng independence·
should be ac~eved democratically..
:· · . . . · .
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March- .8, i966., ed1 tion of "El· Dia".,· a Spanish·.;· :·,·- -~. -:
:: ;, '.t ·. · -. • language newspaper published daily at Ponce, Puerto Rico.,; · ·: ~ __ ;._·-:.,.
;- .. , ~
· carried an article captioned "MPI Calls PIP Leaders Traitors"• -:,<-.
. ""<.:·._~;
which states that on March 7, 1966, MPI leaders ass~mbled _-.. ·
··
at MPI headquarters 1n Rio Piedras., Puerto Rico, and issued;.._:. ·
an off'icial statement to the effect that for refusing to .:
. ·. ·::;
participate 1n the MPI. electoral boycott, the leadership
of the PIP had become traitors to Puerto Rico.
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Noting that "El Mundo"is the oldest~'· largest·~~ most~--::":.~~-respected n~wspaper in Puerto Rico with _a circulation approach..;,f!p.·.~·~-· . .
. . 1ng 2()0.,000 and additionally is decidedly pro-United Sta~t?s1··/>\·_'. ·,
l,.. 'i.· · ·• ·. '·. and noting also ths.t Puerto Ricans in general have· been· . ~.. J ·•· ··,, .: .:
closely following the· aftermath ·or "Tr~ondon columnist . . ·.. - : ..
SANTIH's assault at the UPR., it is .certain that ·the text.of· . ·- .·
the leaflet brought to the attention ot·the general public
._.
the idea the MPI has split factionally within.
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Additionally the open battle now raging between MPI. -. _.:.1
··.·
the measure ot unity previously achieved between 'the two i ·<{.·t ,.
groups, but 1t,has brought public attenti~n to .the ritq ·... · ·,.>.~· \·
and it appears assured this.will serve to deteat any e£torts -· ·
to unity the ~wo groups tor ~ome time to come owing to the
fiery tempelb.ent ot Latina in general as related to
.
· ·
politics.
and ...J>IP leadership has obviously not only served to destroy ._·_ ··
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The tact that the island's three Spanish language
.
newspapers "El Mundo", "El .Imparcial" with an average circulation··
or 70Jooo, and ' t El Dia" with a oirculation numbering 28.,000, ~-all carried blow by blow descriptions ot the developing rift .. ' ·., ·
· between the MPI and the PIP1 thus bringing the conflict to ..
some 300,000 people throughout the island, gives the assurance·
that the general public is now aware or the behind~the-scenes
maneuvering ot key leaders in both groups and any individuals
supporting the independence cause in Puerto Rico are likely
to resist any further efforts to unity the two organizations~
••
..
·
~,
'
. .
In addition the fact that MPI youth leade
as mentioned specifically in the leaflet,as qu "Trasf'ondo" column., has further focused attention on the
FUPI and its:·.: questionable activities both upon and outside the
UPR campus, will certainly result in public condemnation or
the organization, it being noted that several FUPI leaders.
are already racing disciplinary action at the University .'~:. ··
i~e~~!e:;1:;~1r invo~vement in the ~sault on
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In summation. results ot this ·1eatlet, both "direct·~and 1nd1rect~exceeded all expectations from the standpoint
that a powerplay by JUAN MARI BRAS to regain the ·key leadership ·i·,.-~: ·..
position 0£ the MPI was _unequ1vocably defeated and all-· .. ··/\,:.-::?·\1#i
~~. ~;- ':. suc.cesses achieved in! the past toward upitying t~e . ;~IP; ~~?.=:¼:~(~E;z
, ·.d~. ~- ~- · ..... the·. MPIPR were .destroyed ·-:;.:•." r.: .· · •• ·; - •.~· · · ··-~1 :. .-;· •· , ~ · ':!,.> --;:-:,·:-~-~ .··-·,;·:: .•·.··
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.The situation will be· carefully obse~ed·.
for. ~the;~~-·-:.~~.
opportunities to exploit the split between the MPIPR and
the PIP. ,
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-rras:;n:;~L A. :ANT: · ..· t.::'.: :·~;(t.tli:fi\i~
From "El Mundo••, March 3, 1066
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How that we are talking .about registrations, listed ;\·.:·· · _:... :
·to what the lawyer JUAN lfA11I BRAS, Secretary General of tile.:.-.- · ·:~·.:·:r·(,_'.~'.
......
llov.1m1en_to Pro Independencia (IndependeDCe Movement) (IIPI) . .' _\.·\:./
· _. .
. : · ._ ·.}(-.. ~ .....···~ a~1d d_ur.1ng Sunday'a ~onv!n~ion~
:· ·
"We don't have to .£0 aakiDg for tbe people•s·vote~,·- .
beclluse we are the able represontativea of tbe people. It .-.- r.
is 11ot the statistics of oDe vote what decides the people'• -: :. !· . : ·
representation; because it is not the true expression, which · ~ . ·_
should be the people'• will, it it 1s channeled by tbe created·
interests.
. . · . ·. ·· "~ · :· ,
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"Thia asseably very well could represent ~.·. ,it1,(;~.' ;:,,.··:· ·
people, for coming here represents a challenge of a body ot . f : · .
' repressiqna bet ore tbe greatest inJur7 brought upon any
_· f . · ·.._, _
country in history."
·
}'
t
This is what KARI BRAS ·aald •
i .,. .. .
Let~. not talk ab~t Cuba. _ .
. .·
~ , · : ·' ,_;\{/'.
But ,re:_·ti·~vt( toi'11a1 that the JIPI aeetlng could t~ke .. -.·l ~f. .
.... -,.,_
. place because ,ro live ill a democratic countr,- where tbe · ... ·. ·· .-~ . ·.. · ·
right of freedom of speech and .-asaemblJ·:18 guaranteed, even · : : ·
.....;
to thoaa who try to destro7 it.
.
. . . ... -;. · i' 1··-
.
.
.
- I. .
But not all aembera ~t th~ :.at'I havo .KARI BB.AS'
point of view.
...
In the 11:PI thore ls a group using tho slogan "Wake up Puorto Rican - Use 7our Vote!"
-·:- : -~·;·
The "MPI Group for tbe Use of tie Vote" says: ·
•we who want iDdepeadence have to unite and vote for.
We thought we :w~re ::: rid of our leader when be left · . .;...:::. ·:. ~
DoJl PEDRO'a funeral in a quiver, but bare be is again, afterl":·t.·~~ ...
d~g ~way ~itb the feeble tigu~ehead be bad put over.us~.'.~~ ·,.,.
t
It.
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f
· · \ ·~ - . ·· .... "We are no nearer Jadependence DOW ,although our._~...
.· ' . . . .
·~_.JI ~
leader• bave traveled tbroaghout .the world, ~Eenaibly on .f:. :~_t·t.- · ·
behalf of independence. IDStaad, we of the ut0pendence · : · .·. -- .
aoveaent ·are beld up in d ~ bJ ~he . actions .of ~~r
t~.t.} . . .
y~
j,- >1;;;··'':i:K;_i;{ .
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.~~M~~~4.i~~~~~
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1'RAHS
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�.·"Weare ashaaed of our FDPI youth and la1 the blaae
squarely on our young leader and his associates •. Certainly·
PEREZ an~ IRI.ZARilYre not typical Puerto Ricans.~ ••
,·
.\. ·.. ·, ./
-
.
.
.
:? ;._·t_.~~:·{) .· . .
..,·;;:. · ·
,.-.:·
I. ··-·
..
.··. "Let's 'have 1••~- Junkets to ... to~k, ·zurope, .
and Asia on 'international• a1saions I and aore honest
responsible work to acb1e_ve our dl'eaa of ·an independent
:fatherland."
I,
These are the ones who belietQ 1D registrations,
votes, and the democratic process •.
.
~
·
... I ... \~
They are eood Puerto Ricans ••••
. -·
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··' Fr<n1 · "Bf Mundo", March 3, 1966
......5'' ·.. :": .
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''Trasf ondo"
b7 MIGUEL A. SANTIH
...
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-
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Now that we are talking. about registrations, listen
__ .
· to what the lawyer JUAN MAB.I BRAS, Secretary General of the .,:· ~-. ·.~_. ... ,._
Mov.imie~to P.ro Independencia (Independence llove11ent) (KPl) ~-.:. ·. ~~/ ·- ..
. ~ .. · .; . eaid_ ~uring Sunday's convention:
.. :~ .. :·~.: /.;..,.· --~·
~-
"We don•t have to go asking for the people'• votes; .. _··.<··
because we are the able representatives of the people. It · · ·>· '· ·
is not the statistics of one vote what decides the people'• :-:.. ·.
representation; because it is not the true expression, which·.·
should be the people's •111, if it is channeled by the created.
1nterei,.ts.
··.:· ·-'\\·.·.>-·
"Tbis assembly very well could represent tbe · ·.. · ~ _/.. ·\~./-;. ··i
people, tor coming here represents a challenge of a body of
repressions before the greatest injury brought upon any
country in history."
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This is vbat KARI BRAS said.
Let ta mot talk about Cuba.
.
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But ,re
place because we
right of freedom
to those who try
.
.
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. ; .--~·. . ~: ;;- -?):;: -:· .
have to aay that the IIPI aeetlng could take. ·::'·_~~-:~ ·
live 1D a democratic country where the ·
··.':.·.· .._
of epaech and: assembly ·1s gua_ranteed, even - > ·· ·
to destroy it.
....
But not all ms!:lbers c.d' the
point of view.
.
an,1 t.aive
II.ARI
.
BRAS' .·• ' . ·. ;·. · ·_
In the IIPI thore is a group using tho slogan "Wake up Puerto Rican - Use J'OUr Vote!"
·
The ..KPI Group for the Use of 1be Vote" says:
"We who want .independence have to unite and vote for, ..
l t. We thought ,re wer~ ·. rid of our leador when he left "·-. :;,; ..=.·; .:
n PEDRO's funeral in a quiver, but here be is again, aft~1+~>-:"_.
d 1111 away with the teeble figurehead he bad put over us.·-:-~· ~..:t;··_--.-.
..
·, .· ;
.
.
: ·. -.:,(::. ~(:.->·::.
;?·...~·.=· ·~ ·.... ·-:: _. "We are no nearer independence now altbough_our \ ~->··: ·
:::::·.:~.:·
leader• have 'traveled throughout the world, dstenslbl:, OD~~~-,;·/\··.-.: _.
behalf of independence. Instead• we of 'the ialtpendence . ·. ·. ·. : .
movement are held up 1D disgrace by t
a~tions of ou~. ,.outh ~· .
1
TRAKS: ~
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in.the FU.PI, who are the very
responsibly fer independence.
''We are ashamed of our FtTPI youth and lay t~e blame
squarelydon ou~n?oung leader a nd _his astsociates. Certainly _...._·. ::_·:·,:-.~!.?:PEREZ an IRIZAnAYre not typ 1ca 1 Puer o Ricans....
--~
.
'
.
.
.
. "Let's have less junkets to Bew York, Europe,
.; and Asia on 'international' a!ssioDs, and more honest
responsible work to achieve our dream of an independent
(
:
fatherland."
These are the ones who be11twe in ~egistrations, ..::. ---~~::·.. :-;.
votes~ and tbe democratic process •
.
·t···
. .,
.;..·
i'·
.....
They are good Puerto Ricans ••••
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To:
SAC, San Juan
From:
J>irect~r, J"BJ
(105-3353, Sub 1)
REC 20
·
·
(105-9~124) ....__.
I' ..,.
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...,,,.
'GROUPS SEEl:INO INDEPENDENCE roa PUEJtTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCB .PROGRAII
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
•• t.-l
Jteurairtel 2/10/86.·
..,.:
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•
~ ~
,
•
..
Bureau authority is granted to prepare and mail the
recommended leaflet ln the Spanish language as recommended 1.n . ., . .-._'1/~
referenced letter.
·
· · ·,
You must insure that th~ leaflet wlli be prepared and:-·/
mailed ln aucb a manner that 1t cannot be traced back to the
Bureau or.any of its employees. Advise the Bureau of results. · -
I.
TWK:crbe t-\,
(5)
"
"
JlOTE:
The proposed leaflet ls a continuation of the counterintelligence program against the Puerto Rican Independence ~·;. .· .
Movement (IIPIPR). The leaflet is designed to expand existing·
dissension within the ranks of the 11.PIPR and to counteract the
effects of the proposed electoral boycott of tbe forthcoming
plebiscite concerning the status of Puerto Rico. The leaflet
ls also designed to show the IIPIPB control over and·responsibilit3
. for the acts of the Federation of University Students for ~
· Independence. although leaders of the JIPIPB have recently .
t
'
publlcally denied such control and responsibility. Tbe leaflet
,
will be put out under the·name of a fictitious group (Group
\~.,. _ _ . t. or Use of the Vote in the IIPIPR); this is the same name ~hat
J ~ - -· , h~s been used in-other leaflets which have been ~ery successfu~
,Act___ in disrupting the activities of_ the. KPIP_!l.~;, ..._-· . ._.· · ,..,_. ·
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�DIRECTOR,_FBI (105-93124)
TO:
FROM:
.
SUBJECT~
SAC.,
SAN JUAN
(105-3353,. Sub 1) .
. ··
Q GROUPS
SEEKING INDEPE~ENCE FOR PUERTO RICO~•~_,
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM .
,·
· .
· / .
( SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
(00;
•
SAN ~AH)
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By way ot background in this matter, the following ·
points..... should be noted:
.,
/
.
The MOVIMIENTO PRO-INDEPENDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO :: ·
(PUerto Rican Independence Movement))(MPIPR), with JUAN MARI
BRAS as the principal architect,. conducted an abortive
· ·.
electoral strike campaign in l9b4, with the final result
.
in substance being that the PARTIDO INDEPENDENTISTA PUERTORRIQUENO (Independence Party or· Puerto Rico) (PIP), dropped
its share of the total vote cast to the point where it no ·
longer is a legally constituted political party 1n Puerto
Rico.
·
t
'·
.
•
.
During the Tenth Annual Congress or the FEDERACION
:..~:._. ·
DE U?lIVERSITARIOS PRO-INDEPENDENCIA (Federation of University/.,.>
Students for Independence) (FUPI) held on 10/11/65, the MPIPR, . : ... ,
or the
"- ~
:·
~
~
,. assured itself of control and direction
.t.. · · - b r
.!')g MPIPR youth leader
· ~- ~to the positions of
( 1- ~ pectively.
~,i ·(i,:
Bureau (RM}
. ~, \~~'il·1:- New York (105-32872) (RM) (Info)
_ :l ,- .~ 1 - -San Juan
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'l'he text
or the proposed leaflet
is as £ollows: · .
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··.:: •.: ~·.nDESPTER'"i.BORICUA.-~DEFIENDE~T.n
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(Wake Up ·Puerto Rican Defend What
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nwell, they•Ve dolle it again~ During th{last':i/';·~/?" ..
~ .~:. t:,: .. , . elections our ·young leader and his intellectual henchmen:>\' . ;.-,!~ f\,..:. ,. : ,
. ~.·. !=~4-:l ~(. tt_ruined our treasury and took· a11 · our money ~,in a fu:t11e ~,:-.. .~f~~1i, ,.;if;~.::~:-<
~ .. {i\"'-_,:;:-.;1_~,~t.em~:t:.to. ~e.e~ ;-Pu~ry-~ -~R~~.an~.,-~~~m...v~t;ng.: ~-, ~t·;.~_~ta~~-~~J./f~~) ·:t./·;:'.t\
• ·i;::l--.:"'.f ..·•• ·:-- ·4!>._ ~: ..... -=· !·:~ ...;:.:.; ~ .~: ."".·
:i: > · . _,. , · • ~- ~-·'· ~ :: : ..·.. .' -~-..· .. .·~ :"" ...... -~. ~ C~-~--~ ·:'!-. !'.'. -~·· ~.,,-~/ .. : :~:;; _.: .:
:;.=.i;:!-',!:·-~;:...;.:~ :;:__.:···='.' · . :-:·"Now our ·youthful: lea·der is at it again and wants·:1~i-J.:-t~}/
~ L:--/~(:· ·
us to abstain from plebiscite voting., 1n .fact, any voting· at· .>':'i··\·~ ;·
~·.-, ;j ·: }(· ~ , all. Haven I t he and the Bald Eagle learned their lesson?,~-~.:·-~-.:._·.~ .. :.' ·
·l
nwe. wh; Want ~dependence inUst
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·un1fi ·~~~- V~~~/;~;:~t. ·.·
We .thought we were rid .ot our ·leader when he quit .1n-a huft~·~:~,'/),;;_::~iJ~.
I ·:~..J,.t.-.~,~; . at Don~Pedro•s funeral, but here he is back again after .shQulder..;/L:'~:
:~ · .}i\. -;-: ~· 1ng .asid~, ~he. a1~1ng f'1gu.r~h~~d he .P~t. ove~.. us_.t;.:.=r.;~1!?-:.i)~?;.~:~tJ;~:-~;~;;;~/::=:
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-~- ·<t _:·.:.·.- ;_·. ·) ····.·-.: .. · "we· are ·no nearer ·independence now although.'o~...,;:·(~~--·.;. __.~· 1'~~
.. ; ·
. leaders have traveled throughout the world, ostensibly on .· · :'.:·_ . ;t> . :.
~
behalf of' independence. Instead, we of the independence
-· ·
}
movement are held up in disgrace by the actions or our youth .~_.:.
in the FUPI who are the very ones who should be struggling
.... <:-- . . .
~~. ·responsibly_tor independence.
We are ashamed or our. FUPI .,::~:,:>·,:!:-::-:·.(.
·t. ·;1~;!-r~.. . .~·. youth and lay the blame: sq-arel
on o u r - o
leadei:-_~ ,in~· h1
.. a.-:-i,:\~_.f::.,.;;.;:_-,__·:
~: ·--~fr,.'fr:':\associ~tes..-:_ Certainly Fat
and:.
are .not?: -~YP.1~a~./..t"!.,,r~··:
·... '.';;~L... : .'! • Puerto. Rican young· men ~- -bu
are·
oodl~ ;·:.-~·:"~!~~!,J;;\,=.- ·.:
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· ,"i:~F/.·:· :··.;: · · . . . "Let •s have less hooliganism and expense~paid~~~-::~\}:~~).'.'\-·
1
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junkets ·to New York., Europe, and Asia on· 1 internat1onal~·~:.;.. :.'-~ :.. ~:\::. -~
.\·:·. \ · · missions and more honest responsible work to achieve 9ur dream ·: ·
;:·:_~]?"'· ·· .. ot an independent fatherland. · ·
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"Wake up.,· Puerto Rican, Make Use of the Vote! ..·) ::·_.· !:
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"GRUPO PRO USO
As ,has
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DEL MPI
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been done in the past., we propose t~. mai~_ · .: \'··
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Another MPIPR leader writing in their weekly lett~r.
commented 1n a guarded way that the MPIPR vae going to :t>•. '-·.:>~: ~-~ ·· 1
·::,· .....:·... more ·c1rcumapect in 41acuaa1ng ita activities betore. ;~·., <'i1·l ,...,.: :·. _. · .
. •: . .t-' ... >;~ t he Unite_d .Rations a 1nee . the7. ~1 d ~ot wish ·t o .&\Iver.ti. a.e""•'-?::.,-·'l. ~:.~·:;:~·/1:;·~:~.f
;\ . • · their activities to the ene?llY'.
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It 1a clear trom the above that the leaflet··
.,
he.a struck the MPIPR taithtul. particularly at the. leadership :.·.:....:. ,..
·1evel., with ~iemay ~c! has aerved to disrupt t~em and-'~:.:::!f:t::t,~:.~\;'::f\!'~
prevent them from joining torcea with .the Anti ...Coloniallat~~-.;· ~.·:,:·, .. ·
Congress •. Both ot ,these groups are anti-United. States··:;.:=.\.<~·:~·/>::·-·.--:.
and our leatlet has aharpl;r reduced any progress they . : .· . ·· _- : . . :
.might have toward unity.
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Memorandum
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SUBJEcr:
•
,. '
··
DmECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
·u.t;y:
.
"s~ct. SAN
JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
t't.
C, .
.
. ·-·
{J GROUPS SEEKING J:NDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO :m:co .
.:
.
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
., ~
:
.
. .~
· {SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTIOB) .
(00: SJ)
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The article written by
, of'· the New York~-·:~M1&1on of' the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto . :,. _.: ,:
Rico {Puerto Rican Independence Movement) (MPIPR) which . -·_:.)
appeared in "Soulbook"., Volume 1. Ro. 3., has been care- ·t·/< .·
fully reviewed by the _San Juan Of'tice (SJO) and the
~., ..'-'.-- ...
following conclusions have been reached: .
..· ~
\ .. · - ~:
1. Although the article was released without
. ~
.
prior approval by MPIPR leadership it. 1n ge~al,· follows
throughout the basic policy and guide lines already
establ1$hed by the MPIPR with reference to published
.
propaganda. Indeed, the statistics quoted 1n the article_ .. _:·.:
referring to prostitution and drug addiction are almost·. ·; · · ., ,:_
identical to fiijures published 1n the past 1n the MPIPR .- ·. . ·-:
organ 11 CJ.aridad •
·· · · . · ·
The statements regarding the testing of nuclear ·.
weapons and experiments on political prisoners hae
also been prominent in MPIPR ·pzopaganda 1n Puerto Rico •.
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Re New York airtel to the Bureau., 11/30/65; Bureau
letter to· New York., 12/29/65.
.
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SJ 105-3353 Sub 1
....
. . ..
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In short, the average Puerto Rican, while adniittedly··proud·t .: .~.· ....
of ht Spanish heritage, makes little effort to claim pure ·
Caucasian ancestry.
....
..
~·"·.~ ~.
·~.:.
With the above 1n mind, it appears to the SJO ·
f1 •
_that although the cowiterintelligence measure suggested
by the Hew York Off.ice. probably would achieve desirable
results with regard to
nimseU', the likelihood ot advanc-
.
1
!~:½:fo!
~ ~r~:ig: i~: ;~~:r~:a~~~;v:tice . );:,;,_;~~
the article 1n q u e ~ s basically and fundamentally · : . ··~·-··.:--~-~-~~
~tt!
1
anti-U. s. and .wail.d be accepted as such by the rank.and _:.·· ·· . . (--·_ ...
tile MPIPR membership.
The attention ot the Bureau and Hew York is drawn
to the addendum at the bottom ot Page 213 of nsoulbook•
.
above, immed:llte]y following the end ot the English version.
or the article in question., verein an excerpt from "The
·
Life and St1n2ggles or Negro Toilers 11 by GEORGE PADMORE.
is quoted to the effect that in spite.of declarations to
the contrary, negroes ot the La.tin American Republics do not
enjoy an economic., social and political equality 1n those
Republics.
.
ii
·
The Hew York Office might consider the possibility
of a propaganda leaflet directed both at the New York
MPIPR Mission members and to chosen individuals e.mong =
the Hack Nationalist .groups· in Hew York City, ostensibly
written by an anonymous member ot ·the New York Mission.,
iri which attention woul.d be drawn to the fact that although
"Soulbook" Volume 1., No. 3, carried an article supporting
Puerto Rican independence., the very fact that the article
was immediately :followed by the· ·above-mentioned addendum.,
suggests that.the black Nationalist movement does not
truly support Puerto Rican independence because it accuses
Latins ot hypocritically practicing racial d1scr1m.1nation.
Possibly., the above outlined leaflet would prove ·-~3~i-- -~· :-·
: · effective 1n creating a greater rift between the MPIPR /~.:~/.< · ·
: 1n Hew York and the black Nationalist movement., thus ·. · ·\·~>\.- · ·
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ROSERT I ILLWlS: ;,. lift f tGURE ON ST ;.G[ Atf) SCREEN .
,
Recently The TourinQ .rtists Group (TlG) In Les lngeles 1 Cat If, be;an
presenting, I{ te ~ust Live,, three act iapresslonist -ey by Frardt Green··
•ttod. The pleyls~e~ Robert 11 I J ius and the Bl 2ck peapl e of Monroe,
horth Carolina's 1ltttant stn,99le •v2inst lu Klux Klan end f.B.I. terror •
On the ether side of the 9lobe, at alaost the sue tlae, • Pekin; fif•
studio produced a 70 alr"1te docueent2ry entitled: Rebert ll!lia•s In Chin~.
It covers Ur. and Mrs. Robert 1.1111111 recent taurofthe hoples•iepublic
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The Cuban FIia Institute· has further utilized the taier.ts---,nifback:·
9round of Brother lllllau. Clth his help thty hue just finished reproducing I docunnt1rr en the Uroaa1;dcan freedor. stn,vole.
~
Goc;d I uck ln,.1our- ne• c,,.eer, Ro·b, at least •e kno• you •JI I do 1
better job In potr1yin; 81ac~ a1scuflnity than hally•~od or brcad1ay!.
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"The .op~c~e oi :i storm le haunting the Wem~m V/orld. Its foreboding pre~
sence is being felt in the gre:?.t capitals from Rome to Bonn to Paris. to Brussels
t~ London, ecro!;s'tbe / . .tfantic to N3w York ::.nd·f/a.chington, across the Pncific
to Uelbo~ne &nd mdney: thg spectre of a &toru1 i~ brev.ing on the horizons of
.'
th
·st:iunchly-Black intsllectu~l !"~ll r.nd :lnellings thru:;t thia 13- . .·
r,ti.mnte observntion bafore th3 oft-deceived J~Iroo.meric::!D people. J,
one,
· ~"1:.
was :;~pticcl of this ·~pectre of a storr_·: '. It \V3.:; Frantz FC-.t,on who ha.ck~d to
Ji~ C3S my uncer..a.inty r.bout this in:?xor~bfo s~a.rcb of the Third World to oo
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.Ai~r reading the YJ..r..PJ£.h!.2 .QJ .Tlt.9 ~~!'..ti!..• I v.':l.nt3d to r~d cv\?r)~ ·
by, and about, this Black man par exc~llcnce. Yes·. he W:?.s ~ man b.lc~use
he wrote with coul'tl.gcot1.S hone:::ty; :m.d h~ could know renlity bee2usc _he v,~ born
:B~ck. I felt that by knowing his essertion.s mad 2bout his cnpn.city to tell th~ truth
that somehow I might '1xorciae myseU froru many of the p..tcril3 myths of my often ambiguou~, but prograsoing life.
Ee.ch &entance Fl?.non pl:ic\?d on tha p:!f;3 fa lik:! spd<cn rosen, but when 2ll unsu:;pecting r~ad~r allow:; it'to .anter into hfa mind it exploci$ like e bomb v.ith e.
creative vioh:racc th:!.t omashes one ·to th2 cr:>und of rc:1lity.. Listen t~ another
emmitfant Black ll:lrti.n.iquais paint w an a propos portrait of Fanon 's uniqus
style of writin~ ••J_l\\"t:.ys. ev~rywhere. the s::une lucidity. the sruno forc:!fullness, tho cnme (earl~~sness or ml:l.lysis, the snme ::lpirit or 'sC2Ddalous' damystific:i.tion.••2 •
,
·
Ye:;, the proof of th3 puddin& is in the eating. I.& I dige~ted the souner-lik3
~ow of Fano~'s wor:!io his !scam:talous' truth d:!.otroy3d score::; of my ~ite-~:.
••
••
•
'
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bsted untrutha 1 dfatortion~ o.nd doubts tlbout th::!.t u.-iiverscl :norm of Black, Bro,vn,
't!!
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~
.~
_ ..:_ ___ Ycllow.i>.}oplc:l ...... Th:!.nk You Brothsr-·
Frantz.
· ··
ow I mu&t tell y~u som~thing e.b!>ut thia
;
.
11.~ ~osa b ook. Las Der.in~:; Do ~
:t-
· ~:·. '·.- :-. " ··
·.. Te r r e • I have Ju:;t finished r~nding for the
ird tim3: . ·
4
- . .fr~.F~on v.u born in )t25 in Fort De
Fr~c..?, Martinique, 'Frencb'v!~ct lndi'3s.
Although h3 ro~d medicin:? at Ui~ Dorbonne,.
2nd later Cp3cialized in Poychiatry, coverthe leas he once said; "I ·don't. gh'G e. drunn
2.b:>ut Europ~. its culture a.rad diplomeo, or
the in:;tituti:>ns it toleret~s which are just so
m~y instrumantc of domin2.Uon. w~ should
chuck out that gnrb2.gc and t:: 11 ours::lvas \\'t!
hev3 nothfr1g to los3 by doing so. Olh~rwi&e, no lib~r::.tion is p:>ssibla!"3:- OJ.ring t
'World 'Wu II even, though ·he ·wns ::tudying a.t th:? Univorsity of P2ris he found time
to work ·with f .!!:!!:.!!.£~ J._J!l~~LIL~. Although 1:?.t?r -- if not at this cmrly <121!
. :·tf i
-- h~ had S3rious dis:igr3cm:mt:; With th ·s group OV'?r th~ con!!.?Pt of Nagritud3. · .. ·:"
.
t.'13y ~J3n1~d to 2.lw~.ys hav? had the utm~st respect f:Jr Fanon. Upon Fanon'3
·
tragic daath in )£61 th~ fath~r or Negritude. /Jma c!b.i~e. sum.mod up the ,~1ing~ of th~ m~jority of the let.d:!r::; of the
u d as no i r as wh~n h~ ·s:?.id: -"Fenon
is d~~d. 7.a kn·:?w tor months th:!.t h:: V."3.S going to die 1• but we v.·2r~ hoping against
~u ren::;on, baca.u:;e v.-e kn~w him to be resolute end so ~:;sentit.1 to our horiz ,n or
tt.t!!l, th::;.t :1oma miracb would tr1l.nspir3. 11 4.
.
In 1£52 Fanon 's first book Paeu N.lir~, r~~::?sgue Bln.ncs (Bl:ack ~:in, 'Whits ;:~::kc
-- it ic supposad to publiGhcd in ~nelish soon by Grov13 Fre::s) \\":l.S publishad in
Parle. lmmedi:!.toly cltcr thnt h~ :l~..rted working =.s a p:;ychi:itrict in Bl~da, JJ- ·
g:,ria. 1/h'2n th~ Algerian v.u lr.:>k~ out, be join~d tl13 F. L. N.; but hi? :Jtill foond
tii:lc t:> speak-in Fuis in 1956 at th3 First Congr3s:; of Black Writers. H~ '\\'2!; alG:> th~ Chi~f :Edit:>r or th~ F·: L. N. n~,7spap'7!r. E.J.. 1'[ o u d-i t. hi d and during th~
s:u-n<? pjriod ha wrote n.nothar bc.Jk, Y!!nr ~ of th~ /Jg~rit".n ~ ,•olution • In 19SO h~
l>~c::una ona of tl1e lendGrs of tho /.Jgerian Frovisiom:.l Guv~rnm~nt. :md th~n h3 --·-· -· ··----,~nt off to Gh:-n"' to become /.Jg~ri:! 's /a.mb2.scador to that country.
It ic rcport~d th::t in 1£61. upon barning th::t h~ hn.d leu;ami::. he n;araly laugh3d,
::ma uitly expr:,ss3d conc~rn nbout '\\"h3tb~r he had till!~ to cornpfat~ his \\Titine'C
(h3 wee et the time workinr; on Th~ 7.'r~tcb~d or th~ Zr:.rU~:t.a,d .of cours3 \\~h~thJr
h3 w.:,uld e~t th:; ~2.!..t'!._&1..i.!l: to di~ or. th~ bnt!bficld fighting for th~ F. !... H.
et
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M:?.y~ hi:; .contcn1pt for d.!~th at thet timo \\':t3 ::. consoqu::nco ·.:,r the re.ct t!int:.
~~;,
.he···. d faced it t 'W::> tini::s bc:(orc 1 ·nnd \?:lCb tim~ 11'1. had lcapod
lls devouring··
·;
recp1~e. Th~ first tim~ bis joop r:l.li O\"Cr n mine ncnr U1c Alg.::ri:ui-:r.,~oroocm .111:-- 3
Frontier nnd
cmerg'3d_ ~ith. tw~lvc fr~cturcd v~rtcbrac 1 com1>lic2.tcd by p~a- :- · ...
legia 2nd ~phi~ct~r:tl di?;rders. Th~ &~COild Um~ l1c wo.s in Rom~ wli"cn th3 ~-·----·-/·, .·
·
which
be \W.S to ridj ,v:u; wir~d ,..,iU1 cxpbsivcD. by th~ "R~d
H~'1d''
( ..th3
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group-Of:Fl'ench ta~ro~ists -who murdcroo the: ·cam~rounicn p:?.triot 1 Brothor·F'3li.x_ · . ·
lJbun1ie) •. but t1:c bomb c:~~;.cl~d pr.:-:annturcly,· mi3sf~18 l3rothcr_ Fanon. but~~
·, I
1ng 2 lt2luw Ch1Idrcn pfaymg n~nr tl-.c c..~.. .
· ··
. · ·.· ·- ·.= :_:" :: .-..i: ·: :· \ i
But no n10.tror ,vh~n Fr:2...'1lz F:uion diod pl1ysiccl.ly lli:; ,.-itings
oo~n kept. ·: .
:~
nlive and are being cnshrine:d into tha psych'-'S of tb~ ll3W B~ack rcvolutiorahrics..:= ~_5~"./.' ~:~
They have infi:un~d th~ intoUcctual circles of all Froncb-sp.Jnking A£rica; 2nd ·
· .j
I pr~dict a similnr bte for his mcss:?g\) in the r.:::ct of the 'Third World' _.:. In·5t
c luding J...fro:1morica •
· ·
·
·
·1
But not only nrc hi:1 work·s of import:inc~ tu tbj ~xilcd Afri~.ns in th~ \\\?st.om
.
·~
wi:>rld 1 but tha fact th:?.t Fan~ was nlso 2. momhilr or th~ !orc~d dir.spor~ mnkes .. ~ ··.
. hitn a criticnl example for young Bl3ck· /:.mcricans. We
~hr~icrilly
ours~lves 'Whnt is /.i.frica to us ?' We want to know l1ow we could pos:ibly b.? of
any b?nafit to the 'follohin'. 't!WlJir'Js', 'mt·:>uchnblcs' nnd o.11 the other 'Soul
Brothers' of tho univor::;~. /..gain it's C3s::!irc· who points lo~ rutSwor:
·ovor
0
ho
h~,·~
arc
asking·_-:... .
•ranon pr~b~b'r ,~?r~d to such hr.i9hts ~nd •~s pc,s~essbd of so •Ide
2 horiznn because he •as e ~~t lndien, ac3nin9 th~t ~ stirtEd froa so
I o•h end n>.rre, a b3sis. Uaybc· it us ~resssry tc bt• trttt lnd:in, thd
Is, to be so destituti>Cf• so d~personafiicd, in order tc 9~ ffll"th aith·such
ardour to the conquest of oneself end of pl~nitudt; Lest Indian, this Is
to say, so a,5tificd In the begiMing ~s tc finalJJ be abl~ t~ expcse the
aost secrrt aotives of Dystific~tion, •nd •ith such a-.st~rr: finilly, ,~st
Indian tc b£ up,bl e of so forcefull )' e~c,ping fros i•potcnq b)· action;
fr-ca sol ltude br fr~ternity.• 5.
Althoogh C~a.ir.3 spank:; h~rc of the •,'/~st Indie.n, it is npp:'?..ront fro~ th~ conor his ramnrks that he i:, suggasting tll:it 11lt!.llkmd fa oblig'1d to oo l~d by the
dispersed or Ethiopia, tl1c h:!w'3r.c or stra~t corn.::r rn~Jacs, :md dra.w~r.::: of white.
racist pat.3rn:i.lism. He is z:;a.ying th~t it i:; \\'~. who er~ ox.il~d from s~U and homo""."
I.and. arc ~st abb to •set cloot a new m:m.'; :md th:!t it was Frruitz F:inon who
illustrates our potcntit!.l. •••• Th:tnk You Broth er Frantz
l nm going to disc~::. th~ 1!!:_~~~_g ~ th£. Zartl,1 :
text
�.··:-.. · .. .c:_-:_
.:/·_f·
.,
/1 c')Uf)l~ of c-,m.r.ncnts ::,.re in
ordor in rogard:l to th~ Eneli::.h
tr
k
on by c~nstanca Farr.: ·
in-., n oft.!..!. ·~~El_g_~=!.. :Q.£ :
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T-~~-'L· On the wh-,lc it is
go.... . But th~ra arc two problems
thnt·~-~br d3cisivJ con.fusion: on3 is the "'ord "n2tive"
~,
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end tho othar is 'N-.leroism. ••.
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...... ~- ·
Fanon in the original did not say HJ 'indifI:;nc" which is trru1slnt~d "Th~n,tifiv~". .
Whn.t h~. did G:i.y W?..fi 11 10 coloni:;a" which is translabd as •.1tha coloniz.~d. 11 Tbara
is nn obviOl!,G • bic diffaranci! b~twa,3n "The nativ~·· t'!.lld "th.~ col,:>nizad". Translatiu.g N.:eritud~ int·.:> "Nceroism" is cbng~rous becnus" it loads to a gr~o.tcr D"J.sund~r::rt.nnd!ng of :! schi::>ot ·..,r tll"'1ght th::it ic nlr.la.dy micund3rsl·:x>d in th:, English
cp~cld.,p;
. wcrld. My opinion is that It !ih~uld h:lvc b.:l~n bft in th~ Fr~nch wh~n it
.\\'2.C put into th.: En~linh ~xt.
~:/bcn Fao:,n's bovk \\~ first publi::hcd in Pari~. Fr-.Jnch liberals fat loose
tli~ir h=.e; of trit~. c.mbie;u~us oo.rr~c3 upon it. sa.)i:1e; tl1at it \\'t!S t~~ full of 11 vi~lonc~ t'.nd _hatr~d," or th~t Fan~n mieht be guilty of "r~cism in r~v:)rGc." Inci dcnhlly th~ Fr~nch O'Jv~rnmcnt ::;upscquantly b~nncd tho book.
In th~ U.S. ~o lib~r:,.ls :!.r~ giving the: b:,ok similt!.r tr~atm:mt : J-:o.r:,ld Js!?.3C3,
"th~ n')n-r.!Gpo:1sibl3 folbw -tr:?.v<=for" or Blnck thL"llt~rs has nppt!.r~ntly bJan
er .:>\V!l.?d th~ cc.strnt~r or Fr:llltz Ftmon.
lt in ir-.,nic thnt in his r~vi~w ::cD:i.)-6 • :>f F:?.n:>n's b;:>k Immc.s s::iv.!s his m:>st
c:iuotic rom?.rkz for Gartrc's intr~uction t:> th:; b:>jlt~ Is3~cn snys! • Sc.rt ,r
&:neon ~r~nd Fan ::n Uk,:; !l:l excited srn:?.11 sntyr •.. " This i::; ironic b.::cnusi?
~~th- 3t!.rtr~ :::.nd I:::::l:1cs h:?v~ cft:.?n ( or t:, b::? mor~ pr~c-is:?. a~rtr~ i>ft.?n nnd
Isc.c.cs virtually ~11 the timo) ro:m ill_~ ~z~rv~rs, ::tt::rnpting to :lll:llyz.~ ~din• tlrprot Black p~oplcs' th~gb~. But thara is n gcn~ric diffor~nca b~twccm white
intallcctu~l S..~rtr~ nnd whits cgc-h.::cd Ifi=:1:ic:;: I::c...-.,ee h3!:i 4ln:ion\•.::>r3d to d~f:>li:i.tc: ·
1?.11 blossomin~ progra::.civ.:: Bhck i:b~ -- with a str~sr; on J~fro:»Ll::!ric:!ll on.,js;
hoW3\'2r. ·:;..1.11rc h:?.!i tried, 2.lwo.yc l::> honestly int::;rpr..::t tlJ~ b~:.uty a..."ld :lignific:?..,c~
of Bl~ck p::opl;:s' lit.crc.1l.?r.:: end p:>liticc.l th3ory v.ith:,ut t:.:llin~ l!S th:it w~ &h.::,u11
w::.nt sor.:'!-Jthine different. 7 • (But thi::; doos n:>t imp1y th:!1. Black p~:,pl~ need
S~tre t" ·i.~t...::11,r~t f :r :! ..:-m; t ....1. 'r!;~it~ p3:-;>l...: n~cd Sartr~ to sh-:>w th~rn why th3y
ara tl:1c mo~t ho.tad group of pocpb in "ha Unive:rnc.,c.nd prob:?.bly b~yond ·.)In .
this cont2""1. we c:1i.--i -- c.lthou3-'1 we arz not o!>li~od to, -- nppr"'ciate S:lrtre'c dyDc"?.reic, Wld~rst~nclinz p.:-vfac!); ood Ukcwioc. n.U ~r !:;~~cs' thorou~hly trit~ ancl
cond:?c cndinr; rcmnrks should ~ ncor:.i~j, ~nd t.'l.:,1 br~citt~n.
/.lth09J{¥l w~ mu=;t cu:;poct -- r:1t~1cr th~'i r.:r:·.--:c.~ -- Is~:ico' p.x:iti:.n.
9
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! ::!1;:i~:~zc he:
~-'1f-
~nflu~:·:~~st
~
: ~ : ~ w:igc a r.isol.ub camp!Ugn t1g1U11St his obst~:.i~ on Bia~
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rev~·~~ ,:::_.,:". :;i
th3t
consib:~~~
th~ n3lvc.~sr~
fo!l~ or pot rrnalisµc whl~a _libor :1~. 'lt~ncc for our confu~vd brothe::.rs' aake . _~-~ ~.
i
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'11en Isaacs looks ct F:m~n th.rough his lioorol-sc:,pe be s~es, e.ll kinds of - ........ ~.--< '· ·····. i;..t
take..:?~fs_~·~-~ucccssion or ~ld and blurry yondcrn. '~ Although it is tru~ that :..
~
much of Fanon's thoughts aro incomplot.:l (is thiG a.mazing wban the man know he · ___ · ;.·· · ·,..·!1
was racing e.g:i.inst daatb to finish this book ?) , ho is qui1'? _consist~nt \\ith his
·· .·. ·
... :;
~.:~r..- . ./.
· two main themes:. ·
•Nos,
the
'fel hh',
·
· ·
· ··
:ff
- . . · :-·~: .. ..,·: · · ·: · · -,
the untaployed a:iin; the: starving hit ive do not hr ,··chfa to the· .. _'
the truth for they~ the truth ..•(p.34)
_:--~
:·~-
.!!t that ther represent
The Otllcr focus of interest is:
truth; ther do not
}.
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8
...
·.·:
:•.
fhe natfonallst •flttant •ho had fled froa the to•n fn disgust •••discovers tn
real action a new fora of 'polit(cal activity •hich in no •ar reseebfes the.aid.
These politics •re national, revolutionary tnd social and these oea f1ct$ which the
na~ Ive •ill no• coae to know ex 1st only In act iM. Jhey are the essence of the fight
•hfch explodes the old colonial truths and rcwealr unexs,ccted f!'lltcts, •hich brinqs Gal
ne• meanf~gs ~nd plr.,cfnts the contradictions ca1oufl~9ed by these facts ••• Vi~lence
alone, violence coa~lttf)(f by the people, violence cr91nfzed ,nd rduc,ted br Its le,ders,
and 9ives the ker to thea.· IJTHOUT lH.:.T l~O;;LEDGE CJ TH[ PR~CTIC[ Cf ACTIO~, THERE'S
NGlHING BUT A fl.NCr-ORESS PAR;.f;[
TH( BL~R[ CJ TH[ TIWl!PfTS.• i. 117 (eaph~sts added
by bf).
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So when one rands F:mon's mantarpfoc~ h~ chould kcop in mind th~so :?nlightening pasnng~s; they ar~ tha contain~rs that ~nclooe th:: babr.::gcnous iru:ir;bta
that are spre::id lilt.J ,vild!ir~ .tbr:JUrth lhio · lnc\lnd.iary book.
Js2acs says th::it F~on is saying ill~t vi ~bnc~ is the only v.,ay to win mnr.hooc:l.
It is very tru..-, th3t Fanon is convin~d that viol~nca is th3 ~£.st arm of · :..c c~lonized that -can ha used agninst tho coloniali::.t bnrb:lrity; ha is also convincad that
violance is of maximum sociol~cal value oocause 'the colonized's violcn~ unifies th\: people; and at the level of psychology: 'if freon tha native from his inf~riority compl~x and from.his dcspnir nnd inactfan; it mnkos.him foerloss and restores his self-rc:Jpoct.' But Fa.non fs quick to c:tll a h!!.lt t~ g2n~r:ilizeti0:l.S:
•
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Imo, for sure tod~y th~t In .\loerla the ·test of force u~s lnevlbble; but other countries
through the-work of chrification undertT>kcm by a pad~ led their people to the s11•e results ..•i,S4
. Isaacs says that "it ic not ·13asy to·play Fnnon's game •• (???? -:--kmf) ••• •ithout
·a ccor"card to bll you who tha pit!.ycrs ara •••• 11 But Is::.:1cs' bins to b:,urg~~izo
-:,verything Black proscribos him from seeing that Fanon obviously d:>~6 n\lt-givc- ---·----. n hot damn what the nt'.ln:JS of the play~rs arc in tha (cont. p. 168)
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contest of humanity against inhumanity.· In fact Fnnon throws quid pro ,quc.,
.-~
for the insipid Is~cs :ind hi:: ilk :
.
.
•1n ,1rdcr to arri,~ ,t this c~nuplion ~f t~ p,rty, arc •v~t -.bo.-,. lltf dd r.ursehH _·of
·
.
thRer?' •cshrn, ~v1trr bwrg~Gis al'd t~refore ccntap\iou\ ittitude thd the nu ere In- ··-~~--- :·~._-...,., :;-_<· ·
u . bl~ of ~ovcrn1ng thc,a&ehec. In hd ~q,trlcnu pro,cs th1r the. •ass.es undetth~
·. _: · ·
PE. f ectl J the· •od crcipl icated probl eu.•(p.tSO)
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Sd..F_e.riQ.Uci..11,9nc of th:! mo~t nstonishing sections or his book, goes on to give
~yriad examples from his Algcri~n cxp~rienca to prove this point. But he states · .
that th~rc is one hitch: "lt i::; tru~ that if en.re ·is tcl(;ln to uso only language that is .
understood. by graduates· in law and economics. you C2Jl ca::.dly prove that tha musoc
hnv~ to hp managed from cl>ovc. But if you speak tha lr!nguage or every day; tb:m
you will ·realize thnt the masses arc quick to s~izc 2vcry Ghed;? of .meaning-~.:! to
]c:irn all th~ tricks of th~ trade. ''(p . 151} To be sure th:! signific2nce·is not mi:.;s.3d
-- ev3n by those who need 'scorocc.rc:b' -- he goos on to say: "Everything can ha . .' .
explained to tha pe:ople on tho single condition that you r~ely ~~t- th::m to undar·~ ~- ·: ~-.
stand.•• (p.151)
\Vhil.a I am ::;pe2king of lead~rs it is not.e·worthy thnt Fan on 's s~orcward gives
u:: the n~ccts3ry und-~rs~anding to fill Afroamcric3 1S ocor3card on its fictitious
>.frorun.::rican politic:11 l·~nd~rahip (pn.rticu]arly if we ~pply his crit~ri2. to their
gem~ just before, during c.nd dtcr the 19G4 H:u-lem 'riots.'); :md hi: :.tlso_cooks us
som~ food for thought vis-::1-vis the pozt-ind~pcnden~ Kcnyim situation:
•;.h-.t h the rc!::tion of the r.,t ion2I ist p~rtiu to this Erupt ion of the pc1sar.t 11::,:ses
intc t~ naiion.:\I stru~glc? ••• Th~y dfm't oppose the_ ct1ntinuir,g d the rebellion, tiut thty
tontent th;:=se-lvn •ith leavin~ it t<' the· sponhnf:OU$ 1dion c;i t~ ccuntrr people •••••
Thcr de n~t g~ into the countryside to «tuc:tc the ptoplc pcliti,2fly, or t~ incre~se their
aurc·r,e3S or put the stru99ie intc " hi~her ltvcl. 1'11 thty do is tr hq,~ th~t, c,rridd
on•~rd$ by il$ o•n •tJDcntu~, the actien of the pcopl~ •ill not cca.! to~ stand~till •• In ~cn,a
for e1anplE, during thr aau•a,-u r~bpflion, net I singit •el•-kno~n mtion1.li,t declared his
effili~ticn sith the covraent, or eve~. to defend the afn involved in it.• pp. 9l-S4 .
�.·:_·;·:?:r/:%\~;~~~i~;~;rf\:/(;:(//·-:· •·:;::t::;;;
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''Fanon wants no part of any kind or counter-racism. -no p~1rt o[ Nccri!udc.·.... >, - -~
..... no part of a "Black culture," no part o[ leanlng on specious glorifications of · ,:
/.;.
tl,e pas;- •• " Isaac.s d~s it
lie uses ~s Pseu~o-~:ikill in serroonizing. 011 <: . -, .:_h
~in!
r
~~- 'de;:: :, ·. ~~
qu~et;:::~hat Fanon is very ~onseious of the a~ that imper~ali:m
val d' the glorious past of Africa. And he, as much as Senghor~ CesaJre ~
.-J ·...;tJ
J. It. Rogers is convinced of the historical necessity of studying the history ~f . _. :" i · _.-'j
the bolore~les of the world, and particularly Bla~k people studying their ··.::-~~ :·<_1 ... ;~
own history regar.~less of what nati?n-s~te they ~ght live f~. But b~ goes on~ . ::: --/
say that the colonized intellectual "1s o'::.l1ged to dissect the heart of his people.~~ ..·
•j
(p.171) So he carries this line of reasonibg further and observes that often those
. ::
1· ··
who profess to tear themselves away from western culture embrace. rather pretentiously ,. a {cw "outer garments" of traditional African life (sandles, etc. )i !Jut ·
he otserves that what these intellectuals are concerned with cannot bring them to· •
an understanding in order •to measure thcr~:il situation which the men and ~·omen
j ·..
of his country know.' (p .. 180) He adds that when the people take it upon themselves(~.-;-:~~·l~\
to struggle against their colonial oppressors their "principles of custom" arc un-.: ·
dergoing radical changes, mainly because these same principles during colonialism acted as "saicguards11 (roughly defensive mechanisms) and during the struggle it i& yiolcnce and/or political action 'Which become tha "saicguards0 • Thus he
- .
comes to the conclusion that at this critical period when the masses are looking
.,,
toward the future, th~ intellectual "par2doxically turns toward the past and a.way·
from n ~ i.-ual events. " 8.
Although there: might be room for argument on this pro,•ocative View, this
argument do3'3 nothing to substantiate Isaacs' claim that Fanon 11 \\.'ants no pn.rt ·of f
•
Negritude.° Fanon gives other arguments on the failings of Negritude, (e.g. cul- I
I
ture should be primarily national ~ a d or supra-national), but in .the final :ma.1ysis Fanon·docs no mor3 than point out the contradictions. in a dialectical sanse,
1
of much· or the ever-changing-multi-interpreted conc~pt (style?) of Negrituda.
I
Other than lsazcs there arc other white int~llcctu::ils who treat Fanon \\'ith more
respect. but who seem to be more interested in "Donnoybrooks" than oocolonization. They say ·Fanon underrates the degree of culturcl continuity v.ilich exists be..::
tween prc-colonia.1 ::md post-colonial J,Jric:i. For exrunplc, "All African phenomena -- even dancing -- are to him functions of colonfalism. "9. Fanon doos not
say -- nor does his position imply -- th~t dance end posscs:;ion P..rc products of
coloni2.llsm: What ha does say is th:it tha subm~rged aggressivity (thn.t muscui .
lar n..odcn which tha obstacle of colonialism accentunt2s .tow:.rds motion. but beI
fore th~ n.nti-colonial m:rugglc it is generally expend.:-d on othar colonized, or in
tJ1c culture of th~ col~nizcd) of the colonized is (cont. on p!?.gc- 17l))
1
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freeman 171
ca.nalizad in the dance and tlto possessions. Thus ha is not questioning Ul~ fact :,
of
of the pattern of the traditional life; but ~e is stating that in this ·:·: ·-·-~·-· ."':3- heir 'principles' (that is.the attitudes of the particip.3:fltS as opposed t~ th(? ._,·.. ·_ -,. _-·.: _.:_.
for and content :>f the culture:) to an important degree have bc3n radically trans-~~-:,
for ed. He later says that th.3 struggle for decolonization doos the following to ~ ·
··
the CUlturaUi_Ca.of the people: "And the youth of a colonized country, gro\\iDg up - .~. in an atnioshore of shot and fira, may wall make c mock or, and docs not hositate ·
to pout scorn up·:>n the zombies of his ancest~rs.· the daad wh!» rise again·; ·and th.::,
djinns \\'ho ru • h .into your body v.'hile you yawn. Th e native di s cover ·s r ca}.;.
it y and transforms it i n to t be pattern ·of hi s customs , into the.. .
. practice of yiolcnce and into his plan for Freedom. ''(p. 46; emphasis added by kmf)
.It is of prime importanc~ to understand that Fanon not only ·do~s not under- . .
estimate: th~ cultural continuity which exists betw~en pre-colonial. colonial and ·" ~- \
post-colonial Africa, but in fact ha exalts the? banner of traditional Africa contro- '"·
vcrsially high:
1
e·rvival
1
1 1hc
;J...
iOf"'
p~asant sh~ stays put defEnds his triditior.s stubbornJ1, and in
1
cclonized society stands
the disciplined ele•ent •ho interests lie ln aaintaioir,g the s~cial structure.' (p.90)
Ho goos on to say :
•Jhese •en (rc~OJuticnaricS 1ho hav£ bEen CJIJed frc:a th~ city ••• kr.f) discover a CC~ent peo,fe
(ihe peasants •• ~cf) wh, gc on living, 1s it •ire staticelly, but •ho kei!J) thffr toril values and
their dev,-.t:on tc the nation fnhd. Ttaty dhcc·ver I pEoph th\t Is generous. ready tc s1crifitc
theascltet c~plctelr, an fap!tient pecple, sith a stcney pride.' (pp. 101-02)
F:mon (like S~ou Toura) se~s much or the peasants' preserved customs as of
prime importance in th~ proc~ss of d~colonization:
•Jht •erory of tht: an1•:ol oniel period Is ,·ery lliU:h 11 ive in the wi!hges. where 1.0tten still
cr~on i~ their children 1E ears tongs t~ •hich thE. •trriors e:tched •hen they •ent out to fight
their cnnq~erers. At 12 or 13 y,ars of age ihE: villaQe thildren kno, the nues cf tt4 aid aen
. •he •ere in the last risin~, end the drEass they drzaa in thr 1daurs• or ir. ine villeges are net
• thou of 1c.u1ey er ol gdt ing thr!:1.IQh their c12u I Ike the children rif .the tc•n.s; but dreMS of
fdentific2tion sith sme rebel Of"' ,n~ther, the atorr still tod?r aoves t~s tc- tears.• (p.92)
Now I am going to turn to an entirely difforent aspect of Fanonismo: J
facl that I should help clear up misunderstandings and d~!stroy d,:.dib~r:!.tc di~:>rtions of his views; I also feel obligat..?d to·present li:gitim:ite i:Xcuscs for him in
light of tha fact that ha died prematur~ly, so that many of his ,,irtualy posthu.:.n:,us
ideas a.ra incomplete; but I •.ill nevor adul:..ta hin1. He himself crystallizad m::my
.. of my rr~cxisting doubts about the "cult of the pcrs~nality." So now I come to a
crucial subject which I fool his id~as (cont. p. 172)
.i
�172 freeman
.-,
need elaboration nnd modific~tion.
.
F~on's exp~ricncc with Afro~mericans from the U.S. w:?s Jarg~ly confinQd . ~·- ·-.·::.-u .:.. .:_:t
small scg-mcnt of A!ro:?.mcricnn int3llectut.fo: tho.tis the Ricbud Wrights,.{~·!?-·: ,- :j
tc _f~orcer Cook:i (who \\':!S reportedly in a st.etc 0~ ~rtual shock Wh3D 1 ·at tho.:·:::~;( ~· ·,~··l:·~~ :·:.,
~56 Black Writers -Conference, Aima Cc:::;nira told hint thnt tho B1ack /~3rlc:m ·· · .·. . -..)
l}vod in a semi-colonial statue. ) wbicl1 Fnnon cnrne: in· ~..,n~ct with at the 2 Jnbr~..~ .. J .1i~•.~.::
natlon~tack Writers Conferences. ThOEC Blacks arc. in tha m:?in, the prc:,t:ig. . ..~;";'
onists of th~ 1intcgratio11ists' position. Th:!t is, ·broadly spo:ikinfI, tboy folt that
. ~-·.1
life's grc3test tras3ur~
in gaining :id.n-.Jssion into tho •privcl~ged circle,:;' of
·.::,'; c
·,.
our -white American oppressors; #!Dd also they r~j<:ct the view (or ho.v~ never
f
seriou::;ly considarcd it) th~t politically, economically, and historically Black
:::t-;,
America. 1 s part of the 'Third World' -- even th~gh it is a far~ minority goo- . · . ~-:1
gra.phicnlly imprisoned in.side tho 'first world.'
. ·1
· Even v.ith this mnjor h:lllclic3p Fanon notes th~ they (the Blacks in North, Cant\:tf(
trcl nnd ~in Amcrice) di::iplay a need to •:ittach thomoalvcs to c. cultural matrix;
c
and in this sansc "Th~ir problem is not funda.rracntnlly difforent from th::.t or the . . , =·~Jf(li
AfriC2Jls. ·~ (p.17 4) Now it is apparent that F:mon \\'nS rc:icfing to tbesc 1 \\irlt~- · · ··......
.,.:.~ '\
I , ..
ncgToos' \\·hen h~ perceives the obvious that intcr:,.ciel movements (which try to
; • ~~ 1
pess thams~lvcs off c.s Black org:llliz.ntionn) ·which e.rc tryinc to climin~tc rncial
: ... I
discriminetion have "very littk in common, in their principles nnd obj~"t.1.ives,
~ ·. · l
w.ith the ht::roic fight of 1he Angoln.n people ng~nst the d::Lcst2.blc Portugu~so co1
Joni::ilism." (p.17 4)
J
1
In regards to the fo.tt~r I bcli~v~ tluit Ft!raon would hnvc r.:?3ctcd in 2Jl entirely
1
difforent m2.rut~r if he would hnv~ h~d r..n intullcctunl rapport '\\ith th~ n~w inbI
llcctunl 'Soul Brother' thnt is now impri::;onod in the domestic "'~lls of c 1 i m'
p Crin 1i s m O y n I\ qui • Rolland Sn~lling::; pooti C:'!lly .points to this dif!crance
. 1
botw~n the Bbck Amaric:ms FMon ~lkod with, nnd tho on~s Fr.non E_h_o~~1
ba,,e ~lked with:
-
ra
·'
0
l~y
1.·
•f hcr :( th..: Mroa&trlr::n routh .. hf) ,re the products t'f "n cpt"ch of f ntern,th,n~t
fiui ,nd feroent 1 ,nd ~s such, sr.-? alaost tot.~11.r P.ftn·NJt-d free. thr N.Stlcrl:,:: 1 ~tti•
tucfos end I cpl ties sh"r;d by thf 11ldtr gt'ner:atioos af Aire--~, ric:-r:t. Ed"'; children
t1f th.anqc. bu,:ncd by th fir-es of ch='r,·Jt? 1 thl'r reflect !nci etil,od: 'tt-.c ticn stNWy .
at•o~l).ht:rt.,,r.o" r.tCif\., in 1he: 1rorld I ll.
·•
So I :isl" wnet wo,.ua h.·wc been ~nnon'o re~ction to those Bfacks lik~ the~
Broth~r Malcolm X or Do~~ld Frccm.r..o 'Who sc·-' /Jroruncrica es en cxtonsion or
the Third \''lorld; who sac th:: c"'-ploit'.!tion of the A!ro~mcrice. :is e. sfatc of doma·stic colonic.lism (thz.t is in this insl:mcc, in place of tho usu~ method of nn
impcri:?.list power csbblishing:? colony in e. nonindustri::i.li2cd society, the u.n.
brought l3facks to th\? U.S. from (cont. p. 173)
I
.•
•
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.
.
�.
The ubiquitoos probl~m or undordevcloped ·
c01mtrfos being sb~ckfod to n w::.3lc£0 c~icn.turc of
.a b:>urg.eosic, which Fa.non \\Titos so dcvnsL"\tingly
about, i:::; one of the m~in problems a£ the liborn.Uon
mov~m~nt in /a.froruncric3.. War; it not ln.rgcly arcprec~nt.~ti:>n of' th~sc 'int:;rmcdiaric::' bctwc3n U.S.
Fin:lllcc cap. t :.1 :ind tbc Afron..mcricrm mnsscs which
ga\'~ F:mon, et best, a di::;brtcd picture of Bl!l.ck
Am~ric:l?
The point or the matter is thnt whnt Fanon is
s:!ying ~b:,ut th:>se Africn.ns, Asio.ns and L:l.tin
Americans who 'w~t n_othing m:>rc thnn t., be a tra.ncminsi:>n lin~ for wcst~rn c~pitalism' was o eid about
the ,white) house nigger.a' of Black Am9rica by E ..
·Fr~lin Frazier (but ha much lc~G revolutionary
conte>...1} in bis cfassic Bl~ck Bourg_~oisie ..
L.:,t me t."\ko off v.ith F:?.non's frn.mew:>rk nnd cx:?.m~nc oome of the cruci~l p!!.rnll~ls that indica.ta th..~t
J:..Croomeri_ca is~ part of the B::?.ndung world:
In much the sam~ w:iy ~l:· '·in tbc colonized territories, tl1c b::,urg3;:,is catte dr:::.ws its ctrength a.ft.er indap:mdcnce chiefly from agr3am~nr.::. r.!achod \\ith th~
former coloninl power," (p.142) Civil rights bills :;md
ouprcmc ~·:>urt d~cisions giv~ p:l\vcr ~nd pr3stig~ t·~ the
b:>Ur-gcois-ori:mt~~ Am~ricon N~gro leadership.
.
•i
f
-~-
�174 fro_;mM
<@ :·.
"':·_,.·
. B',)th of th~sa 'b:,urgc,:>isies' were crci'.1:od for th:: ult.an:ttc benefit jf tho EU?o.:.
pe~ :md hi~ Amcric:m d:lsccndonts. It 1>r°'4:cts 'whitC!y' (:1t lc:.~th:! thjUght ~, ·
until th~ B:!.ttlu of Watts) from the BL"lck musses l'.nd fr&:>m th~ cm'3rgcnc-l Q( .\.., ·.
-~,,::,Juti.lnn.ry tcndcncfas -in the mnsscs by offering the prosp3ct thay thoy
.:rr.hf:P..§_ sh:J.re in th1l economic 'rn~lting p:,t'. . ·
... < ..... · .~: ·-:~, ·:.··
·
But t.'iis middle clru:is "l:?.ck.s comcthing aoscnti:il to :a bourr-::isio: money."""\·. ·: ·
~ ~.
hus for them to •compl-::=tc' t.h£.i.!: revolution they obt.-iin money from and dop~4:...
.·1
'•.cnco tift~hosc white lib~rnls imd leftists ,vb:., have ncv~r nccaptcd (if thay ·e.cc..."1)t .:: '..~.:.. · -~.;
Jt fogically. tb~y hardly ever 2cccpt it cmotio~lly) the p~sibility thct citl1~r . :i··;:, :/ · rt
Afroamcri~"l. or the r~st of the coloni3.l w:>rld cnn oolve its probloms :!pnrt from
the Eurq,oan :md American w,;:,rking class; or before the cmancip:i.tion :,\{ ,vhit~
lab.:,r. 13 •
.
·· :
Th"sc whit~ •pr~cnsivcs' wha attempt to ~ie the :inti -cofoni:il strugglo 'lf
the Black South Afric:m to a patcrn.i.listic Whit.3 libaral pmy nnd/or· n racist
\l.tdtc 8:)Uth A!rican working class, or the Frrmch Commwtists vlh~ csk~d the '
French ,v:,rking cia.ss tn send 'care' p~cke.g~s to French tro:,ps fighting ag::-J.nst
the Algerian Libcraticn Movement (F. L. N.) 1 have done little to lesson the
14
exp 1 o it at iv e
· nnturc of the relationship b~twccn the dc,•el·:{ling v:~rld n.'l.d
~.t::'!.:~·-. ·. ·.".-
r:
0
4
•
•
•
· the Europ~:m working cfa.ss movem~nt. Thi~ p~w~rfossncss -- and m311y times
tronsonn.bbnoss by those \\·h:, ncvcr ·c.:1~e t-:> 12.lk :ib:rut
s:,lidn.rit1• of' human-.
ity. 'but murder rne::n in ::1ll the corners or th~ gl·:,bc' -- in attempting to incrc:l.Sc
solidarity botwcen \\i1itcs :md blecks is ~lz.~ ~pa.runt in th~ nb::>rth·c ~ru.pts of
white :?.mcricn.n leftists :'.nd libersa.ls to US.:! their m::>ncy ~d the Block Bourg:?:>isics' dcpcnd~ncc on U1am to farce Bl!..ck pc~fo t~ unite \\ith wl1ito workers wh:>
nrc uncqui\•ocnlly w1willing to unitt?with Blacks (either foreign or d~mcstic).
A CUr$~ry .:\X."1Jnin~ti·:"!1 ~f n!?.U.ln~li~t m.),·~rnc!lts in Asi~ 2.nd Alric:?. (t.bng \ .ith
l .."!tin .Anh.'ric:~ th ..'Si.."' ~ ...., tht.? :lr.?!lS '\\·h~rc "tha ,·::.rbus tn>es ol c.:ntr:?.dictfans in
th .., c.Jnt\!mpJr:trr \\\lrld arc conccn!rntcd ••• :md tJ1e st~rm centres of \\'.Jrld
revolution dc!!.ling direct bb-u.'S to impcrfalism. u15.) sh::,ws th:l.t one of tha prim~
motivating f.".>r~c~ :,f initi:?.ting tbcsc !!.Q.ti ~.£.1_ movements has b ~ the d"tcrm..-·
in:1tion to end t.his exploitative relnti':>nship bctwllcn white-liberal-leftists :md the
:mti-colonial 61.ruggl~c.o[thc 'Tiers-Mondo.• This-,~s true in tho case oftl1c .
Rnssumblcmcnt ~m~cr:iti.9!:!_c Africa.in of · . French Gp~rudng Africa l\·hlch \\~
the political mother of such suc<."cssful nationnl m.,verncnts ns Toure':: PDG :md
Keil.:?. •s Union· Zoudm12ise (and s::dly Boigny's uncb tom clique in the t,·:>ry C~st).
Undoubtedly George Pndmorc. the WcGt Indian int~lfoctun.l who infiucncad t.a'l3
intellectual directions ~f Nation:tlist movements in English spc::.king
b;i~;·
with th~ :;l:!.lird dt C:>mintem primarily be~"\use he folt ft".;.>:;cow wn.s :ittcr.1.pUng .t~
control tl1ose afhirs tht!t sh.3Uld be in tl1c l1ands "f Africans. It seems ~ be .::,ne
1
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fr3CJDOD
175 ."'. - ; ·· .
dcp~~
of th~ r~nsons thn.t Ho ~ : Minh sL~d the Viet Minh (th:it !!; . llis'
fr~m :. :: > :·
th~ Fr~1·cta C~ P. ).. Ono cari 2lso sur.gest thc.t Mao Tse Tung nnd,th:, C~ineso C:,m-,. ,:· .. >
n1unict p3.rty ·bocami: more nnti~nalistic because of ::.tr auly friction ··: ,With ·_ -· \ · ~-,~;
Russi~visors·..
·
·
·
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·
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.':.... · ~
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It/;or tha utmoct signific:u~c~ th:it in both S~uth ~~!rice ~d th.3 U.S. ·th:, Bl~)~-t\·(
ma4es hav.:: flxkcd to th~ b:um~r of Blnck n:i.tion2li:;n1 m;>r.e than th~y h:!VO t.> ~t>~-::· _. r :. ,
:my~thcr positi:>n; :1nd in both ·cn.~:!ti the r:?~lhon :.gninst whito lib..?rr.1-lcftis_t -~~-~:~. -!'.:.:·~j.
p:?.tctnnlism _was on~ or th.? prime stimul~ting fachrn of tha laad~rship. If not ·: -~. · ,
al3o the rtJ1fEnd file. In S-)uth /,.fricn Clements K~clalic'G G:1rv3y-inspircd In- · . f. ·
dumi:.1 ~:.nd c~mmcrcinl Union16. nnd in the·u.s. Gt:.rVcy•s Unitcd·N~gr.~ Im- · · · · ··-- ..~ ·· ·
prov~rn~nt Associ~tion suc:?cd~d in obtaining tha 2.llcgioncc (bxl1 during the JJ20s)
~
or 3 higll p~rccnL'lgc or the Black massos. in these r~sp~ctivc countrius •. · - : _; :· · --~- ·!
\Vitli respect to South Africa. and the U.S. this id~nticr-.1 motiv:!t.ion of 2.nti~
'\"1hiro-lib~rni-lcftist pntcrno.lism is G~cn in even more plausible cxc.mplcs: The
,
Blnckc in the U. s. and those of .S;)uth Africn (It is quite refovent tlint in b:»th or .
these countries it
a case domestic colonialism) have. increasingly defoct.ld
fr\Jtn n1ocbrntc, intcrrnci~l orgnniz:t.tions and ba:m ettr~etcd to organizn.ti..)OS with
• .
t! m~rc Bin.ck Nn.tiont!list, rndica~ ori.:mt:ition which att~mpts t::> have these orzan- ,·_·- ·. { ·;::_:
.
izations C:Jntrolfad and dependant up~n Blacks in their r-.}spective c:,untrfas -- ,nth
·•
·the corolln.ry ::,f ignoring the wbi~ working cla.ss :ind its purp\lrted tl1"0r3ticians.
It seem~ io me, if I c211 be permitted tho luxury or regr~ssing back to Fmio:i's
b:>ok, th~s~ ~X!:!Inplas clc:?.rly suggest tha vnl:dity of his con~ntion thnt a !!,~ion~J
ls·
of
.
"f. ,~
,.,,
:
\
.
'1·
consciou:;ncss mum: e..t..£££g_£ n Bocia.1 consciousn~:::s ..
So fr~m the framework we hav2 obtained from F!lu:>n we c:in say thnt .he· has·
given us th~ t~ls to sec clc:1.rly.thc trend. nnd the fact th:1t it is histi>ricn.lly bgiti~i.te, in thil.be.st tradition ~r th~ B:mduqg Confcr~ncc th:?.t Afro:uncricc is more
nnd m"re struggling to become DECOLONIZED.
.
-..---
"The p2ro.llcl:;; th~t wo·find
in Frui:>n's book ,_,,,__
The \\"rctchad
. ..
....,.._.._.___':>f
.....the
..... E3.rth b~tw!cn
our. struggle 2.nd th:it of our coloniz~d brothers and sist3rs in othar p:?.rts of th~
w;,rld illustrate clearly ,vh:?.t-a pc~tc mu:lt do to libcrnta thc1ns~lves. tel7. You arc
so right broth-,r L:lrry Naru ••••.•• th3nk you broi"hcr fr:lntz f::.nion:
it is you who g~vo U!l the lessons on how to c h~ttcr our mnnaclc:; nnd to make them into rezors and nwords s:> that we
,
c:in car\'O out ~ \\'Orld thct will be free of th'ls~ white
cur:>p:!2.n and \\*hitc c.mcricen inventions
.:,f •ntornic'
'&piritual' and
racial
di::intcgraU ,n.
�·:_;ett:~~ftt~t~. ,
..
rr ..
Frotnctu
I. R. Snellings, ~~fr~-i•eric,n rriuth ,net the S~ndung Corrcr lib~r-t~r. Vol.¥, No, 2.
(Ftb. 1965), 0 p.C.
2. •H=a1.qe to r,..1nh hn,·n,• Pn:senc:P Afrfc,.ine, Yol. 1_2. p. 130 br Li~e C.esaire.
.3. ~r. BertenP Minrr, fbid., p. 139.
4. Cesa ire., p. 130 Ibid.,
·
5 .. Ibid.,
6. Harold ts~acs, ~Potr,lt _of• Revolut;c,narr,• CC:9£rnt~ry, Vtl. 4~, Ne. I (July, 1965) pp67-71.
•lso see one of thr ecst chickrn-shft articles ~f the year: G~<'rg~ Br-eitaan, •: Rtvie• af
the lretch~d of the E~rth•, lhe Militant ics.33134 •
"I. s,' r rands Jea-;r;,-•sartre· [tlt- Uond~ Noir• Prf."Stnce Urlninr, nc.7, p. J 69.
.
1
8. This ar9u1ent reeinds ae cf •h~t the BIPck jezz critic A. B. SpellaP.n esked: •• ~ho are the
1
afay,(•hites) •h0••t tpp~intod theaselvcs ,;MJPrdiam of ,~st re,Ni -blu~s?
9. Conor Cruise O'Brien, •tne keurosls cf Col~nlaJis•• Th~~. Yot 2fft, no. 25
'
1-}
·.:::;_\
I~tt
...
,,
�;f: : : :~nv:~.~:~~·
To~~/,~~eg;.
. ·· ·
~ doa~stl~ col~laiisa ~~--~~ ~- ;~i~i:;1-~i :ooer :·;~os or :::.:~f,111_
· · 10. ~oltn i~g~~-- ;~~~frlcantse, ·, Sh~'.,:{ P~lltical Gvfd~, p~ 97 lie•
....
. . ... ·•
·,··
encourages • hrge nuaber af lb natfonah to cme ~c; a ~-lndudrh1 part' ef the •trld/s.~ze ·
he best I end, take Gver and create • [uropaan societ, 1dj1cent to ..the- lndi9enous· socletr, 1Mle .
••. _ doaJaaj:i,AQ the latter:. ba1pl es c,f this arl Scuth Airita, Rhod11:sia 1fid---etil anhl Al 9erb. ·1he . - :-.
la
u.s.
bas le differences beheen these end the
•ltuation Is that the • .,,ratted nor.-eurapean
th&-:
fc.r-ar:r Is In the aajority I ind he stUI resides .in his ancestral ~eland., But, sociol<,Qlcall?..
and politically the pr,bfeils of Afroaaerfca, ind for e11fple colore~s, blacks & Miens In South !irica are virtu2tlr identical. But ft aust be addtd that the ,froaaerican socioe:on01lc stn,cturi
ts pri,~rily urban and proletarian •hile •ven In South Afrtc, the structure Is prlftarily 19r~rian
1 stron; eephuis 1nd dependenci on •lgrator, hbor for the •rite-Industrial-urban coa;,lex.
.. --i~_;
.
"'
•ith
f
.-
But In
I
definite sense the doaestic colonial ill ·found in U.S. and South Africa, Rhod':!sie
etc. ire autually •ore st1tlar than the relationship bet•een ttw::c and ether part, of the 1 ti~rs
Voncle1 because: (I) Their prcblea is not just. colonial pr'abln;' u ·,;.:~!!!~,;' (2) ttie"'fact>~~I~
th~t the oppressor tf the colonized people is situated stthin thE sa•e territory and econ011y
th~t one finds the ("t)pres,ed ttlonial 9roup. So their probleas are di2lectlc:llr and ccmplf·
catedlr interrelated.
'
tt
'.67-71.
~ ri·
13. Buch~n~n, 'The Negro Protil es' • ln Outsiders Yie,, a,,r.thl r !!!!!!; (Septeaber, 1963) YoJ .·IS,
•. tfo. S, p. 23B
IC. Thf •crkinq class cf [urope tnd U.S. 91in pri1arifr frOI the ex.pl citation cf •rhe Third
. ,Df'f d' b!!t:luse foreign trade l'ith and capUal eaport h th£ cevel Lping countries aake P~"=
~1tte the l•p~rtation of cheap •age 9ocds and enlarge the profits of the c(lll)ittlist class.
These f~ctort 1tl0& the •hite •orkers t<' i1prove their st1nd3rd rf liwing •ithout ~rMi~~. lo
1 significant degr,e, the 1ni1osiir of their eaployers. Bl~ck •C'f'~~rs, •he arc t•icc as unr:-e,lcyei
as •hite •orkers and whose hilly fncaae is less ·than I f2. th:!t of •hites, obviouslr do n:t bt:•
nefit froa this bl ocd-sucldnQ cusf\i<'n. f n ;71a ii ar w;iy a se:t ion of the capt bl hts In the
U.S. re,p excessively high profits frc:.a Black uerlc1. llkeaise a sectitn ,f the white •orking
class benefits fr;. U.S. r1cis1, and practicaly all •hite workers are convinced that they ben!fit
frc1 U.~. racisa,·1ssuain; th.t they •ould not enjoy •orkers• control as they enjoy the lu,ur,
of white supreaacy. In fact, 1s I result the ehite aaerican •crkir.9 class is so disin tere~ted
tn tork£rs solidarity that ihey have 1Jloaed their bi9 hbor leaders to·becme !!:,! conservative
th.an bl; bus i ncss I e:tders ~
.
IS. Pierre Jalct 1 1 1hird torld7 thich Third i.orfd?9 Urica, laHn ;r.cric1 1 tsh Revofuticn, ·tot.,
Ne. 7 (Noveebcr, 1963) ·
1
-
--
·
-
16. 6. Pt!d,cre. Pan-~fric2nise or Cm11unisa7. Ne• Ycrk: Roy P41bflshas , p. 3t9.
17. L. P. Ne~I, •A Replj t~ Bayird Rustin: the Internal Revoluiion1 , .Ill. Y, No. 7, liber~tDr"
(July, 1965)
• i ranb f anon. ·t!! !!. etched .2f ~ !.!!:!.!!, ke• Y~k: £rove Pn::H
•• froa Pekino Revfp,1
•••fr«~Q~
--
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do jes1t11s?,.:·
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Sho •'llri b'lrn in ltOO. s.,motimc in th~ m'lnth ?f J..prll •... :.·
in the c:>:>l. ca.rly cpring :>f th~ year. th~ ;th and i:!.::t··--·{.S¾1 J
child her m >tl'"ur wn.t t:> b~nr E~r entry· int.> th? w:>rld ~), (
war horaldcd by Dl :>n:!. 3Xc~pt p:.~c:bly hor m:>th~r
·~: . i
wh:, had cp:!nt: cky£ !n lnb:>r, nnd wh, at 49 ~ dry- -~-~r:\ .
-~:~fj
:_ng up incid~., w;thar.:.ng c.nd rnnrfod li!<~ th~ p~ach tree ·
in th~ yard, wh'l hr~ brl~f m,mcnt bed felt th~ y,ung
,
Far., ri.C.) ,d.)c:·ptiv~ly wiC:tn tir !llld conc~ivcd.
:I
Tb~y namad h~r H3.nnnh, dtcr sfapping har t\\·o or
thr\)~ times to bring th~ br3ath to her, 2.lld h3r e]d~&t Si!:itcr wb~ b:?.d rnidwifod her,.
,._..,iped her down with fresh sun-washad munlin, grcasod her liberally \\ith t:::tll:>w,
tied on a belly band of linsey wollsy, ·ti~d h~r kinky soft hair \\ith a pi3CO o.f
greased string,. V.Tapped her in munline bid hor in bcr motbar 1S arms.
Sometime that ~woning aft.er the birth smell h:'!.d ooon aired from th:, .cnbin,
· and the fried m33t n.nd greens ht!d .b~cn put t.:> th~ b:l.ck uf tho sto\'c, thi:? .~..shing
taken in, ·her father had amblad quietly in to st.:u3 quietly at his woman lying
sunken o.nd ashy-p:ilc in th~ lµmpy cott:>n stir .m2ttrcss :ind at llis 9th girl child.
He cleared his thro~t once or twice, fooling th:tt c:,mc ~·.:,rds ought to oo. spolum •.
"Well." "Yassir," sh~ murmured sadly. "Wl?ll ~l' w-:>m:?.n, quittin' tim~ dn't it?"
·And she smiled t3 _bor.oelf, warmed by the gantla humor .:,f his wor,;u; •. "Reckon
·..,.,..
tis, sub." ••aa:1arrumph! 0 H~ strcnously cle:?.rcd his thro.:tt ~nee mor~ and w~nt
to slop the hogs.
Hannah graw like the \\illows do\\'n by the riv~r b::mk, quickly pushing upw:i.rd,
t:l.ll, strong. banding v.-ith th!'.? seasons, running wild hc:idlong \\ith the? \\i.nd, l\'Ork:
ing silently at wl~t~,,er sh:? h:!d to.
Tl_t.3 d2ys foll into a
(cont.p. 179)
�:~t
~!
~hlt'~~ii;
i
·~(!:~:.~. fj~il
w:md-:rful pr,tt.:rn,
tof ·~
lc:irn:,d, _;· ~;::::~ :~
m >I'll•. . 'ii· .• ;;.; ,;t~ !
ing, to stoke the firi.: in th:: \\'O~ stove, eating huocake ·and soga~ts1,rup~··•i:ihing
it d-,wn with strong chicory com~c, chewing the fried meet · rinds from her m:Jthor1s
. _. · ,
'plaf ...\\'h~n th~rc V.'t!S any, pumping 11\':l.ter, priming ·th~'"pump. facding cbickOlls~·;;",j.,_(./;}{.~~.'.;;
sr ing hogs, m2.king Ir- soap, building the firo und.::r.thc big black
foJtcd-..::?~:·:·:·~~,:'. ~~::·~~....\\':l.., P?.l. in tha yard, scrubbing out cbthas,. -i:112.nting c~ttJ!i on th~ -~.acres plot ill;;):-~~·~::~·~<!·\:
~c .ack !ard, h~ing cottan, pickinR cott'ln, pickin~ ~rric&, fishing ~th ~ ·willow ·:. -~. :;t~~ri
' ,. pole~· &r1Rftdle·mattrCS6 from h~r pu.;:ant'& b~d, tying JUDC bugs OD ~~1ngs ~d
: .·
· running with them t:> h~ar tho buzzing nois~, and running to hide und\!'r th~ h-,n~:, . ·:· · · ~ . . ::;!~~
,;;b3n' av.::r a whit~ man app~arcd riding dlwn th~ ro:.d.
.
Life and d.;;;;ath wera no more a myst~ry to. her than the quick summ.::r show~rs
that ru~h:?d d:>\\Tl from the sky to damp the 6arth, s\?ttlc th3 dust, nnd disappee.r.
At nine, one hot dry summ~r day, b'2r father died, twisting a.nd foaming at the,:··:..._~ . .
·)~f~~~
11
mouth like "bluc • tho .:>Id bird d..,g. Alraady he \\~s oti!f I tongue hnnging out, ,.and
·~
b:::ginning to m~rtify tw:> h:>urs n.b:wa gr:>und; sh."? h:id st,,':)(!, n1bbing :>n.:: dusty foot
: · :' J~.
agnin:t th~ oth::r in curi':)usity :md v.rondor th:it bot fc.tl1~r would c:u-ry on in such:?.
· ! : ::;.~i~=
wz.y, h:~r n1':>th~r had run sik:ntly to h~r f:?.th~r to kneel he:lplessly rosido him, end
f <-f,~
togcth.:::r th?y pull3ci him _into th~ sh~d~ ~d H2.nnnh hnd nu1 to th~ turn row to get
:
··,
th:: buckot end dipper to gh·~ him a drink of \\"ntar.. But by th:? tim:: she ri?turned,
( · · ... ,
h'1 was dend :md stiffoning, o.nd h:?r rn:,ther broke ye:i.r:; or sil'1?1cc
throw hlr =,,:ron ov~r h~r h~:?.d ru1d k2cn bng wailing cries t:> en c!l.rless m~stcr. "~'11.d. la.wd,
d~:tn tak him, d~~ load ? plc~ j.:.C:ius, pl~& suh m~::;th~. plc:is! And Hc.nn.3.h v.u
cowed :'.lld :!Sh:!..m~d t~ h~:.ir h~r moth~r beg, and she \\-=tllod unc~ily ~:> b..1ar 1Jri>.:lt
th.:: ·i.:>rd w:>uld aay or d:;, stm"ing at tho hot cloudlos: sky. hcoring the dry hum of
cricket~, junc bue~. tree b.?~z. but n.Jthing fr~m the gr~:!t god., ~d :?.ngrily sho
tto\\Tl~d :it the pal~ blu~ sky, 2.nd sL:>.i;. a h~lpless fi:;t :lt th~ sun; hi:r :nothar s~..ling th~ g~stur~, sl!'.ppcd h:-r W1til th~rc w:lS a ringing in h.Jr ears. end the cotbn .
chimm.:m:.•d dizily. ''G~l, god g:>n :;trika you dcd !uh ::iUCb 'lUtlandi~hn~s::!•· /.nd
th~--~· .r.t~r. .•d ~t ..':.C'h, -..'ih\."r c-·~c£:ht in p~in of th? mpm.:::nt, ur,'!bl.: t~ sp~clt. ••nu.1 f~tch
.c:•,·t·i..... t . :·ll ,'r tuh br:mi; bill :".t1 th~ y~nguns. •· And !:he turn~d and rnn fr:,m th~
:;tr!m!:,•ri...·:.~!~ in h\.•r .m~'th~r, ~d tb ...· sil~nt god th::.t c:,uld strik~ h.::r d::nd~ P..t hi::
whim.
..
.
Runnin& b~rL"{...,. .,t ~..,,\n th,: b:-t du::ty ro:?.d, blind t~ ,::,·~ry thing ~xc~t wh:!1 had
h~l'P..:-n.:id, sh~ did n~ h~:.r th? l:?.Zy plop of h~ves, or th~ rurnbl.! o[ th~ ~g-,n. until r.:undi!lJ;:. b~nd in th~ roe.d sh~"'~ fac~ to fac~ \\ith a \\":tgonloed or \\iii.to:;. Till
end b.nk in o,·~rnlls, shiril~:;. burned red ~draw by th~ swi. the color cd.!'t.n from
h::ti.r n.nd ~y::s, thi?y were, ctn.ring u..t1blinking n.t her. (c.:>nt. pe.g" 180)
·
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to
---
�. :·- : .. ·;!-:
180 fr~~man
.
~ .,- .
She· stood rooted ~n terror nnd C!)nfusion to the middle of tho road; th.:, wagon \\":\S .
filled
le.nk. . all ....
.t'.
,.. with'thick whiic cotton: ·and an' endless number of white bo:f$.llll
.
inny, all with the same mn.fovolent lidless white eyeE of th" blind. Tha rrum .;.7:::
a.nad over the side of the wagon ·and spat a dn.rk bro\\'I\ stream of pungent'°~~~}~<
.... cco.Juice at her fac~. and it dribbled d<?wn the _side of he'r ch~ck onto
Still she stood. st'l.ring. ••Raf. fetch me a 'stick, so ah kin whup this nigg!!r .....~':_:.;;~/.
The worda~nspcd mildly from him, as he reach3d bc.,,ck\\-nrd for n wc!pon. Sud-:·~ dcnly they w~re p~ltin, her with hard green cotton bolos, big as hickory nut::, hard
as rocks. nnd she £!citt~r'!d off tbs road, into th3 ditch,· ·e.nd ran. Th~ ~,agon
creaked up, and lumb3rod ~n. Th~ br~adth tight~nad in her ch~st. a.nd she :?tumbl
ed over a clod and fall, nfr:?.id to rise,' in her h9d \\~s a pictur3 of th~ ffl!'lll, and.
the wngon. e.nd he? \\is god, come to ta.kc ·her ·father, e.nd ::;trike har dcnd. Cha·
lay th~re some fc,\· minutes, and se'ling sh,; "Was riot d~ad, sha got up, ana
~"3lkcd on to her si::;tcr Carrie's hous.1. l~si~() h~r was 2. new something, a some:thlng that would ~lk,insid~ har bend e.s long :!.s she dr_ew breath, a {cu and
·
hatred of god and the \\·bite inan.·
!
-
hsr'n~/·\'
lhfs is an e1terpi frt'& an untitled novel by the author
\,
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l•nalcl fr~eeaa
This is an attempt to b~gin to und~rstand .. democracy" in its role u e. fa~de,~::.;-/
,:-:/J,. ··
.,.,.,.,,:l,.~
for the western world. "~mocra.cy" C2.1De about as a rcocbon to the upper class·-...
(the king •. C~)onial master• mid landed aristocr2cy). It \V2.S COnCCi\"cd 8S :lD a.tt:!ck.
on exploitc-:.tion, a logical stap in the \\"2.r c.g:?.inst m21.n~s exploitation of other m~n.
. ..
It did not com~ into existence as purely opposition to the absolut;! authority,il c:1ma : ·-(~J~
in ordt>r to stop tho c,q:>loitation by authority. This w:ls th~ cas!! in the Fr.cnch.
·,·,. ·
· R2volution. th'-: Am~rican Revolution. and also tru~ of tha gr~"lt r~volutione ,,.iiich
decoloniz :.d Latin America. Jt is so tru.? and s~ much n factor in revolution that
it Ctln b3 assJrtcd as tho rule.. This is tha proper historical p~rspactiv~ for "d~ocracy"i it \\':lS a tool in th~ h:lnds of th~ bourgeoisie to stop th'.l budnl class ex- ·
ploit~r, an nttempt to d~stroy c,q:>loitntion -- not authoritnrinnism !
I{ this is true, th~n tho first step in discovering th:l fraud h:is oocn g:,.ined:. w~
arc told a. thouc2.nd tim:?s, "W~, tho 1domocrat:, • arc against thJ dictators" •.
uwo, the 'domocrats, 1 hnvc att..,.inod tho highest state of govornmc'lnt possible.••
Ar; a conscqucnco "d~mocracy" c.quals fraodom. It's not a sl2.g3 or ci.ap in a
ctruggfo -- it is the culmin2.tion of that struggle. We arc ncv\}r told of its true '>rigins a.a a w~apon against the upper cl~ss exploiter, and that it is only one log;ca1
sbp in that fight.
·wo constantly hoar of its m:?rit.s; you arc led to b~L~v~ that no one need worry
about baing ch~atcd or miatroatcd -- all on~ n"ed do is participate -- "VOTE''. ·:···:-(witnc::;s th~ loud clog:,.ns re: the voting 'rit:)& 1 bill) and th3 g.»d Ufa i& yours. W~
ar.:, nlso told that !r_o.m_,\itJ!Ln:._it can cbanga to any d~gr\}o n~c:::ss:iry.
Tharo are nt least two moro important facts to holp us und.::?rstand tho fraud.
Ona of then~ sooms to be tho .oimpl.:, fact that !.LL established ordcro, including
governments. sook to d\)otroy nll th:it thr~ums thom, from \\ithin and Without. .
Tho second.important factor to rc:ilizo is that tl1c jndividuru. wlll still serve tho
noccb of the State or Govor!lmcnt -- t.ho~c ncoc.:n boin; d~l~rmin!ld either by tho
M
.
:-
•
~~
W.>!.• . . ._ ...
�/J~tl
182 fr~:,m:m
,. . , .. .
.
.. .
. .
:
:true n~~ds of the mnss:.ts or tho n~3ds of c privilogcd f~w.
· ~ . ..., . . \ .·~... ·.v&i;.1~:
. Th~ e,nclusion!l to b:)_drawn h~rc is thi? not-so-v3ry-::b:rmlng fact that th3-~·~¥,~m~:
·~<bmocracyt• 33 ifis
is,or.~o "1:!-~~~ o.t,al~~ -~-~-~~t ~t
:f~i/:}·~i
,
r
completely distorts the r..lal issues (this is the:_ ~c:u;on l _~i~ '.'d3mocr:tcy1'~ .wllh :"'!
~-----....m!2J.£~). In~ ho~~~t ~:ilogu~ ona would h?~C to .talk in
of d~gre:.ts _of p_or·'fi;t.
.
s:>nal frecd~m, and the roosons why such (rood,m is secondary t:> tbc naods ?f .;_,.,:-_,.,
.· tho masses; 2nd wbnt arc tho problems incurr~d when expbita.tion· is sanctioned.:
pors;nal·fr""dom.
- ~.
. .
It S'1~ms to m~ that tha reason for the distortion of th\l recl issue is quib
apparent; it is to hido tho!!..~~ cxpfoitcr: Th~ old cxpl~itcr. -- the king, faudal
lord. or tho C::>loni::illst -- bns ~n thrown but, and in his place comes tho
bourg::.,ois. c~iblist oxploitcr, larger in nurnbor end much harder to soo. He
exploits fr::>m behind the sh ~ld~of "dcm~r:1cy1 - - a ·shield which h:: used in ,,·.f,t-...... ,
order to lift th:: bond or exp loit:!.tion fr.:,m bis ow·n neck and that which h:: hi.ms";-11'
now uses to r~tain his n::wly-f<?und pri\'ilcg.:: of .::xpfoitcr. On~ example: R~c.lnt~l~
Jn.m::s Farm.lr of the Congr~ss of R.3ci3l Equality made 2. tour of 1'{')thcr A!ricc.~gi1
Whil\) he was giving a sp3cch someone :$kcd Jum why Bl:J.cks iD the Unibd Et:J.tesf·
· did not uniUl to \\in tll::!ir frced~m. Mr. F2rmcr claimed that Civil Rights
gnnizations were purposely competing against caeb other to add ''variety" to
struggle in thit? sam~ me.Mer ns businc~s co11>orn.tions • carnpctctt in the "dcmocr:1tic" system~ Thus we sac how one of the
__ ..., .,,_
. ,· ..
prime needs of the m:1sses or Bl.3ck Amoric:ms, unity, is being
f
:
• • • I
thr0\\11 to the while wind because our exploiters (and their ag"'1ts)
;' .
• ---=.:a
know the unity of Bl~ck An1~rica would lessen the degree and
i
---1:·.::..3,..
time in wh~ch our pcopfa could be exploited.
f
word
u~ad
~~.?U~~!'-,~-..
terms
·u·~
•.'
or_.;~Jii
our:.;::
'
Herc lies a s~rious contradiction - e. privilcgod class using n
conc~t ·that is supposed to combat such a class. This is why
"dl'.!mocracy" has been directed against the ''dictator" -- the ab- ,
solute.authority - and not the exploiter; e.nyon~ living in the w~stcrn world rettlizcs that exploitation is sanctioned and thet they ·
themselves n:rc constantly being exploi~d; what is important
is th~ realization that "dumocracytt crui be surpassed end o. new
,-~volution ca_~od to_ rid the world of th~ now exploiter.
• • • • • • •
.
\
--- !
--·\
�ct··
.. ·,r,.,,
alal clulre
<:•rol f reeaan
harot d foster
rona Id Gt one·
k •IIJ la• •gcsitslle
~l~M •rles
ern1e elten
, ..
rol I and snel I
aarwin e;jacbon
in1s. ,
l>o I net have
•·n~9hf-st1fned forefather
••••••••••? .
······'••proud of •r bf cod.
· IUcholes Gufllen
'.
�_,-,-::~
··:.....
-~•}"
,~'il.•<i~,s;t\:;,
I
_
Stnta
....
or the Union Message
:1
. the state of the Uni~n: a tragic situation.
'f '.' ·: :. _:'·'~, ;~-~~-&~~t;~~~-~-~ve left only-7~,~~& ofir011
r. .:;. ·. ..!~!t"'!atth:rr:si:::sh:!:t~ru_r and
h
·I
1j
.f
1
•
•-,_..
~_<µ~ars of cobalt
· .·
_
20
years
.;
.·.
· ·· · ·
of ba~te:
Nothing, zero,
mine with ore
. cavern where n~i.ng stir&
not e drop of blood
a.
..
•
-t
·-1.
,;
t
'
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J~·;-,.;
'..r-~'\~4·~:~::. .:~
Emmat Till
your eyes were sea shells where.in cpcrkbd th~ h~dinoss
or your 15 yaar old blood.
;
your young eyes were· never old
J
L.
~·
f_
::
r
tf:
~
d
'!
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1
or rather upon th\?m ~ighed.
more than could all tha tky-scrapcrs, five centuries ·or exacutioners
or witch burners,
five centuries o( bad gin of. fat cig:>.rs
or fleshy paunches filled with slices or rancid biblcc
five centuries bitter mouth of hags' sins
they were five centuries old Emmet Till .
five centuries is thll age without age of the stake of Cain
Emmet Till I say:
"in the heart zero ·
not a ch•op of blood"
,.
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Uhide ~c sun fr'>nt me, mr.y u rningtc with ....
l
:;:~ys
true that you
u:~
to
?''
"'-
·• -
is
equ.:il
. ...
a white
He· lx!lievcs..,.~o. Even at the edge or night
at the edge of the Mississippi drifting ootwoen the high banks or·
racial hah"cd its bnrs. f ts barriers. its sepulchral. avalanches
he ooli~ved. J:fe believed that e n~gro was equal to a whi~.
~
.
. - ~·· .,_
~
---"Boy from Cbic::.go•• ·• ~·
..
much sw.?eps away th~ wounded pride of r:icial vanity
-~d its crocking t>f whips
. listen to tb~ smooth singing of the bird or the blood·
in the blu~ hcd~ of th-? veins ·
he· foresees. mounting in the surprisingly blue ffald or sky
above the drowsiness 0£ the bluffs
---tho st~ of~ mourner, the step of a gloaner--your st2altby s~~. 0 vchament sun
then th~ night rcmember~d its um
and Big Millam ts h~~vy· pistol
on th.? living black wall of golden flesh
wrote in rusty lctt~rs the sentence and tho st.n.te of th~ Union:
So
p:tnting humming screaching
boring drilling
the ea.rth sn.ys banks bibles bulldozers
th~ sky says sky-scrapers
I say silancc
I s:1y enough
20 y~=:!.I"S of zinc
2 O ~:'I.rs of copper
15 years of petroleum
and the l8Ctb year of these st.i.tcs
but in the hc:irt---painlcss clock
nothing. &cro
not :?. drop of blood
in tho brutish s~rilizcd white h-3:::.rt.
-,:•
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.
-
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transl afed fr,:• ~he f ~el\Ch br SC\Ui.600K
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Sans
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. ?.:cr!1lg? mn~ 1~'::tat de J'pnion ··
.
.:::;:c _____
·<
rir<;, J'imaginc au CODP"CS Ce mes~~ge. sur
< :.-· ....
1'Union: situation tragiquo -.
· ·
.. ·. . . . .
·
· · ·· ·... · .. ·.
· plus n~ nous reste au sou.:·~ ~01 '«iue 75 ans· de .fer ~
. _· ~ ... -:,·1· _· ,. .·
50 ans d.3 cobalt
· · · · . · · · ··
.•.
·
mais pour 35 ans d~ soufrc ct 20 ans do bauxite,.:· - -'-'-·
·· '-· · ·. :::...
. ~'" ..." _,...._...:...~-·-~
au coeur quol."
···.-
F
:0-
FJen, zero,
mine sans minerai
C&Verne OU rien D~ rode
de se.ng plus une--,routte-.
Emmet TiJJ
tt:s y!:UX 6tai<:nt unc conqu~ marine ou p5tiU:!.it la bataille d!
vin th t-:.m sang d~ quinz3 ans.
·
Ewe j~un~s n'avai~nt jnmais cu d:.g.,
OU p)utot
8UX pasn:.~nt
&Ur
plus quc tous ler cratt~-cial. c~q s.;c!a::: ,:fa t?rt~onnaire£
de bru!eurE :b E~rc·.cr~s,
cinq s:ccles d~ meuvais gtn de gros cigar~s
do grass'?s b.:!cL1in:?s rc~plios d~ tranch~ d, bobbs rancicE
.
. ' 1~s b ouch ~ am~re
""
d a pac
' h*as d ~ romb.""
.·
c1nq
s1ec
1~rcs
ils avai:.mt cinq si!cbs ~mmgt THl
cinq siecles ~st l'Sg~ sruis age du piau d! Cain
Emmet Till je dis~
..au cocur zero
.~c cang pas un3 goutt:)"
et pur le ticn. qu'il me cache b soleil, qu'a mon pam
il se mete·
--"Garcon de Chicago
c'cct-il toujours vrai quc r..a vaux
autant qu 'un blanc ?"
!l croyait. Mame au bord d~ la nuit
au bord du Mississippi charriant entrc lcs hnutcs bcrgcs de
la haine racialc S3£ barrcaux, ses b3.rrierce, scs· tombal3s .
c.valanches,
ii crut. Il crut qu'un _negre va.lait un blanc.
_ ...
I~
�,.
...
.. ... --
..
· .· :·. co&'1rc
J87
..... "·
.
.
..
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·~ -"Gnrcon d~ Chicago.'~-.'!~
-. t==Aubnt en cmporte le.froissemcnt du ycnt r~cio.l ~t SOD .
. . . cliquctis d~ foucts . .
· · · ·. ' .. · . _· · ·
;f ·.··"'::· .... lu"f ccoute <fans le blcu' buisson des vcines
. .
t ·-. ch:!.noor ~g3l l 'oisoo.u du snng ·
·-: :.·-......ildl.cvin~ po..r-dessus le son.1mcil d~~ barges
:.: .
montcr oons le blcu cbt.mp surprenant
-- pas do pfoureuse pas de glo.nouscton p~s· {urtif solail vch5nicnt
.
.
.
aloi"s la nuit sc souvint de son bras
ct la gras colt d~ Big Mil1~1
sur le noir mur vivnnt de -chair e.urorale
en lcttr~s do rouille ccrivit la scnt.~ncc et .Pet.at d~ I 'Union:
''t•.'.:
hnlctements vrombisscm..:m.ts miaulcm-.'.mtS ·
forcments p~r{orernents .
la tcrre dit b:lnqu~s bibles bulldozers
le ciel dit grattc-ciol
j\) dis silence
jo dis assoz
20
2.nS
da zinc
15 ans d3 cuivre
15 ans de p~trol3
ct I 'an 180 de c~s ~tats
mais au cocur-indohr~ horlogcri~
. ~ero
r1~.
.
"
de sang pas une gouttc
en.me blanc C03ur dcsinfoc~.
BU
par
(reillf)riae de Presen~e ifricaint)
. " ces11re
, .
21ae
'
~
�...
.• .
~~ostcr.
~ .~ :He~ ~t is _Monlby:
. . bur wc~s from wh~r2 y'1u :.;ignod your mischock
,
~
BACKWAGES
M
o.na -snid that p~rh~n s~rnecby
.c •
things'll be better •.
l said hare it is J.t:"nd:ly:
a few steps
inside tha twenty y:ird line
,·here we were ready br change
but wns r~(uocd the birth right ·
That's right, 1'hnday:
..
the blu~ d."ll' vm-m Y->U have t'll pny
far joy~u:; w~c:kends :m black reeks
nnd bfack bclli~c •
. I'm otill talking about 1'::'.onday:
the dny aft~r y:ru.r white Suncb.y
dinner with Teddy Roasevelt
Ha.rry2nn Trum.:m .
Phallic baad~d Ike.
Yes, Mon(fay:
four w~cks after th~ du~ d::.y
i:>na day aft~r the d."'..y befor\? and
ain't time for going sloo ..
Moncby:
the f.ina.1 <by or white lie
smust be don\? av,,-ay with;
\\~St~d
mistakes must be p:?.yad for
now.
But first we bettar kill tht!.t guy
whose.id "I'll pay y~ i:>n Gaturday. •.•
hr h~rcld foster
... '.i.
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c~eful &~ie~y ; .. :-
4
roses in lungs
sw\?et2ning breath.·.~ .
lilias. ·in
sex :>rg2J1C.
.
t~ mnke x·+y
rcpr xiuce lilias
to remake x +y
f·:>r ns bng 2.s x + y h~pan. ·
1'.>tuS in brains
exhaling
inhaling
nrom2.
"r madiution
craa.ti:>n.
c:irn2.tions in bouts
blowing lov~'s blo)d
thr~gh b;:xiy's ev~ry ·p~•.
Ba careful sxicty •.•••
A gard~n a.int even crummy without nov."3rs.
-
·~~=. '·: . ~~· . ~.
Dant eat rncm... .
man arc your :>rg2.ns• gard~nfl.:,wcrs.
~~- aria
'
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�190
kgosii:SilC
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CARBON COPY WHITEMAN
In th~ corridors
or your mind
fuls_on1~Jy flattcrc~ by Ivy Le.ague or Oxford
glib
of sol!-cmP.sculaUo~
would-be broth3r, ho\v do you ·p1an··
umcy
to pl3.c~~ the {1try
this black light burning bright
scorching everything ·3.nti-bulll2ll, civilising m:?.n?
ls your waist-leap conscience
nn expcrimcntn.l d~3.th.
n fear of Being self,·.
n slave brain-child ~f Europ~ refug~os
thriving in the ghetto Of your mind ?
Is enslavement ~twcon white shdcts 3 modern cthiq
Or simple rose-tinL...-.fi glass~s on your twis+~d h~ad
up in th~ crotch of your naturai anomy
an obvioos concantration camp lor inu.tntion whit~mcm
Ch3ck this out
Even the _s~:i.sons or the year change.
Iky yields place to night
The sun is G)tti:lg ::,n your e,ul.
by~ •llliaa kgosittile
~
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nllan 191
n,:,t\o?s from great sociaty pris.::m: .
·.
f
I. S:>mnambulism
.
.
i we.::; ·Jnc~ n modal pris'lllar
·
"
drowning in a wretchad rcc:>rd groova
. ~ ~bod to st:uc vibrati~nSi
unable tc hear far the rankl-3
my
Qf cnttleprod upon inhumJUi b~.
i was :>nc\? 2. nigg:i
but prison gives y:,u time. bro.
tim~
I
you -lnly hava time
·t" eat to ble~d t, p~e
to mak3 coldst~lblnck lic~nse pleb::;
. t:, kiss the oner~us ass of tho cagfo
wh:lsc droppings of damxracy
litt~r the earth
. _y~u have o::ily time
,,
t>
'[
i
I
.. ~.
'•:
:
.
,'
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~
~dic~~d to the Watts War On P~verty
of chains ab~ut my ears
unable b sea for the cbgging
. of bright neon ·waxing
retina
unable to think for th~ brutal sh~
·t
,, .
and :;omctimas thay w::>uld tako
cattlcprod nv."ay and
c~nfused tl1.lugbts w.:,uld c;,mo
c~mc rushing throbbing
b,bbing to d3.mp brehead
like brokan record like
e. roc-,rd i
.lnce beard by max roach (i forgot tho name•)
and i bad tim~ to sa~ think of
things i wantad to forget
f orgct white mist surr :>uncling
. co11founding mind
..... ;-~
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,,,,..,.,-...oD once a priooncr ,~ b,ro~ .. ·....... ·':"~...ppec\ in' the vort~x of
u~-
•
•
•
··a: bL.'"lck~
bottomless rhlra.
\\'ruCh bad been
• dammed damned dcstructod
~on~c.foontained corrupted
until
~-: .. .:-·· : -·.
tllc mudanoozanslliton
Jcsuslmowsnnwhn.tnot eruct:ed ~d .
bubbled to sur!acc in jive
mighty,,hitJ pN::~ur" ·
cooker c::ich time I
c:un~ up whnt thouglt hat titc.3
· ga.z.ed througl) cho.ins air r ~ se~ing eye~
glnzed with scent of mutifatcd flesh i .· · · .....
6~"?.rchcd s~nrcltcd 6:'.w cross off on
orr onorr ono[fon awaited miot while 400
yc;u-s on a neon cross yo m3.D12.
.
hobo and~ bag o[ tricks faith on jesus of(.....
i wished i could b.2.ve bi.?:.)n one of pavlo,·'s
dogs in :.i '\\'arm lr!.bor:.itory somcwh~rc ·
·1
11. Delirium
..••,
j
;
'.
•j•
":
fo:tming
slob~ring nightmare slipped in slithary
e:!glcshit :ind saw wooly v.nll pecked
through tarnished thick c....j>h~lt \\'1th
fc:itbery vinos in br~ssplnt.~ {olin.g:):
'
I
L:lndsc.~ing by
1
Tricknolugy Associntcs
Madison Ave. 1 N. Y. (10001)
...
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.~on; ple~c if sorry l won't cbo.Il3y , ·
..
·,
:nigganiggas with mustangrninds
·
...
·:..-
.
·
· • · · relaxing on cbonycouchcs in .
....._a·,vtng for model prisoners enjoying
a more comfortable kind of
slavery slipped as h~unky
came off the wall
until
one fin~ day tho mightymotherfuckerfelland
not one buckaroo
knew how to
put back together again the
.fonkywhite fartifactegg whose
meaning· long ago had cracked and peeled
aw:ty in the vortex
the jive-time eagle stirrcth its nest but it's
too lat~. baby, as flickering hourglass glows and
drips quietly out of tune with
banevolcnt giftgrains
of pov.·dcred
paternalpastywhito eagle turds
in c.a.r.e. packages -universal makeup for shitty deals pulled
m.
Revelation·
through stifling sterile v.iiitewasbed
halls chains on drnggi.ng concrete stood
in line with other risks
and wnited my turn then f saw
the sloppy bcastina
·with the blank white uniform
v.ith the blank pastyface
with the blank screach
next and the sh2ky bro.
in front or me su~ccnly
..
~""
: ..
go please this time no dragged~-· .· .~:.' ·:. > .... ·. ·
rough stolenblack powerh~e pushed . .
.
dpassed by
·
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-
i saw a ravel unwrinkle·
in the place wl1~r~ ·bar·
b~:lk \\-:l.C supp.J600
t:, be end i qu.:'ssJd
th:lt it ""2.S m~n.nt t.:> b~
c smile but i was nllt quit~
J
sure since sh~ had no fee~. only .
dry cracks e.nd cr~vic~s where
infallible ma.squefactor ccwd n1
stand tha mechanical strain
?f c frigid ·grin
t
i
fi
I
41.
IV. J,ur~r2.
'
l
whc~ i w:.uld n:.,l give
up my pre:ci 'JUS s :.ul my
1.
precious blt.ck &Q\11
1
my
!
when i w.')U}d nx all?w
my ..:,nly p :>sse~si :,n t:,
~
•
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't
,J:
i
t
••
.
.•
~
ba expr~ri3tcd (i
de.red to be a mnn
· and to ba black simultane~sly)
she called the
oversoers she called th~m·
~
~
...)
raw materials
b .:,gue boos~ niggn.s
put me in i;ol i tary with
�--
-
q'.!:, disbcli~,:ers bu\:.
:1\\' Dl!lX l"O:lCh) <.
~~~~;.{t;:~}1)1/f!.lf\~:·1,f;:-\~
.. .
·~. ... .
.• ~ · .
,
:
,
.
d not mind this 80 much 8S
~ }. could now f=i.rt nnd sing 1ny funky blues -.
.. ·:ind scrntch ~twccu .
. :-:-1r11'1Nirnntion \\1thout . .-: ·
(,,~lin~ tl1n.t i h~d to pla:tsc
nnyonc but mys~lf nnd i
kn~W th:it 1 c:by WO
would cscnp~ this putridity
would n..?g~tc its existence
would ri~~ to claim the auroro;
.
my pr~cious soul, which i h::id carefully -s:!.ved (praise Jesus).
would b.!com~ a vit:il pnrt
of t.h.:, burning, blnck I ·
which would help to r~m~ke
.
rashap~
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th~·world
{f:-L
••, I~:;
\1. M~ss:ig..!
thi.1r~ exists a very fine tine
· b~tw~~n sLi.nding on th~ corner
,:md falling in th~ gutter. bro. ,
:md 11ach dos.
c~ch on.:: of us sL~nds nt lenst.
mumcnt!l.rily on that corner•
if only
to rcech th~ otJ1cr sida.
by ernle allen
• Mendacity
,
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�:"':1,;w .....~:.'.'."."". ~ '.!. _~ ..::::=:::~..: •:..__:._"::!.! .- ~ :!!.:.:.:.:::::.:.~..-.~~ w,_ wom . : - · ~ ~. . . : :::•_ .. ..~...- :-~·.,,_' : .~;'. t:::.:. ~···-:-~.~
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SJ 105-3353 Sub l .
~;~~;~h!~\r:~:u:t~~n:ii!{ !;~a=~e~;:i:>:,.:-:--:i:
,.,_ -~,
··
.
~
a; the MPIPR 1:outh conference 1n May~
~ Rico. ·.. -
The above leaflet would necessarily be prepared·.
1n both English and Spanish to properly reach the rank .. :._
and tile membership of both the MPIPR and the black
Nationalists, however, the total number of leaflets .
required would not be large (probably not more than 100) ·· .
.and cost and problems ot ·the measure would be minimal.'·\.: ...
.
.
In the event the Hew York Office ~eels the above
suggestion warrants further considerat1..on -Lt': shou1d
make appropriate recommendations to the Bureau.
,·.
.
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~
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MeJrlorandum·
-~. .q . DIRECTOR, FBI {i05·93¼2lft
·'
.
' '-.
. (J
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.- ... . ., . ·-.~_·": _: ·y;}/i){.!_;\ .
_
l2<'JL4/~rH~%w.;:~:,· ·
DATE:
,
FR.OIi
··ji
'J
/2
//
) f·
-..~
I VJV I
V
··
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CO~OL. SECTI,QN)
(00:SJ)
·
q ,J~ / .
·
,,,-q;,""
· .·· · ·
,. ,;. li>,.,,y .
JO,
9/30/65.
IOS
I
-~-l~
.
ReSJlet•
and Buairtel, 10/5/65.
&utho~iz:e,!P:~!~~t!tn~g:ai~!i1:d~~o~~~!:e
~o~:fit:4:{::::·<·'.
Bayamon, Rio Piedras and Caguas, PR.
,_
1··'·.,.·
·. :. ,/§ _.
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Reaction to the leaflet had a positive counterintelligence
ettect on the operations ot the Mov1m1ento Pro Independencia -· ··
de Puerto Rico {Puerto Rican Independence Movement {MPI.PR). · ~/ ·
as follows :
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San Juan Otfice Analysis of the Above _>~_;.:.:~-:·.'·:<-~--~--~:~} \·: . :;. .
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'l'he universal reaction in .the various missions··, ,:·1
was concern~~ that· confidential mailing 11sta·\
were in the hands ot • security agency.:·· ...._;·
Suspicion was voiced that
at N
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In a summary it is telt that the operation was very
successf\11 in 1ts aims and that fui7ther damage· may yet be ,: -·· ·
caused the 1ndependence~seek1ng groups here.
·
·
.Any further results will_b~ reported.
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SAC, Bew York (105-32872)
REC-4
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(1_05-93124) /
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GROtJPS SEEKING INDEPEHDENCB FOO PDER1'0 RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PBOGIW4)
..... .:.. . - -~ .
-
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:: ~- ~
.,
INTERNAL SECURITY - PU
(SUB~l¥E CONTllOL)
Beurairtel dated 11/30/85~· · ·· · ·
·-:.
......
.
.
,·
In tbe article b ~ entitled "'the
.·.
Puerto Rican Revolution," ~ n "Soulbook,• · ·.:·:-_ 7_
Volume I, Bumber 3, has been reviewed at tbe Buree.u. Thta· ..
.
article ia written with fabrications and d1stort1ona and 1s :· ;· :/
Jlichl.7.....crltical of the Un.lted States Govermaent and tlle - _;-, ··
government of Puerto Bico; while at tbe same time, tt praises ·.. . --deeds of the Puerto Rican Hationallsts and aartyrlzea
.-_· .·:,-· .... .
Pedro Alblzu Campos, deceased, :former llat1onal.1stuPartJ of -·.·. ~.... .
Puerto Rico leader.
.
.
l
11e the basic idea in referenced airtel to dis- "-· · · · · ·
credi
and certain Puerto Bicu revolution.arr leaders · . ·:. · ..
r
f(
baa
a
t,
it
ls felt tbe furtherance of pro-nationalist
..... -~. ::-_:·.f.
\
8Jllpatbies,
which
aight
result
from
the
distribution
of
this
·.·-:·.·. ·:<<
\.
\
. extreme~, anti-United Btatea article, 1n its entiret7 out- .·::· ··_:·
,.
· weighs the - aea which might be gained from posslblJ .·· ... ·
·.
~~,·
discrediting
and the other Puerto lllcan m.tlonaliat .:. '., ·-_: ·.; . ., :.
leaders reterre
o 1n referenced ilirtel. It is not-believed
that we ahould be 1n tbe position, even ln a small nJ, of
'...
J·
taking any action which aigbt tend to advance the sta~ure ot
Puerto Ill~~ ~tionaliata.
. .. .
· ..
itf
. · ·.
Perhaps it the data shorlngilllllllls 1abricated t"igures , . ·.
concerning dope addiction and prostit~tn botb Bew York -:·.-.,_~_. ·.
and Puerto Bico among Puerto JliCADS were extracted from the ""'. .. ..
article and included in a aimeographed letter to be sent to · ~- : :
selected Puorto Bican natlonalista, the desired results could{':.:;::\: ..
be achieved without furthering pro-nationalist SJDP&tbies. ·. .··:t:)rt0:
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Letter to SAC, Hew York .
.
"'.'"'."'"'"'~7'.;;~;:~~k~;Ei~i~~:y-:~:·: -;:·
.
.
.
Be1 ·aroupa Seeking Independence ·For Puerto Rlco
· (Counterintelligence Program) · .
·.. 105-93124 .
.. ·... · ·,·· . · · '.::· ; _ ,: •. . ....~~~- .- ., j.
.. . ·:i.- . . ~ .. . .,.,." . . .,.
.
· San Juan is requested to review the article bJ' :-.. ··~ -.- ~::;.c<~t·.~
referred to in referenced alrtel and f~nisb observations · ·· ~
"aiiifrecommendatlona to the Bureau and Hew York relative to
possible use of excerpt• from the article ia connectioa·w1t11:.
the counterintelligence program. TJJerea.f ter, Hew York abould ,. . :'- ·
further evaluate tbis matter in line wltb tbe above suggestions
........ ;
.and comment• ot San·Juan and resubmit ita recommendatlou.
~
Pending results of tbe above, ao action l• belq
taken at tbe Bureau to print copies of tbe article as suggest~t,.~\::e~::.,
on page four of referenced &irtel. San Juan abould likewise -:~':::;.:~ff:l:!~~
take ~o action at tbla time relative to the request 1n the -~~~}ti~
paragraph on page four of referenced airtel.
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�F Bl.
11/30/65·
Date:
:rrar.smll ihe fallowlno In
fT1P•
I• plai• tnt or eo4aJ
•
AIRTEL
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TO
PBCM
. · DIRECTOR, PBI (105-93124)
tJ8:;.c~
:
SUBJECT:
NEW
GROUPS
Yo.RIC
.,. - r:··" ,~ •
(10~32872) (P)
·
'· . _· .
SEWmLDIDEPENDENcLx~cO · '·.
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION .
~r:
· _... ··~ .. :.;-_ ,~:-. _'.
· . ·.:: :..·.. ~--·, :-: :. :-:-.;:-:..-,: .· · .7..
"(Ol~~~l~;:;r ::1!~;~a~o!8S:eJ=y1~:::~-:' ~
ot"'soulbook"., Volume I, Bumber 3- and one copy of an ;_ ··. · ·:
eight page m.a.111ng 11st.
.
On .11/1/65.,-adviaed that members of ·_ .... · _- ··tM Executive B o a r d ~ i o n Vito Marcantonio ·. ·.. ·····
{New York Mission) NYM) or the Mov1miento Pro Independencia ,
de Puerto
were highly displeased with NYM ·:
J.
member
or an ~tl-~le written by him
· .: '.
entitl ,
,.
o .!_Qan B~ v..QJ.µ.t1on". which appears
,
1/~
£i:-j8en
..··
· .· "lt.
~
1n~~9µ}l>.9ok'!~:,..
ume I~ .. Humber-3., a self-described
· .
Tournal ot "revolutionary af'ro-amer1cana" published 1n ·. · -:· ·
Berkeley, cal1torn1a. The prime reasons tor this dis-.·. ·
pleasure are the obvious distortion and exaggerat~on
of.the statistics appearing 1n the article conceming ..:.
the percentages ot prostitution and dope addiction 1n
New York City and Puerto Rico among Puerto Ricans and
the tact that the article was not approved by MPI ,
leadership prior to its release. 'l'O date, the EXecut1ve .. ·
Board or the NYM has attempted to keep the statistics ....
1n the article
from the rank and 1"ile memberah_ip .·..
0~ the :NYM.
l
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,-. /.1 ? / j_
~
n-Bureau (Encl. 1) (RM)
/ (1 !> . '7 ...)
· - ·.
. 3-san Juan (105-3353 Sub 1) (Enola. 2) (RM)
· .... · ·
:·
1-New York (105•32872)
.
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"Dear Priend.,
•'!'he attached a r t i•hich
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1n 1ts
··
~C:11111~~-~- .. :.~.··· .. .·.. ·entirety.,
·~·~
~~
or
or
member
·our
.
e• York b~adquarters
~: :_ · · . ·.at· th~as~_PJ1erto-B.1co.,:.J.06_Bas.t .l~th street; and ... ·· .
· ·
·336 East 13th Street., Ne• York City. This a~ticle appears·.:··
1n 1Soulbook• Volume I., Humber 3, the •quarterly Journal.
ot revolutionary ·ari,o-amer1cana 1 , which 1s published 1n ; · ·· .:<9; ·~: ·· .•
1s the product
M1sf!1on....:VJ.ta....Mar.cantonio, w
n
f!;~=~~~ ~, -~-al~?~ia :?~ -~~s-t~;~ute~- on a ~~r d-~ide erril.y_.'
Atter you have read this article, please ask
yourselt the following questions •
8
-.
............
-
!. :;.~-- ··~
,
.•1) Is lt •mass hysteria' f'or our people to
better themselves? Is 1t •mass hysteria• that our people
have the. highest literacy.rate 1n Latin America? .
c·-,.
~~!, .. .
,.. . . ._ ~ '\ 1
2) Where has Mr. aaill.otained ·his statistics
concerning prostitution a n ~ addiction among our.
people? Perhaps tbeJ •ere obtained from the personal
11
. ,...
t~\\ :~-:c~/~~~~~~:~~e o_r_ ~.
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!~n~!t!~ na:~t1cs addict .o~~..
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What did our organ1zat1on hope to accomplish
v1th th1s·art1cle? Improve the image or Puerto Rico and
.our people? Ve doubt 1t. one thing can be said •1th
certainty~ and that.1s; this-article 1s an affront to
every Puerto Rican man and especially our women and
another step bacla,ard tor our movement.
"We the disenchanted or the MPI, urge our fellow
members to refute our senile and degenerate·leaders., who
have allowed this •11terary catastrophe' to be published.•
J
In addition., the NYO suggests., 1.f this technique
::· ,I is approved., that the tollow1ng steps ·be taken:
.
.
·... · · .: .· : ·l) The San Juan Office translate the Editor•J :.
r ·1ntroduct1on contained on page 208 or 11 Soulbook" . and .·1 :.·"
! I: ~u~ish this trans_lation to t~e :&urea~. :~. · .. : ·. ·.::_·.-_.··.::"--:'-...
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.·..· l. ..Jt,,~?t·.~. ·-~:··-·: .: 216.th: :::~;:
~~p=e:r2{4. 21t
217. 218r~:~aiJiit::n1tr~!e~
219. excluding.art
work -on.the bottom: · ...
.and
-::, . :~--:~~;-." ..·.~.;....... ;·or ,page-219.· .; '!'he ·spanish-language :translation. or"'~ -·"· .. :~:.-:.-;"_·
by san Juan should:
~.-f~:~.//j:'!-:~"'~.::.~- appear as the .first paragraph following the title.·:~- .
-~:{~/-\~: _; ·-.:··:Upon- c9mplet1on. this printed ~tter will be sent ·to·->··
t~ .
.
SJ. :-.: .
.
-f".~1-;.~~~>~. ~/-. ··:.·the Editor's 1ntroduct1on· turnished
~
1
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3) The· s.TO •111'° ·pre.pare a Spanish language ~--- ·
!.,t·\ .·..·-··~ •. :_
translation ot the cover letter and then utilizing -· :.\..·
,
,,
·,proven counterintelligence techniques available to tl;l~~~..
. i ,.... . mail the cover.letter. and·the reprint ot the article·-~-·:"':. ... ·._...
~ ~ ·:~ -,~.. ··_·:··
to names contained on i.ts MPI mailing 11st and organizations·
t ~ ;~~-t~--·'. • ....'r- .. making up the: 11st f"urnished by the NYO.
· - · ·.
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�cover design by gtenn. myles.
over photo by charles
inson; back cover photo
~ harles ~tel ~wson
by
1
·:·· '.~·\;~-~ ~-.~·.
~~
-~. 'f;·-=.....~: _...
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''
.·,,
�·donald freeman' Issac m-~-~·re •. ~rne·.• t·' ~-llen.:.~~~~:_:~;.-· ~~
carroll holmes, kenn m. freeman, bobb hamilton.
edU·o;~~·i'.
t~ar"'cf:
volume I
number 3
cable address: EMIR
J.
fall, 1965
f
annual subscription by ordinary mall; $2.25 inside u.s.a .. $3.SO
outside u.s.a.,. annual subscription by airmail; u.s.a. $4.50,
:outside u. s. a. $7. 50. ·there are four issur'!s in an annual subscription.
~one copy costs: $0. 65.
·
.
_
p. <>,
berkeley,
l.n
rights reserved.
correspondence cone;ei~g manuscripts and business
~matt'!rs
addressed to SOULBOOK, p.o. box 1097 berkeley~
jCopyrlght, 1965, by SOULBOOK inc. ,
box 1097,
nll
should be
bobb bamilt.on 350 bower.):, new }'Ork 3, nev: york.
,.\or
ca.Ii!. 94701,
calif . 94.701
�~
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. bobli hlmnton 151 THAT 1·s WATTS HAPPENIN'
-..:
·cheikb-anta diop.154 AFRICA. CmNAANDTHEU.S. ·
kann m .. frccmanl64.. THE MAN FROM F. L.N.:BROTHER FRANTg FA.NON
. .... .. ..
carol freeman
178 DO JESUS ?..· ·. .
:: .. :--- -:· ....don a. l d freeman 181 THE FACADE OF BOURGEOIS DEMOCRACY
REJECT NOTES 183 pootrybyaimtc~sairc, m.arvinc . jeckmon,
· k. willi~m kgositsilo, rolland snellings 1 glenn myles.
h:irold foster. crnic e.llcn, ronald stone, carol freeman.
_ k.\\•. kgositsilc 199 PARTNERS IN WHITE RACISM
harry hnywood 203 THE CR1Slf: OF NEGRO REFOR?\fiSM AND THE
GROWTH OF NATIONAUSM
2.Uredo pann
208 THE PUERTO RICAN REVOLUTION
alfrado pen2.
214 LA REVOLUCIO.N PUERTORRIQUENA
c.allcn &frcem~n 220 NOTES QN JAMES BOGGS' A:M:ERICAN REVOLUTION
: ~-
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Nibil olr.tat
1-·rant1. 'Fa non ( l;-. l,. N. )
C,·tuor J,.putt1111s
Imprimatur
~
• Rohe"" ..Wj11i.:.tms
{lt .. A..M.)
c-•.'1".t.-Srb.1.u11polu
J'ir. Grn.
Slles and distribution manager : bobby sc3le
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HAPPENIN' !
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Th.:>s~ black men who talk nbout •·s.~ving America" by making it live up to Its·
drc~m -- and these are not th2 black buurgeoisie cmtrntfof which I spe:ik, -but tl:ic
well-intention~d black radic2.ls -- remind me or n n:ti\·~ wom:in who might ple~d
to_ th~ ra,t~~ing rapist to a.lbw hi::r to drass th~ wounds 2.nd scrntch~s h~· acquired
in his attn.ck on h~r -- not realizing U1at h3r nssaifant ~11 only C:ltch his bre2.th
in order to be more th~rougb in fucking her:
White Amcric2 is w~ging n "no h:>lds barred" \\":'.r ~w..inst tho bl3cks in this
country and against cobrcd people rul over th~ world! It is, at lc~t. fo~lish to
concern oneself :ibout the welfar~ of S )rncona who lms his foot '"1D y.:>ur thro:lt.
Aft~r 400 years I should think that nt least tl1e m~r<? awnr~ and articulate bbck ·
men would s~c tl12t the "American Dream" is the bbckman 's Nightmare! Time .
hn.s ·run out for Blnck preachers :md bbck pictists! Th~ lki.ttl~s being fought in
Am~ricn ar~ not economic ones, not .against p~verty; America is an.gaged in the
early stzgas or a hint.ant race v.-:?.r. Thosa Black leftists wh~ still nurture that
inti3llcctu:illy expensive illusion of 11 bkck ~d white unity11 against some economic
bugbcnr (capitalism) need only look h.:m·.!stly at Am~ric!'!'s cland.-;stine ally in this
stniggl~, Tha &>vi~t Union. Tha Russi:1ns ar~ as 'white' as ~y Mississippi p~ckcrwood vis-a-vis the 11 yallow peril," Red Chin~! Th~ whit~ man in America, :md
Europa to;> f'or that matt~r, has oocom~ so aclimatized to bullying nod oppJ\?ssing
. and t~rrorizing non-whites, nnd to th~ a.cquiescancc nnd, much too oft.en, the
c o 11 ab o c 2. ti on of those he tyrannizes. th2.t be is gcnuin~ly shocked, ~wildared,
and even hurt when he is told, "st.:,p I've had en:>ugh." He was shocked by th3'
long hot Summer of 1964, by Springfield, Chicago, and Los Angd~s \lf 1965 •.
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"P1mks,~
Boy Wilkins of th~ N:ition~l Assocfo.tion far th~. Advancement (?! :.~ , ! .,~
C~rtain
le -- unim:>.gina.tiv~ly •••.. like a cracked record. "\\'a d"J)lori? ••• ...:. · :~,.c·_.2-·:. ·
"said F mer ~im of the Congr~ss 2!! Ritual Equality, not too long re~ned from· ·;d}-~::::
his:~~-+n_._~ _''.?,!ficial niggor to Africa to undo Malc:>lm's wotk ... "With a1J
necessary!•"'·. -~~·-·.. • ''said Kingfish Martin--:. at lcnst h3 \\7!.S the most consistant. .t"·
t=>r he hadr.:!3.ss3F5d:"chuck" tht?t his position ,~':LS -that eny bl~ to 1>e
tJio:..:t~~~~:.~·~.
pursuit or "The.. American Dr~am", would be ours!
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·. -~• ..·ta.-..r t
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-~·- . The Governor of Cnlifornia, the Mayor 2nd the Chief of Police or Los Angeles· -· · · · ~ · :-i~
screamed, "\\"here arc the rcspons_lbla Negro Lcad\}rs ?'_' Thay \\'er'1 thero .end _' · ··· · . ·~
h3ro -v:hitey -- you were just !Q.f!. hystcrico.l to!!.~~!.. and !.~~them! The Y.:_ .§.:.. ····-:=·· ·: ·-,~~·a?.·_·~~:!
News nnd \\'orld.R:port, tho lib~rnl !!:_ Y. Post. ".:.'he Times, th~ \\'hite pr~ss e.!!_
-~ .
!!,.;!.~!.£.!!.!!1__ attributed tl:~ rcv·Jlt in Los Angeles to crimin:\ls Md thugs! These
: -~
:ire the: prcss~s wh~ eulogize the Boston Tea Puty, th~ French Underground,. 2nd
· ! )~·
.
··"· r
tho' al:?.ve uprisiuss spa-rkcd by !Jpttrt.2.cus in Rome!
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forca
shed tn
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The bluck::: in Los Angc:l~s. C:ilifarnia \Vere n x irr~sp..:>nsibk: Tl11?y w~rc tirod J
or w'.1it~ bull-:::.~!t. The bl~ck bourgeoisie were &ile.91t be<.".aus~_thc:; t'!ld. bi?3!1 so
"busy' 1 bciag ' 1r·.1sp~nsibl~11 t::> white toiks th~t they, by d~finith,n, C">Uld net ~ ru- '.. '.1f
. spo11.sibl~ to bl:lcks -- th.?y'vc ~£.Y.£!:. b~~n oofaro: J)03!jihlr :uni~t th~ suc~l~?d
cb~')S n qni~i. v lie:? t 'llrl Uwm they wcr~ bL'l.ck to:>; pos:::;~bly e.nd ,·cry lik~:, tl.1:,y
,'k~.?w b~tt~r'' th~n 1.o s~~n.k out Oh the sid~ of rtwhiby" our 11:>n lcad~rt' were •·sn.fo"
nnd •'c~curu" en Ui~ E2st C~ st nnd in Uic S:::-uth. My or.ly r~grct i:; thr:.t so mm1y
blodcs \':ere kil!cd 1 but it lJn..s alw~ys ~en that w:ty; li:ls:t 1i it? B•tt th~re: n.r~ ~Sw
i::::-:.3c r;r ,,·.t:ti hy 1.:::--.p::: ~'"'d b::,ur.d:; i~ t~~- p;;yi:.h..:~ ;f u:;. the Ll:!.ck m:1ss~s; th~y
r..rc: Nat Turner, Cinqu·~, Marcu:::; G:lrv~y. R:>bcrt Williruns, M~lcolm X, :md the
D~econs ! K~cp on pushing!
1
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jnckmon 153 :
-· :
Si .. · an Tired,
Tir.ad
being
or
mc1t1m~---.
Lost.
Lost"in the·.-.'·
wilderness
or white runaricn.
Arc the m:iss~s assas ?
C:>ol.
Said the master to the slav~,
"No problem. Don't rob an :r"°21,
I'll be your drivin wheel."
Cool. _ .
And h~ wh~elad us into
350 ye;trs of black mndnl.?ss,
To hog guts; conked hair. covndis,
To bl c:iching cream and uncfo thomas,
To WATTS,
To tha straats,
To tho KILL.
BOMMMlL ••••• 2 honkcys gona.
MOTHER FUCK the police:!
And park~r•s sister, t:)o. BL.ACK PEOPLE;
Tired,
'Sick 2.11 tired,
Tired o( being _
t'
Ci.ck :in tired -Burn, b~by, burn •••••••••
Don't le:i\'C d~m boss rags,
C'mon, child, d:>n 't mind da.
~'1.gs.
.._. _Git all d~t m:>ther!uckin p~-~~. -~~.:..~ ..r;·-·-··-·~a:·_
Git dem gurw to:,, v.-e 'on't gh"a
e fuck!
· ·
Burn, bnby9 bm:n, ·.-::· _~y:· ·~: -:., --. --.
Co~ ~tta sight Fi~~l?urgs,
Vlbitcfront,
. Wincburgs,
Bfa.ckfrort - ·
Burn, b2.by, burn.
In time
will·l~rn.
bf
.arwin jackcon
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n In Ur!·.t•rri:-a, he, acre t!'\::r. tn! livi,·,.
Ill ...., luf,,JI 1 .,
.I l f .,. tlttl. P:tflt.•t" ~U\ t,,.,.f, ~ . ! ·~ .f,••••t l"f't'd ~rrr•''.'~hett te; !l"d fherr1£S ef' 811:I,;
hi·, 1,.. ,. 1, 1 ,.u... 1 1• .,... •· , ..• u.. ,,.,:r llul th.·n· i~ :1 b.,s k didFhVI ttf p,rpr rs ink 2 lcirds: tht
!, ... ,u ...,-~•••,:. {,,. t:~··J;.,, . . A.tri,.,11::), 1'nd ti,· lrpns. h,h 9""'"·mir.::: h-.s, :t rvttural cutrock bued tn
h•!:pn,,~.f' t., d i•.•tt•, tllf" di t tt-rt't\d' l-t>t•ren th,-a being th·t Arprtt h;:i.,p hsd I h-rsh!r cl iut,.
.
Acc«din9 t«' Diop th, Arr.1n! h,ve developed p~tri-arctr~! •rsh11s rh•r~tt,rhed b;· the ruo•
r,-r:tsiNa d ""rn .:-nd :- fr-tfr•x,· tt1r·rd indh·!~~-~liF!', •:,tt=iri~qs~ trd OUS!tis·~ 11'-t ~e::!~-~rr.•
,·,r. "" Uw •• O ..·r t,., ...f. h,· ,.,.,., n.: Ch'Hf'1tS'N 'e,·tr-i.-r:'t:-' ~)flf',.. l~ •C"!f!" f!'f !"&1:f- ; .. u,.,
thz• !t,•;bl ~,"fr" i~ ,·,••:t":!•";tcf ..rd :rH•ist~.; fr. HF t!':,·t·t::- t~·~N!! 11
AF frr th,· "'ht.·r(,•,; ti·1t?F "'' thi~ 11i~·
2qurd, ,ith I ::!"'!:G~l"c-!;f ir:1.•,t d
~n•, :-
r~~p "'·~
·e.
wt
~,,!-
th,t ,~,·ir"t f.:,rt •:ii "d
fl>.:k .Afrto,. :iwi·t:!t';",
it:~i else £ur:~nf'! d•
"" f :ut kn ,~ a rt,rrf) dr,.h ,the c;f th.,t O'"tlt s:-d,t)·. I:"' , • :rd, hff. ·,!"!Hn;,__~!' __tt-·:! sutj!:t _
are at I east outr~g,rus I,. provout h,f. and ,t the
bi:.hr.U r rerd uti oniry.
le do n~t give this hic~9roond t~ 6rother Uil'p 1s orient,tion In crder tG rndor-se his viP•s:
on the cor.tr,r>·, •e hurt rest:rv=-t i t-ns about scae of J\it ct'ncf usim~, ind his •cph,sis on cJf11ate
as a detersin1nt ~f history, but •e de kno• th!t h!s histOl"'ic~I findfnQS wfs•c•vfs ph?roahcnit
f'fl,f',
•~st
f
f
[gypt and Its refaticnship. to Afrlc2 and [urc,pe have fasense crtde~:E. The •afn re?son •e have
suaaarized his theoriPs fs to p~int out his ••cElfrnt intr-lJe:tu1I and prc-E:ack credenti•Js sr
that •e can she• ahy •t ff'el &rother Oiop is e.ain~ntly Qu&llfied tc eapfafn aany ,f the re•
l1tionships betaeen the Peoples iepubtlc cf.China, the eaer-;in; £frlc•r. ~,tioni, and th~t 9.-..,1
· vuardian of th, crier line, the United States cf Aaerica.
f
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lhe Editors
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China, in exploding tw:> Urmiur.1 235 b~mbs,· ha~ jUEt pr:wod that ~hi! in cap~_(
able h:iving e.ccass to thcrmonucl~nr p~wor by he:r own m~ans. &Jv3ra.l year:;·,._·, _'y:t."' necessary,- ·parhapc foss than tc:n, in ordar br her t"> c?nstituta·an :,p~'"<~· ..
.ti.lnal arsenal. Als:>, China. of today is comparabfo b th\? U. S_.. S.J\. -of 1926
.
S38; she ne~t" build her ac\lnomy, to consolid:!.t:: h2r p·>litical regime, and_.. ;-~:·
a .o.her technical capabiliti~s. In ~hase undcrt:!kings shi must shun \\':tr any }·~·::...
p r i c ~ to gain precious y.3c.rs so that sh~ c:ly ncquir .:! th.-! invuln~rability
or nucfa:ir p·Jwors.
China will go to war only in the cace of h::r own d~f.:ns~. Th~ tarrit~ry of<. .
Chinn. ic cufficientlyvast iD ord~r to p~rmit virtually the d:>ublint of h:!r prcs;mt ·.. ·
popufati:>n (actual density is approximately 80 per squar~ kilometers) and_ :.£ faod-·
ing it without hn.ving n~ed of pruning tha lands of ~ D.?ighb~r. Therefore tha tru3
danger isn't in seeing the Chin~ce reen-:a.cti;flg the in\'11.Si•l.i of tha Huns Md :,v3r·running a Eurq,a which is only n "pcminsula· or /ai:l.:" Reth~r. it resid3S in tho
fact th:!t, in the 2nd, tho wcll~ing, higher crcativ., kn:>wladge:, t-::chnice.l ~fficicncy I power. and thl3 -ability to mnke d~&1rinds will n., longer bo th:: m:>nopoly
of the v:i.):rt ..
at
)
[l ll! IN!. TUiu l H[ ;.~ e IGU Ill ES
Tho Unit.ad Stabs is fully
ado-guarding of b:xh
conrei~.>\.iZ
of this ~itucti:m. It sc~os t :> fa~l thnt the
their supri!rn.acy and
th:it of tho west in
gcn~rnl ncccssitntas :,.
pravcntivc war against
China; even th-:?ir press
no bnrror rrulkes n mystery of this position ..
.. .How~ver, the U.S. can
.. t
r
~~ only ect with impunity .
if it succeeds in mot:lonbri ly iGol2.ting
h
China from the rast o!
•, :1 th:?
S:>eialist Camp. The
.:~~1
i
f
'
im:;pJclc.o.bhl Aln-:?ric:m pro-
v~tion!i in Vietnam re. gister witl1in this perspac- ·
tiv'3. (cont. p. 156)
~.
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.-c-an-lc:id to .\\'ar Uthe tJ. s. cstict:1t~o. rightly or wroncly. thnt th-: &QU~-: ·; · . ~. ls 111f1\:
(
f th.:,. ~cialist C:,.mp w~ld fail Chinn,· th~t (?Mn:: ~c_,ttl~~t ~~'!fit fr~'l.tl th3
- .. ·._t§! ~:
ato c uml>~lb and from the.~r cover of th~ tJ. S.&. R.) The wr..r wou1~ th:,11'~
'lc:"liiJ:a·
sprin fr~m ~ facl( or cl:'..I'ity in the po~itions :;riginnlly taken. · .
·
·· : .._.-~-.. .: ~. · - n.~
· ·Today, aenn the th:n~ or the KJr3an War, p~c~ -is gain~d in ~liminating 2.mb1-··:·_·:~.~.·. ~~
guitii?s _in tim~. /J.c~. one Wi)U)d llko to b.Jlieve thnt_ fir~ r~::;ol~i_:,ns,--,vh_icb con-· ~tre.st with nppa~r3DC3G. h:!.vc :!.lready baon tnkan ·at th~ level · discrc3t dipbmaCJ
• of tha :'I':
not 13:l\'ing t:> h7>ver in tll~ nir eny d~tn es to tbtl solidarity of the S:>eicl:lt . Can;:p '.· -/.r.~
in the ca:le or au . s. e.tt:ick on China under any pretext whataoovcr. It is with :.
. . _prev~
th~ a~rial protccti ~n of the U. &. S. R •. tl1n.t China 'W2.S .c.blc to nid N ~rth K ':>rcn, and
. tJ13· ru
why she \YOUld b:? abl(? t.) aid Viirtna?:il t·:>C!ay. This irnp?rLi.nt condition which could.
c:m~s~I
1
a.ton~, render ~[foctivc Chl~ s cid to Viotn:u:i, dopends entirely upon tha U .. Z.S.
In rc1:
:md t11~ r.:insoos for Chjn~'s pr~sont procr~tina.ti.:>n arc porfactly understood.
wj\!}d_,
Th1.!'
.,r,·.S\!ll("~
.. ,r 5ibyllin~ \\';lrnings
C,JUld b~ bte.l t:, pC3C.J. - ,.,·,.
...
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ar.:.rns1 PIU.VfNl IV[ U,R
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7
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In thu C:!.S~ wh31•c :i.11 this v.~ld prxacd with c:,ld ca.lculc.ti:>n end :?32.inst cll
156 di
di.~!
~r
n.,
..
c.xpect:?.ti~n .. tho results W;)ul~ be cat..i.str~hic for J1ur..1anity. Th~y would g:> b~yond the limits of' cl~scicnt Mncchio.v~llia.1'lisn to tnka O!l th~ dim~nsi:>ns of 2
bankruptcy of rn.2.n in hi::: attempt to c:,c ccod his ~thnic c&cg'.lry in ord~r t=> hocome reconciled \\ith oth~r :n~n and t :> cro::1to v~rilt!.blc hucanity.. N'J lucid
ooing sh:>t1ld hep~ to 1:in..lq th.? OO:lt of c Gii:1il:u- cituation. The c.:mscqu~cas
that tl1.? people wh.::> u~ sufforing n.nd v..ho :tr~ fiehting for thtlir eL~rutcip:.tion
w~uld draw froo it would~ irrcmodinbl~ ond dra2dful. Chinn'::; i~chnol~gical
power is· n guarn...'1t~c .::>f pe~cc and of development becaus~ sh3 thr.::>ws out of tune
_tho old e--....r.t.1~ of the .b~bnc~ of poV1er. W.:;rld p~acc will be rott~r 3ssurcd i! n
country of the Third W~rtdl. is able to bcc~r:i..:, a center· of high intellectual cL:volopm~nt. of t.lclmic:il .p'lwcr. ruid of th~ abilityt,Y rdu.rn tit for tat. This \\ill
~ a guarantc.? :l(r.linst P·~Osibla act~ of d~&potisc,
co\lt1l.l"dic~ :..r of racist r-n cid~i this introducas nn edv:mtc.gcous cliop:lr.ity in the di!;trib·: j~n or f..:>rc~ an
tha phln2t --- thin is th3 grain of ::;::md which 1nrut~:; tho i.r.,p~rinli::;t oachL.,3 gr:?b.
It io too oft~n fo:::-gottoo th:1t r;.1..x!arn i;cicnco is not )\:t :;cfficicntJ.r i.mpl:.ntcd
in the Third World, and th:lt, for the d.3vZ?l~mant of ·our f:1!"1:-0 !')1:ms t:, bu er:::~ly coopr.::>miscd, :!r.. abrupt d:!rkanL~g of int.:?rn3ti:>n..1.l 1·c!:!t.i:r.1s i\·.h.ich io :l\\'~ys
possible) would b:l F:ufficiont.. Un:::·.!rL-t:mding, .or r.1::>rc o:: k::;:l brio{ d:.rraticn, 1ut•:roen w~stcn1 C12:-1'.:lom.:-:-le~ p=,wers in ord.:r to iJ'!lp~ !i~ :! Hoit..~!i:,n ::.:·~d a ::tin'lr
m::um.gament on tb.) t-,clm;c~l d~val::>pi:lClt of th.:- l"nir.l w~~ 1-.! is pl'O"tl~t!\?, ii ~h.:!rc
docs net u,:ict :,u~sid~ tbi? w-..:nt a force c:ip:1ble of oppc=:·:J !:; if :"!..:cc::r.:!:·y. ·::.fa
a
or
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•. \\ith d.3:
I LU th
~ tj h:?.tcl
ry bJyc
to brin[
v~lutfo.·
n~t!·:>~
nuclc~
~ tb~J
X's ~n:
ll3V.:?rth
CS~l!.r:?}
cl~:u- f.:
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OU!l
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\;jt
er
r.~od for
·t'.>rld ir
:inc:; t
p::.ct~d f
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is-what is
t~ilt~
w.\',·.::,;.:'-R~}t uril~ thay .Jv:>ka the
undcrst:,:.d by th13:l~ £::>-cnlbd p~w~rs ev.lry
pr:>bfan1 =>f. diss~n1in~ti=>n of ntom- ~- .
ui:,p 157
ic \Ve21):> .
~',;
,.:
· f1tt .. ,, ·
terest nnd security :>f the Third World de:
,:l§,r:.~.:.. ~ The
fJ:~•- si:mdc • _2.11 the means ~f devalopment. of d'lmiD&ion :mil
darn.and oh~uld no lonR"er
be tha mon:,poly
t~·
"'\
::r.,-~ or tha_ w~~............~'"!'"·
.Jn ncting t,xl~y br the preservation of China, to
f:-.:c-::.:.}? ·.:,;~ prevant th3 dcstructi:>n of Chine~~ power still in limbo~.
1:'~': · f.i ,: . th~ Third World has only to work luci:1ly towards the
t.
tld. ·· conselid'ltion or it:; security.
~. · "f In reality. tha voice of the w1ardi:1ous Third World
~-~ v:~uld weigh with nn en::>rrcous u1:,rcl h~vineas_ ~ tha
-~· ... ~ decisi~ns o! th.? only t\\'.:> nuclaar pow-.,rs .JD which tha ·
.·,. ·,' :ult of the situdion dcp.:mds.
..
· ·
...
\
In th~ particular case of the U.&.:;.R., its strength, \\-hich iG t~y eble to·
~ afoguard p~cc and to serve th~ devalopmcnt of pe::,pfo~. was cqutllly ,11eneced
.
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" ·th d~structi~n by imparialisci wh::n chc:: was in g2s~tbn. ·
/JI th.= w::>rking pe::,pl e::, with:>ut distincti ~n of color, w~ra th3n :?.lli2d in >rcbr
o h~ch it, to protect it fr:>m Oct.ob~r. 1917 t:> 1S3~; longsh.>r~i'.!l.an of every coUiltb.lycottcd th3 prcv-:mtive wer against the U. :l. :::. F.. ; £a:, ro:?n r..iutini cd in Jrd.?r
·bring :1b::,ut a triW!lph of its c:ius~, 2. cnusa idantifi.?d 'With t!1ct of the v::,rld r3oluti:>n. · Y.:,r~ rcc~ntly, so~e sci~ntists, by pur3 i:bobgic:?.l convicti~u. incurr.:';d
• ".li,:>ncl indignity e.nd pri:;on i~ ordor to par~1it it {ti1.:? U. ~-C.R.) to ha\'~ acccs£ to
uclcu- nnd tharn:.onucb~r pow~r: Gr:!en Glass, Kku::; Fuch:;, F~t~c:,J'?o, etc.
i
Ch
th~ Iv~ry Coast, som~ blacks fror;i the for~::t dra::s~d in loin-cbth::; :.1c.rk~d
.
1
!
s on soma ends of bcrnb:>-.l \\iL'l-:>ut to:> much re:llizing wha.t th~y did, it i~ .tru~;
;1vertl13h::;:::, this W:!S th~ir tn~2lls of signing the 3txkh.:>lm /..ppe2.l d.;::::;tt.1.:.d t:,
sure po~.ce. to forestcll n pr~mnturc war ~ th~ U.S. C.R. wh:!n its nulear r~rc~ \\":!.ti not yet e..s:;urcd.
.
.
..
/. ow.b which wns b,)n1 :!nd d:h"~lop3d in sucl1 ~ n1.:>ral clinmt~ sh.luld b:! £.\":'.ille Without aquiv:>c~ti-:>n, every tim~ th~ p~tlca :>f p~~l~ is m2naccd.
J~ cru£ade r~s~mbling th.? "pecc:t r..1:,vem~nt.. wb::n the U. :J. t;. R. hnd n r\?31
_. ~t?d for it, ::;1-,:>uld be n~wly ::.."ld ir.1u13clintcly fa.unch~d by th~ stt!.t.!:i of tha Third
· ~: :·_- ,·7,rld in a ~h:>v: or' sQlidarity \\itl1 Chin~.
~nc~ the and of \;'VIII t.l.a U. C. hc.::, 1:.3cn l~~vine it:; tr~diti.;:>n:il fa::>l:lti::>ni sm, h~
·
•u·:::,d (r~m on~ ~xtrer..,o to th~ ~L~r, nnd i:; ::,,:\,.,. d.:::~di'l!! it~' ~~cui·'it)" on the
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sLorcs :,f :!nch ~~ti::i~. -even b tha h!;ut, of tha untr':.Mid.;n ftJr?st in th:, C~.>.;
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A DErLtCT INu(PrtfLlrnC[
.
It Sb~m!U ..,~ ~u!.Ud thct any Black Lfric:m stat.? is nl.ready n:, lor,r-r ind~pend?nt (if i?Jd~pand'3nC~· hns evar been .cf~activc) br !1~ Oi:13 would lml"' h:,ur h
~ltar hfa p~litice.l r~gir::.a with' .\..1: ..,,uncle &t'..1-n'' b!cor..in3 cuspici~::; and payin3 ..
him n visit. Th.?. U. ~. is ~:JU!i t'3 keep f_frice in the WcGbrn c:?.mp, \\'ithin its
own aphera of innu~nca,to opaak raora cl::?uly. One sh ..>Uldn't b~ :!1>13 to. 1 'kc43p".
an inflap?nd~nt c ~ntry.
The ch :>rt p3rioo :;,£ euph3rit. t!nd :,f a:l6y brr~:; foll~wing th:! d:?clt!.rati:ms of
ind~nd.3nce, durine which in 3rd~r to vbb.in cv~rything cll Y·:N had to do V.':?.B
h'lld out your hand i::; c"mplately :mded ~v~rywher~.
For wz.nt or b:?iili orzn,.,ized in time on more vi~bfo unitarirui political f~nda. ti\)n:1. but ir..1plying mor~ p~rtJ~~"ll :::;ecrific.3s, toc.b.y ~nly th~ l)c!ri~ of "tears"
wllich is at ht.nd reneins. c~ru.in ccu.."'ltrie:::; de~h'e thems~lvcs in tryi.P..g t·:>
4;lrganize their ioclividucl sabty. How~v3r, the ~y security possible in tbs 2lCtuc.1 sit~ation 'lf Bl:lck /_frica is 2 colfoctiv~ :ma. ~rospects far th~ futur~ ~ra
gl:>emy.
Imperw.lism iI~tends to :,rganizc ·anc.rcby ,;ar :tll the /..friC311 C.:>ntin?nt in e
manner which will ke·~p th~ p:>litical initiativ~ tl1n.t it hce nlr32.dy r~J!ain~d. w~uch
hnd b33n liken awo.y fr:>!'.l it by lib~rn.ti~n u!:J\'_c~ant:; on the 3V~ of th.:! in:fapendence of thc::;c stt.te::.
1ie1.: in li~o n new fact of capiw.l ir.1port.2;1~ 1 on which it fa esG~nticl th:?.t th~
ntt~ntion ·of J.frica.."ls pofariza~ its3U.
It is the plagu3 thc.t we ·have alv.ay::; d3nou...~c3d. Al::.s ! Blnck J..frica strongly
risks receiving it' es ib lx. It is tha spectre of 5-:>1...tt..'i .l.tr:.~ricaniz~ticn which
heunts it with its corteg.3 or unhappiness &nd niscry.
Ona still rerr.3r.a1b~ro the stirring d:?cl&reti~n:; of O.uc.dro.o rtwc:?.lin!! th~t h~ wn.s
push~d by obocur~ forces wh~n he W"'t..C forei:d t~ e.b.:...'ld.:>I' hi:; ~utb:»rity in Brnzil.
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.abl~ to,_,a~~?W it!icl~ to haV.J. DD ind~pendJilt dipb!:l~cy: · · .Tf~iS Sh,)Uld b~: 0..1'liruGbd ·. t)!~~;:_'./2'_~:-/l~
"toan" . ropriat9p:>wer".
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.
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he occurence:.: in Sant? D:>I".ling:> are of such nn nature as t~ edify even~ __.::--- ;/1,:·:_:,.·;·F·0 \
•.. ,
indiff~rent:-
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or· "1:100.Jrati.,n''. w:,uld ~ .:->~->~,~ ._.-.· hi::..
•
I· th~ 1ong run. no ar.1~t of' "g::>:>dneGs", "realis?:l" ~
k.n?w· ~w b shelter '1r1c Ir->~ this new f~ro or insecurity. Nkruonh is made· t> ~:/;~f~~~·>:{g!~i}
t~y. ·br..1.jrr-::>w it le everyone 'Who will danc2 lik~ e. cicndn..2. . . .
. ·.·._··. :~:·.:_.
. On3~ takes touching pr~~nutbns tc giva _imp~rinli~c th3 undcrst:mdi!lg_ that .~t .. . .
wtll b3 v~ry well to adapt 1ts~lf t:> our Goc1nli30, for thay o.ra !!l.!:. r..ialignant.
· :··:_"'
_. Their invcnt:>rs sirilply wnntcd to oo fashionable in tti~ d~rna.in or pulitical ~xprc::·.: -:
. . --:~· l' • .
sbn; thuc /_frican S;:,cialiSJ.:i is ofton a ::ynonyr.:i for in.)ff3n3ivo socie.lisci. ··Soon, ·-·
··· ·-; ··. 7as in the r.uhni!r of the birth of pbilo:;~hy, 3ach·African will W2.lk With his social-·
·
ist dxtrina undar his nro.
~sini
J.
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~
A CR[.:.T l()tl Of H[tl
· · How~v~r. onatricG in vain to pr~c to the /.rn~ricnna thnt th~re fa f! dlUer31lc,h;_·;:-,,:. ,,;i.4'})~{: ••··
betw:i~n n devil whos.:i tail bum:; lil<:i a iorch l!lld :me ·,i.i);)SCl tail ·Qnty cnokcs, b3- ·· · ·· ··
cnus~ for thar:1 1 &11 S0Ci2.li6:U is n CrMtion of hull, \\'lliCh as such slll)U}d return
-:
_thoro, if naccssn.ry with tho h~lp ·of e.towic b:.obs. Fargiv~ our illuci:n=.
,. • ,
Ghana, M~U, Guinea, T!l..n2.a.nia, ruid C~ng·:>(B) to diffar:.?nt i.Jgra~s nr.:; already
1:1cn::ic~d by impcri::ilinr.1, vthich d~f:i not desire tl1~t :!r.Y p:.:,liticcl ~xp~ri~1cnt
whatsoever, c~nduct~d indopond~ntly of it. eight be conclusive, ::.1ight be e.bb 1 for
that rcn.:;~n, t.:> inspir~ in othar cou..'"'!trfo:i inclin~tion~ t:,wnrds ind.:?pandence .. · rhus,
as a d~m:>n which torments dwarfs, it anuses itself in undj .ne the 1.abori.xis .-ork
of th~ '1lv~s witl1 a cli sconc~rting facility.
··
· Tb~ pcrsomlity of Gan.:rn.l n:?o G::?ullc binders the dir~ct teking in hru1d ...,(this
part of Black Africa by th~ United 3ult:!s. Mcn.,.,whil~, the u. &. is d~,. otini; its ~u
to a syst-.:o~tic ctudy •
2. Glicing up of tha terrain in •a ra.c.nn~r or e. chack~rbJ!).:rd,
·and t:> :in ec:>no::":1ic penetration c.s silent cs it iti efficeci.:>us. Th3ir busin~cs gr~ups
-:·-:·
c~ntrol th3 ndainistrative cbuncile of forL'1er co:::1pmii~s with French n:it.·u,s: F_. /,.. 0,
NOOOCO, SCOi.1., etc. J.r; e. ~ginnincr, thoy have just g:>tt~n c~ntrol of 4S% of th~
sh::?.rcc :){ the forcer B~ :,f West /. frica which h::!.!:i 110w bccot:13 th" Jnt..?rnati~n:.al
Bank .:,f West /Jricn..
~CTCJCW- OQG:.!IJZES
.
. en_th3 oti!~r ~,d, t."1-1 'Whit~ =Jn=>rity of :out.i! J:.!ric:. ,;..•.::l!ii t~ nHa t:rt:::.:<e th3
bl2.ck co:.tinant frc-;.::. ths reu. Tl:..g 2riti=b prot~ctor~t::;:;, enc!:::.v~:; c: ==~~.Jtol~nd, ::.,v::2:iL.~,d, ::.nd 2sc!~..,::nrI2.nd, us ~~.:.:y pr.::y. Tbs :::eh~ur~ :>f' ~1:"J:\lk!:t J.frics i:: coL~lats,
tl.!Jd out.sii:3 th3 p3::-i~c sp-a~cba3 t'.i t!':.s u. n. n~ 0~3 tlahl!:s ~Cl!t fcrcini Fr3tori!l':::
hn!ld. Tns 1,;.'h.it;; !:'!in~rity of :Out.!:::ir::" 1-=1.:>.1~cic., v-i?.i.::h (-:~.:t. p. le~
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practices tl10· :.;:i:-..!o p~liticc, \\ill dralw nc...~cr t·.> hor :!1 th3 ~:>rtun.l il1?!".!:J...at.-, ._. .
~tioncl libor::tion r.1:wooo:1ts or /:.n,:: lro. :md of M'Jzn...._-uqu~ s~.;.:r.1 t,j I,:; ~'tlt.::~ · - to
l=t stn.biliz31, ~,nt is b :;ny, ti!:l·Xh:lr~d br ~ unpri:!dict~bb dur:lti-lo.. ·- .> ~,: : ...~)
.
hes r.mly b.J~ p.:>~:.J>l ~ with th:, ca:ulJ)licity of ir:lp::ri:llim:l. Ona should k30p
-. /i
:
::.o oy~ on the d~,t;Jl:J!>r.1cnt _of tho ::dtuntion in th:?sc two tcr~it:iri~s. · ·..... __
· '. · sp
, .. _ Congo(I.)" constitut~c nn id~cl bufbr :nn~ whic~ .w->uld even bc_cl>l~ . ~.~.~~~-::,\;t:· . ~\~;:i~tii1
ple\.t?lyfflT i:itl1in tho "rbit of 3'lutll J._fric:i with th~ consant or ta"'!~ U. :;; ,"· d~lb . . :-:-:.~t-~:!f
the ectual cppc~r~c~s. , _,,..d the count::r-::,ffoU?h'a to tho indc;xmdcncc T.lOYi:!ucnt
·-.. hl
doesn't st:,p tJ1~rc •.. :::n~l~d C:'.n ~xploc:b tl10 Fod3r::.tion or Nig~ri:! ~,.l~~~vor ~.?
i.b
rn:i.y fc3l liko it; oth,:?r for1:1::; of intcrfarcncc ~~ po::.sibl~. Th3 rodc.ction of
Black /Jric:l t~::. f'cw =Drul s3i:l1-d~:;crtcd. CL"1.bs, e:igulfod in :!D cndotl.ic nnr:.rchy,
6,
is not i::!.po::;sibl~. \t.rt~il3 there i·:: still ti::::.c, it w:>uld b~ i:t.lJ)oc::.ibfo to overly ct: 11.
tract the .atfantfan of /..fric3D!J CODC~~ine th.:! pr~pt'.rtltiOn:; Of \\":lr ~d tho undar_,;J<
ground forces or ~outl1 1..fricn.
Th:! fir:;t r~actor of tbi:; country (~th /.J'rici) 2.lrcndy br~cl1ad of! s3V~r::tl
ii
yc:u-s ago; i;incc tl.:rt tiwa, other nor-J powerful rc:ict:n-:;
bo.v~ pr~ly
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.
.
constructed in grc~t~zt 1,;ccrecy s-> :::.s to fabricat:? end stockpile plutonil:J.?:l in :!:.,.:·,_,,~-::~r~ ... , ~:~p
qu!llltity suffici-::mt f:>r und~rt::~kLI\,~ tho con::tructi:,n ~f t:icticnl ctaoic bor..1bs. To.;
i
day I h:>utl1 Africa i:::; sufficiently ~quip,!l~d ill tcc!1nic:?l D!lttcrs t~ fo.bric:lt~ bjr.:al)s 1 C
of plutoni u~ wltlch will dctonat!! by it:].pbsi~n. 4. ·
i
Howcv\?r th!lt r:i~y be. th.:? c:?Sc of Victnnn provc!j th:it, the r.io::i"1tlt :?.t h:nd,
- .. : t
the Unit~d ~b:; wl'.>uld c~i.ly !ind:'!. prctox:t in ord~r to pr:widc, if n~cccs~y,
:
bctic:il clo:r..1ic b:n:ibs :"..'1d .:>thcrs to th.:, whit~ ;:-..1L,:>rity. · It is kn:,wn tlct such
·f
dcvic~c nre a.lrc&dy st-ock-pilcd 2t D:?.-N~e bane in touth Victnn.o, reedy for
utiliz3tion.
The physic~l c~p::u-:ltion of the co~l.::'!unitios lhnt is ooing raalizcd within the
frar..1cwork or c.pcrtl.1~id would rcnd~r p~c::;iblc n perfect t:cnocidc.
Tod:!y Sooth /:.fric::i ic fevericrJy or{r'.....nizi·ng in order to resist, on tl.1~ o.ilitary
level, th:? wh~lc blnck c~tincnt.
It is h~cd ill::tt tho cbngcr will h.: pcrc::iv~d L"l ticc. And it is th3rc th::?.t the
-r
existence of:::. c~ntcr or pO\\"Or outaidc tbc "~ct, in th:! Third World, would p~rr..lit
a victoriou::; offacttL.,rr of nn evcntua.l duplicity. :;outh Afric:i coru.:titut:::~ f;r BL."lc.\
/ ..frica the 1uo~ soriou:; d:ln~~r on tho road lcn.di.'lC to an er::t of univcrn:!.l und.1r0
..
I
l
st:mding!
B~f'orc t.'1in precise ucn:!c~. u b3forc th~ problao..s or constructing:. rntion:tl
econor.;y and orer.niziuz n vi:l.blc ·corer"on ~kot, l . .fricans, isol:?.bd. r.rc r~duccd
to in3ffcctiv3ness. One would lik3 to bring toect11cr the egoistic ind.hi.du.cl :1d,":!ntagao of politic:?.1 ::;cp~rc.tion and the coll~cti\"~ ndvruit:iga:l of ~ p;.:>liti~~l fed~r~ti:,n __
of ACrice. Du.rely thi!l in the squ::i.r3 or tl1u circle. On? b-?eins (c~nt.J>. lGl)
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realize th:it ceoiso vis.:"a-vis Afrie:l, oklllfully
set
up Inn doctrine of. "wi~~:,1:1,~.,1..:·=... : . =·:: ·..._-. ,., •.
.
.
doosn't ad very far~
··
' :··
~' .
One tbrstands in an obscure uanner that at tho end thi? new f '1ro.s of insecuri~ -~~~~~:---~:-.:. 1 .
spue n one: witness G:>ulnrt. Olyr,pio. Mnga, end Toulon.
··
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Wee.re entering into a.n era of humanity and humilio.tion. We 'Will leava lt only··"=·:·~~- ·-~:""t"'::· :·~=
by the :idoption of a politi~l situ:.tion or a fodernl no.ture. One should think about · :...~ · -,~_. ·.... - 1the consequ13nccs of Bolivar •s defc::it \\ith re:;pect to Lt.tin J.mcrica.
. .··. ·:
~· ·'..
It is certain that the inter~sts of the peoplo e.re hardly opposad to a siml~- . :· - ... . . . :. ~ :....
solution. 0n the contra.ry 1 all invite Jlcltomians, Sencg:t.lcse, lvoiriens. GuiD3:?J\S~ :·__ · :.... :S. •·:·
Malians. etc.
unite their r.hilitics :ind powers 4!1 order to multiply their cnpacity
· ;~\
to oppose nnarchy nnd foreign domin~tion.
r. ·
An J.fricc.n political structure. in which :in effort or r~tioll:l.l econoL1ic construct.ion would be 2.ble to be undr~rtcl..en, d~s not y~t exict. Its cre2.tion depends only
upon /.Jricans. \'Vhcn_ one ~tt~1:1pts to consider economic regToupings outsida of .. . • -.· .- ;· -: :~~J~!,
political domain. this di[ficulty is only a trnnsposed illusion. /,. federal ex~cutive
is ncccss~ry, however ambryonic h17! mny be. v.ilom will be t.ra.rwforred a minimum.
of authority. pi?r&1itt!ni hir.:.i, for ex:lmplc, to decide upon ragjon~l specinliz.ntion,
e{~r c. thoroue;h study; then Sencgc.l 's vocation {or a ch?mical induatry •·ould be
nbfo to b2 confirmed; it \\'ould ~ lh~ c:tmc for tha inclination to the b~avy-m~tal
end lieht :!.lloy industry or the Gt:tinca-Libcrin ensemble; end that or th~ Ivory Coast
for the indu~try :>f wo~d and it:; d~riv:itiv~::;.
·
·
lO BE R[SPrr.::; let [ fCR cmps
•
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to
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.
1hc org:mi..7.ation o{ an J...fricn..n
co:nr,:1on r..1nrk2t wi 11 con:;ist th3n of
studying th~ volume and outflow of
the compleIJcntary products thuc
fabricated. A ration3.l economic
organization wouldn't know how to
tclcc prcced.:?nt ovar the pbcing in
operation or n valid formul:i of politicnl unification.
.
On~ should note with estonishm3nt that it is not:known how to conserv~ the politiccl cxpcriance of tha colonial epoch on the plan of unifyine diverse territories:
the form~r foderati~ns of West /.Iric:.1 :md of Equ::ttori:11 Africn. of ( p:lge 162 cant.)
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;~~a vi~~iJitY h:ld b33n p;OV<ld, are brd<:in up in cons;i~~n~3 of..>!:7'1D~ric "'.;<:.
Thi! originality of Mrican politic~l difficulties r~sid.ac in the f~ct tfu!t one~.·--
7
_·.
rr~
.
-"~
·i ~·,~
i~~d to ~t3~liz_c b~_P~~~~fu! ..~~~ns_tf?-t .which_ in_h~.:;t:>~y is ~lv.":?.rs ~~~:>n".pli1~~...~,·:·:-J·-tt.·i
·~by w::ir nnd v1:.lencc, \\'hen it 1s 2. qucstfan of p:»lit1cal or cultun.l unlfioo.ti:m.•.··-~~·.:.:·};it .~~~~
--.,,.. In i1fo· nb::;cncc ~r ~ prolimin!lry politic:?! solution, Cc"\Ch i.fric:ul sb.b will tr)<:_-'.· · ··~
to bacoma nn industri:.l rrlcro-unh·3rse in -.>rd.!r to bu s~U-sufficl.!nt, ell in h-lini .· 1 ·
oblign.fad to opt for inst.~11.ntion:; \,r ~~ power t'..nd_ smo.ll ~pecity.
,, ...- . . ,:
· · Th.! groups de\'.Jid of power ~r d3cisi:>n. iopo::tld upon 3Voryon~. \\'mch \\"tM.Ud
not imply. I! parti:!l :md parallel nh.1.Ddon :ncnt
sm•crCl8Jlty, \\ill 2JW2.)'S h3 ~ . . i ~ .''.\:./
sh~rtlived. The a!ricnn political_ cxp~ricnc'3 durine tb~sc fast )·ears lcevcs us
with~ut any illusion& as to this point of ,•icw, ev'311 for the Organization of AfriC"'..n
unity.
.
But n.11 ~r that will n~t hc.v~ bc·.Jn s~rrow losttt. if
it is 3t.. . , thi;
_pric~. :::nd :rt this
~} ,. • {
. .
'
-~ ·;· prica only, thnt th.! African cn.c:;es tnkc c:,gniz:.iilc~ or the fact that th~ir int~ lies
in th~ir -.>\A.'D hands and .!!2!. ~lscwbcrc. 11..nd tl1at it is vary ~~cs:.:?.ry thn.t th~y
d~cida to assume r~sponsibility f~r It.
. ·.. · ~-_
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. __·•• :. .
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I. The Third tt\rl d Is H1:1t group d na1 i l'n!> th."t h.,we :- c~ac:n faekarM.tnd of Gpprt'ssi en •nd
h~ve fht, co,a~an objective of ti i•in•ting th,.t ~ppr~st9n.
2. • cicAd~ is an ins~ct
~
•hich is nct~d for thf: prolorg~d shrill nrtt~ of the a,lc, produ~ed
by spcchJ sound org"'ns.
3. Pretori~ is the c~pft>I of the Republic of SNJth ~frl~,.
4. tithwt becoring onrly t&.::hni:::tl H aay be st~tcd that b::siclllr thare e,ist be· •ays of
CJbhfnttN] f issit•n •akrhl icr the consfru::tl1 n cf :-t("aic babs; enc adhcct · util izln;
Pl utoniui. 239. h pro~;1bl y' tht: ,est Tidcl y use:d br nucl '!~r pt,aE:rs btc1u:.~ af ih;: rel 21 ivel y
ies! intric~tt instrU111entitltn n()~ed for prc:ducti~n ~f this •~terial; lhe use of Ur>niun235
IS ffssic.n~ble •~t~r,~I is •t the hezrt cf t~~ ot~~.r -~thN!, ~re hst Of\ly bien pr<Aiuctd in
the •~st 1t consider~ble cc.st(bc:,ust cf the nccessit,· of r~fined prr..l!ses In ehich over 1
thous~nd lnt~rlockin.; units, ~II functionino p~rf~ctlr, h1Yc b~rn n~Pss~ryior this pro•
duction). lht.· 1dv,nbgcs In hlvlnp hcil itles fo produ:e U235 ·ae,ins thJlt thE ability tc · · --·--·--prc,ducc ~ri\iua, a. key eltaEnt in the productS~n of the H-boa:ib, is also ne,r at hand.
( f oof net es by S-0UL9CPK-+ · -- · · -·•tradu it d e ~ Urique pitr S!U.BOOK
•
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.·
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. that war is wrong; violence
er· solved a. thing.
"P~ople'' ·say:
.....
.
~
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that to grest hatred With hatred
ls an evli thing. ''People'' say
they "dread.. the Sword, and yet_
blood Oo~'s throughout the earth
- a mighty river pregnant with
spring [_lood-rain~ while suave
.. ~·
..
~
....
in hallowed Halls of Gold, bland-¥oiced
"'People" sa)':
''He who lives by the ·sword••• "
Why persecute the Eword? It is
an arm of man, it helps him work out
his destiny upon the Human Stage.
See it flash t Blue st~el dripping
crimson gore; catching the light or
the Eastern Sun as it passes through
·tho West: grasp tha Sword
within your work -scarred hands. It is your tool
to make the world anew. Your dignity.
Never mind whc.t "People" say:
We will bury hypocrites!
when we build the world anew with the Sword.
by rolland snell1n;s
. ·~
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.
a· go:>se ·who n~ver" new.
.
.
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197
.
but does now _:
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tartad through th~: Carthage lk~y ··_of rising·. .
~oys ell doY."D. the turning m~lds where deep-do~
1
. ......
-~~-!,ces must start.
;.
1 ·new e. "Black M~'s Solo" against the nruced walls
Far up towards the zenith baforc l Dickel"\-~ .in
Light and d~ve' with a·
to rout these unchan~ .
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Stars --- so lonely in life, and so
Clos3 to death.
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·_by gfem ayles ·_· __
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feral spring cat
footed
flits e.round th.2 cor
ner and
black legs flailing i
followonly
to. find n d i s t a n t
shape in th~ trees n thinning sound in th~ v.ind and
th:it I've grown older and
.
t:lower nnd far awny
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II you.. e.re born in limaric2. with 2 bla~ ~in, yoo're in prison.·.~•• s::,
;
said Br,,thar Mnlc:>lm. The same condition 2pplia;; to a Black me.n b~rrl i~ South
J
Africa. The only difference ootwaon th3s~ tW? m~mbcr s \lf tJ:ll white Chris:Uan . _. ,J.'..>~/
unholy ellianc~ is that the whit~s Wh;) rule South Afric:i are less h)'POCritica.i"tlian· ,. ~_:'-"·;t
the trigger 4'.a.ppy Europ~:m r~fugi!:!S who usurped the rub of Amarica from th~
aboriginez they m:iss:!.cred.
··
Tha sottling of Dutch criminals in S:,uth Africa in 1652 \\'as hcrcldic -,[ th·?
J_frican•:; prasent nightmare. Thl!se crimina,s start~d st~aling pc·::,ple•s cattla
end sh~ap 2.long the sea coast and when th~ people d~manded their proparty b~ck,
thC?y killed th~m. Wh~n the English Jcarn\;d h:>w c!:.::iily thay couJd got suppli3s
at the C~pc 'lI G:>.>d Hop;, (can y.>U imnginc thnt -- Good Hope?) on their way to
I
plunder /._sin. they joined with th'3 Dutch iD order to share th~ loot. ··They're still
f
sharing it tocby -- with the addition of the rest of Europe. Todny, for th" pr~s~rv~ti ~n ·::>f white western Christian civilization, the whites in South Africa havl.!
deprived th:? Africans of ~very human right conceivabl:l. In e. country \\'here th-:: , ,.only l1Uma.n v:ilucs arcrwhitc, ·nn .African's lifo m:!.tbrs ~!!.!.I.. in rel:1.tion to how
much hq C2.D sweat in the minas, plantatfans, and industrie~ to m3k~ sure that
th-:? "great whitamcn b:>ss" enjoys ~:; life thcroughl)'. In his own country the Afric:m. c~:,t vo~; h_3 can.not chose wh.?re he \\'2.llt.c to "'~rk (3.nd to ba super-exploit- ~---ttf
cd), h3 cannot ch-:>os~ what sch.:>ol t-l send bis children -- if you want to call tbos~
·
fn.scist indoctrination i_nstitutions 'sch.Jots. The list of the averyday humilinti~
that c·:>mprisc the J. .frfo311's lib in $)Uth Afric:i is cmdl~cc.
.
H,w"var, since Afric~.ns outnumbor \'\'hitas four t:, on:!, it iG ,·ery doubtful
wh~th~r th(! \\-hitas in South J.,frica could have .111c1.n3.g:!d to retain th~ir pocition
if' th~y h~d-not h:ld :!Ui~s :md col12bcr:it'rs. Ono
\\ilitc? South (~on~.,
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:i:::~~:~g crimiml partners is the
,-~:::;~}~_f.}t;;s ·o:}1·~
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said\hat th~ United Statos was more hyp JCriti~l Uum £"11th Airi=.; wbarc- : -..
as sputb Africa did . not sign the-United :N:itionc' .~um::.n Rights.°'3clara~on,:_~ =~·/
I
: ._.~·._:~~-
.:~-:--.~~
Unitfd States did. Can anybody sh~w m3 any ilvidence that ~tc."/amer,ce ls B.:":":}i;. ·.;<.{.~·-~
t3rested in hum:i.n rights? The o:ily avid3nca of 'What these willful. ad:>lesccmt ···: :~~ "L ·::.:. ·tliet
fa.sci.st-maniocs ere rcnlly interast3d in is th~ir sadistfo mnssacrc of miWooa -~::,? ~ _
_.__ afi
of peoplo from th:, time th~y first lnndcd in this c:,untry. Ev3n to4?.-y -while 1:-'b_"."{;,:.;;.;_~~.<. )~. ~
.
era.1 United ~tcs gmrcrnm3nt sp:lkcsmcn mrutG clib. sugnrc-.>2.tcd speeches.· ~-~~,.~}-=::~.. ~ .. _~.".:/9,
their paid bonchmen murder millions of p~:,p13 ell ~vor the world e.nd even pt ..~:.:~-- ·· - ··"C¥'
m~dals for d~ing it. But since I am h'llking e.bout Sooth Africa. what is th3 rQle . _.
,_ Iii
· t>f the Unit~d St2.ws in Vorwoord's Na.zi-oricnti?d, '\\rbit-3 western Christian apsr._ .:.
.:·:~
the id m:ichinc:ry? Thero ~e over 160 Jun~ricen compani~s in S:mth A[rfo..'"l •itl1 -;_· ·:.··-~ ·_, .t{tt
an investment or ovar.c h2.U-billi.:>n dollnrs cxpl~itinrt chc~ bl:ick l:?.bor, :rutting -~-- .
,ii
mcir.e profits th~ they c:,uld aver bve drcam3d -lf ~nking anywhcr~ -:,)so in ~ :... ~ ·- · · . 1M
world. They tako advMt.q~ of this bccau::.3 they know lh:lt in South Africa~ /.Cri- ·
·. ,.. r.:
cnns arc prohibit.:>dby law from organizing unions, b:trgnining c~1locU\.,..>1y. ur .
··1 Ii'
striking.. Ii South African Infornution 5.:?rvicc rt.)le:1.so on Marcl1, 1962,· cl:1rifii~ ·
· ~=tt!'.("t
America's position in Gouth Africa through a stat"mant by u. S. businassmo.n
.
Marcus D. Banglmrt. 1 vice
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pre:sidcnt of N~wmont Mining
Corporation, th~ Unitad Statas
company \\ith the largest in- - f
vestment in &:>uth Africa: *'Wa ,
!
kn 'l\\' the poop le and the CY.>vcr.n:l:l3nt and w~ back our c:mviction \\itb our roputatfan
2nd our d.lll~:l." Doos this
big:>ted b:tst::!.rd r~ally think
be kn~'S r.l3 ~d milli.lns ~
cy br.:>thcrs in S:,uth Afric~?
Dj0s h~ rc:,.tly think w~ d:> not
know Arn~ric~ 's roputction in
ll.,.
· .l..fric:i, South J.mcricn, fiouthoest Asfa and in the United
stst~s.
(cont. p. 201)
I
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•onoKKKracy• : The aaln subject tav9ht In Aaerlcan and
South -Afriun schools. (froa floheah)
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wbar3"'through her blo~~r-ipping d·Jlht.r~-~llions
1,-·
·-~·
~r people }la~c l~st th~ir ~liv~~. ~~
of
&imply 00~8USC th;,y ~ t to rid thetns"h'CS of' the hid~OUS "ntr.X:ities
whlt3· im- .'
~ .- .•. ~l:t~sm: ·1,.s if through h~r investmcm~s, trade and even small bus_ine~s~~ :_z~.:~ ..
Am_crtca did n~ ~act_ sh.l "'::>uld help ·white &uth .,;_fric?, enough to maint~in:~~ ··.__. .
. ··;:.· . ~ _:th.:?1d throu~~ cop1t~~1st sup.lr""<l).]>l?itation of Afric:uis, she usod til sell them P.rm~,.
. ··;!.'.. :·.--~-:~ ... 2.lld ~mun~bo~ to kll! us. She stopped :mly whe~ sl:e wn.s al~~'!.t~Y -~c pr~sts ·
f. \I,.
._._ of frced.>m-lovmg notions at th3 United Nnti~ns. H~waver, Amaric:i'contfnu3d to .., :
i_;··t -f
~upply her criminal pnrtner witl1 equally strategic 'commooi tics lika oil. And of :. · ~ cours~ sc,1tb lJrici h~s b~an /J:ie~ic~'s intim2h: par1n~r :!g!inst l:u::i:?nih·-f-,r !'! ·
J~:ig time. ~'1 the K:,rsa.n W!!r S"1.!th .!.Jric~ murd..?r..:rE fau&"ht E=id~ by si&."' .~iL'-! ·
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. .~. ,.I kn:,w \\'hat I ~"1>. t~lldng :!.b:>ut. I am blnck. t \\':lS b~ro t?.Dd rci s·~ in S~uth ,-..fri~~~
en Whi.!rc even the hous~ I lived in, tho schools I went to, th.3 type o[ :)duc:tti~n I
coulu got, th~ plncos I c.JUld visit cvan a.s a small m,~cnt b:>y, · w..?rc determined
and dict!ltcd b~· th~ inlcrosts of this \\iutc, western, Christi~ monster .. 1 h2vc lived in ,1mcrica. citadel of w~swrn corruption, where material vruu~s are moro
imp:>rtant than lnnnn.n va.lu~s.
. .
It W2S out of this country(J...mcrica) thnt Rooert \\'illir..ms was forced to n~e
far safety because be~ man enough b be detcrmiui?d t:> mo.:)l white imperialist
viol~nc~ With blnck defonsive violence.. Yes, it Y.'2.S in this capital of whib was~rn congcnitll chic::mcry th:at Brother Malc~lm \\":?.S nss:?ssinct~d because h.? w2.s
mr..n cnvUgh to tell the truth. Yes, it was in this C41·i.nt.i~ C\l\l.nlry that four i.nnoc~nt Bfack girls wcr'1 charred to dcaU1 while thoy tri~d to worship 2. Christian g,:xi.
Jt is in this "dcmocr::itic" country that l!undreds of Dlnck people get killed by ,vhi.t~
racist ma.nines for demanding their inalienable rights.
Black teenagers nrc const..,ntly victimized and s~istically flogg.:?d in Amcric3ll
cells as their soul brother::.
in Oouth African onos. I kn~w 2. lot oC such victims .... 1
ln Joll~nncsburg, South Africn. 2nd I know quite c. few in Harlem. Hardened crimin:tls arc often used by prison authoriti~s to perpetrate (cont. p. 202)
arc
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IAILID-Two ludi.. So.th Alric.a. N.t~tid\.. Nctr.. MHde:la (It-ft) .,.d' W•lt.- s;..r,
Kllltaccd to Sfc iaprilO-.ent • 1964 fot •a.bot.91..· . . Rol.bea ........ . ·
form
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crisi
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pcn~ertcd :?.cts in E:>utl1 'AC:rietl, the guilty sit in judgement over the 1nnxi'!nt in
inCern:il instituti:>ns hypocritically known e.s courts of J.nw. Who d:>36 not know
~r Bl~ck p.?oplc ooing lynched. Blac~~ wo!11en ooing rnpod :md Bl:ick men being
castrated both pl1ysiec"\lly and mcn1,3.lly by th~se upb:>ldcrs and defenders of .,~astern Christian civilizati~n in Amcric2. :!.S thoir br.:,thcrs arc in Sooth.Afric:1? .
Even the luncric:m university, as the S'ltlth African one, is e.n institution to .
train and mass-prqduce a ccrL"lin type· of white-washed idi:rt th:it could be tradcmnrked :MANUFACTURED IN RACIST USA or V.J\NUF ACTURED IN RACIST
SOUTH AFRICA. d~pending .:,n wh:l.t sida of the Atlantic you g~t your miscdueati:m.
But the white world c211n"1 get oll of us. Even tho Rom.an Empira fell. And like
I said in a poem: ".
• 2.111 le~ed a.t, your schools was what n·lt to be. • •
Charlie. don •t you kn.:>w you 're living on borrowed time ?" .
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Of Negro
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by harry
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The present -<lay Ncgr~ mo,•erncnt is ch_:!.r:icterizcd
the crisis of Negro ~c- ·:· '. ( ! ·:
~-~: rorrnism and tlie growth cf Bl:l.ck nationalism. There c.rc three m:rln fact.,:rs
·· - ·.
:.;-:_:. feeding this devefopnlcnt:
·
-·· .. _
f ..
.... . 1) Th~ world-\\.idc :?-'lti-c::>loni~list upsurge; 2) The effects \lf gra\\1.ng ocon:>m.ic cri3is ~,.)ng th~ b:isic m::!zses of Negroes; 3) Erosion of th~ myth ~r imminent, · · ·· - --.. pcac~!ul dcmocr::?.tic intcgr~tion.
THE ANTI •~rt Ct:: It.LIST UPS UP.CE
The intcrr.:?.tion~l crisis or the imp:?ri:tlist system h:u; had:?. pro[ound imp:ict
. upon U.S. Negroco. The world system or inlJ)crinlis , with lha United States 2.S
""·· its leading force and arbitrator, is in mtreat, fighting n rem-gu~rd b:l.ttlc t<> mai.ntru.n :tnd sh::>re up th~ !ragnicnted ~"'..tus qu() nlrc~dy eroded bc}•ond repair by the
__ thrust' or ascending s~cinlis:1a11d '\ict.:::>ri-:>us coh:mio.l revolution. The c~lonial sys~
tem, the m.."!.in pr.:>p of wb:.t is cuph~mistically called, 11 The Fr~c w~rld," is in :-.n
2ch·::m~d flt~gc of disint\;grali;:,n. White supremtlcy :md its id~ological r:!.tio~t. the
.. ·. spuri"us dxtrine :>f r:icir..l infari-Jrity. is coll:?.psing b~forc the forward surge of
{ the llCW ,:;overeign nati'lnS of /jrica. 2nd Asia 2.Dd the h~roic Struggfos of the pC~>}C&
,
.
·Brother Harry Haywood Is the euthcr of the classical lhr1ht fnterprehUfln of Ihde lbtian-·.~-~:~--d_·::.._-~··· ·
alfu, tltaro llber:,¼ion (Jnbrnation~I Publhhers, 1948). IM follo•ing l'orJ.. fs a chll)ter fraa · ·. · J
.
his u11>ubf ished b(\ok, lri•ards ! Rn·t'luff r,n:,ry Progr.n !.!! fi:ettr<' rrerdce, which he •rott ·in eel• ·_. . .:i· -~:~ ·
hboration •ith 6aendolyn l'idlc, •. tn th, latter a:tnuscriJ)t &rcther ff3ysocd coabincs·his pereMi1I - , ·,! .
.
fine tools Ctf tw.iory & nsear,h sith nu sc,ufful appl icatians that, ·in «rr ~inion, •a\e! 1t IP- · .._;~-~
.·
aeasureablr aore relevaf't than his •.:rshhile treatise.
•• the editcrs · .•.
1
of la"l.tin
America.
The strength of the NcgTo Lioorntion l\1ovcmentt its grol'ing momentum and
: impact, lies in the fact tl12.t ·it is the counterpart of this f?.!lti-colonial rC\•olution
i: · ··whicll is sh:lking the world. Its p3rticul:lr significance lies in the fact tb~t it ts·
· a revolt ~g:iinst wht?.t ·runounts to semi -cobni~ af>}lr~.&sion in thu b~nrt of the
world's lea.ding imp~rialist c:runtry.. Col.tmnist J~cph Alsop (cont. p. 204)
,
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·is ctoso tc the m:'.I'k when he charnctcrl.zcd the
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. ,:..:
''n;o-cobru;(:;. ·. ,
revolution, u nnd c?m1nonta th:?.t ulhf:; proc9sa mo~:!. ~d m:~_~...~ci;_~"~l.:~.~.-,~!~~~:~_n.}.J)r.?\f~~ii
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. /
,.. • -.~; . · :· ..•. ·:· ./..sido from th'3 trc,mmdous imp:icl of the Colonial revolution, \VO n1ust t3ka·~~,--~~:\:
account the int!Jma~ cocia.l nnd cc~n:>mic !r..ctlrs p'lwc~ing the present N~F~.~- ~/~. ': : )
niovcmant: th~
r;,fativc a.'ld ahaolul~ ~con:>mic dctcri :,rntion of tho. £bi.UG oftbo
~·;?..'.{i2\· ~....
.
·..•
,,~ ....... --,..~.........
Negro p~oplc rosulti11g from frequent racc:;sioru: C•Jr.abincd with tho lnror~ of .- · .: ,:· f
nuton1ati·:>n wllich 112.vc hit tl1c Negro mase~a dicprcp~rtbnatcly. Thu::;;· th~ J.f.1gr.> · -~ ; ·.
)"t~tk::r is caugl1t in the job crists with the pcrccntag~ of W1cmploycd mora than~ }.}/??t; ·
doubic that \lC the wlrltcs. Tbc wid()ning 1,,ap between N:?grocs and whites 1n ·_u. s. -·:-: ~\;/
soc.icty·cnn be ~ummarizcd with a {cw.'aignificnr.t st:ltisticc:
..-,~:" _.··.
:·/-/{:
Th:, median N.:?gro fumily lncorno is 45% bcl~w th.J m~dlrut ·white family in· coma. Moreover, 1n 1952, thin gap w~ti "only" 43% which show& tho qircction
in which thlnffG arc going. 2.
·
.
.,..Negro unemployment is tw:> nnd a. bn.lf times white un~mploymant. /a.mong · · - · ·
yooth this gap is even wider. At l~ast ono-bnlf of nil youth out or scb~·:>1 ~vccn:~
16 nnd 21 ~re Negroes. nlthough tbcy constitute only 151, of th~ population :,f that
·:.1nt.,
-
'
,
~~~;\)i~t,
ago .f;!~;211gc tl"cndc; indic:ito n wol"scning of tho situ:l~ion. Lol"c:n Mil~zr
"'11tc g:,,p in wbJic-Ncgro unemployment r~tas lU!.G increased since _1957 nnd w- ..-:·:· .};~:iG{! l
cmploym~nt :;polls tend to J.n:;t longor :!mong Ncaro workers than among whites.· - \::- ·
Nonwhite w:>rkcro wh?ropr~scntcd 11'.t. of tho lab'lr for(!e and 22% of th~ uncm- · · -. · · ··
ployed nccount.:!d for 2G% of tho l?ng-t:>rm unemployed -- which means that r.ilallY
of tham e.rc pcrmnncntly Jobless. n3.
·· ,:,: ·,
Scvcnty-fiv~ percent oC Ncgra workcrn arc 1n tmsldllcd, scmf-akillod and..
\:~:-~' ,
service jobs, while tl1c figure for whit.a workors is 39%.
·' · ·
Tho avernge N:?rtrCJ b:>rn today has n life c,cp~ct:mcy n~arly ten years below. ·
that or the nv~ragc white. In tho Couth tha g,'l}> ic even grcr.tcr. ·
_ · · ,: . · .---._ -. - : l
10ne-sixth of all Negro homes te><hly er~ dasignatcd by government nurvcys · ~ · .
es "&ubstandard'', r..s compared to
.
3'1, for whites.
·
· .:
;
In c~uthorn agriculture, th~ ·2.bso- -:
~-· /
lute decline- in Negro s1mrccrcpping .::,::. /:-} _
""':-=:....
•
•
·
h~s tcl<.cn pL'lc:! o.gairu;t U1~ b2ckgr?Ulld .
16.li!fl
. .
of Uic declin~ ln fa1•m employment. . , .......
·
gancr:iily, which ls tho m~&t drr..stic .
cb."!Dgc since the end of (c~nt.p.205)
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11/.:,rld W2.r II. There is t.. ::;J1rink::igo .of. Negro mrm owncrohip, ~~~h~ _is. p~oc~~d.;,J~~/·.(;.:~.•:~
fng nt 2 rate twice u fast as that of whites. And, nt the ·other cndaof the pole~}:}~:.:·;.:·:~:;·>··_thcr_c is a greater conccntrcti on or Negro farmers at the lowest rungs of
tural laddar. There is a greet --.:xcd~r:tti.:>nof the concc~tration or :?.grlculturt(/(. '.· .. ,:.·. ! .
into large farms and planlaliono, :!nd the growth o(ebscntce·ownership. While,
t.
the othor hnnd, lhc m.::cbnnization hail~d by t~o "liber:il" grcduclfalo as n cure-all · ./... ·:::lr
· for the Z.,uth's problem::; is not acces:iblc to the poor farmer, and blocks accesa ·· .:·:.'-::_t~?!~
to the lnnd by th~ masses of tcn::ints and sharecropparc. · At the·i:un'c.·tf~e, . the\, .··· ·"·~;-:;:.
disph:iccm~nt or basic soil tillers has
o.cccleratcd by the Federal Gover:nmcnt'a '. I ,
crop reduction progrt?.m, the shnrp edge of which has bocn dircct.oo against the p.:>or
farmer. While the big pfant~r:J era c.ontinuidg .to expand tb~ir production, the
nm:;11, lnmily.- aize:d farms bear the main part, if not tho full cost, of acreage cutback~. Thi& aitu~lion h::.c OJlcretcd to increase thcJrnditfonal dis:u!vantag3 :>f tho_ ... :·· ,,J:;,:.~.';,_~ff_.
Negro soil till~r in cv;,;ry rccp<:ct.3.
·
· ·· ·
· · :.. : ·
. Thone facts clearly sh!>w that th~ dominant economic trends Ill U.S. s~lety nra -_.:\~~
not tow"'...rc:13 imminent, direct integration of tho Negro people into the existing sociaJ
structure. On the contrary, the trends arc towards :rtrnit-J_ack(..-ting the Ncgro·pc:,p- ' .
le into bwor, frozen c~stc .throughout the country which, in the words of on.J author.
is "fa.cad ,•.ith more uncompromising scgrcgntfan 2nd fat"g~r slums. 11 4.
· Th;.) inotitutionalizat.ion of Negro cpp:1...cssion is dooum~nt~d by Michael H:irringt')n in hi~ ruigry study of pov~rty in th" United St.ates, "The oth~r J.m~ricn. "He rcvc3lc tl1~ ctructural bnsis for the continuation of Jim Crowism. Hnrrington points .
out that the N\lgr:) ia an intcrn::!l migr3Jlt who will face racism wherever he go:,a, ·.· ... ·
who caMot foa.vc opprc::;siJn behind 0 ns if it were n tsar or o. potato famine. The
pr'1s-?nt po:;ition or the N~gro in th.? Amarican economy h:1s b~cn instituUondizcd .
'· ·,. and unb::;o something is done it will' reproduce .itself for years to come. ThJ crisis ·
is hitting precisely at those: o.r~ns where g:lins In intcgr:itcd work v."Crc made in the
· past two dacadcs, in tbc scmi..:.skillcd jobs of mass production industries. And given·
tba rnci~l clinrnckr of th~ /unuricn.n e:conomy. this iG n pr.rticul:1rly sovcra blow to
tho Nugro. It am:>unl!i to rebuilding th~ wall of prejudice, to destroying the :idvances
which alraady hn.vu bc:en mada." 5.
·
Th~ cv.lr-groWing economic probbmo of the basic m2snco of N~groos Is a
pow~rful :iourcc of discontent which is alr~ady bord-.'lring n. stridont dis:i(foctio:i ruid
·
di:;illusionmcnt with the American ::>ream.
agr1ci?i;~:t:(}L{?tt{tt
on
been
.
�,.
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2p~ hay~o?d ___ .
• EROSION
(J
1H£ l'YIH er
_
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P£1.(HUL, OEVOCR;.Tlc INT[CP.\Tioii
fl11Jttl0'1,
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. · The struggle for Ncg1·0 rights has reached an impasse. The myth of im.ml-: :. -~~ . .
ncnt, peaceful, democratic integration under the benevolent wing
Federal' r:-c: ~; i
Government is collapsing. The present struggle for fr~cdom, far from b~ing an ~ ·i
onward ~d up.~V:~d:_ ~~~c~ ~~-oi:n victory to '1ctory, is t~reat.cned ~~ s~rious. los~os
and setbacks.
. . ..· . . . ., ... - ..:·-~--., ..-... ; ..... _.
.
Reformism~ from tho 'most conservative NMCP foadc~s- ~d ~tc-libcrals,·· -~ :: ·. _.. to the socallcd socialists, including tha leaders of the Communist Party ·of th3 ·
United Sta.t~s, mad~ fwidamcntally false assumptions ab:,ut the Negro question.
They have all spread illusions which hav~ contributed to the perpetuation of Negro
op~rcssion and at ~his po~nt arc disarming the·. ~ogro .struggle 1n the face of .
..,
the growing ultra-right d::ingcr. They have undcrcstimat~d tho ruthless deter- ,:3~ .:~, !}:'
minntlon of the :JouthcmOligarchy to maintain its tradiUonaf d:lmlnation over Sciuill·.:!. i]
ern political life and its oxaggera~d prestige mid infiu3ncc In tho Fodera! ~~rn-· t
ment.a.nd in the i}.)mocratic party. Thoy have operated on the naive assumption
}
that th3 South~rn Oligarchy would allow tho Negro people in the flouth to gradually·:
win enough right5 to vote tham out of office. They assumod th.at the Exccutiv3
branch of tho Fcd~ral .Gav~rnm~nt would back up th~ Negro Gtruggl3 in the Oouth. rp,Thcy encouraged d~pcnde:ncy upon th9 Fcd~ral Government.
··
. ··< · · · · ·-,- · ·
Their basic mist.aka has been to un<l:crcstima.te: th~ ruthlessness and power of.·~-:· 4_
the Southern Oligarchy, and to exa.ggcr&tc tha d~pth or th.:: contradictions b6twocn ----:· · .
tho Fedaral Government and th:: Southom Oligarch states. It ls truo that the . · .~.: . ./
national administration of th':' post-war p,..:riod h:lvc been pursuing a policy or mak.:
lng tcken conccssioru; to tha Negro people. mainly to impro\O tho image of th~~- ,:
nitcd Etatcs abroad and to pacify the m,,vcmcnt at home. But the dixie-crats know . _ r
very well:, and base thGir entire strategy on the knowledge. that f orcign policy·
considerations become minor when it comes to tho question
·.,
of internal order. They have politic~! pow~r end refuse to glyc it up piece- · meal. And th~ Fe:di!ral G.:>vcrnme:nt will ulUmatcly concede to them as bng as· :- ·,
they hold, and use, th~ blackmail threat or creating civil disorder, 811d tho Negro ~ .
..
,
movement stays within the:, frcmowork or passive rcolsl:3nco.
The only wny tho Negro movement can frao It.calf from the viso ~icb Is tight- : •
enlng ar"und it ia thr:>ugh independent, revolutlonnry str·uggle. This
simple !act lies at the root of the crfois of N~gro reformism.' The Negro move- ·
ment cannot advance further on tha old basis, and in £act. it is faced with rcvarsals and... defaats. without
rcoriantation • Givan the (cont. p~. 207) ·:·.
. .. - ·• ........a ...rcvoluj.ionary
...
-..
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·_:((.ffl)i;ili/·'= ·- hayw~ 207 ..
control ~f .thc· state npp~rntus in tho Deep South by th~.Oliprchy, which thay vii.)
give up voluntarily. and th~ gro\\ine tiJndcncy towards · appeasement within thl ,
Fcdcr::.l Government, espcch:.lty markud as· an aftermath of tho assassination of
J. F. !<'7!nncdy, the 2.!!. !,y_ effective \YCnpon Negroes have c{ this point Is "to
· thnir own th re~ t to intcrnal st:!bilitv ·
· .,~-~-.
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The clock c·nnnot be turned bnck .•· ·The old mcthodc h:ivc pr.oven bankrupt. A a
revolutionc.ry reorientation ic the only altcrnntiva to d~~pn.ir,_p:1.ssivity, e.nd os·
'.•.
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fo~tnotes
·i. ~s
quoted f n The tf"tt Gr,.r fi~'!~di"·r., 6/6/63. ·
2. lor~n ~fll~r,'Pro•p~rity lhrou~h (qu~lttr,' ,lli
3. IMd.,
!!!.!.!!!?,
9/1/63
.
4. i1ci"c:r Perl 0 1 1 lhi: ~F;ro In Scuthcrn !gricuUurc•
5. Vichaef Harrlnr.tr,n, I~~ J.r.icrtca, p.7'.
"
adv1tt t 1~. ,.-.,.1
5U8SCP.1BE TO :
15 l per cq,y
pulil Ished ewer)' three weeb "
12.00 e rear for 1ubscrfptlon
•
write for air aall rates
Pulllls 11e, lrJ
Ctr.:aautte fer 1'1 [stt•U11lmtal ·
01
n, 11ac, Ll'ualln !••J!l
-
(CDESTH) P.O~IOJ 1U22 SIi Funch~·
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The Puerto Rican
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oaers/-' :; ~· ·
AHEr the ;.ss~ss initlon ,,f Brother ~~1 col, x, sol id!'rity
~Jpr,:·ssed ,Ith his iolf
and p::rttcuffrly •Ith his •fdcs
children, free. e~r.y dlvt:r£t? qu~rtert. Ri:wr.rthrlcss, a,n, of ..;.~{·"~
us •1:re pl c·:ts.,r.t I y surprisi:d •hen the youth e,f Im: tlo'l•~nt hr lr,dpErd-:r~.ce nf Puuto Rico "3«f·.-;-·:>, >:
JlHS St1:iib"!U, ~ccrcbry of the I de El lfajj I M:1Jfk Sh::iban(U:)lcol• X) spe~k I .:-~t 11:.y at thc:tr ·
,.,,d
fturth llat ftinl'!I CCJl\kren,:t In San .J:lnn, fu~rto Rico. ·
) ·
Tb.ls SWLB~·OK dc:cidcd tc r~cipre,ute this e,prttsicn d 11ol ld·,rlt1 "nd to Id as a,ny Bh•ck·
pe't)le as pc;ssil:le P.cqu~irit theasllves .,fth tt.r. strug~le of th~ Pu,:rtc Rit:l!n ,etiplc •• she, are .. :
prtd~ iMntl y cof ored ·- ftr indcpcodenr.l'. In crdc.r to t,.pf cc.c.nt this cuaDlttaerit •c h~ve ,v• ..
~lls~d this ~rticfe by 8roth~r ~lfr~o Pen3 In beth Sp~nish ~r.d [,~f i~h. ••thi tditors••
The Pu~rto JUco.n revolution bcgnn when the Amcricm. imperialist forc~s
mnd~d on our benches In 1898. In tho fast five yap.r::; the Pro-Inde:pcndcnco Mov3- -:
mcnt of Pu~rto Rico h:!.S nttcmpt~d to i?rOWJe the intcrcsto of th.:-: mcsacs on the
l-I
,i
I
•.
I
l::;land and in New York, so e.s to unite and org:1nizo the proletariat to the call
or nn.ti~al lioorntion.
.
The ·revolution or Puerto Rico i::a imminent, but revolutions mil without the · ..-: :-: .
support or the mass~s. · Tho pcas3JltG, the worker;:;, t11c unemployed and the
students muct rally under tha bnnncr of indcpc.ndcnce. in order that the struggle
can rise into a dyn~mic :ind powerful force.
.
The American govarncme;t hes succc.:.dod in indoctrinating our J>coplc n.nd driv- ··, .
1ng them into mnss hy:;tcrfa. Even n murmur of chnng~ or e.n inkling o! indopon- _. '
dcncc is atifl\}d by rcectionc.ry innuendos. The c.ducnliormt system, controlled by .
the Amcrlc::ins, hes extracted Puorto Rican cultura and history from its currl- :..
cul um. Stud~nts learn more about the Uritod a:.tcs than they do their own t:::.!!;nd. ··
The Amcricnn bus inc cs intcrasts own more
land, property,
(cont. pag3209)
· ·· -:<: : ·
.
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d Industry than the Puerto Rican p~opl::; f>r .;xnmpb, tho ooach~s on th:, lsl:md. ·········.;, ownad by luxurious Amcric:u, hot'11S' wh~r\.1 tho burists can baflt3 for frao,
• the Pucrt~ Rican ls forcc:d to pay n minimum price to onter tba ooach.
Since 1898, /..m~rican impcrinlists have suckc:l billiol".a of dollars :out of Puerto
co in fruits~ ora, oil, ~d sugar.
•
bava ma.nipulo.tad nnd axpbit~d
-. peopfo for a profit motive. As
.·,;,
the govorn~r and the legislature
Puorto Rico, th¢y serve only an
·trumonu: of tho p;,wcr .structure
the Unit~d Sbt.:,a, d,danilirg tho
per layars of the Puerto Rican
iddfo class while profiting from
~tr own bureacracy.
Tho term "commonwc?alth" which
United States has applied to Puerto·
o ls a sovereign state. ~c lack of
Jrto R~co"a own president, govcrnt, ccon:>mic, pollttcal, and s~ial
tems expose such a Ii~. Even th~ ·
plot3 definition :>f O c;,mm~n\~::t.lth"
:;n 't noctlssarily mean a fri:!3 nation.
111 ralation t~ Puerto Rico the ca::;tlicst crime of thG American governmi?nt is
it ba3 3rasad from th~ Pu(:rtO Ric:m 's mind that h~ is a part of 3 Latin /,marhcritago. Undar th~ American Gov~rnm3nt's syst\?m_tho Puerto Rican has
d.?d the traditions and custvm:J of his history. Ht: has Journcy3d through a
al trn11siti,on from one ooci~ty to another. The transition ls controlli!d by ·.
machines of indoctrination of thi2 l~m~ric:in govornmc:nt. Such a channeled·
y hac diluted our poopfo's morn.lo: 40% of QUr youth in NJw York hn.v'3 amd drU5' addiction, 31% Puerto R1co; 26%-of our WOmi?D hnve cnt-:,r.:?d th-J
:\ of prostitution in N'1w York, 33% In Puerto Rico. Ev~n the air in Puarto
baa bacom~ p~luutcd. J.!! !!_5 4 ~!..CL. tl.!!.Lt~.9- SJ!;!.!.!. ~2.&!.!! t~ 1!..1!.H~
el~'!.r- IJ\Jl.9..!Jt.!.2!!£.!. ~!!.~ h~!..£. 1?.!:..2.£~£.g_~~-1.!1 t.s~..ll!!.K !.!:.I.L<l..'!E...
ICL'!}'_ '!.£.!J!.2.!!.!. 2!..f_ o_y._!_ sJl..2..r.S.P..: _!;_x_p_~J-• !]2£!!!. !:.itf1.Ln_ t.!!~ . .
r ~..?..!J£.! h~~ l?.~'L'l- J?_C r f O..!..!n.ft!! 2.!!. f.!!~!!2. H.!£!!!. !!.!!.t.1..?..!1..!111!.t. ·
8 C?.l!..~-8-·
.
?4th thu end of the f."pnnish-lJnoric:u1 War in 1898, the p~roonality end charnct~r
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or!?. Jib.::rnt.::d Fu~rt;, Ric~ W::3 .cryct.."!llizin~. Bet :>n July 25, ~-··1riv:?.:i1 .:.n ·or·--=--·~.?~:-~:_·:·:
/Jnc:rictu1 tr=:p·s s;n.:th.:;r~d :tll h tp~c f~r i::d.:p~nd ..~:tCc.! !!ntl fr~~d,r.1~·· _ R.:t:inc~i;,\7·::~.:-~
,011& of UJ..! F~~rt :> Ric:?.r. r.:i\• .)}U~i Jn:!ry 1~~:t:r.:, \\":!=- iuc,i:un:d t:
prl;-r:.)-;-:?/ -~:_io tho lnw1niJn t:> &ign, th~ P"':lCC tr~:ity. 0:1 tJ1~ C\'~ or the :?.tt.:1ck
Pu~rt:t,!Uc·o~=/~:..
_.~ n"cry of reprisal from Paris r:!nf: out thr-~I;h~t 'the W:>rld: "\\•.3 n~ith~r:~11(:zr)~~:·.,
~ t:o oo _col;,nfz~d by Spc.i1~, nor by t.hc Uilitcd St."1.t?S;. I'm surprisd'd my people
· n~_riscn.''...
.
.. ~.- .. · ..-··:- 1·.: . . ·_ . • ' · __ :- ..
~ug.Jn~ do Octos \\':ts tr:?vclling fn the Unlt~d Ctet~s wh\."11 n~ws r~edh~ htm·.-..;._; '.·
tl12t /~n1eric:'-'l troopG hnd crusbod Fuorto Ricnn Ind~pcnd~ncc \\ith .n."l lnvaofon :_:~ ..
"tha t:mcrific¢s will b~ m:?.ny ••• but th~ ind.:pond.Jncc . .:,r our ict::.nd \\ill crN... ···:··..
Before tho' h1.~b11, 91% of th~ hnd b~lon~od t:> th.;, Puorto Ric:tn fnrm~rs. To~
bacco a~d sug:.,.r rnado up 66% of the production; by 1goo this prooucti::>n wno "wn.: ·' .;
ed nnd c'Jntrollod by J.m~ric::m c:>.pifaliots. Tho /,n1.:,rie:?n:1 own:..-d tho rest or th::! ·
fand and controtlod th~ dimunitiva :igicultural r11{~rms. The int:lr-c:,mmir~ of .·' ·
the fsl:!nd rcmnin~d in the hc.ndo of th~ Dp:mfoh upp~r clasa. Th~ i-Jroady -~-~-·· ·· · · ·,
blis~~d Pu3rto Ricru1 bourgeoisie \\'US sccond:.ry in ita cxploltntio~ of th.?·p_r~1~..:. :···
tari~t in c,Jmp:lris\ln to.tho /,.m.?rlc:ui::;.
.
.. ·
·· · :.
. · · ·· ....\°:·::\} \
Correo )i::!d sup~rscdud. sunn.r as I! n1ni11 S?urcc "r inc"mc {or ti'1c caplt:ilistr:?/:
nnd by fate 1900, 80% of tho coffoc crq., \\~::; :,wn~d by the J.morican g::wcmcont... : ·
Worke.rs end pd~snntc w~rc being p:?.id 50'1, l~'.!£!. th-m they had roccivod wid-3_r. ·-~ ·
th~ fu?.!!.!!.L'!ll.. roeim<:. Meat end rice bocnmo the luxurious comm:>dfticc ~d3r . · · ··
tha r~tnil and production o{ the /.Jnoriccn buoinc::;::: lntcr.Jsts,
In .1~01 the United Gt.ates crcn.~d an ocluc:itio.1:"!l oystom whore Englioh woul_d
Ix.come tho official lnneuag~-- tio began th~ eradication or Pu~rto Rico's-culture
from th~ mlnds of h~r youth.
- . ·.
Jn 101G, Jon~ de Die~:>, n famous bwy~r for tho C:!tholic Church,· ~grui to fill
a pnp3r of hh~torlcat and '1conomicnl factc e.xpxuie tho criminal axpbitati~ of <- :
not ~nly Puorto Rico'c ros~urccs, but a loo her poople:.
.
.
.
In 1917 with tho comine of tho impc.riclict w:'.r, tho· Uni~d States docl t!t".od. Puozi:o
_ Rico t1n officinl colony; by doing oo oho \\'3.S nblc to S3Dd young Pua~:, Rican men· .. ,.
into the war :ind at U1'3 c:uno time dc:prlv~ tl?o isfand of n rcvolutionn.ry f'Jrco.
~
In 1920 tla~ young and pro1nature ::.trurglo for indcpond~ncc of Puorto lUco ~-- :~:::.-:/
found n political c.rf!l in th'3 crcall~n. ~r th.:> N:1.tion~liat Party. /.,t its c:?.rly ::t.."..(!C3... ·
It b~s~d it.scIC on tho crltici&m ,;,f /..mcricn.n impcriall:;~·nd in the sp.:>rncli c c~l~s· .:--.
cf Uternturc. 1n 1924 n ne;w epoch w:ui b.:lrn In Puerto Rico and a nt?w p:tio o! his-.
tory \":a.113 w.iftir.z to be fi!lcd.· w~ndcrine inb tl1~ Nntiou1.l1Gt !>arty \\1'3,_l.. y~g~.
br·)wn ckirJ1c:d L"\w arracluato from JI~1-vnrd, hi:; no..il~ P'"'i.dr.:> /.lbi~u Cn.mp:,s, a..::-:::\.:
nDJ'!l:l th~t t!-;~ tc:h·crs:!l i;trugeb:: or nr1ti~.a.l lib.:>1·~tion v.111 (c:ar,t. p. 211) .·.. ··
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· forcv~r ~mbr:!CO~ ·pcdr: /:.lbizu .r~1.urr1~d to the fa!anci iu 1924 in th~ ~~"· Ma'" ::
h:lra:Jcmcnt by thcl /,.mar1ca., n1~htary b~cauae of h1s cohr. A(t~r hi~ 3nrollnit..tJlt ;:/ :':.~. !_f:;:_-f:.; ?=.:/'.
into tb.J N~tibna.tfot .Party, l.lbizu C:.n.po~ was .Jlccfad vic~.;.pr11sidcnt of tl.)c_party~
Jn l~~~ h~.~~s appomt~d a&~ roi>rc:;c:itat~,·c or th:, pnrty b travel to ~ar~~~Amcr1cnn cou~t~Joc t:> ~~Cllr:~,J~t}1i~::;~tr Wl~h the ind~p~nd~nc\l nnd rcvc1~i1~.ar,t\~Ji£~{;::i-f~)f?ri:l~N.i1
moycmcut:l in those .countrleo. lt didn•t take long for Pildro Albizu t\J ·lcnrn thd ·\:.",,;~2-.~-~-:-,~)~< 1. .r/\f.~~;
.
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It ,w.c ltfs lmproeruibb will t Jmt erous'7:d the millions on tho Ii.land ta the·call or·-· .. -.,?~'-~.':·.·.:·;·. ?"?-~~
libor:ttion; ~t wa~ bl~ vol~3, wlli~h cch:x:d in every vilfag\) a.nd in ~ery city th:it . . . . : , .
..
st1ock th~ fetter:; or th~ mas cos; it W:!G his revolution.."lry f.)rocity th~t turned the .- -. ·-·: .·
,·bole "stabli~h~d social order of lhc bourg::ol:;-colonlelist upsid~ down. Th baon··:" .. · ---:~ f..
. of n pca.:iant couple Jn Ponce_ (a city in Puerto Rico -- Editors' note) \\"2.S t~ ba"."
..
.
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come th-~ pride c.nd glory of·.· 1..a Borlcua...
·.. •;•;:;:. :,!i\-·:~f<:~~:}?.//~A~'."~</\.~..·-\1y~111it)~~' ·'.·~)£: f
In 1£32, under the lcndcrsl1ip or Dr. C!!mpos, tho Nntionali:;t Pc.rty ~ntor.ld t!J3 -· ·. · -.- ~; ··:;',c_"i'!.:J-:E.·
.. elcctart1.l campaigns with Albizu as cnndid:,.te for Senntor at le.rgc. Bofor'3 aloct= . ·. . ·. ~ j ·: . >~:'.~.::;,.
ion-n~ght lbc p1·0-1tmcrico.n n~wspnp~rs b;::gan an 2nt1-nationnlisl can1pai£D, fil,c1-·f~lJL\)~::~f:i~i~i~
Ing.the iofand with 2ccucntions :lg:iinst Pedro Albizu. Their propagand:l \\"Csn't
·
-·:· J .... ·· ,_
en:,ugh, th.'.3 elccti::>n was thon ricg~d, :ind Pedro i,.lbizu lost, ·y~t 1n his dcf"'a.t to ( ·_ .,. -. ,~, .I ¾'.::.·}::.:;/'.'!;;:ii
tho !'!:-..ndid:lres :,f th~ nulti-millbn:ir.S:> be i;corcd 12, ooo vms:
--.:·_-:_ ... ·-· ·· ->.- ·: ·:.· :,::~
On tha eve of Pedro'& lo:;:,, the d\'..:prcssion thnt ~r..d Gtartcd in th3 mid-tw.::ntl.?.3
(capiblicm hinders its for\Jign posa\}s::iions before 1t ~ppli~s economic mfa~ry to
its own working clnss) bcg~n to diluto the (ouncb!tions of th~ bourg.Joisi~. Balow
it the fowor cfa.ssc::: w.:?rc alr-3a.dy dcc4'..ying, comi: ...1J1ine tlKf poasants to mov.! fr:.m
the C:>Wltrysldo into tb~ city end ln.t~r t.:, migrate int~ New York.
·
In 1S33 th:! cxi~l forces or the prolct~riet beg~ t\l b~lfow thair disso.tisfaction
:
townrds th~ 1~1:md's ruling cmcs in dcmonstr:r.. ~
tion 0,ft~r d.)monstrntion. Ona or thcs.?
·· .....
·.
dcmonstrati~nc \\"nS dir"ctcd by Albizu
against the J..mcricc.n monopoly. Porto
Rico RD.ii wey, Light :tnd Power Co •• , in
.. ---~.=J
· which tb3 workers' strike h:id the fast
I . -· ·• word. In 1034 b~ dir...}ct~d vc.riou:J enm.paigns nee.inst th~ plantation ownors nnd
I landlordG by l~ading strike:. of augar c:ma
·, cuttcro. Imperialism ,v:is b~ginning t:> de: c2.y tn the mist of Its own d~pro3Eion: The
, degeneration ond pcrvorslon of the m3ascs
_.__ .. ____/.~. _. __ . _.
.by tbc mechanics of the ruling chlss proouccd multiple offaprings or contrndicti.:m
' nnd brought on r.:Nolution c.s th~ ord~r of th~ d:!y. \Vb~"ll Colon~l Frtltlcis J. Rig.JC~ ...-:~ :·:·.. · .;·.. . . ··
~:Chief of Police nnd p43roonal body~i.rd o{ Governor WinGhip (cont. p. · 212 - ··:·\(.\:·.~- -,: :__ .,
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.
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~rr~r:;d P~drt.> / ..lbizu ;1r;o. 000 to ,~t11raw hi:{c~inp;I~·. Pqdr~ r~fu3~d;
then
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. On Oct. 24, l £3 5, four mcir,bors of the Nationaliot Parfy ji,1:,;.;,.
were ··murd~r"d by tlie polico· :>n orc;t~ri;
lUe;gs_.·. ).
memb3rs were p~rt of c. d3mon:itrc.tfon pr'lt~~iine a bourg"ols~ pro-impcricli~ ·. ,:~:::·;-·
ctudant asr;cmbty. In :>cc~mb.:;r of 1035, 25, OC!)m;mb.lrG of tho Nntlonnlist' Party'·..
compo!lcd 2. petition demanding the rc~ign~.tion ,:,f Col. Rlgga end th:: v.ithdrc.wd · ... ·.
of AmcrJcm busir,3sa intc-:r~ctc end miUt!?.ry
from th~ ls]cnd~·:~.;'.{:\, ·. ·..
On Mn_rch 4, 1S36, in a gun bcttle with thrao youth mambcrs of ilk·iNJ?.t!cmnliot .· ~.:
Party I Col. Rigg~ was nbot and killed. 1£.t3r th~ police arrested El~as Bct'uchamp,
on~ of tha froodom Ciil1ters involved ill thG incld~nt, and hiG compnnion ·Hiram 'Ro-. ·
62.d~. Following th3 t.rrost EliaG. ~nd Hiram W';J."3 b'Jth tortured e.nd k'hfod lnclde -~'\\
th~ polic:2 ct~tion.
·
· ·
0:1 I!P.rch 4, 1936, ~n thi3 campus of Pu~rb PJco UniV3rG1ty, ,Pedro'/.:lbizu W2.S <e.rra:;tcd in en att'2nipt to recruit fallow ccuntrymcn into tba Nationaliat /.rmy; ··"A:
conse..i~UG tak~n by the atud~nts prec3ding hi:; 2.rrest chowad ~t'J..lbizu's followers
had gather~d mor2 thw 250 volunta~ra ln n mdt3r of hour:;. Following his arre3t · . : .
Dr.. Ca;.npo:; wno charg~d with in::tigctlng th~ gun battle In which PJggs wc.s killed. - ·:.f
·1n July of 1~36 th·:! Lm~rfcw Civil Lihortia~ Unb11 sent a committe3
cbfond Pedro
Tlu'.tt nama L1:tnth in th·::> congrass of th3 Uni1.3d Ctn.t3s •. e reproaentntivc from New.
York, R~p. Vit~ 1.fz.rccntonio, d~fand~d /Jbizu's ritthts nnd th3·ctruggfa for lib3rc.tlon in Pu~rto Ric.::>. Count.JrLig th~ d'3fansiva plooo wac :)r-. Em3St GrU3ning (now
the 'lib~ral • Can:::.tor from J:..l~ka)wt.o ~ th.:? Dircct~r of the Rc~conctruction Pro- .
Ject Cortimitt~~ or Pl!.crt~ Rico and· C:>mmi::;ior:.~r of Civi:ions. of T-.?rritorlcs and
Island Poso~asions. Gru'1ning ck?nounc'3d th~ ind<..1)~nd3ncc mov~me:it 1n Puorto .
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~-mh th~ pro-imp...'r1r..li:;t n~wtmndin on th~ i:lnnd c~nd~nult1!;' /J:.,izu. ::n:! \\1~h
th~ convicti.>n or guilt oupp..>rt.:'d by the c.:>t.1.:::;.:::;us of th;.? /tm~ric:m Dtnt" ~p~rtm"'1t : ·
tho cll-t.m~ric:?n htt:.ih1,.:vsm.'"'" Jut·)· ccnvfot~d r .:dr,1. Th-.' l,m.?rk::n judg.:' s~nbnc"d
him to / .. t fo.i1tn P~nH ...•nl i:iry r. ,r 11 ..'\\,'n J' .':?t·~:. Th !:.~!!lh.~!!L tJ-~' J.!:!i1.!.. 1!_1.!J · ~!.'!..
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lil~•1•:,f i,'t!, r-h:-:.U~rin!': th.... l'ili ~ri,; ..,( hu~r.~ ..."x:.1 1...'i:.::t i ..".t. t'n.:n ..t:·rir.J int-> t?t.:- qu:!1.i~rs
.,ff!~.. ~ t,,•,urf!'•"'·'i:'" i!·!l,;:fi ..'i1. t:pr.v1h;.;-: it:= ,t.. , ....r! ..·r:~ti!t!'=,· :-~:,·'.~c-..... Y:~· E'J; tb: ~.;.H!.'.n:"'U.:t
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.:'ofthouocnds:. It.hacJ·not only .n.t!r(lctod the uner.1ploy~d, the workers and the
.
-'poas::.nb, b~ _Gt1:1d:mts, t.3:!.chero,_ -and WllV~ralty pror:~cor_s. R.e2.lizing
poll-.·/~" ''}~~:){ai~:. . ~
,._Ucal p~tiality or Guch t. dynatt1c force, Cov~rnor W1hsh1p, with the .ai~ of var- ···.::~:ri';}at..;5~{~\:
:-...tow; Puo~Ricrui burer..ucrato, }?.ad &~crct ly ord::rcd a _massacr3 in tho city of~ ..-~~;\\~f·-=:.~~~·.\;1:.
~t=m;co/ ·1n·a pa.rad\) of N~tiona.Ii:;t Youth ~d~ts nnd ttn.tioru1~~~t nur.t.~S the Ponce . ~ :;.:.·. ·.1
'.' :::·police end /un~rlcan troopc und3r tlt3 l~2~rchi,p of Col.· Orb3ttc., brother~in-12.w
\of Dionfao Trirto and Fr~co's fa:;ci::rt ropra£cntat~v~ in Pu~rto .Rico, mnssacrad ·.
•.
:~.from fiftyto ocv~nty men, wom~n, an:1 children, wounding 150.~ 0n· ~ empty
· . _:. !_· !
.:~
.,.,..street 1n Ponca, a bfocdine; rcvolutton:iry stumbl3d to tho oid~wnlk' cnd·wrot3 f.n:~.:_.·.<>,--\-· 1·;:·lt
,\h13 own blood:
. _
.- -. ·
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"Vive. la .R~ublica! : :
"';'"\ · · ·
Jl>:ljo los /~e3inoa I"
·:.··.-: :
~....·: Of the tro:,ps and policemen that had killed Pu3rto Ricru,. childran on th.21
;; bloody d2y, not one cam3 to Justice. Col. :>r!Y.?tta who had directed th2 n~ughter
-~~continu~d to be e. colon2l end Chi~f o( Police. Govorm r Winship who had ord?red
°[1hc ·pogrom remained the "great \\iut~ £aU1~r0 of PuZ)rto F.ico.
·
.ffWith th3 outbrJak of World War II th:, revolution in Fu~rto Rico c:unc to in- . : --,
.·.- .
..
~)arupt!on, but the infamous cmy in Ponce was mold2d in the p::.gca of history,. an
tob:tacfo of ch2.mc on tha mincb of libara]:; nnd 2. rciT. i!td3r of reveng3 lor .tha
~)>uerto Flc:.m th:>.t lived thnt day.
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-~· lhe second and coN:ludir.g s,art of this article ,fll ll)pear -In SOULBOOK ,
.... : . ~
1
of
the loud and po,;pous declaratfons about equal rl;hh contained In 111
the constitutions ~f the lat In Aaerlcan Republics It Is, hG•ever, 1 fact that In the
KontAlc, social and p~lltlcal practice of these countries the Negrces do not enjoy
these constftutfonal rl~hts. The Latin American bcuroecls lde0Jo9lsts lie when they
••1 that all aen ere equal; lie •hen they
to prove tha~ there Is no econ01lc and
·& raclal dlscrlsfnat1on against Hegrcea In Latin Aacrlca.
there Is hardly any country of Latin lt.aerlca •here the Negro tc111n-; pq,ulatlcn
d&;es not consider Itself humiliated and ft:'5ulted on the econmlc and mcfal practices
of the •hite rul Ing class.•
·
· 6,orge Pad1ore, The ll!! .!!! Stn.toQf ~s !! ·Neqro 1offers (p.61) land on, 1931.
ln spite
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por alfreda peTi1 itl lfo,lalento
Pre•lnd1p1rw.lencl1 de Puerto lie•
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La Rcvolucion Pucrt.orriquciia com.oonzdcuruid:> las fu43rza::. impcrla.li&ta.S
nortoo.mcricnnac c.bscmb:ircaron ::obrc nuo~trruJ playac :n 18SS.· ~--t·;·· ·.; , .
.
Durante lo:; CL'"J.CO ruio:: pa::;~d03 El Movf rni'onto Pr·o-Indcpt?ndoncia
,
--·r.
Do Puorto n i c :> ha. trata.do da d~:;pc~r 1n 2.t~ncfon de la p lcb.J sobro La :-:/-: ·.' .,:
Inla yen Nu;vn.~k,
t!. fin de unir y DrCMiZ~ el prol"Li.riado ·a la J1:"r1:1da .do:\$~=}~-~ ,~:
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de quo l:l luch2. p~udo n&ccndcr a.d:mtro una fucrzn podcrosn y dinn."r:uca.
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El gobi~rn~ nm.::ric:mo ha ~uccd;,do en edoctrin:,.r nucctr:i gcntc y haccrla.
. . ·
cntr:?.r por iucrz:,.· hy:;tcriGr.10. /,,.un ol r..1urmullo do mud:lnzn o una fnsin14"\Ci~ ... · · ,
de lnd,JJ>~nclcncia. en . cuJ)r itnid·.> por lrulint12.cioncs rcncioMri:in. Zl aysto!:UI.
·
educ:idora controfado por loc nortcar.1~rfcanoo h3 extra jd~ b! cultura. y h.istoria : . ·
pucrtorriqu~rui d~ su= curso:; de c::;tudio::. Eotudic.ntc:; eprcndcn lllD.S sobre • ...· .· .
i.,oG EDt::doc Unidos ·quo".aprondon de cu propria iGb!. Los intcrcs'3s de coi:".mor:.
·
cios yanquin posccn r,,a:, ticrrri., proplcd..-'\d c inductria.a qu~ l:!.ccnt~ puorto- · ~··
rriquciia, por ojcmplo b:; pl:ly.is on La 1:Jla ca pJscido por lo~ howlcs lujoo!>i;
/a.mcrlcrutoo dondc i..,ti turi:lbs pucdcn b:lii.ac o por era.tis cdoma"a loo pucrtorriquonos ticncm QU..? pac,tr Wl pri!Cb r..tinimo pnra cntrar :1 fa plo.ya.
. ~
D~cdo 1898 los i,,!pcrleli::tru:; norto:i.,~cricanos
b..i.n
cncad:>
bil
'>n~s
do
dolaros
.:;.-·~ . .
,
.
de Puorto Rico en Frutas, Azucu, ofoo y rninoral; h:m ~nipulado a la g~to - ....
pucrtorriqu:?n:i por un r.iotivo de banoficfo. En cwinto, 21 Gobcrnador y c. la· . ·
lcgi&la.turn do Puart:> Rico, sirvcn sola.t.1cnt0 coa10 instruconto::; tb "estructura. ·
de podcr" de Los 2stnd:>3 Unido:J, dcfcndor 12.G cap:u:; supariorcs d3 b burcesa
puort~rriquciia cu:mdo :iprovcchar d:, au proprie burocracia •
· , . -~ ·~: ·:/
1
El tcrmino • Cor.1r•• onwcalth" quo Los ~st:,.dos Unidoc h3 aplicndo n Puerto Ric~
es uwi faraa. Loe nortc:ll'!lcrlc:uio:l lo ban u~do para illustrcr al· · . · .. ·--~:.=.<'; :.:-: -: : .
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·rnund':J QU-' Puort.:, Rico os un ost~d.J c.>b.,rnno.
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Porquc l.!_ faltnn I\ Pu.:irt:.o Rico :.u pr:>prl? prc::.ld:mt.3, gobl:.!rno y systoc_;-£ .·.:
ccon~ml~a~., n~1_:1lc:c. y politlcns cs .cxpuaot,;,_ cntn ll'!;.?~ira.. J.un la -~~finicl?~ d:,
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C')n ralacion n Pu~rto Rico cl crir:1cn :nns co:1t0Go d"l G:>bierno n,;:,rtea:.-..1.Jricano -:~~~:,,-;.:~·:~· J. : --,;
es
b~rrad\l dJsd~ Li.' m"nb dcl pu~rtorriquclio qu3·Jrcs unn.'pa:rl3 da la ..
.~j.{f·ti
h•3rcncia 13.Un .•.::un~ri~nn~. /ibC.j-) cl syatcr...-u1 dul gobicrn·:> yanqui cl puart.>rriqu:m.o~-:~.·--..=-.
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hn d~:;cute.d:> .to.a ~rnd1cic..:1:?£ y los c~~tu;,,br~s de su hlstor1~;. El ha vic.Ja:l::> por :· . ·. -~.:. -~ !-:::~:·:.=~ti~ I
Un tr:l.'lSitO e.1 cultiV:> des?~ Uml cocfafkld C. otro. La tr:m&icbn :!G contr~lad~ po~</}?)/..":", 'r1:·:~~rtitl
lnG oaquln...""..G de in:.;trucc1on d~l i:>bi:rnl nortcam.)ric~o. Tat Jorno.da 2.canalada._.;,>:). _.:': ..
ha d.:lcl::>ido fa r:l~r:!lid:ld d~ nuC!str::. ccnto: 40% d..1 nuo:rtra Juvcntud i:n Nu~va Ynii '.''<.-t: .;. · t ,., :+:'.:·:w;
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qu~·,m
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ha. toraadn. l~:: habitac _dr~s. y 31% on Pu~rto Rico; 26% d~ nu~str?,s rnuj'3rcj oo .t:.:.~ ·-~::: ~ .! :·:~··>~)·i,·.~)~Y;\i
. hr!n conve:rt~dln proststutns en Nucv2. Y-:>rk, 33l en Pu~rt~ Rico. /,un e:l nlro en··/· }·<·· :·
Pu~rtl Rico ha h~ch~ cont..~r.1ino.d:>. En 1954 Los Eet:!.d'lc Unido~ comr.1i':nznr'=>n a
.·
! . · ,.,.~;.~:t:
conntruir fa.b.lr::.torio:: nuclcn.ros y h:!n Gldo ad~fant2 c::;pcrin;ntar varias arma:f<·;. ·.... , .·_\(JifJ/,:
nuclcarcs corca d:? nuostras C!:>sl.t!z;.. ;i;xp~rim.ant.'.>s ndcntro los laborat,.1rb& him : i .
sid~ cjccut.:!.d.:>o sobr" prcs')s Neciona.lista.s puartorriqu~noo. · ·": ·
· ... ··· · · · ·..
Con al fin d:? fa .RU::rra Esp:!n~l-1. .mcricnno en 1898 12. pors:>n:!lid!\d )" cl cartctcr
do tL"l Puarto Ric:> li~it:i.d> o:::tuvi3ron cri:::talizando:;. P~ro ~n 25 do Julb la in;
.
v2.::;ion de tropas ar.1:,ric~:!& ah~nron todas 1.ns csp3r:?....'12.:!S pu.)rtorriqu~m·s p~n. ·
la ind::p:5nd:mci!.l y l~ lib3rtad. B~t:!.nc3s, uno de los
, lid::ras pucrtorriqudbs r3-. ·
vcluci:>n::?.rios fuc c(tado ~ Francia antes k:.s inv:.sion p~ra firmo.r al tretad> do
. ·Pt'.z. Zn ltt visJ>-::rt!. dd :it:::.qu~ s:>br.:: Puerto Rico un grito de r~prisilia d~sd~ tac·~
aru~ra pJr ~l mund-~ "Nu::;otros ni qu~rc::m:)S acr cobilizados p'.>r El Espclia nl p:>r .
...
lAm Z::;t:::.d.:>: Unido::;. E::;toy y:, Gvrprcndido quo Di c~nb no nsc3ndid:,."
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Eueoo? d~ Ostas cstuvo vi:lJo.nd'J en Los tstados Unidos CU:!lldo Ina noticias lo
llcenron qua fas tr':JJ)as nort~ar:tcric1mas hubicr~ aplar;~do 1n lndopcndoncia
•
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pu,lrtorriqu:ma c!>n una invnslon : "Loe sn.crificios c..?rt.n rnuch-:> • • • pcro La .
Indcp~rado11ci:: de Nucstra. ir:fa proerccnr!."
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/.ntcs la inv~ion 91% d~ la ticrre pcrt3nccio' a lo:.;
,, nuicultJrt?s puertorriqu.:?iioo.
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Taha.coy uucir co1:1prcndicron 66% de 1~ producci:m, p~ro ~n lSOO ~eta pr~_.
....
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fu~ pu~sb y controlado por
foo C.'lJ)ltalisbs yanquis •. Los
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po:;ia.n L~ otra ti3rra. y controleban lcs rcforrau chicnc egricomo.. El cntr-:,- . ·
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co1:1:-:.1crcio de La lcfa qu~~bn -~:t 1n. dircccion d~ lo sofocto Esp2.nol. Le. burgcsa
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pu~rt->rriqu~im que GO OGt3.bJccfonntos la fnVt?.Sfon yanqui fu~ SCCUncbrio CD SU.
mcplotnci:m dol pr.olctariado en cor,iparncion a los norfa~orican'ls.
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yen .la ulthn3 partc do lSOO SO'i, do b cosechz. d~ c2.fc fua pucsto por cl gobie!mo ~;{~/.
i : riorteamcric:ino. Trabajndorcs y campc:;inos fuc~on pagnd-:,s 50% !!1.!!J:~baj~*:~~)~sf~, f
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·. bubioron. rec ibid~ ~oj~ ol ~cgimo~ ].!~Ji2!. .. }~ .,c~!nc y_ cl ar~oz conv~~~~r~J~t\i{ -~\
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commodidadc:s lujQsas baJo vm1ta al por mcnor y In produccion do los intercsos >>~ ~:.-,~}
do los comm3rCiOO nortaamcriC3JlO!J.
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En 1901 Los Est:id"::; Unidos creo.ron unn :1yst:m1~ aduc~dora cu.al Jnr:los con-.,::._:_<:.: ·
vcnlera ct idioma oficinl, asi comcnzo~ ~rndic2.ci6t1
1a: culturn. Puert·~(ju~t;-?'·-~ -. ~ 1
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~sde· l?s mantca de su Juventud.
,
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En 1916 Jose De Dfa~o un c.bogo.d:> ~moso de mIglesia Co.tolica cor.1~n.zo e
.. -:··· ,.
llenar WW. dJ::;cri:?.cidn de hcCh06 historiCOS y 3COnOr1.lf C:!.S cxponc:r Ja eA"J)lotacicfn. . ;
t
criminal de no solamonta tos rccursoo de Pu~r:to Rico, p~ro
su g3n~; ·:~;{-;,:~f(~: i.
En 1917 con la llcgada .de la gucrrc ir.ipcriallst.a L:>s Estndos Unidos d~·cluarori'.it!\ '
qu3 Puerto Rico fuo una col~nia oficial, por haccr ooo pudicron a mandarh~Jos}J~}!i/,:... >--.i
Jovcncs pucrtorriqucn'Js a la euerr:>. 'I n1 miamo Ucn1po privicron la lsln de'
jl
fuerzn. rcvolucionaria.
.
.. ·
. . . · .:., . :·:-~-::;·. ::.
En 1S20 la lucha p2.rt! La Jndcpcndoncia de Puerto Rico, tod~vi~ Jovan y pre~:
liU!.tura, ccontro un brazo politico en 1n craaciort dcl Partido Nacionalicta. En·.
·.·. "
GUS csLi.dos tentprnnos SC conccntr<fen la critiC::t. do) impcrinlim:10 ynnqui y las·· . . ~-vcntas csp~radicas
de litcratura. En 1£24 una cpocn nucve nacio'en Pu~rto Rico ..· .,. ..
,,
y unn p2.gina de la hiGtori!!. cotab:, cspcr:indo scr llcnedo. Errar entre el Partido
Nacionalista fuc J\W~D CtL'l.ndo SC graduo'd~ loy'-1& do:;dc H2.rvard, con Wt cutis ·,
morcn:>,
SU not:1brc rue P.adro Albizu C:ir.:spoz,
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volvh a La Isla iln 1!>24 dcspu~s d~ £U hostfgnmi~nto porquc de su color por et railJtar
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nortcam~ricano. Dc~PU'-'O su rcgistro cntr..: el
Pa.rtido Naciona.li:;b, /Jblzu Campos fuc olie-ido
"vlccpr ~sldcntc dol Pr..rtido. En 1926 cl
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Vi#!Jar a pai:Jcs latino-ru:;icrlcanos varios pnr::t.
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quo sc pu30 el corricnto ~ L2. Ind"J>endencia y
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No tuvo aucho tlcrnp~ pnra ·quc el :,~nor Pcdrc
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/ilbizu aprcndcr quo !u~ au !ucrza fnconqui:;tabfo
quc bubo dcspcrt:1do a bo :illloncs de La.
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lcle. n la Uru:iadi' dJ L~ Lfb-::rnci :m; rue su voz qu~ r~:;ou:-.ho cfftoc:L~ fas nJd.;:~· ·.:~·, ~.-,...._.,.-... ,
y cn . tod:l:J l~··ci~~dc:tqu~ hubc·ZlaCUdido loo crill~ -~:\~..
. cid:ld rcv::,lucionnrlti ·qu.,; Jiubo vu~~_ta cl tod:> ord~n S?clnl ~st::~1.::.cidc dl I~ ;_ ·-.;;t?.~1~.~-.:-)i
burcco~~-c:>lonielistas lo do ~rlbt!-.nb~Jo. El hljo d3 un ~atrim~nio d3l ca.:r;p_i):/if?·:.f.~·.:. ~ _Po~cc tu~ a llcee.~ acer ~1 or8!'po y glorlr. do-~~~ B!)~~~~t~->, .~·,/l~::!:~~--:~ .. ·:.,:~":'.'f~ii~~:;~{¥~-. · ... Dur~"lb 1932, cbnj::, fa dircccion. dcl Doctor Cttt:li)O:J, El Ptutld·l Nc.c1onnll~t:i \.~1~;;,:=J;)~t
. mitr!> e. lt!.a cm:1pn.lii.:; i?foctorelo:; c:,n El &lnor lt.lbizu·~c~r.1c(un cendid~t~-pare·\,~/f;::·/~·t/-f:~ .
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·-.~:_canoo cor.1:,nzo.ron W.W. cnr.1pa.ni·~t.1.::nncionauc~ )µ~~:tu;. 1~):.12 con ~cuso.ci-,~as . :.·-~.}t.(t~il
}._.,:_contr:!. Podr:> /~Jbizu ... : Su cc.rnprut:!:?rn>--u"'Olld:l no lu2 bact:into, p~rqua maniput:, ·.,. · · I · -·
f'tfn\udufo11lo.r::~ntc. hiii'.7-;l°c~·lonc& y ppr cso Pcdr'o}~lbizu p~rdi5, sin .3r.t'b:!rg{cn
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._'-: su dcrrutn. :!.l c211dicbto:l d~ bs r.1ulUr.iUlonarlos cl obtuv.:, 12, 000 vi toa.
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J..noch~ antes fa dcrr~ do Fndro, fa daprcsi~n quc bub:, :lr.lpez:!.d~,
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·~· r.tonoo en 1925 (C::?.pitnli:::.do h:ipodc cus posesionac· :;txtranjoras antes de nplica
·,~ c.uccrin 0conor.1icn n
pr-:,pria cfasc trc.bajadorn.) o!::ip~znba d~::.tcir ms fu:i. : . ~ ·a.,··
( da.~ion~G do I:,. bure;cso.
bnjo d~ elm 1aD clns,es r.:..;:; br.Je
f'.?Stcl>e daca.y:mc!,;, .·
~.7;o;;~~l6r>:i
fas
C_ er.,.n ;...•sinos :l _r..1.o_vo.r. dosdc el'camn·:,n Ja-ciu(i'td. y· 'cls tnrdJ C ·.. ,..
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Durruit.3 ·1933 lru; fucrz::.s socidcG dcl prol:Jtari:?.do ~1np~z~r-,n :i &Titer
{ oprc::;i-:>n~:; a I::! clnsc quc (!':>bcrno ln Isla. .:.,n ~1uchas dcr.~ ,stracionz::;. Una d3
:J
·. esta:; dco::>straci one~ fu~ dirieid::,s por Albizu C·:>ntr:i cl o-:m~ ~lio Ynuqui, Porto
:. Rico &~llv.':!y. Lit::ht ~nd Pow~r Co. lo qu~ la huclca d::: los tr~bajnd-:,ros sc hub.:,·
. t:1lido C·.)n suy:ts. Durnntc 1934
dirt.to C:!.wpan::. v2.riru:1 contre los fat~fundi:rt:u;
y los patr-:>ncs p:>r conducir hu::lr;~s d;, cortndorcs da c~ de uuc:ir. Icpcricl1.so~ e:;t~ba Cl::'!pCZ:!.ndO a c!~c:tcr dJntro d2 con{u3fo11 d:> SU proprit!. dcprc:;ion.
~: 1.£. dct::cncr::ici5n y la pcrvcr:.;i6n di? l:ls cnsas por loo :}CC:l.nJcos de .la cbse ·
~:· clcvn:b. producicron prolcs ~iultipl~::; d~ contr:?.diCf1Jn~OdU7l~r~volucton C'JJ:l~ .
~· . ... - .
·. cl ord~n cal din. Coron:?l Fr2ncin J. RififS. Jofa ~ Li. Polich~. y Guardin da ..
:. ·:corps d,l Gobcm::idor \Viru;hip. ofrocicr:i :i /.t.lbizu C&.!pos quo quitiera aua en~~:·. arui .. No con:;cntio Pedro; dccoo quo ci convin5 unn p-:?ligroso. pQlitic:i. a los intar~ cso3 co1:-:.r..:icrcioa y 1:1on:;truon:>6 oobro Lo. lab..
·
· En 2~ de Octubrc do 1035 4 1~icubros dcl Partld.J Macion,.~iDta fuaro11 :isasimdos por las polictn. aolJro ordanca doodc Coronel Rii:re:;. L?n rni~obros ruaroo .
parte d3 Wt:?. dcm1J::;tracion n protcntu W\2.. pro-11-nj::,rinliata bureu§s c.:l~t:1bloe do
c::tu di:lntc::;. Durante Diclcrnbrc de 1935, 25,000 1:,iocbron dot P~rtido Nn.cioD.'lli~t:1 c01:1puc;fcron U...-.:?. pctici5n dc.r.i.nnch!.r le rcsie11aci6n d3 Coron:!l Rim~s, lo.
·: retiracht. da intcrcsca cor:u:1crcloc Ynnqui6 y b r.3tirn~ do 1~ trop:ic norto. ar.?cric2.na:; dcadc La IcL.~. ~ll 4 de !(nrzo de 1933 en m1:1 ~mll:1 d::, fuoifos con·
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·,- 3 r.uoobro~ Jovcnco
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arr~st5 n Elias B~nuchni!ap un~ debs' guorr~r:.,s do in lib~rttld qu~ <Jnv;;,lvi~
ot ·},">
incid"ntc y su n~ig~ Hiram R~l!lt!d". 12£.CJ.>.!!lq_,d~ 1~ d.Q~.!!~.i.1!1. EJi11.! LHl~'l.hi..f'~!:2..ll :?·. ·
. ·: t'!!!J.!:!!.f!?.!2 !..~!:~.2fl. rlE~!!:!:.O l3_0!.t_!!~J!!. d£ I_!! P.?!i£!{t~ .. ;~_-.,,~.dq ~~~~~~~~}~.3--~)):·
• OD Lo. Un.iver:;idad d~ Fu~rto Rico Peclr.:, J..lbizu, dur2nto WlO. tcntdlva a roelut~
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palsa.nos en i:l ojcrcit.) Naci::»naUstc, fu;) nrr~sto.d.:).' Un corr..cnso <JU3 fu6 tor.ia..;.) i~
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d-:, por Ion c'atudjanlc£ entca GU dctcnci1n dcnt'.)Strio QU.! foe coquid?r:,s d3 Don ... ·,_ -~·,_ __:_. -.-··
Pcdr9 hubi~run rCCOJJid? a r.1:is_dc 250 Vvluni.eri~G duranro ·unoc cunnt~·hor~:-~·-;~~;::? ·
. j ' .. ~ "• - · ta.nteccd~r SU do1"nci5n cl Doctor Ci.r.1pos fu~ accucc.do c~n instignr la b:italln do .. :¥.
fusilcs fo . qu.J fu'3 mntt?.d'l ct Cvroncl Riggs.. En Julio de 1936 La Uni5n de ·1.as .IJbcrtn.dcc Civllcs n?rt~ar.1e:ric:inas 1:1nnd!l una c5!-:titc a dcfo~dcr nl Cati.or Cemp:>a. · ·
En cl cii:::n10 mes· ~n cl C :11ieroso de 11.)o Eotnd;,& Unld.lQ. un reprccentruitc de
Nucvn York, El Gonor Vito Marcn_nt.>ilio, clcfond5 ho dercchoo de '1.lbizu y la l~cha... .;
d~
la liberacion en Puerto Rico. Contrn cl nicer.to dot dcfcnsa (ue ef
Er~\i\€,~:r, ~
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n~st Gruening (cl scn~dor 'li~rnl' dc:::dc J..laoko.) quicn (u~ El Dircct~r D3l Comltc · ·
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Doi Proycct:> Rc·~dificnci,5n d.:, Pucrt~ Rico y co1:ii6i~di:> do Divlsioncs do T~rrl- 1
torios y poscsioncs de J::;lao. El sctior Grucmine; dcnuncl6 cf movir.licnto de la.-~·
in~cpcndcncia en Puort·:> Rico o infat:16 P~dro c:.mo un poligro nl Gobicmo nortc- ·· _i
:imericnno. Con bz noticicro~ proir:1p.::rialiGtas sobro La Isla condoner n /,.lbizu, ·.. ·•
y In convicciGn d.:? culp~ ::;c,:;t.;mid,:, p';)r cl colon:, do Dcpt1rm.~cnto_ dol Est~d? Yanqui,
cl Jurado qu~ cot;proncli ~ pur CCJr.lplat'l de houbrco Yanquis de nagocios convcnio
c. Don Pedro. ·
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• El Jucz Nor:tcnnt:lric:u1J l~(l,Jblzu) contcnci5 al pen,-·
t-::ncicrb cb /,.tL'l.nt:l p:>r oietc an,:1. Durante todo cl
c n s o. y.:, n in~ u n p u c rt or r i q u c ii J p u d ~ c n t ~ a r
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mcj::>r dasd~ Wl ir:tfa.ntc prc1:1:1turo 011 W1 br::.zo re·-f:---~' \\ ·· . ·
voluclonari::> de las t1:?..ono, Wl!l (ucrze ubiCWl ncan.eleda.
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por los pa.SQG de 12. l}b=,racion D!lCionnl da:;troznr los
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pilarcs de cxpk,tacion hurnn.na, tronar en Ins p::!.rt'3S de
~
Ja intulcion burgc:;n, d~sarrc.ig~r CU GU]>~rfich qu~ 3Btuv0
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tuvo cbtcrio1·:mdo. P2.ra 1037 El P~rtido Nacion:illrita
yn fua conctruido en w1 nuclco t';lovilizado do r.lilc:. de p~rsonruJ. SI Part.id~ no
hnbic attn.id:> colar..1onto n loo disocctll.ad~, los trnb:!Jc.d:>rcs y los c:m1pcslnos. ·
tnr.1b15n b3 cstudi~nt~s, y r.ic.~stro::; y'loo pror~sorc::; en ws Univ~rcid!ldes.
R3'1.Uznr la potcncial polflica d~ t:m fu~rzo. dinbica, El Gobor11&-idor Winobf.p coo
~1 e.uxili'> d:: burocrntJc v.n.rio::; pu;.?rt-::>rriqucn.la cu accr~t-J bubo ~rcbne.d~ un:t . .
ra1:itc.nzn en la ciud~d
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dt= ?once. Duranta unn pr.r~dn d:? c::.c.bt::s j,:,v:m-~s nr.ci:lnalistas y enfarmer:ia . . __ : . .· · · ·... · .-··:
nacfo114~1iotnc. IR. p:>licl~ ~l:! P~uc~, y Jan tropas *innqui::; nbaJo· ta. direecio1t ciJ:.:·. :·.,. ~:\ ~~·)-:_>~·y:..~\-;~
cr.,r.:,nal Or~tt:1 cufk.do d\l Dhni:;'l Trig:>, .JI r::pre:;onta.nt3 ·fascish?. de Franco en /(f\i;.J\/. . _.
Pu~~t'l R~~?/: ~f.2.r~n. c.!rcz~~nta e
:i 70 h~~ur~s! Mujcrcs y .nin:>s, !
a 153_. ]n Wla. cclte v~c1a c,1,P:mc~, Wl rcv.:,Jucionar~o qua 3:;~u!o ::;an~ando.,- ·: . . /}:.:l1~%};·-~>;/ ·
trcpaz.o e. b:?. &c3r& y c~cribi? con mi pr:,pria sangrc: · ·
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i Viva la R~publicn ! , .... -7
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• Jili3J:> l:>o /..saslnos
be~icro~}~~y:;J.}JS:t~
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D3 la.3 tr:,pn.o y d~ la policin quo r:..c.tar~n a ruifos puurt:>rriqueiios en e3e d1a
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~sangrient..:> n'l vin.:> un~ n ju3ticin.· Coron:?l Org2tt.n quie11 bubo dirJgid~ la motan.:. · :.. t:- · ·- -· I · ·
dcd da g~ntc coratinuo'ser un coroncl y cl J cfo de La Poli~ia. ~1 Gobernc.dor
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Winship quicn hub~ or·dcnad::> fa rnatanza qu~dab:! "Al Gran Padre Blan~.:>"· da.
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Pu:?rto Rico.
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C:>n la ~rupcion d~ .la se~d:! gu~rr2. L1U..'ldial Le R.:?voluc.idn CD Pu~rto ruc.J
vinl n unn lnt:?rrupcidn pt:r:, el c:t{c. lttfc.r.,c en Ponce rue i=i~ld~adc en 12.s p{gJnac
~ hi6tori~ ,~.ardt.d~r2.t un obctaculo·dc la vcrquenza en b:; m~nt2s de lib~ralc:3 y
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un rec~rd2J'i~ d~ 1n vanq~a al pu2rtorriqucno qu~ vivio'~s3
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�by ernie alien & kenn m. freeman
lhF follsfn<J 3~{jcJe !s
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r~vic, css~, of the
bN•k, Aai:;dc:tn R,!vduf i~n, r:C:tes r re-,,. a N('l)r(I .
;,;rker •s Udcbo•·k, 1.tilch -:.,., arftt,.-n by Brother
J:ua~s Hog~s (Monthly ffLvic1 Pr~&s, 1961 j
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(This Is p~rt one, p~rt· t•o •lfl
In SOU SOOK C )
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JH[ TR.i!!SH-l~l'i.T 1m (f Tllr '."~lit: I!;~ r:1 ;.c;s
B:>e~c b2rrins by n:>lin.e tl1::! ch2ng~ which l'U?.!J cccurr~d in th:!
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l.rneric2.n w~rkinz clc::;;, b:::ginr.Jng with th~ p~rbd :,f the 1~30'u t!J) to th2 ;,r~sent;
vll!.:?r~as .r.~1y w.lrk.:,r:; durilt~ th.:; 33's w~ra illit:?r~t:., th.:?ir <.:hilth·on U.;) tl:.c ·c:1-..
gin~ers £...'l.d :;cienti:;;l:; :>f t:xi.'!.y. '111us "»3 c.re faft with tJ1~ citueti~:1 Qf the W:Jrkh!g
cm:::n beine, Boe-~n cl:!~~. ":10 di£per.J~d ruid trc:.nsforrr.3d by th-.} v:!ry :w.tura of·
tha chang~c in pr ~uoti:,n thet it 1:1 e.l.u:>:rt ic.1poo~li.>b t:> n~l3ct :>ut nny cj.nf:l~ _
bl:>e of w:,rJccr:::J ~ w:>rkinc claaa 1n th~ old ri~ns:! ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·
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clicr2.cter :>£ th3
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this w:>rking clt!.ss 1::: growing, cs· Ilnrx pr~dicfod, but it fa n,Jt the ~Id
class which the radi~nls p~1rsi::-t ln bcli~vins will cre::.tJ th-:: revolution and asta--~ ;:'.·;:>;\t}t\:.;·.~-:: ,,.
blicb c~tr:>1 !War pr:>ductbn.· · Th~r~ a~c only 12_~ill~:,n 'J! th~so pro:!uf~ion·~?(-:.\~fJJ./~t:~~~
workers left in /.r.aeric:u1 fndu:try, out· :>f :!. total work force of 68 million. u
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(pp 15-IG)
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B.:,gc:; s::.yr. th:it th11so chnngca In production h:iv.l infi,fonc"d th3 charactor ~-: /f{·/.:?·.'! :\::~:\'of the working claoc in three prir.1uy wa.ys; those factor~ h~vc in turn brought .:.......
their tnnu~nC3 to bc::.r up'ln th~ very n..i.turc
producti :,n; ru: we:11 f!S lnflu~ncing .. ·_
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nnd int~rccting between one nnoth'-!r. Boggs views thJtc ri:sulting c...,.."""'~s 2.3 ·the .. . I
following:
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(i) tho ~rkinc cL".66 ha£ grown
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(ii) work has ooc:>oo diycrsificd
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.(ii.t) lnb:>r lc:idcrsl:J.p has become bourge~is
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Thuo, Tha J~moric:?.n Rcv,:>lution fay3 we.stc·to ~ basic promise of ma.ny, · .
cont·.::mporary so-called l\~1.rxi::,tc in the U.S. who w.:,uld dap:md (at foru;t In a th3o~:.
· rctical ccnsc) upon tho existing w"rking clo.ss to be inotrum3nt::.l in astclllishlflE a ·
ttw'lrkorD otntc" in plnco ;,f tho pro::;cnt capit~list (io racist) sysbm. Nat :>nly
old r..1yths d;:stroy~d, but en ruialysi:: le given by Boggs which wo·rcal will gr~atly
aid Bl~ck J..lncricnn:; in their ~::,k of providine a viabl2 prograt: for t:>t2l Bin.ck
· Liberation on a wcrldwid.? ccnlc.
TH£ tOP.K('$' SlRUGfilE FOR (()NTROl or PP.wUCTIC~' THE SUilS[~U(NT SEttOUT Cf T~E t(rF.r[i~
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er rnr w:,rm t£:.u£RS
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In dcvdopmg or~:mf z~ti Jm.; to fulfill this fa&k of lib.Jration it Is i.?lp~rwtt th:lt
/J'roa.i:1cric::ms lcn.rn both froo tho pn.st m.ilurcs nnd accornpliahmunts, str.)n!J
points nnd wcnkn~scco, of orgn.nizotions -- particularly thoo:? which heve baa.xi
thom:;clvcs upi1n tho strcnBt,h .,f tha t::laanas. Boggs' positi~n is that ''By ~~ining th~ industrial revolution, r.nd un3x:.1ploy.::imt, we can get som~ fd.,'3C of tha revolufi~ru?.ry chrmgcc that hn.vo co rapidly dcvolopcd In /a.ocrica, dir~clly leading to
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tbo 11:?.turc of w:>rk, the social co1:,position of various stratc. or th~ popuhtion."
· (p.1~} Tthting tho IJnit.::d i ..l!t:, ~:.,~rkcr.o ruJ tho r.1ot!..!l for th:, CIO, n~it:s run.: d>wn
tho blr;t'lry o{ tho labor movc1i1cnt c.nd point:; out !ho f.!ct thnt th-.:)r~ wcr,3 rn:>re
work~rs who w\1rc org?.nlzc:1 J !!.li. the u.nion tbnn wer~ thos'1 wh~ 2,!:Jl~!!.L':..~tho union, :ind° furtl1cr::i.::>rc, thct nll ~1kot':; c!id !!..2.!.. pertlcipn.ta hl i.trikas.
N:>w, wh:it d:d the U."'l.!on d: in cr:f~r t" i?.:p!':>VC worlcing condilkm:.; :md t~ procur~
:tY.tr:.:. benefits f.c:: th.· ,·,ork.~rc in tho .::ll~? Ir. s!l'lrt, \Y..tat w:,:-c it::, nccornpli:;h menus?_ Dcfo:-c Worl..i Wai.· Ii t',~ workers, acffne thr:u~ !be unJ"11, "· •• lia.d th:, ·
power to intimit!ctQ n.,'ll~.!fpm~:,t, !rpr.1 ,~c i-:r~::.lrui u, to the toi> (cunt. p. 222) ·
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ochchnc, hrcing th~r..1.t, yiot~ t> w~rlcort:'-d~r:,nnd: wb:?n::v~r pr?duclhn-ctru1-:·/,:!:F~fl ·
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nr"""duct' ,n At th""
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h~,ff- J.hat t1to·w.,r'c:)rs !n ~·<.!ng h1td !ft th~ plant:: !!L~ '!...1.L l!t~ 1!2~:.].!..:
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·ck r..dd;:~ by _3a ~,'<r.tf). Th:,y ,nly_t),~< l!>ld ,r thc.plarits Th:}y d!d n~t ta!<a ,vq°~ \~~--~{ ~
.:.tho tt:it:i'"g'lv~rnmant, 'lr th3·nat?">na1.l g~vomm:,nt, .,r the city -p,l!cc, .:>r th2 Nat_~-~~di/t. rh11£~l GW!rd nlr th~ nrrny " ThJ un: >n wnc in:trum~ntt?.l 'n .brcing:·mi~gcm~nt}~\:;··t
h'r~ W'>r·:.~rc wh~ ".>Td'.nnr~•Y W?Uld n~v~r ~~vi ::,btaincd Jobs, but wo· do 'n:Jt .wis1t~,--:~~:-;.:·c
to lnfor that th~ unbn waG a pnnacea t~ the probfoms ~r lnb.)r. For as B~gs
points out, 0 Evcn in their b~st days, it chould be rer.1cmbcrcd, the CIO and /,J'L ·_.:· ·
were not abto to do ouch nbout unemployment. In 1939; when the &:?ccmd.World . . t
War began, there were still more than 9 million uncmployad, W3ll over twice ·.
tocfay's official figure." (p.53)
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~-During W·:.>rld \Var II, labor acquired "rccpcctn.bility." ·Whcra before its re-.! ; ....·, ..
prascnto.tivca we:ro w.:>rk~rc in tha shop, during the war Jab?r leaders were con..:._: -\:·?J~·
ferrlng ~n Wa:.;hin1:,,t.::,n wi~ baad.& of govornti~nt. At this otage the _"lab'lr leader_- ;- ··
ship" \\'3S n~ longer the loadcrship of labor, and, In effect, Joined with the power .... :1
structure in tho ;!..!!J?.e.r.~!.!.Lq_ti_ of hlbor. But in .spite of th\? fact that tho union
·:....i.i•
bald continu:il ncg:Jti:itiona with the government ::ind made 2grcement:; not t'l strika,
during the: scc'lnd world war, Boges points out thnt there were 8, 708 strikaa Involving
four milli:m worker& in 1943 2.nd 1944 nl:::>nc. These ''wilded'' strikes b.f ._.-·
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lab-Jr, during WWII, involving b:isic human rights within tho sh::,p, circumvented
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the'huthority
of the union end was the first fndic..1.tion that labor and "l:llnr lea.d- .' .
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ershJp 0 v.orc struggling towards entirely difforcnt goals: 1:ibor for control of pro-: t ~:
duction and procurement of human rights ~thln tho shop, "lc:idorship" for c:,ntrol · ·::
of the workers.
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/ .. s the gulf between labor and le::u:lcrship was widening, e.nd bacausc of the ._'.,:_· ·..
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.. fact that durh1g th3 wnr tho WLB \V3.S oattlfng the matter of wages, the unl_on, In . _,~.,~ :·~ ..;
an cffart to dcmonstret~ tt::; "n~ccsslty" to the. w~rkers, bcgn.n trying to change ··::·- ,._ ~· ·.
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Job
classi icatl :ms so that workers could obtain a few cents core nn h~ur ...
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H::>wcver, tha er:: .>f pr .Jgrcssivc roforr.:.1 insi~ the uniln !D>vamant re:llly end-·:_}_~·~
od ·.>n V-J. d.."\y, f.)r th~ c,ntr.>l ,f prxlucti!'.>n and human rcl:!ti_:ms which w:,rkcrs.
·
had achelved w~rc nJw c.:>mplct.cly shunted t?.sfdo by the union; the omphasi& wns
n:>w pJacad up)n ~c:>n·,1:1ic rnthcr than huQrul r~lntbns. In the Goncr2.l Mo~s _.. .,'.·_:~~.'~--~·:., i
strlkl'? of IS45-4.G tha \\,age incro2.Gcs and fringe benefits won by tha union w..?ro ~.
· ·
hailed as "grc:it socinl progress." In 1948, under the 0 Dccurlty Clauo3, 11 thit
uni~n r~turncd to menag'1mcnt tho right. t.> run producti:>n as it aa.w lit. 1,~d ~ .:· ...
wl1on aut:>ma.tbn c:ir11c upon th.:, sccn3 in 1955, the unf'3n bcg:m (cont.p~ 223) :·_:~tt;.:.-::.~/ :
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2~·->~,-·aU\lmpts to.en.so out tha w~rkor.i; thr?ugh tht: use i:,f p_cnsions,·_ sovl)ranci: p~y_, :·:::~~~J."i\~:~~~~_;~;~~1._
. and a ''profit-sharing'' plan dos1gnad t, inc~rp'lre.t.J the r43maining worki;rs In~ -~·:,:::.~t~~r _:~·~t~~
·._· .~~ma~gomo~t. Boggs concludco that:
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..:-::,1:·:i::i-:-:<(·.:~··:-~· Thus, after 25 yea"• the UAt has given baclc toHnag~ent every rl9ht ...
. .:·)}J.--7-$,_.::\···~ .
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c,ve~ ,~~uctlGn •on In the •oveHnl Gf the 1930 11 11\Cf th~ ur ,ea,.1. T"'•Y . L .~;.:\(~;?{::·f·.~r.'=):~~t~
the eorkers are dot ng In et;ht hours th& ,ctual physic al work ther ustd to
· ·
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do In bel v_e._ (p.26•7)
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Vlhnt 13::;s,::>ns can ~ln.ck Amari.cans then learn from tho cXpcrlcnca which
our brothor, Jnmes B·'lggs h3S obta1D3d from th3 ~i~n movcm~nt? Boggs ox_·
plains tha f~ilure of th~ uni ~n by stating that " ••• a~l organ~ze.ti:>ns that spring
i
ur> 10 a. cnpit:.t~st society e.nd do not truce e.bsolutc power. but rather tight on~r ·.+'..,,.;,~ L··· ... , '""'·
on one ·tangential or essential t!Spect of that o_ocloty aro ~~ntu~lly. incorporated ~r---~·~t:·t·, _, . ~
into capitalist society." (p. 2 8)
· ··
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This statamant is good as~ es it goes, but wo bel tha n~cd to p:>int "ut that:
th3S3 organizatiol13 :>f which Bogg:: lo speaking wil~ (u."lless the:y tcl(e abs:>luta
. ,-.:~:-:_r~~:~?1t~~f
p::>~cr) ~ith;::r be incorporated into tha society, tnf1ltrat~d and/~r oolitcrated by
i · .- : ·
th-3 state "gendarmasu (l. c. FBI, CIA , etc.)-., or will bacoma virtually sl3rila
:ind lo&~ cffe:ctivcncss through a continual revisi~n e.nd 0 wat~ring d.;:>v.·n.. or t:l.?ir
oncc-mi!itant pr..:>gram~. Thcs~ arc significant fa<t:>rs t.; COitsid~r when analyzj . ·: ~:·
ing tha pr a sent state or 12.b,or organizations run by the whit:: ruling class, tha
Netiono.1 /...Gsocintion !;!! ~ AdvMcom~nt ~ Certain Pc,)f)le. and certain bmr- ~
~. ·..
6~'7>is, pst:ud1-Black Nationalist organizations which nrc carrying tha FBI's .
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stc.mp of '':!pproval" i · once :m orgnnfzation b~c:>mcs "raspJctablc" in the -:}y~s of
the pow~r ·structure, one _cnn wcil b~ aosurcd thnt it poses no threat to the i:xistfng soci:>-ocon:>mic and p:>litical structure, and that its aims arc corrupted by th.J
said apparatue.
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iUTCl·U 1!1': SOME ll!Pl rcu ror:s rcR BlliCK P[CPLE IN A
CiPtlLtlST SOCl[TY
Tha c~ntradictbns which pr:!sently exist batwcen Bl~ck and White America, as wall as those
int3rnal ~ Gach or thes-1 two n.1.Uons, will baconc .
d3eply intensified as automation thunder~ ahead;
alco, new.contradictions will c~ntinuc to risa during its proccs~ 'lf d:wctopmcnt. Boggs views
thase Int enaifj A (ruit:lgorustic) ·cmtrndi~tlons as
b3ing grouped primarily about tha f~ll::,wing thr~:,
· areas :
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(i,~10 pcrma.ncntly-uncmpfoycd nnd the cm;,loycd
·:: .. . :·:;~~·~-!-?)~:~;:~
· (U) '1Je ••young" workers and uold" workers \\ithln tho ptant =~~~
(iii) the W1ion and the workers
-:~
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•• .· ·
, .. c:~:::·:
, , .. _ ...... -:,....... , ... ;......
- , :::~-=~-::-J:~-r
~.....~·J..---:>-Boggs pmces quite n bit of importnncc upon the first coulradictlon
it is a problem which encompasses the entir~ .socio-ccon~niic
''Thia .·.. {i
antagonism in the popu]ation bct\Vccn thoso who have t~ ~ supported and those
j
who have to support them is on·o of the lnovita.blc antagoni:5ms of capl~tis·m.'• .:-(p. 37) Thus tbc c:,ntrndiction between tho unemployed and tho
vicwod
correctly by Boggs nc a factor which ls inherent to tl,o nature of capitalism; he .
notes. however,· th3t automation introduces a n cw . factor: the problem of t!lc · ·
porman~ntly-uncmpt11y~d man. As Boggs sbtoi.11 what is new ls that now, unlika
mos~ c:irllc7: pc~io~,: the dJsplaccd man h2vo nowhe.rc to (2:,._(cmpha.sl~ ad~~}~!'- ~
km(&~~; p. 36). · His rumlyois continues; not only wilt the unemployed be pitted ~ ..,s. ·
ag-ainst tho ~mploycd, but in consideration of the overall socii'.:!ty Boggs sta~s.,tf:c·:::: .
that: "U1osc wh~ proptlSO that the unemployed be allowed to starve to death·
than continu~ ns a dr:lin on the public •• ")p.37) will stahd ln direct ~p:>sition to·
0 thosc v..1io cannot stnnd by and sec society dcgcn.1rntc into such barbarism. "(p.37)
L."'tt.cr v,c will return ta lhis point and cxamin~ itf; relevance to the problems o( · .
Bin.ck Amari·ca:; pr:=.s~ntly wa \\ill concern ourselves with Boggs' approach to the
St)lulion of t,roblcmo incurred through automation.
.
. ''Thc·ditomma boforc the workers and the American pc:,ple ts: How can we .· .~
have aulomation·nnd still earn our livings ?'~(.35)
.
In cx2.mining cliffc1·cnt chr.ptcrs in !.h3 ·ta..!!l.E.!~!!!. }!g,!~1,!!(J~I!..one secs that
Boggs' solution to thi~ problem
e.utomation vs. lnci:>mo is tinged with ambivalcn
on one hand he speaks of a social revolution 1n the U, S. which will uproot "whitay'
system of dcgcn~ratc c~pit2.lism a.nd in its pla_c~ lmrfant the roots of n socialist
sociaty wht!ro exploitation or 111211 by n1an will be eliminated. On thc-othar h::.nd
Boggs app~cntly 10· looking far a patchwork formula !:ilhi.!! C:...3E!!clllf!m. (i.e. ro-'
£ormism)' which will h~lp the workers t? survive a.-id to maiutain·for themselves ::
QJl adequate smnd:lrd of living, for be seems to suggest th:?t t:1e root cnuse of the
problem:» of income distribution and m.nintctumco or con::;umptf~ 1D to be found : · within th3 incomc-througli-Jobs link. This suspicion or ours lx!comcs rc2.l ,vh~n
WC discover that Di:>ggs signed th~ now-famous document known 8S The Triple · · .
Revolution (which sta.t\!d in so many words that tha m~st important reform noodcd
ln the U.S. tod2.y w:is tha abolishment of th~ lncomc-!hru-Jobs link). Also~ ln his
Tog Rights of i~a.n IE =!!!..l1ge of Abundnncc Boggs statea that"~~. a m:m•s (cont.) .
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right h n living should no IJngcr be tied to hi~- work_. ."2. · ... ': -·,_·:~~
i This snm:, theme pop:i up ng:iin bi his fourth chapter:
· ··
; / 1This n1~ fon ca~n"t !ong endure ,hort rn rights. a~ I r·ng" on goods-_
· the plain· hd that •e arc aov!ng to,ard: en autoaafod_ socldy and
·of this h'"~~ ·
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Now, how do~s Doggs far?t the h:ld6 ~ between his advoc:iting the dc~truction .. · .I
or th~ incomc-through-J.:>bs hnk, wh1cb 1£,in the co11tcxt or a capit.'1list s:>ciety, . ·:-~ ; ·:,t;s~n!inlly rcfo:-mfam,_ and.revolution, tbe complc~ uprooting of this society?· ... · :---· .. -.::i
First of :ill ho bcls th::.t in a cnpit.--lfst society tho ~n.~t niajorlty or w.lrkcrs w111 ·· · · ;. \{~
Jose th~ir jobs b~causa the furt..h.Jri~g. of aut~m:1tior.1 and cyb'1rnation _.wi-11 ell~~:-~;.:,;\.:~_:-·.::
these J:>bs and wJll not cr":itc n t;ufflc1 ent nurn~cr or oth~rs. Thus, br th4?so ..:. /.\?=·?f::/::t
peo;,tc (:?.nd p:?.rtict:lnrly lllack pc~fo) to s·..;rvivc in th1s socfot:, it will be n3cc.:. ·-:: .:._. ;:~;.>.i~m
osary to nlnH:;b the it1c?nt~-t!1r1a.-j'.>b~ link. Ho th~h go~c on to tmy thnt this will
f ·. _··:, ~~
force the capitalist£ t~ fo<:;d n ·1:~.n!. ru:my or tl.~ rcrman·:mtly-u.ni?mptoycd, t..'1us
' ·
cn,ising an unbcarebl'3 :;hain \Jll tho:..c who hnv~ J,.>b~ t?.nd ray UlX::s 1 nnd those
! .
\\110 do not Ju~vc Jc~s :md d'J n~! ;:u:.)' t!'!.:.<cs. FL1~lly, he sugg~:;tn tl1n.t this E.£~cont:. adiction will e,·on~u:ilJy proc.:u:.?c tho E!!h'1!!1E. crjsis -:'f C.."'..J)iwlism, as ;_pp-·
.'
os~d t-:, the c-rthod.:>x-M~r;:fan prediction th:'.t tl1c- ant::!.J.:>ni:;m h:!twccn tha work•
er c.nd cnpil!'ll!ct is th~ d~cJsJvc c:mtr:idiclion which will cnu.:lc the fall of cnpitallt:n1 nnd rr:>·1iuc U1" n·.otive fore::? for a new nocfal order.
· . ·
N~w. w~ diangr~c with B :,ggs a,.i Pt loost or,3 irnpor+.J:ml p:>ir..t: his_ Implication_
that :work f.a s~01oh.Jw n~t a n~cosclty for mankind, In gcn31·:il, to lh·o.
w~ cgrc~ th2t ff a man cann~ wt.>rk thzn h~ should b~ given rncMs 111 order to
live c.d~qu.atcly. In s;>itc or this 13:ct we still fa.:?1 th:lt wor!t is still a necessary
part or man•s lifo; there is an nbu:1'1n.nce of evidence t.o sh,>w tbnt man developed
!rom n lower t~ a high~r b~ing by working (with b~ his head and his l&Mds), ~d ;_ ·
we b~licve thn.t man will continue to mn.;;Lor n~tur.2 end to aalvc his pi-obl?ms by ·.
~. ,:]
,vo1"king. 1."hcrc(orc w'-' !eel tlant work ohou.ld !!.2.l b~ d~;3r:,pbasiz~d, even · · · · 1 ·
though it ~y n'll b3 nccass:?.ry In the pr~ctiv3 pr"°c~s, because of its essen-. · .. "'. ~
tiality to th~ furlhcr dcvcl~mant of man. We must keep In mind n,so tl1at the · ·.
.'
dcfirtiti:::>n of productive WQt-k ts c~rt:inly capabfo or being brondcncd~ so·that · ·-·· ·
Wldi)r this new definition, for cx.1.m1,fo 1 ras~arch, the nrts 2nd :>thor· crcntivo
ventures cr,uld c-:>ncciv:ibly bo included.
Bom.,s pafr:.ts oul thnt m~st p~aplo (and tllfc includ3& many Mnrx!sts) "~. • • •
...... .
have n.:>t oo~n nblc to fuco the fact that c,•on if the wvrkcrs to-Jk '1VCr the plants _.~. ;,>..:.. · :·. ·
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th:.t ...
..;:-:,;,p·t.:1.:J.~:\VOrk is become socially unnecessary. They h::ivc not been able to £'\co tbls ra:ci~..1f. because tncy have no cl~ar idc::i of what people would do ,\Ii.th thcmselvos: \\i1at
would be their human role, or how society would be organized wh~n w:rf'k 1.s n.~. _,~, )
longar at the heart' or society." (p. 41)
-·
· · : ~·:
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. So D~gs hits
n·ail upside thc.hand;··""s1n·cc the U.S. is presently the mo~ . ,,, .
technologically advanced country in the world. foday's problems of production··
relations in this highly-technical capitalist society will ba tomorrow's problems
in social ist societies as the Instruments or production in these societies reach ·a
level of sophistication. But keep In mind that it is only within a capitalist society.
where lack of work, 'nnd hence. lack of income t~~m t~ nlway3
reach crisis;··:·;~
proportions (i. C. result in contradictions of an anl?..gonistic sort) 1 whereas bi:
socfalisl socfoty I time not used in production work can be chrumclod (at least .. : .
to tho extent thn.t it is a planned economy ) into healthy nreas such as thi? artsl'11jf
2nd other crentivc, pcnccful vcntu:-as. How~vcr, in a •·w~rkers' state" the so·.·. , ·
.
lution to th~ chdkmgc or automation tend:.; towm."d
thi! removal of one of the
cor_~;,
'
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ncrstoncs of Marxism-Leninism, since Lonir,.•s statement th.at•·ha who doos·n:x·"'-""1·
work shall not cat" boc~mcs an anacnr'lnism when work is no long~r economically
necessary
Boggs shows that th~ retraining of displnccd workers for new Jobs requiring ..
greater skills is of dubious value ooc:?us~ nutornation nlso eliminates these slc~ll~9
j,;:,bs without crcati~g more cy. even tho sama number (although thera is nof ond':lgh
cvid~ncc to substantlntc this cL.'".lm at u.~ pr'1scnt time, or. ·probnbly mora c:,rre~t
ly, tho ev.idcmcc is b~ing hidden from the 1>uhlic, we fc~l that when eutomatioo~t~J
tn full swing this claim will prove t? be true). But there ls an additionnl £actor··""'~:
which makes rctr:lining even more of a fare~ for Afroamcrica,. for, 1n the nationwide progrnme for job retraining, th.J ~ct tlin.t ~mploymont agencies discriminateagainst Black workars in favor o! whit~ w..:>rk-.)rs for cntrt.nce t:ito thasa progran1s
has been exposed. 3:
· .
·
..
~ ·, - · ·
Thus, Bln.ck Am'-=rlcans, who arc nlr~ady the most s~fo-cconomicclly ·
oppressed group in tl,c U.S. (ns well :i:; U1os::: Indi::ins who h:1vc survived th".
merciless slaughter of tha white oppressor),. ere ::;uffcring most from ju.ct tfu?
!Pl.ti=!! l!..h.!!.~ ..>f aut.>mntion, and will most C.)rL"\inly bo the gr->11p ·which will suffo1·
m:>st whon automati:.>n fs In full swing. And ns th~ pr~-bublnoss Research Institure of America said: "The moment or truth on Automation is con1ing -"':' a lot
aooner than most pcopfo realize. ~1 4.
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arc esplalntcl aad commnltcl lrpon •• ..,, .....
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edilorlals and aathoritafly~ contributions lty well·
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EASTFJlN WORlJJ. 58. Paddington St.,. Loadoa. W. I •
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THE LEADING JOURNAL OF THE
ARTS AND CULTURE lrom EnglishSpeaki11g Atrica.
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to an l1porhnt degree••• •• · .
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pc 1. mission· to reprint whole arUcltsr; Irom
SOUL.BOOK :MUST be obtained In u·rfttt'n fnr1n .
·{Tom the EdJt;rlnl Do:ar,d n'* SOIJ!:'6<.•0Y.
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ReHYlet.,. 4/9/65.
.
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A review ot the files or the .NYO., pertaining to
the Puerto Rican independence movement, has been made ror
the purpose or developing counterintelligence measures
against this movement.
.. .
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The principal organizations in NY are the
.
·
Nationalist Party or Puerto Rico (: ·NPPR), the Mov..1m1endo..
L1bertador de.Puerto Rico (MLPR) and the Movimiento Pro
Independencia de\Puerto Rico (MPI). The feactional struggle
within the liP~R ~s presently dormant but could erupt at any
-~·- ,. .
time as the faction 1
ent time· continues
.
to attempt to pre-:,ent
an-supporters · ~ -.:._ -·
from hav1118 a voice vo e n he NY Jun a.
n turn has
··
established a group of his supporters in tn
1 izens Connn1ttee
.~ or the
edom of All Political Prisoners in Puerto Rico.
·
'leader or the MLPR is presently .on parole
om I arcer
on and is relatively inactive.-.because he reels
0./
activity by him will cause his parole to be revoked.;r, The MPI - 1~
NY Mission is presently relatively free or r•~ctional strugBle.
The llYO is current,wiilily
connider!
a counterintelligence move
against MPI member
who caused di~.12.ement among
MPI members becaus
.1.
~ a
men s or his tthich were .published.
/ The Bureau will be accordingly advised or this plan when fully
developed.
11, .:,n .. .. J·
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-. 2 - San Juan..-u(l05-3353-SUB I)
1 ~·~ew Y~rk
REC- 80 :/• -
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The NYO will remain alert to any situation
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lo81Cal counte~1ntell1gence measures c~uld be sare_ly..t~~-~/,.·~:?,.::._)_:;F/
. -_.
~it. ~ee~ed n~~-~~sary. and advisable to further ~d1sru~tt~he ·~//f/· f:·J!\t
.·.,,·:i··· -·Puerto ·Rican independence moveme"nt in NY. I~ ·view .or .-the ·;·: · ·;.,~. ·... ·. ···.~
above· this .case is being placed in a pending ·1nactive ·status · ·· .:~
ror the present.
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l'NITED STATES G<.~l<.XMENT
Memorandum'';_ ---
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Re San Juan teletype to the Buresu and
ll/15/65, captioned, "MPIPR; IS-PRN ...
or
As set out in referenced teletype, the headquarters . _ .
.
the MOVIMIENTO PRO-INDEPENDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO {Puerto . ~-- .· .-1_....~,.
Rican Independence Movement) (MPIPR), ./11122 Ponce de Leon . ·: ....: . .····.~:riit
Avenue, Rio Piedras, were badly damaged by :fire on the night ·
· ·
or 11/14/65.
.
·
·-·~~·
The official MPIPR reaction, ac stated by present
Secretary General LOREllZO PINEIRO RIVERA and former secretary
general JUAli l.fARI BRAS, is that the fire was the work of the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and/or undercover agents ~
paid by them.
.
.
According to MARI BRAS, the fire destroyed all
records of the orcani2ntion and as a resu1t, administration
and communication matters have been ~adly disrupted.
The Bureau will be advised of any further pertinent
information in this matter.
i
2 - Bureau (RM)
,
~ -.New York (RM) (Info)
i .- San Juan
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To:
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From:
Director,
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INDEPEHDENCB
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CClfrROL SECTION)
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Reurairtel 9/30/65 •. Bureau authority is granted·
to prepare and mall the recommended leaflet in the Spanish
language as set forth in referenced alrtel.
· ·
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The proposed leaflet is a continuation of the ·
counterintelligence program against the Puerto Rican Independence·
M~vement (MPIPR) designed to create dissension within tbeorgani- .·~
zation and to create distrust of its leader Juan Karl Bras~ ·
·· :
The leaflet will exploit diasell81on already within the ranks of .. ·
the organization ofer the edict of its Act~ng Secretary General
Lorenzo Pinero which instructs that members should not take par~·
in any independence activity uuless approval has been granted.
by the 14PIPR. The leaflet will be put out under the name ot a
fictitious organization, Group for Use of the Vote 1n tm IIPIPR.
This ls the same name that has been used in other leaflets which
ha!! been very successful. in _di~rupting activities of IIPIPR. · ...... · ... ·
t
·
~
·s- ·
·t=.··.·=..
are to insure that the leaflet will be prepared
such a manner that it cannot.be traced back
or to any Bureau employee. Advise Bureau of
results.
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TO: ·- . DIBECTOR., FBI (105-93124)
FROM:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1) (P)
C1rns_szEKIN~EHDEHcB __
FOR··-····
PUERTO
RICO - ... .........
... ......
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PMGRAM
'#._,.
,
'•
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTIOH~
(00:SJ)
:~ :
·
' _....
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-·
...._;
The 9/22/65 edition ot the "carta Semanal," ·the weekly
newsletter or the Mov1miento Pro-I.ndependenc1a De Pu.erto Rlco
(Puerto Rican Independence Movement)(MPIPR), contained an . ·
article written by IDRENZO PINIERO, the Secretary General ot
that organization, in which he po1nted·out that MPI members ·
should not take part in any independence activities or
..
demonstrations organized by other independence groups unless : · ·. ·
approval had been granted by the MPI ott1c1al.
_[.
L
During the past week FRANcr.sco COU>N OORDIANY addressed
·~the Puerto Rican Bar Association and told them about his attem
··to influence the United Nations (U.N.) Committee which deals
with colonialism 1n non-aelt-governing countries and which i
op~lar11:~ referred to as the u. N. Committee ot 24 to bring befo
the U.H. the question ot independence tor Pu.erto Rico.- During
his talk OORDIANY' mentioned that the Puerto Rico Ant1-Colon1al1st ~
Congress., ot which he 11 a leader., 1ntended .. to have a pro~,,:-";·.:·....... ~1
independence demonstration 1n the San Juan area 1n the near .tutu.re :
���. ---
.
DIRECTOR, FBI
(105-93124) ...
.
(~::::. "§A~, SAN·.roAN ·c1is-3353
Sub 1)
~ - ' (.~~OUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
POR PUERTO RICO
. ·.,-~·.;-..
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
(00:
San Juan)
Re San Juan airtel dat~d, ·Au~st· ·5, 1965, and
Bureau airtel dated August 10, 1965.
...
{
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.
The Spanish language leaflet proposed in reterenced · .-. ·.·::.: ;,)::
San Juan a1rtel and authorized in referenced Bureau a1rtel
was mailed under secure conditions at Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, ·
and J:U.o Piedras, Puerto Rico, on August 18, 1965.
.
.
Reaction to the leaflet was immediate and
gratifying.
--
i
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L •
· · · · The August 20, 1965. . edition or the San Juan Spanish
language daily newspaper "El MuJ{o,P~ in its political column
"Trasrondo," written by MIGUEL
SANTIN, Sub-Director ot
."El Mundo, quoted excerpts tr
the leaflet and made ·
·
:derogatory conunents concerning unity errorts by the
Movimiento Pro Independenc1a de ~t9_.~c~ (MPIPR) and the
apparent ta1lure ot these efforts, pointing up the tact that
the Pro-Independence Party (PIP) had resisted all ettorta · ·
toward un1t1cat1on.
>
...
. . ."'-. ~--,
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.-
'
Two copies ot a translation ot SANTIN'a column are _.. _:·//\"'
attached tor the Bureau and one tor New York £or exam.1na~1on~ :· · ··_ ·\\
On
a
August 24, 1965~-advised that. at
a "'ama
Zone. o n member ot the MPI G e ~
y omm ss1on 1 had. announced that a
.~o
�It is noted that "El Mundo" is the oldest. largest •
most respected and most widely read newspaper in Puerto Rico
and is also decidedly pro-United States. The devoting or the . ·.· . .
. . :· ~.,,
. "Trastondo" column to the leaflet exceeded all e.xpectations, _: . .-,;_ .. ~ ;· · .
~
~
it 1a believed that this
served to point up, to the.~:~:;.:~/\::~,,-:~
i..,t ~: -~·-'· ge eral public, the ta1lure ot' JUAN MARI· BRAS and ·the MPI
r· .;_;j~:>,~..asu c.e.satully .u,iity t~e various. pro-1ndependen~e group_a.· 1 t.1t· ~ ·;;c;:~~i~.-~·
.· .·•
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ot the failure or unitication ettorts and might conceivably ·:~Y;;;?-//:_·._·"··~~
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result in resistance. by the rank and file to turther efforts ~.•··-:\;~t:~t:,·~_:}}i,:.
in that di~.ct~on~-~~\-f.+\~?. ·. ·
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The ad~Itted concern by. MPil'i~aders that poli~~~{t~{:: . .)/::}fA;tiWSf
agencies are .aware ot the 1dent1ties or eecond~level.- membe~a- ~~~->}··\}):;. ·
!-· ., ~:.~. · . ot the organization .:further. points _up the success ot ·~er ·., ·!=~().:·f_((!~,,_·:·
~ · ··t·.-'·~- leatlet·.e1nce 1dent.1t1es ot second-level members. (principally:>}'~:~ :t-(.;,:;
{~f~···: people employed by the Commonwealth Oovernment) are_=- auppos~d·::.':~1.'.~\::
f . . . ·" to. be s~cret trom all but a few of the MPI leaders! ;.. ~-;,1.s ... ,-:t::,:...,--··
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therefore believed that the leaflet has had a detinitel~*t·:_·· -:~:>}i~1
r ·.
deterrer.f; effect on the second-level membership and i ta · ··..-: :· \ . _. \~--. ...
r .-··
activities and may cause many ot these individuals to cease ::_;·d~,i-./;._f'" ··
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efforts on behalf ot the MPI completely.
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distrust caused within the MPI leadership by.the leatlet~ It_- ... ·
is believed this distrust may possibly prove to be another · ·. ·.· ·_-:
crack 1n the MPI annor and consideration will be given in the ·
~ear_ tu_ture to attempt further ,exploitation in that direction.'. .
~ · :;'- /~- ; :. .· ,
. . !'he· Bureau will ,-b~ :advised· ot. ·any. further ..~rtj.nent: /l;_,. _:_. ·
results· received .('~· t~e .J;'ftc;en,t _p1sruptive .tagt~c~ •.~\~:.:.'·:/'l-.'i$~-i;,~?~t.'.-t::_>.· .
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- that the leatlet ·may
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Later, the PIP presented its request.
~, ~~;;.: ': ~·~\· . . i-·i~·, .. · ..... Ji•thing ·has beea beard. fr~•. other. group41 •.. ·.... ··<~··(~::.;:;_. :!;·.\"
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. .:~~1~1)~;-~~· t:<J'\ . 11~:·.·:greup·· that'··aame~"':·1t~e.if ...Grupo·:Pre~v•• ~v.t~lf':~1:.:
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;'"1~{{:J::\Del 11PI".·1a circulatiag a 'letter eatitled. "Vaity ~lth~•p~t·~~•.:\i.
j;~!-: .:.: · .~·~at?"· and ,rhich rea~l! partly a~ tellns: · . · ~..<.q· ~. ..: ·.. ,·~it)Y·-_\/,
~j-ell.... 1t ~~~;;.. t~at. eur
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· t• face the realities •f the dismal failure •f hie electeral ~ ..:·~, _\·:;·
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strike, aad diaappeiated because bis rfaithful f•llewera d:l.d)i>·i,-.:.~J
not· beg him t• contiaue b. his f eraer capacity, has decided ,~:/\L-_;/)}
t• devete himself t• bigger aad better things, aamely, the /.": · :'.: ·
unification •f .all pro-iadepe•deace groups in Puerto B.1c•.~ . ~. _-_-_· ·
"But, uaificati•• ia what respect? Unity fer aaeth~r
electoral strike campaign which could be aa even greater aid
E
costlier fiaac• thaa the last because more groups aad peeple ,,·:
ti~\~:: .:- ·~ .·: .will be invelved? Who lalns, pe~haps with unified action •f //_·>-·~ ...
:~..: ·· .· . ,1 iadependeace greups, the pre-lndepeadence pertiea •f the~~::·, ..:.. ·
f; ·;=1·.~-~\~~---.. :./ ·';1 :t•}..~.-. ~ltJ>. evea l~wer, pe~hap~ ..t• ey_en ·~ v~~·~
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INDJ1:PEl'IDbHCE"""'' _.
FO~ PUERTO RICO· . ·.·.. :. . . .
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· \ : · ".t,1. Dia~io · - La Prensa a New York Spar~"!:h,;}¥~;::,;;;~,~: \~.~
language newspaper, .in its •issue or 9/13/65,_ pag?°"4, :;·:.;L:'.-/-1>t:t~r:~~}t~:.:-::.
. ·.··.·.·.·i · /·" 1 carried an article datelined September 12 1 .united·:-~::.:-{ tfJfr\f}.te;.f~:,f~-:?/)}i!.lJ.
k~l:t1-}1~ •· { : } .Nations,_ disclos1~g that a .Petition sign~d.:by
lt()() . ~j/};;_·:·.··. :....~····:···--~·::··)/f~f~~
·.,
l?. f.ersons
was presented to the United Nations. requesting ·.::;:_;j_t:}j;,.{~:)>.>~-- t
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the case of Puerto Rico" be placed on the acenda of the-~-.:-:·-:::-"'·-···~·.::>\~
;=~ -~'-...
~ Committee or· 21t for consideratl~ri. by the. World. O,t:ganization;_\~_/;:)'.~.-~,
· · :. :;
i Among those siening the _petition were "mor~ than 70 dpctors, '.~·~:i<:~~){'.
.
· some 100 attorneys, engi eers, a ch1tects, pharmacists,·merchants,.
· (
·,union, civic and rel~gi s lead rs". According to this
- · ti·>. · lj
~~ .. ·,
account, the peti tio ·
s de · ered to the President of the":'"/.--.-., ·".. _i
·"·
General Assembly t\L~ UAISOH SACKh"Y, by a commission composed·:. -<iJ
.- ·:.,:::-f / ' ·•
1
t
of .PIRI Fh'RNAlW& LEWI , RAFA
SOLTERO PERALTA 'and FRAHCISCO,< -<. /:·)
COLOl'l GORDIAtIY. The petition was filed by the Secretary and-·<:· ·-~J
copies deltvered to A'libassador SORNOULIBALY or Mali, PrE!s_!.de~t.!;/f•
or the Committee of 21+ and head of th~ Working Subcommittee ·=_- ·;.· __ ·
qf the Committee of 24. The Working Subcommittee to which the · ·. :"'
· r:
t
. -.t
··. ·.{.fi
! ~~
;'.
petition w'!s directed is composed or Mali, India, Uruguay, ~arnbodi)
Bulgaria, ~ierra Leone, Iraq and Italy.
.
. ,. .· .·. -.>· · -:·.:.. ,
: ..·... · .· ._ .
.::...··:::-·~-1 ..:.:
The !lew York Times'' or 9/13/65', page 32 carried a . . · ·,.:~.:;.
half page petition captiona~, "PUimTO RICO CALLp fo THE · :_ :· l ·y.._r
_CQNSCIE?lC~ OF TIJE WORLD" whlch requested. the Working Subcommittee ..
~the Cosmttitteo of 21+ to inc~e the case or Puerto Rico. on its:·~.::~
~-agenda for study and deci~on. ~This petition app~ared over the nam
~
\ : the~teering Committee, YAHIL\oALIB, President and RAFAEL · ,· ;: · ·
_-~-~. · ,
OLti:R . Plm.A.L~A, Secretary: ts address .was listed as Box 1~3.~ ·.\~~:-~
~
. to Re , Puerto Rico. On t s peti ;1on were some 375 names ::;·:~
1;.
_..." ~.
all or whom appeared to be residents or Puertt> Rico • •t '· ~-- _-_. __::_.-_,.... ;E
·~ f/ ··
••. : ·.
or this item from ''The New York· Time·~,i""-t~... -.: ..<.<>" ·._.
\"
t · , attached for/the information o f ~ - Du~eau ~ San Juan. ;· · ·.-~_-/::··> . ! 'i' B~eau C tt l) (BM) Q !I.JO
Sg/ : --- -·:_ ,:.- _/;:,':,:::.:.~~5..t ·
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Beurairtel 8/5/65.
Bureau authority is granted to prepare and mail - ·.
the recommended leaflet in the Spanish· language as set
>:
forth in reairtel. You are to insure that the leaflet will .. :'"'
be prepared and mailed in such a manner that it could not
be traced back. to the Bureau or any Bureau employee •
.f_
Advise the Bureau of any pertinent results.
NatB:
.
•
/
.
. .""r"M-1:
· The proposed leaflet is a continuation ot the .. · .:.- ::i~;~,\t
counterintelligence program against the MPIPR designed to . · .:;,N,___
create dissension within the organization and create distrust ·.
of its leader, Juan Mari Bras. This particular leaflet is
designed to counteract the efforts presently being made by · .
Mari Bras to unify the various factions of the Puerto Rican ·.. ·.·
independence movement,. Prior leaf let·s in this series have ·.
been aost disruptive. The last leaflet distributed under
_tne name of the fictitious "Group for Use of the Vote In · ·
the KPI .. was mad_e in November, 1964. The leaflet will be
mailed by the San Juan Office to certain-selected independence
leaders from an outlying post office . in
. . Puerto Rico.
r
TEL£TYP£ UNIT
CJ .
.
. ~ :.
~-
"':.• ,.
.
.
. ..
.
�...
·Since the death ot PEI.RO ALBIZU CAMPOO and the
subsequent resignation ot JUAN MARI lRAS from the position.
ot Secretary-General ot the Mov1m1ento Pro-Independenc1a De Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican Indeperdence Movement)(MP.IPR) 1 ·•
~. JUAN MARI~ bas devoted most of his time and ettort_._to~_.~;_·:
,·· ..., the unit1cat1on ot the various pro-1ndependence_groups;1n·.::t/
· .. Puerto Rico 111 th some measure ot success.
. . ..f: ·· ~-'. ·:·:.~ ;·~ •..
.
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·;. JUAN MARI~ was the pr1nc1pal.arch1tect of .the\~.-:. !·.~;- ..
abortive electoral strike campaign ot 1964 which resulted i~.".. ~~>_-..;;.in the Partido Inde~ndentiSta Puertorr1queno (Indepen:Jence. ·?/:· ··
Party ot Puerto Rico) (PIP) dropping its share ot the .votes . \·.-~····:_
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_006
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1966/1967
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 4 (153-203) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 4 (153-203) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c9ae48e648ce161ddc9f14e172f34540.pdf
ab0a6626f64de187dd081a242ff06544
PDF Text
Text
FOIP A COVER SHEET
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 3 ( 131-152)
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
�NOTICE
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTIQN
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
( COPIES AVAILABLE.
��. ps·• .•:, .;r;f ;; ;:;;:g;~•; •c;,9• ;jf//c;,;I, \c°i'@;;,.;;':',,~ •
-~-~-'"··-··---••• ~"-··--···---~--·- ' ..J
~iia'w7'li
•ru::;:*''¥'";".'.~"i?i '¾ii,?@l'iµ;:;f.-~~ ~~~I iii~[~~.;:.
fUJCAN At• -:;--1'-10N (""'.:~
. ) Soldier Should
a.r'.-...J.
\I I JJ.noM· ,11
the Puerto Rican
V
./ STIRS PUERTO RICO
! )
~ U
•
se of U.
;
'
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1
:"t.!r.."'t.f'~{r~~c~~:
look upon the NaUollal
roops Revives
':i&jority
Pro-Independence Move
·
'
/
87 ll031ER BIGART.
-.r1.. r. n. •- Tort T11a..,.
I -USA!{ JUAN, P. R .. .M.1y 11
RiledinStat
military inter.
~' ~ntion
.th~... Dominicilll
Re-,
...
h
De Loach
Casper---Callahan ~ - - Conrad-'----Felt _ _ _ __
Gale _ _ _ __
Rosen _____
Sullivan - - - Tave!
T
·'-"'.
Guan!
u a police force., not a military
f'orce. And don't forgd-the :
of
.....
nauonat guardsmen ·
~~- Independence
\
n~
,
1
Ior Puerto.
He Aid the propc,sed peacek .. Pin&' force was doomed to
faJJun, to
because
It was only
"cloak
maintain and confl
\
'-
;
,
the inten-enliontst position
the'"The
United
States."
0.A.S.
iS practically
fshed." he continued. ·The only
PUbUc
hu been a \\ind!alJ for
th
• smau Puerto Ric,.- eleinternational body that can ta.ke
L..:t
any positive action ts the United
m•n•th a~• c Iamor for
- inde.
pendence.
Nations...
Exploiting lbe an1;er and di.sAn immediate effect of what
l'rev&Jent among inteJleche called the American ""ina.ftron_ted by President
Ya5lon" of the Dominican R~
sons uniJateraJ action. sevpublic
to promote a coailera.J b PZ:O--indepe'.1~ence :-roups
ti~ amonl' the pro-lndepend~ Us.lJY recruiting membel'S./ ence groups_ ln Puerto Rico.
Yen _SUtce _1960, there factions
Mr. Concepe1dn de Gracia said.
discussing the Pos.sibility
~-rhe executive board of the
& common front.
dependence pa.rty appointed.
R.I They range from the Puerto
on May 2 a committee headed
m CO Pro-Independence )(o,-e-/
Fra.nc.Lsco J.l Su_sunL Vice
Ju~n~ , h~ded by the lawver
l't'sident ot the party and for1
n ,.. an Bras. who contelldsl
er president ot the Bar As~ t hthe Johnson Administra.~iation or Puerto Rico. This
_on as lno\·ed so far to the
unit is to "commun.ica~ wilhi
~ht ~ there can be no col- 1
various (nationalist} group~ a.nd
•~ration bet~·een Wa...o:hingtoo
s~dy the possibility of unifica~"- democ~Uc elements in
, ti9n on the basis of ideological
, ~ Am~n.ca., And the Chris·and tactiscal conensus."
1Uon Pa.tnouc. Crusade. which
"!f coalition c~·t be
0 ma.int.am ··complete
achieved,.. Mr. ConeepLi6n de
P WJ.th the United
Gracia. said...then the commit. ....s.
tee is instructed to dlscuss a
Fort Brooke Picketed
common appeal to the United
.
.
NaUens Oll Puert·o Rican Ind~
m.erican tounsts throngi
pendence. Already the Pro-Inbeach:f~imt hoteb an ge
·dependence liovement has de-¢~100:hVIb ou,thot the. revived
'cilded to Join u.s tn the appeal."
Y
e nationalists.,
The onJy surface manifesta.ttOn I
Group Boycotted J:lectlon
ha., been some picketing- ot the!
The Pro-Independence lfove~ort Brooke .lliJita.ry Reserva-·
ment. somewhat to the Jett of
on,. in the old city, by the
the Independence pUty, boy.Pro-Independence MovemenL
,
cotted the 1964 elections. Ac~
Puerto Rican., seriou"ty!
cording to lls leader,
•
e.\"ed reports last week that
:· Bras.
.. about 100.000" ot
.s
. PreSJ.dent .Johnson .might feder, Colloweo st.aye! awa.y from
e1
. aUze the Puerto Rican NaUon. polls.
·
· lfr. Mari Bra.s condemned e
. ~I Gu~. and ouer Jt to the
,18 rga..ruza.Uon
ot
American
~t!'d Sta.te.s as ··tmperialist1 ..
ta.tt3 a..s part ot the proposed
sa.id the Dominican episode
Pl:&~kteping force for the Do·stripped away the illusion
awtlca.n RepubJic.
t supporters at democracy
But the mere suggestion of
IA.tin America. can expect
\
.such • atep brought n.hement
any help from W&s.hin(t.on."
P,:-ot.est.J; frorn the nationalists.
Gilberto Concepci6n de Gracia. f
president of the Independence:
party. vo~·ed In a.n. interview;
toda.y lh:Lt he himself would go
to, u.~ _Oontinican Republic and
~fler his. St.r.-i.l.-e.s to the rc
.•
· . · ii Washi.ngton tried to I ce
.Pu..erto Rican lroops to sen;
::r •
Jwa:
.
Mohr _ _ __
scuu1er should refuse- to go to
1
u
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.
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r
TroeletleRroom ___
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No sett. respecting Puc lo
c~ would go to fiRht
e
hlinlcan people under
e
,ag of the United States or any
Other flag,~ h~ saJd.
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The WGsblnqton Post and _ _ __
Timea Herald
The Washlnqton Dally News - -
The £-,enlnq Star _ _ _ _ _ __
New York Herald Tribune
New York Journal•A.i:r:..ertcan _ __
New York Dolly News - - - - -
I"\
'~
New York Post
--------c=-
The New York Times
~C~·c.'_
~
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----
The BollJmore Sua _ _::;.._ __
The Work er _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
\.
r, '_. .
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The Woll Street Journal _ _ __
The Nottonol Obaer-rer _ _ _ __
People•a 'fl~ld
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�DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
4/9 /6 5
DATE:
SAC, NEW YORK (105-32872) (P*)
(~.
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
(00:SJ)
~J
1'
•
I
'. ,_- -(.1, I!, I/
\
ReNYlet 1 10/9/64,
'
A review
of the files of the J.IYO, pertaining
to the Puerto Rican indeoendence movement, has been made
for the purpose of developing counterintelligence measures
against this movement,
•
The principal organizations in NY are the Nationalist
Party of Puerto Rico CNPPR), the Movimiento Libertador de
Puerto Rico CMLPR), and the Movimiento Pro Independencia .de
Puerto Rico CMPI), The factional struggle within the NPPR
is presently donnant but cou'd erupt at any time as·the
faction in ocwe- •• ~~ ~resent time continues to attempt
to prevent
nd
ron having
a voice vote 1.n ,: e i~Y u un a..
of the l!LPR, is presently on parole rrcm 1.ncarcera.1:1.on an
I is relatively inactive because he fears activity by him
'\will cause his parole to be revoked, The f a c t i o ~ ~ ~ i n the llPI in NY was temporarily settled by ~ .
..
: •,:
.......-'911!1, Secretary Gen
I, in November, 196 4,
. 'j(\(}l\>w1.1:h the removal of
as Director of the~...., ~v
New York Hission,
was appointed b y _ , - - ~ . /
as temporary Director ·of ·the Hew York !lission; however,
she has been ineffective and her leadership has been
criticized by some MPI members in NY, A permanent set
of officers of the New York Mission will not be elected
until late_April, 1965,
4 ..,.
. ST-116
... ·~.
REC-42
Hureau CR.'1)
- San Juan (105-3353 Sub· I) (RM)
New York • ·
,.-:;1/ _,•
.,--:/ -L
. .,. . ~ . , .
-
(
�NY 10~-32 872
'
. -.. , ,··
.
Informants have reported that feelings of suspicion,
jealousy, and constant bickering between leaders of the
organizations in NY has continued,causing a notable lack of
cooperation, There has been some cooperation between the
N'P!'R and the MPI but only for public commemorative meetings,
~rt is felt that no co~terintelligence measures could be
more disruptive at·the,present time than the mutual suspicion·
· - ··
• among pro-indeperidencfleaders
.
~-. . . . in NY,
Of course, the NYC will remain alert to any situation
whereby logical counterintelligence measures could be safely
taken if deemed necessary and advisable to further disrupt
the Puerto Rican pro-independent groups· in NY,
In view of the above, this case is being placed
in a pending inactive status for· the present,
- . ··
':··
.
.
,:-..
.
..
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·:
2
.
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
REC~
Director, FBI <105-93124> - /
--
•
~M
j,.'"";::,.~,
4/7/65
yr/
1 -
J
!
GROUPS SEEltING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUER'ro RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAJI
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
•..
Beurairtel 3/31/65.
1IY'
The article entitled "Bow the Reds Kake• Riot"
This article contains
• rather·complet& blueprint of how a com1:1Unist organization can organize and promote• riot. It is not believed
advisable to place such instructions in the hands of•
communist-oriented student group such as the Federation
of University Students for lnd1pendence thus providing
them with complete instructions as to how they can better
demonstrate and create dissension resulting in a riot.
has been reviewed at the Bureau.
Bureau authority to diltribute a Spanish language
translation of the article in a clandestine manner on the
campus of the University of Puerto Rico is not granted.
NOTE•
-·
[:.· ..
:·: . :,
.'.~ .... ~:·~J
,
.
c..-
J\ . --
-·
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San Juan bad suggested that a Spanish language
translation of the article entitled ''Bow the Reds Kake a
Riot" which appeared in a recent issue of the Spanish
edition of the'Reade~s Digest"be distributed anonymously
on the campus of the University of Puerto Rico as a
counterintelligence measure against FUPI. While the
distribution of the article might be of interest to
anticommunist elements at the university, it would
also provide a complete blueprint of how to organize and
conduct a riot to FUPI members and the communist element
at the university.
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FBI.
Date:
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3/31/65
Transmit the following in - - - - - - - ; ; ; , - - - , - - , - , - - - - - - , - , - - - - - - - - i l l
(T1P• ia plai• tnt or code)
I.
Via
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(Priari17)
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TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI ( 105-93124)
FROM:
SUBJECT:
~ SAN JUAN ~105-3353 Sub 1)-f-
GROUPS SEEKING INDEFENDENCE FOR PlERTO RICO
COUNI'ERlmELLIGE~ PROGRAM
{SUBVERSIVE CONI'ROL SECTION)
.JS.;,PRN
He San Juan let to Bureau, 3/18/65.
D.tred to San Juan, 3/25/65.
Enclosed herewith tor the Bureau 1s the original
article entitled,'R'How the :Reds Hike a Riot.," by EUGE_IB H.
NETHVIN, as it appeared 1n the January, 1965 edition or
IEADER 1 S DIGES'JY.
Bureau should note that portiom or article crossed out
1n red on pages 68 am 69 or enclosure are not included 1n the
Spanish version or the article entitled, "IA TECNICA ROJA DEL
MCYrnri:a as it appeared 1n the Mlrch, 1965 S:p1.nish langi..age
edition or the R&A1ER 1S DICEST.
Bureau sho.ild also note that instant S:p1.nish edition
or the REAIER 1 S DIGEST carries a notice that copies or this
article nay be obtained .for a period or thirty days after
publication.
·(3-~
Bureau (RM) (Enc. 1)
'-1' - San Juan
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BY Eu&E.'<E H.
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METH\"IS
It's time for us to recognize-and to counteract:....
one of the communists' most deadly cold-war weapons:
the vicious "manipulated" demonstration
if he drops
a block of sodium into wat~r.
.
it will explode. An engineer
knows that if he buries dynamite in
miliote leaders, to nullify billions in
foreign aid, crush American pres.
tige and shoot lioles in US. foreign
policy. The latest instances of orgaproper quantities and patterns and nized violence include bloodv street
detonates it, he can c!ig an irrigation fights between Buddhists and C.1thditch. A commuhist leader knows. oiics in Vietnam, food marches in
that if he chooses proper slogans, India, chaos in the Congo, and mas,
gathers a crowd and agitates it, he executions by a riot-in,talled Red
a:n create 3 riot.
regime in Zanzibor. US. emb,mies
The techniques of starting a riot and libraries have been mobbed and
arc as simple, as scientific and :is our diplomats humiliated in Indosvstem:nic as that. And ever since nesia, Ghana, Cyprus, Sudan :md
the beginning of the cold war the Bolivia. American businesses have
communists have been using the been smashed in Panama and \onedeadly weapon of the managed riot zucla. A recent study for the Deon every contincm-to poison alli- fense Department showed that in the
~ncrs. to topple go,·ernmcnts. to hu- five preceding years in Latin Amer-
A
•
HHIIST knows that
Tms AllTICLE is bas.td on four )T.an oi ttlC'Uch by Eug(:fle H. Mrth,-in, a member of
chic Reader's Digest Wuhingtoo, D.C., miff.
It npracnts scores of asc studin of Red riots.
plus hundrnls of inter,·it\\·s q:ith tk FBI,
0.-\, Sttttt Scoicir, politt CXl)C'rts. x.adcmic
and militn)'-intc-ltis:('ntt ~uthocitio. .anJ for·
mer communiJU who b.avc pcnonally orp•
mud strikes .and riou.
ic:1 alone there were 351 reported
outbrc:aks of communist~inspircd
terrorism, sabotage and gucrriIJa
warfare, plus 299 riots, demonstrations and strikes.
Despite our diplomatic efforts, our
missile strength and our military
might, these riots could well defeat
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�THE RE.~DER'S DIGEST
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mittcr: "Ten thousand persons arc
defying the bullets, going toward
the C.rnal Zone. • • • The North
~ 'Red Tornado. Consider the riot
. ; as it was widdcd in Panama last American troops arc machine-gunJanuary. That four-day anti-Ameri- ning the brave Panamanian patriots.
can maelstrom left ~ dead, 400 in- .... Tanks arc now in our territory.•
jured, two million dollars' worth of What the commentator was describ- .
property damaged. When U.S. ing bore no resemblance to the scene
troops were fired on by snipers and before them-a small crowd of spec.forced to shoot back, the little repub- tators watching a fire-bombed Bralic's charges of "U.S. aggression" niff Airways office burn. (Not one
U.S. tank or mac~ine gun w:is used
were blazoned around the world.
What really happened in Pana- during the four days of disorder.)
• A Panamanian carrying a camma? Communists "·ere already preparing to exploit frictions arising era rushed from the ugislativc Palfrom a bus strike when a better issue ace, drew a pistol and shot a man in
fell into their lops. U.S. students at the crowd. Affidavits from onlookBalboa High School, defying agree- ers have confirmed that the killer
ments to Av the
of both Pana- then snapped a photograph of the
ma and th~ United States at speci- body, stepped into a waiting auto
fied places, hoisted the U.S. Aag and sped away. Later, six known
communists led a funeral procession
alone on their school's Aagpolc.
· Informants hurried the news to for "martyrs murdered by the North
Panama"s communist Minister of Amcric::m imperialist troopL"
• Panamanian President Rohc:rto
Education, Solis Palma, and within
hours students and hundreds of in- Chiari, under pressure from com·
nocent Panamanian patriots were munist aides and fellow travders,
decoyed into a Red-planned tornado. ordered the troops of Panama's NaExperts, reconstructing the Panama tional Guard to stay in their barracks for four days.• During the
explosion, unearthed these facts:
• "Molotov cocktails" thrown peak of the violence, he appeared on
against U.S. homes, places of busi- the Presidential Palace balcony with
ness and automobiles contained not communist agitator Victor Avila,
impro,·iscd rags stuffed into bottle- who tongue-lashed the crowds on to
necks but meticulously hand-sewn new attacks against the Y,mquis.
wicks. Student members of a pro- ----ii"i,'~:·:.:._ _.,_~• At Plln11n,~:; ~r(;rst. the= hi.Rbly rqprdrd
Castro Red organization had stayed
lnternuional Cornminion of Jurists. from
after school making the fire bombs G«,nC"n.
S"·iturl.1n<l, conductaJ an on-thrscrM in,·nti~tion .uMI c:on.:ludt:d th.u if
a full week before the. riots.
us in .ll,c world struggle if we don't
SOC)rl learn how to cope with them.
fl•~•
• An 3JT\3Zcd American witness
stood beside a radio commentator
. broadcasting into a portable trans-
P.1nama authoritin haJ acttd promptlf "'the
riokncc and d,um.gc to property and tngic
casualtin would not. in all probabilit)·, b.nc
oa:unul."
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~OJI' THE REDS ~UKE A RIOT·
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65
• Reliable oe tr.
;;:;·
•tics identified
at !cost 'JO comn ~ .,-on cstimoted 55 of them tra111cd in Cub.1-ogitaring and directing mob :iction.
Violence Step-by-Step. The communists hove studied and taught
mob manipulation for 6o years. Lenin himself developed mob techniques, which he 1ought in a
clandestine communist school at
Longiumcou, Fronce, in 1911. His
bold boost: .. When we ha,·c companics of specially lr>ined workerrevolutionarics who have passed
through a long course of schooling,
no police in the world will be able
10 cope witb them." Tc,day, from a
worldwide collection of data, including· captured document• and inter-
mcokcd into their r:ank
I invaded the cntroncc to
• mcnt
where; troditionolly, demonstrations
are not allowed. Mounted police inlcrvencd. ond a bottle roged for an
hour. Following instructions offered
by the Ddi/_v Worktr on "How to
Unhorse a Cop by Quick and Ccrtain Means," rioters pressed lighted
cigorettcs ogainst horse•' flanks.
London new,papers called it one of
the ugliest riots in recent history.
Stage 2. Soften up tire populace
u•itlr symbols and slogans. In the
opening phase of a propaganda campaign, Red professionals never use
an openly communist cause 10 sway
people 10 their way of thinking.
Rather, they seize upon universal as-
rogations of defectors from training
rirations for "peace," "bread." "civil
Khools, the stcp-l>y-step stages of
liberties," "freedom," and then
these aspirations in inflammatory
fully revealed.
•
Stage 1. lnfiltrd/c agents into strat~gic organizations and mass m~dia.
To mobilize crowds, the party must
first slip operati,·es into newspopers,
"cla55 worfarc" lingo. As =pegoats
for all frustration they point to
"U.S. imperialism;- "'capitalist
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Under a steody drumfirc of such
radio stations., labor unions. civic :i:s-
hate slogans, ordin:iry citizens can
sociations, college faculties, student
org:inizations, even military and po-
be worked up sufficiently to move
licc units. In Venezuela, for example,
into the streets when the communists sound their riot gongs.
communiru dominate the principal
school of journalism, ot Central
University in Caracas, and students
arc trained in how to load the pre55
with h•te ideologies.
Actuol Red control of an organi-
So effective is the sloganeering
that Reds organized riots against
higher tram fares in Calcutta and
higher electric rates in Buenos Aires.
ogainst U.S. forces in Japan and
agoinst a Congressional hearing in
z=ation isn't always necessary, as
San Francisco.
Stage J. Draw together tire mob
Britain's democratic labor unions
!corned in March 1963. \Vhcn their
peaceful demonmotion on unemploymcnt moved into London, Reds
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Red-manipulated· violence' .can
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nucl,111. Using the standard ballyhoo method. of newspaper publicity,
lcaAets, radio onnouncements and
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THE RE.WER'S DIGEST
offers of free transportation, cell
Internal command: Red c:idrcs ·
chiefs attract the curious, the un- within the crowd direct the demhappy, the bored and the lazy who onstration under the external
gather at any circus, fire or ruckus. command"s orders. The internal
Crowds may also be hir,d. In Brazil, commander, always closely guarded,
an American mingled with demon- often posts himself near a particularstrators protesting the death of Red-- ly conspicuous banner so that scouts
leaning Congolese politician Patrice and messengers can find him at all
Lumumba. "Who is this Lumum- times. (In the anti-U.S. demonstraba?" he asked the people around tions in Caracas in 1958 1 Vice Prcsi·
him. Nobodv knew. "Where is the dent Richard Nixon found that he
Congo?" N~y knew that either. could identify mob leaders: they
"Why arc you here?" The. answer: rode piggyback on the shoulders of
"I was paid ten cruzciros."
"o«hcrs, to be able to
better and to
In Japan, during the weeks of the give directions.)
anti-Eisenhower demonstrations in
Messengers: They carry orders
· tglio, Red agitators sn regularly hired and intelligence between the inter•
all applicants away from unemploy- nal and external commands, and
ment offices that police were able to report on pnlicc movements.
tell newsmen that the absence of
Shock guards: Armed with pipes
lines at those offices in the morning and staves, these men wait in reserve.
meant certain demonstrations in the If police attack the communists, they
evening. Japanese security officials jump in and provide a blitz to cover
estimate that the five weeks of anti- the communists' retreat.
Cheering sections: Loud-mouthed
American violence cost the Reds a
minimum of $1.-100,000.
agitators arc carefully rehearsed in
Sug, 4. Agitau th, cro,vd. Com- slogans to chant and the order in
munists follow v:irious patterns to which to ch,nt them.
6t the tactical situation when exPolice baitcrs: Specially trained
ploiting the mob. They may herd it women scream hysterically, fa.int at
closely like sheep or raise the tension policemen's feet or claw at their
like a boiler until it explodes. But faces. Other pawns arc instructed to
the fundamental methods arc the roll marbles under the hoofs of posame. Herc, based largely on docu- licemen 's horses, atta-:k them with
ments captured from the Iraqi Com- razor bbdes on the end of poles, or
munist Party, is how a Red "secret jab them with pins, causing them to
staff" runs off a demonstration:
rear and charge through the aowd
External command: The riot com- and thus provide photographers
mander and his staff take up stations with "proof• of '"police brutality."
Sti1gt 5. ,.\fan11{,ut11r~ marl)'TS. All
well removed from the activity, from
which they can observe the entire agitators arc taught to create a mar"battlefield."
·
tyr, carry the body through the
sec
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: st,:~ -stage a big funeral. and eom-
m<morot< t_he dcc.th as often as p<>Ssible to keep alh·e the fanatical
"struggle" atmo'!'hcrc. U.S. S«ret
Service men saw· tiny children
sho•·•d in front of Vice Pr<sident
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he di~tn ii'; from Hav:i,nt instructions o ow to adapt Moo"s
guerrilla tactics to U.S. city strcc:ts.
Red organizers set up block tom·
mittccs and captains to get out riot·
ers the way politic:il panics get out
Nixon's official c3r in Caracas.. The
voters. Aucmrts were m:idc to tt·
communist hope: to create a many,
whose d<ath could he charged to the
_crucl \i,nq11i imperialists.
The Lesson Strikes Home. These
cynical techniques can work anywhere-including right here in U.S.
cities, as we learned last s~mmcr.
Though the FBI investigation of
the riots that swept Harlem and five.
eastern cities uncovered no systematic national organization or planning behind them-"aside from the
cruit jobl,ss teen-agers, g:ang leaders
and juvenile delinquents. Communist leaders sccredy urged block C2P,tains to be ready to barrage the
police at the first inAammatory in·
cidenL
Six wt"cks before the riotin,s. po-lice began finding hoords of botdes
and brickbats on Harlem rooftops.
By July the "Harlem Dcfen,e
Council" was claiming 30 block
eommittccs. "This is a communist
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actions of Dlinor org:tnizations" -
organi~tion," procb.imcd \Villi::im
J: Edgar HoO\cr's report did unrover the tracks of plenty of individual communists •nd splinter
groups. And, said Hoover, in at least
Epton, its chairman. "I am a communist. \Ve'll work with any group
in Harlem-black nationalists, M=
lims, or anybody else-where we
two of the New Jersey cities "two
individuals with histOrics of com·
munist atnliation were instigators
agree on issues.'·
It was in this atmosphere that a
policeman shot and killed a knife-
•
!
and leaders of the riots."
wielding 15-year-old Negro youth
In Harlem,thccommunists helped on July 16. Instantly the Red organicrcote the atmosphere that was z.ation mobilized. Forty-eight hours
bound to explode. Long before the after the shooting, on a tense, hot
riots, they launched a conditioning S2turday afternoon, Epton e2lled a
campaign with repe•tcd charges of street rally. "We're going to h2\'e a
..(Xllicc brutality." Red publications demonstration, and we don't s:iy it
in Harlem advocated armed units is going to be pc2ceful because the
to fight the "drunken, prejudiced cops have declared war on the pcohooligan-in-uniform." L.,st Fcbru- pie of Harlem," he told the crowd,
ory, Harlem police began finding according to • later indictmenL
pamphlets printed in Cuha by :in "Every time they kill one of us,
American Negro communist, Rob- damn iL we'll kill one of them."
en F. \\illiams. Just back from talks
But the violence was actu:illy
with Mao Tse-tung in Red China, touched off by another strcct.a,rncr
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mil:, hd~:J ,ight by irresponsible
CORE lca(k, s and random rabh(e.
rouscrs who chimed in. As the
crowd milled around in front of a
police precinct headquarters, its
numbers swelled to hundreds. Within an hour, rocks, bottles and garbage were flying. The situation now
needed no further communist help.
It is pointless to argue whether
the Harlem rioting would have occurred without communist presence.
Loying the blame for any riot solely
upon communist instigation is as
incorrcct as dismissing tnlirdy the
influence of comrnunism·s "hidden
persuaders." The lcs.<on of Harlem
is that the Red wreckers can move
in on any controversy, and every
thinking person must be aware of
_their methods and objectives..- · Vlhat Can Be: Done? fhc nc:,i,d
for action is pressing. A few _5teps
have alrc•dy been taken. La,t Septcmbcr, after tbc eruptions-in U.S.
cities, President Johnson ordered the
FBI •nd the Army to provide increased anti-riot troining for police
::and National Guard units. Anorncy
General Robert F. Kennedy, after
bitter overseas Cllpcricnce with Red
crowd agitators, prodded the Agency for International Development to
start an "International Police Acadcmy" in Washington. which today
schools foreign policemen in onthc-spot handling of Red insurg_cncy, terrorism and riots. U.S. labor
and business. leaders founded the
American Institute for Free Labor
Dcvdopment, which. with U.S. governmcnt support. is training thous-
~
/••,_,
ands of L•tin A~c•n trodc
U'l,ionists in 18 coumf~cs in democratic organization and anti-a>mmunist action.
But these steps arc only a drop in
tbc bU<;ket. Urgently needed is recognition. of the glob:il problem at
Washington's highest levels-and
priority action. The White House
must grt behind the long-delayed
Freedom Academy, which would
teach both American· and foreign
private citizens how to counteract
communist inccndiariun with dcmocracic reforms and organization~
And private citizens everywhere
must emulate the inspiring Brazilians who fought back on their own
last spring. There, organizing their
own anti-communist units, leaders
learned of a Red-instigated "spanuncous" m•ss march to be made on
tbc capit:il in Brasilia, exposed the
Red pbn by press and radio, and
forced its abandonment.•
Free men can fight back in these
four ways:
.
I. Support u•id, public education
obo111 communist organizational
methods and tactics of "·pl,mn,d
violence. In the United . States,
the American B.,r Association "s
Standing Committee on Education
Against Communism. 11;5 E. lio StChicago, Ill. 6o63;, is spearheading
the drive for more public undcrstanding of Red tactics. Many local
bar groups, high-school faculties,
Junior Chambers of Commerce and
other civic groups arc raising funds
•Stt -n.c Cou~tn Th.Jt s,nNI hsrlf ..
The Rr:adn"s I>i,nt, N'onmbcr "6.c.
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~ HOW THE REDS MAKE .f RIOT
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·a,nd othe,11!0)'ding the AZ i11,Am<rica. Edward9'~NCA's
program.
'-k,/
executive vice prcsidrot, \~ted P5~ Suk advice from thos< •ho waltl on • radio pand arid, using
l11111t had txp,rience in th,
'd of officially docum,nt<d data, folccd
political in-fighting rtq11ircd o tX• him t~ admit his Marxist devotion
pos< ~nd dtfoattktcomm,mi "/,id- · and dc(<ction to Russia. Th1* isodtn ~rs11adcrs." The cotunists lated, ~wald soon left town}demdcvotc ""not their spare eve ngs but onstratink once more that cx(_tOsurc
the whole of their lives,"
Lenin is democracy's most potent 'feapon
cor_nmaqded'. to engincc,fng socio! against sue\ hatem<_>ngcr~ 1 _ •
stnfe an<! v10lcnce. Amtteurs who
4. Whtrt f!.rtvenllon foils, r,ttuns
oppose tf\em must l<arh fast. The must 011,rw~lmingly supp~rt civil
following ·~rganiz.,tions' offer infor. authorities arlj police to maintain
mation and assist:mcf horn of O:· order. In Har\cm, after _the first
pcricncc: A;mcrican- Institute for violence: Aared last summer, 9vilFrcc Labor Dc,-dopm<nt, 1925 K rights leaders c,Ued togeth<r ev<ry
Strcct, N.\V.;, Washington, D. C
non<ommunist organization in the
20006; National Strat<gy Inform•· community-&} of them-and
tion Center, 1u E. 71 St, New formed the United Harlem OrganiYork, N.Y. 10021; Information zations. Working closdy with police
Council of th~'Am«icas (INCA), to expose ond isolate {he inccndi620 Gravier St, ; Ntw Orleans,
arics, they distributed thous.mds of
La. 701_;0.
leaAets urging pcopl< to· stay oway
3. Whtrev..,- R,d agents of vio- from a communist<alled r:illy. The
ltnct s<I up party "!'its or front rally fizzled. The UHO· is now
gro11ps. dti:1enJ m11st o_rgani::e sp~ working hard to counteract ~c comcific attack forus to· ,neck lht munist-promoted "police brutality"
wrukerJ lx{ore their orgJniz,itions sloganeering, :a decades.old coinmuart deploy~d for d<lion. Ry k«ping
nist stratagem diabolically designed.
an car to the ground and intelligence to hamstring proper police actjon .
channels ·10 official agencies open, Rights groups everywhere must cxcitizens' groups c,n isolat< the engi- pose it as energetically :J.S !hey seek
nccrs of social demolition. In New to prevent real instances of cxcnsivc
Orl,an.; for exampl<, when. Lee force. - .
Har,-ey Oswald, later assassin of
The lesson of th< rising global tide'
Pr<sid.<nt Kenn<dy, start<d org:miz- of Rcd-l<d viol<nce is on< of the olding a chapter of the Fair Play for est lessons of history: eternal vigiCuha Committ«, th«e to expose lance is the price of liberty.
him wos INCA, which produc,;s
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for information on reprints
of this ,rticle, see page 14
anti-communist radio programs to
c:ounter ma~s dcm,,nsrr:nions in Lati!IIUIIUIIIIUIUIIIIUU\5
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
To
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(105-3353-Sub l)
G~OUPS SEZKING INDEPENDENCE
FOa PUERTO RICO
COUNTEUINTELLIGZNCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRN
I
I;
3 Sl,C, SAN JUAN
Re Sao Juan letter to Bureau 3/18/65 .
·
Enclo~edor ~he Bureau is a copy of the March 28,
~.965 edi tioo ~BOHZLIIA," n weekly Spanish lnnguage maiJazine
printed in Caracas, Venezuela and containing a weekly Puerto
Rico supplement. 'Also enclosed is English translation of
the articles set forth below.
1nis article is submitted to show the Bureau the
amount of activity and publicity conducted
?uerto Rico
against the FUPI.
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ARTIFICE AT THB CAKPUS
The FOPI atrategists could not keep their aoutbs abut iD
the University Befora issue and, slnce tlley do not have aany
foll01rers, they conceived the idea of a FOPI asseably wi1bout
l'IJPI aeabers .•• as usual. They su-oned the students for a
aeeting at 3:00 PK, when the atudents are changing classes;
and then they spread the rumor that classes were being suspended
on account of the asseably. And nearly 2, students (1,500
curious students,
anti-co-unist atudents and 50 FOPI
aeabers) aet.
,~o
Of course, they did not allo,r any newspapermen at
the asseably. The FUPI bad placed its aost outstanding cheerers
1D a second level, and several of its least kno,rn aeabers at
the presidential table. At the aame tiae, they placed in the
aoststrategic spots of the Theater a few •anon111ous" individuals
not easily identified as FOP! aeabers, who were already coached
with the slogans. And the newspapermen could have noticed this
aaneuver •••
Confronted with that partially adverse, partially
indifferent, "aicro" congenial public, the FOP! speakers began
to arouse enthusiasm, apeaklng of the asseably as a victory
for everybody; nothing about politics, no attacks against the
United States, no use of the usual barricade language ••• With
that tactical ability they obtained the "approval" of , points . _
·, .
·regarding the creation of a General Student Council elected by
the direct vote of the student body; the student representation
with voice and vote in all the legislative and administrative
bodies of the .UPR; the student participation in the administration
of services tor the students, and in the writing of the by-laws.
The fifth point, which was the spinal cord of all the
strategy displayed by them, demanded "guarantees for the civil
rights of expression, associationmd assembly inside the campus."
·-s This disrupted the peace.
The "anti" students present proposed
an amendment that political activities be forbidden inside the.-~· ~- ·
, UPR Campus. • • And they could not bold it any longer... and, · .o:·· :.
. : - exploded. The Presidency, as a delaying tactic and after aaQJ' : , :
."::~.~scussions, decided that the approval or rejection of the ·,,,.t'i.("·.·;;
-~~uendaent should be subaitted to a referendua, and a co-itte~"'~;"" .·
. . _was appointed to organize it. The Session was closed.
: .-:'.·'·'.·_"f., _ ·
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· ··
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The UPR student body is
students~;~-~~:"
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SJ 105-3353
1
In order to neutralize the Red poison that the FOPI
bas been spreading for years, the Puerto Rican students have
created an antidote that is quite effective: the AntiCommunist University Front.
By BNRIQU~~i~nmo fu (lP_"t{J
. Photos-by
.
-
fU l_;f)_ --·
•ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS THE "FAU" LEADERS HAVE BEER
THREATENED 'fITB DEATH BY THE FUPI AND COHMUNIST GANGSTERS.
BUI' NONE OF THESE ATTEMPl'S TO FRIGHTEN US 'fILL STOP US IM
THE SACRED DUTY TO DEFEND GOD, PUERTO RICO AND THE UNIVERSITY
FROM TREASON AND DECEIT."
..
Those who usually analyze the thought of the present
Puerto Rican youth have always divided it in three political
categories: the partisans of the Commonwealth, the sympathizers
of Independence, and those who advocate Statehood. But recently
a common ideal is uniting the Puerto Bican students in defense
of the future of the University campus, and consequently, 6!
tomorrow's Puerto Rico. '1'.hat feeling, which was within the
student aass but bad not revealed itself due to a lack of self
impulse, bas faced those who pretended to be &peaking "in the
naae of tile Puerto Rican students" both in and outside of Puerto . · -; .
· Bico. And, along with that feeling, a democratic movement. bas _..
come forth, uni ting young people who are SY11Pathizers of the ~-- . _ ...
three political ideas in the island, under the naae of "Anti- .. ··, ·
co-unist University Front."
l~i ·. ·
·
p l/e-,..,1o 1' I . . .. :,_. ~.
'Ibo are the aeabers of the FAU and what do they th1Dk?From its beginning, this student organization has been affirming ·.
itself repeatedly on the principles that sustain it. But its
..
leaders have carefully done it with~ a~bYsteriaor party · ·. ·; ·, '·
interests. That is why young EDISO.N?t{IS
ALDARONDO, student . · ; ·
· of the UPR Sbhobl of Business- .Admini-str
on, exp
ses hiaself · !,. ·;,.
•o clearly when he defines the purposes of the group over which·.- - ·,:(
be presides.
· -
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. · __ ,._; :..c ."'The Anti-Communist University Front is an organization,··: ,'
composed of students of all the political parties and religious : : ·_:
beliefs who fight in defense of democracy against both its open->!,·.enemies and those who underhandedly attempt to destroy. our. ,· J. - _..._.,_. ; ·
· freedoas."
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n •. -.·-
. · · · · '"That is the purpose of our present battle against· ·
coUNnis• - the aain threat against our deaocratic institutions,
our religious beliefs and our western civilization-, to allldsk
the Red agents 'llho are so3actively working in our country in
order to fulfil the cruel aission of turning Puerto Rico into
another colony of Soviet iaperialism."
The President of the FAU then asserts that the
University of Puerto Rico, and aainly the Rio Piedras caapus,
is bec0111ing the center of communist infiltration in the
island. KISLA ALDARONOO states: "This is due to the fact
that it is at the UPR that the professional class is being
prepared to lead, teach and govern tomorrow the future
generation of Puerto Ricans."
And he adds:
"It is very iaportant for the co-uni& ts, whose only
virtue is patience, to lead through the ways of MarxismLeninism those individuals who offer themselves to assist thea
in their purposes. They know that in that way, they are despoiling
the soil in whidl they will later sow the seed of anti-Christianisa.
Then, those who are being indoctrinated today will become tomorrow
the Red indoctrinators of the Puerto Rican people."
But he warns, with full confidence:
"However, they will not accomplish their ends. The
Puerto Rican students have awakened, and are today aore alert
than ever against the collllllllnists and their allies.
II
As if he wanted to back his words with facts, EDISON
KISLA ALDARONDO gives fundamental details, revealing bow those
Red agents operate in the lJPR. According to his vibrating
denunciation, the University is a focus of agitation because of
a policy of aisunderstood liberalis• that is.followed there,
and which propitiated the entrance of an iaportant nucleus of'.
.
Marxist
professors,
Wome
of
whom
act
openly,
while
the
aajorl
tr:·.';..
.
, r, ..
of the• prefer to cover themselves behind the easy disguise ·o_f ~- >
·."i.iltellectuals with advanced ideas."
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EDISON IIISLA then points out that "this group of
pseudo-intellectuals works in close coordination with the
an organization that gathers the aost active professional
political agitators, aany of whoa have been trained at the -~ -~ ·•
echools of Marxist indoctrination, subversion and terrorisa · ·.
in Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Red China and other countries
of the coU1Unist world."
-
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.,
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On many occasions, the:-young students who belong to
the Anti-Co1U1Unist University Front have publicly denounced
- by aeans of pickets, pamphlets, handbills, stateaents, meetings,
et cetera, - the tactics used by the FUPI in its attempts to
control the st~ps of the Puerto Rican students. And more than
once, those courageous denunciations have succeeded in creating
a conscience aaong the student aass and in provoking their
'
repudiation of the FtJPI coaaunistic slogans •
...._'."'-
..... , ..... ,
EDISON IIISLA is of the opinion that •the FUPI does
not really have aore than 35 aembers but intil now, due to the
'-\:--;, ! indifference existing among the large university aass, those
~ _, ~
few students were giving the iapression that they were speaking
- ;-.1.!J' in the name of the University of Puerto Rico. However, in the
~ ,.· • _,;:\ i past few aonths Ollr organization has created an active anti:1~: <· co11JDunism among the student body, capable of destroying the
:\~: ~·\ sulJversive plans of the Red agitators."
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In one of the paaphlets published by the l'AU - with
_ -.::
.: .::: ;-.:... aoney willingly furnishe_ d by students, professors, professional~ .t. - t.:
·- '. p,1ndividu s, pof iticians, et cetera, - it is graphically shown >- '- ::::.
~I how the
PI th eaGli are aoved fafther beyond the Iron Curtain. ;- •" :
n.J
A seri s f ph graphs reveal the ties of the FUPI with the
- :<- ~ f;}/_J"G intern onal gijllilunist aovement, showing the following:
~
ff!~ BARCI
BE
RTINEZ attends in 1961 a communist congress - 1 1--:-;
Di)!1/''i)'lii!"l in_ )lose as-a J'UPI delegate, and occupies an outstanding ~ -:::I l
Y l·
position 'bes des the then Priae llinister BIKITA IHRUSCHEV; in :,1963 "Comrades" RAMON ARBON! MARTINEZ, former FUPI President, - · •
and JIARCISO RABELL IIARTINEZ, permanent FUPI delegate to the
-;;: --~"'.
International Union of Students, with headquarters in Prague,· .... -.<·-;{
occupy positions of honor at the presidential tribune of the. - ~ Internatbnal Congress of Solidarity with Cu»'-ii_
.1held~Brazil;. · fV1/{l
' ...
in 1164 the FUPI Reco_!ding Secret__l!!L_~n/~~C~ _ ~ -A and. )
BARClSO RABELL IIARTINEZ personally conferwl~h IIAO
~UHG, .- :-,
_ r_
President of the Red China C0111111Unist Par.tL,.
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.~::;;,-,-'.-.'.-, Besides publishing photographs of those aeetin~:-~·J.'.t~l}~~~
the FAU has published aanifestos explaining how ;the FDPI, :.;.;·\.,?, · ~~-;:,
after aany months of coordination with the_ IIPI and other __;;,:.1"~-:-,. :.:
similar organizations, succeedfld in starting a riot durinc -;..... -'. - -·-~
,rhich University property ,ras destroyed, Police attacked, . '.;·._ ·,..-·:.v :..and CASTRO and other co1R111unist leaders were cheered. 1•
- .. ·- -.· . •.•J •
EDISON •ISLA goes on:
•ow~
4
"Soae persons, ignorant of the communist tactics,
anderestiaate the danger that these subversive eleaents
represent. Under the pretext that 'they are a saall group'
._....
and that 'the people do not follow them,• there are aany Puerto Ricans w:I. th their arms crossed. That is why we are engaged
in the task of bringing their attertl.on to the danger of those
'paper patriots• who, due to the indifference of others, are
today well lee ated both at the University and other iaportant ··sectors of the press, teaching, the professional associations
and some government agencies."
~"':
III
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Young EDISON IIISLA ALDARONDO is not alone in that . • - ; :: : ~ ,:
attle against communism in ,rhich he is engaged. •any who ·. ·· - ' ·
re ",rilling to die" in defense of the democratic systea have ~ .,,..
oined him. However, the FAU is not a group of "cavern aen,
· ·-eactionaries and imperialists" and IIUCh less of •Yankee,,.---~---_'_:-:·
oving fanatics." It is a group of university students 'Ibo - · --~-:--··
re determined to fight the D tive communists in their own . .....
- •··-··~ ,
en, and who are of i e fol wing opinionr,4,1.17/- c.o~/l'l/NIS/..____ -_-
--·-:,
"
xo-F•U,
61
(/IVlve/f-!i,.rr-1 F"f2.CN1 ,Tr-_·
•
FRANCISCO IA"'/\""'"EVARRAY, llieeiPreslcl'ent of~e . " ..:.~_·.states: "The s ~dent I ilitancy against c0D1111UU1St
l'\,,-_/~i>rotected
tl> _:tiifiltration
1
by
1
/
·
·
..
'.:c.-· ~~:·. ,_;:
should h~ve no limits. All of us who live -~ :-~.:·::·~-~.:-..;'
democracy have the obligation to re11ain alert·; "i:'. :,· : .
or any wolf who, disguised as a lamb, will attempt to destrpy, - ;_ s. Our democracy has alwa,-_-'been on the defensive, because --~·-_;~··;
t is a democrapy. T h is
~ t hy each of us is a banner in - : · -~.-_; · · ·_ efense of our principles
d foundations.• .
_- ' .
\t·,_:'.._·/
.,;.·-=;w.~
• ~:. ·
_· • -_ ED1fIN~l
LON, Secretary ~f th~ FAU~-.-t~t;~(t'-J:~.
•Our struggle has een
d, ani:1 Will continue to be hard • .''-":~~1',~~,;.,;,
It •hould be reca l~d that the 'incidents• of October at UPll --;.;.;.~~-7
,rere preceded by a t'reacherous attack to the peaceful aeet1.Jt1··.:.~·--"::-that the Anti-Co-unist University Front was conducting in_ ';;~.j;-~!.:;../
Barrio Amparo, Bio Piedras. ,,-nd that on repeated occasions~;..-:.-,-.;.- ...
our leaders have been threatened with death by the FDPI and · · ~
co-unist 'gangsters.• But none of these attempt to fright••.
�-. ' -· .,. .. ·•
BJ 105-3353
a~·. -::
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'lls wlll stop us in the sacred duty to de end God, Puerto· .. ;.-;·;.'"
/co and the Univers;?' fr~• treason and deceit.•
.
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• GILBERro/PiiiA\~EROH, Foreign Relations
Secretary of_ the FAU',\ s~--;;Accordinjf"to1ts-bue and
e statements of its'leaders, the F'DPI apparently fights
or Puerto Rican Independence. But, confronted with the
allure to obtain the. support of the •tudent body and of
he people through the tactics they have used, the F'DPI has
esorted to international organizations that are identified
s strong eneaies of Washington so that they will exercise
ressure at the U.H. and aatcb its political ends. For that
eason we ask those who atteapt to cover theuelves with the
robe of the sacred ideal of independence: What benefits do~ !l 1h e
communist tactics, and the defense ~a regiae as anti-independentist
as that. of FIDEL CASTRO, ren r to the Puerto Rican independentist
cause?"
• VIRGILI
OS, outstanding leader.of the FAU, is
of the opinion that
"Just like outside of the University,
all the Puerto Ric s inside the University repudiate FIDEL
CASTRO. It is w known that the only Sflllpathizers of bis·
regiae are the 'four cats• of the F'DPI and soae •useful fo6ls'
who, sometimes because of ignorance and others because of
anobbery, second those who receive slogans and money from
Cuba. But the true Puerto Rican students repudiate who-le~\
~
heartedly those who have stood out ,as propagandists of
4J
Marxism-Leninism. The case o f ' r essor JOSE MARll LIii.A
~
constitutes an expple of this."
_ _ .. :. ·.
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BDII RIVERA, JILLI.A~ AJIES and other leaders of the
·
Anti-Commun tluniversity Froit xpress that "the University · ··is not anawnf not be of thecommunists or of any political
-_.
party whatsoever; the University is of Puerto Rico, and it
ahould serve the essential interests of our country."
THE FAU ESTABLISHES ITS POSITION
"IE DEHAND A LIBERAL AND DEMOCRATIC UNIVERSITY REFORM"
_
The young students who aake up the Anti-Co-unist
_ "_ .
-- University hont, and who are always alert to the aatters that
·affect the students and, therefore, to the good development-_.,_:. ~
----·of that important recreational center, could not rea.ain .~-~.\-=:-~.,:....
·indifferent confronted with the panorama of uncertainty that .: ...:\ :..: -·
_ " s presented in connection with the University Refora.
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Speaking in the naae of the FAU, its President
· BDIS01i •ISLA ALDARONDO tells "Bohemia" that "the UniversitJ'
Befona that the students of good faith bear in their hearts
is intended to eliminate the centralization of powers that
exists toda7 in the UPK Administration."
>r ~; ·
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.
....
•ISLA adds: "Besides, that refora intends to
aaterialize an old desire of the students through the
creation of a General Student Council, with delegates 'lho
will have the right to speak before those universit7 departaents that directl7 affect the students, such as the Sadent
-Center and the Academic Senate."
But in order to solve these and aan7 other probleas,
EDISON MISLA considers that the immediate creation of new
b7-laws is necessary. "That would guarantee said rights.•
In repl7 to the question of how can deaocrac7 within
the universit7 campus be fortified, the President of the FAU
states that "it can be achieved through an effective Universit7
Befora that will aatisf7 the aost eleaental student rights and
at the same time create a supervisor7 bod7 capable of watching
over certain professors who aake constant use of their classes
for their political campaigns and the disclosing of their
complexes and resentaents."
Then, the words of the tireless 7oung
aggressive:
Ill.II
'
turn
'
....·
!I aust say the truth: presentl7, the student bod7
is suffering the weight of two pressures. The first one is
that of the Universit7 Administration, which ignores Hs
duties toward the Universit7 students and aakes no effort to
correct its mistakes. The second one is that of a certain
group of professors who force their students to listen to
their tendentious, pro-MarxistEpolitical speeches during their
courses, under the penalt7 of receiving a failing aark in their·
examinations, no matter if the student deserves an excellent
·
-
aark."
Why do the leftist students add professors show so .__- _.. -· ..
·auch interest in the Universit7 Reform? EDISON MISLA replies_ ·~_c_,::.
...... •: ,· .
categoricall7 to this question:
. . · ..
• · · "These individuals appear to have so auch interest . ,;-:· :,_ · ',.
in the Reform because deepl7 in their 'patriotic tasks' thef · ·· "'~ :.-~
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conceal the purpose of creating problems and aore proble~ •. -; ,.._.-,(f: ·
never of finding a solution for the existing probleas.
·.. -- -~ ·«~'
'Social hatred' is the basic instrument for the effective·· c ..,.
developaent of the revolution, froa the co1111unist viewpoint.
This is well recognized by the FUPI, which instigates hatred
between the Administration and the students, between Puerto
Ricans and Yankees, between the rich and the poor, between
statehooders and independentists, et cetera. These •students'
and 'professors' dp not really want the solution of the
University problem. If the University Reform is approved,
then they would start aoving again their defaaatory aachination
against it in order to promote another chaos."
In order to perfect his observations concerning this
very important matter, EDISON KISLA ALDARONDO points out that
"we must remain alert to the events connected with the University
Reform because the FUPI is attempting to disorient the students
with false testimonies in order to appear as champions of
the struggle for the Reform."
MISLA reveals: "The FtJPimembers are really enemies
of any progressive and liberal measure for the University of
Puerto Rico. 'le al.6 t recall that they respond to the interests
of Moscow and Peking, and not to our interests. Their intentions
are·to create a state of oonfusion in the campus in order to
take possession of the reformist aoveaent and thus be able to
ncrease tbe number of Marxist professors at the UPR."
And to conclude, the leader of the Anti-Comaunist ....
University Front cllls upon "allthe truly lf6eral arid aemomtic
organlzatt ....~1:1-cinite, disregarding partisanship or differences
of religious beliefs, in order to demand a liberal and democratic
University Reform that will fully satisfy 1he true needs of the
University and of the student body without any intervention at
all of political parties or organizations."
Four 13/~'x31/4"
.-·-
.
·-
photos, captioned:
BDISON KISLA ALDARONDO: "••. our organization has_.:· _ .
created an active anti-co,snunism among the student body,
, ·"
';_;~p~~le of des;royin~h subfersiveii;;_~f &hc:ed agita.\o~!· ·:~~. ;:··_.- · EDW~~RAFAE
OLON: • •• ~ our &t;Pl.igg
has been hard~~·~,'.,
and will cont!'. e to
hard; . an evidence ·of this is the· · ·-,~-... - .
treacherous att ck t the peaceful aeeting that the FAU was -~- ::<, · ·
conducting in Barrio Amparo ••• "
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S,J 105-3353
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GILBERTO PIMA CALDERON:
C\o-unist tactics, and the defense of a regime-as anti._' ~ndependentist as that of FIDEL CASTRO,. render to the Puerto · : '
Bican independentist cause?"
-- - ..
. · 1·
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'IIIB.GILIO RAMOS: • ••• the true Puerto Rican studen~s
ljepudiate wholeheartedly those who have stood out as propagandists
If Marxism-Leninism; reall the case of Professor LIMA ••• "
I
· ·
Four 4 1/4" x 3" photos captioned:
On very many occasions, ·the Puerto Rican students
have publicly expressed themselves against the agents who,
disguised as "paper patriots" attempt to subvert the deaocratic
systea in Puerto Rico.
I
I
The FUPI.members gave the impression that they were
speaking in the name of the University of Puerto Rico, until
~be FAU created an active anti-communism among the student
bodJ.
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,
By aeans of pickets, handbills, meetings, et cetera,
I
the young students who make up the FAU have denounced the
aachination used by the FUPI members to attempt to control
the Puerto Rican student body.
The Anti-Communist University Front has come out to
be the first student force against the FUPI, which it has
faced on several occasions.
Two 4 1/2" x 3 1/2" photos captioned:
·• -···
··
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I
remain alert to all the events connected·~.,__ .,
,nth the University Reform, because the FUPI is attempting to
disorient the student body with false tastiaonies ••• •
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·
·., . . .
we aust
all the-truly liberal and democratic organizations
should unite, disregarding partisanship and differences of
religious beliefs, in order to demand a liberal and democratic
.. · University Reform ••• "
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Tia• l'OPI st:raterlst• oould aot bep tlleir 11011tu alnlt b
the 1Jai••ra1tJ .. fora laau• aad, •illce tll•J do aot b•e a&Jl7
follower•, tlleJ oonce1Yed the idea of a J"tl'PI aaaeablJ Y11hout
~ I aeabera, •• aa 11aual. TlaeJ S\UIIIOned tile •tudeat• for a
"99tin1 at l:tO n, ,rhea th• stude11t• are ohanriar olaa..•J
ud then th•J apread the ru.or that el••••• ,rere 'bei111 wspeaded
~accou.at of the aaaeulJ. J.lld aearlJ a, •tudeata (1,500
curioua studeat•, 460 aati-eoaauuat •t•deata &Jld IO l\1PI
aeabera) Mt•
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Of eourae, theJ did aot allow aaJ u,rapaperua at
th• ua-bl7, The J"tl'PI ud placed lta aoat oatatudillc cbffrora
b a •econd le•el, ud NYeral of lt• leut b ~ aeabera at
~h• presidential table, At the .... tiae, the7 place4 1a the
-,oat atrateric •pota of the Theater a few "aao11JJ1oa.- 1ad1Yiduala
aot oaail7 ideatified u J"UPI Maber•, who ,rere alread7 coached
~th tile •loeaaa. J.lld th• aewapaperaea oould u•• aoticed tllia
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aueu-.er •••
Coll.fronted with that partiall7 ad•erN, partial17
l:JldiffeNat, "aicro" eon&enial public, the l'OPI apeall:era beiU
to arouae oathuai.._, apeakinr of the useabl7 u a Yictor)'
for o•erJbodJ; aothi111 about politic•, ao attacu acaiut th•
Vatted ltatea, ao ue of the asual barricade lanru•Co••• With
~ t tactical abilit7 th•J' obtained tu "appro•al• of 4 poillt•
:irerardiar the oreatioa of a Ge11eral ltudent Couscil olecte4 'bf =·
tile llirect Yote of the .tu deat bod)'; the studeat repre .. ntatioa
with Yoice ud Yote ia all the lerialati•• aad •dwSa1•tratiYe
llodiea of the VftJ the studeat part1c1patioa ia the adaiai•tratioa
ef .. nice• lor tu •tude11t•, ud 1a tile writiJaC of ti.. lt7•lan.
.
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The fifth point, wllich ,ru the irpiaal eord of all the
strate17 displayed b7 th.. , deaanded ",uaranteea for th• eiYil
rirhta of expression, auociation md asseabl7 iuid• the caapua."
Thia diarupted the peace. The "anti" •tudents preae11t propoaed
aaend.ae11t that political actiYitiea be forbidden iaaide the
~ Cupua... J.lld the7 could not bold it &DJ' loneor ••• aDd
..'i
es:,loded. The Preaidenc7, u a dela7ill1 tactic and after :a&&J' .-.. .
. ,·., ~acusa1ou, decided that the approyal or rejection of the ~ ·-.-·: ·
: · aaendaent should be aubllitted to a refere11dua, and a co.aittH · .;· ·· •
··· ,ru appointed to orcanise it. 'I'll• lesaioa ,ru closed. . - ·: · \ •.
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osed of SS,000 studenta.
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IIISLA 1-edlatelJ' added,
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~.. -· . ~"That ls the purpose of oar .,reseat httle apiast - · . ',_. ~
c~..-anln - the aala threat agalast our deaocratic lastlt'iltloa•,
o,;ir relipous beliefs ud oar •••ten c1Yilizat1oa -. to •n•sk
t~e &ed agents 'lllo are •o~actiYelJ'-Yorkl•r la our coantrJ" 1a
o~der to fulfil the cruel aissloa of tunaiar Puerto Zico iato
uother colo&J" of lo•let laperlalia.•
. T'': ~-'· · ·
_
The •resident of tbe ~AV thea aaserta that tile
Ua1YeraltJ" of Puerto a1co 1 ud aaialy the I.lo Medns caspaa,
la becoaiDg the ceater Of COIIJIUnist iDfiltratioa la the
lelud. •ISLA ALDARONDO states: "This is due to the fact
that it is at the '11Pa that the professloaal class la 'bellC
prepared to lead, teach and co•era toaorrow the fwtare
,eaeratloa of Puerto Zlcl.Jl8.•
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Aad Ile adda:
•It i• TerJ" illportant for the com•• ts, whose oalJ'
T1rtue 111 patleace, to lead through the wars of Jlarxi-.
Leainln those iadiYiduals who offer theJU1el••• to assist thea
··
·111 their purposea. They bow that h tllat DJ', they are ••spolllq
the aoll 1• which they rill later sow the aeed of utl-christiaaia. · -i':
Then, those no are l>elar bdoctriaated todaJ rill 'becoae toaorrow
the Red indoctrlutors of the herto l.icu people.•
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With hll coafldeace1
"Bowe•er, they rill aot acc011pll11h their nu. fte
herto Zlcu studeats h••• awakeaed, ••d are today aore alert
th'.aa eyer araiairt tile com•ists aad tJaelr alliea. · .
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iae ~.ted to back Ills words with fact~~- DISCIJ
IIISLA .&IJ>AllOlll>O ci•es tuadaaeatal details, NYeal1ag llow ~ose
ae'd a1eata operate la the '11Pa, .lccordiB.g to Illa Ylbratlar
•••uelatioa, the llal•erslty la a fOC11s of agitatioa becauae of
a polic7 of aisu•derstoo4 liberalin that la followed Ulen, ": ,--,· ·. ·
u'd which propitiated the eatruce of u laportut ncln. et ... -~=,'·· ·
· . .~ilst professors, wo- of whoa act openlJ, while the aajorit7_ .!·_.
ef the• prefer to COYer theasel't'ea IMhiad the easy dls,uiae ef ··- ,-.~~-,.-·
· •tatellectUAla nth ad•uced ldeu.•
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peudo-latellectuala works la close coordiaatloa 'lfitJa tJae ""1; ·. - ·-:
u orsulzatloa that catbers the aoat actl•• profeaaloul
political acltators, a&BJ of whoa
bee• traiaed at the
acJa~l• of hrxist ladoctriaatloa, nb••raloa ud terrori . .
ill Caba, Czechoslo•altia, Jtaasia, hd Chill& a.t other cov.atrl. .
of tJae C0!1Jd1B1at ~rld,•
:-.";l·.- ---:, ;. m>ISO!r •tsL& tbea poiata oat tut "thia
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0a a&JlJ occasiou, th•.{1°"•1 stlldeata no 1Htloa1 to
the .lnti-com.uaillt Vaiversit7 J'roat Jaa•• pablicl7 deacwmced
- lt7 . . au of pickets, . . .phlets, lludbills, stat...ata, . . .ti.p,
ot cetera, - tJae tactics . . .d l,J tJae FDPI la lta atteapta to
ooatrol the st9P• of the Puerto &icu studeata, Au aore tllaa
oace, those cou.rapo,111 cleftllclatioaa
succeeded la creatiq
a coucieace uoac tJae student uaa aad 1a proYolt.inc tJaeir
repadiatioa of the FDPI co,nmatatic aloeaaa,
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KDI801r JIISL& 1• of the opiaioa tllat •the "1'1 does
aot reall7
aore than 35 aeabers " t latil aow, due to tllle
iadiffereace existlllc uoac tbe lar,e wii•ersit7
thoae
few atudenta were pviac the lapressioa tut the7 -re speaklac
1a the aue of tJa• V•i•er11it7 of herto &ico. •ow•••r, la tM
past few aoatJas osr orruisatioa Jau created aa act!•• utloo..uDisa aaoac the atudeat·~,. capable of •••tro,uc tJae
·
1111lnersive plau of tJae hcl acitatora.•
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Ja oae of tJae puphlets pabllaJaecl 1'J the FJII - 'lfitJl
aoae7 wllliaclJ hraished l,J studeata, professors, professloaal
bdiYlduala, politlciau, ot cetera, - it is ,raphlcall7 llltOWJl low the FDPI tllreallli are IIO'Yed faftlaer 1Mt7oad tJae Iroa Curtai.a.
A Hrles of ph<*>grapha NYeal the tlea of tJae F1JPI with tJae
latenu.tioaal cOWJ1RaSst IIO'YeMat, uowlq the tollowiq:
.-.
SARCISO B&BEIJ, ll!RTIIU atteada la lHl a commaillt co•cre••
lleld 1a •oscow u a FDPI ••lepte, ud oce11pl•• u oatstudl.as
positloa beside• the thea Priae tiaiater SI~IT.A Dllt18CJ1rf1 A.a
1983 "Coarades• Jt.&JIOJr .AB.B011J. IIAltTDBZ, toner F1JPI Presideat,
and Jl&RCISO llABKLL Jl!RTDID, peraueat FUPI clelepte to tJae
latenu.tioaal Valoa of 8t•deata, with beadquarters la
occap7 positloas of Jaoaor at the presideatlal trlbwae of tJae
Jateraatbnal Coacr••• of Solldarlt7 with C.ba .held 1a Brull I " _,.~: ': ·. ~
1a 1184 the F1JPI llecordiq lecret&r7, 11.lllTA IAIICHD OIMEJ>.A . . . -J .~·,· · •
. 1.UCI80 liBKLL llilTDrEZ persoJ1.all7 coater wltJa llJ.O TSJ.
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•ao.e peraou, lporut of the o011J111ain tactic•,
uderestiaate the dallcer that these subversive el...ats
. -;· · ~· ·
represeat, Vader th• pretext that 'they are a ... 11 P'O'IP'
· .
. .d that 'tile people do aot follow th-,• there are ..., Paeno
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atcan.s wf. th their al'IUI crossed, That la ,rh7 ,re are eagaced
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'paper patriots• ,rho, due to the illdiffereace of others, aN
toda7 ,rell la: ated lloth at the UD1versit7 ud other 1.aportut
. .ctora of the press, teachia,, the profeaaloaal uaociatioaa aad aoae sOYen.aellt aceneies. •
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m>IS011 •ISLA .IIJ>ABO!llDO 1• aot alo•• 1a tut
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httle apiut oo..waia 1a ,rhleh Jae is e11.1a,ed. llu7 ,rho
aN •,r1111a, to tie• 1a defease of tbe deaocratic s,stea 11.&Ye
joilled JI.la, -.owever, tJt.• l'AtJ 1• aot a sroup of •caven . . . ,
...
naetioaaries &ad iaperialista" am 1111cll 1••• of "Taakff...
loYiSC fuatlcs, • It la a sr011p of llaiverslt7 atladeata • • . · :-~·-. :...·.
an •eterailled to fipt the aatl•• ooadlllst• 1a th•Jr . . . ,_.--..:. ·· ·, ••• ud no are of tJae followiq oplaiea'\' .
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• ft!l(CISCO •us ac::an.AllAY, Ytce:.Presideat of tile · · ~- . :
~AU, .tates1 "The st•deat allltuc7 aplast e011W1a1n - .·-. ,··
b.flltratioa lllaoald
ao 11.aits. All of •s ,rJl.o 11Ye . "si . · . : ·--~-~
protected by deaocrac7 have the obllptio11. to reaaia alert
.-. ,,s ·. · ··
for an7 woU ,rho, disiuiaed as a ll.llb, rill atteapt to destJ'f)' ·.· :·_
u, Our deaocrac7 laas alu,- been oa the defensive, llecau.. . .;_ ~ .0
it 1• a deaocra,,, That 111 1Jb7 each of as is a b&Aller la. . .· . , .
defeue
of oar priaelples and ~oundatiou,•
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."'Our atru11:l• JI.as hen Jt.ard, alld rill continue to lie Jaard, .,.. :~_.•,.•.
·· 1t llh.ould lie nealled that the •1aclde11.ta• ef Octoller at Vft _,,_. •':·~-:.~·
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Yer• preceded 117 a treacherOQs attack to the peaceful ... ttac · .• ,-~-that th• hti-CO-Uniat Universit7 J'ront ,ras eonductinc la :-' ..... ,~~ .'.~ ·\
... krrio .laparo, ato ~iedraa, hd tla.at oa repeated occ&slou -~-:-::-:r·:.c·
Mr leaders JI.ave Ileen threatened 1J1th death 117 the fg7J ud
·- ··-; , •
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o trlpten ·.. ;.·:?•
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• 8IIBDTO Pifl CAU>DOK, J'oreip a.1itioa•
lecretary of the J'AU, •a1•: •J.ccordiag to it•
ud
the •tat-ent• of ita leader•, tile 1'11PI appareatlJ fight•
for Puerto a1ca11 Independence, 9ut 1 eoll!ronted with t,he
failure to obtain the 11Upport of tile •tudent bodJ ud of
the people throup the tactic• theJ bave 11•ed 1 the J'OPl lla8
resorted to iaterutioaal orgaaizatiou that are ideatified
u •troag eaeaie• of Waahiagton ao that the1 will eserci••.
J(ll'e••ure at the
ud aatch it• political ead•, For thet
reason we a•k thoae who att-pt to cover the-elve• with the
nbe of the •acred ideal of iadependeace: 'lhat 'benefit• do:~ 111•
e01111Uai•t tactic•, ud the defellfl ~ a regille a• uti•iJldepeadeati•t
u that of J'IDU. c.uno, Nader to the Puerto atcu iadepeadeati•t
eau•e?•
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---
• 'YDGILIO IAWOS, eat•tudiag leader of the J'AU, la
ef the opinioa that t •.iu•t like outaide of the Vniver•it7,
all the Puerto a1eaa. iuide the VniveraitJ' repudiate J'IDZL
CASTJIO, It 1• will knOYD that the oalJ .,.pathisen of bi•
. regille are the •tour eats' of the J'UPI ud •oae 'a•etul foll•'
who, •oaeti.ae• because ef iporuce aad other• becaa. . of
••obbery I second those Who receive •logans and ao••J' f:roa
Caba, 9ut the true Puerto ticu •tudent• repudiate whole••artedlJ tho•• Who have •tood ou.t u •ropagudi•t• of
Jlarxin-Leniaia, The c ... of Profeaaor ~ Z Jlil:a LIJll
eoaatitate• u esaa,ple of tllu,•
. . _,
. __ . , __
D'lll aIYD1 1 YJI.LI.lM J..1.1:11 ud other leaden ef the
'hti-C0111111Diat VnivenitJ' J'ront e:q,re•• that •the VaivenitJ
1• aot and will aot be of the eoaa11Aillt• or of &DJ' political
p&rtJ' whataoevera the VniveraitJ' 1a of Puerto a1co, ud it
ahould " " • the ....atial iateresta of "1' country,•
TD J'AU J:8TilLIBU8 ITI J108ITIOS
-U RP'IP A LI!P'I· PP PDQCliTIC PIDMJII
•VQRr
··
fte JOllll& atudeat• who aake •P the Aatl-COSllllllist
.
-~ 1JaivenitJ Js,oat I ud 'Who are alwaJ'• alert to the aatters that
.
· affect the •tadeat• ud, tllerefore, to the good develop. .at ·, .-,_,. _,.. :·
:- "ef that iaportut recreatioul center, could aot reaaiJI
·· .-;:.~: ·;, ·
•:r bdiffereat eoll!ronted Yith the puoraaa of llllcertaiat7 that ··c ~-: •
. la •re•eated ill coanectioa Yith the VaiveraitJ a.fora. _ .- ·\·?~, -?'-~ _
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aaterialiJle u old •••ire of the atudent• throup tho
~ ,;.·.,_~~-~-;·.i
croatioa of a General ltudeat Council, with dol•c•t•• 'Ibo
. . . . ~rill
the right to speak before tho•• uni••r•ltJ depart- .'· - ·
aent• that directl1 affect tile atudeata, auch u the aadeat . , \ ' , · ""Center ud the Aeadeaic Ion.ate.•
... .; ...; ·-:';:
Ila••
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Jlat 1D order to 801Te th••• and 11&111 other probl... , -~ '·:;:.·
Dill0• Ell.A oon•lder• that the 1.Jmediate creation of an
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1'7-la,rs i• aec•••arJ. •That would suarut•• •ald ript•.•
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·Ia replJ to the .,ie•tioa of how cu deaocrac1 rithia · .-·<
. the 1llliTerait1 cupu• 1'e fortified, the Pre•ident of the J'J.U - : · .,.:.
stat•• that •.1.t cu be achl•••d throup an offecti•• VDi•enit7'· :·~·
. . fora that will nti•fJ the aoat eleaental atudent right• ud ··' · .
at tile .... ts.. create a aupeni.9orJ bodJ capable of watcb1as . ,:,,:_
ner certain prof•••or• who aau ooutant use of their cl•••H •::"!. ·
for their political caapaicn- ud th• di•clo•i•g of their
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eoaplex•• ud re•e•t. .•t•.•
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la tJUfferiar tho weipt of two pre•nr••· ft• first ou u -~ ,·;.;.!..-~-• ...,
· that of t)le 11a1••r•ltJ J.daiai•tratlon, which iporea l't•
. ~>~
duti•• toward the UaiYeralt1 atudeat• and aake• ao ofton to _: .·, :·.
·oorroct lt• aiatake•· Th• aecond one 1• that of a certaia -~·,':;./:·c:;:
·,
sroap of profes•ora who force their atudeat• to li•t•• to · · · • ~-";"1'1;i"":-~
their tendentiCM19, pro-ll&rxiat,-political •peech•• durinr their _;,_. :
eoarse•, wnder the peaalty of recei•ing a falllnc aark la tlloir t. ~-1.. . . ex..iutions, ao aattor lf the atudeat deserves ai: excelloat .·,·,, ·. ·
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aark.· ·. :, -. .
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aever of findill.1 a •olution for the exi•till1 probl....
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'Social hatred' 1• the ba•ic 111.atnlllent for the effecti•e ::· ·
··
•e•elop-•t •f the revolution·, froa the COIUIUJli.t Yiewpoillt;
Thia 1• well recogni11ed by the J'tJPI, Yhich iutipt•• la&tred
between the Adainiatration and the atvdenta, betweeD herto
ticana and Yank•••, between the rich ud the poor, between
atatehooder• ud iadependenti•t•, et cetera. The" 'nudeat•'
and 'profe••or•' dp not really wut the •olution of the
Vni•eraity problea. Jf the Vni•er•ity . . fol'JI 1• approved,
theD they would atart ao•ia1 a1a1a their defaaato1'7 uchinatioa
qaiut it ia order to promote uother chao•.•
.
Jn order to perfect hi• observation• conceraiD.c tb.ia
"'•ri
iaportant utt.r, DISCII •1s1.1 AI.J>UOIJ)() poiat• eat that
Wye au•t re.ala alert to the event• coD.Jtected with the Vai••r•iV
. . fora becau .. the FtJPI 1• atteaptln1 to diaorient the atudeata
111th false te•tiaoni•• ill order to appear u chaapiou of
tile •tru,11• for the . .fora.•.
.
0
-
-
ESL1 r•••ala: "The J'tJPiaeaber• are really en.ale•
of. uy progressive ud · liberal aeasure for the VD.ive:raity of
-~ rto a1co. We Illa t recall that they respond to the iaterena .
of •oacow aad Pekin1, and not to our iateresta. Their iatentiou
are to create a atate of ooafusioD ia the caapua 1a order to
' ,
take poaseasioa of the reforaist aove-nt ud thus be altle to
bcrease tm auaber of aarx1.t professors at the vn. •
. .. '! ...
..
-
bd to co11.Clude, the leader of the ' - t i ~ i n · .., .... -~'-·:../
. Waiversity J'ront ~ s apon •all the truly liberal and deaocratic · ..or1anisatio•• to unite, disre,arding partisauhip or differe:ace• -~:
of religious beliefs, h order to deaand a liberal and deaocratt.e · ·
University a.fora that will fully •atiafy tile true aeeda of tile
.
Vaiversity ud of the atvdeat body with011t &JlJ' iateneatioa at • i ·. ·
all of political parties or or1&D1satioaa.•
· - : -~•:.·~·,:
•our 1 1/~x I 1/4.• ,hotos, captioned:
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m>ISOI" •ISLA AI,DAltOE>01 • ••• MLr er1anisatioa 11u·~.: ,_::>
• ereated aa active uti-coaBUniaa aaon1 the •tudent body,
- .: · · ,,·.
· · capable of destroyilla the auMersive pl1U9 of tbe aed aptators.;,•
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aad ,rill contillue to be bard; an evidence of thia is the
a·.•. ·.'!>.;>.'"
-. · ... :.,.treacherous attack to tbe peaceful aeetiac that the J'AU waa _.. : ·;_,• ·t
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eo.xanlst tactic•, and the def•••• of a nrlae •• uti• · ·.,. -··, ·.·:,: ~ .
iadependentlat aa that of J'JDIL C£BnO, reader to tile herto ~ :'°-'.,'
a1caa iadependeatlat cauN,.
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• ••• the true herto a1cu tlhdeata
- 'repudiate ~holeheartedlf th<>11e who have stood eat •• •ropap.adista
of aarx.1--Lenlllia; real.I the c ... of Profeuor LIJll ••• • .
·
naGJLJO IAW)S:
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occaalou, the herto a1cu studeata . 0 • / ; _ / , - _
bve .,iblicl1 oxpreaaed the...lvea apiast the areata who,
..
diagulaed u •paper patrlota• atteapt to au'bvert the deaocratlc • . · 111atea 1.R Puerto atco,
·,
••:'7 ...,
The ltJPJ aeabera rave the lapreaaloa that tu7 were
•peall:111c ia the .... of 111• 1Jaiveralt1 of Puerto atco, util
the J'.l'O' created u active aat1-comaull1- uoq the atuden
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a, aeua of plclteta, ~dbllla, ••tinp, et cetera, - ~-;_'. •·
tile 1ou111 studeata who aall:e ap the J'A'O' have denounced the . ·• . ·· ~ •
uchl11atloa •••d 1>1 the l"tlPJ Mlll>era to atte.pt to coatrol
·'! ·· ·
the Puerto Sien studeat bodJ.
.-._- -~-·
•
ft• ._ti-<:omm.i.t 1Jaiverait1 J'rOllt ua coae eat to -. ' - ~- :
h the firat student force qaiaat the J"DPJ 1 1Jhich it ~ . ~ ...,.. · "'·,
faced oa .. veral occaaloaa.
_ . --·-.: .. ....: ...::·1.
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'ho f J/JW a a J/r' photoa captiouch
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• ••• we aaat rmia alert to all the eveata eoueot.cl , . ·
Yith the 1Jaiverait1 a.fora, because the ltJPI la atte.ptiq to :.·.,.a.
diaorleat the student 1>ody Yith fal.M tNtiaoaiH ••• •
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3/25/65
CODE
URGENT
RADIOGRAM
- ~·
L,-102
TO
s~c
SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
F~~ (105-93124)
FROM DIRECTOR
-
•
- /: /. ·'
~tv
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO,
,
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE Pi/OGRAM, FAREN SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
END FAREN.
REFER.Et~CE IS MADE TO YOUR LEITER MARCH EIGHTEEN ONE
NINE SIX FIVE.
IN ORDER TIIAT PROPER EVALUATION MIGHT BE
MADE AT THE BUREAU SUBMIT TRANSLATION OF ARTICLE CAFTIONED
QUOTE THE COMMIE TECHNIQUE OF RIOTING END QUOTE AFPEARING
IN THE MARCH .. ~- .·. --. ; ONE NINE SIX FIVE SPANISH-LANGU!\GE
EDITION OF QUOTE READER'S DIGEST END QUOTE.
NOTE:
-
San Juan has suggested anonymous distribution
of above-mentioned· article on campus of University of
Puerto Rico as counterlntelllgence procedure against
FUPI. If regular radio contact ls missed thls message
should be sent by the Rext-regularly scheduled contact.
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,.1AR 2 51965
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TO
DIRECTOR, FBI {105-93124)
SAC, SAN JUAN {105-3353-Sub 1)
SUBJECT;
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM.
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN -
•
--:~~::........::;~__:
�~ ~~:ti~~AT~ i; :RNME:-
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Memorandum
~8,'j :~~5,
;
DIRECTOR, 'FBI (105-93124)
•.
SUBJECT:
DAn:;
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353-Sub 1)
OaR~~s
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March·
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PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS - PRN
/
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Re
Bu~eau letter dated 12/18/64.
The san Juan Office has carefully considered and
evaluated the possibilities of carrying out a counterintelligence
measure based on information noted ~n relet.
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The San J'Uan Office feels
th~s regard would be ineffective
already has suffered the
a high position in the
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DIRECTOR; FBI ·. (105-93124) · . · ·
FNf~,.;.x
FROM
JUAN
·
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aou~_SEEKINO_INDEPENDENCE _F_OR_
. UERTO. RICO_( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
PROGRAM)
IS - PRN
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECT!~)
.
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· 2/12/65 ;~ :, ·.
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(105-3353 Su~ 1)
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DAT£:
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The SJO, 1n a recent 1nvest1gat1on into the
background and activities of MOVIMIENTO PRO INDEPENDENCIA
DE PUERTO RICO ( er
n Inde
ment)
(MPIPR) officer
(Buf1le 105-1344
,
was employed as a teacher by
Instruction, Assoc!
that h
the
to
Pub c ns
to dismiss
moral turpi
.
.•
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.
SJ
.
..
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.
105-3353 Sub l
•
advised, on 1/27/65, that based on the
information provided by the Metropolitan Police Department,
he instituted dismissal proceedings ageist_. . . . .
In the above matter, we have been assured of
the elimination from the Public School System of a
devoted advocate of Puerto Rican independence who has
disp aved violent tendencies in the past. We note that
_.o'1 t
prides itself on the fact that it 18 influencing
1
he
n school-age generation of Puerto Ricans into
P.'.L,rf~
· their brand of independence through their members who
are teachers in high .schools.
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l ' a T - . f;OITION
•
•SAc.o,i .._&.tG.D
l'l\'1T£D STATES G. .f~MEl\'T
Me1nora1iaum
TO
:
DIRECTOR.· FBI (105-93124)
W,'SAC. SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
: l)
.
.
•
.
.
~
. . ••
•·
.
GROUPS. SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
IS-PRN
00:S.J
•
. ReBulet. 10/23/64.
The ant1-FUPI pamphlet and ant1-FEPI i1yer, were
mailed on 10/28 and 29/64. from various post offices throughout
the Metropolitan SJ area. The pamphlets were mailed in boxes
obtained from local supermarkets bearing the brand name or a
Puerto Rican produced product. A fictitious post office boa
at the UPR was utilized as a return address 1n order to
conform with u. s. postal.regulations. The pamphlets and
flyers were mailed to leaders of the Anti-Oommun1st University
Front (FUAC), the Statehood Republican Party Youth, and
_
sympathetic Cuban exile youths at the UPR. The ant1-FEPI
flyer was attached to the ant1-FUPI pamphlet and mailed to
_,.
parent organizations at high schools where the influence ot /~/
the FEPI 1s felt.
/.Y--'.
{/
•
- The following are excellent examples of reaction
to the pamphlet and flyer:
Reaction from Newspapers and Magazines
The ll/7/64 1ssue of "El Mundo, 11 a leading Spanish
language daily newspaper published 1n SJ, PR, contained an
article entitled, "UPR 1s Calm, But the Police Are Still On
the Alert," which appeared on Page l. Excerpts of the article
are as follows:
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~':-, Bureau (RM)
3 ·._ San Juan (l05-3353)Sub l)
(1 - l05-30~9)(FUPI)
RWS:mar
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·-NTIAL"'·_· . ,. . _. --_.)·J·-~·_·\_"··_·-._ _ -· • :-:.
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.
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repor. ~tel\d• ::~/.:,~
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• yel!terday by the Police was the d str1but
ot a
·-.:i..:,.:._.,\:'· 11amphlet published by the .University AntirCommun1st Front ;~:c~" · ·
(FRENTE ANTI-COMUNISTA UNIVERSITARIO - P. A. U.) to oppose .
the handbill distributed by the PUPI, and in which the
ties of the FUPI with the international communist movement
··:,. ~: .1.11_ deno~ced •. ~ : . . '. _- ;:'-}:_:;
.. , .)··:~
·· •
r · ·
·
·
The pamphlet contains several photographs ,:_zi.~·: ,;·;:
·· •· . • ., in which the FUPI 11ember11 appear at meetings ot the highest·;..,·~-~ ·
leaders ot world communism,. and some notes concerning the
act1v1t1ea that connec~ the FUPI with the communists.
·
~'..,
..
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'},:'.:·'.J.:~?J.)f'c>t{~{\}.:J~- :/
"The publication calls upon the,·.new UPR
.
students so that they will not be lured 1 by talse propaganda . _ . ...
ot the FUPI' warning them ot the danger in which OUI'.-~·:.~t;-3··,:•..:-,i:.,.:-;::,
democracy 1a, and pointing out at the same ·t1111e _that the··:;, '".:::.':'
FUPI 1s about to disappear,· arid that the FUPI members .are·>:>:.. :: :'-~- ··
·presently making a desperate attempt to attract att111ate·st··-~,,,-~ ·•
under. allegations that it pretends to establish a purely·,,, -: · ·
student tront, f'ore1gn to political matters."
.
·>;·>=.-~·
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The 11/15/64 issue or uBohem1a Libre Puertorr1quenan
(BLPR), a leading Spanish language weekly magazine published
.
at SJ, contains an article -devoted to the• r1t'..t1ng which ... ',' , · · :,
C'.:
occurred at the UPR during the evening ot 10/28/64 ... ·Tbe article-:.-~---·•;;
• v1c1ousl,y condemns the FUPI tor 1nst1gat1ng the riot and ~ .. ;,_. ..._t~. ,=, ' . • ··
that the FUAC 1a developing aa a etrong factor at the UPR
tat.deter the work ot the FUPI.
· . ,,·
.-t···~::,_., ·
.-
·•
.-
..
Reaction From Radio and Television
On 11/7/64 and 11/8/64, WHOA and VKYN, Metropolitan
SJ Sngl1sh language radio stations carried reports ot the
distribution or the ant1-FUPI pamphlet over their evening
and morning broadcast11.
·
On 11/7/64, WAPA, a Metropolitan SJ Spanish language
.
radio station, carried news reports or the d1str1but1on of
the ant1-FUPI pamphlet over the evening broadcasts. In each
ot the news broadcasts complete credit was extended to the
FUAC, with comments concerning purpose and scope ot the .
.
"FUAC to combat the cOIIIIIIWl1St influence or the FUPI.· In e•ch .. '
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, ."· ot t~~- ~bov~ -de
broadcasts ~he
FUPI officers travel to communist countr1e
explained.
act that prominent
was clearly
During the evening Spanish language news broadcasts . . .
or WAPA-TV (Channel 4) • broadcast between 6:45p.m.. and 7:00 ·p.m~.'
on 11/7/64, the ant1-FUPI.pamphlet was _shown to the'viewing·-:.;J";.:,
audience. A short commentary followed., ·including. flashes ,of·-~>:._
the rioting at the UPR on 10/28/64 • tor which the FUPI was·
·· ·
condemned. The commentary added that the FUAC was actively
seeking .to eliminate the influence or the FUPI at the UPR
Campus and concluded that the anti-FUPI pamphlet was the
inauguration or a sustained campaign by the FUAC aga1ns~ ,the
FUPI •
·, · · "': ~-· ...•L . -·~. -:.~·· ·,-.--~•~·-~
.
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It 1s noted that WAPA-TV 1s the maJor te'J.evision'.:,:"•',\/~·-.
~- · ·. ,: ·network in PR and the 6 :45 p .m. news broadcast 18_ ,wi~e ~~;,".t _;.-.:..- ~:.
· ·. ~.-,,,.,
.·.: .··
· · · viewed throughout the SJ Metropolitan area.·:.
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The publicity afforded the anti-FUPI pamphlet was
beyond all expectations. Aside from the distribution of the
4,000 ant1-FUPI pamp~lets, we feel we can conservatively
estimate the number of citizens reached by the resulting . . . . .
publicity to be in the neighborhood ot 200,000. we· base·... : . ;:
this estimate on the announced circulation and su'llscript1on :-_,
:figure!!_ of the news media en_umerated above.
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In addition to bringing our message concerning
the international communist ties or the FUPI to a large
number or citizens, we have also given considerable
strength and recognition to the FUAC.
as aavisea
a
an
ership of about 150 individuals, whereas
prior to the distribution of the pamphlet and resulting
publicity its membership was estimated to number approximately
20 to 25. We feel that the growing influence of the FUAC
a·t the UPR Campus can be used as a control of the FUPI
1n future counterintelligence measures..
.
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1cm
:f ;.: ·, -. ;
·
·
We note that the FUPI, 1n typically cow~rdly
tashionl broke up a peaceful meeting
the FUAC on°.-·:·_,,.:_'·:'.
10/'Zl/6q~ near the UPR Rio _Piedras Cam s. The very_,,.. :. : , . .,. .. ·.
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105-3353 Sub l
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' ~act that the FUAC immediate~y ·c·o~tered t~, FUPI ~1th
distribution of the anti-FUPI pamphl!lt, undoubtedly stunne~l-;.. ·.t · __.
the FUPI and its leadership 1n'tQ· a riew awareness or the - .·:. ,,.~ '.'
danger of the FUAC. For this reason, the FUPI will
undoubtedly be more cautious in their activities at the UPR
for fear of further retaliation by the FUAC.
. ...
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An OI,POPR weekly report, dated 11/2/64, contains
information that the OI,POPR determined on· 10/31/64, that ··;;-.. 1. -. the FUAC was distributing the anti-F.JPI pamphlet at the UPR.~.·--':·,
. .: c
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. ........
, -~,
This OI,POPR weekly report indicates that the anti-FUPI <"" .. ,:\. • · ,
pa!ll?hlet clearly shows the direct liaison between the FUPI . .:.,·.;;._: .
. and international communism.
.,, · - >:.,.:,: ,,,._ ·
..
We feel that timing or the anti-FUPI pamphlet was
outstanding. We note distribution or the anti-FUPI pamphlet
followed_ tragic rioting at the UPR on 10/28/64, which the : ~ ..... ·
FUPI triggered. As 1t was, public feeling and press repor!,s_ ·:_.
held the FUPI to blame for the disgraceful ~ioting at·the·~ ·
UPR. When the pamphlet immediately followed this rioting,·
clearly showing the FUPI and its leadership 1n their true
pvpective, that 1s, a group or communist trained young
hoodlums, it further added to the unanimous censure or the
FUPI by the public. Additionally, by distributing the
pamphlet in close proximity to the 9th Annual FUPI Congress,
we allowed the file and rank members of the FUPI and more
moderate FUPI officers an opportunity to think about the
FUPI 1 s connections with international communism,
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,_:,.· ·(sJ 105:-3353 Sub).,, -:-,:.·.<;··::>:·t,.·f~·.
t. ~-· -.~ ;l~~·c;:·ir~~ct Upon t~;~~~~ -~s~,\.~;:;:
.
~
9th Annual FUPI Congress
.
·.
. ..
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.
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in Rio
to .elect
The
Piedras during the period 11/18-19/64,
a new Executive Committee.
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On
elected FUPI
.... .
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the evening or
The SJO holds
election to be
the direct result of the an
et and the
overwhelming crashing unfavorable publicity which resulted / 4-.1 ; •
from 1ts distribution.
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· .. ,.~ ~
:lh~111-.'.·~·-
f 111t!.·Y:.
It 1s extremely si
the. : ·· - ··
former "darling" of the FUPI,
who
•
caused considerable notoriety by
g
throughout Col!llllunjst Ch1na, North Korea and Commu~~~~
North Viet Nam as a ~U~I Delegate, was defeated for the·
lowest position on the FUPI Executive Committee in a
" .e off" by an unknown youth. We note t h a t ~
rmerly held the key FUPI position of
on the Executive Committee prior t o t e PI Congress. We hold that the defeat of
is a· powerful vote,,of dissatisfaction by t c a. .K
le FUPI members with the notorious PUP international
cooununist ties. We feel that
pitiful
defeat was caused in no small m
ti-FUPI
pamphlet.
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e election or orticere at the~'"'· ...
rese 1a clearly deaonstrated ~ t . \ : . . . ; ' ' : · . ~
ae not re-elected to tle F U P . . . _ · ,... · ·:; ·
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, .tated tha
re-electe . ;
ctly cause
stated that the FUPI desired to
flyer's atrects on FEPI members
was not a current member or· the
the FEPI flyer demonstr~tes •
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SAC, San .Juan (105-3353)- ·
12/18/84 }. .
Director, FBI (105-93124)
·.. 0
...
.. ,-~·:_·
GRows· ~E~~NG INDEP~D;c~tFoa P~TO RICO
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAll
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL)
~--
Reurep 11/24/64 captioned
IS - PRN,"
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.·,
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urce also advised
to use the mimeograph
o ice in connection w1 th (\ -:"i
Independence Ho.vement and
'<
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It is probable that some responsible individual · i!i
connected with the Puerto Rican Commonwealth Government might§
ta.~e steps to see that further use of motor vehicles and othe~
equipment belonging to the Commonwealth Government is not
><
made_by the subject for the benefit of nationalist activity, o
u
Submit
your
comments
regarding
the
feasibility
.
Q
of 0 such.a counterintelligence procedure,
c.::
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,
m'.,CLASSlFI::'. BY ~ .' ',_·
NOTE:
ON
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Subject is President of FUPI and is a key figure
of: the San Juan Office. llEC1 - 105-1?3484~
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(.lmfENT
Memoran.dum
TO
•
FROM
,
DIRECTOR;' FBI (105-93124)
.{'-t:
•.
, .·. ~ - . s~- JUAN
SUBJECT:
(.105~3~~~t~u~- -~) .-
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO
( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
IS - PRN
_
/
(SUBVERSIVE. CONTROL SECTION)
.. I
Re San JUan airtel dated 11/12/64, and Bureau
airtel dated 1+/17/64.
~~~
The leaflet in theSpanish language proposed in
referenced San JUan airtel and authorized in Referenced Bureau
airtel was mailed under secure conditions at Arecibo, Puerto
Rico, on November 26, 1964.
.
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Reaction to our leaflet - ~diate and m o s . t
n ·
ecemb r 2 1 64
advised that
, s eeply concerne over
~
~ ed there is a group within
the MPIPR which :1.s IO'lown as the "Grupo Pro Uso Voto. n
He is so convinced of the existence of this group that he
has made plans for an investigation to ident:1.fy its leaders
and members.
0
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The daily San JUan, Spanish laniillla~e
"Ei MUndo"
in its issue of December 2, 1964, carried
usual
daily column. In this issue he devoted t e
entirely to
a denunciation of our leaflet campaign, clearly showing how deeply
disturbed he and his fellow MPIPR leaders are with our efforts.
Two copies of translation of ~ c o l u m n a.re
attached for the Bureau rd one for N e w ~ r examination.
.
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t:/-,· ·
The Bureau ,~111. ·~~-didvised of further results receJ- ed
.. rrom this 1atest ~':.{iJt~;"i'trort./os-13 I z_
\:
'""Jf 5:.. i'l! ffil'r 1
.
. 1l--2 - Bureau .(Encl. t,~.
2) (RM)
1 - New York (Info)"(u:n.~1.~. 1) ( M)- · ·
DEC
lS64
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san JUan
It, , r..
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Rlli:gmh
f:'{
'f:·:·.r:,
'n DEC
,,~ Cl••silied by.f:!_:fC-" ·.,_~
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Esrmpt fruru CDS, Cat,g,,rt,
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Dal(" of DL·cl.assificat.ion In.definite
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'l'RANSLATION FROM SPANISH
~
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:EL
IMPARCIAL .•..
San .Juan, P.R.
12/2/64' .
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Page 28
. THINGS FROM HERE - By CESAR ANDREU IGLESIAS. . . • .
I
OUTSIDE OF THE HUMAN SPECIES · . ' .. -, :-~':-.":·-·':_ ··~·:·.~ . \ •
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There is nothing .; despi~able as an an~n~~:- ·t ;-:: ; :_ \ ·
letter. In 311,times and 1n all countries, anonyms are
1
considered·as beings of dunghill. That is why nobody ever
considers them. And if 1n this case, 1t would have been
simply a personal anonymous letter, the contempt for it
1
would have been enough. But this concerns a poli t1cal.
:. :. ·
_ anonymous letter, and this Justifies the comment~-.-;::,:::•'~'\,:-_..·~·'\-,"_
It is already common among those persons lfho are - : .'. ·· 1
closely connected with the Movement for Independence to · ·· ~ · :-c i"
receive once in a while an anonymous handbill. It is addressed
to the name of the person, and his exact postal address. Which
has made us believe that the addresses were stolen from the
MPI National Headquarters.
These anpnymous handbills were started immediatelyafter the MPI agreed to conduct an Electoral Strike. The · ·· 0
first of -them claimed that "a colonial vote 1s better than '··"no vote at all." And there is nothing shameful 1n maintaining
that thesis, except for seeking shelter in the anonymity of a
supposed "GRUPO PRO USO VOTO DEL MPin (MPI Group Pro Use Of
Vote).
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That anonymous letter did not deserve our attention
at all. He who is unable to sustain an opinion in the daylight
is not worthy of being considere~. rut the anonym backslides
again.
These anonymous handbills are circulated every now
and then. Cpnscioue of his crime, the anonym pretends to
hide, by making use of the post offices in different towns:
~recibo, Ponce, Humacao, Caguas, etc. And to the political
·!
. 'Contents of the mimeographed handbill, he has added personal · .
insinuations ••• Evidently, he 1S each day more angry becavse 1
of the contempt With Which_ hiS libelous handbill iB buried •.
r··:
·lfulf81••
·
~
-ENCLOSURE
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'l'o 111ake use of anonymity for the:aa:,krJ"t~M~;>·k ::_.
. •bl1C oattero io to lower pol1t1CO to t h e ~ t
nd onoe you have fallen on the sewer, the desp1cabl_e 1n11 ..· _._1~, ·.·
·cannot fail.
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· 'l'bree; ,persons have particularly been the target a of ·;
these.anonymous handbills: Attorney JUAN MARI BRAS, Dr. FRANCISCO MANRIQUE CABRERA and Mr. CABRIEL VICENTE MAURA •. Dl the
most recent handbill, 1t 1s 1ns1nuated (and this 1s der1s1ve) ;
that the three MPI leaders have made use o!! the f'unds collect_ed./
for the campaign, for their own personal benef1 t •••. Let· me :·.- :. .
quote the libel, or at least part of it, so that everybody.'=· . · .
will know the quality of the person who wrote it:
,·1
"'!'he Electoral Strike failed - says the anonym because 1t was the product or a small group of unscrupulous
men, greedy or power at the expense of the poor man ••• At
i
the head of this group is our Young Leader ••• He abandoned-·. •1 .·•
his faulty legal practice, but still managed to continue living
in his fashionable home in Rio l'iedras, and both him and his · ·1
devoted wife oont1nued to drive their brand new cars.-. We -~.' ~, ·
wonder if our small contributions ••• did not help to pay for
these luxuries."
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'!'he anonym makes more insinuations of th1s kind
wi.th regard to the two other d1st1ngu1shed MPI leaders.
1
And after paddling 1n the mud where the crooked
souls inhabit, the anonym pretends to convince us that the ..
Electoral Strike campaign was a mistake. And then he asks .-:.- ·.
us to join him, an inhabitant of the dunghills, in order to·'
carry on "a leg1t1mate struggle for independence ••• through
the electoral polls" ••• AB if, from the sewer of anonymity,
he had any moral strength to invite anybody for a struggle:
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It is useless to say that the anonym does not have
any interest at all in or1ent1ng the independentists towands
the road of elections, or in any similar thing. He does not
have either the slightest interest 1n the unity of the forces
of Independence. His true and sole purpose is intrigue, deceit
and ambush. '!'hat 111 why he deserves the i'ullest contempt from
eociety ••• If there 1s anything in which we are all united,;
especially the 1ndependent1sts of all tendencies, is in the '
b.uman decency.
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Only the anonyros are outside of the species.
that 1B their greatest condemnation, -
Anf1 /
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SAC, San Juan_(l05-3353 SUB 1)
1
Director, FBI (105-93124) /
~ Rm 61.
·.
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11/20/64, ..•
4U
. ,
.. ..; 'GROUJ>S SEEKING INDEPENDENCE toR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
IS - PRN
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
'.
Reurlet 11/6/64.
,
The photograph which was enclosed with
relet has been reproduced at the Bureau and there
is attached one copy ot this reproduction. The
negative ot the reproduction is being retained at
the Bureau in tile 105-93124.
Enclosure
~:
Photograph is one recently obtained by the
San Juan Office showing representatives ot the ·
Federation of University Students for Independence
with Chinese communist officials.
BGLP:ssh
(5)
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UJl.1T£D STATES q.RNMENT
A1emoranaum
-
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DATE:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
A'IT: MECHAN!CAL SECTION
_ SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1) (PJ
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~PS-SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR-PUERTO RICO
{COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBJECT:
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
IS - PRN
I• -
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Enclosed f'or the Mechanical Section -is one
· ~ossy photograph depicting Federacion de Universitarios
~Indepelldencia (FUPI) Recording Secretary,MARTA
\ - _..,6ANCHEZ,.OU$DA:., and FUPI Ambassador to the International.
Union~f'
tudents,.{IUS).,in Prague, Czechoslovakia,
NARCISO
E~T:i;m:~, at a meeting held in Comr.nmist
China
th MAO T~TUNG and other ir.iportant Communist
Chinese.
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The Mechanical Section is requested to make
a negative from the print and to remove the numbers
one through seven which appear on the p:dnt. The SJO
contemplates that this photograph may subsequently
be utilized in connection with a counterintelligence
measure against the FUPI.
,. _,,
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1-San Juan (195-3353 Sub 1)
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El Prf>sidPnlt' ;\fao Tsr-tun~ tr!'ihio 1'1 l'.J mar10 a In~ r1•11rrs1•nlan11•., 111• 111!! ·, 4,~ll!dj11nt•·~pu1•rtorriqu1•no~. :'\'arriso 1t11lll'll-,1arti111•z Cnw rto ·11e la i:1p1krt1,o ~· ,1art;, . ~.uli'h,•t
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El Prl'~idrnte Mao Tse-tunr rerihlo rl 19 m:irzo I\ lo~ ri•prl'st'ntantt'c; de to!i· rstudfantr.,
PU<·rtorriquriios, 1'warciso Jtuhell-!\lartinr1. (c11arto de la i:11uierdn) y '.\1.arta Sanrht•t•
Olmeda (segunda d~ la i:quierda), y c;ostu\'o una convrrsaclon · rordial con rllos. ' .\mhu-.
~<· cnruc•nlran artualnll'nl,• I'll China h:,d(•ndo una ,·Isita 111• ronl·i'al,•rnldad
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11/17/64
... . . .•
To:
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From: Director/FBI
(105-93124)
·,
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G.,OUPS SESIY.I?lG INDEPEIIT>ENCE FOR PUERTO Ria>
( CCL'!lTEf..Il1TELLIGEllCE f~-GrvU-1)
INTERIU.L SECURITY - PRN
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTIO~)
r.eure!rtcl 11/12/61;.
Burceu authority ls granted to prepare and mall
the recommended leaflet in the Spanish language as set
forth in referencec airtel.
You are to insure that the leaflet will be
prepare<~ nnd mailed in such a mrumer that it cannot be
traced back to the Bureau or to any Bureau employee.
Advise B.ureau of any pertinent results.
t-:OTE:
.
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S/,C, nan Juan (105-3353 Sub l)
REC- 16
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Date:
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11/12/64
:
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Transmirhe f~llowino ·1n
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(Type i• ploi•
AIRTEL
..,.. or CNC)
1
AIRll!AIL
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(PrioriryJ _
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DIRECTOR, FBI
(105-93124)
FROM:
SAC, SAN JUAN
(105-3353 SUB 1)
~o
•
(P)
QROUPS _SEEKING lNDEPENDE~CE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
IS - PRN
The general elections 1n Puerto Rico have been
held and the incumbent PARTIDO POPULAR DEMOCRATICO (Popular
Democratic Party) (PPD) was returned to office by a
substantial majority while the PARTIDO ESTADISTA REPUBLICANO
(Republican Statehood Party of Puerto Rico (PER), its
_
chief opponent, has proclaimed itself reasonably satisfied
with the election results since they increased their share
of the total votes cast.
The PARTIDO INDEPENDENTISTA PUERTORRIQUENO
(Inde~endence Party of Puerto RicoJ (PIP) dropped in its
share of the votes cast to about 2 2 %.
Election statistics as set forth in the press
displayed a substantial increase in voters over the last
election which, of course, is due to the gradual increase
in population, and observers generally agree that the
electoral strike urged by the MOVIMIENTO PRO INDEPENDENCIA
DE PUERTO RICO (Puerto Rican Independence Movement) (MPIPR/4
had virtually no effect on the number of votes cast or
- ·
the election itself.
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offered to resign his l e a d e r s h i p ~ ~ MPIPR · ,:·:,:,.
if it was felt that h<e ,~as impeding the progress ot . : · ... ·
independence. If he did this, he hoped that all independence
groups would unite i n _ . , . , . . , , ,liberation
,
t'ront. No . ·
.. n AA one seriously expects
resign and he has ..~_._::;,: . .;.:,.· ,
r{\(J.JV,:prvv- proclaimed the electo
s
victory since the' ..··;~··_0 : ~ ,_:_·.• ·' _:·
_____ESTADISTA vote. did not increase as much as some persons ''?£j.> • :., ;- .
•
had predicted.
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We,propose to mail out another leaflet over
the signature ~
ur f
!l'vthical "GRUPO PRO USO VOTO DEL MPI"
which attacks
and his immediate leadership
associates in
1•,r
and suggests that, by their action,
they have nullified the independentista vote and further.,:<·
·
dimmed the opportunities: for -the future i n d e p e n d e ~ ~
Puerto Rico. At the same time, it suggests t h a t . - . · ~ ~
might be using MPIPR funds for his personal use ar.a r101cu~e!'.:.:-two of his c~i "tanta,
-
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·-·
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anaallall ..
'Ille text of the proposed leaflet is set forth
as follows:
YOU SO!
. "FAILURE OF THE ELECTORAL
STRIKE---WE TOLD . ·:;;,"
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''Well, it's all over now. We posted posters;····..
we marched and sang, we demonstrated and cheered our
leaders, and we poured out our money---all to no avail·.
The Electoral Strike was the most colossal failure 1n
the political history of our. Island. Yes, we told you
so, and here's why it failed.
"The Electoral Strike failed because it was
the feeble product of a small group of unscrupulous men
ambitious ·for po~er at the expense of the cor..mon man.
Heading these is our Young Leader who showed colllll,endable
.eneriY and dedication to the cause of independence in
the cam~aign. He abandoned his faltering law practice
but still managed to live in his fashionable Rio PiedraG
home, and he and his devoted wife each continued to
. 1 ..
drive their new automobiles. We wonder if our nickel· .i .;
and dime contributions, our dollars to the Day of· Work '; ··
campaigns,
didn't
help pay for these
little luxuries.
.
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·. and enJ07s dabbling in. 'fore1gn·'relet.t-0ns. • Surely his"!_;f:"~ .
experience as a furniture peddler is valuable in this_, · · ·
specialized field!· Our Aging Merchant races dr&~atically ·.
off to New York, Europe, an~rihere, to carry out hie
foreign relations duties---while his wife wondere why .;..._, .~:··· ,._ .. ·.
ehe can't accompany him on these ·• diplomatic I Junkete ~-"'~-~~-:;, :..:;· ·-:
Yes, he helped plan our Electoral Strike! ,. , .:- ··;, ': ~;.;;,:,_, '\f ~'x</ · :
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" And there's the Intellectual. This baldeagle, .·· ' ·
perch~a in nis pala~ial hilltop mansior. in Rio Fiedras, · .
helped plot the Electoral Strike campaign by writing
professorial commentar!-es that few people even pretended to
understand. He bought a high sounding title 1n our or-,. · ·
ganization with his wife's money and contributed heavily-~~· _'. : .
to the dismal failure of the Electoral Strike. , :",'>.;;_ >-~---, <,'."{ ·
.
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"These •leaders' were assi11ted by -the'. !young-._:,~·.,~:
lions', newly designated attorneys and university · :, ',
students with little experience or responsibility but.
a vast willingness to experiment with the destinies or·
an entire people. We are particularly proud of the
activities of these youngsters for they have brought our
University a fine reputation in the eyes of the world---due
to their efforts the world sees our students as lawless·~--·- , ·" · ·
brig~nds desecrating their University caJ.Jpus,. jeering_ 1
their Chancellor, and finally forcing police action~ , :·- , 1· -•·
to curb their Juvenile antics.
·
· ·
~::<, ,:-·,
''The results of our Electoral Strike were
gratifying---to the Populares! They gained; the Estadistas
gained. Who lost? Why, the PIP, of course! Yes, the
PIP share or the vote dropped lower than ever before.
The spirit of organized independence has never burned lower
than it is right now . . Now our Young Leader poses
proudly while being arrested over a trivial clause in the
election law and magnanimously offers to step aside from
his leadership position in the interest of National
Liberation. He and his cronies should have thought of
it before.
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legitimate struggle f'or. independence. ..The road to ,'l: '(·')~,~ ·
independence· is through the ballot box; not through ..
f'utile campaigns designed to enhance the ego of a few
irresponsible leaders. We repudiate our Young Leader
and his friends! We extend the handclasp of brotherho.~ ,,,,.......·
to sincere independentistas throughout the 'Island .and-(;,:.""';i'-':•./-~:.
implore that a new spirit· of unity prevail.-amongst;-us.,~.. 't::~~:·~ ,,
Let's make our efforts count for the sake of our· 0 ~,.._.,;.:;-/.,;-_~ .
fatherland, n
- --• ----~·- '.'!--' ,_
,·
As
in the past, we propose to mail this leaflet
from a Post Office in an outlying area to those persons
on our portion of the MPIPR mailing list and selected
independence leaders and sympathi2:_ers.
. _,.- .• (/_ ;:·:{/~-·
We recognize the need for not· overdoing· these .. - (
:
anonymous leaflets as the Bureau pointed out in its letter.·-~•. of 10/13/64. We feel in this instance, however, that it · - ,·.
n opportunity to strike a near mortal blow at
and the MPIPR since they are still somewhat
~
rg?nized and confused after the failure of their .
·
electoral strike campaign.
·
alt/MMA
Bureau authority is solicited to· 1.mmediatelyr-_:
put the proposed plan into effect.
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
l
Director, FBI (105-93124)
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1 - Y.r. Belmont ·
1 - Mr. Mohr.
l 1964
&1"eo1Pe¥"i:C'
. . ,-._ f : .
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1 - Mr. Sullivan:
~~OpP~--~!=EKING ~~~EP-~ENCEJ.OR ·• •.. __ ~.:
PUERTO ..RICO (COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVE.~SIVE CONTROL SECTION.
00
iai
INTERNAL SECURITY - PRN
•
ReBµlet 8/25/64 and San Juan ai~tel 9/23/64.
Attached are 5,000 copies of a leaflet
PFepared at the Bureau in the Spanish language depicting
representatives of Federacion De Universitarios Pro - ·
f
Independencia (FUPI) at various coillll1lllist-sponsored
affairs. Also enclosed are 1,000 copies of a letter in
the Spanish language captioned ''l'he-"truth About FEPI"
(!'edercacion Estudiantil Pro Independencfa)~ The leaflet
should be distributed by you,..:.anonymously, in such a manner
. that the origin of the leaflet will not be kno~ at the
: ·University of Puerto Rico through the University Catholic
newspaper "El Vigial' the University of Puerto Rico Statehood
Group and University of Puerto Rico Student Leaders, who in
the past have distributed ant.i-FUPI Jllaterial •
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The letter ''The Truth About FEPI" should be
distributed by you along with copies of the leaflet
mentioned above anonymously to selected student leaders,
school officia~ teachers and parents, who might be
influenced to take action against this high school affiliate
of FUPI.
-J-.J
�--·----·-----·-··-~-""- -~---- ~-~-·a-"·-•
; Letter to San Juan
. ',
RE:
CROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO
(COUNI'ERl!.'TELLIG!i:NCE PROGRAJ-0·
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
- ~ •·
llQll:
·•
Preparation and distribution of the leaflet
and letter mentioned above vas approved by memorandum
. . . . . . . to Mr. Sull::.van 10/7/64, BGLP:ssh. F1JPI is a
~ r i e n t e d organization on the campus of the
University of Puerto Rico. Copy of leaflet and letter
attached to yellow copy of this letter.
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LA FUPI T CASTRO - 1963
En la foto superior vemos al ex-presidente de la n:JPI,
Ramon Arbona Earttnez (flecha a la izquierda) 7 a Rarciso Rabell
(flecha a la derecha), ocupando puestos de honor en la tribuna
presidencial en el Congreso Internacional de Solidaridad con Cuba
celebrado en Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en el 1963. Arbona 7 Rabell
fueron enviados a esta reunion del comunismo internacional coao
delegados comunistas oficiales de la FUPI.
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LA FUPI Y MAO TSB TUJfG - 1964
Bn la .foto superior aparecen los camaradas Karta S!Dchez
·01aeda (flecha a la izquierda) y Barciso Rabell Martinez (flecha a
la derecha). S!Dchez ocupa el puesto de Secretaria de Actas de la
!'DPI y Rabell es el e•bajador de la FtJPI a la Union Internacional
de Bstudiantes, organizaci6n comunista con sede en Praga, ·checosloTaquia. SAnchez 7 Rabell aparecen en conferencia con •ao Tse Tung,
co1111nista radical 7 Presidente del Partido Co11Unista en China. Est
conferencia tuvo lugar en China Comunista en aarzo del 1964.
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1961
Aparece en esta foto el caaarada Rabell (seaalado por la
flecha) aplaudiendo al Primer Ministro Sovi6tico Nikita Kruschev
en un congreso coaunista celebrado en el 1961. Rabell asisti6 a
este congreso coao delegado oficial de la FUPI.
Coapanero Estudiante:
l
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Actualmente se encuentran en la U.P.R. agentes de la
Pederaci6n de Universitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI) reclutando
nuevos "aiembros." Su empefto es desesperado, pues cada d1a el
grupo es m4s pequeno y est4 a punto de desaparecer. Para aquellos
que, no sabiendo lo que es la FUPI, han escuchado con simpat!a a
esta "defensora del estudiantado" van dirigidas en especial estas
bojas •
~Qu6 es la FUPI?
.''
~
La Federaci6n de Universitarios Pro Independencla es la
punta de lanza del comuniS1110 en su empeno por inflltrarse en la
Vida universit aria del pals.. A este fin, los coJ11Unistas ban trabajado ardua y ca~ladamente preparando sus 11deres. Son muchos
los aiembros de la FUPI que ban viajado secretamente a Rusia,
Checoslovaqula, China, Cuba, Rumanla, para recibir adlestramlento
en agitaci6n, propaganda y organlzaci6n. Son estos estudiantes
de probada lealtad los que aSI regreso pasan a ocupar los puestos
, dirigentes. El actual presidente de la FUPI estuvo varios meses
en Rusia antes de ser "electo" a esa posici6n.
�.
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El cont~tjtdirecto de Moscd sobre
se realiza a
trav6s de la Uni6n Internacional de Estudiantes (U.I.E.), con
sede en Praga, Checoslovaquia. A trav6s de 6sta, los coaunistas
dirigen y coor_dinan las acti vidades de sus agentes en aquellas
universidades donde estos agentes trabajan. Desde el 1960, los
co,nunistas mantienen en Praga a Narciso Rabell Martinez, quien
fujera secretario de relaciones exteriores de la FUPI. Por medio
d~ Rabell, ellos dirigen y controlan las actividades de la Fl}PI
desde Praga. Rabell es el quedl.rige y controla la FUPI desde
Praga, como el agente mAs sarvil de Moscd. Prueba de la confianza
que Moscd tiene depositada en Rabell es la foto en que 6ste aparece cerca de Nikita ~schev en Koscd, en un acto de estudiantes
comunistas.
tpodrt la FUPI negar lo que decimos? Ro. Bo podrl.
JntentarAn sus 11deres de cubrirse·con el 11&11to-de la Independencia, de la Liberaci6n Nacional. T nosotros les preguntaremos:
iQu6 beneficio~ reporta al ideal independentista los elogios 7
las defensas al r6gimen du Fidel Castro? iQu6 ayuda prestan los
agentes entrenados por Hoscu? iQu6 de los viajes a Cuba, China,
Rusia?
Evidentemente, la FUPI no lucba por la independencia,
sino por convertir el aayor ndmero de j6venes al coaunisao. La
foto que aparece en la primera p!gina es prueba concreta de la
reciente traici6n de la FUPI a nuestro querido pals. Marta SAnchez,
quien es secretaria de actas de la FUPI, y Narciso Rabell conferenciaron largamente con el comunista ids radical 7 violento conocido en
el mundo actualmente, Kao Tse Tung, En este encuentro, S4nchez 7
Rabell expresaron la solidaridad de la FUPI con los chinos comunistas. iEs necesario decir algo mJ.s? tC6mo podrlan los belicosos
chinos comunistas, cuyos engafios y falsedades son nundialmente conocidos, adn en Moscd, ayudar a Puerto Rico o a cualquier otro pals
amante de la paz? La respuesta obvia es que no podr4n de ninguna
manera, a menos que convertir a Puerto Rico en una isla saqueada
por los comunistas pueda ser clasificado como ayuda.
Compafiero estudiante, las fotos que aparecen en este panfleto demuestran claramente el dominio ejercido sobre la FUPI por
las naciones comunistas de Cuba, China, y Rusia.
Te instamos, compafiero, a reconocer a la FUPI 7 sus aiembros como lo queen realidad son - agentes del comuniS1110 y enem.igos
de nuestro pals, de los Estados Unidos y de cualquier pals democrAtico del mundo, amante de la paz.
..
iRo pendtas que la FUPI te engafie, compafiero?
.. ·
..
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~
·iAlerta, compafiero?
iRo caigas en las redes del comunismo
· y _sus agent es en Puerto Rico!
"
.
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'
I
~ente Anti-Comunista Universitario •
�,
LA VERDAD SOBRI LA FEPI
-'
)
Jerido Betodi~t• de Escuela Superior:
__
Bl panfleto adjunto demuestra el dom.1.nio 7. control que
ejercen los comunistas sobre la Federaci6n de Universitarioa Pro
Independencia (FUPI), Como todos nosotros sabemos, la Federaci6n
lstudiantil Pro Independencia (FEPI) es la creaci6n de la· FUPI,
,7. la FUPI dirige, mantiene 7. controla a la FEPI,
La FEPI alega
tener inter6s en aejorar las condiciones en nuestraa escuelas
superiores,
'
Bo te dejes engaftar,
Bl verdadero objetivo de la creaci6n de la FEPI es reclutar aieabros para la FUPI.
En la aa7.or
parte, la FUPI ha fracasado en sus intentos por conseguir aiembros
entre los universitarioa, 7. ahora, en la manera aut6nticaaente
subversiva, la FUPI estl tratando de atrapar estudiantes de escuela superior a trav6s de la FEPI,
Un ejemplo excelente de 6sto que te deciaoa es el presidente de la FEPI durante el afto escolar 1963-1964, Jos6 Antonio
Quiles Barrios. En cuanto el camarada Quiles se gradu6 de escuela superior, pas6 a ocupar un puesto de importancia en el Coait6
ljecutivo de la FUPI, el cual gobierna 7. dirige las actividades
comunistas 7. subversivas de la FUPI,
Bo perm.itas que la FUPI 7. la FEPI difundan el coaunismo
7. la subversi6n por medio de nuestras escuelas superiorea,
Permanece alerta para detener los esfuerzos de las redes
comunistas 7. sus j6venes agentes en Puerto Rico,
;Abajo la FEPI 7. elcomunismo!
Frente Anti-Comunista Universitario,
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Memorandum
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Mr. W. C. Sulliv14~ :,~
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SliBJECT:
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DATE:
October 1. 1964
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'GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
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(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
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PURPOSE:
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Callahan
Sullivan
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·_The purpose of this memorandum is to requE!st ap~oval
for the anonymous distribution of a four page leaflet in the
Spanish language in Puerto Rico. This leaflet graphically
shows the connection of the Federacion De Universitarios·-.Pro
/ Independencia (FUPI) with .international communism.··-.
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BACKGROUND:
FUPI is a Marxist-oriented student organization on
the campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR}=,under the
guise of advocating independence for Puerto Rico.: This organization adheres to the policies of international communism.
FUPI is a member of the International Union of Students, a
.
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' Marxist organization with headquarters in Prague,.Czechoslovakia. /.'
Narciso Rabell Martinez is FUPI ambassador to the International
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Union of Students and has resided in Prague for the past three /-years. In the Fall of 1963, we distributed anonymously on
the campus of the UPR a leafle.t with suitable caption containing photographs of Rabel on the speakers platform with
Khrushchev in Moscow. Also shown were photographs taken at
a Castro rally in Brazil depicting Rabell and the then
president of FUPI on-the speakers platform. This leaflet was
very successful as a measure against FUPI.
We have now obtained a photograph from a Chinese
.,·
_ 'newspaper showing Rabell and the FUPI representative, Marta
. Sanchez, in conference with ,po Tse-Tung 1 ,,Chairman of the
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llemoranduuema to Sullivan
RE: GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
J 105-93124
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RECOl!MENDATI ONS:
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1. If you approve, 5 1 000 copies of a four-page leaflet
depicting FUPI leaders at communist functions in Russia, Brazil,
and Communist China will be prepared at the Bureau on unwatermarked commercial mimeograph paper and will be distributed
anonymously at the UPR by bulk mailings to the university
Catholic newspaper "El Vigia," the UPR Statehood Youth Group
and UPR student leaders who have distributed anti-FUPI material
in the past. ~ttached is an English translation of material to
be contained in the flier with copies of the photographs to be
used. The finished flier will have the photographs sized to
fit the spaces alloted for them,
2. If you approve, copies of the above-mentioned
leaflet will be distributed anonymously along with an appropriate
cover letter (English translation attached) to selected high
school officials and interested parents to explain the connection
between FUPI and its high school affiliated Federacion Estudiantil
Pro Independencia.
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(FEDERATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR UlDEPENDllCE)
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THE FUPI AND MAO TSE TUNG - 1964
Above we see COIIIX'ades Marta S4nchez Olmeda (arrow to the
left) and Narciso Rabell Martinez (arrow to the right). ,S4nchez
is the Secretary of Minutes of the FUPI and Rabell is the FUPI Ambassador to the comIDUnist organization International Union of
Students in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Stnchez and Rabell are shown
conferring with the radical co11111unist Mao Tse Tung, Chairman of th•
COIDlllllnist Party in China. This conference took place in Co111111Unist
China during llarcb 1964.
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THE FUPI AND ~ASTRO
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Above we see the former FUPI President Ram6n Arbona
Martinez (arrow to the left} and Narciso Rabell (arrow tq the
right}, occupying positions of honor on the presidential .. tribune
of the International Congress of Solidarity with Cuba held in
Jlio de Janeiro, Brazil during 1963. Arbona and Rabell were sent
to this important meeting of international co111111Unism as the
official communist representatives of the FUPI •
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�THE FUPI AND KHRUSHCHEV - 1961
Above we see Comrade Rabell (arrow) applauding Soviet
Prelllier Khrushchev at a communist congress held during 1961.
Rabell attended this communist congress as the official FUPI
representative.
Dear Student:
There are presently in the U.P.R. some agents of the
Federation of University Students for Independence (FUPI) recruiting new "members." Their determination is desperate, for
the group becomes smaller each day, and it is about to disappear.
These pages are especially for those who, not knowing what the
FUPI is, have listened with sympathy to this "defender of the
student body."
What is the FUPI?
The Federation .of University Students for Independence
is the main arm of communism in its attempt to infiltrate in the
university life of the country. To this end, the communists have
worked arduously and silently, preparing their leaders. ,very
many FUPI members have traveled to Russia, Czechoslovakia, China,
Cuba, Rumania, in order to receive training in agitation: propaganda and organization. At their return, these students of proved
loyalty occupy the leading positions. The present FUPI President
spent several months in Russia before he was "elected" to that
position.
�Moscow's direct control over the FOPI is carried on
through the International Union of Students (I.U.S.), with headquarters in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The collllllUnists direct and
coordinate the activities of their agents in those universities
where these agents work through these headquarters. Tbey_bave ·
maintained in Prague since 1960 Narciso Rabell Martinez, ybo was
Foreign Relations Secretary of the FUPI once. Through Rabell, they
direct and control from Prague the FDPI activities. Rabell is
the one who directs and controls the FUPI from Prague, as Moscow's
aost servile agent. Evidence of the confidence that Moscow has
deposited on Rabell is the photo in which the latter appears near
Nikita Xhrushchev in Moscow, at an activity of comrunist students •
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Can the FOPI deny what we are saying? Bo. It cannot.
Its leaders will try to cover themselves with the robe of Independence, ·of National ~iberation. And we shall ask them: What
benefits do the praises and defenses of Fidel Castro's regime
give to the independentist ideal? What help do the agents trained
by Moscow give? What about the travels to Cuba, China, Russia?
Evidently, the FUPI is not fighting tor independence,
but for the conversion of the largest number of young people to
c011J1.unism. The photo on the first page is concrete proof of
the recent treason of the FOPI against our beloved country. Marta
SAnchez, who is the Secretary of Minutes of the FOPI, and Narciso
· Rabell conferred at length with the most violent radical cOlllllunist
known to the world today, •ao Tse Tung. During this encounter
S4nchez and Rabell expressed the solidarity of the FUPI with the
Communist Chinese. Reed we say more? Bow can the war loving
C01DJ11unist Chinese, whose deceit and treachery is known throughout
the worl-0, even in Moscow, possibly help Puerto Rico or any other
peace loving people? The obvious anS'll'er is that they cannot,
unless making Puerto Rico into a communist ravaged land might
be classified as help.
Pellow student, the photographs shown in this pamphlet
clearly show the FOPI's continuing domination by the collllllUD.ist
nations of Cuba, China and Russia.
We urge you, fellow student, to recognize the FOPI and
its members·for what they actually are - agents of Communis• and
enemies of our country, the United States and every peace loving
democracy in the world.
Do not allow the FOPI to dec~ive you, fellow student?
Remain alert! Do not fall into the conspiracy of the
communists and their agents in Puerto Rico?
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· LA FUPI Y HAO TSE TUNG - 1964
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Bn la foto superior aparecen los camaradas Kar\a Sbchez
Olmeda (flecha a la izquierda) y Barciso Rabell Kartlnez,(flecha a
la derecha). · Sbchez ocupa el puesto de Secretaria de Actas de la
l"UPI y Rabell es el embajador de la FUPI a la Union Internacional
Estudiantes, organizaci6n comunista con sede en Praga, Checoslo
Sllnchez . y Rabell aparecen en conferencia con Kao Tse Tung
comunista radical y Presidente del Partido Comunista en China. Es
conferencia tuvo lugar en China Comunista en aarzo del 1964.
de
Taquia.
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LAFUPI T CASTRO - 1963
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En la foto superior vemos al ex-presidente de ~a FUPI,
Kam6n Arbona Martinez (flecha a la izquierda) ya Narcisq Rabell
(flecha a la derecha), ocupando puestos de honor en la t~ibuna
presidencial en el Congreso Internacional de Solidaridad con Cuba
celebrado en Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,·en el 1963. Arbona y Rabell
fueron enviados a esta reuni6n del coD1Unis~o internacional como
delegados comunistas oficiales de la FUPI.
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LA FUPI Y DUSCBEV - 1961
Aparece en esta foto el camarada Rabell (seaalado por la
· flecha) aplaudiendo al Primer Ministro Sovi6tico Nikita Kruschev
en un congreso comunista celebrado en el 1961. Rabell asisti6 a
este congreso como delegado oficial de la FUPI.
Coapaaero Estudiante:
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Actualmente se encuentran en la U.P,R. agentes de la
Federaci6n de Universitarios Pro Independencia (FOPI) reclutando
uuevos "miembros." Su empeao es desesperado, pues cada dia el
grupo es m!s pequeao y est! a punto de desaparecer. Para aquello·
que, no sabiendo lo que es la FUPI, han escuchado con simpatia a
esta "defensora del estudiantado" van dirigidas en especial estas
bojas.
iQu6 es la FUPI?
.•
La FederaciOn de Universitarios Pro Independencia es la
punta de lanza del comunismo en su empeao por infiltrarse en la
vida universit aria del pais. A este fin, los comunistas han tra·
bajado ardua y calladamente preparando sus lideres. 8011 muchos
los miembros de la FUPI que ban viajado secretamente a Rusia,
Checoslovaquia, China, Cuba, Rumania, para recibir adiestramientc
en agitaciOn, propaganda y organizaci6n. Son estos estudiantes
de probada lealtad los que a91 regreso pasan a ocupar los puestof
dirigentes. El actual presidente de la FUPI estuvo varios meses
en Rusia antes de ser "electo" a esa posici6n.
�El control directo de Koscd sobre la FUPI se realiza a
-,travas de la Uni6n Internacional de Estudiantes (U.I.E.),. con
sede en Praga, Checoslovaquia, A travas de 6sta, los comunistas
dirigen y coordinan las actividades de sus agentes en aquellas
universidades donde estos agentes trabajan. Desde el 196Q, los
comunistas mantienen en Praga a Narciso Rabell Martinez, iu,ien
fuera secretario de relaciones exteriores de la FUPI, Por 1118dio
de Rabell, ellos dirigen y controlan las actividades de la FUPI
desde Praga, Rabell es el quedl.rige y controla la FUPI desde
Praga, como el agente m4s servil de Moscd, Prueba de la confianza
que Koscd tiene depositada en Rabell es la foto en que aste aparece cerca de Nikita Kruschev en Moscd, en un acto de estudiantes
comunistas
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l,FodrA la FUPI negar lo que decimos? Bo. llo podr4.
IntentarA1i" sus llderes de cubrirse con el manto de la Independencia, de la Liberaci6n Nacional. Y nosotros les preguntaremos:
lQu6 beneficios reporta al ideal independentista los elogios y
las defensas al r6gimen de Fidel Castro? lQu6 ayuda prestan los
agentes entrenados por Moscu? lQu6 de los viajes a Cuba, China,
Rusia?
Evidentemente, la FUPI no lucha por la independencia,
sino por convertir el mayor ndmero de j6venes al colllllnisao. La
foto que aparece en la primera p!gina es prueba concreta de la
reciente traiciOn de la FUPI a nuestro querido pals. Marta S4nchez
quien es secretaria de actas de la FUPI, y Narciso Rabell conferenciaron largamente con el comunista mis radical y violento conocido
el mundo actualmente, Mao Tse Tung. En este encuentro, S4nchez y
Rabell expresaron la solidaridad de la FUPI con los chinos comunistas. lES necesario decir algo mis? lC6mo podrlan los belicosos
chinos comunistas, cuyos engaaos y falsedades son mundialmente cono
cidos, adn en Moscd, ayudar a Puerto Rico o a cualquier otro pals
amante de la paz? La respuesta obvia es que no podr!n de ninguna
aanera, a menos que convertir a Puerto Rico en una isla saqueada
por los comunistas pueda ser clasificado como ayuda.
Compafiero estudiante, las fotos que aparecen en este panfleto demuestran claramente el dominio ejercido sobre la FUPI por
las naciones comunistas de Cuba, China, y Rusia.
Te instamos, compaftero, a reconocer a la FUPI y sus miem·
bros como lo queen realidad son - agentes del comunismo y enemigof
de nuestro pals, de los Estados Unidos y de cualquier pals democrA·
tico del mundo; amante· de la paz.
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,No permitas que la FUPI te engafte, compaftero?t
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y sus agentes en Puerto Rico!
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,No caigas en las redes del
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DIRECTOR, FBI (l05-93J.24)
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JUAB (105-3353 Sub l)
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SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBJECT:
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10/J.9/64
DATE:
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SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
IS - PRN
Re San Juan airtel 9/29/64 and Bureau lett~r
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The anonymous fiyer suggested and authorized 1n
references above was mailed on October 15, 1964 at Humacao, a to'WD on the south coast of Puerto Rico.
The reaction to our leaflet was immediate and
m.ost gratifying as can be seen b:y:_ a study of the attached
clipping from the October 19, 1904 issue of The San .Tl.AD·
Star.
Further reaction to our leaflet will be provided
you as sources report.
(i\Bureau (RM)
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.I .M. Denies 'Splinter Grot
GROUP' LETTER
II:, TOMAS STELLA
· Leaders of the Pro Independ·
ence Movement said yesterday
tbey knew nothing of a splinter
group anthin their organization
wbicb is calling for all· indepen..
dentistas to &o to the polls on
Nov. 3.
A letter criticizing P.t.M. · Sec-
P.I.111 .. said In a telephone Interview that "l know nothing of .sucb
a group within tbe P .I.M. and I
don't care.
~1 do wisb to say, however,"
Marques added. "'that while I re-
U.P.R. professor, bowever, recent·
I:, abandoned bis opposition to ir.·
dependentistas participating In
local elections, and joined the Independence Party (P.l.P.).
A
prominent
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member
signed from the P.l.111. for tactical said yesterday tbat "we've seen
reasons, I am still opposed to colo- sheets similar to this one before.
nlal elections aJd have no inten- The difference is that in the past
leadership within the
lhat several promine,
of that organization a;
tbat independentistas
to wte.
-i doubt. however
"wbetehr tbece is such
prosullrage group with
One thing 1 am sure
retary General Juan Mari Bras's tion of joining any other inde- they were mailed from different ever, and th.at is that r
· defense of Fidel Castro and bis
support of an electoral boycott bas
been cittulating around San Juan
for tbe past few days.
1be letter-a mimeographed
sheet mailed from Hwnaca-is
pendentista group."
lllenlloned As Eumples
'!be names of Marques and Uni-
ftrsity of Puerto Rico professor
Manuel Maldonado Dennis were
used by the pro-suffrage group as
places in tbe island.
"We've never been able to d..termine who is writing them. but
surely il is not members of ow
organization,'" be added. 0 1 would
not be surprised ii some P .I.P.
members were doing it just tu
signed by the "PJ.M. Prv Suffrage examples ·of ••promillent members
oup ... None of the names of the of our organization. who have far- discredit the P l.M:·
mbers of the group is. mention· mally abandoned the P.I.M.''
Leader Crisis
however.
Maldonado Dennis, altbougb a
A P.l.P. spokesman, wbo ask.«!
~ Rene Marques, local playwright frequent speaker at P.1.M. act•, not to be identified, said tbat "we
wbo resigned recently from the never joined that organization. The know that there is a crisis or
nnr its members have
in cm:ulating sucb I<
.The letter, which k
tbe question: "Does
Mari Btas) suppose
otber Communist stoo
Castro!,.. includes 1 ,
on p .1.U. leaders w!
that natiooaliz.ation c
owned industries mu,
follow Puerto Rican i
Page_ 6
_San Juan STAR
San Juen, P.l{ •
.,..••, 10/19/64
Edition:
Authon
Tomos Stella
Edlton
Wffl. Jo Dorvlll1.t
PIM DENIES
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Trani!lhtt the fallowing in
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AIRTEL
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9/23/64
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SUBJECT: OoRouPs SEEKINO_INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
~'COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE ~ON'IROL SECTION
IS - PRN
(00: SJ)
. ReSJlet. 4/22/64 1 Bulet, 8/5/64, and Bulet. 8/25/64.
Enclosed for the ·:aureau are two copies ot the
Spanish version, together with one copy or the English
translation. or the propcsed text to be utilized in a pamphlet
against the FEDERACION DE UNIVERSITARIOS PRO INDEPENDENCIA
(FUPI). Also enclosed for the Bureau are two copies ot the
Spanish version and one copy or the English translation or
a flyer to be used against the FEDERACION ESTUDIANTIL PRO
INDEPENDENCIA (FEPI). .
·
_ Bureau should note that the Spanish text or the FUPI
pamphlet has been typed in the same approximate location as-it
would appear in the pamphlet. Additionally. the SJO has allowed
apace ror the insertion or pertinent photographs by the Bureau
in the spaces provided for in the pamphlet.
The SJO bas temporarily affixed facsimiles or
pertinent photographs to be .utilized in the pamphlet.
-/i
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If the text of the above material meets with the
Bureau's approval. the Bureau is requested to prepare 51 000
copies or the pamphlet and furnish these to the SJO for
anonymous distribution. The Bureau is requested to prepare
0
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\:62-'BUreau (En:~{6}(~) _~EC~:../,
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· 1.000 copies ot the tlyer to be utilized against the FEPI!
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J .·.,.··• . ~ . ·••
..•••.,. '
•
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These 1.000 copies should be attached to 1,000 copies ot·the
FUPI pamphlet at the Bureau tor anonymous distribution to
local high schools where the influence or the FEPI is
~reatest.
. . . ... . -.. --· .· !~.;:.-~r\~··
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•· · · : The SJO intends to mail the FUPI ·pamphlet · to .the •. c:..; :.~ ·}ROTC units at the UPR, Rio Piedras and Mayaguez campuses •.
Additionally, the SJO plans to distribute the pamphlet · . -er. :· ·
anonymously to ~he Statehood Republican Party youth and
·
to the Anti-Communist ~niversity Front at the UPR As
indicated above. the distribution or the pamphlet and tlyer
would be anonymous and would be accomplished by mailing.
·,>.··~,,,--_,.
0
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~-...-·
the material from various post offices throughout the · ·
.
.
.. -~ . : : .·.~·-.;..
metropalitan San Juan area. The SJO would exercise extreme , · ·. -~-,:.,·
caution to insure that the pamphlet and flyer.in no way could".·,; .. ·
be traced to an employee ot the FBI.
·.. - .... ,:>c
, · ,.
.
As indicated in reSJlet. 4/22/64, the SJO teels
that the propased pamphlet would have a disastrous ettect
upon the FUPI at the UPR.
Tbe Bureau is requested to expeditiously handle
this 111Btter in order that the pamphlet might be distributed
betore the annual FUPI.congress held during the latter weeks
or October. 1964. · "
-· ·
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2 .
.....
•.
· ... ·
.
·-
....
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·~
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�· ATENCION
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iQu4 es la FUPI, en realidad?
(FEDERACION DB 1JNIVERSITARIOS PRO l!IDEPENDENCIA)
t
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· LA FUPI Y MAO TSE TUNG - 1964
En la foto superior aparecen los camaradas llart·a S4nchez
Olmeda (flecha a la izquierda) y Narciso Rabell Martinez ;(flecha a
la derecha). S4nchez ocupa el puesto de Secretaria de Actas de la
J'UPI y·Rabell es el embajador de la J'UPI a la Union Internacional
de Estudiantes, organizaci6n comunista con scde en Praga, Checoslovaquia. S4nchez y Rabell aparecen en conferencia con Mao Tse Tung,
comunista radical y Presidente del Partido C01:1Unista en China. Est
conferencia tuvo lugar en China Comunista en marzo del 1964.
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LA FUPI Y CASTRO - 1963
..
. · .• .~. . . ; ..:
En la foto superior vemos al ex-presidente de la FUPI,
BamOn Arbona Martinez (flecha a la izquierda) ya Narciso.Rabell
(flecba a la derecba), ocupando puestos de honor en la tr~buna
presidencial en el Congreso Internacional de Solidaridad con Cuba
celebrado en Rio de Janeiro, Bras11.·en el 1963. Arbona 7 Rabell
tueron enviados a esta reuniOn del comuniSlllO Internacional como
delegados comunistas oficiales de la !'UPI.
�-f
,·
•
·LA FUPI Y JmUSCHEV - 1961
Aparece en esta foto el camarada Rabell (seftalado por la'
flecha) aplaudiendo al Primer Uinistro Sovi6tico Nikita Kruschev
en un congreso comunista celebrado en el 1961. Rabell asisti6 a
este conpeso como delegado oficial de la FUPI.
COlllpaftero Estudiante:
Actualmente se encuentran en la U.P.R. agentes de la
Federaci6n de Universitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI) reclutando
nuevos "miembros." SU empefto es desesperado, pues cada dla el
grupo es m4s pequefto '1 est4 a punto de desaparecer. Para aquellos
que, no sabiendo lo que es la FUPI, han escuchado con simpatla a
esta "defensora del estudiantado" van dirigidas en especial estas
bojas.
iQuf es la FUPI?
La Fbderacidn ae Universitarios Pro Independencia es la
punta de lanza del comunismo en su empelio por infiltrarse en la
vida univers:ltaria del pals. A este fin, los comunistas.ban trabajado ardua '1 calladamente preparando sus llderes. Son,muchos
los miembros de la FUPI que ban viajado secretamente a Busia,
Cbecoslovaquia. Cbina,-Cuba, Bumania, para recibir adiestramiento
en agitaci6n, propaganda '1 organizaci6n. Son estos estudiutes
de probada lealtad los que aw regreso pasan a ocupar los puestos
dirigentes. El actual presidente de la FUPI estuvo varios meseA
·en Rusia antes de ser "electo" a esa posici6n.
�El control directo de Mosca sobre la FlJl>I se realiza a
.. trav1s de la Uni On Internacional de Estudlantes (U. I .B.), con
sede en Fraga, Checoslovaquia. A trav6s de 6sta, los comunistas
dirigen y coordinan las activldades de sus agentes en aqu~llas
universidades dondo estos agentes trabajan. Desde el 196~, los
comunlstas mantionen en Praga a Narciso Rabell Martinez, qulen
fuera secretarlo de relaclones exteriores de la FUPI. Por medlo
de Rabell, ellos dirlgen y controlau las activldades de la l'tJPI
desde Prnga. Rabell es el quecll.rige y controla la FUPI desde
Pr.aga, como el agente m4s servll de llosca. Prueba de la contianza
quo Uoscd tiene depositada en Rabell es la foto en que Gste aparece cerca de Nikita Kruschev en Moscd, en un acto de estudlautes
• comunistas •
f
~odrA la FUPI negar lo que decimos? Bo. Bo podrl.
lntentardn sus·ltdcres de cubrlrse con el D1anto de la Independencia, de la L1berac16n Naclonal. Y nosotros les preguntaremos:
iQu~ beneficios reporta al ideal independentista los elogios y
las defensas al r6glmen de Fidel Castro? tQu6 ayuda prestan los
agentes entrenados por Moscu? tQu6 rie los viajes a Cuba, China,
Busia?
Evldentemente, la FUPI no·lucha por la 1ndependenc1a,
sino por convertir el mayor namero de J6venes al comuniSlllo. La
foto que apnrece en la priJ!lera pdgina es prueba concreta de la
reciente traiciOn de la FUPI a nuestro qucrido pats. Marta S4ncbez
quien es secretaria de actas de la FUPI, y Narciso Rabell conferenclaron largamente con el comunista 1114s radical y violento conocido,
el mundo actualmente, llao Tse Tung. En este encuentro, S4nchez y
Rabell expresaron la solidaridad de la FUPI con los chinos comunistas. l,Es necesario decir algo lll4s? tCOmo podr1an los bellcosos
chinos cOD1unistas, cuyos engaftos y falsedades son mundialmente cone
cidos, aan en Mosca, ayudar a Puerto Rico o a cualquier otro pats
lllllaDte de la paz? La respuesta obvia es que no podrdn de ninguna
manera, a menos que convertir a Puerto Rico en una 1sla saqueada
por los cOD1unistas pueda ser clasificado como ayuda.
Compaftero estudiante, las fotos que aparecen en este panfleto demuestran claramente el dominio ejercido sobre la l'tJPI por
las naciones comunistas de Cuba, China, y Rusia.
Te 1nstamos, compaftero, a reconocer a la FUPI y sus miembros como lo queen realidad son - agentes del coJ:1Unismo y enemlgos
_de·nuestro pats, de los Estndos Unidos y de cualquier pats democr4. tico del.. . mund~,.8.J!lante
.·. .
.
.. de.la paz.
fo permltas que la FUPI te engal5.e, cODlpafterot
· .Alerta, compaffero!
7 sus agentes en Puerto _Rico!
j·
#(o cnigas en las rede~ de} comunism
·:-, ·--- . - .r
Frente Anti-Comunista Universltario,
�.-
LA VERDAD SOBRB
t
LA
FEPI
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,
Querido Estudiante de Escuela Superior:
El panfleto adjunto demuestra el dOlllinlo y control que
ejercen los comunistas sobro la Federaci6n de Universitarios Pro
• Independencia (FUPI). Como todos nosotros sabemos. la Federaci6n
Estudiantil Pro Independencla (FEPI) es la creac16n de la FUPI,
y la FUPI dirige, manti~ne y controla a la FEPI.
La FEPI alega
tener inter6s en mejorar las condiciones en nuestras escuelas
superiores.
lfo te dejes engal1ar.
Bl verdadero objetivo de la creacldn de la FEPI es reclutar mlembros para la FUPI.
En la 111111yor
parte, la FUPI ha fracasado en sus lntentos por conseguir lliembros
entre los universitarios, y ahora, en la manera autGnticamente
subversiva, la FUPI est4 tratando de atrapar estudiantes de escuela superior a trav6s de la FEPI.
Un ejemplo excelente de ~sto que te decimos es el presidente de la FEPI durante el afio escolar 1963-1964, Jos6 Antonio
Quiles Barrios. En cuanto el camarada Quiles se gradud de escue- ·
la superior, pasd a ocupar un puesto de lmportancia en el C01111tG
Bjecutivo de la FUPI, el cual gobierna y dirige las activldades
col!IUnistas y subversivas de la FUPI.
Ho permitas que la FUPI y la FEPI difundan el comunlsmo
y la subversidn por medio de nuestras escuelas superlores.
Permanece alerta para detener los esfuerzos de las redes
comunistas y sus jdvenes agentes en Puerto Rico •
• Abajo la FEPI y elCOD1unismo!
'
Frente Anti-<:omunlsta Universitario.
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10/13/64.
SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
t 1. t'i-1
REC 45
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Director, ~BI (105-93124)
J
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE 1'0R PUERTO RICO (COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
INTERNAL SECURITY - PRH
I
\
Jleurairtel 10/5/64 •
•
, While the proposed fiier to be used as a
counterintelligenr.e measure against Puerto Rican Independence K~vement (HPIPR) appears to have merit,
it is not believed advisable to send out this fiier
at this time as a similar flier proposed in your
airtel of 9/29/64 has been-ap~roved.
It is believed
that the frequent mailing of fliers to persons on
the HPIPR mailing list will have the tendency to
reduce their effectiveness.
~=
The flier proposed in referenced airtel
calls attention to the futility of the current program
instituted by HPIPR of encouraging voters to obstain
from voting in the_November, 1964,elections. A flier
pr·oposed by San Juan Office in airtel 9/29/64 which
was designed to accomplish this same purpose has been
p~aviously approved.
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Dcite: l.O/S/64
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Transmit" he followin9 In --------=--7""'"---...,...-,--------,1
(Type ia ploi• •es• o, code)
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AIRTEL
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_____
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- - - - - - - _AIRMA
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-- . -,.--·----------------· ----------------------- . ;.;:!!"'~----- TO:
FROM:
•
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-9~124)
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub l)(P)
a
SUBJECT: GROUPS SEEKDIG Il!DEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(~OUijTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
-SUBVERSIVE CJNTROL SECTION
IS - PRN
For the inf'ormation of the Bureau, Movimiento
erto Rico (MPIPR), Secretary
o Indenendencia de
, recently stated that a referendum
ould be ne
<'Jlong he members of the Puerto Rican
n
endence movement,ee~ecially among the Partido Indepcmenti
· Puertorriqueno lPIP) and MPIPR, in ord:r to
scertai ·•hether an electoral boycott is actually desired.
s
~d he is certain that the results of the
~ wouI
isclose an unanimous approval of the electoral strike campai.,,
Various
~~M
tors 1n local
newspapers have predic
that
is maneuvering
to regr.oup the MPIPR with t
PIP 1n order to form a legallyconstituted party.
...
The SJO, therefore, proposes for the Bureau's
consideration and approval the following text of afiyer,
which will be typed in the Spe.nish language on cheap
graded paper and mailed to select individuals on the MPI
mailing list available to the SJO.
/
The flyer would be mailed from an area removed
~
, ,., ., ._'i . · from the Metropolitan San Juan di;trict in a manney tyat
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(Info) (RM) • · J:;,'/·
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1-San Juan {105-~353 Sub 1)
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.SJ 105-3353 Sub 1
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"Fellow MPI1 we recently have heard our aspring , • _, __ , ....
dictator irrevocably conceed the overwhelming defeat . ,_; .,. ,.;.: - , \.~.
of the ridiculous,_ costly _electoral .strike .campaign .o'f .,. ;_,.; .._:, ;;'; ,:::
our organization,··-:· _ ·.- ·:S:.-.
- ·
- ' '< ::.. ,·<'·,:-:i~,'.:· •"<~ ··
-.
. ,..Jhen our i.ntemperate Messiah proposed that a
referendum be held to ascertain whether we independent:i!ts
actually desire the electoral strike, he clearly demonstrated
the defeat of his insane program. We view our champion's
move for a referendum as a cow~rdly attempt to attach .the
-, ;,
MPIPR tnto the successful·platform of our brother i.ndependentists, the PIP. Whey does.our Secretary General not·admi.t.the
foolishness and failure -of his. ele'!toral -strike prc:gam .as.< _:·:.: ..
. a trule leader of pri.nciple would. We fail to see why our. · ·· · ·• •
leader is attempting to conceal his i.ntentions 1n such
a cowardly fashion.
embers
that _~ ~,,: __
. -· ·
~t!·.,~'l.f,f"i~::1:~){
ana cr>W,~
"Once agai.n, we ask, what has become of the hard· · '
earned money we contribute to our patriot leader for the_futile andmeless electoral strike.
·.
"We are advised that our leader, i.n surprisi.ngly
Yankee imperialistic and capitalistic fashion has three
privately-owned automobiles of considerable value. How can
our leader afford his luxurious.home and fleet of cars?
Has our leader deceived us? We demand an immediate accounting of all expenditures for our contributions to the electoral
striie. We have seen our leader come end go to the great
pla~and of the north, New York City, on numerous occasions, spending our money. What cacrete results can he show us · _- <. .for his trips other than· a veiled promise of consideration · ·. by the United Nations of our ~egrading status. We ask o).ir. _. . .. :
_J .·
~
leader
to
give an
~.
acco~t'.7'_::.~ c~tr1~t:~,800jJ{),'.~:{
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,;,._,. l ·SJ 105-3353
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actions in order to still the suspicion and restore our
confidence.
.
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• - • •
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•
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-• •
•
··:.::i'·::.-.:,t~:··.:; , -~
· •:' restore the MPI to the rightful position of leadership s-:i:·_.:':!.~.: .. ,~
"We urge you fellow MPI member· to fight'. to·
.
...
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in the independence cause. Let us join with other · "'· -;..~;,.-:-.--_.-;_.,.,. · ·
independentists in formulating an unbeatable indenendence
· ·. · · ! ,
party.
,
·
~
"We are certain that llhen our combined party
is formed that you remember well the 1reacherJ, hypocrisy_
, .• · ·
and deceit of our present leader. Never·again will.:.·., ·'.., .. ,.c.. :, ··.,
he ever be allowed to reach a dlctE.~oria.l position-of ."C_~~:,~;'".:/?\ ', · ·
power as he now holds..
.
.· ·.
·
·
·. · · :". · ..~-~;a:, '"':·7__ ·'.·~;
. -. -~ : .:.; ..-. ;:~~~- -·~~-~-~":~ii~\~~~:~;~
"Onward towards independence through a new, legal
party with di~ity.
"/s/ GRUPO PRO USO VOTO DEL
···
-·
MPIPR"
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_--:-:.-:...~-~-·... ·.._.. .,.:.:.
eferred to in the - · .:,;.·. ··:}·;·• ·;. .
. text of t - proposed f yer was a moderate MPIPR member'·. '·:'<;i)<,{/:·.,
:who recently defected from the MPIPR to the PIP.and :-::_
::::!. ·
denounced the MPIPR electoral boycott program. . · ·: ·i... ·· t1·. _, _, _
,.·-~1;:
····~
··.. .,..
Bureau has been previously advised tha
. . 11. . and the ?-!PIPR have irrevocably col!w.1 tted thernsel v
.· . -·
~
'rhe electoral boycott proeram. We feel that t proposed
flyer will continue to severely_disrupt and di
edit
this proeram as well as cause s e r ~ oncerning
the suite.bility of leadership o f . _ . ,
·-We a.lso feel that the flyer will undoubtedly
cause serious factional disputes betw_een the MPIPR leadership and rank and file.
.· --·
1·s
The Bureau
r~quested to
the preparation and distribution of
;
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S< 105-5553 Sub~;, .:
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The SJO notes that elections 1n Puerto Rico ··
11111 be held during th~ first week of November, 1964
and we desire to place the proposed fl~~r in the hands
of the h'PIPR members by October 14, 1964, in order to.
allow sufficient time for the :flyer to carry out.its
disruptive effects.
• · ·
· ·
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�DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
10/9/64
DATE:
SAC, NEW YORK (105-32::;72) (P*)
/
.
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPE1rDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
COUUTERH.'TELLIGEl!CE PROGRAM
SUBVERSD/E CO;,..TTROL SECTIO:~
( 00: S1'u'l JU Ml)
.. _..,
•
!':. re,view of the files of the NYO, pertaining to the
Puerto Rican independ<..nce movement, has been :r.ade for the
pu::-pose of developinG counterintelll:;ence mec1surcs a;;alnst
this mo·,ement.
T,1e prlncli;,,i/ or 0 ·anlzatlons in NYC are t:1e Nationalist
Party of Puerto Rico (;.JPPR), t,1e Movimiento Lioertador de
Pue::-to Rico (r.ILPR), and the i-1::lvimiento Pro I:1clependencia
de Puerto Rico (~lPI). The ,·!PPR :1as just pa:;sal throu~h an internal
pouer struggle bet,·reen 2 factions and al thou,_;:, ti~ls struggle
ls pre::iently dormant, it could erupt a:;ain at anytime virtually
,.,.~-,~----,t~ · ~--~ 'iPPR in NYC. Tile f.!LPR, throu:_;h its leader,
presently incarcerated, contLiually attacks
the
l-1r .1. · ' ' ' " .:. ,;;, y.·osrar.i boti1 in Pu~rto Rico and NY. The::-e ilas been
sor.ie coo9eratlon between the NPPR and tile ML?R in stae;ing
cor.171er.1oratlve meetinGs as well a::i between the :!PPR and the MPI
for the- same kind of·activlties; ho1·1ever, there is no cooperation
whatsoever between the MLPR and the MPI.
j
,
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7·
is generally disliked 1·11 thin the
Puerto Rican independence movement and is usu~lly blamed for the
lack of unit~· in the movement. The NYO pointc out that tilere ·
have been too many persons wi~o considered themselves leaders and
too few workers. This has led to feelings of su::ipicion,;
Jealousy and bickerins; bet1·1cen leaders of ti~e or;:;anizatlons in
NYC and h~s caused a notable lack of cooperation.
_
The NYO feels that the counterintelli:;enc.e proi:;ram
·· at present is best served by ti1e suspicion and jealousy amen:.; tr.e
.~aders of the_ var!ous ~erto /rJ.ican independ(mce ~roups in NYC.
~
- Bureau [Ri,1) · · · ••: • ·
'£C JZ/
:~ ·- 2 · - .San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1) (RM)
, 1 · - New York
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'i:i OCT 12 lf64
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~(, (I~ I } ti 1_Buy US. Sa1•i11gs Bo11ds Reg11larly on the Pa_yro/1 Sari11gs Plan J . .: \-
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NY 105-32872
.,
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It is felt that no counterintelligence measures could be more
disruptive.
I
•
On ]Q"4/64,
Direct>r of the ;;y :,Ji:,;,ion,
for the post of Di rec tor.
T"r.e NYO feels that the above situation regarding
the MPI will possibly lead to 2 factions withiil .. the MPI pro and anti-Communist. Such factional dispute could lend
itself to th"! development or informants in the MPI by interviews
of' selected known anti-Communist MPI mer.ibers after a period
·
of 4 to 5 weeks when the position:;of all mernbc::-s are better
kno.-m. A countc1•intelli::;ence r.icasurc ::it thi;, tir.ic, such
.:is 3.n ::n,m:,;rn:lU3 letter, would have doubtful ·J':alue, but the
dc•1elo,-,rnent o~· informants w.lt>:!.11 t::e :rI j,i.;.3::;ion, could lead.
to countcrintelll_:ence rr.c23ure:; ~.t ~ l~ter d::.t-~. T!'le :.ryo
plans to conduct SU'! 11 s..:lccted i.nt~:"tle:1,; ;:,,' :::nti-Cor.-.r::unist
MPI 1:1e,3bc,·s.
In vie;·: or the above, this c·1se is beir.::; placed in
a P.. st:!tus fol' the p,es::mt. /1pproprlatc co•.1,1tcrintelli:,;ence
mca.,urc3 will be ins ti tutcd if deemed nece:;:::;c:.r;; and
,
-advi:iable. ·· ·•
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�S\: 1 San Juan (105-3353, SUD I)
10/7/64
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, . Director, FBI (105-93}24)-
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REC· 26
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j
l't'.C:RO@S SEEKING !NDF.FENDENCE FOR fUE!n'O RICO
( COUNTER INTI11 IGENCE FROGR!\?1)
SU!rJEr.StVE COtrrROl SECTION
Th'TERN!\l. SECURITY :. FRN
•
Reuralrtel 9/29/64. Bureau autnorlty granted
t~ ~aiL the proposed fller to a selected group on the
ruerto Rt can Inde::endeni:e MoveI:lent (I·!r'IFR) malling l lst.
n1ts mall lnz 1:1ust be done ln such a manner that lt
cannot be traced back to the Burea~ or to any Bureau
employee.
!
Advise the Bureau when the malling has been
completed and keep the Bureau informed of any tangible
results from tLts counterlntellteence move.
UOTE:
s.
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The proposed flt.er wlll be ln
Sp.antsh languat
and wlll be another in a series slgned w(~ a ~ctttlous
-name "group for use of the vote by the ~FR. "a!'revlously,
fliers in this series have caused dissenslqrt wltj,.ln the
ranks of the HPIPR and has adversely affe'ifjd t1ie current
program of the organization which is to ~ vo§;rs ~rom .
going to the polls in the November, 1964 election.
DGlP:ssh/jed
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OCT 7 -19ti4
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Date:
9/29/64
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
TO:
·SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353, SUB I)
FROM:
~OUPS SEEKING !~DEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
rs.:PRN
•
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For the information of the Bureau, MPIPR
Secretary General JUAN ~.ARI BRAS recently stated in a
public speech that when PR gains independence, all
American companies would be nationalized .1 i
Bureau.
San Juan
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following. text of a flyer which would be typed in the·
Spanish langua~e on cheap grade paper and mailed to selected
individuals on thtl MPIPn mailin.; list available to the SJO.
,
The flyer would· be mailed from an area removed from the ...-~;... : .•..
. , ... :·Metropolitan SJ District ln•a manner. that,w~uld~if!su;-e,:1.t;·:\·-:\t:_
.. · could not b~ tr~ced to_a ~_rea_~_;!11P~_oy~e_- __ ··-... ~-r~c;'.t-'t::"'i-r-~~.~'.~~+t·:.
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The prf?pOsed t~x_t · of the !'lye r ls as follows: ' ; · ,- ..
·r '. .
.
·' · "DOES OUR ILLUSTRIOUS LEADER FANCY
. ,•
HIMS~LF TO BE ANOTHER CO~u\JUNIST PUPPET AS FIDEL CASTRO? .
-
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"we were· shocked to again _hear our gallant:::..:>~!'.
:-leader, in a recent ·oration, s_t.ate that when Puert~·tj;(/:':'" C:·'._:
. · Rico becomes independent,. all·· yankee v companies would."•''!"·. · :-··
·. immt!diately be nationalized. This .foot~•, and<:,;,;,::-:,;!.;;'~{-'
imprudent statement is but another exampla .of· the· ·: -· - . · ·, growing cancer and degeneration of our leader's thinking , ...
process and ph,ilosophy.
· · .. ;
.
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"Fellow MPI member, do you for one minute
·L
believe that the yankee imperialist masters, on.,iiall: .;:-...
Street would ever allow Puerto· Rico to become::·
independent in any manner• be it by the ballot or . . ~,. . ,._ ~-:
. otherwise, if they belie_ved. the .millions .of yan~et! .';7·.~·1•°' -.'_-::· ·
dollars which they have invested in Puerto Rican
.·
..
industry, to reap huge profits from the Puerto Rican people, would be nationalized as in Cuba. Of course
· .
not. In our opinion, our impetuous revolutionary
·
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~;af:!u~~: ~~~i!t!~a!~~;:~~~ serious misjudgement
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"Surely our Secretary General must have
conferred with our fellow MPL member, the youthful
aspiring writer, who recently saw conditions in
Cuba for himself. This talented young rna!1,_although
still a high school student, had the Co-+-~ight to ·
recognize.conditi.on& in Cuba as they really are •..
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"He has informed us and all who care to listen witl'{ .. ·;:' ;- ·"
an open mind of the mistery, poverty, unemployment;' ·
and horrible living conditions in Cuba, caused to
a great extent by the complete nationalization of
yankee industries and the subsequent failure to
effectively run these industries.
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.
.
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nationalization and murder of yankee imper1alist_3.
.
~
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.
.
"Our youthful leader should recognize
.•·..· \ .",, ..,,~;.
his electoral strike. campaign ls doomed. to miserable: .L.;-..",.,-·. ,_.
failure. Within the· past week alone two prominent :
i.;·rC,~J
members of our group asse·rted themselves and formally.·:·_,_·;-_ ·
the MPI •. We speak of coutl3e ~~
~rt
~-:r~_.v ~"'
aiiiia;rom
"To the . Polls!
The ballot is the only
answer.
"/s/ Grupo Pro Uso ..,_ Voto Del MPI"-,.;·.;:~ .... ···,.;·:.
�•
,
.~-
lnf,!:,:n :;Ion or th'ci Bureau, - - - and
recently d e f e c . t e ~
in ordt: 1· o s ·;. un, ""': • a.r tido Inde pendentis ta Pue r~orriqueno,
a legally ·constituted- political party in PR. This 'information .
has, for the most part, been maintained in secrecy by F.ARI··
_ ',
BRAS and. the MPIFR. our claim that they we re me:nbers of.·: ·
·,•. ··
the fictitious Grup Pro Use ~ Voto Del MPI should further
confuse MARI BRAS and the MPIPR rank and file as to the
actual identity of the author of the flyer as well as cause
dissension in the MPIPR.
·i;,,..,,-.'
1o,/
Th:3 Bureau is requested to r·eview ar.d authorize
the preparation and distribution of the above described
f'lyer. The SJO notes that elections in PR will be held ; ·
11/7/64, and we desire to have the flyer in the hands of the MPif'R faithful by 10/111/64 in order to allow a sufficient ..
amount-of time for the flyer to carry out its disruptive.
·
effects.
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UXITED STATF.S
•
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<;,,;_ \'ERXME!'l:T
Me1rzord;f dum
•TO
DATE:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
i
SE
/;,'.;}
·110(~ . ~c, s~- JUAN
FROM
10/5/64
(105-3353-Sub l) (P)
L GROUPS SEEKTilG ·nIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
0
SVBJECT:
( COlnITERilITELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVE,~SIVE CONTROL SECTION
IS - PRN
(00: SJ)
•
--·-
P.e San Juan letter to the Bureau 4/23/64;
Buree.u letter 5/5/64; ·.
Sari Juan l.etter to the Bureau 9/24/64.
Set forth below is an example of additione.J..
reaction to the counterintelligence measure Eroposed
in referenced San Juru1 lctt.er of April 23, 1964 and
approved in referenced Bureau letter of May 5, 1964.
On
as follows:
August 27, 1964. -e.dvised
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Inforruation copy is beine furnished the New York
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_005
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961/1965
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 3 (131-152) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 3 (131-152) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a1cfafd8b1eb2de4018e22a16264dae5.pdf
0ec1a51e74ca440c122e40b7f70f341d
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SLTBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 2 EBF 89
105-93124
....
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THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUD~D IN THE REPRODUCTIQN
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESU~T OF THE CON])ITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
( COPIES AVAILABLE.
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escuchc un3
YOCesilla quc lanj:Uidecaa··: itt"e~CC!
,Era acaso una ruboros.a prottSta? Por fin
"end mi pudor r mcti mi dcdo en cl
disco. Hiio ua.. : itrac! En mi interior
s
murmuro una "oi: ,Ya es mio! Durante dias alc-gro mi hogar su ale,grc voz
anc.ario.a: · iritiiin! iriiiiiiiiiliin! Pero un
.dia infauno sc convinio en mi peor enemiE!o.
Un dia llami a pedir uo auto. Mc respondio. iosospech.adamentc Ufl..l' YOZ ttmenina quc con ina.nsable insistcnci.a
rrretia:
.
- £sc numero DO aistc. ~ l t e el
Dir«torio Tclcfonico.
l.cpeti la Hamada. A poco scnt.i una
v.uonil quc musiuba:
-iEtts tu, Margarita. mi •id.a?
),fe pu.se rojo de verguenza r de ira
YOZ
r
rif'05tc:
- fNi sor ).f.a.rgariu.. o.i 10)' su vida!
Tire d auricular Yiolenu.mente. Por
primeu \"cz miri a mi ttlcfooo con cit:-
O>rw•u .. "' ,w,;.,,. s~
�-,
-~~ .•x.,::J4.;,,;__....1:.,..Z,J..!'I,,..,·,,:~, ~
~~
. ,~~-:....
~
--.: ~. ~:·..c.:...:_ _:. . :., ~ ~·. ~. . .....,,,~.J..-, _.._. "-"'· -
, ..... ,;
Yelnte aiios
LAS UEVE .HORAS
..
.,
I FERNALES
-,
.
DIEPPE
de
,,-·
- ... ·,.
.,,·-•.
•.
•'"'
por
George Lowell
Correspon,al de guerro. del
Manche,ter Guardian
(Fotw Wide Worid)
HontS antrs del ataqoe a
Dieppe, las tropas ln,=lesas ,.
plirse "cinte anos dcl primer ~n.saro de
,rco aliaJo en la fonah:u de Europa.. La heroica ac-·
los canadienses, cumrlid2 el 19 dc- asono de 1942.
verdadeta carnicctia. Pero los 3,372 hombres quc ha·
Uaro a muertc 10bre los .cuijarros de la playa de Dieppe no
lucro s.acrifiados en vano. Aunque a primera vista 1oda.s las
·•cmaj
.Ja .avcnblra fue.ron p.a.ra los alcm.:anes, el resultado
desc.cion
fur
final puede · c~"ifenur5e en cstas palabras dcl mari.sc:al ..on
R.undstedt:
-En ultimo 1crmino. no fue
·
I
nosouos los ale~ncs a
quienes apro,·c:cho aquel raid. El •erdadcro dcsemba.rco, el de
1944 en Normandia.. nacio de la cxperieocia adquitid.a enuc
las ruion de Dieppe.
El PRIMER OBJETIVO
En la darida.! difus.a del amaneccr, -la LilUMll""de los seis
canoncs de: 1 ~O milimeuos, apunudos hacia cl mar, indic.abJ
al COf!la~do n~mcro 4 que ,us hombres .~bitlC'pdo lrentc
al ob,euvo senalado en b vast.a opc.rac,0.0
~ co csos ·mo~
mentos s.r- C'Staba realiundo frenre a las cos
de Francia, a
la alrura dr Dic-ppc. Comprometidos en ell como vc,JuntJ.·
ri~ hab:a hombres de distinw na.cionalida ·
- in.cleses,
nortca.n1c-ricanos r algunos ouos csc:asos reprC'SC'nttnta· del comando inte-raliado numcro 10 - ; ~ro el grucso dC' la. fuerza
de 6,106 hombres lo componi2n los 4,963 anadienses que
habrian de li.brar la mu unsrienta bstalb de todas las ·qi.:e
ruviernn. lup..r eb la seju.nd.t .gucrra mundial.
�:
":.-
, .~~. . .,~,-=-~~__,,;~~~_.. :.:. -.ii.:. -----~-~---.
.
. ·- ,, ... ···"- ·-----~~~-........
._,::-.-,.........
_.,.....~-..L__
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_
.... ..,
•
;t.
.
• .
--
•
F-<i<".
:~:{ . ~:/.~_:.:'",t:;_.~_-~f-~.; .,~~-
·: ·:·,··~._-(. ..
=~:::' t: i.°'!::n~
-~
.!'
.·-·~-=--~ ~.,..:l~-.;.:i~,::"'_~~.::·., •:
.:~a~~~~·
, 1icmpo de tta1r,eruv dcl ~cupor caw.ado par la incursi= dt
Mills-Roberts. La carnicer.ia que oasiona.n los tteim 11.ep.
dos proporciona una victoria absoJura a Jos atacantes. ··. ·
.·; ·
De los 112 toldados que dcficndco. Ja batcria ao qued.a
1100 s.a.no. Los qu.e no ban sido mucnos. cstin bcridos Q.,i...,.1111,C::'"'
desap.uccido. · Los COlm040$ bfflC'ft wnbiea que lamro
gunas pcrdidu_ entrr cllas las de los dol oficialcs quc
cian el as.alto los tt:nientcs Pcniward r MicDonalc:l. lov
oca sus muenos en la cxpbaada J Jos cubre con la
bricania aor~ de pani.r.
CEDIERON SOLO A LA MUERTE ..
A las cinco r media de es.a man.ana cilida cle agosro, Im
primetos comandos can.adicnse_s ·~isuhan . los caitoncs alcman~ que ada inadrutada sr eJercu.ahan disr~ando and~rud!5
morciforas b:1c•a. e:! mar. Alrtdedor de las pu:z.as de amllaia.
poca vigiJancia. Mieouas los anil}eros sc ocupan de.,~ los
gruesos o"buses. un soldado vienf!'S, Ou~ Lau. de 3- · ~ de
cdad. rd« por uitima vcz la arra desuruda a_ su fa..m~laa. en
la quc exrlica auc cs!i contc:oto dcl lul!.lf qu.e It b.a 11do ad·
iudicado...No ha'r nada quc, tcmt!'r aquL N:aJie IC'r& c.apu ~c
ordtnar un desembarco por un lu,;a{ donde toclas las •cnttJas
E comando numero 3 cs un.a maquina cir maw bic:D
•ccitada. Comrucsro por 120 hombttt cu)·as l!G.:ldcs no baja.o
de los 28
su c:tnrC"namic:-nto IN convit:"ttc C1l ua cucrpo
de e-xctpci6~ al ma.ado del ..aino mimado.. dcl ejcrciro bri·
tanico. c:l tenim1c: coroncl John Duroford-Sbu:r. aperm ea ·
•nos.
dut.mbarcos aforrurudos.
Este comando ncepdonal. sin cmba.r,go. seri cl primcro
c:stin de oue"Stra pane...
Sin embargo. a la bateria 813 r al io"·cn .alemin le qucdan 1·a bien pocc» momenros de vida. Los 70 hombr~ dd comanJantc Derc:-l: Mills-Roberu f!'Stin al acc:eho des.de el ccr• ·
cano b::,sque de Vasreri\·al. Por fan. • uau. ttrul del ;c,fe, an
clilu,·io de: balas It.' dc:~nc.aJcna sobre los •lem.anes. Orto Lau
cae sin t11.·mpo ni para kunur su fusil. Los anilJeros qutdan
,en $U~flt"MO, sin comprcnder .lo quc csra suc~ien~o.
Cada. maiiana, dc.-sde h.ace mC'$C:'S, h.an ven1do Junto • 1us
canonf!'S a r~petir cl mis.mo ciercicio de disr.1rar h.acia cl mu
- hacia un obktivo que sus ojos no put:dc:n ver. De pronto,
csas ha.las que- rcspondco a )os canonazos con un 1umbido baio
y mortif c:ru. ll'S dC'i,m· t1itupd.ic:os. El ofici.al de tiro lcs P·
cude. la 10rpres.a a runupiC:-s, griu.ndo: .
- iPronto! iPrc-parars.e para disparar a ccro ,Fueg'3!
Ahora con las boca.s I un mC'tro de altura r '"uelw h.a,.
cia el bosquc. bs batt:rias 813 son imbatiblei. Pero cl aur
f!'Sti de p.:ure de los at3Canres. El sargento mayor Dunning ,.
los sold.ados Dale ,. Horn disparan con SU ptqueno monero
un tiro. cl 1ercc-ro de la maiuna. que l'C'Sulu providc:nci.al: C'.'I
impaeto da precis.amt:nte en cl polvorin cn.emiso. El f!'SU.l~ado
n de una violencia formidable. Los akmand se VC'n ohl11,;.a•
dos I comb.uir el fut:,;.o, 1b3ndonando ca.si cl ouo comb~tc.
En t'Se momt-oto un lar.,:o silbido indic~ a los comandos
qut la bhor llega a su lin. Orros scdn Jos c:ncar1,;ad0s de tt·
c:mpla:urlt:S. Micntras tanto. para protcgcr la n:tirada. Ju.ccn
c:sullar ,granada.s de humo.
•
1
UN ATAQUE IMPO-SIBLE"
El teniente general Conrad Hauc, com.1n,.hn1e de la di,,ision ;02 de la infantcria aJcman~ acantonada en Dieppe
no rc:,dia dar crc.:ciito a b noticia: ··ht ataque es imr,osible·..
rcpctia. Sin embargo, tienc quc rendinc:- a la e"·idencia: los
aliaJos c..-sr.in ahi. fre-nte a H.a ..cosu de acero" que -.ron
Rundsred juzJ;:.th.1
bir.:n dd..-n.JiJ.1 hast.3. por b natura.lez.a
que naJir.· 51:r ·
•
rc:,· ..·rk a :at.acarla.
Los ale: nL-S J<.· la b.:m:ri.a "813 c.."itjn sincic:ndo en su
cam.· La r,:a
id de c.."S.: auC"\·imicnro suicid.1. La calnu IU·
n.JiJa a la
:rada dr los rram1.·ros hombrc..-s dcl com.ando 4
no dura mu •. Con cl -Gato S.h·ajc.·... como Haman a Lord
Lovat sus ho ;,,c:s, el rc.-sco de· los I SO hombrc:s dcl comando
ha alc.anudo c
- c-1 wr. -d~de b pbra de Quiben·illc. ·
·ecmc:- no dispone de moc'Ft:H munidonc..-s.. sus hombres K apres·
a uahajar con la barontu ). ~1 pun.al. .
D .. s.dt: cl dt."Sembarco }·a tu\·ieron su primc:r C"ncuc1uro
con una r,auulla alt"nuna. a la quc: inflingic.·ron 35 bajas mien•
tras dlos ~rJian un solo hombre. Aq.ui ruvo lu~r u.n aconr1.cimi1..-nro historico: d cabo Koons.. un r,mga oorteamericano
unido al grupo como oMCn·ador, fue el primcro de au a.ado-
tan
Honor • los mucrtos: als,:unos de los oficiales anadienses
supto·h·ientc§ \fc la opcracion. despu~ de la ,-ictoria acuden
al C'emcnterio de Dieppe a lributar un cmodon3dO .bomeruajc
a SUi companeros caid!s..
tculmc:-nte dt"Srruido en Dieppe. Su obiC'tivo cs wnbim una
bareria.-1.t que en cl none c.omrieu. el iuego de dcfens.as
quc en el su.r est.i ttrrL'Scfltado por b S 13. Trcs c:anoncs de
170 y cu.atto dr IOS dtben s,e;r neutra.liudos. a fin de que la.
cperacion ..Jubilee:·· -como ha sc3io b.iutizado el raid de D~ppe - putda cumplir ,u obic:-rivo con al.gun ez.ito.
Si no SC' coMi~u:: c.albr las boas monifcras de esos C&·
nonc:s. la vida de: los ..-arias miks dt: homhrt.-s quc.- mis tarde
ban de tcr d(.'S-1..fflNtc.aJos no v:ilL· un mik"ta~le n : n ~
prc.:cio que ral!.1 d con1.1nJo numc-ro 3 t:S el de: I.a ,·i~a. Pero
..; 00 loj:ran dc:-s1ruir los c.uionc.."i, al mt:nos los
un ccuraJos qu<.· su fuego no impide la llc:-,sada de 10s ho•
chcnL, hast.a las mism.as an:-n.;u de Dic:rpe.
·
La c.aus.i dcl Jc:s.asm: J'UL-dc: .uribuirse en prime- t~rmino
a Jes rad.nisu.s inJ:1«:St:S. IA?ual quc le habia sucedido a los nor•
h.".americanos en Pt.":lrl H.ubor. ios c:-nca.rg.ados de:- ,·isil.ir el.,...
dar ~hian confundido Lu sdi.alt-s. Cu.indo vie-ron e-n sus fl.lO·
taUas unos puntos brilbntt"S k imaginaron qut" e-r,10 las ch:a·
lanas dt' Durnford-Sbtt:r f no dit"roo la alum.a. En realidad
IIC' uatab.a de un con,·oi· alem.in en ruu h.a.cia t:I Hl\·rc.
·
Los lanchonc..-t de dcscmba.rco Jd coma.nJo nu.m~ro 3 no
C.oati11a• .,: L. ,,.,,,,.. 94
lnticnen
�.~·
~~~~~
..:~ ..
;Ii"."_·:./
....
-." ;"
-~,,
·-
.fr.,
~·
- ~-· ....·-.::.
por Emeterlo S. Santovenla
DOS YOCACIONES
•
Ba.rto1omE Mitre rcsult6 uno de Jos .hacedore$ y rehaeedor~ de la RepubJica Argentina. A ,:sto llcg6 al cabo de la
larga preparacion. iniciat'a en Ja infancia. Todo en 61 fuc
dirigido a sacar a la Patria de dificultades ,xtrcmas. a reconstruir sus instituciones. a elevar su!I niveles y a dejar a
los continuadores normas l' ejemplos vitales.
•
Apenas·tuvo capacidad y voluntad para discemir. como
hijo de la revoJuci6n··emaocipadora de las provincias del
Rio de la Plata --el nacio en 1821, en Buenos Aires-:-, mos-
-JlartolomE M'irre ffSU1f6 uno de los hatedores y rellattdores
dt la Repiib1ka Argentina"'. (De 11n grabado de la epoca ea
f1Dt P.fitrt era Presidentt dt la Rcpublica Argentina).
bacia los estudios hist6ricos. El· medio f'tsico y acaecimientos
recientes lo invitaban al examen dcl pasado que Jo babia
preccdido muy de cerca. Adcmis, todo aquello lo exaltaba.
).{editaci6n y exaltaci6n lo acompanaban.. Era muy jo\'en
aun cuando, jincteando por la Pampa. 1oe detenia al amparo
de sombritas y se cchaba a leer impresos que llevaba con!.igo.
Con tales impresos nutria ,us anhelos de saber c:6mo habian
OCWTido hechos modificativos de la existencia nacional.
f:asi no bubo soluci6n de continuidad entre la adolesce-ncia de Mitre y la oecesidad por ii de .afrontar exccsos
coJectivos que ponian en peligro Jo mas y lo mejor que
habla pcrviuido la luc:ha contra la subsistencia del Vineinato. Ya estaba a la vista la contingencia prevista por eJ
padre de Mitre. £n siendo el novel militar adversario del
· regimen despotico de Rosas, se cncontraba ante el dBema
de gucrrear en la Argentina o tomar el asperrimo ca.mi.no del
destierro.
EL DESTIERRO, ESCUElA DE SACRIFICIO
Y CAPACIDAD
La barbarie eneabezada por Juan Manuel de 'Rc,sas b:icia inhabitable la Argentina para quiencs discrcpascn de las
idt>as a1roces de este tirano. Mitre, a la p~muchos de
a tld general Bartolome Mitre erigida en B. Aires.
tr6
inclination .a ser miUtar. Consu1t6 a su padre,· y su
padre ,e ~ .el dcbcr en quc «$taba de no olvidar que
lo primcro quc todo hombre de armas tenia quc afrontar era
el pcliiro de morir de modo vio1cnto. El amonestado accpto
de buen grado lo oido de su progenitor. y afirm6 su disposi·
c:ion a Ucgar a ser un combatiente en Ja Republica Argentina.
Otra vocacion nutri6 el adolcsccnte Mitre: la vocation
decit
los hombres nue,·os ·uamados a continuar la obra de los
fundadores ilustres de la Republica,
b~ar refugio
y ,mbico para sus aspirac:iones en otras ti ras de America.
Desde las ccrcanas riberas del Uruguay •st:i Jos distantes
confines de Bolivia. el Peru y Ch,lc, po donde pase6 su
· CKtracismo. pueblos sometidos al duro
. occso hist6rico
dcntro dcl cual se ·agitaba. la Argentina ofrecicfffl'l al ,pere•
grino oponunidadcs para scnti.rsc mis St"guro quc en su
pais )' mas a sus anchas en el estudio deJ gran fenomeno
continental de la transformacion institucional anejo a la
cmancipacion.
�• •• .hajo las bandrras desplegadas por Urquiza contrs Rosas-.
COMUNIDAD DE PUEBLOS llBRES DE AMERICA
Lecturas )' estudios dctcnidos )' metodicos permiticron a
Mitre. eon la emigraci6n
que en el suelo patrio, llegar a
la vcrdad entraiiable sobre las causas y los cfectos de la
emancipaci6n americana, ya en relacion con una nacionalidad nacicnte. madre de otras nacionalidades, ya en cuanto
a un i;rupo de nadones nuevu. forjadas por las armas propagadoras de los principios organicos a que dehian existen•
cia robusta. Con claridad veia el que la transformaci6n
argentina con!i".tituia porcion considerable de la emancipacion sudamericana. La scmejanza de agra,·ios e injusticias
engendra<lores de la rcvolucion de mcdio globo )' la igua1ded
de propositos )' lo1ros de los iniciadores ,. mantencdores de
la luc:ha continental dcsdc el Rio de la Plata hasta el Mar
Caribe, eran fundamentos de toda una coopcraci6n hemisfcrica.
La re,•olucion americana cu)·o dcsen,·olvimiento conocio Mitre podia exhibir una armonia trascenc:tente. creada
por los c:nlaces geograficos. itnicos y socio16gicos. por la
convergencia de sus a\'anc~ e-strategicos. por la direeci6n
de iUS fuerz.as Vi\'aS )' por fa condens.acion de SUS empenos
en los puntos donde debian producir el mejor t-fecto. La
unidad de los movimitntos re,·olucionarios fuc consecuencia
de las procz.a.s de Jose de San Martin y Simon Boli\·ar. dos
genios, dos potcncias. los libcnadorcs det Sur y dcl ~onC'
de la America Meridional --sintcsis conc~bida por Mitre--.
desararceiJos de la ~·asta csccna despui:s del triunfo dC'
sus armas.
.
• .
En la vinculacion de acontccimicntos famosos·~:iro,.
nes sin~ularcs ad,:cnia M itrc fcnomenos t'SC'n1· a.I~. de la
comunidad de pueblos libres de America. Las ,.· ·as de Jose
de San Martin. Manuel Belgrado y Bernardino i\·ada\'ia Jc
cnsrnahan lo que la intcligcncia y la actividad 1manas. en
funcion fundadora. habian adclantado en la
r~cntin3 y
habian consoJidado en otras ticrras. Las rcalincio~ de
Simon Boli\'ar 1· sus tenicntes le mostraban c6mo a JC\ largC\
,. a lo ancho dcl continente sudamericano hahian roincidido
ideas y hechos raigales. Todo invitaba a nutrir la aspiCo,.,i,,,;• ... l. p;,;.11 78
mas
En los paist's quc athcrgaron a Mitre durantc largo
el U111ibl6lililaiM~ciones. ex~rimcn16 honorcs y he,.
neficios y u{ ri6 dcscnganos. ~ infortunios. Por cncima de
acaccimi OS fcliCCS )" ad\"C'OOS rara SU pcr50n3 5e J'rodujo
uno de e ,Jad csrccial: cl contacto cstrccho con a,·atarcs
dondc se manifos1attan asriraciones. dificulta·
de nacio
des. re~
y posibilidadcs quc invitaban a rcfluionar sobrc
considera nes, rcmedios. )'_ dcfcns.as comunes.
Las id~s..._a~anas de Mitre se acendrahan en cl
dcstierro. El dcstierro era rara el cscucla de sacrificio y de
caracidad. Era la parte experimental de los CC1nocimicntos
que iba adquiricndo en el examen del dC5'3rroJlo hist6rico de
la independcncia de America y ,u ingreso en
concicno
de los pueblos soberanos.
titmpo
el
�Apenas muerta, ya Marilyn Monroe se convierte en
mito: cod'!· q&ftitdhd sobre ella oculta una verdad
muchisimo mas intere1ante.
por Rene Jordan
•
En hmir, Turquia, un hombre sc tiro aJ mar aprew:ado
m ·su mano uo reuato de Marilrn .Monroe. E.n Oakland, California, una mujcr sc cnvC'nen6 mienuas cscribia un p.1peliro,
um r oua vet: ·Marilrn. ~{aril)·a· ••• Tra muchachu en ).fe.
sico,, uo jo\·en ~a Peru. un ama de asa .co Gales. una cz.
modclo en Londrcs: todos busa..ron la mucnc pan se:gui, de
urea ab Monroe.
r~· . .·~ ~-''
,.<~s:7~·~~
!~.;~. ASI ERA· MARILYN·~:).~:.]
½***·~~
,~~ ~-~ ~ ' ~ ~ 7 ..7:-
il.: · · Cnando Philippe Halsman le esuba sacando ~ ~.:::~
i · coleccion
de fotos, trato de ha«rla reir naturalm~ate ,>:,
chiste:
. .'
:.. - . .: ~
- Marilyn -le dijo- 6Ca.indo ~d.ste tu· · p..:S:. ~ ~
f
mua npcriencia erotica'!
· -~. . -~.- : ., · .-. "'~
: · ; . -A los ocbo anos --ruponcli6 ella. ' · . .-·-, ":"'
l
-Mon Dien --dijo d (ranees asustad~.;,,Y quE ....\
' edad tcrua cl?
.
.
. ,; ;-.. -:~...!
•
COD UII
, .
- Era mmor que 10 .... --sonri6 Monroe:._:
l
I
I
~
b moer1e'!
·,<'~ -'~·
~ ~ri~~
a New York
una: d.e
.....
ayvd~le de] estudio la KOD.Sejo que lie ..~·
~- maquillara men.es, pues se ~eia ucesivam,nte pi.a- · ·~
tada cuando la miraban de cerca.. ·
·
· · --·;
i.
!'ioto me importa quico me •ea de cuca --diio ·
~ Monl'Ol'- Pero si quiero que el que paH por la acen . ;
de enfren(e me rtt0noza. ,. diga~ t<JA,b.i Ta Marilyn". ·
~- , .Al -..
f
II
~
· 6Fue el mledo a la locura lo que la impulso a
'fisiw,
IID&
·
Marilyn pedia el deretho a re,·isar sus mtrerlstas: _ : .
es muy peculiar tomo enmeodo las dos ultimas.. A la· •·
famosa ,ntre'"ista de tolLJfe"', s61o le tacho el parrafo ,
en que se ttferia a las -auiltiplcs obras de auidad "~.
- hecbBf- por Marilrn de su propio bolsillo. En la Htre- : ~
• vista del ...Daily Ne\\-s", Marilyn solo bizo una KOt> · ; ,.
don. Junto a una frase que decia: •f.sta es toda II ·. :'
•erdad, en las propias·palabras de Ma.rilyu", ella es- :;
crib~o de A puiio )' letra: "Quiz.is . • • • . . .: ... ·:·.: · • ..i
r
•· •·
Cuando el e:studio la ttprend.io porque se nstia .·
· • n emendo que hidera un •i.aje de compras ·. '
Paris. Marih·n sonrio:
·
. ··
- ;Para
perder tiempo y dinero! E dia que . :
l1?uien empic-ce a fijat"R ea mi ropa ya scri hora de -~
tinarme.... .. ·
·.: =· ,
Di Magi?io ttrro el funeral a Ho!IJ"'·ood: a fttttll:as como
Sinatra. Dean Martin ,. Pet~r Lal\ford, les dicroo con I.:!
pucrta et1 las aarins. __...,_
que
unica:-
Eoo Hothvood. .Marilro race cnre,da in cl padficc
· cementerio de •Bu:nril'OOd. pcro • su alr ·edo.r sipie tejiendos.c la lc·rend.a. En· el Cairo un teatro pr :n_a un
d;
M.arilrn. con siC'te de sus pclicula.s r Jargas oLis de nt1as cua
d!as de largo. En el
ua •illorio rcmoto ~ d.ec.I~rad:
Fcs:i'"a.l
Man1yn fue
aonque tuvo mochas imltadonis: Ela""llonca St molcsto COD las f1Ue la mpiaban.
t
- Todo lo contrario soario Me · ayudan
a pasar inadnr1ida. A Tttes aaando dentn a pedirme
~ el auto,:rafo digo que soy Jayne Ji.tansfield o M.amle
Van Dora..... • ·
....
•
'~~_. •• ...
-
··- ·
. . ~....
•
As!'-•
d,as de duclo en memona de 1a mucna.. En N'cn· '\ ork, u.
cine de la calle 42 preseDU dos de SUS films: el pub!ico apla1.:
· ·- · · : · ..·.· ·
,o"'t,
'
'
.. 'lo,
~~~~ __
de r llora. los cxccntricos acuden al teatro c~ m1tuos de lut
y ra ha habido al meoos dos iotenros de su.icidio au.ndo ~
~
;;,,~·-
. . ..,
•
..
•
·t~::,":':}?~-, \t~~ ,: ~ ~:':; ~~:r :2::t?~=--·_~I;=;zf::·;;::.~;::~~rl--~~~~?:i.-~"':·:· .: ·-,·"
�£ste es Ralph Crttnson, el psiquiatra de lfaril)'D: nadie abe
por •ue la mantu,·o solitaria 1 enttmada durance ms
ilr.imas scmUUIL. 1 S persom.s que: solo &spues de multiples ;uegos se amplia·
ron a 23. En la list.a no habia ni un solo a.suo dd cine. Gene
Kelly. Peter Lawford. Frank Sinaua.. Dean Ma.rtul j orros mu•
chos procesu.ron de Ql!e bbi.ui sido aus mejores amigos r
Di Mtggio rcspondi6:
.
- Si , o hubiera sido por sus amigos. el!a ao esuria ahora
donde esti..
Dolidos por cste ttd-.uo. las hollrwoodcnscs traW'OD de
orga.nizar uri funeral esptew J nocturno, coo un 6rgano mcando musica sacra r hiu de los films de Marilyn. Puo aparentcmenre Sicatrz. dio conuaorden. El mis furioso de tOdos
los exduidos fue ?eter Lawford. que babia ~biado con· Maril1·0 horas anm de su muenc. La cspos.a de Lariorcl her·
man.a dd P,~idente Kenned,·. ,·oJ6 dcsde Hruulis Pon pan
a.sistir al K'J)tlio pero fue i.sualmente rechazada.
Atgunps. en t;lefensa de Di Masgio, asegwvon que b
IUf& Cfl solo UDI VOl C'.'ll U.n com.ite de UCS, formado pot Ja
guardiana :nez Melson r Bern.ice .Miracle. la bcrawu. de Marilyn.
·
- Di Masg:o no pucde baccr nad.a - d.ijcron E es s6lo
IHl woto en contra dt- esw dos mujcttS an6oimas que C'\"idcn•
ttmenrc est.an enantadas con tt.'llcr el chance Ullia> de a.uar·
le b pucrta a las nuellas del cine.
Pero asi r rodo. D.i Maggio fuc quien dio la an J carRD con ·la culpa: ~u lista t•1cdur6 inclusi\-e • la sec:retatia deMarilyn. r & 1u maesua Mrs. ChtkO\', qu.e cm.ban a.a cerca
de M.ari)s·n quc indush·e fucron incluid.u en su testamcato..
Per el coouarao se in,·it6 a Al miquillador. su peinador, m.t.·
u.jisr.a.. donccll.a r choler: fre wa plan alculado pua dejar
fucra a las pertonalidades en favor de los desconocidos .
.. Maril,-n fut' vest.ida por su arudaote de Jos er..idios, que
scleccior.16 su uaje fa,·orito: un •t"Stido verde que clla habit
comprado· C'.'ll Florencia. Aqui sc ttVelo ouo de los secretos de
b ).foruoe: apcnas 1c-nia ropa f cuando ulia usaba .algunos
de los modelos quc le presuba cl esrudio. Jamis se preocupo •
por acumular un guud~rtop.1 r sus dOS('U cstab.ln casi nclos.
cxcerto por p.antalones, bluu.s. ro~s de spon }. los abrigos de
mink qur- elb k roni:1 aun rua bap.r a deu)'UtU.r.
·
\\;!biter Sn1·cJ4.·r. d maquilbdor de Marilrn. la arrctfa por
ultimi vez: la hizo lucir ..mur natural, pucs ella • lo hubic..,.
quer,do asi... Don Prince, un decorador del
irregl6
la apilla: a fue uno dc los pocos que la vio en l fcrcuo '
afirmo qut" cstab1 ..mis bella que nunca". Di Ma ·io sc qu~
do solo • mtfludo con ella· en la capilla: de los 3 in,·itados
selcaos. solo dcj6 que mNlia doccrua v.icn cl cadivec. S(~1D·
tc'n.ia a su lado guarJindola de todas las mired.as. icclin!n.:lo.se
a besarla J murmurando "Tc amo. re amo·.
Aun los io,frcidos sc ,5intieron moles1os y wi poco inromodos de, cstc funeral misterioso en que el C'X-n:urido Jeranr6
Sidney Cuilaroff, ano dt los 23 in,·itado~ protcst6: MFue
. como an funeral militar. Xo dejaroa. pasar a los 11migos
nrdaderos"'.
pecudores:trataron de tirarse del balconr dcspues de oirla canw ..Mr bean belongs 10 Qaddr".
AJ)f:nas un.os dias despues de mueru... ya Muilrn csti. rocleada por b aureol.a misteriou que scfiau • los uuos i1:1olvidables como Jamc-1 Dean, Jean Harlo~·, Rodolfo Valentino.
Ouos grandc-1 dd cine ban muC"no r son eteroamcote record.ados: Gable" , Bogut, Cooper r Kendall. Pero solo algunos
de ellos tieol!'n ~l pode.r de prcnder en la imaginacioo popu·
lar v convenirse en cternas leyt>ndas.. en miros pcnistcnteS:
Marilro es uno de cllos.
.
Ya en vjda., costaba trab.a.jo saber c6mo ~n la vcrdadera
t.faril)"D. En SU ultima entttvista, eJla mis.m.a dijo:
-Am: c.u ...! fondo me conoce mur roca ~tc.
Denuo clc poco. la conocer.in aun meoos, porque la ima-
gen de la Matil)·n legeodaria )'a ha cmpeudo a consolidarsc
~n la mc:ntc~ del publico y va a ser mur dificil penetrar · es~
enigma. Ya desd.e el momcnto dd enticrro. la conina dcl se,.
aeto emp,ezo a urrarse sobre clla..
ANZA 0~ DI MAGGIO
Ma~io odiaba a Holl}-..·ood: sentfa que la OU•
dad le ha ., am·batado ~ Muil~·n ,. que si rlla hubicra acc:edido a r arse dd cinr posiblememe at.in cstaria viva. J casada con . A la muerte de la Monroe, surg,6 cl impa.uc IObre quieo
ia reco,:er el cadi,..cr. Al fin asumi6 la ft'S,POD• ·
Joe
n1ao,
sabilidad la "'ki:!.onr.J.ncs .Melson. cjecutora de lm bienes de la
madrc de Maril)·n, qur t'Sta ttcluida en 1111 manico,mjo. Cum·
ptida la 1im.rle furmalidad de s.acar cl cuerpo de b morgue,
Jo,: Di Maggio se apodero dC' Marilyn y dispuso de el.la como
jamas pudo dispone.r en vida.
Eo primer Juga.r, limito la enuada al ccmcntcrio a. s6Jo
•
�.. ' . ;:i~~"':1tt:;;,-G~i=j
T.,~.--~ ~'"---:-
y~
- )le qucde alli por
i ultimo n:sptto a Ma·
rit,•n, que ua mi am i,sa. Pc~~µ aao deplorable. lnclu·
sivr IJamaron a emplcados de la \•....iraria para cargu el ferctr0. porque Di M.a&J:io no dcjo quc- lo· toc.aran.-Es,rdio-laimpresion de que Marilyn no cenia ni siquicra amigos que Ja
Ue-varan a su ultima morada r no es 'tttdad. Aqucllo parecie
an fuocral miliw. No me fui m srnal de protcSU pan. que
.ao dii
· buscando pubJicidaa.
•
mo todos .los dcullitos que R van ubieodo de Marilyn. a lisu seJceta del cemr:ntcrio d.a un.a nueva dave ·de Ill.
mist ou pcrsonalidacl. Se Ill ditho quc Marilyn pas6 111 ni•
iicz e once asas de adopci6n donde la uar.aron muy maL Sin
UI
o. elb mis.ma h.abi1 insistido que la t>nterraraa ea el
pcquciio ttmcnte-rio de Brr:nre.·ood. para reposa.r urea de la
senora ,Gftzl nitdstd. que Kgun dicet1 .. fue b lavorita mm
las madres adopth·as de Mari1J·n·. Mas aun: dos dc:J las adu1ivisimas invitaciones al cntierro fuf'ron para el mauimonio
Knebdcamp, or.ros de los padres adoprivos dt" la Monroe. 1,CJ,..
mo puede conju,gars.e esto con b historia de la niiia que am•
bio de aw. once veccs porqut" era odiada por la bommidad?
MARILYN Y EL DI NERO
C'D aa.anto a SU nine?. min.
Si ,los mitos abundaron
aua
...
fueron in1egrando alredcdor de su fortuna. Srg,io Hollywood. Maril)·n le dio a 1anar 200 mitloncs de d61ares a la
• R
Fox, de los cuales dla s.e quedcr con unos cinco milloneL Pues
bicn. todos esros nwneros u.ntificados 10n fauos.
Las peticutas de Marilrn. 1umando una por una la reaudaci6n de uquilla.. dan . una cifra de. 43 millonct. ( en ate
conteo se e-xclu)'en films como ..La malvada.. y ·Selva de ubho", en los que Monroe aparecia solo uo minuto r no podia set considerada principal !actor taquillt'ro). Dt csos films,
solo tres putden considerarsc srandes taquillaz.os: "'Como pescar un mitlonario", ..Los caballeros las prdicreo ruhias· r ..Al·
gunos prefieren quemar.se"°.
Marilrn nuna wvo gran an1idad ck dinero. Empn6 sa·
n.a.ndo J 00 d6lares a la sema!"la. Cuando csub.1 filmaodo "1.m
aballeros las prefieren rubias··. toduia ganaba ,oo d61.m:s
a la 1emana mientras su co-estrella Jane Russell ga.naba 200,·
. 000. Marih·n organizo una firme protest.a.
- La ~licula dice que se prcfiercn las rubias - alts6
eJla- iPOr qac CfllODCCS la triguena gana veintc 'VCCCS masque
llarlln1 estaba
empe~ada basta
el ~uello: en lilt
mrsitn dt nochc
llabia 14 cuentas
ro?
cin abrir.
Como rcsultado la aumcntaron a 1/SOO a la semana.. Pero
esto no es una sum.a tan s.ensacional si s.e sabc.- que las cstrell&s
pagan cl 90 t;; de ~µs ganandas en impuestos y de lo que que·
datos
para el dh·orcio,
Di Maf!i?io s· Si--
BUKando
c:la rienen qllf.' deducir un JO% para s.u ageott: J deudas SU•
mas para publicidad. •csruario, fo10,;rafia.s r ganos •a.rios. Sealcula que Marih·n gao6 aproximadamentt dos miUones de
dolares en el cine. de los cuales ,;ran pane pro\"ino de un porcrntaje en h uquilla de ..Algunos prdieren quemane". Si a
es.as antidades SC' la aplican 1odas bs deduccioncs de cuas J
natra denibaron
una puerta e,,quivocada t>n cl hotel
de Marilyn.
oegocios, lo que queda no es tan impresioruntc.
Al morir. Marilrn s61o 1cnia 4,700 dolares m su c:uenta
de a.horros l' 100 en 1u cuenta corrierne. Su unico inmueble era
ru c.asa. valuada rn n.ooo .dolares r con una hipoua de
3~.000. Y au.n no se h.an contado l.u deudu ,.~ al parecer.
son Wll montana. Uno de sus arnij;OS dijo: ..Esr:aba m1pdiada
hasta cl cuello... Y en Ja mesita de oochc junto a SU adavcr
habia utorC'!' sobres sjn abrir: todos contenian cucntas.
nmtt1ro sc estan qi..ejando de quc a~na.s hay di~ero para p.i
gar los 100 dolares diarios quc cohran las gua.rdias quc im
pide-n b in,·asion de curiosos al ultimo hosar de M.uilrn.
La k)'t'nda ·de los millones de la Monroe cs wnbie:
falsa: cuaodo murio escaba al borde de la ruin.a.
~ csta cantidad menguada.. .Marih'n dispuso en un trstamento que ofrccc datos mu)' sensibles sobre su ~rsonalidad.
En el
.. o nombro I r.olo nuevc: personas: un.a de eUas
MARILYN Y .l0S HOMBRES
iQuicn fue el hombre mis imporunt~ en la vidi de Ma
rilrn? Esta pr1.·i;unu sc discutiri. etero.a.mentc. pues Marilr:
no deio una da,·e para la soludon e-xaet.a. Par'-.algunos foe I:
)b.fteio, quc la a.::\Jmr.106 en los uhimos tDesc·s. Pu.a ouc
fue Arthur Miller. el lrio imeleau.al
n
pudo de!
maJic. a quien ")·a Monroe It hahia Jcgado e,,,n wida
00 dolare1 para rubrir sus ~.mos en cl manicomio y 0tra
u medio-hermana Bernice Miracle. • quien solo •io un.a
en su •ida.. EJ ansi1 de pcneneccr a alguien, de tenet uru
I ilia., t:ra un profunda ton csta mujcr, quc a la hora de morir
pc ab.a hast.a en una p.nienta que- jam.as quiso tcncr tom:acto
cercno~~a....
··. -
Tambien e-n el ttswnento estin
Jumhrar comrlecamenrc.
Pero t>l mistcrio pane, sobtt todo
cu lamosa Uazru
da quc Marilrn rccibio la noche de su m ·rte: SC"g-.in su an::.
1
·
SUS Dlat'Strm,..
de Ua~e1 EuniCt" Murra)-. la MonrOC' .se tur · ,·uiblc:mente de:
pues de conr("Star al tdefono. Lue.so aJ)&tttio .,-.cru con J
m.ino t"n cJ auricular. Todo esro ha IJe"ndo a pcn.wr que h:
bia alsuien mur .i.mponan~ pan ella al Otto .bdo dcl hi.lo t,
Paula '
Ltt Strasberg y la •iuda de .Michael Chc:J.o,·. su sec:ttwia May
llics, su psiquiatra nev.·l•orkina Marianne Kris r sus a.misos
el poeta Norman Rostf'n y su esposa.. Es dudoso que &Jguoo
ie
c(J05
herde a.Igo
mas que W ckudas:
los ejecutores deJ
aqiu· nunca
&eionico.
teS·
10
�r que se empeiia en triunlar en la lucha por I~ vid
con una mano atada· atra
~,..,.~iliff~lft-
~~~wAt-tli-4i"""""
Usted bien sabeo como es hoy la compet~c:fltaNj.:-,a
hombre preparado se IJeva IDs mejores anpleos; d
no preparado se desmorati:u antes de empez:ar la ·
busqueda; y el Hmedio-:preparado.. Jucha contra
obstaculos · formidabJes. l A CUAL DE ESTAS
CATEGORIAS PERTENECE .USTED? E fxico
depende de su preparaci6n. · Cuanto mls ·sepa. mis
dpida sera su promoci6n a mejo~es empleos J sueJ.
dos mis altos.
.
1, Por qui luchar tan desesperadamente contra b corri•
ente? Escuelas lntemacionales es la instituci6n de
ensenanza por correspondencia mis grande y antigua
del mundo. Es la escuela que le facilitad. a USTED
la preparad6n que necesita.-por CORRESPON·
DENaA .... sin salir de casa y sin dejar su trabajo.
Escuelas lnternadonales le ofrece una amplia se-1Kci6n de cursos-en espanol castizo--facil de leer
-y fad! de entender. Escuelas lnternacionalc!'S ha
ayudado a mas de 7..000.000 de personas como usted
a gana.r mis-aprender-mh.
Siga el ejemplo de los ingeniosos hombres y mujeres
que ahora mismo han resuelto ya aprovecharse de la
mejor y mas Kon6mica maoera d~ conseguir buenas
posiciones con boenos salarios..
•
E•omine la lisfa de cursos al pie • inclique el que desee
en uno dtt los cvpona ;nduidos. lnmediatamente le despa•
cltoremo1 todo inform.! •aceaario, aluolutomente g,ati1.
lqlfs para [sp1ftol (Con Discos
Arquitectur1 r Constructi6n
Gratis)
.
·
(13 Es.p.)
lnaenierla Mec.lnie1 (15 [sped·
alidades)
Ina. Elfclrie1 (13 Esp.)
Ttcnico Electrieistl
Contabilidad Avanzada
perior
Cu...... Secretarial
·-
}~~t:~~ 1
MetJnica del Autom6vil
Matematic.as
Su-
D
Hidrlulica (JO Esp.)
ncnico Radio Armador
(Con Eouipo G11lis)
Envi1 el cupon hoy 111i1mo, o si prefiere, e,criba a Eacuela1
lnternacionales de la America Latina, Sc.ranton I, Pennsylvania, E. u. A. lf!Yie solo "" a,p~n.
Tfcnico en Motores Diesel
ln1. Quimica r hrmaci1
Pertto tn QuimiCI Industrial
Comercio., Ventas
.
Dibujo Mec.inico, UnearyArquitect6nico
In•.
Industrial
•
f:~f~!s Confecci6n .
Ttcnico en Electr6nit1
Refriaerati6n
Enterese dr c6mo los cooocimicocos que Ja.s Escuela.s
lnreraadonales ponen a su disposici6n por corrc:sp~Ul•
d e,.c,a,
· eo sus h oras J'b
1 res )' en su prop1a a sa, pue d en
haccr dr usted una persona bien tnformada, bien ttmun~rada y respetada. Tambien se incluyeo amplios
deralles sobre los cursos. Escuelas lnternaciooales de
la America Latina. Scranton 8, Penna., E. U. A.
:I tDR!l8tmfilllttttl3@tll&11Mllttttthttmtl
J!,-sw: il
¥·· • :I
a.
Scranton
1
1
I
I
I
lnvien inf
·
Penna .. £. U. A..
Oepta. IL 961 l
•TEWTIONAL COlttt~NOEIICt: SCIIOOLS
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Eavl•n mformaci6n 9rati1 Hbr• eate curso
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�!SERA N -:SARIO-------
PLOJE
Al NE
O.TRA VEZ?
por Marlo Llerena
r·• -~ ---:- . -.--- -. . . . . . . .
.. ' .......cha, cle lo• ClfNHL • MdO.nl,j r .. lelat .......
lioa. • la Doctriacr
bl hatodo1 .,.,.....,......_
l. e Compcaroc:ioo 41 lapaaa J lvsiL • le MW'NtizacWtl •. .
C•ba.. . . . . . IIU1itar comunist•: • E llllNO . . . latervucl6a. ·._
F_:·
• • D1 1191 • 1962. • El di.le-.
,._._·:
t. .
Mo~,.:._ •
r'
1~~--
·/
Cucstion de rrimcra m.agnitud ea el
firmamcnto del Hemisfcrio des.de que
Jos comunisw It' apoderaron de la isla
dt Cuba- a la de 1i los E.su.dos Uo..i·
dos ioterveod.ra.n para libcrar a est.a pot·
c;ioo inicial de tcrritorio a.merict..Do que
cae bajo el dominio scniitico.
"I.as ruones por las que la atenci6o ae
concenua en los Estados Unidos (mis
bicn que en todo el conjuato de las n-l,ohe,nlolllww
publicas. a b.s cw.lc:s concieroe por igua1
b situaci6n cubana) 100. varia.s , obvias: E prettdente bis16rico.
f.stados Unidos es un.i poteocia demoaatia muodial ' b unjca nadon de es•
te lado dd Adantico en c.Jndiciones de
da.t la paua ~n la lucha conua el comu- a muy scria.s J dcdsivas co.n.secueocw.
T oclos cstos btthos ( no sia:tplcs opi•
nismo; la ruprura cit- b uoidad hemisoiones: bcchos) explicao ha.sta la sacief~rica coo la\ presenci.a sovictica consti•
ruyc vn golpe tremc:sodo a 1u prestigio dad la preBUnta quc L? baa «ti C.OOti~
nente ~orero: que cs lo qu.e detieoe a las
J a su mism.i. k'gurjdad ru.cional; le un.ia.n
Estados Unidos pan oo intcnrenir ai el
a Cuba los mis csm:chos vinculos hi.storicos J tt0t16mieo1; el auevo loco co- problem.a de Cub&.
munista se planta a poco mis de cieb
II
k.ilomeuos de sw coscas; los •cucrdos J
Har dos a.spectos de la cuestl6n qu·e
uatados pall21'nericanos son cspecificos
dcben rccord.arse bicn: uno. ·e1 preceen cuanto a la inadmisibilidad -de un csudo comunisu en el cs_pacio geogrilico c\cntc hist6rico; ouo. b aaruraleu in•
tero.acional dcl problem.a.
.
de las
•
. re-preseutativos ofi.. ciales
ios voceros del ap,raro SOt'iiLos Estados Unidos ioten·inieron n
tivo d La Habana. no ceun\ un i..nstaotc Cuba por primcra ft2 en 1898, durantc
en lU
pafu. sistematica de hostilidad _ ~l gobierno del Presi.dcnte Mc:Kinler.
Cuba era eotooces una colonia de EsJ pro!aci6.o a los Est.ados Unidos; es
public J 001orio que desde Cuba sc puu. J esuba en BUC'fr'a pot alanzar la
indcpendenda. ·Teas el i.otcnto inlruauofomen
prepa.ra J dirigc b revolucioo
comunini e 6 ' ~ las -demis pajses de so de los Diez Anos (sin CODW ottas
la America Latina; V• . • I.st 111,1 •ot
antes J' dt!Spues) que ~ cerr6 coo el
la uadici6n de la Docuin.a Monroe y la Pacto deJ Zanj6D en 1878. Mani habia
propia panicipaci6n nonea.mericaoa · en conseguido levaow de nut'\'o al pa.is a
la iodependeocia de Cuba en 1898 Clcatl Wl es.f,mzo
de liberud.
de por 1i un compromise-moral quc es.
La guerra habia e.mpezado ea 1895.
u oaci6n no podri. eludir ain -expoouse Maceo y Gom~ COil la Ia.vasi6a., ba·
le_,,
mas
'bia.n u~do la lucha desdc Oricote y
Canuguey hasu. el exue.mo occidcntal
de la bla.. F.n los Estados Unidos. la opi·
ni6n publia empcz6 a ~gir.a.m astcnsiblnncnrc coo. los mcesos de Cuba (se
dau que la 11.amada f)f'~r,u, ...,;u,. tuvo
muc.ho que ver en cllo). Pcse a la indinacion ~rsarw. de McKioley, IC hizo
un clamor de gucrra contra Espana. El
15 de fchrero de 1898. el acoru.ado nor·
ta.mcrica.no Awi•e, anclado ~n la ba.hia
de La Ha.ban.a.. explot6 misteriosamenre.
Y p la presi6o le hizo incontenible.
E 11 de abril McKinky-Cnvi6 un
mens.aje al Congreso solicitJ.Ddo au~or;.
UCiOD para itHet'\ten.i~iJitatmCOlC ell
Cuba; y el 20 d C.on
aprob6 la famosa Joit11 R1sol1t1ior, ( :-soJucion Con·
junr.a). en la quc. t.dcm s de autor.i..u.r
al Presidernc para declah.r · 1 )uccr la
pcm a .Espa.ii.a. 1e esmblecla li\c:
.,EJ t,Hbk> ,, C11b1 u, ' ., 4t:rE·
cl,o
ur. libr. ~ isuprn-
ui,, "·
Jinu, .. .•;
, quc ·1os Emdos Unidos
"ao lil•n, inl~s M
,j,:ru,,
lo-
�Ill
He ah{ el sdenp:. cPreccdentc de
que? De la si ~,~Mfr Rftnl. ni mis ai
mcnos. Porque la compuaci6o a ao
s6fo mu; iDtcrcs.ante s.ino DeCCSaria. Y
de clb. sale mucha luz..
,Ci,mo se jmtifica la intervcoci6n de
· 1os Estados Unidos en la gucrra de Cuba
en 1898? En lo quc al juicio hist6rico
rcspecu, putden o.mitlrse las motivaciooes vienudu, que sicmpre las ha; por
enttttcla de los acontecimientos. (Quien
quiera indag..r ·a fondo sobre el panicu•
b.r puede consultu la obra de Hem:uaio
Portell Viii. lo mis documtntado que IC
ha h«ho sobtt la m.ueria). Lo que de
Yeras imporu son las causas r las consccuencias del bccbo: quc los Estados
Unidos intervinieron pan ayudar al pueblo cubano a cmancipa.rse de la &en'idumbrc colonial Y que en um. o en
mis eupas cumpl•eron su pat.b.ra de
dcjar a ese pueblo convcrtido t'll repu·
blia libre.
•
Las pnaebas de b colonla.
tuaciones? En cu.anto a lo moral, si cl
pueblo de Cuba padeda bajo d J'UIO
colonu.l de &pafia. hoy padcce iofiniumenre mis hajo el yu,o colonial dcl.
imp,:rialismo ICn'iCttCO. Y C'D C\l&Dto &
Jo politico, ai 1a Cuba de enronces. al
como lo intcrpreu la Docuina MOllf'OC,
era. una pordon de u:rritorio americaao
sometido a una potencia atracotu:iDea•
tal. b Cub.a de boy se encucntta en el
mismo cuo. con los agravantes de que
la Union Sovietica esti mt.acho mis Je...
jos todavia que Espana_ T ai descubti6
a Cuba en el tiglo XV. coma Espaii.2..
ni adquiri6 ;a.mis sobre la Isla los dettchos que por tal raz.on. por circunsr.anciu de ipoca J por habcr .fundado
al pueblo rubano J dadole au sangre, su
idioma f su cuhun.. 1i pudo invocu I~
1;itimamcnte Espana.
.
~ Ubn
A la vcrdad. hay diferencia.. iP"O
como pesa en el platillo de la situad6n
6Qut mis hace hlta'! ••
p~ntc! Ocurre quc 1os miunos ll&'U·
mcnros. morales J politicos, qut sin'ie- · socialasu.·. o ..democrada popula.t·. todo
ran para motivu la interv<"ncion de cl mundo ube mur bien quc ~ denol 89S, sobreabundan hor corregidos 1 minacion~ no son or.a cosa que cufeaumentados. No es Cuba una r:olonia -quc mismos de paattlla invtntados pot los
pau
loh•"'ia Ubff
Un paraiso ea comparat:ion..
'•
••
~
li
I
•
If
•1
Aunque no lo esi,ecifican. tantO, la
Joi111 Rrsol~~ descansaba de hecho en
dos ale
cl mor•I: el sufri1umano J cl dcrecho·,a combatir
J r a conquinar la Hberud; y
,o: el principio de la Docuina
( 182;) conua Ja esistencia en
este
misferio de poderes exttacontioeotales:~ -~~.. - -·-Ante toc1o Mt~· la interrogation se
hace inevitable e imperativa. iY ahora?
Si cl espiriru de la Joint Rno/11tio11 1 la
•cci6n subsecuenre del gobier.oo de Mc
Kinle,- fueron bueoos J ruvieron justifiacion en 1898. (por que no boy t11
1962? i'D6nde ati. la dife.rencia de &i-
r~
de manos; lino un pa.is indepcndiente que te-troccde al est.ado colonial
con b. ocupaci6n sovietica. Y 1i la Doc·
trina Monroe a cosa. que deugrad2 a
los infantt'S dd complc!jo 11.acioruJisu,
ahi esti toda la literarura del panamerianismo. dt'Sdc el Tnrado dt: llio de
Janeiro ( 1947) hast.a la mismisima Dcc1araci6n de Punta del Estc, donde pue.
den tulbr los indccisos y los rimomos
retorica legalista de sobra para fundamr-nrar el deulojo de un podcr atr2continou.aJ quc ha ttrudo a imponcrlc
su mara de csdavirud a un pueblo an•
tt'S Jibrc de estc Htmisferio.
iQuc, entoncci. detiene a los Esrados
Uoidos hoy que no las detuvo a,er? •..
IV
Y que oo •enga nadie con pamplina.s
hipoc:riw de formL Porque 1i e-o el idioma sui £i'neru dcl comut'lismo la Cuba
actual ao cs ..colonia· sioo ·tepublia
comua.isw para d.isfraur J disimul.ar su
J'COpio coloo..iajc.
ejcrcc hor mu
control sobrc sus satclites dcl quc nuna
Moscu
tuvicra.· Madrid sobre sus p05e-sioncs de
uluam.u. Los pueblos de Mexico. Nue,·a. Granada.. Peru. Rio de Lt. Plata r
Cuba C'Spanola disfruwott de una liberuJ que dcsconocea boy los de Hung:-fa.,
Chteoe5lo"'a.quia. Bulg.uia y Cuba co.mu-
raista.
Para
mencion.u solo alsuaos. Las
condicion.es de la vida hwiuna J de la
socied:ad ba jo los viueyes "t 1os ca:,itancs genera]es se ttn comp un ~rdad~r o
la.ta-con
p1ra.iso cua.ndo sc las
cl in·
fierno totalitario de Cu • de Ulbritch,
de Janos K.ad.u o de
lquiera de 1os
quislings dtl impcrio
ictico.
La tt'llidad ao se puede ae;bia.r co:i
palabras.
No sc C'.'ngaiic nadie. no se cngane
,..,a.shingron: la ex Jtepublict. de Cubl
ha p.uado a ICr una coJonia. sovicciu. a
Co•l1•,i~ 16 U fNitiM 9~
�~....... ·.
~ -~~
Al,'f,(!a .....
UN PESIMO
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NEGOCIANTE
w. ....
p,1.i- ....,;_ d. _
9ocio1. tlempt• aKnitodo tie tlinero. Con ,.,., u.cepciones.
nte n en .erdod .-1 atso. Y ao d•ben deHllimone la& •narm
e.w:atpoona• • ••
por Ylenzell Brown
Traduccion de Jorge L6pe1
llustro Moreno Penalver
M;trtin ob!.el"l"o con melancolia la ruturalen mucru colocada t':11 su cab.allete. Se rercata.ba de que el suro eu un ta•
knto pobrt-. mezquino. ~ e hacia mucho habia abandonado
roda CSperanu de COO\"'ertirse en ce)ebre pin1or 1 f SC Contento "
con ser uo embadurnador de Rguoda ca.tegoria. No obstante,
•endia &)£u.n cuadro de vu en cuaodo. Acaso co.n mayor fre-
cuencia que, su amigo N'atan, curos lienzos de OSJdo colorido
f biu.rro dis.eno acenroaban la mediocridad de- Martin.
Sc asomo a la amplia -vcnum dd esrudio, aporado en el
mare
·
C'di.t hara que maur antes de encontr~
·atan en el bar de"Padd)' coma prC'ludio al habitual rc-
cl barrio bohemio.
En cl piso de ab.ajo pcxHa ver los m.archiros geranios J
la ·c-dra sec.a de b tcrrau de Jos Brackh.am. Ua csticmec.i•
mi to de t':11\.'idia recorri6 su cuerpo al recuerdo de Charles
Br Jum .. Era cst.c uo hombre aho. robuSto. de rasgos fuer·
tes y bieii &4ine-ados. Poseia el cdificio; r Manin ·ldbia oido
"dKir que era una \'Crdadcra poteocia ra \\":°all Suttt. Habia
e-scuchado onos rumores ultimamcnte: que Brackh.a..m bubo de
pa.s.ars.e de Lt ra)·a r an dab.a en aprieros, quc su mujer. Bear.
tenia a su nombre 11 J112for pane de .las propiedades J sc nr.pba a arudarlo.
·
Por mucho que- k cnvidian a Brackh.1.m; a la csposa oo
._{o pot
la codiciaba en modo alguno. Berry era um rubia dcs~nid ••
malhumorad.2 r de ..,oz chillon.a.. Mu,· a menudo, al asoma.rse
a la venu.na, ob. las discusiones dd mauimonio. Por Jo l{e·
neraI las rin.:as terminalun con un portuo de Charles al uli:
dcl ap.aru.miento. r cl ahopdo sonido del lliutto de Bert}-.
En aqud momenro tenian pelea.. Y de las ,;randes.. Aunque sonahl.n difercnte de ouas veccs. Las infles:ionn dd hom·
brc cran mcnos ,·iolenw quc de cosrombre. con un tibeu de
ironia r mob.. La mujcr sc manifest.aha rcnsa. hisrcric.t, come
asusuda de •eras.·
· Martio se inclin6 por la •cntana a b i ~ a percibir
f_.
las P3bbru.
Deda ella:
- Tom.a las perl.u. 'Dtben de \"&!er u.a ar de miles. Co£f
lo que quicras. Jamb me qucjarc, ,i te
ch.as J .me dejaJ
CD
pn.
La resruesta K' prodjo en tono pcrcz :
- iQuc -vor a sacar con las pcrlas? No ~ o ni con.
tthir donde J:'C)dria vendcda.s. To.io el mundo sabc quc sor ur
pcsimo n~&OCiantc.
Hubo om>$ ,uidos diliciks de idenrificar. Un ~:ni3c
ioterrumpiJo apenas comcnudo; un abrupro crpeler del alien
ID, quc bien pudiera haher sido un.a a:prcsioo cie dolor, I(
�:<.._,"_ :_ __ ·....... _, '. .. •
guido
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.,
,f):-:~ ,os aunutos
•;·~-"'- vidad. r puos
'}
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.•
- - . ..Manin permam.-c10 anmovd, el cora.zon latiendotc cas.t
~n dolor, las m~n~. 1cm_blorosas. iSc.- ha~ia comttido 1111 asesmato c? la hab1u.c1on darcctamenre dc~,o de la sura? Si asl
en.. tenta ':1 debcr .de Damar •. la i:_,ohc1L Sc sabia timido y
torpe. {~ 11 se ~1t11aalllllllk,.~gmaba us grucsas wocn de
Jos pohcaas, su ·rla f Su f:SCarmo. Yaun si attnaba, cpodria
soporw cl en ntarsc a un hombre como Oarlcs Bradham? ·
Abrigaba. casi · ceneu de quc Brack.ham invertiria los
minos de algu modo; incJuso ct mis.mo. Mattia. poclria Rt .
acusado como
1or dcl aimen.
· .
Uo ligero
SU puc:na lo sac6, sorpaindido. de IUS
Jugubrcs incditadb11 A. I Rh .infundirlc un panico momenrioco. 'No era mis q~e d encargado que vcnia a repa.rar ana
Uave ,goteanre. Manm conremp16 el tr.tbajo J ffComp!!'IISO al
hombre coo 11n.a parca propina. Penso en hablarlc de lo que
aer-
toque •
habia. escu~do, pcro su instintiva prttaucion le aconsej6 ,u.ar-
· du 1deoc10 .No era asuoto de 111 i.ocwnbcncia, , no qucria
mctt~ en el.
.
JJ.ego al bar de Paddr con algunos minutos de rmaso.
Natan Ja estaba alH. en medio de Wl grupo
alegra bebedorcs. a fau.ieocs dcjo en se-guida para UUW' cl ttciato a I.bra•
zar a )f.anin con SU exuberanre efu.sion.
- Mi querido Marry- lo -u.:udo-,, esta · noche celehra.mos. Aabo de venJcr una pihtura. Pararcmos eo tuJas 1u
buns del Gtten1'·ich Village. iQue te parKc, muchacho?
de
Mania protest6 debilmentc, alegando quc cad.a yez que
_N1ti.n •cndia Wl cmdro IC aastaba en u.o.a sola noche U>do cl
dinero ganado.
Natan Jo. inttrrumpi6 brusco:
- Para eso son las hojas de lcchuga. Vienen y no con
.igual facilidad. &,., cs mi lema.
~ Martin inren11ha pcdirle consejo a Natin. mu no habia
oponunidad. con r.:1eJia doc:ena de sente dc.-u.nte. Al menu·
dear los uagos. se- olvjdo de Bu.dham. y cuando record6 1 los
dl"talles de lo oido sc presentah.an borrosos m su menre. co.mo
los de un sueiio usi ausente de la memoria •
Mas oo era una pcsadilla. Cuando rcgreso al estudio, la
casa hormigueaha de policias., T al vez si hubiera esudo sobrio les hubiesc: dicho la verdad, pcro tcnia demasiado akobot adenuo r temi6 que cargaran con
por no. De mod.o
que se asuanto la .cngua detris de los dientcs ' aficmo DO
habcr _escuchado la menor cosa.
Cse,6 que los gu~dias,.no lo deiarian en paz en lo adelante. pero rodo resulto mas sune que la mantequilla. Du.ranrc la proxima semana un tenienrc. Parson, del Depa.rtamenro para Homicidios.. lo visito varias vc«"S para confirmu
sus dcclaracioncs. pero Manin- 1e habia encasillado en el si•
~n.cio y oo habia maneu de sac:arJo. i,,Y por quc ba.bria de
sahr de es.a posrura? Nada tcnia que gana.r cantandolc a las
el
autoridades.
,
De un modo u ouo, la serenidad de" Brackh.am lo irriu~ Al p~incipio el sujeto asumio un falso aire de dolor. pcro
hac1a c:J fin.al de la semaru era ra el hombre de sicmprc, 01·
min3.ndo come.- si d,-.minara al mundo, r dirigiendolc a Manin
una altanera soorisa cuando se cruuban co la cscalerL No sc
mostruia u.n arroganre si supiera el poder que mantcnia sobre el. Y pcn.sandolo bien, war que no decirseJo? Manin le
habia hccho uo gran favor. Brackham deberi.a ~ntirsc: agra-
dccido.
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-~~:~\:~:~~~~~Ji-, re.¼ • "'~?.l
.;a~~d~ -~~;·d~:;~;·,;~ ae ~· -lo.~~'!'lr
- ~ ·a,.trn'i~· n_~. ~ ·a~~~. ~~-cs~t __.______ '
de Mamn
comer. Et
"··1ci16; hae,go. hacieDClo
io
.·
~a gol~
•
~amn a~u10 el oado. Transcum
sdcocta. En~onct."S un.a puttta IC ccrr6
In-cs se •!epron caura~~tc. • •
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/~,
·
Mientras m ·
eltas le daba al asunto rn la abcu. mis
IC afirmaba
de que d1.:bia h;iblark a Br.:ackham.
No se trata ·. d1: chantajc. No hm.ria an·h:i'la.za al.gun.a. ni men·
cionaria di
o. Solo una. renue insinuacion de que en su mano
cstaba de-$ ~ el desrino dd otro. _
Mani se caba valor a si mismo para la cnua·ista. No
debia p.is.ar
r alto quC" cl hombre era un asesino de· sangre
~ia. Eof~ent
~'"'P propio aparramiento rC"Sulraba dcma•
saado peligroso. Ten11 que abordarlo ni un lugar publico. coo
wficiente gente en los con1ornos para la dc:bida protttci6o..
J)ero mdie a distancia ta.I que pudicn ac:uch.&r la conversacion.
Esa noche siguio • Brac.kham cuando sali6 de la asa..
la cosa pa.reci6 Ii.cal. A los poc~ miDllt0S ccu6 m 110 ns-
tolia
.de rodo su corajc. rcnc .
E1 esunario e r a ~
E restauraDtl' es«aba me,'. ~ : , , r Brackham R aenr6 I01o
en un.a mesa •isl1da en W1 u,. ~an.
Las a:ias clc Brackham asandieroa d,: onco ~
·
ff~en.
L
lion de mojo c:uaodo .Manin sc deslizo CA lilJa CZPft- .
la sup.
o,puc:sa...a
J.lanin ttnia ai discuno todo
d
· d
pen.as loon)
-le las lab
pprepan.. ~-'~ t . ~ t
0
n.,.... r
pa ras. COD Ym uemua..
·
· ;-:-Mr. Brackham~ mf. algo ,ue aeo DA clcbet
proposito de. la mucne d~ su scoon.
A meduh que Ma:nan apooia su rdaro la aa·inu•
~~~re ambiaba.. ~ta dC\-cnir eaaoador.tmentt corcl"
:~o rodos ~os ~mcnorn. T Martin ~. losd ~. aper·
0
e Tia':'fLI: .. ICII
. . . . .. . _ _
• en SU anaeraor on.a C!cc,entc K'~a<?n
acduado I Bra.ckham. E tipo se ttod1a 1111 co.mbaw 11qu&en..
Cuando termio6. Brackham Jc dijo muJ serio:
-Quiero d~te las gracias. Manin! De ftt'U que al Y
ahora qu1ero pe,dane un favoi mu.
.
- Por supucsto. Lo qu.e usted dip.
·
- A,uarda aqui unos .minutos. Har ana peaona que creo
debe escuchar cambicn IU o.arraci6n..
Mania quedo confundido. pero asinti6. Brukham 1e Je.
'ftftt6 f fuc hasta Ufta c:en:am. casilla te)cfonia. la charla DO
card6 arriba ck un minute, al abo dd aw ttgres6 a la mesa
insrando a Martin I tcmar un coaeL.
·
·
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Manin tu\·o .el subito impulso de edw a correr. pen,
cso seria desc.abcllado. Quizis Br.ad.ham habia llanudo a 1111
amigo para qu~ u.ajcse alsun dincro. Podia scr que cl J)IBO
IC' produjcra al inswate. sin allwaca, molcstia.s Di la IDC'1IQl
suscsti6n de clunuje.
.
Una sombra caro sobre la mesa J 1.hnin ah6 los ojos.
Su e-stomago pa~i6 hundirse, J m su prpnta se ahos6 u
.grito. Ante cllos se hallaba cl u:nicnre Pa)"SQD.
Brad.ham csuba de pie. sonriendo.
-Gracias por habtt -.coido c:an pronro-sc dirigio al
rcden llrg.ado - . Usted tte0rdari. - a Man.in. iflO, tenicaa:? ·
Naturalmente quc- si. El muchacho tiene ua cuento que mted
debcria oir. Claro que debia habcr dado el infonne Ute£,
mas a~ro que no sea UJtcd dcmasi~do RVctO con B. .Ma.rdD
no quiso h.acer nada ma.lo. Simplemente K' trata de uo in.di·
viduo timido. - Y Bradham IC ausent6.
.
' P.a)·son afirmo soiemnemente COD la a.bu.a r mmo &UCA•
to. Como en suenos, .Martin rcpiti6 su rel.arc. mientr&S Parson
romabz. !'Ota. El polic~a. qu~ ento~ccs ua.sladanc al cuuto
de .Marun, cou qu.c h1c1cron. El anma R hallab1 hclado de:
espa?to, mas por oua pa.rte el_ tt-nierue 1e h.abia mosuado mur
gcm!l ~ur.anre ~od.2 la e-ntrC'\·nt;a- N~cla de rudezu. Solo un.a
cones 1ns1Stcnaa en qut' Maron rcncruc los d~ies una J
ot~•. vez. hasu. el punro e-a. que las pahbw 1e hicieroo awomaucas.
Pas.iron dos horas antc-s de que P•rso11 hiciera adcm.i.n
de le,.antarsc. Pronunci6 con mudu alms:
-Quisie~ hacerte una ult~ prC'gun~ ~f~a.. Y mis
'ftle que me d,g.1s la vcrdad .,Bracl:..b.J.m tr: 1nst1,so a esto?
.
- i iBm:kham?! iPor que ib.a a ha.ttdo? No. seiiar. Y
esro prueba que mat6 a su esposa.
Pa)'son movi6 la cabeu:
- Al conuario. k
propordonado una coa.rtacla pet·
ha&. Scgu.n ni. el a.s.c:sin.110 ocurrio a las cinco menos clia. lo
quc concuerda. con la hora que mare.aha d rdoj-pu~a roto
de Benr Br.ad:.ham. Pt-ro un ttloj puccle rompcrse a proposito,
r sus a~uju disponcrse de -modo quc le a,:en,can con 1os abjcti\"OS de: un ascsino. E.s.o n-a lo que sospcchibamos que-Btar:k·
lum h:ibia hccho. Pero·nu<.."Stra tc:0ria no podra 50Stcnerse mis.
r..as
Br.a.cl:ham sc encontraba ~n una r~nion de una
jia
din~c-
tin ck cuatto a cinco r media. Pue-de pr<.."kot.ar por
meoos
a una docena de resti£:OS~ hombrtt de negocio; ttspct · les c:iu•
dada_nos. Si .ru cuenzo ~ vc:rdadcro. lo cxime de
.1 culpa..
iQu1eres n:urulo. Manan?
·
.•
•
·
)bnin se mojo con la lcogua los labios ret«D&~-....
- No puedo. Es la verd.:acl.
Pa)'son 1e cocogi6 de hombros:
-Acaso Cl'2S quc lo es. Pero quicnquien que sea eJ qoe
Coali•w •• L, p.i1,i,u B9
�-,
"FORTUNA llEGA
EMASIADO TARDE
& :f ifb.rp!t"'fit D~,,;_,111e1
u
S11nt• Aru, P•iJ. ,·~get• 11n ,,,iJlo•
..,;o 111 ~s11er11 de l• m11ntt. F11m.11
7 tnillooes l" no le.sin:en d.,, •Mi.4.•.
Se le puedc vcr - los vicmes. unico
'dia de visita ~ntado en un baneo
del jardin del Hospital de Dementes
de Santa Ana. en los suburbios de Paris. Ticne 71 afios. Es inofcnsivo. Murmura palabras inconexas. dice cosas
incohercntes. De vez en cuando: como
si la luz de la razon se alumbrara ~n
su cerebro. M:>nrie dulcemente y habla
de Honensia. de Picasso, de Modigliani
bar,:o. de acuerdo con las lc)·es.. s.c pusieron a publica subasta. No en el Hotel
Drouot, no en el Museo Galliera ccntr~ consagrados def artc en \•enta
- sino en un almacen an6nimo de fa
caUc de Als.acia. La subasta fue anun·
ciada - como manda la le)· en
\·arios periodieos de Paris.
..• Dcspucs olvida pas.ado )' rrescnte un silcncio tctrico y me·
lancolico.
y K" hundc
en
EJ viejo s.c 11:lma Celso La~ar. naci6
. en Salamanca, E~rana. )' es millonario
y famoso. La 1loria y la fonuna le llegaron de repente, cuando el hombre ya
no deseaba ni una ni otra. - Dcmasiado tarde ... - murmura cuando momentaneamenle r«ohra la raz.6n. No
. quicr
• ntos millones de fran~nc en c banco. Solo k intcrcs:i
SU
COncitO al SOI. dU.fatllC Cl VCf.lnO,
en
jardin del Hospital.
·
g6 a Par.is hacc cincuenta anos.
fug i,·o de la seca mis.eria de su Salaman a ~&.al.~ iMtalo en Montmartre.
naturalmente - y emrczo a pintar. En
el cafe del Dome diariamentc se scntaba a la mesa de Picasso, de: Max Jacob.
de Leger, de Kisling. de Pasquin ..•
Vivia como vivian toJos los pinlores en
aquetta epoca: de milagro. Un dia vcndia un cuadrito por un pun.ado de dine-
to, orro dia aceptah:i el oficio de rintor
de brocha gorda para poder comer. En
1920 se caso con Hortenr.ia Bc~uc. modclo conocif.la par casualidad en un bailc
de la Orilla Jzquierda. El matrimonio
dur6 hasta la mucrtc de Honcnsia hace
dicz anos. Nu~ca se 1tpararon. Y el
pintor de Salamanca enloqueci6 cuando
la ambulancia sc lle,·6 de su casa et
cucrr,o enfcrmo de su esrc,sa. Muri6
pocos dias dC'Spues. Cuando la policia,
alcn:1d:1 r,or la porter:&, abri6 la rucna
dc1 cstuJi_o de' Ccts.o Lai;ar. lo ~ncontr6
abrazado a la t1.tatua de su CS('I05.3 mucrla - y fuc dedaraJo oficialmente loco.
cnccrrado en el Hospital de Santa Ana.
Cuando sc inici6. M:>rprcsa genera.I:
cst:ahan Jos doscien1os merc.adcres
de ane de la capital de Francia. ;.Que
h.:ibia ocurrido? ;.FJ nombre de Celso
La,ar habia dC$pcrtado· un ~o en la
mente de los "'marchands" de la cpoca
anterior a la guerra? La c:uesti6n es que
al vigcs.imo cuadro ya
h3bfa rcc:1udado la cant1dad que cl anista debia
at ca$CrO. Al ponene a subasta el cuadro numero cincuenta, La~ar ya tcnfa
altunos. milloncs. Y al rem::u:irsc la suhas1a, el pil)tor era mfflM:ario. Lru
sictc ullimos
vendicron en
una cqui\"alencia de dicz- mil d6larcs
cada uno.
am
sc
a.
cu:idr1~
Hace un ano el ca~ro sc lanzo sobre
Una escena emo :-1nantc. Dc-spue!
los bicncs del pintor. en dc:manda de de los cuadros se co e:iron en sub:ist:
sicle milloncs de franeos ~ anti!!UOS las esculturas. Cuandose a,.a a inicia~
f rancos - que le debia el artist a J"C'T la venta del busto de Honcnsia. un;
alquileres atrasados. Cuantlo s.c: 'hizo el · ~nora pidi6 Ja p:ilabra: - 1'0 teng,
inventario judicial. el ujier escribi6: sc dincro para adquirir esta cscuJtura. L
han hall:ado cien cuadros )' varias esta- hizo Ctlso Lagar pocos anos antes d.
tuas - invendibles. sin valor. Sin cm· morir su espos.a Hortensia. Es el bust-
�Asi se bizo. Los millones estin ahora
depositados a nombre dcl artista· en un
banco de Paris 7-~~tiles.. que
llcgan demasia.ffi '1af!tc no la\·an
la afrenta de I" miSieria permancntc en
la vida de Cello y Honensia. La s.ubasta se realiz6 ed t"l paudo julio y d~e
.entonces la prtnsa critica de Paris ensalza diariamelue eJ gcnio del pintor.
descubre paren~ ,listicos con
Picasso y Uger.nom \e de Celso
Lagar refuJge ahora como una estreHa
en el firmamento de la e-scuc1a de Pari~.
Sus cuadros IC rn·enden en cantidades
cada vcz mayores. Pronto, &in duda.
apareceran f alsificaciones de La gar que quiz.a un dia IC cue1guen en algun
museo ·.norteamericano. despu& de pagar por 1Has cantidades fabulosas.
Micntras, ~lso Lagar contcmpla
con 1u espiritu sin vida el bustCI de ia,
bien amada. en su humildc cclda del
Hospial de Santa Ana. ;.Que hacer para
aUviar su soledad y tristcza? Ya no se
puede hacer nada. Oficialmente esta loco )' se exigiria revision dd expedientc
para permitir su salida. De otro )ado.
-
...I
.
~
1 ... ~"'
~.:, . ~ .·,' . ._-. . .
1
••
-2-
..
'
El dia '2 de agosto la vi en Flagler y Tercera. - 1Una sombra de um.
sombra! Hacc anos. fue una de las mujcres mis beUas de mi pais. - A un
cucrpo estatuario. un£a la cara mas Jinda quc son:irse pueda. - 1Una diosa
iriega habria cnvidiado su beUez.a! Y ahora es s6lo una tombra ck su 50mbra!
No la recoooci. a pcsar de que la quise mucho. - Ella 1e me acerc6. y me •
dijo: _. ...No ubf:s quia, soy )'O...vcrdad?'' - Le conresi. con pena.. quc .
no. - 'Y al decirme: - ...So)' Ful3.na de Tar. senti que un es.trcmecimiento
de horror me ucudia! Me dijo: - ..Se que ni
1ni nadie!, me reconoc:cria ·
ahora • .. • Podria hablane mucho det proceso de mi desinttgraci6n f'isica J .
moral, pcro prcfiero decirtelo en una sola frase ••. ,Hace poco fusilaron en·
· Cuba a mi unico hijo~" - Ugrimas ardientes corrieron por mi rostro, penundo en aqucl simpatico muehachon de 17 aiios. iquc pudo ser mi bijo. y
quc- aun siendolo de otro. era un poquito mio. porquc quise a su madre apa_sionadamen•e! Ella no Uor6.
no tiene Jagrimas! Junto con la sangre del
hijo, su llanto mojo la tiern que lo ~·io nacer 1· lo ac:ogi6 en su seno tan
tcmpranamente! Me pidi6. por fa,·or, quc publican isto. - Que detaJlara
su misera condicion. - Que pidiera a los cristianos que lean esto, que rueaucn por el descanso del alma de su hijo, dcl hijo qur pudo habcr sido mio,
tambten ••• Y esta es la historia, y estc es el ruego de una madre. - Luego.
me abraz6, y pocas veces he sentido mas compa5:i60 quc es.a maiiana del dia
l de agosto. al estrechar entrc mis brazos aquella armazon de huesos y pie)
fhicida. quc tupo un M>lo hijo, ~y se lo di6 a la patria! Un minuto despua..
dcstruida. hecha pol\·o en el poJvo, se alej6 calle abajo ••. 1Una 10mbra hecha pena~ 1Un grito de amargura; en una sombra! ·
tu.
n·a
-3-·
'",
•
Aunqu,
rezca iacreible. en este
a,·ion d uiue&e un ,·:,llience wolo.
ea scpti bre dt" 1911, de rosta a
costa en F.slados Unidos... £1 , ..,..
liente a llama Cal Rodgers. Em•
pleo aiart'nl:{dial-l'n Ut'U el re-·
corrido - y loco tierra sesenta
Yttes. E a,·ion constirun el m.
simo moti, o de curiosidad en el
Museo Nacional det Aire de Wa- .
. m.inJ:Coa, capital de la nacion.
.
Los gucrr~ros Sikh, de la India, son bautizados --tod~ cnos-·coo el
nombre ...Singh"'. que quicre dccir ..Un Leon"., - Naturalmente, dr:spu& J1e..
.. .
van otros nombres, a,ero ct de le6n no IC los quita nadie! La religi6a
1df't7- ~ - ·
SiKh lcs prohibe que se hagan cortar el pclo. los obli1a a lle\·ar siemp am . . .
daga. · y a pcinarse ,iempre con el mismo tipo de peinc. - A ~ enm ., .
quc ltt>nr constantcmente un aparato de accro en las muiiec:u. J ese d.l.ta1to
1e lo poncn alli el mismo dia que nacen..
·
Los que hayan lddo la gota anterior. iperdonen mi osadia de querahacerlos sufrir mis propias pcnas! iNO pude resistirme! De tal modo consi•
dcro a mis lcctores como amigos. qoe )·a creo iOn parte intt-grantc: de ml
mis.mo.-'- iPcrd6n, otra vcz.! Y puemos a la pane informativa de esta secci6n. - En ella. le dire quc los corrcdores de autos son tan supersticios.os
accrca de los manics, que muchos c..rros han sido rctirados antes de empezar
fo carrera, porque en el asicnto de ellos se ha cncontrado un mani. - Ni &i•
quiera admiten la cascara! Y no permiten que una mujer este cerca de Jos
lusarcs de rcparaci6n de los carros. una vez que la carrera empcz.6. - Dicen
que t:il cosa produciria un acciJcntc:, s.in lugar a dudas. - El pitcher Ira Ball.
de Summerall, Miss.• tir6 una pelota con tanta fucrza,· que IC fracturo 3 COS·
tillas. se rompi6 un brazo. se puso un ojo negro, y por poco mata a un
espcctador. - Y dejeme decirlc que el le6n es uno de b poquisimos ani•
males mamfferos en que no se ha obscrvado jami.s un caso de albinismo. Los primeros jugadores de polo quc hubo en Europa. fucron los oficiales de
un regimicnto de ca~aJleria ingles. quc impon;uon ese juego de Ja India.
dcspues de la insurreccion de IOit cipa)·os. - Y como caso curioso, citaremos
el de ConstantinopJa, en cuya ciudad ha)' mis de ochocientas mez.quitas y
tcrnplos. - 'Y las plumas de un avestruz. llegaron a valer cerc.a. de dos mil
pesos. - 'Y. ;.ube usted cuando empez6 a usarse el ras para cl alwnbrado?
En el a.no l 792. - Y r,cra usted quc c:uando las japoneses encargan un vcstido. le dicen at modis10 su cdad y s.u est:ido. porque los trajes son de difercnte hcchura. s.cgun sea cas.ada, soltera o viuda la quc los vaya a Us.@r, y
sci;un su edad. - Un jarJincro ruMl Jo,:ro obtcncr, despues de anos dt'intcnsa
-labor. una rosa comrletamtntc ncgra. - Y salvo error u omis.i6n~ Jot1gitud
de la cara es igual a la de la mano, en Jos seres raciona1es. - Y unque le
parezca extrano. le ascguro que el cameJlo tiene doble fuerz.a que
buey. Y en Taimania el verano comienz.a en diciembre~ desc por entcra . - Las
cenizas de un cucrpo humano pesan cerca de un kilogramo. s gw.anos
pucden vivir hasta cincuenta anos. - Y le dire que los arabes alimenl&ll ..s.us
cameJlos. cuando estan en el desieno, con datiles y leche de camclla. -? La .
misma fucrza que mueve una soli ton~lada en una c:arretcra Ilana, mue,·e
ocho toneladas en ferrocarril. y 32 tone lad as en una via Ou vial. - En China·
IC daba el caso de que algunos condenados a muerte .... compraban un 1ustitulo, que moria por ellos a cambio de una cantidad eo-.efectivo! - Y •••
;hasta la proxima scmana, lector amiaot ·
•
·•
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•
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La folo ausai.r-A
avaai
;''
~:.:.
p1acer··a~
.
y un-aJcnte ~ dcpo$it6 en su favor,
··~1ee
d61ar~ mtserables. Al ser aeepta--:·
~··f~c;lona~o(..a b pcsct1,de1:atm6tt.. ~~ el dc~to, qued6 dem~~do que
'':_.: .~'.;.:.\ .;..'Se .trata_de_la cosecha·ftCO&lda .eo:..
" ~umsta Ana Pauker, mm1stro del
' ~~:~.-~ ~~~ ~ primeros dnco 1nln11t~
gob,cmo de B~rcst. hacia trampa..
· · '<:·:,-: .:.~
·· \
::,.
·.
1
• ~·,
~ .. cJe":lnJdacla-:oraclalmeate
despuis_l
·1a ·qcica"
..•/'"::de"la pe~a.;' a :el ·no· Yuko :e'
Jj ;.:Alakanuk.,t Alaska.· c.iora. .~;,
;~·.t:fices" wmones·n c:iaco'JDIDutos.,.. ,
· •
..
· ··
En .. ocasaones._ con. ob1e1.o-~ ocultar ~
mu
todav,a
la ide~ll~ad d~ u_tular. se ·..
recurte a1 procedmuento UJt!tente: el
11:.,.:~~~~~....0 ..~~DIJIJ.:'ifl:ti:.~.Jt~ banco conscrva tres aobrc
&
~·~:1,t.::5i;'Z~s4»•'-%it,. -~···•
e1 primero bay. por ej
lo, la clave.
·
lNY. · En cJ segundo.
dive X9Z. ~
En d tercero. la clave
• Las tres
1ma
ate muere sus hcrederos no cobran un cla\·es escritas • mano.
untavo. En estos mom~ntos bay en brica ilegiblc. El banco eoe orden de
las per•
Suiza unos 800 mitlones de d6lares de-- no entregar los sobre
positados en cuentas corrientes cuyos sonas que aparezcan con un ocumento
titulares han muerto - y que dentto en el quc figure la clave mis la rubrica
de 30 anos. plazo de prC$Cripci6n. iri.n de1 sobre original. En cl interior hay la
terccra pane de un docummto de poa parar al &obiemo suizo .....
deres en favor de la persona que mcrec.e ·
EJ oro no esti en Jos baocos. por lo la confianza dd ti1ular. Las dos tergeneral. Principcs 6.rabes y ttyezuelos ceras .panes restantes dcl documento de
afro-asiaticos alquilan suntuasas resi- poderes se contienc en los otros dos
dencias, contratan los servicios de cm- sobres. De esta ma.ncra. en caso de '
prcsas especializadas - hay vcinte en muene del titular. sus her~eros pueGinebra solamcnte - y estas constru- den percibir la herencia. Y de csta ma. yen OO\'edas a prueba no s61o de tadro- · nera es casi imposible que mediante
nes. sino iocluso a proeba de bombar- trampa o coaccion se pucda descubrir
dco. El oro. en lingotC$, es scpultado la identidad deI titular. "'
en dichas enormes cajas fuertes. El 10. O!f>. vergonzant~ dinero sin patria
biemo ruso ticnc varios cscondrijos en
n1 c1v1.smo. ~ busca de seguridad. en
Zurich y Ginebra. ,C:Omo envia su oro.
excavado en las minas .de Siberia por cstO!. tu:mpos de ttVoluciones en cascacondenad<» politicos"! Por mcdio de la c:las. Los bancos suizos DO uben que
hacer con los dcpositos.. No pagan intevalija diplomatica. por medio de alijos
quc parten de Chccoestovaquia. Hun- res }' ademis cobran primas crecidti
po~ la eustodia.. No ha1· la menor duda :·
gria y Alcmania Oriental.
en ·est! mundo en crisis,. no hay mejor
Objeti\'o de los escondrijos rusos de ntgoc10 quc ser banquero en una ciuaro en Suiza~ estar en disposici6n de
dad suiza ....
lanzar al mereado intemacional la cantidad de oro quc sea con\·enientc, en su
guerra fria. quc tambien a1canza d
piano de las divas.as )' de tos valores. De
esta manera. por medio de su mccanis·
mo cl~ndestino. ltusia esta en disposici6n de controlar el prccio dtl oro en
los mcrcados intcmacionales de occidcnte. Cuando subc algunos puntos. ordena que sc ponga a la venta determinada cantidad de oro ftsico. con lo cual
se restablcce automa.ticamentc el equi-
ru-
mu
•
'
,a donde lle\·arlo? No tiene· a nadic en
el ~~ndo. Cuando los viemes alguicn
le VlSlta, no .rcconoce a nadie. Lo unico
que pide cs que se le dcje en paz en su
rinc6n de sombras. que no se le hable
de fama ni de millones .••
EL ORO VERGONZA~TE
DE SUIZA
'
I
::..
I
'
a
1C11.imo diru:ro luJ en las b1111co1
tie S11iu, pnicne,ient,s • •ug,uus
d.el numdt> n1e,o 911e oc11/1,1n 111
idenlilUli.' Ndu lo ,.be con t!Xdcli111d. f>tto seg11r4mente #)aJ11 J~ lo1
cin,o ,nil ,niUones d.e d ofMes .••
En estos momcntos hay mas oro
oculto en bancos suizos y bovedas particulares que en Fort Knox, el cclebrc
escondrijo del oro norteamericano.
Afluye de todo el mundo. incluso de
ltusia. Al mismo liempo. diariamente
5e abren cuentas corrientes en los bancos de Ginebra. Zurich, etc .• cuyos titularcs - si .e pudiera saber sus nom•
bres - son protagonistas de mil cseandalos internacionales. _Por ejemplo, es
rub1ico que Batista. Fidel Castro. 1os
Trujillos, Frondizi. Nasser. Moss.adegh.
la mayor pane de los princircs arabes
potcntados del petr61eo, tiencn cuentas
bajo nombres
co.rientes en Suiza supuestos ... por supuesto.
rtc~e el oro vergon.
dei mundo entcro~ Politicos (a.
.mcricanos temcrosos de revolus.. magnates norteameric:anos que
asp n • defraudar al fo,co nacional.
deli uente"S de alto copctc - los ladrones d..cµadrg\, por ejemplo - colocan
su dinero f!fl~tuentas corrientes que con
· frN:uencia van a nombrc det senor Dos
Mil Cuatrocicntos Cincucnta, por ejcmplo. Los cheques sc firman de esla manera, por lo menos. Claro csta. un pe,ligro: puesto que no hay manera de
M:lentificar al titular de la cuenta. si
librio...
~
El procedimiento de las cuentas ban•
carias ba jo numero en lugar de bajo
nombre, a pesar de todo, no sirve para
ocultar definith·amente la identidad de
,u1 titulares .. Sup6nJase que se sospe·
cha quc el politico X - occidental o
comunista. da lo mismo - ticne una
cuenta corrientc en el Banco Z de Ginebra. Pues bicn: sc remite a dicho ban·
co una pcqucna cantidad ... para ingresar
en la cucnta dcl senor X... Si el banco
la acep1a. qucda dcmoslrad(\ quc dicho
M!'nor X ticne cuenta en dicho banco.
Si no la acepta, puedc scr que la tenia,
pcro que haya dado ordenes de no
aceptar dep6sitos nominalts - pcro en
este caso el titular corn el rie"Sgo de DO
cobrar c.a.ntidades que pucden ser resretabJes. Ana Pauker. la comunista rumana. cayo en descracia ante el Krem·
lin porque habia abieno una cuenta
clandestina en un banco ck Ginebra, pe,.
ro con orden de ac:cptar depositos a su
nombre. La avaricia rompio cl sac:o •••
�EL A. VAi:~E1:01lf UN~~lJ 6;1t-tr~~<-:t:···
en la AMERICA "LATINA
por Roman Crlstia
ia que dcsarrolla el impe,. na.usmo
ino desd~ La Baham. implia ac:cioo
de espi002je. agitaci6n.
propaganda. 1dag~IJO J tentativu
de la torna ·del ~er en los paises de
u:otro y Sur America..
Ana.liccmos a contiouaci6n aJgunas fa. ·
~ de esa csuategia que dcsafia • la
.Ali,.oz.a. J!',I'• El Progreso y a l:a politic&
democraua de Estados Unidos.
El pa.sado scis de ago.sto, Radio Haba.m..Cuba rn.nsmiti6 un.a enut"Vista be,..
cha • • varios csrudiantcs holivianos qw:·
acabao de llt'gar I la apita.1 de la Cuba
comunista pa.ra asistir a la univenidad..
El gobiemo socialista de Fidel Castro
ha otorpdo ·ya sesenta:, seis · beas.....: srsenta • esrudia.ntes nrones J se.is a hem•
bras - de las doscieow cincuc-nta qw:
tiene en a.nc.ra pan la j-tventud bolivian.L
Scgun dcclaracioncs de los cnuevista·
dos, las becas estan sicndo tramitadas
( cuidadosamente .. uarn.itadas..) a travc:s
d~ la cmhajada de Cuba socialista en La
Pu. Los rtquisitios exigidos a 1os upiBeac:105 mrujeros en la Cuba comunisla
rantcs induyen la redacci6o de una autobiografaa. en la cual positinmeote ae
Cuarido los fidelo-comu.ruSW R pa- DO SOD Otras quc la comunizacina de W
toman en cucnta las aet.i\·idadcs y opi•
.
.
n.ioocs del presuoto becario. Sin embar- UD de la nya , rcaliz.a.n atrnw:los o ac- Amhia.s.
1os de violeocia 10n arresrados por la
go, e! gobierno· soc.ialist.1 de La Habana,
la consipa laua.da por Fidel C.
con la hipocresia que lo ca.r•ctcriu, ha polida guatcmaJtcca. Pero inmcdiatamenuo coo la £.rase
Cordillera de 1os
anundado C:UC W bca,s SC concedcran Sio tc haccn alegaci6n de IUS ..derecbos ciu- Andes at:ra la Siem Maestra de la Ame.
distincioa de credo rcligioso, filiacion po- dadanos dcmocri.ticos.. y acaban qued.a.Dtica Latina" n cobrando fucrza J for•
litica, rau o color. Hasta ahora la mayo- do ~n libertad. .
ma. En otra de 1u a.nas ocupadas a los
ria de los beca.rios prl'Ccdc de familias
Mira.mos hacia Colombia y contemp~guerrilleros asttisw cle 1 C.Olombia~ta
proleurw.
dirigida al ·aie· Guevara-se elite que
mos con csrupor las banclas _de fcroces
Evidentemenre. est.as doscienw · cin- ast.sinos afiliados al asuo-mmun.ismo
u un.idad ..sc.ri posible en la med.Ma. que
,:uenta bcc.a.s scrvirin de otros tantos a- que ntao llt"l-·ando a abo ycrdadcros ac- la Jucha arm.ad.a nf1. tomando mayor impu.ho... y eJ impulso Jo J'CJ).raentan 1a.,
n.ales de adocuinamicmo comunisu.. Lm 1os de ··ge-nocidio"' en 1u rrgiones man•
estudiAntes bolivianos que pronto ittida·
tanos.as dcJ pais. En lu zonas de La fli. guerrillas castro-comu.nisu.s que no bu,s.
tan CD univusidades soci.alisW de Cub.a bera r La Viaoria.. no hacc mucho tiem- can llna unidad de idea.lcs lino quc ~
sus e!Studios de medicin.a.. odontologia, in• po. ucinticinco campesinos de ambos se- teodeo iorzar a que otros sectorcs IC Jes
gcnieria agronomica ' Otras a.rrera.s. ,~ sos fucroo litc.ralmcate "m.asacradm" por unan pot el miedo. demOSU'l..tldo Wl1 vez
cibi.riJi por logia wdidu.ra uo.a princi- estos elcmentos que se autotitu.1.a.n •gu~
mis que pan los peooes de .Mosai no
palisima dosis de ia.stru.cc.ion ma.rxista-lerrilleros... En la primera plaa.a dcl ma• cr.iste la n.z6n sino la fucn:a bruta. Asi,
Dinista. En su di:.. por unto. regresarin Ntino ...El Espccudor·,. de Bogota., at: des- esu.s guerrillas inspirada.s por Jos comu a au pais bien cmpapados y adiesua.dos taco la conmovcdora f0t0grafi.t de u.n.a nisw cubaoos pretcoden impo.oerle al
en la esuategia sovietica que imP.uls.t la pobrc nina que lloraba am..a.rgamentc la ampesino colombiano wu l't'\"olucicin.,..
ccpansion dd impcrio comunista en b
perdida de su m.adre, sacrificada eon io- cialista-sovietica a base de SIJlgre. trai•
America Latina.
c.io.ncs J terror al cstilo Castro.
compa..rablc uucldad por 1os foragidos
Si dirigimos la vista a Guatcma.b c1 fidelisw ea 1a maww. clel Valle dd
Sabido es quc en Venuuela ha habido
cuadro no cs · ~ . _deprimcntc. En .u Cauca.
dos tentativas de golJ')C comunista.. Y
capital g.a
a ~ dejan oir asi a
Vari.as cana.s lcs han lido ocupadas a que ct\ Panam~ Argcntiru. y U~y lm
cliuio bo u J pctardos coloc:a'tos por cstos asesioos comunisw qu.c pruebaii la casU"o-comunistu se han. valido-de ana·
m2nos a
o-comunisw. El gobierno ~ complicidad coo sus colegu cub.a.nos. En lcs diplomiticos para iouodtSir en esos
esfuerz.a
rque prC"Valezca un am.bientc
una. firmada po,r wi tal Corn.andune paises un.a uemcoda anti] de propaclemcxriti
f, dt:'Side luego. la Un.ivcrstColmena.rc:s de un auroalificado ..Em.do ganda · soviecia..
dad de
atemala aprovccha la ocasi6n
Los c:oall!Jlisw habl.an
·unreria·
Ma1·or Guerrillero· y dirigida a Fidel
' para darse _J.&.uo c:OC haa:r propapnda
lismo ranki" pcro silt'ncian
prop6siro
Casuo, sc dice que los gucrrillcros acin
socialista.. El pasado veintiseis de iulio emJ)C'n&dos en un.a lucha ..por a.na Co- la exiStt-nc.ia del i m ~ tot~co ·
los asuo-comuoisw ttlebraron la ~felombia libre del im~rialismo pnltl y de quc aspira a uagaiv toda.s las n:a.doncs
meride.s por todo lo alto coo reuniooes.
la.s oliprquias colombiaoas.... .l.m aha- civilizadas pua convertirlas en coJoni.as
discursos. m.anifesu.ciones y cohetcs. Y dos --agr~E!I la ana -esperan la colar ponerlas a uabaja.r p1.ra el Kremlin..
ca.DW'OD Joas iote:rminables a ·1a .gran·
il.a hora de la bata.lla por la.s As:neboraci6n del lidcr de la llevolud6n
tt\'olucioo IOCia.lisra de eui.·..
bana para con.solidar ms aspirac:iones.. que rias ha somdo •• J
u
eu.
�Isabelle pod4e,y;Yif;~ero Francoise
estaba conde~~a o muerte ••• Con•
tra toda presunci6n, sin embargo,
las dos siomesas viven todavia. Pe. ro, tcuanto liempo fransoise podra
sobrevivir con el cerebro lesionodo?
por_ F. M. Rcsabal
Fotoa Wide Wwld
r
-Francmsc, yo tc bautizo en el norn1:/re dc1 Padre, dcl · Hijo y dcl . Espiritu
to. . . Isabelle, yo tc bautizo en d nombrc
clcJ Padre, . dcl Hijo y dcl Espiritu Santo.
La scnci}la c:crcmonia no ticnc p:>r es-
ccnario d usual rincon de b iglesia dondc
...
,.... .,,.· ~~;. "9
.......................
_Uij ..
>~
0
.
Isabelle • • • La Dina no cone Ptlil;ro
m:adre. Los medicos que van a opcru
pc:cmanec.cn rcspctuosamm tc a un 1.ado.
micn1ras b cnfcrmcra cumple d sacnmcnto. Apcnu la mujcr ha terminado de
,-ertcr cl agua sobrc las minuscuals cabcci·
tas de las rccicn nacidu, los hombres de
mturi It aprcstan I cumplir con UM ob}i.
pdol\ DO mcnos sagrada: tr.lW de sa)var
la vida a un scmejantc.
UNA$ SIAMESAS INSOLITAS
Francoise •••
re •lz.a b pil::a de b~utismo. El impro,·iado bapti
na desnuch y blanc.a
,pc:ractoncs dd
no cs
bitos ·
unif
iPor
hospit.:11 Saint-
Paris. Quicn oficia u, ceremonia
rvero saccrdote de oscuros hauoa mujer vestida coo cl albo
de: bs cnferrneras.
·
e SC lute ncccw-io eslc plCX:C•
dimienm iitqtl1xj:,11Wtquc indudablcmcntc
•alido. p.ua ais.tianar a las do1 aiaturas? Todo, cn la c.or12 historia de Isabelle y Francoi~ m ado asi --iasolito.
irregular. fuera de scric. El bautizo sc realiza • uh:ima hora. • inst.a.Dciu ck la
Tenidos ~ cau. TaJ 'VCZ ahora. cuando el
pan quc trac todo nino bajo el bnzo sc.a
doblc, mi nu.rido y ,o podamos conscr\'crlDS a OUCSD'O lado.
El Dr. Jtcnsonne:t ohid6 por un momcnto la dclicada encomicnda de comuni.:ar a la futura mad.re d ftl"d:.tdcro atado de las criaturas. Sabi.a que los es.
posos Guerin tcnian nrios hijos r DO desconocb su prccaria sirua.ci6.n f!Conom.ica.
Pero iporab.. que hubicrm tenido quc:
desprcndcrse de alguno o quiu ck IDdos
cllos.
-iDonde atin las ~ DiD0$,
-Pregunto.
.;_Los dos mayorcs, COft IIU abuelos..
l..os mcnorcs. at una instiNcicio. de bc:neficcnci:a.
El matrimonio Guerin widi en un lie·
;o cochc..c.a.m;a en ruinu, en los alrroedo-
Todo habia comcnzad'o un di.a de b
ulrimos meses dc1 pn:ado ano. cuando d
dcpartamcnto de radiograffas dd hospital
cntrcgo al medico la corrcspondicntc a
la ICiiora Emi.liana· Guerin. El Dr. Rcnsonncr 1e habia imprcsionado sin,cr.:amcntc
antt la imaicn de la plac.a. lComo darle
stmejante noticia a la cspcranz.ada madn:
quc le miraba aJO ojos dukes y confia.
dos, en esr,cra de las habiru.:al~s recomcn• · rn de Saint-Denis.. El nurido «rab.aj2.hl
daciones quc st ofreccn a tocla furur:i ma- como obrcro J sus modesas entradu k
drc? Ella esuba acostumbrada .at proccdi- pcrmitirian• un alojamicnto,. n _poc:o mrj,or -;a pudieran enrontt o-; pcro ll
micnto1 desput.s dr los cuatro hijos quc
habia tr.lido ya al mundo. Pero est.a vcz crisis de la ,i,icnd.a irn .:Ha hallar cl
imprcscindib?c acomodo pa 1os padres J
Lu cos.as cran difcrcntes.
los cuatro Dinos.
•
-SCnor.a Guerin; ustc:d tcndra no uno
Esa -cr.t la ru..6a quc ksnabla:=oblig.1lino dos hijos en est.a ocasion. Empezo a
do a sepuarsc de etlos.. El media> contic:xplic.tr el mMico.
-Dias dar.i de al,njn modo. para ms- nua:
'--0,mo le decia. ustcd tcndra . est.a vez
trnerlos. -lntcrrurnr•o b humildc mujcr.
-No porquc scan dos sc:ran mcnos bicn- dos aiaturaSi pcro a mi debcr ad,·crtirle
20
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.
..;
·
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;_
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i\ lp:2-~!~
:"t •
<:._
~:.._ ;~;, •~- (~·
../· · ~;
...: , ,;,,.;_,-.,:: :· r · ·
·J...
,,. _
•~
.
.~":"~! .~
• .. "1 0
~ El dilcma en sin dud:1 cztn::madamcnte
\
Jo1or~ Pero las. dos ni~ no ~
. ~C\'1\'11 mudto bcmpo u.md.as por abo tan
.
_-\ ·~·. ! . 1.-!! : :-·~ ·
J ~ - .~ ~ .
·
.
,
L~-- .~
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.
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-
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-1~
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. ._........
:~1:-:~~~..
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. !I·.:.-~
1 ~:~...- .-; . ·...- .
.. I...·:
tos naNraks lcs babrwi produado muy
P'?"to um. ~ctu.ra ~ ·J la muenc ba.
bna mbrnc:rudo U\C\-:atab1cmcnte.. L:a openci6n para aepararlu en cl maJ mcnar
qu~ Jiodria conadc:ra.nc e1 unim lam
po51blc.
ED c:stc punro los m&:ticm encootnbidl
la mas pcnosa disyuntiva. iA cu1I a).
var? Solo una de . las dos podrfa sobrm-
)i:f Y'-,.
'>
.H
v
conncuencias p-.es.. ·
,..if,.
""
~
de.la
~..:_Ji"'~
. -~. ·::hada. E hemmcrio a::n::bn1 ciao-···
';:. ;: · i · . ia •quc haccr b cana. m. c:lla ! ·
ro.:
.,ndaa a 1a pa.rte clandc at uacaca .
laaa:n del .bombtt una cnatma .mpaior.. ·
a,an _pear. pen,. obliga~ par .Ju· ..·
<;on.
cuc:unstLDcw.. Im m&lims der::idien:e ..,
crifiar a Fn.nc:aisc.
· · ·.:; <.·
·
Bajo la cfi~&n t1e 1a ~
uuz bs dm cnatw:as fueran
tcsiadu
indi,idualmmte - pua
11:m.U
Tuculara eran
1111
praaicam
pcndic:nteL Cm.ndo R le hubo
ada una los apa.ratas J 111bos •
b)cs par.a Ja lrallsfusion
•
ncion dio comimm. '.
Al primer tajo c1cJ bistun cl prafcsar
Duhamel IC e:oconri fn:ntz a aD hecbo
incspcr.ado ' tarlblc: ningum scparac:i6n
membr.mos::1 aparcda aurc las elm cx:n>
• b otn?
bros. Ambas vlscetu aparedan ddadu
De acucrdo con el cstudio rc:aliz:ado por
mutuarncnrc_ c:omo ona tob c:osa. La ope.
las doctores Duhamel y Jtcnsonnet. a raft.
nab:a rau1etndo
di&:il de
dd fracaso de la opcracioo ck 1960, am- · lo ptC\-isto. £n rcalidadi la mu clwcil de
hos habtan Uqpdo a la siguic:ntc condu- at,u opcraciones rcaliz.ad.u ham cl mo- ··
sinn: ..,._ la luz de nucstra intcrvc:oc.i6n
men~
.
.
rcaliz..ad~ en e1 aii.o 1960 y bas.andonos en
Falundo toda scpand6n memhranoa.
toda b litcrarura · espc:c:ializada, parece no que<bba otro rcmcdio que c:onar din=cwir a la trcmc:nda opcraci6a de scparar
b dos lobu)os caebrales majados UAO
en e1 ouo.. Para d:ar a una de las IW1\r!•
us el mwmo' de posibilidadc.s de sobrevivir era neces.ario dcspoju a una de las
aiatu.ra, de partc de JU mas:a e:ncc!alia.
i A cu.ii quiwlc la Yida, para c:lirseb
radon
Un caso de 5iamesismo por anion A&lominal. Estes casos bo}' no ofrecea
anm peligro: la separation se lmce sin
~ p ,,
mu
lo,:ico s::acrifica:, en otro aso dcJ mismo
Jcncro, at gcmclo .menos apto para •ivir,
de rru..ncn. quc pucda clcctuarse b diquc luy aJgo anormal en cllas, scgun scccion. d ligamcnto de Yasos 'f de.mas
mucsuan las ndiogr.fias. Estan unidas opcncioncs nccesarias, en las mcjorcs mnp0f' el aaneo. Es prcciso opcrar antes de
dicioncs para b supc:n-ivc:nda dd gcmclo
b nucve meses. corno ainica form.a de ~l~do ... -.
.
aln.r .las .tres view: la de Ud. y la de
Pero (CU.ii degir, en cl a.so de quc amc11as.
bos aamc:scs se mucstrcn igualmcntr •PCuando la senora Guerin sr bubo m:1r- tm para la rich? Esta C\"cntu.alid.ad fue
ch.ado, d Dr. Ren sonnet Uam6 al profc- . pro::i53mr:n1e la quc, a todas luccs, sc
sor .Bernard Duhamel. ;de de b. sccci6n pr~to en ct aso de las pcqueius Frande cirugia infantil del hospital. El Dr. coise e ls.;abcUc Guerin. Las dos niruas
Duhamel es, a los C\larcnta y cinco aiios. cr:an igualmute s:aludab1cs, J los
uno de los mas jo\•t!:ftes profesores &an- dicos no tcnian un aitcrio sisu:matico
uses y un verc:fadcro maestro dcl bis- por d quc guiane en la ,telcccion..
tura. De a.spccto clcg.ntc. atlctico, ' moAl abo de un mes de c1bscrncioncs1
dales genrilisimos, ~ un hombre atnycn- al fin pudicron arribar a una conclusion
. 11': y aada amrde con la clisia figura dc1
aa:pt.ablcmcntc: satisfactoria. Para detc:r. cirujano brusc.o y de aspccto ll'.'Vcro.
minar con e.ntcra scguridad bs posi1,ili.
Los dos m&Jicos cambiaron brr.as im- dades de \'icb auuSnoma de cad.a criatun
pn:sioncs actta dd . c:aso. Tan raro que las someticrqn a a.imencs . ndiol6gicos
solo ll'.' prcscnta Una \"CZ c.ad:a ttcs mi. --Uendos a c.abo con un cont.,dor GeiHones, como promcdio. Sin embargo, por ger 2 mano. para C\·iur d dano de un:i
W\I de cs.n atranas coincidcnci:as del az.ar.
Clll'C$1\'I c:..:posicion a los rayos X. Al
en cl ano 1960 al hospital Saint-Denis mismo ticmro se sometia a l:as siamcsa, a
It habia t001do \·crsclas con otro ca.so numcrosos wmcncs ncuro:ogicos, • fin
de grmelas -si.amcs.:as unidas por d ce- ck determin:ar si al~na ·de: bs dos chircbro. La opcnri6n dcctuada con d fin
quillas pres.cnaba aJgun dcfccto o sdial
de scpararlas habia fnc.asado y las aia- de cnfcrmec:bd mngcnita.'
tuns h.abian mucrto minutm m~s tardc.
El rcsuh::ado de: los wmencs era sicmptt hvonblei pcro con talcs srguridadcs
UNA OPERACION EXTRAORDINARIA de cabal salud por pane de ambas criaruras. I.a respons.abilid:ad dd medico ett·
La opr:racion. ces.ira de la senora Gueci:.: c:ntrc dos aiatuns igualmcnte apus
rin foe rcaliz
con tod.:a fdicidad. Al
para vh-ir ,a cu.ii maw?
idez, las dos cri.arcsul ur on scr dos_ hc.mbras
Como b opcncion no poJi:t p:,sroncrsc
· ,ustas, le fueron c:xthi<las sin
indcfiniJamr:ntc_ la cJttdon SC hizo de la
ninguna
mplic.acion. )nmedi.11.amcnte SC s:iguicntc: manera: sc eJi~o s:akar a J:a nilas tr.ub
a b 81US.t')' f SC prohibio U:r- na de la park izquicrda. Como su a:re1 tc a la mad re quc bs viera.
bro cst.ab:t unido . at de b otra por b
dcr«h:a, su hcmid"crio cerdJr.:al izquicrdo
_: --~ ~rtuno ~uc Emiliana
IJcg.in a marininc. con sus dos cria- que<bba inucto -,. en cl rcsidcn lu fun.
tur:u.1 puesto quc una de eJbs --de acucrcioncs supcriorc::s dcl scr hum.a.no. Adedo con c:I cilculo de los medicos - ICl'lia ma'- d ~xamc:n de los rcflcjos de las dos
quc scr saaific:.acb para quc la otta pu.
niiias habia dado a conoccr quc la de la
dicra ,·i\;r una vicb nonnu. La tenib)e
izquicrda era Jigcr:uncnlc mcnos acitA~oo c:1c aw dcb_ia Yivir 1 cuar tcoia blc quc: b de la dcrccha. Esto la ayudaria
me-
Ua meh~ aso de slamesismo a:bj.,
bido l':D la Feria de Paris de U34..
Dos iDd.ias --Gwvab:u y Gai.ganhaillDidas por bs cadens.
umcntc e1 · ccrebro de la pequciio Francoise. El bisturi dcl .medico IC hundio
en b mas:a enc:d.ilia., corta.ndo UDa porci6n de cuatro por ttcs untimeuos. El
s::terificio era ttcmcndo; pcro debia sa
rcaliz:u:lo. En el prccio de un.a vida nor•
m:d para Isabelle.
Cuando bs aiaturas fuer-an at 6n SC·
p:u:a<las, de b pequc.i\a. Francoise -la heroina que ·no tcndri:l nuna J:CDICicnci:a
Jc habcrlo sido- fue arr.inado un ttozo
de rid con cl cual fuc C \ I ~•o· e1 a:rcbro
de Ja bcrmanita. Por una
.:ic de manwto de la concicncia, e1 Or. uhamet rccubri6 h ttemcnda hcrida c Francoise
con un trozo de pbccn ta portada · par
d nacimicnto de un D.iiio csa "lniSIIIII- ma·
iian:a.
Las dos 'ninos fucron tratubs con igual
csrnrro, apam. de la i.ne,·itab!c uj.idura
Coati•u n u ~lifl&6 61
.
·
�,.
.
EL PROt:LEMA
El mundo esta 1trave1a~do una aisis tcmejaote • aquiJla -t.s.an,grienta J enloqurcida- que fue la tra.osid6o del
paganismo a b civiliz.aci6n aisriana,
consolidada todavia
• pesar de Im .dos mil anos l! an scum dos. El uerusculo de
los diOSN que hureron despavoridos · anrt la cruz ---5\l fup
tumultuosa- dura aun. Y de vcz en cuando regres.an. al
amparo de la confusion. siniestras divinidadeis cl""e bs · U·
oicbw dcl &cbo. Dij.Frase que sc aproxima --come lo aaun. c:iaron las viejas profrcias- el reino del Antacri.sro.
C.Omo si fueu poco Jas calamidades que sc amooronan •
ft1 todos los conrinenteS, las desollin.as lcroccs,, los cut.ne•
lazos bnitaJes 1 el as.alto J robo de que es victim.a la justicia
J la libenad a manos de la gavilla de delinc:uentes mis des·
piadada quc cooocicron Jos sislos. he ahi csa droga diab6Ii~
digna de scr aralogada como una oueva arm.a de la guctra
&ia: la "TaUdomida··. tambien disfru.ada bajo los nombres
de "'Kendon.., "Come:rp.n", ··Gripa"1 ·oistavaJ·. -VaJgrai-
no
ne·. • ali.mot". • •
• • •
·
Sr trata de un tranquiliunte mis. de un barbinirico m.i.s
au epoca de inuanquilidades f de 1ngustiu -la.s ans.ied.ades irremNliables que Uf'\·aron a la rumba a Marilyn Mon•
roe. Droga iooc:ua, scgun informaron los fabdcantcs_ que sc
prcparaban a inuodar cl mundo con el.la..
Pero despues de acuciosas ohsef'l'acioneis SC comprob6 que
SUS elcaos insospcchados, adcmis del reposo sintct.ico J de
1a paz e:spiriru1l ast-gurada quimicamentc. consisdao nada
ml!DOS queen la ~bboraci6n de una oueva groeraci6o de ninos
mon.suuosm. De nioos cit-gos, de ninos ,in piem.a.s, o.i bruos.
m.arados para un .rn.isterioso deuino de 1onura., pa~ eJJos.
pan aus mad.res, para rodos ,us lamiliarcs. para su socieclad
' para IU epoca. cPuclie:ra.n aplic.arnos los teolo,gos que J)C•
ado ha cometido una aiarura qut- inicia ,u trinsjto rerreml
oaciendo en el infierno? • • •
·
Y telacionamos est.a pcripecia -.. la cu.al puso ttmrdio
oporrun.o una mujer: la doctora Kelser- con na ~ocracio.n
maJcliu. que sc ha hecho dueiu de los destinos de nuesua
patria., traicionindola. desuurendola J cubriendola de infamiJ.. Nadic pudo imaginar que Cuba diera hijos uL Hijos
monstruoso:s, hijos dd .Averno. Los at.acados por la Talidom.ida naccn sin · piernas r sin bruos: estos quc ban davado
a la ticrra
·
la auz tt.acen sin concimcia. sin mruon. Son cngendu». dpccimcncs cxrraiios al senero buf:D
mano..
Wide Worid
AmErica no paede tolerar la reedicion de la
de Budapest • ~ •
paalna 10mbria
nlcz.a. Qur- Dios misericordioso oos eyudc a libraroos de em
nu de vibo.ras lo antes posibk · es nuestra plcga.ria eotidian.L
'
...
•eno
·ships that pus in the DigJn·. • • Es un
celeberrimo de Lord B1·ron. BarcO' quc pa.san en la noche. silenciolOl. con funiva pisada ck hierw, a.rga.dos de od~·•• de-.una.
de alimaiiu con aparicncia humana entrcoacus par et crimen,
de armas dt'Vastadora.s que los recicet venid
merceoarios tienen la m.isi6n de maneju para asesinar. a nucsuo
" ·
iQue rosa los produce? Qu,i«;o sabe SC' dcscubra algu.a·
diL Luce na cngt>raci6n desmesurada. arranQda de una
novela de iencia-ftcci6n: pero pudiera scr terrible realid.ad.
Nada de
ano tienc- que la podma 1inicstr1 que conviene
a K)5 hombres ti\ ldiaores J CD VCtdugos dcsde d KDO .ml•
tcmo cste bajo triple llave en algun hborarorio secrete> ea
Mosai..
Hombres tan pc"ersos como los quc hoy dC"Yasta.n la
ticrra n_atal r corrompen la menu.lidad juven.il no puNlen
scr. de n.inguna manera.. producto esponti.neo de la m.N•
pueblo, al cual no coooceo. • •
•
.
Soo )obos alquilados. verdugos qoe v.n despoti"lmo .-ie,
• a.mbio de a.zuca.r •• otrO deipotismo. y como alquilones
al fin, ciparos sin alma ' sin coraje que. to Ja hon.. difidl.
r:uando sc enfrcntcn co.a el bcroismo, echad.c • correr deu.fondamcnte coo las manos en alro para ulvar cl a:uscro
~Uejo.
22
�, .. Tropis rusas. ·uopas dunas 1
CbeCa101:11
~ ..:.u1uu··cu::.'.....~
Cuba. a donde llcpn a bordo de um.
da
'tCZ
mil ·
numerosa. despuh de dcsfilar por cl
; :: "'(: 3aha.ma ante
Jos periscopios de los submarinos ar.6m ·:.
Jos Est.ados
Unidos, fieles -ihutt cuindo?- a su ck:$~ •• ~o papel de.
apccttdons .••
C.Omo 1i esto no fueu bastante. esti.n llegaDdo botdas
malolienrcs c:le alriaftOl semisa.lvajes que discutren por las
poblaciones nuesuas. arcaros 16lo a la sew que los ba cle
precipita.r al
.
co ....
Es el wtim --quiza.s el penwtlmo- capinJlo de auatto dn.ma..
ahi ha Ucpdo, , posiblcmente DO ae deamdri, el reseo ieor.o cle los que hoJ gobiel111.tl. el odio
ddico a la ticcn que los vio nacer, la meote moo.nruosa de
las quc neccsitr.n DO la postSioo de Cuba.. • la qw: ,. ban
robado huta las wt.mas
de ungre. aiao cl adber
1
4e
· ••
sow
Cu1' · para ofra&a£7'iii-,.:U.ab6lica ma.niobra de propa· ·
p.nda a
la Tcrcen Jnrcrfl.lcional.
• • •
.
Ya a.adic se atttVe a ncgar esa infam.ia. que de no habct
sido denunciada por testigos prc:sencialcs. que publicamcnir
lo ban dtduada, sc rechazuia como fibula i.naeible. Cuba
,a cs um ticrra intc"enida J acupada m.ilita.tmente por a.DA
potencia attacontineatal, con violacion f'la,graAtc cle 111 Com·
tirucion. d& h •oluntad de su pueblo y de um 1r:r.it: inta·
miDJlble de rratados iotera.aciooatcs eo 1os cualcs
le
fuada-
meota la pacl!ia. coovivencia de Jos gobieroos :, de 1u
Da·
cioacs...
· ·
'
·
y los canc.illercs ' altos magisttados que avalarOll aos
conveo.ios a,n SU firma. abaaitaDdolos dcspues COD cieDtOS
de discunos•. ahora 1e inhiben y aba.odonan al pueblo mi.t- ·
tir, sin
cucnta de que ronspiran conua su propia ll'p·
ridad. iPor qoe h.acen eso? ,Por que•• pesar de SUS cliscursos rimbombantcs J sus comprornisos, nos dejan enuc lu
prras de la hicna?
No se sabe. Pero es asi. Nuesuo m.a.rtirio a luga. Y
ancsuo dcstioo confuso 'f sin hori2on~ Tis.iblc. Un dia. •m·
dd.. sin e.mbu10. ca que brillc el sot
curse
• • •
kcmos u.nas Erases vibranr.es e:n las cled.a.raciones fu
madas en Miami por el Comcio 1..e't'oluc.ioauio:
• ••• ·America no pufde· folerar lmpasibte que a rttditc
a
su suelo la pagina 50mbria dr Budapest. lkbe. por el
contrario, coloc:arse en pie de ,uerra ante la Uegada • este
Hrmisferio de brigadas interoacionales dKtinadas a ,iablli.a:ar el as.alto c:omunista • las republic.as lalinoamnicanas J
de modo especial a las que ~ encuentraa en el ua del Calc1h•nh1 La..
Lal sobrias dedaracionts de Cumumo Le6a Vlllmda •••
.
lfW ol,J.·,,,, • r~&bl'Zlr £, HIJ"""'ado11 Jt W fJOtetl&US ,:oaa.
,usl4l , 11 ~aJJi!li..rr .,;J;,,,,m,,ra1, .J awl.o11M6k 11w6lo M
·
C11IN,.
iScri. atendido algun dia por nuesuas ali&dos podcrosos.
claro: por Uncle Sam. '1-bitto miliw J economico de
America aunqut' algunos de sus altoS dirigeotcs no aaheD
de encendcrlo asi. sera atcodido este grico descsperado de
11.D.l paaia beroia que .no St nsigna , vivi.r t1l scrvidumhre?
El ~oc~pro geopolat.ico dcl ·problem.a J 11 esperie:ncia
mas
de los grandcs confliaos pa.sados nos inclina , pensar que aL
Y ai oo furra asi, en a.so cnremo. a lo largo de una hec,..
tombe pavotoS3 1 de un sac.rificio inmcn.so. oosouos solos
u.briamos conquina.r nuesrn liben:ad. Pero el crimca del
abandono no pod.ti, scr perdonado.
·
. ··*•
• • •
Los cubanos 10mos racios a la unanimid.t.d y~crgicos
n"be ••• El
nsejo ReYotucionario de Cuba alcru a todos
1os que aouul\_la libertad en America ,. los uhorta a unine
frente a los inTasorec ..c:wnunistas quc prt1eoden apbstar la
rebel.ion cubana para arrasar despues con el sistcma demo-
aatico en este Continente".
El documenro tcrmina demaDdando coo urgeocia el
cwnplimienro irunediato del Tntado de llio de Jan.eiro, la
Cam de Bogoti , los recientcs acuerdos de_ Punta del &re.
. a proceder de acuerdo con el pcn.sun.ieato ajeno 1unque _
11osouos pcnscmos lo .mimo. lndividualisw y •di epaores.
ao 10porumos lideratura que no sea . la cucstta. ial,xic:ados
como cswnos de medio sislo de ca.udillajc. Peto Joi .era,ndes
principios pcrtenecen a todo d mu.ode,. y en cse ~
que ac:abamos de aponcr coincidimos el .ooveota 1 cioco
por deino de los cuhanos de alli r los c:ubanos de h emigraci6n.
�!_:,~ ..·~_)_;:'.._ ~~:>_· -~-~: .;,; ~ :_·:$
- -
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. . . . .lli8li. . . . . ._
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tptlitt-tm!r-,rmr_ 0 :- -·<-
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OTRAS SORPRESAS PARA LOS R iJOS
\ '"~
--
r
...
'
YH
pDl'fte_ • •
1..
:t,
.
:1 ·t .~
. -.......:.... -
laio• los dt olantt, Iii los de otr61
conn ......... cl~c:e •• nfron e1poiol Y nte
""No
~
el caso .. la llomodo •ca,,,.,. t&el
Hpado .., E1to1 IOl'I al9u1101 dt 101 P"OJKtot
11u• contemplo11 lo1 &todos Unido1 (myche1 cl•
P"OCHO cla perfauie>narniento ye): II
\not •
1.oro •• le Muert•, el aviol'l-coh•t• ASP, ....
.. ma de i>offlbordeo nutlHr etrbilD\ •I ....
recto IA.MIi. el Espejo «l•I bpec:io ~ •.
llecit"ntemcntc los tuttnos aperim~ntales de la fueru Acrea de los EstadOIS
Unidos ~n b base de Eglin fueron escemrio dt: 11D esptttaculo dramatico. En
una pant.all, de pror«ci6n los cientificos.
funcionarios dcl Pcnt.igooo y altos jefcs
cle los ues sccvicios armados de los Es' tados Unidos •itton e-n •ccion las pri·
{ mens armas espacia.lcs de este pais. Se
trataba de UD satelite ttipuJado que ·.,,o,.
laba sobrc · la Un.ion Sovikica describiendo una 6rbiu rolar. En cl sarelite estaba instalado un aparat~ 11Cmejante a un
La maquina del ~yo de la mucrtc", 5egun la conclbio el dibujante. Sin embargo,
el pro)'ccto nrdadcro es muc:bo mas perfedo. pucs estaria instalado el mortifero
mlector en un salelite artificial de la dcrra.
U11181IRl~CJ1 un pur,ato del espaC'io
baC'CS de radar, le lihcra CraD
:1d de l.'nt'rJ?ta y cl hombrr puf'dc
·ar asi .. renlcllas., ar1ifkfolcs para
uir los cohtles nuclearcs dtl eae.
migo.
W
tt1cscopi6y
ui~~l~~tcs podian apuntarlo contra CUJlquicr punto del .rc:rritorio comunista detras del Tdon de Hi~rro: cJ blocao
una base de pn,ycctiles m cl Desieno de Karakum.i. la m,.
rre de mando de un subm.a..rioo nudeu
de
sovietico anchdo en Leningrado. 110 puea- . cosa de stgu.ndos como si fuera la cera
re, una fabric:a, un deposito de municio- de um. Yd.a Ct)«ndidL las paredt$ de
aes... 0 haJU el Salon lm~ial dcl conaero se agricwiti. quem.uin y dcsKremlin que hor sieve de oficim. al pri- moronuin.. Se evapor.ui el agu.a de l~
mer minisuo Nik.ira S. Krushch(!t'.
.rios f w .rcprcsas. J 1os al.ceded.ores queA la ttipulaci6o dcl urclitc no It' im- d.arin eovucltOIS por Ima nube de vapor.
La pclicub que dio est& mac.bra pcrsport.a que sea de- dia o de oochc. Pu.ede
dC'SCUbrir su objetivo coo la misma ptt- pcah;a del fururo fuc prt<pand.a por la
fueru Aerea pan dcmosuar las pos.ibi.
cision COD que los asuonomos del Monte
Palomar bus.can una gr~u pcqur-fu. de b. lidades del lla.rnado LASER ( sarclite dcl
ta)·o d~ la muenc). Varios bboratotios cssuperficie de la Luna,.con ·su &tall a:lc::stan dedici.ndos.e setualmcntt a. d.iscm.r l'
copio.
Cuando se cnwia desde rierra una sc- prob.tr sus pa.rt.cs compooentes.. Co::i cl
iial al utelirc. el aparato parccido a un ticmpo 30 de cstos~"litc:s LASER ~oUnion So\·ieria
te:lescopio que hay co cl comie-nu a lario co orbita sobrt"
tinconcs de .n:
cmitir ana monikra luz de color rojo pan aharcar todos
ra cllas co ha.bra
OK"Uro. Esta hu abandon.a cl s.atelirc en 1erritorio inmr:nso.
o puc-dea ataar
forma de haz estrecho J apc,w •isible, · defensa posiblc. Y
quc brota por una aberrura pequt"iia quc con la vclocidad de la ha.a. -9& babri ari·
h21· ea el ..lente... Como dtsa.rroll.a wlo- se dcl ataquc.
El utelitr LASER a solo IIDO de los
c.idad de 186.000 millas por segundo.
JJegara aJ objetivo en un instance. Dor.adc muchos proycaos ck la Fuen:a Al:rea que
sc NW:Ucnttan en la eupa a,rerimeotal.
"pcguC"... el acero comcnzari. a alcntant'
al roio blanco hasta que se lunde en Junm con oms amw dcl espacio fue
24
·_.
�E ASP combina el mecanismo d~ an
avi6n a reac:don c-on el sistema lie mo-,.
tores cohetes- de combustible liquido
para adcntrarse millares d~ ldlomdros
.
ea el cspacio cosm.1co.
.
d.iscutido recientc:mcott por altos oficis-
les ·en el aparwnento 3E880 de! Penta·
cs la oficina dcl Sec.tea.rio de
Ddcnsa. Alli, C:tl scc.rero. b geoeralcs
de la .f uerz.a Aeu:s cxpusicron un plan
al 1ttreurio de Deft'rw., Robert McNa20110. que
mara. quc ea tcrmino de dicz a.nos lograd. la conquista miliw dcl cspa.c.io c65mico.
·
El plan de ditt a.oos conrempla la
consuuccion de arm.as mucho mis mor·
tifcns que cualquier cosa quc d.icz aoos
atras haya.n ideado J05 esctitorcs de cie,D·
cia-f.icci6n de
fettil ima,gwci6n.
Adcm.is dcl .rayo de la muettc incluyc
apanros Wl exuafios come .fistos: u.tcli·
us quc disparan pintura , uena.; bom·
bas atomicas r de bidr6geno en orbita
. 10bre la Tierra; cohe<es a.oti-proyeailes,
mas
plataformas cspacwes J ccntclla.s fabricada1 artifici.almentc. El ultimo alaboo
de esta cadeoa de a.rm.as te.rribles a ·1a
bomba. astcroide ... Una sola de cstas podria de5troz.ar Wl hemisfcrio complete> de
DUCSUO planet.a.
.
Para sua.otizar la supcrioridad que tieneo los Est.ados Unidos ea escc campo.
en los ultimos mcsc:s -la Fuerza Aerea ha.
disparado nu.meros ettcieotes de cohetcs
milita.rcs en Pu.nta Arguello. California.
E Gobicrno n.oneame.riano ha dado 6r·
deoe5 estrktas para que
mantenga absoluto secrtto
laci6n con la JU.tu·
raleza de la .. argu
ites quc C'SOS cohetcs ·haft I ·ado a las alruras. 'l!n coolC'Cllencia,
a disparo de esros es dcsaito 4'!11 fo a vaga; las autoridades 1ue-
sc
len dccir
e se uau de "un apcri-
mento cien fico" o de la "'prucba de
nuevos com~C?ttS.... En reatidad las
. misteriosas a.rgaf
conricnen pane
del equipo de Jos fururos siuem.u de armtmcntos cspaciales.
Al mismo ticmpo cada dia que pasa
hay mas indicios de quc otrm disp.aros·
espacialcs alilicados de ..csuiaamente
ufifes
En C1W1to el radio -Cekscopio dhisa 11n objeto no ideatirw:ado ~• orbita te.rnstre,
el a..-ion-cobete ASP le,·antani vuelo de ana base lenestre.
�el
S1Slt1'D1
de. ~ba.rdea
DU~~.-'.$.···.:!
{?)-
quc bacc algun tlCmflO cxph~_
meotc _el Dr. ~alter G. Dombcri;~.
. Scguo Jo_ d,1c~o ~r Dornbcrgc,,"~
unema cons1sura de ccntcnarcs de bombas nudcarC'S qu! "ftl!arin_ sobre el pJa.
nnta en 1od.as d1recaones •• En a.so de
pcua esw
s. podr,ao se, Janza.
das con
•
dos objctiv01 me-
nugos
cw las
~l mumo modo q~e. 100 ~jaapsubs de Jos satclircs Duco. 'ftJ'Cf..
puotos predcrermin.ad~ ada sate e de bombardeo es.pulsar.a. al
· na"bir um seiial drosde tierra.. wu bornba qu: cac.rl e~ ¥flt ciudad soviet.ica para
dCStrUarla. -,. ! t _
. .
No habri ddc:nsa contra esw bombas
-espaciales. Nj siquicra rcsuharian los cohetcs antiproyeailes porque ada bomba
claria CD el blanco • los pocos sesundos
de ha.her sido arrojada.
Un concerto similar es lo quC' anima
al proyecto BAMBI (intC'rccptor de prorrctilcs balisticos) de la f ueru Aere1
E.Ste prorKto lo desarrclb.n en cstos momcntos grandes emprcsas como Coovair,
Hughes Aircraft y Space Tcchno)bgy Laboratories.
BAMBI esti destinado a protcser a los
Esta.dos Unidos contra los cohetes inter·
COQ[ioeotalcs de 1a Union Sovietia.. f.s
verdad que" actualmcntc d aotidoto a esc
ripo de agresi6n quc cstin pcdeccionaodo
los E.sudos Unidos es el pto)'C'Ctil NikeZtus. Pero estc sistema tiene un dcfeao:
el Nike.Zeus est.a disciiado para quc des·
uuya las npps nuclca.Ics bal.isticas enemiga.s poco antes de que den en el bl.anco.
E1 sistema BA.MDI. como su oombrc iodie.a. esta disenado para que destru)·a al
cohetc balistico :nis.mo (y su arga auclear) i.nmediar.ameotc dcspues clc quc
sea disparado en alguna base rusa.
. Tambien BA1'mI requcrira una 1ra.n
ttd de satelites orbicales (posiblcmcntc
3.600). Se~o 1os planes dcl p~nrc.
cad.a · uno de estos ~telites BA).ffll eswa cquipado con varios coheres. un.a al·
culadora cl~Jonica y aparatos infrarrojos de uru.ci6n. Si al pasar sobre R.usia
los aparatos de a.ptacion del sate.Hite
BAMBI descubren la aha temperatura
producida ror )o.s g.ases de escape de ••·
rios cohetes 50Vieticos disparados casi simuhane&mC'nte. e1 cercbro clearonico
insu.lado en d sarelite ioterpreura eso
como un indicio de la inminenda de un
ar.aque de tthercs intercominenr.ales cootea los fstados Unidos. Jnroediatamente
la olatladora elecu6nica de_terminara &i
C'SOS cohetes cnemigos pueden scr interceptados. Si descubre que pucden ser desttuados por sus propios prorecriles, cse
urelite BAMBI los disparari. Los pro,eail~•lttlilCl:ll;M.orcs SC oricntar.in par
un s· ~·ma de conduccion-'infr:irroj(), perk!!lJ · n sus ohictivovs r destruiran los
cohe ~ rusos roco despuh de que hayan Jo lanudos al csra,cio.
A qu~ los sistemas BAMBI y de bomorbit.a.I r,udicrao wdar todnia
bard
mucho iianp&:.-en scr pcrfeccionados
(princip:dmtnte por lo mucho quf: atCS·
tan ),. muJ pronto cncrarin en orbita dos
modelos de armamcnros de la era dcl CS·
pacio. Sc-gun lo publicado par una importantc revista de aeroniutia., la Fuer.
que Janzan CMtl'QS cle piryt·
..,:~!i~z}" .:.. ;\:
:;,~ .:.::-~:-...;:}' ~·
de:
arena. E ~~p&sito. q_oe R ~ . ~';/J~l41J'
.!~ l ' ~f..:?:t:-.;;;
pc con esos sa1elatcs 1c.ra que
re- ~ :·""'~ ::.-;.·
. J• .. ,.
~: ·.~·:-:.~-- ·
UlelilCS
y
i.
It'
nan _cn .. un mec!io . ~ coo objeti~--.e'\'a11vos • Esto sagruf1ca que K't'io util>u~os contra ~inad01 utclircs memagos que se cna>co.uca m 6.rbita aenatre.
Pot eicmplo, u welire de b qne
lannn &rt"O&. cstad fonnado por una a,..
fera buea rellcna con cu.a.rcita. que a el
po.lvo abras.ivo quc se utlliza. eo. Jos •
pletes de attna pan. limpw las facba.
c1as de los edificios. Adcmas el utclitc
contmdri un mcanismo de C'fcccioo qu.e
funcionara
COD
aire comprimido J
Wl
m01or cohere quc podra scr puesto ea
ourcha en el cspacio. oda •ez quc hap
falu. pot un.a estacio.o. siruada en tierr&.
Hank Watson. UD iaseniero eJ.ear6..
Dico quc- muvo uajaodo en f!SU! protttto basta el JDOIDento en que fue •
darado "secrcto.., ha dicho lo siguimre:
~oraulmeate mos utclites ( cualquier
nu.mcro de dlos) •olari.n ea orbiw de
poa. alrura en mrno a la tictra.. Su ua·
yccroria scd uniforme r ftlll,lc. Pero ea
-cuanto los sovieticos sinieo ea 6rbita.
digamos. u utelitc de ~levisi6n para
cspw a :os Esr.ados Unidos. nuesuo a•
11:HitM,uplt:tc ambiara de &bit.a para ir
al eocucotro de la oueva na•e cspacw
ericmip. Una segunda seiial · aaivara cl
soplete de arenL He.mos probado lo quc
succdcra en ese ca.so. med.iantc las ape·
rimenros elcauados en a.a nancl de viento. Disparamos cuarcira a gran veloci.dad
contra un objeto que · reprcsenta al saa;.
lite. Como s.i hubiera sido una dcsarp
de pcrJisones., Jos granos de arena desfru)·eron totalmentt ,el casco metilico del
objeto apcrimental. Lo mismo suc:edera
en cl esr,ado. Resultado: cnerminio del
u.rclirc-upia.•
En vez de dt!Suuir los 'satclitcs-cspw
comunisw en ticmpos de paz (eao que
los sovieticos podriao interprcur como
una •sresion), los fururos s.a,clitcs-cspiu
scran ioutili:r.ados ..cegi.ndolos". En al
a.so el satelitc-interceprar contcndra va-
'·.f;::~J;-;J' •
,.;:;~}':r i·, ....
~ ~:-, 1f/;.
_
-~1:•;,-., ...:.F ,
.; ,.,._. ·:-: -· . ,· ·. ·.:
-·.· ii ,_tt, : ·~~{.f.i!t\~.7: ·:
1:il"'.I
•:
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· ··; · :1.,"'/.~-:.· " ·/.,..•:. · :~~~
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=--;.~
.tf,..~.,.· ·J!t·
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'&
Modelo de la auave espaclal ~mink,
con capacidad para dos tripulantcs. A la
.Serecha an modelo de la capsula Mer•
cur:,·, atiliz.acla por los astronautas nor•
tumericanoL
da~ero. cohe!e., Di ampcxo an avi6n, lino
mu bsen v..na combiaac:i6o de .las dos
1istffllll. Parec:e 1lD av-i6o de alas 1ri£A..
gu.larcs y ie'l-anta welo ·co. uo.a pisu CQQlo
Im •"·iones con~cncionalt:s. Asc:ieo.dc basa unos 32 kiJometros de alnan.. Enron:.
US: sin mibarso, ASP pone de mani·
fics~o que es Wl produao de la era espac,al. Al .alar upind toacladas de
aire pot una abenun. m form.a ck em·
budoquc lleon.ri. end fuscb.jc.El &ire
pasa al esrado liquido m una planta de
refriseracion f ttlt0Da!S IC almaana en
uoqucs espcciales uruados debajo de las
&~ de la !3-'Vf!. ~do ha tecogido SU•
faaeate ox,geno liqwdo. el ASP se con•
v.icnc- C'D un avion-cohcrc. los uipulanres apap.rl' sm motores de rurbina-rcac·
cion y poncn en funcion.amier:u:o las mo-
torn coheres (quc funcionan
coo
mi-
gcoo e hidr6geno liquidos). Asi ASP r
SUS ujpulanrcs pucdeo avrotwane ,:o el
espacio miUarcs de kilometra5 para cumplir uoa misi6n m.ilitar.
.
Cwnpliendo las insttucciones ttet"bid.a.s
des.de tierra.. el piloto ASP sinia la na~c
~n una 6rbita identlca a la dcl s.atelite
no identificado. Luego pone en fuociorios litros de pinru_ra C'D lugu
Cl.lat•
cita. Cuando se s.i.nie cera de b nave namicnto su sincma de conduccion por
rada.r. que lo lleva. a. las prosim.idades del
espacial cnemiga.. apulsari pinrura aro·
·
miuda contta Jos lentcs de las cimuas obieto n.o idcntiliado.
.En. a,anm lo encuentr1t dos de los
de tde,·ision O W dma.ra.s fotografia.s.
tripulantes abandonan cl ASP. au.nquc
p.ira atbridos con uaa dd,;ad.a ca.pa '
emborronar toda.s las foroga.lw o imi• per~necen ar:ados al avion-coheU! con
Jargas lineas de ulvamenro. Pravisl'05 de
genes que se captl!n.
Las arma.s de o(ensin r dcfensa des· cinturones voladorcs, los dos hombres s.e
critas no son tripuladas, ptto la Fueru · impulsan hua. rl u.cElite auanjero y
Aer~ ticnc eo proyccto otras que ,i rc- lo esaminan midadosameatc. iContiene
tquipo fotoi;rifico? iSe ttata de un saquieren uipul;idon. Esw ha·n esudo obteniendo aecienrc a1cncion desde quc el ttlirf' cicnrifico? iO acaso Ue,·a bombas
vudo orbital dcl coronel Glenn demosrr6 dC' bidrogenos O cohe-res anti-prorecriles?
quc cl hombre puedc acru..u ioteli,:entc-- Las obscrvaciones de los uipulantes y Iotnirafias e imigt'ncs de 1elcvisi6n son
mcnt<: rn cl opacio exterior.
Una dc estas arm..u tripuladas del fu. transmiriJu a la e-staci6n de mando de
turo es rl Avion Aero-Espacio. Tambim la Fueru A~rea, doodc lies (ientifi;0.5 decsti diSC'nado para it ...1 encuenuo de terminarin lo quc de! ha~rsc coo el
inuuso. Si llegan a la
nclusi6n de quc
objetivos CY.a.sivos... Este apar.:ato, dcoominado ASP {Aero Space Pane), fuo- pone en pdi,sro la sc ~id.ad de los Esudos Unjdos. cnvian
a ordcn se.ncilb
cion:.ra asi:
·
al ASP: ""Dcsu,.iyanlo·. _.
En aunto los radio-relescopios
-i.os uipulanu~s clcl ASP p:xirin abrir
san un obje10 no idcntificado c-n 6rbita
rerrcsue. un ASP coo trcs ttipulantes Jc- cl asco del Sltclite mienrras cste recorre
•antati ~lo, por e~mpJo, de una base · SU orbita alr~or de la Tit'rra... a-pli•
co.,;•.,. ,. It,
62
aero aliforniana. La nave oo cs un •er·
ae-
elm-
,,.,ir.•
�EL
--~~!I!!~-------------1EL ~
YORK TIMES" es un
bar6metro.
ue -quiere usted saber lo
que los ..liberales" piensan sobre _el dictador ponugu& Sr!:eaJif J Jsted &aca un
• nickel y compra el ·-rimes". z.Que no
ti.enc mucha informacion sobre Martin
Lutero King? Adquicre un -rimes" y
la obtiene en docenas de galeras.. l.Que
es espaiiol y no esta bien cnterado de·
las huelgas de Asturias? Se lee el -Cimcs•• y ha11a hast.a Jos ultimos detalles.
Asi con todo lo dcmas: la miseria en
AmErica Latina, la corrupci6n de la
semi;.corte de Chiang Kai Shck. la podredumbre de a1gunas contrati's admi•
nistrativas en Washington. Pl:ro e1 •-J'imes" no cs un peri6dico parcia1izado. ·
Nada mas lcjos de eso. En la milma
edici6n, sf ustcd busca un poco. cnconttara en seguida la contraparte de tsta.
civica denuncia de los grandes male, de
nucstra cpoca. Vera, por ejemplo. que
en el Turkestan ruso se esta lcvantando
una ciudad como Chlcago. 0 que et
mariscal Tito csla tle'\·ando· a cabo una
efectiva democraliz..acion de ,u regimen
comunista.
En Im. que el -runes•• cumple Wl
rol: cl de mostrar c6mo cambia el mun·
do al empuje de fuerz.as ..nuevas'\ y
lo cumple ad.mirablemente.
En fin, que el -Cimes.. cumple un ro1:
cl de mostrar chino cambia el mundo
aJ empuje de fuerz.a.s ..ouevas". y 1o
-cumple admirabJemente..
-2PUES BIEN. cse misrno ""Times".
que para los cubanos ha llegado a ser
un dolor de cabcza. nos ha dado algunas boras de aliento en los u1timos dias.
No porque se haya atrcvido a decir que
Castro y Atila son la misma cos.a. ;Libren Jos manes -de la cordura al eente·
nario peri6dico de semejanle exageraci6n Jatina! Sir.J ;orquc, con la nariz
en alto. el "Times" se ha dado cuenta
de que algo pasa, o va a pasar•. l,Que
a ese ..aJgo"? El -runes" no lo s.abe,
pero lo i.ntuye. Alguien 1 de aJguna pane,
le hara al castrismo comunista lo que
1os cubaoos de · uenza quieren h2cerle hace m •
- os: una sepultura..
EJ -Ci.mes sabe que
amig°'mueno
c ser como un amigo vivo.
de ii en cl panegirico. Se
dira todo
qce hizo y dej6 de hacer.
Se recon
ra pubJicamente a quienes
·darj9s_ y sus contrarios.
fueron sus
En fin: se pasarl ·socre iJ el juicio defi·
nitivo. El ~ilnc:s" no quierc que pane
de esa tierra que pronto se echara sobre ·
eJ s.arcofago dcl comunismo coo pa•
changa le caiga encima.
En su edicion deJ domingo 19. El
-run~" publica una Jarga· informaci6n
un
de su especialista latinoamericano. Tad
Szulc. La informaci6n va acompaiiada
de un mapa. En e1 mapa se iodica claramcntc 11 situaci6n cubana actual: La
Habana: bombas y sabotajes. Matanzas:
descinbarcos de teams de infiltraci6n.
JoyelJanos y El Cano: motines callejeros por la falta de comida. Cienfueaos:
ubotajes. Sierra Maestra y Sierra de)
&cambray: actividad de las guerrillas.
El titulo de la informaci6n es tarnbien
un poema: ..Los problemas de Cuba aumentan a pcsar de la ayuda sovictica•.
Y Juego, IObre la especulaci6n (bastan..
\e sensata) de que la mala admioi.stracion castrista. la inflaci6n y el dcsastrc
en_ la prnducci6n estan acabando con la
paciencia de Mos.cu. algo que es mh
·
c: datos. Datos del caos en
ia. d,iltos del caos en la agricultura, datos de las discnsioncs inlernas y de las inculpacioncs mutuas,. da.
tos de la CFecicnte represion._
-1-
por Agustin.PJamareo
.
. ..
.
...,
hemos veo.ido dicicndo que ...clK1:m11mo devenido comunismo estab
nado al fracaso. Pasando sabre
de silencio, o de critics tJl,ia,
ilustre
mundo
peri6dico ya ve lo que todo
veia bace tiempo: quc la traici6n ~
ta ha puesto contra el regimen de La
Habana a todo el pueblo. Y
im- · _
portante aun: que el cxperimcnto de
meter la ecooomia. 1a cuJtura y la vida
social cubana en el COrK man.ista•Jeninista ha resultado en un rotundo dcsutre. No cs s61o que bayan tenido que
matar • la aente para imponcr un
tt'ma de vida que la acnte repudiaba;
sino que sus mitodos de tnbajo econo..
mico no ban funcionado. Al cabo de
tres anos y media. el comunismo ofrece
un sa1do que no puede escapar a nadie:
donde habia vcrguenz.a hay indignidad.
El nuevo co1oniajc. por Jo menos m csta
pan~ del mundo. sc ha choteado.
mu
m-
�"'li~~4
l'ER~
~o
....... -~=:':'.:::.' __ ···-.~~--~-----·;-,.·--~· :,e,~
~
f. ~·•ar.;::-~~i"~-.. :g~·;;r_g~-r:(
IM;OR~ANT_E-~.
esdarecm.11~nto de la cu~.'o~ cubana
e~ las pagmas de cs.c. pcr1~!co no es
solo de ordcn moral. smo mthtar o politico. El 67imcs.. quiere y no quiC're.
Es como
·
, sicftdo pacifista
por co
credara una fabrica
de arm lcnlOi. i,Que hacer con rUa?
El 67. s" ube· que el castrismo sovie-.
tico est bcrido de muene. Mas aun:
sabe qu su do.iparicion es (atal, li~ada
como e
al exito de. la Alt:1.nz.a rara
el Progreso ~·;:ll;ia,-inlcg.ridad politicomi!itar d~I. s!s~ema interamericano. ~c:
aht, a ~· 1u1c10, cstc aparente camb10
de ~litu:a. Yad•. c uan Jo.,.~abl! d ct comu!l1Yno mun_ 1a1.• e 1 · am~. 11cga a
dccrr en un edtton_al: "'De Peiping a La
Habana. el comunismo ha fracasado en
la agricultura ... Algo es algo. Pot lo
menos al campcsinado eJ ...Times~ admite que los comunistas no lo tienen
de SU ranc. En otro dcspacho mas ,~. cienle, {echaJo -en Washin,1on. el ""Time~t· aJmilc quc .. Rus.i.:i csta (ontak•
ciendo las ddcns.as miliiarcs de Cub3
con armas adicionales )' rquipo Hpe·
cializado, como cl Radar ..; reconocr qui!
es anorm_al que hay~n lleg.ado a Cuha.
rntrc J ulto 27 v J ulto 31, nada me nos
que ..quince barcos sovieliCO!t.. quc atra.
caron a los puertos de La Hah 3 na. Mariel. Matanzas y Nipc .. ~- aun&.111c die~
a
(~l~ i1BERrAo'
'PARAiOs.: ,
PRESOS POLIT. l(OS,s,:<· . ;
,:- :·,-;-_·:,. ·.
t·
~:J; ~:
. _ .·
. .>.;:-~
'".. !" · .• ~ ~ · ·.,~F.$ . ; - 1 :: ,,-if .. ;.
.· · :·. I.A COMI_SION lafemadonal de!;
.. -·: ;Juristas, :con &Nie • Giaebra;·ha"-:
\. ·/· pecHdo al prcsldeate de Indonesia~-~
f'... :. que ponaa e-o libertad • tns a-:J;i
i., · prcmiucs. El Presldenle de lndon~ ~
r, .\ . sia a el benuncrllo Sukarno, UDO~.,
de ntos repnsentatil'os de la:~··t
mocrada nuen•, que por lo qat~
..
se ve (y nosotros Yemos • Castro) :
i,. :i. ·~ puede~- cobemar si~ fHer 1as:.:.
't . . ~~~B
i ·, tarcclcs .~•en replctas. Pun blen: .~.:
·!':.,
•
,·.
f_ esa &est1on · hadYarlt1ue , secundbart.a.l _·._.:,.. . . ~"."""'.'""----~1r, ,.e .~
v. 4<;-;-,
:.~,:. 8 ay que Rcun
a, aun a sa e•~·..,._ tia, conf'm.ado·alli· por~Jo(.adsmGS:..·.~.._.
J. ,: ·das de qut Sukarno hara (lo mis-_.~: MdeUtos•-cometidos por ~ a~·,1:::---.•
f •.
mo que Castro) fodo Jo que los d&,.; ~- miens ·de Iadonc:sla.~·.Lo ·etedffof!:·!
pot.as haem siempre con el derttbo:·_;. fttnte ·a Sos- auevoi···riadalos~ao~-:J::.:pkotearJo•. FJ gcsto sera lniitD ,ao. ·.. aria ona dedaradon--sino-tma~~:·-:~
n hermoso. 1..a ·.apelacioa de 1os .... c.1611/Esa acci6n Dqan;· m dndL--;.::..
"Juri.stas ainebrinos Rf,On:ui ft Ja-' .. .Alientras la ·c:spen.mos; eot~oi,:'".c~
brta romicamcnte, un poco como - aunque· sea con noestros nadfflot.j.. :··.
. dtbt ka~r 50Dado la ttlorlta latina. · ea las puertas dt la condenc:i.amc,.';en b oidos de 1os _barbaros que nl del mwado. No en la de Cascro :. -·. ·•
estaban. a· las pue-rtas de Roma. aJ ea la de- Sukarno,. que no l:imm-:- -?-~
. Pt'ro ~ nuestro debe! ampliar ea lo. ; ainP.na ~e las ·405 cos.as: ~ o ·ea~~-.,~·_
~"ble na.~esoaancLL En La ffa..: la dd unn·erso · ~ ,ue )11·atai_;-:~~
hana tamb1ea ~ pudre en una em• empe.zando a -cansarse. cte.: wer. ea-· ..
bajada,. DO Uft H•pttm"er, Sino UD ·.· ~a dkada lragica ··~ Jos_ D~~ ·: ,...",:
n-Pttsadcntc, el Dr. J.fu_ud Unv-. : disfrazad~ ~ d!. ~~~~;1'.t:.f...:. ff!:·/
· ··
· ····- - :
-....... ·, ,·i •••• ?-_;-:.,:.!'"-~. 1:~-~~1.:.'.:":'-_~~.J-.-~·4-~~-F·..:.=
t-:·..,
r.:
>' .,:
0
.~
~JJf~1ttllll~
Ef'RAl'.\I Ch.or~o siJ?ue rspcrando cadas. ,~ dia Sl'ni sin duda el di.3
que HumbC'rto M,•drano Ir c:"Onleste qur ron1cnzara a nore-ttr la csperanla ~arta publica que le diri,:io. Es . za de los wb:mos...
s1bre ~• artil'ulo ··cuhano 1'cgro.
CPalabr:as dr
linado Rh·cro,
y tu quc?"', que cl subdirector de en ..lmpresiones·, palabras dr un
.. Pren,::,. Libre· rn el oilio publicara cristiano de nrdad, que me ndac-·
tn el -oiario dt- las Amrricas·'". En tor wscribe wlaba por sa1aba).
~· rderido articulo. l\ledr:ano st dejo
••••
arrastrar pores.a corrienle comodona
FAUSTO MASO adalll d~t-C..
qur h .. y en el dcsticrro )' qut quiere ncas quc el no insulto a nadae dcsde
echarle ahor:a toda la culpa de lo las p:.i~inas de .. Rnolucion"". y que
que paw en Cuba a los parquudo- no ulio a)er de Cuba sino hacc mures qur st bicicron milidanos.
chos mrscs, lucgo de permantter
• • • •
asilado en una l'mbajada casi un aiio.
PU!\IAREJO llego a Miami ,. w Bien. Si Maso, nlioso e.scritor) pot-produjo en !loe~oida corre---corre. Esta la~ no era el Jacobino ni escribia las
,isto qut al lalcnro al~unos It tie. ..zonas ttbeldn"', mejor para el. Por
oen ma1t miedo qut' • la Dtucrtc.
f ortuna, ts uno de los pocos ,·alora
• • • •
Jo, enrs que- se sah·aron ea aquel nau... EL DIA que cada C"µhano se dis- fra;io de oportunismo )' empujadera.
pon:a a haeer ..mea c:-ulpa• ton ~er•
• • • •
dadera humildad , 1-·erdadcro pa•
E~ J\IIAl\11, la compania. rub:ma,
trior;smo; el dia qut' todos los qui de G:uTido pont on c:bispa10 de alrrstamj, oblh::idos a ha.:-rrlo ~uonoi- 1:,ri:a ,. humor en mNlio dcl dolor dtl
4:'
RJ.lros uroru --nurs1ros dtstil'rTO. Un publiro nostal:iro de
c urc-s de alla en la Parri::a } nueslros su Patri3 11pl:1udc c-ada nol'he las bur·
rores de aqui en rl rxilio-; rl dia las qucndc:11cas C'Onqu• los :ae1om
H' romenl'emos por no crf'crnos inlibns If' hacen f rente a la humil13lihks) por rrnundar a todo lo que cion dcl re-fui:io, a las la,=rimas de
~a impusibre la nrdadrra libera- la ausrnda .y al miedo --sobrr todo
c: • dt~ucsfra aierra; el dia que
al micdo-- de que- lo que pcrdimos
~mpe«mos · por pedir prdon ron P lo bayamos perdido para siempre..
naayusc-ula por nu!lt1ras intran§itenEn aqurl Ht'enario pequeiio, el ~mdas. por nuestras equiu,cacionrs. por pru:irio Manolo Alonso, el escritor
nucstras •crqucdadrs, por nuestros Ah·aro de \"ilia y los actons Alb"rto
dcsaciertos. por nuc!l1ras ofensas y Garrido. Rosendo Rosell, Btanquita
por nucstr.as justific.adoncs injustifi- Amaro, Roblin. Piiiero Jr-.. JSobeJ
Jose
't
I
'
I
i.
I
:i
I
Vega, Dinor.ab Ayala, Olga Udy Rodriguu )" otros alz.an un monumento
a la al~ria criolla, cs:a riquez.a que
Fidel no mato.. ese autentico tesoro
de la cubanidad mas nrdadrra que
n.i cien mil fideles podni.n aunc:2 ma-
tar.
••••
SE ASEGURA que Herbert MaCbe"-s ,·isitani La Habana en Octubre. 1'0 hay qu, romperse la c:abeza
pensando lo quf' dini cuando ,-uelvL
••••
PEPIS NA \'ARRO R i..nsta16 ·aa
Puerto Rico, tierra jonn J' promett-dora. apta para la 1ente jonn )' de
taJento, como a Triun.fari, como
en Cuba.
••••
RECORTELO y peguelo: --CUba
srni un parai.so. Pero un poUo cucsta
Cinco. pesos....
••••
ACTl\'0 en ,·enezuela en la lu•
c-hA democniliC'a Charles Simron.
Encabcza c,n la patria de Bolhar la
delt1:acion del .. Ejercito 1,-ibert~dor..,
organismo tt,·olucioaJ· que· lucha
dcntro dt Cuba.
••••
HABLABA Marquez.. tulin: con
un grupo de amigos: · .. . ....,
- En lo de Cuba. unos noi· ... qui.
,·ocamos eo una c:-osa ,. otros en otra.
£n lo que, DOS tqub·ocamos todos hasta los americ:anos-- f uE en lo de
las aonnta millu..
�. para los cubanos. son
de que el peligro de
sovietismo a
nta; seiiales de que en
las altas esfer de Washin~ton (y en la
redacci6n del . imesj empicun a percatane de ello. ~as n_Qlas no ticnen
otra finalidad que \ f ~ t .ese nuevo
estado de nuestro drama a los cubanos
del exilio. Hemos palpado rccientemen•
tc a la masa del destierro. No hay que
negar que esti. cundida de des.alienlo.
Durante
de un aiio. 1e ha hecho
muy poco er, el terreno de la lucha activa contra Castro. Peor aun: desde
hace un ,ano. habia quicnes no hacian
nada y tampoco lo dejaban hacer. La
crecicnte ac:tividad rusa dentro de la
i:sla ha cambiado el panorama. Se ve en,
la lucha guerrillera. en Jos .actos de sa:
botaje de los 1ruros cland~tinos. en
el evidente respaldo quc esos grupos
tinen desde afucra. Sin tener quc leer
muy entre lineas se nola claramente que
el gran asalto final a la fonalcza sovietica regida por los peludos no ,·a a demorarse mucho. Si lo quc se esperaba era
que hasta cl ultimo americano o latinoamericano estuviera convencido de .que
aquella cs una tirania pear que la de
Trujillo. que Rusia mancja como un
sa1elitc mas sumiso que Rumania, el
objetivo sc ha conse~uido. Ya ni el
.··-n.mes- tiene dudas de eUo.
mas
41
NOS FALTA EQUILIBRIO
"'He lei do su articulo ...;.Quien sobra
en Cuba!". Lo f elicito por cl ~quilibrio
quc ha,)' H eL Eso es lo que DOS ba
faltado siempn • los cubanos.. \'i,·o en
Pue~o Rico ,. admiro • estc pul"blo por
eso, por su sentido del equilibrio. Los
c:-ubanos lo hemos querido todo muy r,i..
pido ~· hemos uiticado loda obra en
principio, sin siquit'ra dejarla hac~rst
fecunda. Es derto que todos somos un
poco culpables. Ojala que &iempre-. Dos
remucrda la roncienda pues uno· de
auestros peores ddt('los es la falra de
memoria. Ahora sabcmos lo que tenia•
mos an1cs det tuarfelazo .)' antes dt'I
fidclismo. A
~emos tambirn lo .
que lenrmo
uc hac-cr para pt~c:cio.
nar aquclla
·moC'racia quf' tan1o aiiora•
mos. ,Dios
le\ anrar a
•S
perdonc! Crro que para
ba de sus cenb.as tenrmos
que hal'trlo on humildad hacia el pro-
jimo. ,Dios s a,·ude!
PtlARI -1'1£L, ..·.ELIAS AIXALA
DE RODRIGUEZ. Ba} amon.
NO lUCHAMOS CONTRA LOS
EXILADOS
Queremos nsponder desde sos columnas al redactor de •na s«cion titu-
lada "\' 5qrueo llegando'". donde se aos
aludc. ~o memos nnido • luc:har con•
In los nilados, nnimos • animos a
~nos para podcr desalojar de Cuba al
comunismo. ~os lildan dt inr.ttra~os )de quintarolumnistas. Fuimos )' 10mos
rnoludon2rios. No (uimos ni srremos
romunistas.. porque DO militamos en
ninguna ori:anizacioo politica qur no
fuese el M·26-7. Formamos pat1t de
los grupos de Acdon ,- Sabotajc porque
Pensibamos.. como pensamos ahora, qu~
Cuba Dt'tt'Silaba se f renase la corrupcion politica .) adruinistrath·a que- ~xislia. Pens.abamos que a Rf'ttsario brin.
darle • Cuba un equnibrio soti:11 ,- economico sin dcstruir las tlascs socialcs ai
Im, faC'forts quc impub.an b tt0nomia
de un pais. Contra loda didadura est.a·
remos sicmpre. romunista o crioUa....
JOSI.::: MARCO FLORES.
LAS URNAS TRAICIONADAS
Se habla de la re,·olucion lraicionada.
Pero &eria n1ucbo mejor h:tblar dr las
umas traicion.ad:is. Si los abstencionisf as
hubieramos 5C1:Uido las predicas dt Car•
los Marquu Sterling )' hubieramos an1•
dido a las umas Cuba no estaria en maeos de Castro J' nosotros DO mariamos
tlestemados.. ;Por qui ao R reconoce
ew- httho! ;Quieren seguir ea el dilema ·
Batista-Castro'! La traicion a las IU'llaS
t~jo • Castro. El seguir hablando de
rnolucioo traicionada traeni a Bati.u.a
nut\·amrnte: Iii a tie-mpo no le damos
razon. toda la razon. a quienes la lenian qur er.an los ~lectoralislas. A.bora
ffSulta que quienes ayudaron a Castro
d"claran qut' este era malo. des.de UJl
prindpio; pero eUos nunca lo rtt0n0a
cieron. FJ unico qur seiialo el c:amino
fue Marquez y • est DO ~ le baa la
justkia que mentt.. Perdoneme est:as
lin~as. Se las acribe un onodoso arrepe-ntido. pero arrcpentido de nras, ao
de aquellos que dicen estar arnpentidos
pero 5iD d3rl~ la razon al qot' la fiene.
la
,
RODRJGUl
JA \'IER
Ne"· Jersey.
·YA YAMOS A PELEAR DE
--
A VEZ
Hr leido BOHEMIA dt'Sdt t 921 sin
~rdcr un solo numero. He · ado n
Cuba 39 vettS., 38 a.ando estaba sirJlle.
ro J· una ron mi uposa, en 1948. He
nconido todo el tcnitorio cubano. Soy
costarricenSt> pero quicro • Cuba como
si f uera mi patri3. En uno de los DU•
Coati•li. n L. pi~i~ 67
.
�~N PAIS cle SIETE MILLONES
·c1e DESESPERADOS .
.
.
pot'
Fernando de ~a Milla
La imprcsion domin.ante CD Cuba at
panir yo d 18 de agosto iC' resume en csu.s
pabbras: '""Esto se cae... Por cso b bucna
j!ttltC JICSC a SU tragica situac.ion actual. CS
optimist.a. Machos le diccn a uno. cuando
le sabcn prcpar:fodosc par.a la partida: Si K' aguanb un poc.o. no tendr.i que use. ...
iEn quc ·tund.:n 5ll ·optimismo? Funda.
mcntalmentc:, en la scns.aci6n - por d fir.
mante compartid.a · - de que un des.astre
tan cnom1c no pucde sobrc,·i\ir. No sc.tnb
1
dd alicnto quc puedan infundir rumorcs
mas o mtt1os nrosimiles o disp.uatados. Sc
1Tat1, repitimoslo. Jc quc no c.abc en a-
t
I
i
bcz..a hum:ina que c1 caos constitu)-::a una
forma de gobiemo y de ,·ida.
Cicrto que h.:?y caos, tambicn. en algunos
paiscs del bloque comunis.ta· Y
cub..
asten, sin cmbugo. 4Ltrante deccnios.. Pero
cl mundo c.omunista es csto, un bloque, un
mundo cstanco, hcrmitico, tra?- cortinas
lmcas y murallas de cemcnto, impermcablr al cjemplo csperanz.ador de Occidente.
El c.uo de:- Cuba ~ com.rlc:tatnente dis.
linro. Cuba es un punto mina.,no y :aid.do
dcl unh·uso comunista. Un punto que
cnrucntra en media dd mundo democr.itiro. CuanroS horrorcs succdcn en Cuba lo
s:.1bc cl mundo :a las rn,cas hora~ d~ ocurridos. Sc dirb ".'lt.i~~ sc diria quc lo pcor quc
ha podiJo cxurrirlc a 1 comunismo cs habcr
dado cstc: gho de Oriente hacia Occidenac.
El desc:rcdito dd sincrn3 politico. socia1,
uon6mico. cs tan prolundu, quc no cs
arricsJ!ii!clo. dcspues de todo, proonsric..,r
que en C
a t!ncnntrado cl principio de
IU fi
El ucblo de Cub.a.
lo t.an10, nt.i
etm\· cido de quc
tragedia cs un fcn6,.
men Jl,1s.ijcro. cspor.itlico 1 y en cllo fund.1
sr
I
I
.•
atos
,u
por
i uc:brant.1blc: cspcranu. ,Como ~
proJ ·ira d ~nbce? H.-y nnion~ rar.i
11~
.,iu~.: p-tr ~-antamientos intc:riores
~02 inmcdiata de los p:a.iscs
:amcric:mos; ror cu::alquicr incidcn1e cntre
alguno o :al,:unos .di:' cstos ~ises y d rcgi.
men castrist.t: por climin:acion lisica de alguno de · sus ltdcrcs . . . Pero cstas •cnioncs' poet.le dccirst quc no cucntan p.,u d
afmcunicnto de l:a gran cspcranza. Qwcro
su
con
.ta •••
um lintesis monstruosa de loaJra. endiosamie.at~ aucldad e hipocresfa .....
dc:L;r quc b m.a1'0f'i1 dcl pueblo rcconocc
que no s.1bc corno n.i por dondc IC producira
d fina I, pcro de Jo quc no le Qbc b men or
dud., cs de quc cste fin.al cs inc\'itablc.
TEMOR Y DESPRECIO DE LOS
COLABORADORES
Odia Cub.a a los Q>mUnistas. Pero odia
m:i~ si cabc. dcsprccia mas profund.amentc
a1 ..lider n1:ixamo·-. en quien ,.,.c una sint~s. 111onstn10S,; ck locur.i. cndiosamienro.
cruc:IJ.;u.l r hirocrcs'-1. J,.;o le pcrdonan los
cub.:mm quc Jes haya cng.afiado t:an ignominios.uncntc. 1':o lcs n.tr.an.;a. menos Jes
asnn1bu.• quc los (:Dffluniws st ponen como lo quc ·son. corno· lo quc nuna. oc:ul-
ur,VI que futT3n. Su asombro n porque b
rcaliJ:uJ ha dcmostrado quc cl hornbrc quc
Jes ins('iro nuxim:a confianz.:a los estu,·o
co,::1.-13.n,lo dcsdc su primcra rd.,clton en
Sanri:i~1l, ·con m.ixirna durlicidad.
Y constc quc cstc cn.juidamicnto no a
la loJt1C1 con§CCuenda dcl contraste cnttt
lo que Fidel Castro dcda ser J lo quc ha
n:5Ult.ado scr. Quiero d«ir quc no 101'1 solo
cus ad,·c,-sarios los que le dctcsun· Sc tr.u::a
de: nn scntimicnto, dr un criteria, quc a,m.
pan.en mucbos quc. aparcotcmauc. son
m-
limos cobboradorcs IUJOS.
Dias antes de r.:ilir de Cuba 1\1\'C u:1:.
charla con un ,·icjo amigo a quien ro consider.aha cntusiasta 6ddist:2, no solo par
IUS iwtorios 1COicios al Jigimcn, lino po:
rrguir 6gur..ndo. atin ho,·. en oh·cl muy
deudo ck b buroaacia dd sistcm.J comunista.
Tu\-C quc ser auto coo B dur.ante muy _
pocos segundos. En quid.a. co."llo suc:l c:
ckdnc,
IC
·dcscapo...
-Muc.hos de los mis intimos cobbor ...
dorC"S de Fidd -me d.ijo- k dctc:stan unto
como le ccmcn. C.on Fidel nunca s.:1bc uno
cu.indo y por d6ndc le \"CndrJ cl golpc
but. la acus.:.1ci4n ck traioon. b circel 0
cl pc-loton de fusilamif ).fuchos cscin,
con cl porquc no s.abc:n &no aparsc. s:in
rit"Sgo de b ,-ida. de su
riblc arro. Otros
porquc. como cornunisb no pucJcn hJ.:cr
otn cos.a quc acaw b_s rdenc:s de .Mos.-:u.
l" Ult scntimicnto hacia 8, ~ t . e . Jc ,us
colabor.adores. Fidc1 Jo conoce pcrfecc.
menu:. De a_hi cu desc:onfian.u respecto a
todos. amigos ap.3.rcntcs o ad\·tturios. A
mi no me cxtr.an.uia que cl primer desconfi~do, mn b 1Jc,.1da de nuC'\·os conrin.
gcntcs de •ex.pertos.. n.u,~s, SCJ. d propio
�Fidel· £s .posaolc . quc, a t:sta5 bora.s estf
pcnsa.ndo: -,vacnm a ayudannc: 0 a mrtame ca cintun.19
•
LO QUI CUHTA DEJARSE ROBAR
UNA CASA · ·
. Aun
,·
vi"icndo en Cuba • ..: • prcciu pasar
por ocrui apcric:ncias pan dllK CUCDt:a
abal de hast.a ..:londt Ucp cl desordcn. eJ
desbarajuste dcl regimen.
·
Doc:c horas, desdc las sictt de la manana
ham w sietc de la -nochc, hube de ncccsitar el d~ antes de mi parttda pan la muy
simple - , do1orosa- gtStion de quc ,.;.
nicra la polida a mi cuit:a dcJ reparto
Fontan.u a upulsarmc de ella y scllarla
en DGmbrc de b Rdorma Urbana.
Uamt a bs sictc de la maiiana a la Dcci.
mo Sc1't:a Estacion de Polid.a. en Miramar
-Estacion compctcntc en cl reparto- para
consuJw qui dcbia haccr para eatJepr la
casa.
.
Una voz muy 1Cgura J autoritaria me
c:ontcst6:
- Cierrc la as.a 'f traiganos las llaves.
Pero. antes de salir saquc m ma1eu, porquc
le advierto que una vcz ..que ha)'a alido
de su as.a. no pucde vokcr a enuar en
ell.a.. Puc:s &U as.a, des.de esu.• momenta,· '°"2
no le pcru:nccr • usted. a.no a la
lucion.
tt\'O-
Hice como me fuc ordcn:1do. Ucgo a la
Estacion de Policia, voy a enuegar las lb-
vc:s y me diem:
para podcr rqrcs:ar • b Estacion en automo\·il. Porquc es el caso q~c cl podcrOK>
e,t:ado comu.nista DO bent: maquinas pan
- Ust~ no ticne que cntrcgar ahora cl uansportc de sus agentcs p>licialcs en
bs lines. Dos polidas le acompaiiaran a misioncs que no scan de peuccuci6n y
Ill c:ua, c:omprobiran si lo que ust«! dci;a
arrcstos. En mi maquina alquilac:b tu\·c,
en clla coincide con el in\·cntario ·quc It: le pucs., que llcvnlos desde Mariano al Fonhizo; dcspucs wo)vcra ustcd aqu{ COD los tanar y dcsdc Fontanar I Marianao.
policias y le c:brcmos un csc:rito, si lodo
QucJa ror mcncionar un dct.21lc quc r-.
en ordcn, autoriz.andolc a abandonar . pone cJocucntcmcnte cl marcmagnum ca6..
cl tr:rritorio naciona.1.
tico de la •dministnciort astrista. Pcsc •
- Bicn
· K-- estoy a ws or-Jenn.
quc cl chcquco IC habi.i hccho am toda
.is cincci1!c: b tardc. Aun IUVC
minuciosid~d. al . leer yo el es:rito ecrtifi •
que C'S
r una hora, porquc b polidas dndolo asi. me cru:onuc con la sorprendcntc no,·cdad de quc mi pobre casita tenia
que deb n vcnir cnnm.i~ 1 as.a c.staban
ues akobas,, en nz. de dos, y que la :akob.a
sellando rra en JaimanitaL
Lm
das de m.arras eran dos moz.al- de m.:is que me h.abian adjudiado conraba
con lictc ricz.as de mobi1iario. Natur~tmcnbctcs de:
as vcirm anos.. Uno
COfflU•
nista rabiotio.~ y engrcido. El otto tc.. me catlc I.a boca, porquc si 1Cnalo cl
crTor me babrlan 11cgado b alida por cl
IC mostraba mis aSC"quiblc y comprcnsiblc.
En honor a la ,·crdad dcbo decir quc: am. dcsacu.crdo cnttt cl invc::ntario y cl chchos eran, aunquc distanlcs y de poc.as pala- quco.
br.a.s, de m.ancras wbanas y concses.
Su primcra misi6n consisda ea chcqu-:ar LA IDtOTEZ DE UN G2 QUE QUERIA
DARSE IMPORTANCIA
d invcntario quc me hicieron en junio Otn> rasgo dcfinidor de la banund.a coal JO IOliciur d pcrm.iso de salicb- ::tm
esu
era
pad.a por
&U
propiewio al vcnir ate
I
Es.-
rados Unidos.
Pocos dias antes, yo le h:abia cnconuado
c:erc:a de cas:a y hubc de prcgu.ntule si yo
dcbi:a abon:ar b n::nta de agosto, ya quc
p:irtia cl dia 18. Mc habia contestado atirm3ti,·,unmtc r yo le di las grac:ias, pucsto
quc su informc me C\-itaba posterior-es '}'
muy gnndc:s complicaciones.. El tal. fisic:amnrc, es una mc.z.cb mongolica de Faure
Chomon J Almcjciras,. bri;uirucho, Cll·
dmquc. tlN.hidntado..
No hicc m..is qut' cntr.:ar en el c:bP3cho,
c-uandn el hombre me fuln,ina con un de.
do acusador ,. me pita:
•
-·
1
- 1Ustcd. cl ouo dia, ~ cl Fonunar,
me di6 las ,rnci:as por
in(arme quc
usrcd me piclio f quc )'O
2 d dcbcr de:
cbrlc! fSo cs asi? .
.
·.
- ECcctframcntc.
....:. _,.
- Pucs him. )'O quicro que lt."J"3 que b
tt\·olucion no bacc favor,:s. sino. sobmenrr:.
iusticia.. Ustcd no tm[a ningun derccho a
darmc las graciu, porquc: clindomdas, t..stcJ qucrb dccim,c QU(' yo me h:tbi.1 s.:ilillo
Coai•,u ~ • J. p.izi,u 66
�·,r111A·:~EN
·
11~11~!~w~?~~\
:
~
"
LA
'.•
poti Ga~tO~ ·~~~ero ·
Ser criri~bliga a una
tercer, posiciOn frente al
comun1smo? Y desde esa
• •,
r
. tercera poSHMN1,-l.que pue. de· hacerse ahora, no mafia·
. na, para detener el avance
comunista?
• .
. I
Grcula p:ofus.amen.tc el libro "La Drmocracia Cristiana '/ America I.ati~. ttcopilado por Lino Rodriguez Ariis, .de
Pao.a.mi. El libro se subtitula ..,cscimonios
de una position tt\'ol uciona.ria.. J contieoc. primcro, las ideas del Sr. Rodriguez Arias sobre la Dcmocracia CristiAna, ' lue.so Li rs:;,osicion dd pensa.mien-
·
to de los principales dirigeotes hispano--
americanos de csc movimicnto.
La eutoridad imelectua1 del Sr. Ro-. drigucz Arias. a\i como la oombradia de
Disausos de Rafael Caldera •••
masas
' Wl refugio pan lu
que esti.n
cansadas de politiarsuos sin monl J de
caudillos sin doctrina..
Todo. o meior dicho. usi lodo, confJure lavorablcmentc para rccoooccr en
. cse Movimiento la aparici6n,, por fin. de
algo mis terio que el primario •uri'•
o que el cit'go ..pro·. Sc neccsitaba da.r
una idN>loga:a fur:n:c a quienes quiC'rcn
luchar cooua el m.a.rxismo sin u.ocirse a
sc ·coo
CUUlta
ma!,.
·1e Jecn muchos qae
diem tcncr le. J cu.an arries,gado es tta·
w cstos tcm.u en tierD.S quc m el foodo oo gusu.o clc razon.ar, sino que SOD
hiju de la Yioleocia. el despotismo menal J el monopolio de la sabiduria autoconcedido a ate: grupim o a aqucl. •. pesar de todo ao, YOJ" a
de CSC puDtO cseod.al Ya el Jeaor habri. comprcndido que pm Ja existeocia de cse punto
ha.hw
la pobre acnu.cion dcl ...hombre anti".
del que n cooua al,go simplemcnte por
ir en contra o por a.ntipatia irncional.
Y se neccsitaba igualmence dar una lmc
t
loh•mio Libl'lt
DJ.scursos d.: Hector Cornejo •••
I
los antologizados. permitc uegurar quc
arc libro es una verd.adera cnciclopedi,2
sinretia de los ideates y de los ptO}'cctOS
de la Democracia. Cr istiana en la America His
s.inopti
micnto
Ameri
publica
. ~
asi. en forma
~ un Moviue ya· es importantisimo en
peto que csta lwnado a ser el
impulsor de masa.s , de ace.ion
n cl fururo.
Yt'rse
roda la ideologia
las
.,J_elisiosas, fflonles, edua_·
cionales de "Democracia Cristiana. 10ft
una respuesta maravillosa al ha.mbre de
doetrina que sc vt-ni.a e-xperi.metuaodo
Cll b America His.r:an.a.. La pro,eccion
idN>lo,gia r 1i. auroridad moral indis•
cutibl<' de Jos dirigr:ntes dc1 Movimiento
en cad& pais. son i,mlmeotc un ~luarte
a u..n1os , tantos hombres que quicrr:n
acruar, h.u:er also. quc est.in ..en pro·.
pcro que frecucot~nte 1610 ren.im
como imio o punto ~ concurrcncia la
llamada de u.n panido tndiciona.l, lin
comenido. o la 11.amada de un Hdc:r pet·
sonalisca que as..ienta su raz6n de set m
Jos .:ih:i,nos rasuos de primirivismo suptt·
vivientc en tantos lugarcs e iadividuos de
Amc;ria.
·
Ofrecer a Ju gc-nta una doetrina quc
por 1i misma fuese valiosa. sustitu)·cndo
al lider de acci6n magica. al ..saccrdore
de 1a tribu·. (que esto cs lo quc eran
ba.sta hacr muy poco. 1i ra no Jo 100.
Jos dirige-nres politicos de Am~ria Hisran.a. ) .. r sunirureodo al gtt'.'guismo quc
DO sabc para qu~ o..i por qu.c IC ttUDC.
es Ju.eerie a la Amc:rica Hispan.a el mis
aim scrvicio de ci•il.id.ad J de progreso.
Todo eso ara muy bien. No m.c,rccc
&ino rlotiO!i. Pero har u.n puruo, un punto csencia.l a juicio mio, que dcbe scr
traado. Y a pcsar ck quc de anrcmaoo
W'tde Wor\d
Jacques Maritain, inspi.rador del catolidsmo uido al comunismo.
�Sc ttata de ·1a
politia... eso
lentc al Deutr
de ··uoa te.r
ticialismo taJ
pitalismo Di omuoismo.- q11e cs uaducido ripidame:nr.e, demasiJ.do ripiclammr~."como •...ru mn Washiasu>n ai coa
Moscu.
1\ .
La Democncia
istian.a "no es eu.aamente d Justic.wumo de Peron. Es otra
<OU. p lo s.abcmos, pero se proauncia
ta.mbien coo caricter de ..,ercera fuen:a..
-c•
J de .. terccra posici6n... Ni la socitdad
liberal inhwna.m.. ni cl comunismo igualmeme inhumane. y para que
lector
el
va~·a 1iguiffldo mi ruonamienro sobre el
p.:.1igr(\ que supone .- It, t,,Jaiu, t10 , .
L, 1.rori•. una tercea posicion en los mo,.
menros m .qu.r.
au
,
d mundo. prccipi-
Esto cs impcable, euao., pwo como ·
cl sot Pero este planteam.iem.o con.daace
a una. act11aci6~ o par Jo menos a apli~
a.do «Jn&r~l4mtttle ante cad.a cuo. ante
ada hecho. Aqui es dondc comelWJ'DOI
a ver cl confliao. la seii..1 de pcligro.
Del proloso le pasa • la. polemica. eotre
un democrat.a aistiaoo J UD coasern-
dor (las ideas de ate 110 aoo ezpucsw) ..
• trues de carw cambiadas enue dicho
coose-n·aJor J el ICii.or Lim> lloclriguez
Arias-Buswnante.
Ea ew caitsa leemos ms.as mmo aus: ""Quiero decide al respeao (sobtt
la solicitUd de intcgra.r un ·f1eor.e Atl·
ticomuoista.. ). que cl IL P. Bruckberge.r ha esaito sobtt la mcstion 1o siguicnu:: ..Para quc, c::o Jos tuttnas po--
:
:
liticos 1 c:coa6mict>,
.. ~- . ~..
:.
ll!O.PfDO$'
alpina
probabilidad de vcna:r al com11.11ismo, c:s
preciso, no solamenre bu.scar a nuesuos
problcmas un.a. so.luci6a distia.ta a la SU·
-r~ sino plantt:.:t.rlos co a.a.a iorma que
no sea b qllt ucoen eo d m':.lndo mo,.
deroo des.de la cpoa de 1os jacobinos.
Hsy que b.accr cosas nuevas., desechu ao
solamenrc:· 1u respucsw, sino tambien 1u
preguntu. cs decir, lacer de oue"Vo nucsu.u institucioncs.. desde la base a la CW•
~
.... "':.."
~: ·::.~_i: -.~. :'' ..:
·,
...
...
pidt:. No podc:mos elimina.r d color ne,cro t:n nombre de Wl gris mis o menos
sucio, s.ino c:o oombtt de wi · blaDCo acb
we2 mis puro, mis ttsplaadccienic. quc:
denuncic r coodcnc d sris tanto como al
Mgro·. A mi modo de ver. - prosigue
Rodriguez Arias-. lo imparwitc no cs
orga.oiur b repttSitn de un fflemigc
qu~ sosciene W11.S idC21 coatra.rias a las
nuesuas, pucs ello demosttaria la pobrc•
za de nucstro icica.rio quc ·sc prescnwi1
corno inca;,a.z · de resistir a la dwectia
ideo16giu. Y mco.os &W'l ~·anw csu
tr.ama dcsdc un mundo
qu4 nos
repeJc
tanto como el comunismo. i
Sc perauri quc estaS uJc~ p.,.labra.s
·mias \'&n dirigidas de frc~fie cootr.a el
sistcma apitalisu... Antes qui Yd.~ asus·
te de -mi actltud. quiero
ttfrescatlc- l.a
mcmoria tttordindole que el 8 de ·msyo
- ~ao
Produdo del dilettantismo Utuario de Oneaa J Gasset •••
l.au.
de 1949, ·robs.servarore Romano• ru·
btico un imporwitc arriculo sobre "1..&
lglesi.t Cat6lica J d Capiulismo·". fir.
mado por el que era cntona:s el
tt.J.sc-
�•111slr6l Jlr1u11t1£u 1,111,in,lo C,',
co•ul>n co• •osotros "" Jo,w,w ~
.IIOI II
lrid4
'°'
..,,,,81 i11u,Jido11"1 "~ ·-,.
1>iuros
Jacqws
1e las cwcipu'los de
Maritaia
· at hayan entendo todawi&.
cro ~ -leyeodo: • • .;. .,,. ;,,..
. . v1,uioa ~ .,,,url Z. rrp,J"'
·1
si• a«IJuuui
.r/e l#r,n ~ 1111l•reos, u/,•o eo• '4 a,or,11,io• I• U&•i«>J ~- urw ,-,11 pt
•l Nori, u Ji11r1· J, •• ,ro6/nu, tU
"1 /oJa u •stm"6 n • u,,o· I, .,i,a.
""·""'· ,, l••cio.,,nos ,. " "' HZ,
onu cor, • . , rJ I, com/MlriOhU •
"" •• riti•n ~- o/,/ip • fl.Wllros
zoHnlllllUs a· ;,,~ " - ~ n
INU
60,,l'f'IIIIIII.S.
°''"
I, lo4os lo,
.lf•mu
••lwol __,tu'IIUI u
sodtJi ,,-
""" t,.ns11. D,
J>ttrU, ••1s1,11.1 J.. . t,,.aiu """ i•#it:i.
us liri1nJ•s esul¥• n ~l Olim,o, Ju- fUUUI'• .iluHINI t,nfllff'O
f,11.l""do I, ·._. riu n1"1J11 -.in,.t,111
e1111tro1 t,wl,los • nipol,,uLn, ..., y
.JI".
.
IV
ctt,6 el lecto.r? be parrafo Cl pin
leedo dos o tres 'ftCes. iDe modo que
lohemia libfll
Diem que Ctifro M desdo por culpa
de otros...
·
tor en jefe dct peri6dico. Dalla Torre,
.dt.'l que pareda despreodcrse que el a•
pita!ismo a, en su ese>ncia. peor que el
comunismo. pucs no sc oh•ide que el .ca·
pitalismo eapta. su.strae. agota la riqueza; es dccir. impide que sc aac:ciente el
numero de lcs que .sou.n de ella., mienuas Santo T oma.s DOS deda que ..el bom·
bre no debe corwderar los bicnes ateriores como bicnes propi~. sino como
bienes com1.1nes··. Luego el comunismo,
mienuu no representa sino d rtgimeo
de la comu.nidad de biencs, no es, eo su
esenda.. conuario a la religion. Lo a
cuando see convierte en comuoismo ateo,
C'S dccir, el ,inko comunismo que ho)·
aiRe.
I
Advenira pues.-<oncluyc Rod.riguc:2
Arias- que si mi posicion idcoJogia dilicre dd ccimunismo, see h:Llla umbicn
bien lejos de comulga.r con el Capiulismo. Por lo tanto, de acuerdo a mi actitud yo me permito proponerle a Vd.
inrC'gremos un ..f rcntc en def cnsa de la
Justicia Social''. como unico medio ef ia.z para cumbatir al comunismo. Pero.
ao si, nada de Antis, putSto que los cle·
moc:ristianos luch.amos por consuuir un
orden social nuevo .. :
Es decir. h accion ante d annce del
co1Lunismp se asienu e,;, h organizaci6n
de nn
v,kniento propi&. de una fui:rza q
a1 mismo ticmpo CSta COOUI cl
capi 1ismo J conua el comunismo. En
plen lucha.. se or6 a.niza un cjercito oucYO.
an nue,,o. que cuando pasa a tn·
u,
cuesri6n de Cuba dice al senor
llod
cz-Arias: "HemoJ ,J, co,r1•mi,
f"~ lirB~n C"61tn11 01 IHiJo 1111
sirni/iu./o t>oJilwo t,.tt,1 ., IUJf>HI• ·~
•11!Jlrt1 Ameriu. H.11,111 1111e C.slro •o
uc11Je • ,u t,,ul,lo ~,eL,iado,, tk 111 poslr•cio• 1 k seiwl.t, .,;, Jestino, .,,,,,e •o·
101ros e11Ju IN"td• 1>re-oc11/)•Je t,or /.
imporumeu Je re,olver •11en,os 8rrNks
lwol,Jnus. Los EsuJos V•iJos .,;,,;..,,
J.
L,oiu, />OrfM ,. MIN . . . .
•1-h
,oJ.s £a
liaJ.,111 ill ll,noo,l,;u · Ito· ;,,;,,,.
1idiu J, •ullros t•Utu
MtlaOl P6
,I 11111rulo IMJo, ao IMl,,J ,eaitlJ 1k
u.rlo,· •l ,;,;,.,. ai'-o, .n ,,. '111/>4
.a,uJ, SI t?ffl4rJ .J,,,,io ~ fW
SI/ J,s,.•M&io• lu,d,, ,J
cl amctiano 1610 habia e-aviado • la 10/o 1M ,;Jo l'Osil,k 11M J. IMP,u 1 .I
America Hispaaa. lwta la Ur,ada de 1~oismo ""' ~w
los upilidiSUJ
Casuo. tecnicos que formu,. una red (se •• •wslro R>.,innu ...•
pie"5,I eo la pa)abta que 1icmprr sipe
il.e)'6 el J«tm? Castro IC ha davia• ttd: espionaie). J mda mis?
do por culpa de oaos. DO porquc.- el hara
Pero nmos a 1eguir obsenando It, ·qucrido it bacia el comu.o.ismo. ai pot·
•Pliuao• pr.ctiu de UD bellisimo prio- que IC sieno. eomunisr.a. ai porque au
cipio. Se le pl.anrea al Sr. Rodriguez Aria.s quc el comunismo a Jo .mejor cW munlo d~ la intc.rvenci6n armada para lib.rat do. El It.' ha dcsviado por la maid.ad de
a Cuba del c.omunismo j dice:
las capitalism dd cootimnte. que SOD
· ,..Aho,1 G,,stro ,. Ju un'Mllo l,,,d, J
asi. muy malos.
com1111ismo-u,111 IJ#I es I.,
Pero todavia nos CDCODtnmOS.. en cl
""" can.lo ft'SMUil Jijidl ~ 11 lo, terreno de Jos bechos. de la aplia.c.i6n
,11lp..bl1s Je
u,a ,su t,,eloao
prictia. del priacipio. con am que- mt-" .,, t,or ,,/111•01 i,cton, • .,
rece s,:r leido COD su,prema ateDcion:
• .,. iat,n;m,i6n 11rtlUl4o f>lt• ""'""" "'" "... •o lollos ·u,r,fil,mos n "1 .e&ioa
L, 11'1""1 sil"'1.ri6• I., C.,,b11 •• •• .... ,il:IHI fliok•u •• "1 m111cs nmo ,illiu soJ11•
q11i Jnetho s,
~ n i r ,,.,.. a6e II los z,n,s t,,ol,ln,u,.s P• lit'ffl
•t>LttstR •l ritimH ul>•no
por,1 1>l,m,e.Jo1 '4 socuu/6" J, ewstro ,~m"" t,e/izro 1itll400nes tle ,n,·i.k~io ft • JH). E.slo umpou, , , ~ led,. IJIII MJ·
H~s,,11 Ambie.,,. fR.intrlU .•o 1tilo , , Ju
Uf'Jn,,01 .Z J,neho •
rnol.uo• de
J,;.,do .,;,,;, •• />4Z "••tstros Jiclllllorts · Jos t,•bloJ, #lft'O-«nfl.O tli(t I,,, Ded.i,,.
•IMf'UMIOJ, 1it10 ~"' ' ' M ,on1rib11ido ,,&ion M Pri11&ipio1 ul PlfliJo !Hmo•
• • .,11t,,,,./os n d ,odllf', &on l//ll'fll6J, crlllll Criniao Je PIIMIIW-SWll'J/H'e IJ."e
.COIi nn1pt11;~1 1 nnprilldOJ 1 Clllffl40 •un U lut,·n tllOWO #OIU>S Jos fDUKJJ #Ill·
J, 1odo1 loJ ree•rsos 1>11r• r1d11ci, • .,,s. cJ/iu,s de l11du. Por eso, tlSU P1t1ulo,
t,IIJ rt1J1tbl"'11 • e.t1m1>os J, «>•u11t,•&iti•
Ct1Uff14o los 111u.101 IIIDl"ffUOS d, Clffo
"°"""
""'°"""'"~
Mio-,
,,,,ttk
--••i.tmo ""'
.,..,.i
'"'"I"'
u
,,.,. loJ hombres li.br,s •• ••
<Leyo f:l lcctot? Quico. habb el UD.a
TMl1, •xpiJit> • I. t,rnu • &0m11mutlo
ft 1/ 1/llt', •aln olt.s &OUJ, l.e .,;,.,,u,b,1:
fi,sura cierwnente distinguida de la policia y dcl pensunieoto.. No a Blas Roca
quien dice quc at quicre aplasw a Casrro porque · pone en pcligro siruaciones
DnnonM::M Crist..., 11>0)11 1oJo
1110,-imittllo q,u tin.ti. •
trasfomut:io• J, "'1 •stn,aw" s,olitiu,-sori,ks
«111.ks, lllirns,,, fW 1.• r11po111 , 64·
r1ntiu11 las JnecboJ
l>ombr, 1 lo1
d" privileiio; lo dice el Vicepresidt:nte
de la Junta Consultiva dcl Partido De,.
mocrau Cristiano de Pana.mi. J uno de
los periodisw pa.nameios
CWtol J
mas
respetados..
Y sobre el trma agrega:
-Prof••'-"·
.,,,.,,, ou t,r,oe11p11 "1 sollla-Qn f 111 l>IU·
"• ·1om« sobr, .I t,~i&11l.t,, •I Pr•sidn·
u Kt11#iJ·, fH1r J.. sol. rn01t J, tt•i es
uJoli,o p11ts 11111 &1U111Jo '1 ,po, el urio
11111 ot1,p11 Jtb• 111 oluJ;,.,,ei,,, • J.. Co11s1il11dtin , " Lis k,ts, />M ,. n-Jo tt•
liiioso ,~,,, f"' .,;.,;,. •I irn Af11u11je
E,·,1n1ilito J, ,uentid• It los l,11rnudts
1 J# k,1 op,imidos.•
Aqui. yo mC' pcrmiro prcguntume si
es quc realmente el 11:oor Arw-R.odri·
.guez att quc cl comunisrno muxista tit-ne a.Igo quc ver co.n la ttdC'ncioo de lm
humildes.. J ,i ~o cons«ucncia ace que
C.a.suo ha ttdimido a Im hwnildcs y a
los opramidos de Cuba. Porque no se,
quicro tm1ltar demasiado imperia•
lista ranlcec, pero sospecho que Castro,
00
como todo comunista, ha hecho de las
humildes SC"tr! paupcrrimos. y ha awnentada 1a oprcsi6n • · la qui nu patcociL to
'1UJ es i,,s~.J,k Ju ~111ti.r-.o, aun-
"u
u
,.i
f"'
J,h,a i,nper,r rn lf>d4
soeitJ,J crisl;.,,.,. & consec11fflUII, so,
1>ri•cipio1
J e.t,r1 UUIS lll'4'1IUtJ, II·
Jisp11~no • r1s1>JJn • k,s """ l,,.
J,,,,,, ho1 •• J. swrr1 ~ .
ltrl ISl•J hlUIS
wu
V
Dciemos equ.i las cir.as del libro. Tras
las ~posiciancs dd dirigentc pan.ameno.
sr pasa a dar tcStlmonios de wu posici6n
re,,olucionu.ia. reproducieridosc discursos
de Luas Ararra.sarar. a..candid.ato a la
prcsiJcncia de la Argt"otlo.a pot cl Partido de la Democ:racia CrutillU; de R-tlad Caldera. dirigente
COPEi de Ve·
oel
crzuda.~ de Hector Corac-jo Chavez. on-
didaro a Js prcsidN1cia ileJ ~ru J' Presidc:-ntc dcl Partido; de Eduardo f re.i Montalva.. n-andidato a la}presidc.oci1 de u
Republic.a co Chile. ~o.ador. dir:gent(
muimo dcl Partido; y Andre France
Montoro. es•Pttsidc-ntc de la ·CirD.L"2 d1
Diputadm de Sao Paulo r Secretario Ge
neral dcl Partido Dcmocrata Cristisoo ci
el Brasil
Son realmcnte pie:w de sum.a impo1
Collli•u " z. ,,.,;.. 64
-...-,,., .... - . - - - . i ~
�••
V1STO ylllDOen
.. ...
.
-
-- ··---·~---
..
I.
.-
.-.
A cargo de l.N~C•.
0. MUY TIMIDAS O MUY ATREYIDAS ••• :_.--
..PAPI, NO
DEJA
E 19 de
osto, micntras paseaba con su adre por cl Heckscher State Park. UD bosque de
Long Island, 'N~J:. el niiio
de tres a.nos Stevitl'apoJ se ex•
travi6 y perdio en la maleza. Durante las 67 horas siguientes.. de
400 a 500 penonas mantuvieron
una busqucda tcnaz y constantc
bajo fucrtcs aguaceros y tronadas,
--
.........
A. sa rq:rao • Load.res, despa&
de an Yiaje por los £.dados UaWos,
an 1rupo de 76 escolare:s in&lescs
eJ:pttSal'OD esfas Opimones a la 9&1!11• ·
cia United· Press latematioul:
• Los americaa05 son .mara'rillosos, mucbo mcjores de lo que pareCal cuando Yicnaa aquL
• Sus .Ument05 soa macho meJor que los autstros, pero la pliia
ao liga ton· ta amt ,e puerco.
• El edif'ido Empire ·State a fabuloso. Ea la dnaa se umte uo
eomo fuen. del muado.
• Las mucbach:ls americanas son.
e muy atre,·idas, o may t&nldas.
Todas parecen mayores que las DOlStns.
• Creiamos que el basebaD en
llD Jurgo para gtnte Doja, pero C'WIDdo UDO de DUesf.rOS maestros COliO
la pelota sin cuante. la mano se le
quedo llinchada por espado •e tns
dias.
• No laay ducla: las muchachat
amcricanas son mucho mejor parecidas que las auestras. ·1:so se IIOb ·
ea RStUida al ftlN'SO•
• Los Eslados Unidos 5'• ua pak
mas limpio que el n u ~
• New York time 111&5 ltarrios
bajos que Loadres.
IMPONENTE PERO
, • • • y . . , .......
E
nochc y dia. Algunos de los volun.
tarios de la busqucda sc dc:salentaron, otros, incluso los padres
del nioo, Ju1iettc y John. 5iguicron buscaodo espcranz.adamente.
Los padres alternaron la busqucda
con ruegos a Dios, yendo a rczar
a la capilla de &nta Ana, en las
ccrcanias El bosque tiene zonas
impcnetrable.s, pantanos peligrosos,
y por el merodean pcrros u.lvajes
y zorros. At fin, una senora llamada Mrs. Raymond Finger, que
adora Jos ninos )' que no perdio
jamas la esperanz.a, hallo al pc-
queno Ste\··
do. picad
LO
· matorrat, araftade mos.quitos, descal-
y c:x cmadamentc debililac.1o
por aque s 67 horas ,in comer
ni beher. onducido a una clinica,
c:1 niiio cvor6 prontamente un
sandwich ~"'t" SC .tomo UQ \18SO de
lcche. Los rn~ifos lo ballaron
bien. y coincidicron con todo el
mundo en que era casi un mitairo que hubiera sobrevi\'ido, con
tanto ticmpo a la intcmpcrie. Dijo
Stevie a su papa: .. No me vuelvas
a dejar solo ..... ·
NO INSOLUBLE
problem• de lnterceptar los
~heres atomicos e5 el mis impoDtnte qut lrioy c:onfrontan las aadones. Por el momeato, saia im•
posible dttener todos los· proyect;ti.
les que pudiuan su disp~dos contra an pais. Pero b c:iencb y la
tecnica pudienm tlart • la larga, ..
aolucion. Dijo la 11emana antrpasada el sccretario de la marina ame-
i
ricana. Fred Korth,. dcspu& de an
Yiaje de lnspttcion a los sumbariaos: •n problem a de ·defender los
Estados Unidos contra los proyectilcs bnzados desde subm:arinos es
lntponcntc, pcro ao Insoluble". La
ln1porta.n.cu de la amrnaza dt los
nbmarlnos rusos u« que la m•·
rina amerkana tonsidcre su soludon tomo la primera de su.s · Ian-as
ea la actuatidad, y en un "fufu.ro
prnisible". P~ro, desde loeio. la
a~enua es de Yarias din:ttioaes:
tambita los submarinos. americanos,
movid05 por eamgia alomica, tie-
aea cobetes, 7 11a,-e,an l,ajo todos
los mares.
·
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ViSTO ~lIIDOen~~
SOBRADA DE PERROS Y ESCASA DE UCENCIAS
Estc ,contecimiento mercci6. hace dos sc:manu. los
bonores
ca
Redditch a,&njarroja). Inalaterra..
Mrs. Mar rd Lamb tropez6 con la justicia porque knla
mas pcrros e aguas o Janas que li.:encias para los mis.mos.
En lnglatea-a. todo perro mayor de un aiio dcbc tener m
licencia. Ahora bien, segun pudo comprobar un policia enviado a invest.i,jt Jlrs. Lamb (Cordero) tenia s6lo seis fi.
cencias. pero el rolicia pudo contar 72 perros. entrc arandes )· c::hicos.. por lo cual Mrs. Lamb tuvo que pagar una
muJta equivalente a veinticinco dolares.. El policia haH6
ademas, en casa de Mrs. Lamb. tres chivas. un chivo, 30
pllinas. un gallo, dos gansos y un perro alsaciaoo.
..
.
a::r"?~;.{ ,-}.~. C.:.,; --~-";;'r......., ,.:-.: ;. :t 7'-~··.--i.'7
.
-
.
8
·LAS -~ A~~~~tB~N
,
En SU ultimo numero, la fCVista
Scie-ntific American public.a un ensayo del profesor Karl Von Fisch.
director de!· lnstituto Zool6gico de
la Univcnidad de Munich. en el que
se hacc una curiosa revelaci6n: que
las abej:is no solo tienen un Jenguajc•. sino varios, algunos de ellos dia•
lect.ales. El prore~or Fisch vicne es-
~
}
r'!
t
~~
i~
'·
~
,,
t,
~
!
L
•
''-
••r•
av, compciiel'IH la
a6dar. lo ••p&orad.,.
precede • ... doni.e qc,cvlar, • 11.,..
c,unu11tear ·o
,..,H,Hcill
••
cha ............
I
I
I
tudiando las abejas desde hace mis
de un cuarto de siglo. Descubri6
_ que cuando las exploradoras (que
desde luego son siempre hembras.
pues Jos machos se limitan a ta reproducci6n) df!'!:c:ubren un plato de
agua con azucar o unas flores
cargadas de nectar, w.eJ\·en a la colmena y. mediante una serie de movimientos circulares, meneos de cola. etc., comunican a las demas tra·
bajadoras la presencia de ese tesoro.
Las trabajadoras las siguen entonces
al Jugar. Las exploradoras ponen
mayor o...,-eoor cnfasis )" vivacidad
en sus 41anz.as. srgun la riqueu· del
hallazgq. y tambien comunican a
sus co1paiiera~ la direcci6n a seguir.
s abejas. pues, hablan bailando. ero lo mas curioso es que
las abej11s de una especie no se enticnden con tas ~e otra. Por ejemplo, las abejas austriacas no se· enticnden con las italianas. Sc Devan
bien euando las juntan. pero a la
hora de salir a buscar cl nectar, se
quedan perplejas. porque los movimientos. los pasos de bailc, son clislintos.
•
3.•.A':-:m -~-·...:":\.4 1!"1'!;{:-i"'*':" ··°"'.·'."!.· ~ -...f~'..C!,.4~ d·f.S':S..k&alR!&L:s,i!:!.!4
.
'
LA LIBERTAD (CONDICIONADA) DEL DR. KLOCHKO.
En 1945, un alto empleado de la
~mb:ijada so,·iitica en el Canada,
f&or Gouzenko, pidio asa1o politico
' ttnlo toda un:i lram:a de espio,.
uje 50delko ea Amirica. HaC"e an
ano, un quimko ruso, Dr. Mikhail
Antono,·icb Klochko, miembro de
•na delegacion tientifita en Jira
por el Canada, pidio Cambifn asilo
politit'O. Hace dos semanas, la prenu can2dicnw ,- amcrkana informo
-aue el Dr. Klochko se h:IDaba toda,·ia bajo la prote-ccion de la Real
Policia l\lontada del Canada, por
temor a que fuera muerto o Stcuestrado por los agentes rusos.. Nada
se ha podido u,·ela, sabre sos actiTid:ades, m rcsidtntia, ni la f orma
a que 1e 1ana la •ida. Se It CGD•
sidera 111ua de Im primeras autoridades del mundo ea· quimka orpnka. Dcspues de su asilo, las autorid3des amadien.ses pt'rmitieron a
dos empltados de la embaja rasa
intrno5:arlo, dandole ~aslon de de,.
sistir y volnr • Rusia, pero Klochko se mantavo firme, )' dijo tfllt
tenia "buenas ruones'"
para
asilar-
se.
aunqne nunca expUco en qnf
consistian... Era eddente 4ue eJ Dr.
IUocbko se ha asilado en busa de
la libtrtad. pero esa libertad
condicionada por el constante te,.
mor • la acdon de los aaentes comunimls.
est,
!.
t .
LOS MICROBIOS DE LA LUNA
;
.
(:
#'
l ..
..~-~-
Ahora que H" acttn, REUD partte, la nploracion y conquist.a de
la 1.Aana, medicos ,. astronomos a-
h:lbra.n ent"Ontrado en 4uten harn
estra:os. Por el contnu"io, ,=ermtnrs
4ue pueden lsaber sobrnMdo por
tan explorando tambicn una temi. bl, posibnidad: la dt' quc los futuros tilronaufas trais:an, • su ttgttiO de la Luna, airmenes dnastadores. El profesor Carl Sas:an. de
la Unil'ersidad de California. a DDO
de los que ban adnrtido de ese pe·
lis:ro. Es n.si sei:uro que el Lunik
D (naso) y el RanJ:er IV (america110)., que hkieron impado en la Lu·
na, hayan Ucndo am a:Ermenes de
la rierra. Puo la Luna es un pta-
espacio dt millonH de aiios en la
Lun.a. "PUdieran multiplica_rw y ar-
aeta muerto, J esos aicroblos ao
cer prodis:iosamente t'D la rica arm6sftra de la tierra.;y busar aqui
clnastadoras epidemip. mocho ma,·ores 11ue las de las= enfumrdades
,rencreas en la £clad Media y la ,·imela en la Polincsia en 1os titm•
pos modtrnOL E profcsor Sa~
ad,·ierte 4ue ahora es la bora de
adoptar sal.-aguard:as contra la introd,m:ion ea la tierra dt esos "'rrustentt5 mic:n>-orzanismos lunares".
,
�YJSTO rldDOen~~~
;::
LA ESTRELLA DE LA
~ R A FRIA
.
La coldecoraclon Estrella de Bronre fue ~ifuicb en
1944 en
Eitados Unldos, y podia ser otorgada • mal' que M tlminauiera tD attloa ..eroka CODtn
f1Dltt S01daao
a.na naclon ene'!'ie,.pero • limltaba a opuacloncs •e cu.e-
W
.
na d«larada. Abora, por disposicioa dtJ presidente Kennedy, podri su otorgada por merilos en operaclones milltares f rente • ana fuen.a extranjera ·)' sin·iendo con f\ler•
· zas amigas ea un conflacto annado en que los Estados Unidos DO RU parte beJigeran1ts.. Esto quiere dec:ir que podnin recibir es.a condecoracion soldados, instructores, co•
sejeros, etc. que si.nan junto • tropas ,. 1obicrnos ami&os
contra otra po(encia, aunque los F.stados. Unidos no se ha- ·
Den oncialmentt en pernt con ell~: Por ejemp111, los americanos que adualmente estan s~·iendo en el Virtnam. Ea
disposkion del presidente Kenn':".r es un complemerlo •
otra ordcn, 'dad.a en abril de este aiio. que permite tambien
• los soldados americanos beridos ea operaciones de cuerra
fria rttlbir el Corazon de PiirpurL
Y DIOS ESCUCHO
SU RUEGO •••
Trcs vendcdorcs de Pompano Beach,
CONTRA
Florida, saJieron en un pequefio bote
mar, afuera un dia de fines de agosto.
A diez millas de la costa, el bote se
hundi6. Solo uno dt ellos 1 George
Hardy, sabia nadar. Puso salvavidas
en el agua para los otros do~. y los
amarr6 con un cordel, para que las
"DECOYS"
olas no los gepararan, y parti6 na•
dando hacia la oriUa. Pero la cuerda
lastima~a y roz.aha la came. y la soltaron. por temor a que I~ sacara sangre )' atrajera a Jos tiburones. De ese
modo, cl otro que no sabia nadar, Peter Thorn, fue r.eparado por las olas
de su companero. Max Butcher. que
at qued6 s61o, flotando, y rogando a
Dios y dando gritos de auxilio. Los dos
rescatados al cabo de
atorce horas, pero Max pcrrnaneci en el agua. 5in poder hacer
mas q~ rez.ar y grilar (cada vez mas
debilme te). Al fin. al cabo de vcinte
horas, 1..
lancha dcl s.crvicio de guardacostas lo"'-encontr6. todavia a Oote,
pcro paraliudo por el miedo y la fatiga. Dijo Max Butcher: -rcnia
la
boca Jlena de agua cuando scnti el pito
ya
de la lane.ha. Entonccs me dije: ..Oios
mio, has cscuchado mi roego •••""
fu.
f:
I
Eran ,·a demasiados los asaltos (con golpes) y robos (dt Qrteras) en
New.· \'ork para qu, la policia no lomara medidas u«pclonales. \' asi dec:ldio hacerlo, a fints de agostot \·lstiendo de mujeres a UDOS CUaDIOS llgt'D•
tes ,- echandolos • la callc como ..decoys"' y ttbos para los maleanlts. .Ea
5t1:uida logra.ron echar mano a algunos habituales "'muggers., (como si di•
jeramos, aporre3dorcs). Pc-ro los delincu~nlcs en seguid2 w posic-ron en
auardia y, como microbios qut rcacrionan contra el antibiot.ico 1 atacaroa
a los ..decoys'\ La prim era dct;ma de los ...muggers"' f ue un agtntt llam:t•
do ,·ktor Ortiz.. quc, disf razado de inott"nfr darna, se h:all.aba de Rn·jcio
~n el Parque Central. Su nombre de batalla era '"Rosa". Dt pronto, un
..mugger" le brinco enclma. por detnis, dando1e un fuerte ppe en b at·
btll. En 'd suelo, "Rosa" echo mano • su ff\'6h·er )' logro :iotorporarse,
pero fue derribado por otro eolpe. FJ ..mugger" le a.rrebatd el n,·61nr.
Hubo un f orcejeo por el arma, ,. ista se disparo had.a arnoL Entonces
aC'Udicron dos policias nstidos de p:iwmo, )' el "inuggt,,. puso pies en pol·
Yorosa, Unandose, ua lrofco que ~• polici.a habia ganado en la audemia
dt polida por sus proezas deporth·as. Ortiz le corrio atnis, pe-ro, con las
sandalias de su esposa, no podia correr mut-bo. El "mugger" R pudio ea
un marom1t. Pero dijo Ortiz: ...A ese tipo lo agarro yo de lodos modosi
la pdea DO Ila becho masque empuar."
�.IEttttDCiijdfiiQ
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&TliNE O.N.O TIENE VIGE,.C.!A
'-.J-~ DOCTRINA de MONR~E?
por A~clre5 Yaldesplno
Cuando en Wll de SUS ultimas Confc.
ttncias ,de Prcnsa. J en rclacioo con el
cuo de Cuba, sc k prcguat6 al Prcside,:ue
Kenned)' quc significado tenia para ~ b
: Doctrine Monroe, cl primer mandatario
de los · Estados Un.idos rc.spondi6: •u,
Dot:tnn11 Alonr~ tirnr el m,'nno si1niJi.
atlo fUl' Ju; lt'nUo Jndr qut ~I Pusi•rnu AlonrM y lohn o,unt')' 4J,,,ns '"
inunciaron: ~, dtdr, q11r nos oponemo1 •
911r "n11 potnui{j ~ztr1111 jt,ra ~rtii1ul11 Ill
,odrr .J Ht'mis/nio D<ddt'nlJI/"'.
La rcspucsta dcl Prcsidcntc -wno co.
mo b preg-.•nt.a quc la moti,·ara - rcflcµn una rcaiidad inneg;ablc: la acrualizacion. ante cl aso de la Cuba pro-so,·icti~
de una norma de politic.a intcrnacianal
aiunciada hac:c inis de un siglo. Lt llam:u::la ..Doctrir,a Monroe• lormulacb px
cl Quinto Prcsidcntc de los Estados Unidos en 1823, !C. ha con,·c.rtido en tema de
actualic:bd dcnto trcinta y nu~·e aiios mis
tardc. con b prcscncia en pleno coru6o
de America de un Regimen subordinado a
las dir~triccs de una potcncia utra-contincntal. Son muchos los quc cstiman quc
b mcra uistc:ncia de csc Regimen COD5citu)'C ,a una frana ,-ioladoa de b "'Doc:aina"". 'I dcmandan, ai narnbrc de la
miuna, Un.a accion cncrgica J do:w\'a por
parte de los Estados Unidos para hac::::r
Yater los principios prodamados por cl
Prcsidentc Monroe. Ocros enticndcn que
au.n con ICt gra,·e. b actual s.iruacion plan.
tc.ada por la Cuba camunista no jwtifica
- al mcnos, b.asta cl momcnto - la adop.
cion de medicbs dcfinitins al amparo de
b -OOCtrina Monroe". Y no fahasa, inc::lusi"c, quicnes llegan a nc:g:u actual vi.
gcncia a la c.;.1..1da Doctrina .a1cgando quc
b mtsma sc formulo ante situaciones es-pcdficas de un momento 1'ist6rico detcrminado, y quc, ror unto. no cs de apJi.
cacion a los problcm:u dcJ mundo con-
,c "-
tanp::.raneo.
'
'"CStas tcsis cs b correct.a~ iEs
apli ble la Doctrin; de ~fonroc al case
de
Cuba :actual? cHa sido ya vulnc:racb
Doc.trina con la prescncia de un
Jlc-
·n pro-so,i~tico en cl Contincntc amc.
o? iJustifia la Doctrina una accion
\·a contra ~ Regimen por pa.rte de
b Estados Unidos? iO, por cl contrario,
b Doctrina Monroe cs s61o un:a •rclaquia
hi,16ria·-. in:apliablc, por comiguietne, 1
situacioncs como la pl:antc.ad.a por la Cuba
de hoy? En otras palabr.u.. iticne o no
ticnc actualmente vigcncia b Doctrin:a
Monr«? l\ sobrc todo. iticnc o no ticnc
'rigcncia anted c:aso·dc b Cuba Jtojal
...
·i- ........ ~_....,::\;
,
~
Wkf• World
••• las causas quc moth·aron los rll'1Des y ddinidos planteamimtos dtl Presidtntt
James )lonroe .••
Cada cual podra cbr a cs:as prq;untas b
nurico J NS w-dc co b Prcsidcncia d{
rcspuesl.:l quc ·Jc parcz.a mas ton\'cnicntc. b 1'aci6n quc ~bia ayudado a fund.n;
Pero sera dificit dar la rcspuesta adecuada
b fonnacicin de un:a fucrtc concienci:.
sin conoccr cl por qt,I y cl romo esa Doc- ame-rianisu.. b dcicnsa dd sisu:m.;a demotri~ fuc cnunciada. Es dcdr I sin haccr cdtico como idal politico J social p.u:
un poco de Historia sobrc bs circunstan· e1 Contincntc amcriano y b firmc opo
cias que mori,·.1ron su cnunciacion y los
5icion • todo proposito ingcrencisu po:
obje,fros de quic:ncs b cnunci:a.ron.
-pne de cualquicr potc::nc:ia _?tra.contincn
t.il, a\ cstc hcmislttio.
UN POCO. DE HISTORIA
Dos hc:chos historicos' suden citarsc come
Jame\ .Monroe lormuJo 111 h.mosa Doc- causas cspccifias de la fonnubdon de l.
trina en un mcnsaje dirigido at Congreso Doctrina Monroe: Jai poco dis.imubdl
de los Estados Unidos d 2 de Dicicmbrc intcncionn dt la llam.ad.a ""Sana Ali.inz.a·
de 1823, durantc su scgund~ pcriodo prc- de extender su .influcncia t i.mroner s.
sidencia1. Y las ra'tonn que lo Uc,·aron a ustema ca bs recicn libcradas coloniu c·
formular1a fucron cscncia.lmcnre las mis, ~not.as de America. r bs aspiraciones Cl
mas que durante
de m~io sigto ins- loni:ales de b Rusia urista. sabre un:a n
piraron su conducta., primcro en tl campo ta rcgi6n dcl Noroatc dd Contincn:
de batalla. dcspuc:s cn cl scn-icio diplo- amcricano.
mas
�--·-··-----~--------~-
;..,
pol_cncin por iocorporar a lnglatcrn ·• la
~nu Alianz.a". raunca lo lograron. Jn.
gfaterra apo)·o en principio los ac:ucrdos_
dcl Conpcso dt Tropp.au, pcro no IC in.
1rgr6 oficialmcntc en la ·Alianz.a... .En
,·ispcr:u dcl Congrcso de Verona IC sui.
cido cl Scactario AdjunlO de R..elaciones
, Estcriorcs de lnglatara. Lord Canlcrc:igh,
quim habria de rcprescntar a su pai, en
c-r citado cvcnto. J lo sustitu)'O tn d carGcorgr Canning. unning, hombre de
idc.as liber;alcs, IC opuso resudtammtc a
la intcncncion de bs tropu francaas en
Es.~na para rcstaurar a Fernando VU. J
;
dirigiindosc al Embajador de los Est.ados
. •"".
Unidos m mglatcrra, Jtich:ud .Rush, le
m:ini£cst6 sus tanorcs de quc los podercs
de b *"Santa All.mu" tratar.an de lanz.:me a la rcconquist:a de las. r«icn libe.
radas coloni:is espafiol.u en Amcriu y le
propuso una dcclaracian conjunta de am.
hos pai~ Est.ados Uoidos e ln~atcrra,
quc siniera de IC\'cra ad,·crtcncia a bs
potcncias dt Europa Contincnta1 contra
1odo intm10 de io1ct\·~cicio en cl Conrincntc americano.
Rus.h 1ransmiti6 la proposicion de Ctn.
_ntng al S«rct.1rio dc Est:ado nortameriano John Quincy Adams ( quicn ~ria
n,is tar<lc cl scsto Prcsidcntr: de los £$1..tdm. Unitlos). El propio Adams. en sus
'mrmorias.. afirm:a que d PresiJcntc James
Monroe acos;o de,.dc d primer momenta
la idea con ,·h·as sinip.:uiu. El prorecto
de b d«.bracion conjunta · fuc discurido
y aprobado en .cl GabinclC y somcrido a
la considcncion <le los cx-prcsidcntcs Jet.
(C't"son y Madison, quicnes le dicron su
aprobaci6n. Pero cntonc~ de modo IOf·
prcsfro, · llcgo noticia ~ quc C:tnning. a
Wid• Wo,ld
raon,brc dcl Gobicmo inglis. rctiraba la
••• ea su t"Omunkaci6n a1 Embajador proposicion de b &daracioo conjunta.
ruso, el e-ntonc~s Secrttario de Estado
,Que ruoncs tcni.a lnglaterra para du
nor1eamericano John Quine,r Adams d~ nurcha atr~s m el asunto? Posiblancntc,
jo bi~n ada:rada la posidon dt su pais. •• ct k:ffior a cncmistarsc am las porcaci.as
'°
~
.,.
t _-·
ck b ~nt.a Alimu•. Pao b dc:s::oacrzta.ntc actitud de los ingler.cs, en lupr de
dcsalcnt:ar al Presidentc Mooroe Jo dcci•
diria aun m.is a formular los pla.ntcamicnlOS proycctados. Para d Congrcso amcri..
uno, lngl.ttura er.a un p:ligro tu grudc
como pod.tan ~lo las pou:ocias de la
"S:anu Alianu•. Los inglcsc:s. no ocub:a1>.Jn sau intenc:ioncs de ejc:rccr la hcgemonia comereial en America J alcn.taba.n
la i)usion de i.ncorporat a SU Jmpcrio aJ.
,unas de las colonias de Espana en d
~uC\·o Mundo, particubrmeolE Cuba f
Puerto Rico. Con la tttirada de b propos.ici6n de Canning sobrc una dccl:a.racion conjuna. Monroe vi6 abicrta la oportunidad de quc: los Estados Unidos. u.o.ibtcralmcntc, formular.an un pronuneiamicnto quc aunquc supucstarncntc dirigi-
do a Lu potcncias de b ""Sa.nu Alianz.a",
ru,·icra b Nficientc gcncralidad como para
senir de: ad,·crtcncia tarnbicn a lnglaterra
y a cua1quicr otra por.eocia atra-contincntal.
Por oua partc, era aa wnbicn l:a c,ca.
sion de dcjar dcfiniti,-amcntt aclarada la
incquivoca posicion de los Estados Unidos
ante detcrminados inrcnros apmsionistas
de la Rusi:a z.arisa. El Zar Alejandro I
habi:l dict:1do Uft ukase CD d ano 18.21 por
el cual ordc1Uha a los uenn;cros que se
:abstu,·icnn de rcalizar acti,·icbdcs comer•
ci.:i.1es,. pe-squcras y de nnc,::acion en un~
,·asu. rcs;cin costcra de!! Pacifico al 1':orocstc dr:l Conrinente americanr.,.. Ello impliaba cl rcconocimiento de wi supucsto dcu.:.ho de Rusi.a sobrc csc tcaitorio. El Gobicrno de los Estados t:niilos se opuso
cnc:r~amcnte a esa pr~tcruion. Y en co.
muniacion dirigida al Embajador ruso, d
S«rctario d" Est.ado John Quincy Ad.ams
dcjo bicn adar.ado lo r.iguicntc: ·Nosotro~.
lot Es:utlos U11ido1. i,op11p"mo1 ti' .Ill·
puuto in~cl,o •~ Rttsi11. • "'41.quier ~lt4·
6/ttimit-•to lnrit.oruJ n ,,u Coabat'lllr,
�1 fl1t1nln1:m~1 /irmrmt:~k d .priA~-\
'IW. d Cor,11111:•k •n11:n,,1110 llO podr.-: ·~ ;
n,h objrlo •1: awras ~suhluimit')1:
IOI n,/011W1:s ,or ,...it' tlr /,u ,a1r11ri11
•••u
ftll'O~..r.
. . .,. . --
C O · ~ ·TVIGENCIA DE
LA, DOCTRINA
hechos c:omo moti \"OS determiuntes. id Prcudc:nte t.formx fonnulo
las nomuis de p,litia intcrnacional sabre·
Con
las rdacioncs cntrc America y Europa quc
conocen con eJ ..11on1brc de ·Doctrina
Monroe". y ~ &~1bn contcnidas en
dos pasajcs dcl mr:nujc dirigido par el
primer mand.,tario ~oru:amcric.ano at Qm.
-IC
grcso de los Estados Unidos cl 2 de D•cic:mbre de 182.3. (Ver Cuadro anno can
·el '1'csto de b Docuina Monroe·).
El cootr:nido y alc.ancc de b --noc:trina
Monroe" pucdc sinteriursc en estos trcs
p.lr-= .
.
:i,...+·· ........... _....
- Dcdaracion de quc ninguna nacioo
. ~
t . . . .·~ ~· .. '
,,....,
...
indcpenc:hcn1e dcJ Contincntc americano
podra scr objeto de coloni.ajc par una po-'
~libn
ttnda rxtr~.continenttl. ·
·
• -•• las ttdtntrs cleclaradones dtl Kremlin admitiendo qu, la tJnioa So,·iEtiaa
2 - Ad\·crtcncia a bs potencias cstraha ea,·iado -)' squira -en,·iando- armamentos, equip05 J *'tim.lcos miiltlfti"
continentales de que roda ttntati\·a _por
.
• Cuba •••
pane de cu;dquicra de dlas de intct\'cnir'
en estc C,ont.inentc, traundo de imponcr
_su sistcm:a rolitico, sc: considcrar~ . como de Alejandro I sino La dd amarada
no importa en quE qxx:a o bajo qui cir.
cunsunci,s..
una amcnaz:a a la p:az , b scgurid:ad de
Khrur.hc.hc\'?
America y c.omo una csprcsion de: maniSi los p.,ujes contcnid°' en d mcn~jc
Monroe no afirm6 quc los Estados Uaifiesta cncmist3d hacia los Est.ados Unido.s.
de Monroe al C-ongre10 hubicscn tcnido
dos dd'cndcrian d sistcm.a dcmoc:ratico ai
3 - Afirmxion de quc los Est:idos Uni- solo csc c.ar.ictcr circunstancial. dif icil- cl Contincnte t6lo cuando dicho sistema
dos estln compromctidos a ddcnJc:r cl sis. mcnte huhiNen P3s:&do • b posteridad
atu\·icn amcn:u.ado par las potcncias de
tcnu dcmocr.iticn en ~1 hcmis(crio lrcntc
con cl apd.1ti\'O de ..Doctrin.a··. lfn.a ·doc.
la Santa AJianz.a. por la R.usi.a Zarisu o
a todo tipn de ingcrcncia cxtra-<ontincntal rrina·· N un conjunto de principios y nor. p,r ~1 lm.pcrio ingla. Monroe dcdaro. con
cnominada a oprimir o ..control:lr en n1:u quc dc:fincn. con ulor de pcrmancn- c.arae1cr de IC'ncralidad y pcrmanenda.
cia, In proycccionC"S -filosofias, ttligiocualquier form.a.. los destinos de: cuat.
quc Jos Esbdos Unicio5 dclcndcrwi d lisquicra de las nacioncs indcpcndicn1cs ck s.,t, roHticas, cconomicas., soc:ialcs, etc. tcm:a dcmoc:ratico-··w lltnt4J rit,u )'
America.
de un detcnninaJo · grupo humano. Con /Jie,us A11 t"OJ£:uio" -ad:a vu quc cl mis.
Ahora bicn. b prcgunta cs est.a: iCSOS su f:amosa ..D«trina"\ lames Monroe no mo estuvicra amcnaz.:ado y en pcligro por
priocipios_ fucron cnunciados s6lo en vista
It' limi111 a _formubr plantumi"nt.05 conla tcn~ti"·a de potcncias curopcas de c.xde dctcrminadas circu,nstancias his,oricn,
d.clon~ulos a b nistcncia de dctcrminatrnJcr m propio sistcma - ·~st"nrialmtTJU
o con c:aractcr de permancncia y genera- das circunnancias p:15:tjeraS..: Mooroc scn,i/rrrolL it"l a11utro• - a cu.alquicr p:anc
lic:bd? Es cicrto quc l:i ··Doc:trina Mon.
una norm.a de b politic.a intcmacioaul
de estc hem.is.fcrio.
roe.. fuc formubd.a atcndicndo a un connonc:imcrian.a de pcrmancntc ,·igencia, y
junto de auus y factoret. bicn de-limit.aaplicahlc, por c:onsiguienlc., cada
quc
LA DOCTRINA Y El CASO DE CUBA
dm en cl ticmpo en cl ~p:icio.
Do.:- It' produ1.c3n circunst.:\nci.u simit:.rc-s :a la.5
eEs ap!ic.ablc b ·Doctrina Monroe.. al
Irina era un a,·iso, una advcncncia, a las quc mori\·aron aquc:11.t d~laracion.
cu., de b Cuba roja? P.ara rtspondcr la
potcnci:as ruropc2s de aquclla cpoca de
Monroe quiso g}i,- al p:aso a las prctcnrreJ:Unla bast.a
analiz.ar somcnmcntc
q~ cu.~lquicr intcnto de ot_endcr su in- lion~ de b Rusi:. uris1a o ck la ""Santa lo quc ha ocurrido co b pequciia isb. dcl
flucncia o sus podcrc, al Con1incntc amcAJi:mu·". de extender su dominio at Con- Caribc.
ricano scria cncr"'camcntc rcch:rz.ado y
rincntc amcric.ano. Pero no dijo ample~·
· aI Co n~rcso quC' ..C,l
-'
En Cuba IC h:a implanudo W\ sistc-ma
combarido r10r lo! EnaJos Unidos.. 1'0
mcntc c:n su "l
,,. ensa1c
..
Con ·
·
poJ r.a• ser, en ..,
,_
cornunista, y por lo unto, contrario al siscaix duda quc tan to los propos.itos rer
t1nc:-nle amcncano 'no
tauracionisLJs de la °"S:lnu Alianz..a·· como
at.lclantc., objcto de coJoniucion por pane
t-cma dcmocratico. Pero,
sc imrtan •
.I
I
Rrrllo
. ,u
..J
I •
d I o •t'
.I
t
t,i est sistcm:a? cAcaso par b W>lunud dct
la.s ,uniraciooes coloni:1lin~s de la Jngl.i•r
,11
A1t'/lffl ro
,:.is
f"O·
r·
·
d r la • ,r
.. ·
ftl}ddo cubano? El pronio Fidel Castro, en
teru im-ri:tl "· los 001· eli\'05 cxn..,nsioniskncuu
,.;,11n1,1 A 1111n::.ll • 11no quc,
,rr,....
su
discuno d«lar.indosc m:irxisu-leninisu
tas de L, Ruii;1 z.uist:a moti\·aron los fir- ..rt Continrnte 11nurirt1r10 •o podr,i ,gr, rn
inn y~&P.icJos pl.m1camientor. dd Pre- lo otlrl,mtr•. objrto J~ Jr,1,mr, coloni:,uian
hatt a:ra de un ano. confao quc: h 3bfa
..1
I ·
·
•
1.miJo que oc:uhar al pu·cblo sus inrcncfo.
Slllcni fonroe. iPero ,ignifica ~to quc ror rartr ., OUI qmer pot,1t(1.J t'tl(O~.Z •
- ·
ncs d<" IJeurlo al comunismo.· cons.."icntc
talcs plantc.tmicntos solo h:.brfan de tc- I•ronunct:tnncnto
,:rncu t, n ·1·-1
1uo p.ua cua I•
• •
I ·
·
,_ Je quc de haherlo .s.abado c:I pueblo cu.
ner l"'Cncia mientras Jur~r.an las circun~.
qmcr e~a r cua quter potenc1:a, sa w
.1
I
bl
I n · d
b.-lno no lo hubicra RCU,u:bdo en sus pro.
unc·ir-- bistoricas que k1s moti\'aron? ~y 1Ru(j.l
uc os urcs anc.os o a ~usLa c
•
•
•
l'W~gtos.,. Lut""", Ct NlthtO CUWnO fC'f\Udi;i.
que n:,. ,·ez dC'S:lp.irecido r:1 pelt.,-o de "' la.
""" conus..,nCK 10)01.
,p.,~
•
.
.
b:a d c:nrnunismo.. 1..u~ cl comunismo
"'S:ln Ali:1nz.1·. cxtinJ:UiJo cl rodcrio. imMonroe nn dijo qu<" ..cualqu1er sntcr.
-C"·'7
•
.
fuc impuesto al pueblo~ cub.:&no ('i>ntr.a su
rv-n:il .,. Jnglateru ,. liquid:1tb la llusi:a
\"'fflClon ror partc J, 111 Sant.t Aium:o
o \·nluntad.
·
,-··
_,
Castro promdio al rucb1O Ut\:l
de los Z.,rcs uduarian los postubdos de
lir /11 Rttsi11 Z11ri1111 en est<" hcrni:t.tcrio
con
__
.J_
Rc\-olucion
c.kmoc:ratia
i' lo lle,·6 a un
1
b ..Doctrina ).-fonroc-? En otr:11 pabbras, ohjcto ck orrimir o c::onttoJ,u KD untinos
touliurilmn camuni«u. No c-abe b meiSCd posiblc afinn:1r quc cs., Doctrina ade bs nacioncs indC'pentlicntC"S dd rnismo
• • d c nu- nnr duda de quc- cl sir.tcma comunis!..l
rccc h~· de \"iJ!.enci:1 portjuc lo quc ame. · liCfi:a conu·cl crado· cnmo oprC'!1on
n:aza a 1a p.u y la sc,:-uri,lad ck Amcriea
nifiest.1 eneinist.:ad hacia Ins E,;udos Unifoe impunto ~I p.ichlo por la fueru Y
no es la -S.,nta Ali:1nz.., .. sino el comudos·, sino que como 1al cxpresion ck m.i. mcJi:tnte el ·c:ng.ano.
nismo intcrn~cional, y porquc b ma,'Or
nificsta rncmistad scri:a considcr~d.i b ""i•Ahon bicn,
h.i po,dido Canro
,:_.">'.'.\-~~'"'-"''111(,l,t~tja miliur de Europ:a no cs b Rusi.a 1n1,,~,,tio11 ti~ n11ilqui" pot1:11ti• ~ttro,e••.
Coa,ia,;. ,.. 1" p.;,iru: 6.~
l
l,
to
y
u
,·c:z
con
I
,como
~.~~
:
ccomo
�.
.M~,J~LA de ~a DOCTRINA MO~~
:i:E,
la doctrina de Monroe estipula que a nin• · rusos a Cuba. 1,0ue m6s garantias pue n pegu~a potJ~cia e~~pea se le permitiria estable- -,clir?••
.... .., ~ ..
·
cer bases milita~es en el Hemisferio Occidental.
Pero los rusos que han ido a Cuba no est6n
-Ahora, con la ocupaci6n de Cuba por la Union
a1fi unicamente para reforz.ar a SUS s6trapas en
Jovietica, se ha ido mas alla de lo previsto por
la Isla, sino para extender su tirania a otras tieesa doctrina. Rusia no es s61o una potencia eurras. Seria un fatal error de parte · de los cliriropea, sino tambien un imperio interncicional.
9entes det Continente no salirte al paso ahora
Y el• peligro implicito en el establecimiento de
mismo a esa vanguardia miHtar y potitica del
una base militar ha si~o incaJculablemente mul•
imperialismo roio .. Su permanencia en Cuba no
tiplicado mediante la conspiraci6n ·comunista
seria masque una pausa. Nuevas y mas catasque, con asiento en. Moscu, pretende extender
tr6ficas conquistas estan en el programa:
la cabeza de playa cubana a toda la Ameri~a
Es f,recisamente ahi donde la ocupaci6n de
·Latina.
Cuba por la Union Sovietica va mas all6 de la
La estrategia sovietica est6 bien a la vista.
violadon de la Doctrina de Monroe. Sus fuerz.as
Primera vien~ la subversion interna, la destruc•
en Cuba no son mas que una avanzada para
ci6n de las instituciones democraticas, la precila conquista gradual, escalonada, combinada.
de todo el resto de la America Latina. Los cu-,
pitacion de un pais a los moldes del comunismo •
banos hemos caido en una .fatal equivocation;
._ Le acompaiia y sigue una violenta campaiia de
agitaci6n y propaganda, tendiente a crear las
creiamos, tranquilamente, que eso - una tiracondiciones que Hiustifiquen•' el envio de ar•
nfa comunista - no podia suceder alli. Es una
leccion que of recemos a otros pueblos. No s61o
mas, tecnicos y tropas sovieticos al pais convulsus libertades politicos y econ6micas, sino hassionado. Finalmente, la propia Rusia, por boca
ta su propia supervivencia, .se estan · iugando
de sus lideres, reconoce y dedara esa ayuda,
ahora en ~nuestra patria. ·
que en realidad es una ocupacion, oficializando
t asi la intervendon y la conquista.
las Americas han venido perdiendo un tiem•
Tan sencillo como eso. la ,,agedia cubana
ha pasado ya de la ·fase revolucionaria para
entrar, francamente, en la de la opera~_ion militar. No s~i, ya los comunistas criollos los que
deciderAhora las ordenes emanan de arriba,
de la
tr6polis Roia, y de los "'te-cnicos', •1instr1.~ctore ", ••observadores" y "conseieros•' en-.
viados .P_~ministrar y consolidar la conquista ..
Tenemos noticias de que cuando Raul Castro
fue, recientemente, a Moscu y solicito el ingreso de la Cuba Roia en el Pacto de Varsovia, y.
que Khruschev le contest6: 1 'Les voy a mandar
po precioso. Por imprevision, por exceso de confianza, han deiado que Rusia fuera acumulando a sus mismas puertas el arsenal de guerra
con que pretende esclavizarlas. Ya el enemigo
esto ahi, sin careta y sin verguenza, apuntando
af coraz6n mismo del Continente. · ;
. !
La alternativa es insoslayable. Como decia•
mos en otro editorial, y vale la perla repetir
ahora que Moscu confirma oficialmente el envio de armas y hombres a Cuba: 0 JUNTOS
PELEAMOS AHORA O POR SEPARADO PERECE·
REMOS DESPUES.
�......
EN UBA
.r•ORDEN
DE
- Yo lnFormE a ml aoblemo, • pesar
de todas las aq:ativas, que mucbos de
ts0S hombres IOD lropas IOvietitas, f{Dt
"EL DESEMBARCO de Mtecnkos"' es1,n Uegando en aumento, y 41ur todo
mDifares so~i~tkos en Cuba _Roja, y el . es pa.rte de una nkladou ope.racion 1111dtSafio Wlico de Fidel Castro a las de,. litar pan afincar at regimen castJ istL
mocraci.as ocldentales, continua acapa•
Morfrtt, a la welta de III oda'fo
nndo la alencion mundial.
Ylajc a Cuba Roja. lnmtia laabff Tislo
slquicra b crisis de Berlin, agr.11• a los rusos ea El Cano, a 20 kilommos
nda en los iilfimos dias c-on la susfitu• al SO dr La Habana ,. en Mari~I. puerdon del tomando de la IJRSS por el de to a 80 kDometros al Oesle habanero.
•AJemania Oriental. burlando el tratado
CuJdadosamcnte disfin,uia n. n ncuatripar1ifo, pudo edipsar el conflicto portaje a los supumos 1icnicos de los
de-I Caribc- pro)·ectado so~rc lod.o el con• &0ldados, describiindose las labon:s qae
·
·'
tint'nte.
nalir.aban: ~o es probable que los u:,.oceros madounidelt$es, europeos y · pertos abran unjas o snan de cenfi.
latinoamericanos., terciaron en el debate. arias".
Las cancillerias hemM cricas mo,·niz.a.
ron sus fuentes de rncpcion ,- de ton. doncfe estc:in los rus:o.1
sultas. Los gobcmanccs mas preocupa•
El testimonio del perioJista briti.nico
dos por el destino de b cMliz.adon
corroboraha los extremos de este infor•
occidental cambiaron informes.
Hasfa los llamados ... neutrales"' -Lo- me de BOHEMIA LIBRE venido de
pez Mateo ,. Coubr1- fueron sacudi- Cuba Roja por Canales· clan!5estinos:
• En la Base Gramma. Quiebra Hados al pooerse en ti·idrncia la par:adojica ddensa de) ..prindpio de no inter•
nncion,.. frente a la dl'S:lfiantc inter~
.-encion e:t.1rat'ontinenta1 en el hemisferio occ:idl'ntal.
••• m,nunicacfo de la Casa Blanca
a las f l!~a~_.,4.,madas .•.
"'i
KENNEDY
conf:,man la noticia
I
La prtsencia de no mcnos de 1,000
10ldados rusos t'n Cuba Roja, R tonfir.
· maba a principios· de la semana anterior a pesar de las reiteradas ne,:alius..
Keith Morfett, ron-csponsa1 dtl "Daily Mail"' de LondrtS, contradecia la nr•
sion que pretendia ,er en las tropas una
lf:gion de tecnicos para apuntalar el de-ustn fidelista.
·
J>ecia a SU regrao:
- Miles de robustos jonnes so\'ieticos esfan acampandose tranquilamente
prox.amos ;1 La Habana en un sospechoso mo,·imienco que rshi prcocupando
• los diplomaticos de la capital cubana
• .. • De 5,000 a 8,000 rusos ya cstan
rn Cuba.
,. rer crfa me romenrario de un em.
baja
occidental:
CRIOLLO
••• la disyautin es: ahora o aunca .•.
cha. at NE de Pinar del Rio. entre lo~
pucrtos de Mariel y Cabanas. hay ur
campamerito de 1.SOO a 2.000 solda·
dos rusos. Todos los cubanos. con e,x.
cepci6n de veinte.. fueron movidos d,
la base. El transponc de la entrada a
interior, se hacc por soldados sovietico~
Han llegado 50 ta.nques vaeios de 10,
000 gaJones cada uno y estan dragand.
el rio Dominica. que corre por un co~
tado:
TAYlOR
• •• en atado de alerta el Comand.o
Estratcgico •••
~
habla de que van a haccr un
base submarina.
• En playa Vista del Mar. pr6xima
la Base Gramma, se desa.loj6 a Jos CL
banos y 1,0lamenle se vc a ruso~ y n
sas. completamentc: desnudos. ba.fiar
d~en cl mar.
• En cayo Lenin. -antes cayo M:
.
'
�-,...---r-·- . . .
~...,. • .:.:a
:.·=:-· · l=;=;:.:._==_=··-=-=-==;:---:-----..:.._-_-""7"._______-:___-:-_______________.=:
7
dar a los cubanos para dcjar s i t ~ · militar del pres.identr Kcnaed.)' fue des~ !t :t~.:~. . .
rusos.
":
pachado. en visita de inspecci6n.. a &af&/~~;:
• Al espig6n de los muetles M·
··1 bases dcl ..comando estratcgico.. ~n !,.~t:L£·: ~
Mariel, se le ha puesto un techo }' "- ~ cuenca del Caribe y el golfo de Mbico.
ha le\·antado un muro que permite
E 1cneral MuweU Taylor, futuro
,3.~
conder a los barcos sovieticos: los cuba- Jde del est.ado mayor cenual coaj1111to
;:
oos le Haman el ...pequefio Berlin".
de las fuerzas armadas de lo5 ELUU.,
~
• En la fine.a
Altura", -que f~
puso en ea.ado de alcrta e impartio laspropiedatt~fti:P. ._fl'C.idente Carlos Prio ll'ucdones preen.as. a las defC'DSaS de las
Soc:arr'
pr6xima a Bahia . Honda,
democraclas en las bases de Tampa;
hay un
pamento de negros african0$. Panama; Medco; ~orfolk. a \"qinia,
• En"Ja pJaya Blanca Arena, Bahia y Cuantanamo, en Caba.
Honda, ~ambien hay otro CCI?lro de neLa Casa Blanca y el Pentigono rcciaros af~nos.
•
•
bieron informes.
detallados y com.
• En C,_rener~.Bah1a Honda, bay pletos, de tos servicios de inteligencia
..
iobre el desembarco de equipos militarusos acanto'lrftr&.
• En el cayo en que se constru1an res· ..lecnicos" militares -10Vieticos·1 sulas ~~stataciones de cuarentena, se ban mi~istros mcc!oicCM y t-lectr6nicos para
babdatado ~sas para I~ ~sos.
fines bclicos~ posiblC"S ,reas del tcrrito. • En Ce1ba Mocha. lmute de la pro-- rio cubano destinadas a la ubicaci6n de
vincia de La Habana con Matanzas, sc bases de proyectiles y cohetes..
a.tablec:i6 otro can1pamento de rusos.
• f.n la carretera de Mariel a Caba. lnforme europeo
iia5. se ban producido varios acc:iden.,
tes de vehiculos militares en que ban
Fuentes militates europe.as revel~n
muerto cuatro rusos: dos son oficiales. algunos datos: ·
Y este viajero, Jlcgad.o de Tr.inidad,
- Los lecnkos mrurares ·sol'icticos
Las Villas, cuenta:
que Uegaron • Cuba. wisten uniformt
-Yo vi en el fin de scmana dcl 17 cubano sin ninpna lmignia esp«iaL
.
CASTRO
y 18 de agosto entrc 300 o 400 rusos en Tiencn ~• proposito de eslable-cer bases
Trinidad. Eran jovcnes y tenian rasgos de proytdiles, mejonu el sisttma para ••• ao R dtfendni c:oa simples ad.erteadas •••
mong6licos. Vestian calz6n corto de cer · descubrir b presencia de a'"iones., esi
lor gris oscuro. camisa de manga corta, como los 5islemas de alanna y de debotas altas y negras, un casco militar fensa antiael't'a. Se nlc:ulan en 5,000 grave peligro para America en general
sovietico y no Jlevaban armas.
los tecnkos mililatts y unos 7,000 In•
Las primeras tropas extranjeras lie- dustriales y MOnomistas cbec:ocslol"&C"M. y especialmentc para Ccntroamerica.
considerada como cl punto
wlnegaron a Cuba Roja a fines de 1960.
rable de la defensa dcl continentc. Ello
Pero el contingente mas nutrido no 'lino los congresistas
es partc de la maniobra militar. anun•
hasta el 6 de junio de 1961 en quc el
14
Con~rcsistas rcpublicanos y dem6cra- ciada en Moscu hace tiempo, que per.
Barco de la Amistad•' trajo 300 ..expenos", incluyendo a 1SO peritos en tas demandaron que s.c pusieran en ·siguc di\·.idir al continente en dos frac•
" :· ,·
marcha los mecanisrnos de defensa de ciones..
aviacion.
La revista "Times'\ fundamentandose los EE.UU .• frente a la invasi6n sovieen supucstas "'1ucnlcs de inteligencia" tica de Cuba. Recordaron la ,·igencia de cousas del dttse-mbarco
a.timaba a pranci-pios de estc aiio en la doctrina Monroe. prornulcada para
Pidi6 que se pusiera a prucba. in.me- · .
5,000 •1ecnicos" tos venidos de la Union rechazar la intervenci6n cxtracontinen- diatamcntc, la efcctividad de Jos anicu· , , :·;;
Sovietica, Checoesloyaquia, Alemania tal en los paises dcl hemisferio.
. los scxto y novcno deJ Tratado de Rio·
·., ·
El s.enauor dem6crata Frank J. Laus- de Janeiro que preven eJ CtiO de agreOriental, Polonia y la China Roja.
Este marino mere.ante cubano, que ~he. miembro de la comision de rclahace sc,nanas dej6 su buque en Cana• . ciones extcriores del Sen ado nonea.mericano. solicito ·que ,c invcstigaran los LA A YUDA RUSA
por SILVIO
di. dice:
- Exactamente el 20 de (ebrero de informcs dcl desemb:irco de tropas ru•
este ano, ,·i a no menos de ISO marine- us y chinas en Cub3, y qut se citar:m
ros ru.sos, con su uniforme blanco-cre- a ,dec:Jarar ante el Senado a los funcioma, con Jos grados en unos braz.aletes narios dcl Depanamento de .Estado.
Ofreci6 SU impresion personal:
en rojo. trabajando en los muelles del
- No creo en la venion dt que CasAnenal de La Habana en la reparaci6n
de los (n.Jardacostas y lanchas torpede· tro pjdio el en,·io de cs.as fucrz.as p3ra
aplastar una insurrecci6n. sino que picnros mandadas por la Union Sovietica.
- Estos mismos hombres.. wbre el u. utilizarlas en rclaci6n con sus planes
30 de marzo. vestian uniformc verde en Haiti. Jamaica y otras z.onas del Ca-.
olivo del ejercito fideJis.ta. No ticnen . ribe.
contactos ~on los cubanos y las ordenes
se las impancn oficia1cs rusos. Comcn ''una amenaza••
en co cfor de los oficiales donde no
El comandantc en jdc de las fucrz..as
hay cionamicnto.
armadas vcnczoJanas, cencr:d Antonio
y sto ultimo:
Muchos de C50S mismos marinos Brkeiio Unares, declar6 en Washing•
tripulan las 1anchas que hacen ton al f inalizar una entrevist.a con el
labo
de vi1ilancia de las costas. pues presidente Kennhty;
- !..ti concenlraciones militares en
no h~ ,uficienle confianza en la MaCuba representan una amenaz.a para mi
rina de uuerra.
pais y otras nadoncs latinoamcricanas.
En Gutt.mala el canciller Unda Muestaclo de aleno
n1Jo sei\alo d peligro que amenaza a
Circulos militares occidentate:s desta• las republica.s ccntroamericanas:
c.ron "cl peli,&ro ~c la amtaaz.a mllitar
- La Uegad.a de esas Uopas significa
s6n-- frcnte al Mariel, se ·orden6 mu,. --.Onan.'11.
~
-.,-~--:.il l-
J7
es-
.:La
mas
.
mas
.
i
·!'
�. . .-.., _:. .,. ··-·- -·-·- ·- . -
~
,._,. ~ -
' --.........
~
. . a::
,.,. . . .
.iJI:..
11.
!1
·t· :.: · ··
!°'
ldo
S:• .. ..
• • • liOB
HOMER CAPEHART .1
tropas liOVit1iC2S1 DO "fecnlcos"'.
siones armadas contra el continentc
amcricano. A su juicio pueden ser dos
las causas. del desembarco de uopas
sovieticas en la isla:
_; Primtro: que Castro ·ha perdido
b confianza dt-t propio pueblo )' de las
mnicias pni)ufarcs, y st 'l"t obli~ado •
~unir a f uerz.ti merc-enarias comunis.
tas para M<ftntrsr ·en el podrr.
- Segundo: que el mmunismo inttr•
11adnnal. por medio de Castro, ha dt'cidido pas3r dt la propa~anda a las inter•
unC'iones armadas en los paises que R
consideran mas debilcs y mis satura•
dos de comunismo tomo son los de la
zona del Caribe y Centroamerica.
i
l
'I
I
I'
reaccion- continen,;,
•
.
~
ribc. En e1 mes de f cbrero el jefe dt·. .dei coa,wiwiio. habfa ·vofa~do'- precipigrupo plancador de ·la politica dcllll)tadamente ha.sta la URSS. E premier ·
partamen~o de Estado. \\'~Iler RoAI ,~ Khrushchn interrwnpi6 sus vacaciones
confercnc16 con el conscJO de los 1:;, - ra las costu del Mar Negro para ftCi .. _·
bicmos eur~peos en P~ y pidi6 ..-a)i.t- 'OU' al plenipoteoc~o del aobia'no cuda en t&m1nos senerales •
ba.Do. · - .• ,.. .• · ·.:: · · _ . .
.
En otras oportunidades 1a OTAN tu&
.' .:,.. :: ·: ·
·.r·~_·:-·
a1ertada sobre las posibles derivaciones .,una fdbrJro de acero•
~
dcl ..caso CUba•
V. latcini~ ~le Inf~
.NDd.
Ahora existian• dudas de que se pu- ,
diera bacer comprender a los propieta. b 7
"Che habaan
el forta,.
rios de barcos de .Alemania Occidental, · IKl~aento de las reb nes mtre la
Noruega, Grecia e Italia, I.a imperiosa Un.ion SoYIEtica 1 Caba. dem'5 •e an.a
necesidad de antcponer et afAn de Jucro ane de problem as lat
domles ,plt
personal, a los intereses de la democra• ·lnteresaban "• ambas
cia amenazada en una reai6n del alobo.
Cuatro d1as antes. al
de la CB·
pita! cuban.a, el aventurer'o· Internacional. "'Ole• Guevara. declar6 que su
ogresi6n cle los 10101
viaje a Mos.cu tenia por objeto *com•
La provocaci6n de los comunista.s CU• . pletar las negod:adooes relaclon.adas
banos quc colmo la paciencia cstadouni- con la lnstalacion de uu Ubrica de
densc. f ue cl ametratlamicnto de un attro en b prorinda de Oriente'!..
Posteriormente · sc iba a conoc.er eI
avi6n naval de reconocimiento de las
tipo de "'Hbrlca d~ acero• que fu~· a
fuerzas armadas de los EE.UU.
Dos barcos rojos. surcando las •ruas gestionar el flamante ministro de Indusin1emacionalcs en misi6n de espionaje trias: canones, balas.. cobetes. tanques
antiamericano. dispararoo. sorpresiva- de guerra.. ametratladoras y fusilcs que
·m<. "ltc. contra un avi6n bimotor SF2 Khrusllchn accedi6 a c:,ntregarles a los
·-;racker... tripulado inermc por trcs re- comuni.stas cubanos para continuar n-clavizando aJ pueblo y amenazar aJ con,.
servistas navales.
·
El Dcpartamento de Defens.a .inform6 tinente ame.ric:a.Do..
que el ametrallamiento ocurri6 a --Unas
J5 mi!las casi al norte de la ciudad de Rusia confirma la noticio ·
Cardenas, provincia de Mata.oz.as". La
Un despacho de la agenda cficial
. nave aerea norteameric.ana ateniz.6 ile- TASS. fechado en Moscu el domingo
sa, Juego dcl ataque. en la base An. 2. puso punto final a la cootrovcrs.ia
drews de la fucrza aerca en Maryland. det suministro de armamentos y tropa.s
El incidcnte, ocurrido el jueves 30, del bloque militar soc:ialista a Cuba
trascendio a los dos dias. La Casa Blan. Roja.
ca despach6 urgentemente, un oomuni·
No solo se conf'trmaba p1ecamente
cado a todas las naves aereas y mariti• la noticia. sino que se ampliaba para
mas norteamcricana.s. .
asombro de Jos mcredulos. La Union
Orden: "contraatacar con todos los So\'ietica --enuncl6 la aieacla noticlo..
medios nttesarios para su propia pro,. sa-, habia dispuesto la eatrep de tot eccion en ca.so de surgir incideates si- dos los annamentos 1 personal militar
111ilares'".
que necesilara su base del Caribc.
N uevos convoyes transportarian hasta
"'contestaremos el fuego"
America, poderosos equipos de gucrra.
tal y c:omo solicitara Fidel Castro: toPor la via de la embajada suiza. m
La Habana.1 el ejeculi\·o de los EE. UU.
por SILVIO
curs6 una nota de protesta. ante las LA PREGUNTA
1
Por las canes de Bogota desfilaron
obreros, estudiantes, profesionalcs. voceando consignas de solidaridad con el
esclaviz..ado pueblo cubano. Protestaban, auloridadn de la base sovietic.a en el
airadamente, contra la ocupaci6n mili- Caribc. advirtiendolcs la decisi6n de
contestar el fucgo de los comYDistas.
tar sovietica de la isla de Cuba.
El secretario de prcnsa de la Casa
Grandes titulares a ocho columnas,
y Jas pluma.s orientadoras de la prensa Blanca, Pierre Salin&er• actar6 en u.na
continent:1.l, dt"'Stac.aron y 11enalaron et ripida confercncia:
peligro de la dcmocracia ante eJ desem- · - Sera mtjor q1ie eDos (los comabarco de tropas sovieticas•. en un pais D.istas cubanos) DO wdr~n • d.isparar.
En La Habana, el titere ·de Moscu,
latinoamericano. haciendose pasar por
Fidel Castro, ncg6 que hubiera ocurrido
a;cc:niCOft.. rusos, checos y chinos.
el incidente. Repiti6, i.nsolentementc, los
c1iches de la propaganda comunista
en la OTAN
contra ..el imperialismo yankee". Altera el Consejo de la OTAN lleg6 no en su respuesta el Jenguajc de --Vic•
el
de Cuba Roja. Un pa.is signata- tima" con cl de agresor soberbio. Jnsi.srio d I Tratado del Atlantico del Norte ti6 en eJ desafio )' la amenaz.a.:
- Si las f'utrzas armadas nor1eamerlrecla 6 que K pusiera fin a los fletcs
de b ues prindos de naciones de la canas nos ataC'aa, dtbrn estar dispuesOrgankacion, contralados · por Rusia tas • ptl'tt'el' en la contieada.
Cuando Castro formu16 csta declarapara embarcar hada Cuba ,uministros
lndustriales )' equipos belicos en anm· ci6n de replica desafiante. ya conoci:a
el resu1tado de Ja misi6n cxitosa del
dn cantidades.
No era la primera vez que los EE. --0.e" Cuc,·ara en el Kremlin. El ter..
UU. 101icitaban de la OTAN ayuda cer personaje dcl regimen de La Habapara ais.lar a la base sovietica en el Ca- na. y aaeditado agente intemaeional
l
-l, Y ahora qu6? ,
�dos las recursos necesarios como para
poder rechazar el ataquc de una potencia mundial.
paridad de equipos·
Era 16gico suponer. de acuerdo con
la conocida ambicion dcl dictador Castro, que si csa potencia mundial, Jos
F.stados Unidos., roseian proyectilcs. cohctcs. bases atomicas, etc .• cl hahi.:t so-licitado paridad de equipos a M~u.
Otra cosalii'icnor no SC dcducia de SU
lndustriM, comandante Ernesto Gucva•
ra. habia sido el rortador de la pctici6n
del gohicmo de Cuba dcmandando ayu.
da militar "para hacerle f rcnte al peli·
,ro de una agresi6n nortcamericana...
La cita era tirica de la propaganda &0"·ictica para ··justificar" la intervencion
militar extracontinenlal. Esta era la
f amosa "'"fabrica de atero" que fue a
1estionar el "Che".
ohora o nunco
Un obscr"at.lor, atcrta a la marcha
anuncio! el di.-.curso dcl 26 de julio en
de los acontccamieotos, analizo cl panoSantiago e Cuba cuando dijo:
-Te mos que prrparamos ·.para ram:a y pron"51.ic6:
- La amenaza mnilor de los comu.
ttehazar, con todos los rttursos necesa•
rios, una ~resion militar dircda de los nistas en America no se dctendri, por
si sola, obedttieado limplC'S adn,rtcnEstados aidos.
Si como hasta el prcsente eJ Kremlin das. 0 a- continua sacrificando la secomplacia a su t :tere en eJ Carihe, Cuba 1uridad del hemisftrio. con et unko
Roja 1e convertiria en la mas seria objeto dr nhibir el f racuso economico
amenaza belica a1 continenle ameri· . ,- la aueldad del sistt"ma socialista. o
canu •.
R pone fin al a,·ance filitar de Rusia en
La declaraci6n oficial deJ gobierno An1rric:-a a tra,·es de Cuba.
de la URSS agrcg6 que el ministro de
Vaticiaio dcl informante:
- l\le incl~o • ptnsar que en estos
momentos el presidente Kennedy R It.a
dttidido por lo mis lnteligeote: po11er
fin a la amenaz.a roja m America. La
oportunidad la esta ofreciendo el desaf io dcl l'Omunismo Internacional La
disyuntin es: ahora o nunca.
ENTREVISTA
..... un diplomatico aeteditaao
en La Ha bona •••
Rcportcros de esta secci6n hicicron
contacto con un diplomatico, ac:rt:ditado
ante cl gobierno de La Habani.~ de paso
por Miami.
·
Habia salido de la is!a en mision de
su cancillcr•a. Traia f rtSCO el rccuerdo
de los ultimos acontecimicntos.. ob~vados de cerca con aoopio de datos. ex•
periencia en los asuntos. cubanos y ca·
pacidad para el juicio objetivo.
He aqui ,u informe analitico:
-Dt.~de hace teimpo el bur6 politico ha cstado reunido atudiando la
�Primer emisario entre -La Habana y
ohsesion de Castro
Lo que mi.s · le preocupa al jefe de
1obiemo:
- lnsistencia e informes de1 doctor
Castro de que seri ..ag:redido" desde el
cx.tranjero; certidumbre de este en el
&entido de que. desenca~enado el COf!f1icto considerables contangentes de m1.
licias' populares se pas,aran al en~migo
disparando contra cl y sus segmdores
fanaticos.
Estrategia acordada por el bur6 soviilico:
·
- Consiste en establtter ana base
n,nitar dei bJoque sodalista ~• Cuba,
maoiputada diredamen1e por los Ua·
mados "'ticnicos.. rur.os, checos., y otros
nacionales de la Brigada Internacional
Roja.
Aspectos psicologicos de1 plan:
.
- Le,·anlar la amenaz.a dcJ encm1go
cxlerno ·para arlastar et descontcnto nacion=J. Ocupar militarmente con trop~s
sovie(icas la isla, reforzando la autoridad 4el regimen, y dandolc himo a las
milicb.s des.a leotadas.
p,.den\ armas a M oscu•
· Canales previos a la gesti6n militar.
- En estos casos Jos preliminares
corresponden a las vaas diplomiticas
que Jos sovieticos opcran con caracteristicos ca.nones militarcs.
Moscu:
- Despues f ue el Comandante Raul
Castro, je{c del cjercito. quicn viaj6 a
La Meca dcl Socialismo •. para pormenori.z.ar el tratado mililar. Lo i.ns6lito de
su verbaJisrno no lo priva de tos Jazos
escritos de otros tratados simiJares.
a tono con el lormalismo occidental.
- Antes· de u1ir de Cuba1 supe q_ue
el Ministro Ernesto Gunara habia em•
ba.rcado hada Moscu con el mismo proposito dr apremio armamentista. Fue a
solidtar mas armas J trop8',, Posiblementr firme an pacto militar con Rusia
~n nombre del gobiemo cubano, &egUD
pude indagar a ultima hora. Nada in•
dica que la mision dtl segundo 110 tenga
los mismos. frutos Yisibles del primero.
Esir utnmo se comprobara pronto m
mu
los put"r105 cubanos.
f ,opas
sovieticas
Una afirmaci6n de la que ya no se
puede dudar.
- En estos momcntos la isla de Cuba
estl ocupada militarmente por los sovie• ·
ti cos; llam~1es eufcmisticamcntc ""tecnicos" o realmente ~opas... auoque no
porten el atucndo ctasico de Jos uniformes entorcbados. Jos sabJes de relucientes cmpufiaduras.. cananas y rifles,
)' las marcialcs bandas de tambores y
trompetas. Rec:uerd~ que Jos manista.s
ticncn otros estilos que a veces con.fun.
den lamcntableme.ntc.
..
El dip1om,tico informante -an6nimo por razoncs obvias-. ,·a desgra~ando su pensam;ento en parrafos prcclSOS
y condcnsados. Ahora se adcntra en
lo que califica de ••prcsuntos objetivos.. :
- Los sovicticos fundamentan s~s
dlculos en Ja osadia que caracteriu la
politica det Kremlin. Corr~n .et riesgo
de desafiar las potencias occidentales. ·
Si no se Jes toma en cuenta la provocaci6n en este hemisfcrio, contaran con
una base de proyectiles y coheres 1 90
millas de los &tados Unidos del Nor•
GUEVARA
tc, y en Ja Have de la cuenca dcl Caribe ••• laf a Moscu a pedir mas armas J
y eJ .aol!o de Mexico.
C:ropas ••• .
�.r'BALAN
'
~- f
\
• LA HA.BANA - ·0tros seis patriotas 1.. An fusilados por la d.ictadu.ra
comunista de Castro. Cayeron acnl>illados a balu.os ante el fatidico paredon: Gilberto Coto G6mez.. · Laureano Reoi Perez.. Manin Blanco Mani- -·
nez.. Justo Hernbdcz. Alem6n. JOK Agustin Caballero ·y Juan Luis Cruz ·
Mederos• CAMAGUEY - r.tiembros dd disoclto Ejerdao Rehtlde J 119.
erupo de mllklanos se aharon en armas ea las Danu.1'111 •e la proriacb, ·
l.nformo en Miami una fueale de esllados anticastristas. E pblerno des,. ·
pach6 grucsos de ms lropas hacla las re&iones lnsurrtctas ·• LA CA.PR'AL
f uc practicameotc declarada en estado de sitio. Pattu11u de las miJicias ·
rojas. de las conocidas por el lema fan,tico de ..patria O muerte·,
las entradas de la ciudad. tuncles de acceso a los suburbios de Miramar y
La Habana del Este. Por las calles se desJizaban en boras del t.tia y la noc:be
guardias motorizadas de tropas • EN CASI TODAS las dudades se "'ob,.
sen·a et lrafago lnsoltnle de los Htnanjeros ~omuolstas mlembros •e la
Brigada Int trnacional que ha bmadido la Isla. Son los Damad05 --.Eau~
rusos, chccos, chinos, espaiioles )' ron1oleses nariaoaead05 • ""ESTOS EX·
TRANJEROS i.ndeseables al pueblo cubano, f.Orque bu desembarcado
para apuntalar el regimen del pared6n de fusilamicotos, lo primero qw:
hacen es comprar lo poco que queda en las tiendas y comercao. EJos SOD
Jos unicos que tienen ..derecho a comer bien y vestine". dec:lararon al Degar a las playas de la Florida en un bote un grupo de 16 hombres y mujeres
fugitivos de) infiemo rojo de Castro • DIBARCAROS otros 1,000 j6vmea
hada Rusia.. Como los restantes 10,000 niiios nbanos 11ue esun en las
- entraiias rojas dtl lmperialismo sodetico, tambiin estos seraa adoctriaados co.1 los dogmas dcl odio )' la lraicion a la patria • CONGELADOS 1os
ularios de los trabajadores por una rcsoluc:i6n de) Mini.steno dcl Trabajo.
Se reduce el sa.lario mu.imo a la cantidad de 200 pesos mensuales. Antes
del castrismo el sueldo que recibian la mayoria de Jos obreros y al que
podian aspirar los demh, era superior a csa cantidad. Entonces el peso,
cubano estaba a la par con el d6Jar. Ahora cl cambio cs de 10 por 1. Lo
que aritmeticameate quierc dccir que solamente pod;i.n ga.nar Jos trabaja-.
dores el equivatente a 20 d6Jares mensua1es. Tambien la resoluci6n dispone la rebaja de los dias de dcscanso y vacaciones. y penalidades por las
""ausencias injustificadas". Un ejemplo pa1ido _de lo que les espera a los
obreros bajo el •·paraiso deJ proletariado•• • EL PRESID~"TE de m Comile de· Delatores Olamados comiti-s dt defens:a de la n•olucicin), Virgilio
Sanchez det Castillo, mato a balazos a los hermanos Damian ,- Cosme
Ramirez Garcia rn el Repano Alturas de Luyano. DedanS que enm "coalrarrnoluc:ionarios'". La Policia Politka lo felicito por la 8limpie.u• y eJ
asesino prosiguio su camino por lu ruas habaneras orgulloso de *pratar
sus sen·icios • la ReToluclon )' a· la Patria Socialist.a" • FUSI LADO el e:studiante de la Universidad de La Habana Manuel Guillot Caste11ano • CON•
. DE.~ADO 11 30 aiios de carcel el doctor· Andres \'argas Gomez. ex em•
Jador y jrfe dd departamento de asuntos ttonomicos dcl P.linisterlo de &tado • MURIO por falta de asistencia medic:a en un hospital de La Habana la senora · Martinez Hernandez • TODAS LAS COOPER..4.TIVAS
caiiera.s f ueron convcrtidas en granja.s estatales. Los trabajadores pasaron
a simples empleados dcJ Estado explotador • LOS POCOS medicos 91e
flUtdan en Cuba tienen qoe firmar· un:a dtdaracion jurada ante las aatod·
dades para recetar ana dieta alimentlcla • an eafermo..
ocueanm
KHRUSHCHEV
••• aprobo el plan de · la poderosa
mllitar m America •••
base
- i,A quien bencficia lo que esti
ocurriendo en Cuba: a Castro o a
Khrushchev? - indaga el reportero.
De momenta tiene dudas. Primera
vez quc divaga en el curso de la entrevista. Analiza la posici6n de ambos. Se
aferra a1 espiritu de supervivencia de
la democracia amcricana. Y rechaz.a las
dudas sobre la perpetuidad de un sate·
lite soviEtico agresivo en el cont incnte..
Recurre a los principios de la 16gica.
Ya sobrc el metodo deductivo e induetivo le aflora e1 juicio definitivo:
- Khru~hchev no podr.i triunfar en
este empeno. Rechazo e1 enunciado por
suicida para las democracias. Tiene que
-venir la reaccion. Lucgo entonces, Castro St~ra el beneficiado por 1laber logra·
do dcrivar el conflic:to intcmo bacia el
campo intemadonal.
1
•
.
muerfe sublime"
Con especial enfasis:
- Castro seri desalojado, pero no
por la acci6n de sus compatriotas traicionados y hambreados. Asi sc salva de)
ridiculo de ser aplastado por una sublevaci6n nacional. Aunque luzca ilo.
gico, creo que ·Castro esta. articulando
una •mucrte sublime". muy a tono con
su personalidad paranoica.
.
Una obscrvaci6n que pas6 desapercibida para la gcncralidad:
- Lo que esfa atonteciendo en Cuba
f ue anunc:iado por Castro en su distur•
so dcl 26 di julio pasado. Nosnlros be.
mos aprencfido a esc:ucharlo. Comprr-ndemos sus tnaniobras que regularme-nte
las anunda con bastantt antidpacion..
Hal que oirlo ..entre lineas'".
El anteeedcntc. y la justificaci6n para la galeria de f anaticos, fuc este pre··
texto propasancUstico:
- En ese dis.c:urso. primero ascgur6
que cuando los Estados Unidos se convencieran del fracaso det bJoqueo eco-nomico, dcs.atarian una agresion direct.a
contra ellos (Jos comunistas). y que por
Jo tanto la revotuci6n socialista no esta•
ria 5egura hasta que IC preparara para
rechazar. con todos los rea.rsos neces.arios. una agresi6n militar direct.a de los
Estados Unidos.
poderosa base mifitar
Raciocinio del entrevistado lueao de
aquelJa afirmaei6n:
- ,Que·significaba -pens.amos ri.pi.
damcnte- que Castro anunc:iara que
"trnian quc pnpararse ron lodos los
rttursos n~cesarios para rechazar una
agr~ion directa cle la primera polenda
mundial!"
·
La concJusi6n que ahora a evidente:
- Despues de ana1izar cs.as palabras
de Castro, en la ciudad de Santiaao de
Cuba, y cotcjando datos, llc.@amOS a la
eonc1usi6n dt que Castro habia pedido
a, Rusia 11ue acabara de connrtir a
Cuba tll ana poduosa bast mDJtar. No
encontramos otra explicaci6n. He ab1
el antecedente del dcscmbarco de tropas militares y proyec:tiles c:ohetes en
Cuba.
- z.Hasta quE punto apoyari Rusia
a Castro7 --inquirimOl.
La respuesta es tajante
-Hasta el primer c:aiionu.o de las
dcmocracia:s a la ofensiva ah·adon.
T ema finaJ y escabroso:
- ,Por que su gobierno no rampi6
con la ba.rbarie castro-comunista?
.
- Es.a es una c:stocada a londo quc
nose compadece con mis ..coo.fcsioacs",
- responde cones y comprensivo con
la pari6n. Asoma una sonrisa f ugaz en
el rostro picarcsco al acentuat cl tono
regional de su voz.:
- No scri. por mI. iestamos'?
- Sin dudas - punto final del R--
portcro.
�.._ ··, .. -·-
por
··
Manuel Y. Nc;aranfo.
Luego de Jicenciane .W Ej&cito am
ricano. y cuando ya estaba forjada
personaJidad y babla perfecdonado su
preparaci6o profcsional." el lider nac:ionalista rcares6 a III pait·e.n el 1921, afi ..
lii.ndose poco deipu6s al f'artido Uni6n
de Puerto Rico, el cu.al para' eotonces
coosideraba como d
identificado
con sus _sentimie.ntos patri6ticos. ED el
Partido Unionista milit6 basta que di·
cha colectividad politica dimin6 de su
plataforma el ideal de indepe.nden~
que era la fioalidad acaric:iada por a,
ingresa.ndo entonca en d Pan.ido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico, que para es.a
ipoca estaba dirigido por Federico Acosta Velarde.
Al poco tiempo aswnla b direcci6n
de csta colectividad politica.. caus.a.ndo
en ella una trans.formacw>n de organismo idealista a partido combatiente. El
Pa.n..ido Nacionalista .acudi6 por primcra vez a la lucba comicial en Puerto
· Rico en las eJecciones de 1932 Juego
de una vigorosa campaia de pane de
sus lidcres. Aunque las inmcnsas coocentraciones de publico en b m.itines
quc ofrecia el nuevo Partido auguraban
aparentemcnte una gran dem~traci6n
de fuena electoral, el dia de las elcccions eJ Partido Nacionalista 1610 obtuvo ahcdedor de S,000 votos en toda
la Jsla. La Candidatura de Albizu al
Senado obtuvo 11,000 wotos. Esle resultado electoral dccepeion6 al caudillo
aacionalista, quieo e.n las siguientes cleeciones de 1936 predic6 y llev6 su Partido al retraimiento.
Albizu Campos era un tnl>uno de
gran fuerza sugestiva y de tono energico, quc ejercia notable influenc:ia en la
muchcdumbre- que lo eseucbaba. Es de
recordane. como eje.mplo de su oratoria
cfeel.in, cl discuno quc pronunciara la
ooche dcl 16 de abril de 1933 en Ja Plaza Baldorioty de San Juan, con moti\·o
de la cclebracion dcl natalacio del procer Josi de Diego.
ED aquella ocas.i6n, y coincidiendo
coo las actividades del natalicio de De
Diego, se habia prcsentado en la As.am·
ble.a Legis.lativa un proyecto de ley pa·
ra convertir la bandera monoestrellada
en bander-a oficial del entonces gobicrno insular de Puerto Rico. Albizu c.ampos. en su discurso. inform6 de la presentaci6n del proyecto y de que se habia aprobado en scgunda lectura en el
Senado. Denunci6 quc., a au juicio, se
trataba de despojar al movimicnto naclonalista de uno de sus simbolos. Hizo
entonces un exaJtado elogio de la bandcra puertoniqueiia. y de su origen Jili.
16rico. y afirm6 quc. amvertirla, en
bandera del rigimen entonccs viaente
era una profanaci6n.
.
Albizu insinu6 que si · ta! era cl pro-
mu
AJ cumplirse cl 12 de septiembre los
71 aims del natalicio del doctor Pedro
Albizu Camp\lS, pasa Puerto Rico por
eJ proceso hist6rico de estar debatiendo
su problcma de soberania, que por mas
_-de medio ~iglo fue la inquietud constantc del lider naciona1ista que pennanece
a(m rccluido en el Hospital Presbiteriano bajo la custodia de la Penitcociaria Estatal.
lndepcndienlemente de la conclusion
a quc f~eda llegan.e s.obre si cl caudillo
del nacionalismo puertorriqueiio. hizo
bien o \mat a la causa de Puerto Rico,
cabe abora pregunlar. a tono con el
..momentum.., ,i los que ban seguido
sus predic.as han hecho bien o maJ a la
ca us.a de la independencia.
Pero primero re\·isemos hcchos his16ricos en la vida del caudillo nacionalista. Pedro Albizu Campos naci6 en
Ponce el 12 de 5,eptiembre de 1891. Fucron sus padres don ~ejandro Albiz.u y
la senora Juliana Campos y Campos..
Su padre era politico.
Luego de hace.r sus estudios prima•
rios y secundarios en las escuelas de
aqut'lla ciudad. pas6 a la Universidad
de Fermont. Estados Unidos. donde al
lograr sobresaJir en ,us estudios se le
concedi6 uoa beca para proseguir su
preparaci6n univenitaria en la Universidad de Harvard. Alli se recibi6 de
Bachiller en Filowfia, Ciencias y Arte,
de Quimico Industrial. lngeRiero Civil
y Doctor en Derecho. Posteriormente
curs.6 estudios militares en la Academia
Militar de Massachusetts..
Durante el primer conflicto mundia.t
don Pedro Albizu Campos ostent6 d
1rado de segundo tenicntc de lnfanLeria ·
en el Ejercito de Estados Unidos.
�p6sito creia llegado el momento •de las
sa.ncioncs fisicas"'. La multitud. enardtcida por las palabras del orador. esta116 en gritos 11e, "";Al Capitolio!, 1Al
Capitolio!" l;n un momento de · gran
1Uencio Albizu grit6 tambien: "iAJ Capitolio!"' Actct seguido descendi6 de la tribuna y en~abez6 una manifestaci6n
improvisada ·ftue sali6 de la Plaza Baldorioty y baj6 por la Catie Fortaleza
hacia el Capitolio.
Algunos de Jos manifcstantes se armaron de palos y estacas1 quitandolos
de la verja del antiguo casino de Puerto Rico. Al Uegar la manifestacion naeionalista al Capitolio cncabezada par
Albizu. Ja sede 1egis1ativa estaba rodeada por numerosos policias. La manifestaci6n sllbi6 las escalcras y la policia
v repleg6 a los pasillos interiores, que
tambien fueron invadidos por Ja muche- _
dumbre vociferante. La policia corri6'
entonces a las esc:aleras inlcriores, tratando de impedir el paso y en el forcejeo se quebr6 una de las barandas de
la escalera interior dcl Capitolio, cayendo en un foso ~arios de los manifestantes y resullando unos cuantos heridos. Entre cllos estaba el estodiante
Manuel Rafaet·Suarez Diaz. de Santurce. quicn muri6 casi en cl acto a conse,
cuencia de los rolpes recibidos. La
tumultuos.a demC1straci6n se disolvi6 en
las horas de la madrugada. )'a que el
Senado y la Camara habian levantado
prtcipitadamente sus respect i\·as sesiones en esa noche. inslru)·endo Albizu
a sus correJigionarios para quc regrcsa. · · ran a sus hogares.
.
Muchos panidarios de la independencia ciecn hoy ·que actos de esa naturaleza le hicieron daiio a la t.a\Ka del ideal
dentro de la conciencia publica puenorriqueiia. Por eso el PIP. bajo el liderato del doctor Gi)beno Conc:ercion de
Gracia, busc6 lograr la independencia
por medios pacificos y acudi6 a las ur·
nas. Muchos cstiman que no fuc cl ideal
el que Uev6 al fracaso a este Partido, sino el "'modus operandi''. quc
lu·
. dias intestinas en su seno.
·
. Pero lo que debe servir de ejemplo
a los , ..pregoneros del ideal de independcncia, a los sacrilegos quc pretcnden usar la figura de don Pedro Albizu
Campos· como simbolo de la causa de
la independencia, es la certeza de que
el caudillo naciortalista la defcndi6 con
valentia. de cara al sol, y aunque inmolando vidas en una luc.ha desigual,
nunca pretcodi6 asociar su ideario con
ot.ras causas ajenas a nuestro modo de
Rf.
!
Los Mari Bras, Corretjcr y otros. dcben tener en ·mente. siguicndo el preclaro simbolismo de don Pedro Albizu
Campos, que la semilla de1 malsano co- ;
munismo no prenderi jamas en el suelo
puertorriqueno y quc ,u germen unica' mente podra traer destrucci6n a la cauu de Ja independeocia.
crco
0
••• considrrado an attivo agent~ de Rasla. • •
l ..
CORR ETJER: El PELIGROSO ASPIRANTE AlA
PRESIDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO
Conriando quiz.as m que los puertorriqueiios ban podido oMdar su ael"l historiat Juan Anronio Corretjer a uno de los que St ampara en la r11u•
ra de ~on Pedro Albiz_u Ca~po~ para I.raw dt !mbaucar al pueblo y
connr1arse por los medaos mas , ..olent05 en el Pn.sadente de la Republica
· de Puerto Jljco. Pero cl put'blo conoce muy biea a ate Mpalriota" 1 re,.
cuerda que:
.
. • Desde que comenzo &U rarrera politica, Corntjer se ha clestacado
siempre entre sus amigos como un bombrt tan sediento de poder que faTonce la ,·iolencia como imico medio para alcanzar sus proposHos politicos.
• Como Srcretario General del Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rlco,
Corretjcr fut seoCericiado en 1936 a un aiio de prision por la Corte Federal
de San Juan por negarse a presentar los ncord.s ofkialcs del PN.
• En Julio de 1936, Con-etjrr fur 1entenciado a auen aiios de prision por la Corte de Distrito de los Estados Unidos ~n San Juan bajo el
cargo de conspirar para derrocar el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, incitar
a la rebelion y ttdutar un ejercito en .:ontra de los Estados Unidos. J
• Corretjer tumplio m pena en la Prision de Atlanta. Georgia, i.asta
Junio de 19.U, cuando fue puesto en libertad bajo palabra. lnmediatamente
asumio ti papel dr lider det Partido Nacionali)U en Nue,·a York. Durante
esa epoca, Corntjer estu,·o intimamente lia;:ado al coootado. comu.nista Earl
Browder ton quien sc supone hizo amislad en prision.
• Un ano mas larde, Corretjcr fue editor de ..Pueblos Hispanos", an
periodico en espanol 6Ubnncionado por los tomunistas y edilado en Nueva \'orL
• En 1944, don Pedro Albizu Campos, presidente dcl Partido Nadonalista, quien era un f uribundo anticomunista, destitu,)"o a Juan Antonio
Corretjer por sus lendencias comunistas ,. por baber descubierto que trataba
de lle,·ar rl Partido Nadonalista hacia el man:ismo.
• Para tratar de que el pueblo puenorriqueiio c,Mdan 50 lnddente
con Albizu Campos, Corretjcr se march6 a La Habana, donde empuo •
escribir en el periodko ..Hoy", oqano del Partido Socialista Popular (ComunistB).
-
-·
• Corretjer ..-oM6 a Puerto R.i.:o en 1946 para hac-erse mirmbro del
Panido Comunista Puerlorriqudio, (P.C.P.). Pero dos aoos mas larde aa
expulsado de el por fa,·oncu abier12meate medidas n:voluciourlas de u.•
lrl'ma ,·iolen~ia.
• EntonttS, Corntjer organizo UD pequeiio grupo l!.D Gua)"D.Bbot na..
mado •union drl Pueblo"\ con el proposito de establecer a toda costa. y
en C'Ualquier f orma la Rcpublica dt Puerto R.ko.
• Despues de la insurre~don nacionalista de 1950, Cornljer fue HD•
en,;•.:. ,. 1., ,.,;... 6J
··, >\;
�(DON PEDRO AlBIZU CAMPOS NO SABE QUE SU IDEAL HA SIDO
ENTREGADO A RUSlA)
,,
JUAN Angel Silen, SKretario de la
.
F.U.P.L
agrupan las cinco hombres mis pcligroa
sos quc ticnc hoy dia la democracia
puenorriqucna. Son precisamcnte los
Juancs que dirigcn las cinco agrupacio-
JUA.~ Santos Ri'f"era, presidente det
Partido Comllllista.
JUAN Mari BntSt 1tttttario del M.PJ.
nes mas rcpudiadas por cl pu~blo de
Pucno Rico. Los mismos que dia tras
dia pJanean la subversi6n, el terror, la
rcYoluci6n soc:ialista, el comunismo, pan lograr sus incontcolables ambic:iones
de podcr. Todos ellos se Daman Juan,
y todos se ban dado un abrazo de; camaradas con la ideoJogia sangricnta q ue
justifica el pared6n de Castro, los tanqucs masacrando a Hungria, y cl hambrc y la miw-ia que agobia el ,·asto im·
pcrio colonial ruso.
I
i
\
l
Basta ahoni., los S Juaoes babian permanecido aparcntcmcnte 1,eparados. Pem hoy, en 1os precisos momentos en
que el pais cxpcrimcola scrias COD\'Ulsioncs politicas, los agentq de la violencia ofreccn un tr.isle ejcmpJo de unidad. de uni6n para , ma.ldad. Los 5
Juancs estan
comun acuer.
do. en el tio revuelto
la politica local.
Mientcas tanto, el ueblo puenorriqueno confia en que os defensores de
la .democracia dcjcn a"""ma-jado sus luchas fratricidas y contengan de una vci
y por todas el avance tan pcligroso que
esti.n lle,.·ando a abo los S J uaoes de
la traici6n para entregar al comunism(
nuestra qucrida Borinquen.
pe:M:andlen
JUAN Antunio Corretjer. secntarlo cle
A.P.U.
JUAN Juarbe Juarbe. HC.rttario del
Partido Naclonalista.
�--declara Arturo Somohano
por E. Olaverrl
E) W.m~ qut" ha lle\·ado la musical de Puerto Iii.co •
todos los rincx>ne~ del mundo aclara:
-INinguna.! i1"uestra Orqucsta Filnrmonica no rccilw.- mb- .
· vencion algunal 1Como nos va · a dar dincro el ~i" mo Ii
fahan ecuel:i~. ho>llitalcs. carrrtcras )' otnu mucrua.s cos.as
perentorias. £) Est.ado no debe in,·ertir ni un centavo, ~ el .
sostenimiento de una orquesta. Ello es un problem.a 0\'1CO 'Y
gubema.mental ...
-Cons;denmdo sus palabras. k!'imr Somobano, il)uNle asted estar de ac:11erdo con las cantidades as.ignad.u a b Smfooic:a?
-A quien Dios se lo de, San Pedro 1e lo brndiga .••
Con este ref riln_ el mat"Slro Somohano. rehu)·e nuest.ra
pregunta. No obstar.lc. insistimos:
-Se dice, )' nowln» no podc-mo!i da.r fe de cllo. quc a
GOD Pab)o Casals· fiiC Jc ti~IWl ~ 54,000 anuaJcs. iQuc dice
usted • ello?
-1.Qui- quieres que- d1~a?. . . Si aca~ mt· diriJ!ire d.in.-clamcntr a II: Si u~1f'd, don Pablo, quirrc dnmo, lo~ cuatro
y qucdarsr con los cinrucnt~ mucha... gracia1. l't.li N'lhorabucna!
-Sea cual sea )a cantidad pe-rcibida por el r.ci,or Casals,
DO
ccret"
usted que se iuttifica?
·
-J.Hrc. el arte de don Pablo .Ca"-"''· at ten<""r1o en Puerto
Rico supone una gran alraC'C'ion turhtaca puc·,i;; ~. l\in dud.i,
ana ·-eminencia. ante la cua1 · • quilo <'1 fiOffllm•ro. Es mis;
Jo considero el musico ma~ pandt" de la ~>oca. Pc.·ro mi ad.mi•
. ncion hacia el no quicre decir quc tcnga quc lener una
~sagra en b espina. dorsal.
,Que
·
quiere derir con elJu?
-Que 50).imcnte haJ:eo •enuflcxiones
t'tl
mi~.
-Si, enlendido, tpero .•. ?
-Qut> me da la impres.ion que h.iy dcmasiado ..tocino de
cido.. en los que
rodean.
le
-Bien, pero no era esa nue-stra prrgunta. Dt-damo.s que .••
Sorooha110 no\: intrrrumpc:
·
-Rcpito: •A quien Dios w:,, lo dio, San Pedro ... •
En vista de lo cauto dcl macsl~-0. damo~ olro girp a la
entrevista.
-Entonces. cla FiJarmonic:i 2ie manlH:'n<· eJr.:clush"amcntc
de lo que ff' dan las finna, COfflCff.•ia)r!..?
-JUn momcnto! 11'\'adit· no" da n:ada!... En a.t3nto a
~ . !liOfflO'- mu
-· put•'- no nos f?osta vh.ir de )imn~llb. Si SC n
pas:,m di1..·z. n·nl.l\'o,, c\c.·,·nln·mM drn mil d('ilares .•. t"D
op.,,:anda. \'a '1"<" la rnu~iea no ticn(" pn:-cio.
Arturo
moh.mo trata in{dilffl('nlt· di' M.'C":lrsr el r.udor
quc le hrot:> ,lpiosafflC'nlf" pnr los pnrm. El calor de las pn-,.
Rtinla5 ha 1111 1t-nlado la lemf'l('ratura mas d<' lo aicnta. ·£1
Emhaiador ~ ~irnl O<" Purrto Ri<.-o.... comn M' It- COl10C'I:' en
num<"10!liOS pai. .... ' " ~•n hombrt" ' srncillo. in\·ial )' rdt"IDpre
d.ispm:•),.1o a offt.'C'er RI amistad. P,-ro rn <"!Ct.a ocasion. cs:a cnnlianr.a que brnln tan pronto M" inil'ia una oom~rsacion con ,
B ha hrc-ho al rrportero ir 11\.3!1- alhi ...
-Somnhano. Ja orqut-!>1a qur ustrd diriJ:t" k' ff'j!istr6 en
un principio mmo Sinlonica. ;_A quc se debio ~ cambio?
Foto la,ula
-Si
JC
nos pagan din Cftllavos, drn,l"·emos
cif!'D
mil dolanrs.....
-A que al lundane la actual Orgues:ta Sinfonic:a "' me
pidio qnt- ttdit•)e eJ nombrc.
-Al lomar e!.3 dt•lt"rminadon; cno se Yio c.'Oa<rionado
.por el hL-cho de ,•enc cu\-uclto cl nombrc d~ don Pablo Caws?
-No. no ...
La prott'Sla dcl m:1e~tro Sumohano no CR't."IDOS quP lie\,::
la c::omiccion t:."Ucta de su t>cru.amiento pero, antrs de que
noc;o~ pocbmo, \'01,·er a prC'f?untar. el m..aestro Somobano
COJllinua dicif'ndonos a titulo de justilicacion ,. eon amplia
sonri...-.a en ·lill'i labio~ .
-Por otro la.do, la pa,abr:a filarmonic-a me pal'f'CC mas
bonil.:i l"n c,i.'lnto a r1uc- qui<'re dccir. Amor a la musica.
-;.Recihi,> .tlcmna romr,t-.a313don cmnomica por la tt5icm?
-Al lt"nC'r ht-ch:i~ a~na1o ·J.?<'S'tionl'S y Ja!ltos en matt-rial ·
dt• oficin:i, con cl norubre dl· Sinfonica, pe,di a Fomento que
me lo l't'Slitu~'C'ra.
-iCuanlo nodamo?
-Cuatro mil dulan.""- qnf' er.i. lo m\.·f'rtido aprodrnadaln<'nlc; .~n E'fflb..'\fJ?O, solo ID!' dil"IOTI mil.
-;~o intc-r.to cobrar el resto?
.
-Sor m{,~ioo y no coffl<'rci.:inte. Por lo tanto. hu)'O de
t0<.lo r,mhlrm:1 judidat. Crt'i que lo mejor rra dejar )as cosas
romn f"Stab:in y a~ lo hitt.
A pt-gr de." tndoc los mntraticmpos., la Orquesta Fibr•
monk~ d" Puerto Rico f"1' la unica aJm,lpacion mu\ical <I'•<'
h3 )n~dn tan l:.r~a ,·ida <"1' l'uf"rtn Ric."O. H=-cr .
cdrhm m drdmos..•::undo ani~"t'l"!t,..;uio b.,jo b din1·. Ck' 5U
fund3clor, Arturo Somoha.na.
·
__
-Don Arturo, • YCCt".l sc:- k critic-a f'l hecho c:k ut- pa!IC
tan bru!,C'3.~r:'nte «Ir 1a intc.-rpn:t:.cion de
pnr jrmplo.
a un manue o una p1en:i. iCY.,mn lo e:\'flhea uqed?
·
-Mi off)ut:'5la. es la orquesta del put"blo. \"o · 1W' de
dar mu-..ica para II y f'!'ia musiea hay que ponerla a l ~
elf' toclo~ lo.c. (!mtos p:u-a que ~,;i,c al coramn dd pue1ilo.
un•gn anade:
-Por otro lado, tl!"nemo...: el casn del maestro Ca!'.:lls. El
ofl'U"e' orquideas. la quinta eR"ncia df' la fior; mientra.s que
u~.....-as
,ya)?ner.
. Coati•ai,• n 141 ,..,;.. A-11
�L
,
~ ~ ! ' c a 1o epoco de &as
inundaciones es preciso ester alerta
contra el peligroso porcuito que le
esconde en las oguos de los rios.
Ahora
~La zona mls endemic.a edA en La
tercera parte oriental de La hie'..
nos dice Saneamiento•
•
. ...
Seis agendas -dos esh..toles /'/ cuatro
en
federates- loboran
un desesperodo .
esfuerzo por controlar el peligroso caracolito, de tono ceniciento, que aloia
la mortal Bilhorzia.
por Antonio
Reyes Gavilan
-fotos de BatcalaEl propio Nc-gociado de San<'amienlo
Ambicmta1 dcl Dcpartamento de Salud no
1o ocwta:
"'Casi todos los rios ,. quebradu cle
Puerto Rico eslaD infcstaclu C.'OII BilL-
•,..
uarzut.
11° rara controlar-d terrible peligro qu~
enderra . esa enfermedad tropical -que
jo: el tcrn"ble caracolito ttniciftllo,
port
-..del panisito que penclr1 . en la
cnnicntc san,:uinra, hasta aJoi•rse en el
higado. causando la incurable cirrosii.
Amna: el canu::ol ""Marisa... traldo a Puer•
to IUco en· 1m esfucrzo supremo por
atcrminar la bilhania.
A-2
iugando en los rios infcstados df' bilhan:ia y I.ti amas de casa
siguen lanndo en cbucu y quebracl.ti!
·
aN.-dua • ms ,iC'lima!i m la!ll m.irgc1l\.."!. dt· a,:!na contaminad:i par.a. todos 1os Dlt:m~.),los rio~ dt' la Isla- M.iis agciltim•• cuatro tcre:. del h.ot:ar. ,Aun Ja comunidad en·
fedcralt>~ y dos ~1atalcs. PStan lahoranJo tera de Puerto Rico no ha a:i.imilado lo
en un dc!oe-pcrado cdu<-rzo por c'l)nlrolar qut' w~nifica la palabra BIU-U..RZIA!
cl peligroso car.acolito de tono c,.•uidt"nto.
Pero antes ·de continuar. pcnrutasenos
que no mata en seguid,ls ~m qut· ,·a cxml.ar una es«>na de b. ei:pc~nci.1 ,;,id.a
mina.ndo el or-ganismo de la pcnon:t ·poco
por la !aeoora Gloria Villar --,una t.euor:i
a poco ,. para siempre!
que foe "-ictima del baicionc.-ro (r'J-.aniUo
Sin ft'Dbargo -)' ju.sto C1. .c::on~gna.rloy que wfrio en ~ propia e-1 azotc dcl
poca colaboracion ("sl,i p~tanclo la f.!t·u- . ma1!
te de cam1>0 -rrincipal111<·uh' cl jib.;ari• -i& pronto ~1 acontttimimto K"•
to-· A ~ Jrupo c:\t· ahnt,:Jdns bombn~ 6ora?
..--iComo dil.'e?
(cicnH£icos,, cpitlc-miulu,:&.. )' lahoratori),u. ..). quicnc-s. al p.1....0 dt· Ins di.1, \"CO
•-Que, Cllando ltene' ...... rl Dl"nC.
con dolor qlH" )a ('01Dttnitl:1<I no c..,1o~r.:i
..-Oh.. no, no csl~oy encinta. . . es ...
c."Oll la ,ran tatta · que se act>ITK"tc. Porque Hlo)" mfffffla...
-·
.,_No
se apurc_
me p~ con todo
quc no ha)· ma~ que visibr cl .interior
dt' la lsl:1 1,ara oon,·<"n<.'("nlO!> d<· tan AA\3r· - ~l mundo. C~n que- 1)· a tencr un hijo.
,:a tto.lidad. Al i~oal qm• 11.tl't"' mucho«.
·Me ciuNle mir.1nd a b. ;o,·m mujcr
aoos., las pcnona.s --prindpalmt.·nlt' Im con n~rcladt'f'D asomh --die"! 1.. Sl"fior:
nii.os-. lituC"n ~iiruxloS<' en Ins rios, Cloria Villar-. Su ,·ie~ .,ormt\ hinqu('br:u1as )' l:1,::os; b homhn-,. conlinium <'h~do. pal't"Cia npont'r uu f!':Stado de ::.rape~am:lo fflt'lidns rn rl aJ?u4, la, nmje- ,idt'z bast ante a,·anudo. Co11trm11lc aq u<!':
tts dC" la pnblacion rural no ~armic-ntan ros1ro a~aciado,, pero de expl'C'1'ion tri>l<'
y liguen Javando la ropa )' m.ando eti,a Tftlia una palidez •<"tilunad.A. Me d
�l' continiaa.:
~°' eoc:ontr&-amos en e1 pabeD6n cl
estudios de la Eseuela de t.lftlicina. 111
el Hospital Mun,cipal de Sariturce. Espe,nbamos • que 1m tecnico del E~rcilo cle
los Elbdos tJnidos DOS hiciera la pnaeba
eatanea CIOD el antigenb de la Jarva de la
cercaria, del parisito adulto y. los laue'ftc:illos tie la Bilharzia. Esta prueha ae
bar'! en al plel deJ bnzo ., a se formaa
tunpollas la reac,cion es posiliva.. Esto •
hatt para los fines del diagnostieo.
• iEotooce's, mted time bilharzia?"' 1oolvi a hablar a la pobre mujcr.
•-Si. encima de esta r,:aaldad del Yieotre. tambien tcnp ao .... lao1 me•• a
-hospitalizu.
-r.1u tard~ All)e que aqueUa Riora
padttia de cinosis del hisado. Aquella
hinch.tzon terdble no la daba .. propia
Bi1hal'7.ia en
lino la combinacioa de
ista eon la dcmutridon. 1Por primera YU
me di euenta de la importancia que tiene
la buena a1immtaci6o en el c:,ombate contra la Bilharzia!" .
La 11arraaon ~ un CtiO de Jos. ID.Iles
·que Histen ea Puerto'. Rico. ·Para -COID·
batir ea.e mat. iqul ala haciendo el J>e..
partammto de Salud?. se pre-guntara el
lector. Puei ,•eamos la conte-stacioo en las
. palabras de Jos senores )lanuel Perez Torres )' Juan R. Palmer, altos funcionmios
de la Seccion Control de Vt"ciores_ Divi·
sion de Saneamiento, del Departamento
de Salud. St» dice el se1ior Perroz Tones:
· -Eusten tre, dases de hilharziu: la
brmatobian y africana; la pajonicum (a.sia·
tica) y la mansoni (an1ericana). I Esta w•
tima es la que existr o Puerto Rico!
Sabe.mo> d cido evolutivo de la bilharzia (Ve.be el diagrama que arompailil
este reportajc). Es cuando el hombre expele SU!I heces fttales y es.a eicreta esbi
llena de huevecillos del lemole parisito.
Pero, cc6mo se incuba ese proceso en el
· cut-rp.> humano? La pregunta apasiona a
nue~tro enlre,.inado. quien e-xplica:
-Cuando la llu,·ia hace contacto l!(ffl
los huevedllos eomienz.an a estallar los
lransparente-, cucarones., ·,.. el auraciclio
--euado priaW'io del para.silo- c:omieo•,
u. • buscar un rehagio que cs el aarac:ol
de agua dultt llamado ...•u5tralorbis &labrratus". El ..n,iracidio" pe.oetra en el molus.t:o )' 1e des.anolla en ttrcaria. Cuando
el sol calienta las aguas del no, las eercarias por milJone, se swgan sobre la superf icie y t"Speran a que llegue w ,ictima,
la cual Rnl liU buesped de(inith.'O. Debemos acla.rar, que la bilhan.ia tambien le
adquiere a1 bcber agua contaminada, pues
la c:ercaria pcnetra por las mucos.as Y la
laringe.
·
-cCual mooicina se esta u~ndo para
la Bilharzia? t!Es ella mort.a.l por 111!(."eiiidad?
-No, nccesariammte --apunta el Iii!'-'
iior Perez Torres-. Pero, haste ahora, no
ex.iste una droga que la H1f'rmine por
c:ompleto. En eSQ se Nta estudiando, pero,
en honor a la ,.-erdacl, nad..11 basico haJ·
para estenninarla. Ahora estamo, uMtnda
el ..Fu.adin· m~·e<tahle, que esta d.ando
buenos ttsullados, pero DO los que desean los mEdicos. Antes se usaba el tirla.ro emitico. Pero eu droga, aunque mas
efecth·a que el Fuadin,. ha •.ido clcw:ar•
tad.a por 111,1 toucldad y su inconnnicnte
a.
t
Atomica. easi m,in1>1e, la temihle hilhar. 11:i& en ntado dr incuhac-ion en u.n matru del Labor.atorio dt> Sanf'amicnto det
DepartalM'ato de Salud. 1Esta l)f'quf'iia
cu.lebn1I. es eJ azote de los tropicod
avisos como' btos fiOn colas mirgenes de los rios infe.ailh.ania. Pero manos inconsciffltes los "lllrHJIC8.iD. sin saber que estan
moperando al aumento de! temible ma1
endemico ,le Puerto Rim.
cuent1 entonoes de que ella, al igual que
,o, e.~aba Rntada t:n el banco dedinado
a Jos bilhari:icos...
�j~
I
t
•• -
'!"""I'·
! ::
·---·-
ii
'
n an m.apa en w manos., eJ senor Pe,.
z Torres di«- • nuestro redactor: ""La
11W endemic.a
en la tercera
parte oriental dt' la 1s1a•. Al fondo, ftd.
hiendo los ultimos n:porters, el senor
Juan E. Palmer. Ambos son raporuables
funcionarios clel DS. qu.ienes estin trahajando tesoneramrnte en la lucha contra
la ·enrermedad del canC.'01...
eda
l..ares. La 200a ma!- endemica esta en ..
tncera parte oriental de la Isla, mu au.n
cle Arecibo a Ponce.
Mucho R habl~ sohre si ~:tistt' u.n ca·
ncol ~ que mala a la bilharzia.. Es
mis: se di~ que d DS lo ha tra.ido a
Puerto Rico para atajar rl par-.itjto. Sobtt
este partkular, el senor Palmer nos '"'"
ponde:
-Es cierto 'I eJ mwno
·
eda dmdo
grail
ftSU1tado. Se Dama~-J.1arisa• Es un .
nc:ol que
Que
mer, dn·ora. Co
cualquier dase dr
gf'ladon, tragand
ffl esa f onna los h
,·ttillos qur e) a;
mt de la Bilhan!a.....ha puesto entrt
plantas.. Sm emhar&o, aud'1:iay 'mucho :
haeer .••
En aeumen. el put'blo puertorriqu
mas
�_]~'
~
,_,
•
I •
,ou1SIERA POSE ER UN CARRO, PERO NO SAIE GUtAU
,su ESPOSA NECEStTA UN AUTOMOVIL, PERO
NO SAi£ GUIAl'f
,1NTER£SA R-EGALARLE UN CARRO A SU HIJO, 0 HIJA,
PERO NlNGUNO DE EUOS SAi£ MANEJAI?
RENAULT
LE RESUELVE EL PROBLEMA GRATIS!
AHORA LE ENSENA A GUIAR!
C.-~~ •••Mante,.... la '°l>llef'IO lll"fllOl'lro• .-,. ...,. .,; •l'llolflklr o fV'iar. ,.,a...folet el
Apro.,.CM a.to ClflCINUl\ida,d.
_.,, .-,idal 141"Aftl>. eM.ifflo -
-ior or.,tOl'IICSwil por.., c.ofidod,
cipr_.., o .,_.•••• ....
por
i t ~ h:.1
la:
d>lo- dr ubuo,
pn<io, por,.,.. ~ · • ·
•iwww- llNAU..T
c1 .. c1.
Sl,823
•
IUEITAS
NASTA ,o MU.LAS
Pc» GA40t,t
GMANTI• ~ ~ AhlO Ou.a lilll.W
INCLU'WIND0 l'lllAS Y lAIOI
CAIAY .... AHORA RENAULTLE £N$ENA A GUIAal
PRONTO MAS &.A.JOI PLAZOS ~AS IAJOSI
PRECIO MAS IAJOI
f•
I SE J. FIGUEROA & SONS, INC.
i'-
Cen••••• M.lil•r titu•. 2 ll•. J Na. I T•l. 11:t ... S20
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por Babby QUINTERO
ENA~ORADA DE S~ BORINQUEN
1
·
. :· , .
. Uno ,ck~o~pd~ ,·alores de- Puerto
Rico lo es sm gt·ncro &- duda.... la doc.-tora
Maria Teresa Babin. De n.-greM> de un
,iaje por el \'icjo Mundo, la dociora ftu.
mo est.a en Puerto Rico. \'a a cm.ci,ar Nl
la Unh.-ersidad cle Rio Pit"tlrai., ·una de las
mejotts dcl mundo. Alli SC 5C'lllira mas
a:mtenta y leliz y podni C'anlar con m:1yur
entui.ia!li'fflO la"' bdkzas de su patria.. m
• progreso, y sus ~}X'ranzas para un futuro
mejor. en el conderto de· los pueblos Ji.
bres del mundo. En l'\ue\'a \"ork, en este
1'1:uE>va \ ork d<' nucstros amorcs. .
le
«bani mucho de uienos m1t"nlra,, qu«"Pu~rto Rico wdr.i s;:anando.
1A doctora Maria Teresa Babin, e,- autora de ·El mundo poctico de Carda
Lorca". premiado por el ln!!o1.ituto de Litf"ratura Pucrtoniquc.-na e-n 1954: ""Fanta...ia
Borkm:1. Estampu df' mi tit-rr.i" y .. Panorama de la roltura pue-rtoniqm·f1a·.. con
prologo del profesor Andres Jduartc. E,
Maria Tt"res.a t":li,Crilora y p(l(.'ll~ dl" ei:qui-
Uno
dt' 1os
pril'DC'ros valorct litcrarios
nurstra America de habla hiq1ana •• ~
c1e
,
NE:GROS Y PUERTORRIQUE~OS (7)
FORD DEL
La tLC\\'U - ( t1nion dc Codun:ra~)cuyn F.ar lo C$ cl lof"nc>r OJ\'ld Dubin,l.1·,
ha ..-ido acu\&da de nn 11(.""'ar a puesto~
promin<'ntcs • lll1tl'05 y pnt"rtorric}u<"iios..
La lesti,:o (~un informaC"ion publicada
HISPANO
una muitt &
color (negra). micmhro de la Local 155.
quien· ueguro qne··a los negros y pucr-
en Im. diarios lonl~).
f'!f-
se
Doctor TRULA
£1 Foro de Liderazgo Puertorri•
tpae-fio...Hispano, que pcesidr el doctor Frauasco Trill.a, es an.a uoc:i.1c:ion beneric:a wluntaria, formad.a
de ...
po, m.irmbr'05
comunid.ad
puertorriquena e bispa.na de la eiu•
dad de Nurn l"ork, con e) proposito
~e idmtificar, pn:parar , utili1.ar la
potencialidad diri,sente de la ju.
sila lelt~bil!dad.
~had.
Su!< obras tiencn olor a pomar~, y a
ttaliz.ando ana campaiia para rec:au-
ardif"nff' borinc.:ano, 13 l"sbdtc1. dt" las p;il·
,neras. la dulzura dt"l caimito )' cl sahor
a la tien.t honda de ~-u la, pucrtorriqudao.
Ha pubUcado ensa>·o~ y eSC"rito colaboraciones para distinta.; publicnC'im~ C:1..·
nuestn America )' de E~ai,a. pcm "'
guudado secrcto e~ rl hhm dr \'t'f•
I05 que ticne rn ·t>rcparacion. Ella, qnt•
es columna fuertt:" de- la litcratura ('tucrtonique,na. ,e siente timida al hahlar de "'""'
poemas, pero la!i que han tenido la •uert<'
dt- kerlo~. aS<',:turan quf' ~n mur lx-llni.
y siempre con el ca.lor df' p.;itria d<" toclo!i
i1JS escritos. porqut' Maria Teresa Babin
es una enamorada de la tiema borincana.
dar londo, para ampliar su.s facilidada J c:ontinuar su labor para do. arrollar ·este caudal de pos.ibilidades
lalente- e.n la ju,.-cotud hispana de la
urbe DeO)'Ol'QUina. Coo ~ lin., ha
iniciado una ""Campana pro F ondos··,
la aw dirige ~I licenciado Manuel
Cuerrriro, n Fiscal Auxitiar dcl ·
Condado de Manhattan. Lu cootri•
buciones que ~ bagan puNlro desC'Oflfaiw· def irnpuesto (Nlrral.
mas
II
,J
~,
I
r
~
r
\...
I
'
En· estos mommtos, et Foro est.a
yerha mora. • • tic-nl"n la daricl.ad dcl 11inl
Comm.ta e1 Dr. Trilla que •5010
medio por ciento dr los puertoniqucnos ea No~-. 1·ot1.: ffl.i d~-
dos ,.
cmpeii.ando c:argos profrsionales · )'
tecnicos Y est.a R clebe a la falta de
torriquciub M? lo ot.i hacicnJo imt~iLll·
t.'On!l4.-guir ·1.atarios dfi-entl"S'1 )" a!IIC'endcr a
1)0:.icione~ de import:tncia eo ~la organizacion obttra... •
El argwuento de di.-.criminacion a. un
alo--unlo tan sutil quc- cuamlo lit." u~ es nc~rio puntualiurlo am1,lial.DC'nk. EJ.i,-.
ten c.:asos ai!»luJos de di:.crimiuadon en
toJa~ lil.!> razas. l'\o &6)u los nc.•gn. to0n los
du.crianinados. T ampoco dd,cmo:. ·concrctarnm. A rcfcrintm a I&.. [K1«.·rtun.w1uci,o.c;
como Iii f ueran ncsrn~ o blanc."O!'>, En
Pul·rto ruco har blaitl'US y llC'J;,~ como
hay n1c,,.Hzo". Har nc:gro.) muy intdigen·
lt."S ). blancos mur brutos. ,. ,•il'C\'l'ba. l\o
lie.go un Tc.-odoro ) . I ~ a Jc..•(c de Ll
Alianu pna rl Progreso por lk."J!ro o por ·
blanco. ni tamJlOC'O t>I doctor Arturo l.loralc..-s Carrion al alto caq;o qn<' dt~~iia en l'1 ik(lartanl<"nlo dl· Estado de
los £.qadm. l 1nidos. En idi·ntic.a posiciou.
el doctor Ralph Bunche, lll'~ro. ya IUt"ra
dr los limites americanos ,. con pcn.ona-
orientacion adecuada. Esta 5ituaciim
dehe ttmediarse 5i es que b romu·
nidad puertorriquena-hispana ha de
dcsempeuar el pape) Que le eon-es·
ponde ea ~• deurrollo cultural ,.
«-0nomico de la ciud.ad de Nuen
,·orL·
li<la<l. m~ndial. ~ ew:al6 .U!o po~douc~ t
1':.a<.,oncs Unula~·porqu,· 1ou pic..•1 .,
w
~ra. Es un p,ob[ma-dc t:ucnto, i
c:en.•bro. de c:ultura
de GUO) factor,
di...imil~.
Pru:-isamcnte hace. d~ ~m::mas d j
'\'t'll.
pcriodi~a
pui·~~qu_ei~o John
Ort~ J"fe dr- lnformacion,·· ..rolumni:.1
mu~· k·ido df' El Diario dr- l\:ut.""\·a Yo1
~bio para •t.a Pttns:t·. dt" J\ut•,·a Yo
(hcmuma siall'l('.wt de- El Diano}, una se:
de- articuJos M>hrc aM.anlos olneros en re:
�A QUIEN F,LDA
INTERESARC~,
.
Juan E. Bucaram. libank. hombre de
\
Ya la Diirdk-a &I Dnfilc Puertoniqudio tk 19G! que pl"Nidia ~•
Manuel
financieros ·mh.
.. del Ecuador, dondt' ~lartiPC"Zt cn6 completamentc. Se acabaron .las
RSide hace
a.no~.
nca ha tf!nido ·tropieozos· •Ol'rjitas•, , las •pmiw•,. ahora cada cual par 111
con nin,:un
e los gobiernos que en rM>s 50 ADDS · propio •camino..... t. Junta c:k· Din:do~ dd
ha tenido
Ecuador. ~ hnmbtt respetado )' c:a- DM.filc, wni C"n cl futuro b ·rc~pons.able• de todo
pitaJista qu~oz:a de elM.1ado credito... La cra- y • todo. • • esto es,, hasta quc una DIIC."Va Asam:
ciosa Mal')' p:>iaz M-. hiia de So, esposos Petrick blea ~ra1 e-lija la Dirttti,·a que- Ila de regir
e lsora Melendez, ttlebrara esle iabado 1111 16 los dt.~ioos t:J.t,.1 l:kstik- cl..· 1963 .... ,. mif,.ntr.1.s'
floridas primanus en el salon del Hotel Taft .•.
tranto, Ju:m dcl Put-blo. ·cau.10... ohscn·ando pan
).foi!f,.e:S Rodrigue·t '\4ScffiSonando -por SU ..Mci.ico qtt<" no le cueatm .•. ASPiRA es ,an.a ram.a eduqucrido". • • Monserrate F1orn., Pres.idcnte de ·la calin de1 ·Foro tie Lidt'raz10 l\antoniqueiioSocirdades Unidu del Bronx. y Juan Mis, Presi- llispano•, qut' time como fin ntimular J' orientar
dmle de la Frderacion de Sociedade, Hi.spanas.. 8 la ju,·rntud putttoniqoma-l1upana hacia Ult mis
fueron obit-to de WI homfflaje.. mis que merecido, alto nh·cl cir ,'id~ pnr IIK'dio dt- la Nlucacioa
les ofrttio c-1 Oub Cubano lnter~Amr:rica- aupcrior. Esta ~cncia pro(e-uonal timr como DiDO...
Peter Colon. con una R entre Peter )' ffdora Ete'C'Ulin a la a.enorita Antoni.a Pantoja,
Colon. que ,mponefflO.\ quiPra decir .. Rheingold", ,·.1or .ionn purrtorriquc-iin cir din.imicas. pro)-e,c,..
actuando con mucho sentido c::omun como Direc- cionrs. • • Ila('(' roro. ASrJR." lo1ttu prcpa.rar un
tor dl-1 Departamcnto Hi~ ck Rdacioncs Pu· R'Npo de onQ!' t"Studiant«.~ quc fucron ~do,. por
, blicas de b finna ttNeeera que- patrocina a la l'ni\'<·rsidad Jnteramcricana de S:an
•Mets.. en la trlevision. . . Lo: -,.1e~.. -por si Pu("rto Rko. par. un aaio.. Esta labor IC hizo en
- interesa- es el equipo ~isbolcro quc 'l'Cpresmta •
~1.al,oradon t'ffll la A"6ci.tcion d<· E1; Alumno!i
Nue,·a York en la Liga P-;adonal... Una ..on_•iiu.. dt· la l'ni,-·<"n-icfad lnf<"t.>.fflC'ric::ma. dirieida por d
· Dega de la Isla.: Myrta Sih-a tit-ll<' no,io con ..prclk,'11dado Raymond Suarez.... Lo, -sahbys-. las
tensiones· (cl) de contn.er malrimonio. . .
Ea rstatuilas c:omo prrniio anual • los artist.as hi.spa•
anos -Pronosticos" leemos: Colombia facili!ara nos SC'.'ran rutr('gados rstc aalo rn rl te.atro -San
aun m..i.s la entr:1da
pa.is de temiros ,. e,~aJuan.. de ~u<',·a \'ork m an fantastico frstn·aJ
liruu en cucstiones industriales prottdcnlcs de artit.tico-mus.it'111 (en 1eph·mbrr) ('On la prnentaEuropa•. 1Cuidado, amigo~ colombianos, qur los cion d" lu mas df'Slacadas Ntrcllu del teatro, «-l
-S.ecnicos• DO resultt"n i,:ualrs a Jos que l'.'~tan IJr.
cine. la telr,·Mon ,. la raclt0 nuMtra... Don Jose
pndo a Cuba por mi1lare-s!. . • La sicmprt' l?<"nli) (Chuito} CabafJf"m ticl'M:' t"l1 pn.-p.'U'adon un '""bombazo.. 11uc e-.trrmrcr.i l'" cielos ,. fa,. tit·rrn~ dr
Lydia ~firanda (mitad <'Uba.nn. mitad borincan:a),
St"C."1'etaria de la SociN:lad Pue-rtoniqueiia de Pr- Kuc,·a York ,. Puf:"r1c, Rirn... °"5pucs no dii;an
riodista.s y Escritorcs, preparando un nut"'Vo libro que ""no: K' achirtio" L'Ol1 tit'mpo. • . (?) .• .,
gr.u,dc&
· ·_. 1tfflDI. • •
act,,..,
empre.sas textileras. considcrado como uno de los
l
·..,e
Ccnnan.
..
MAR\. DIAZ
_____ - ...·--------~-----------·-·-----~-..... .....
,..,.
don b hispanos y penonas de color quc
10n exduidos de muchos olicios en Nut"va
\'ork.. por -eso. por .er hh'J)anos o por
aer ncgros... Sin embargo, esc no es el
asunto ttnlral. No cn"Cmos e!J discrimcn,
pero si en las .. pii'ias.. (que no rs lo mismo si R e.cribe igual), que lo mi!llmO
WI gran arthta c:omo Bobb)· Capo
en Puerto Rico (~gun
mismo denuncio).
que aqui a pucrtorriquf'11os, m·f!ros de
otras raza.s o nacionalidatles. ~o haa, 11\u•
cho aun, la polida nE.'O)'Orquina es.la COffl•
plctameote formada por jovene!> irlandt"es que vinian directamenlc de Europa
pan a los pocos a.i1os ser colocados en
ese Departament<', mie-ntras o~ no podian entrar. Abora no sucede asi. En la
Policia de Nuen \"orl.: hay hombn!'s_ casi
de todas las raz.as y oacionaJidadcs. Solamente para recordar. hay ma~ de 470
policias puertorriquenos (o de habl.a e~pa•
iola); en cl podcroso Dcpartamcnto de
Policia de h:
..,,.._
Por cso d -uno:11 que mis qut" el discrimen esta las ..piuas· -qut' mu>· po::jble uiste en b lLC\\'U -{l1nion dr
Cmturen~
que nacen )' .:-n"'C'f.."n en cualquier park. lega iml)f'rturbablf' a M-ntar
sw reaJcs ha_ en la.,; redaC'Ciom.·s de lo,;
periodi~ don -deben libmrr.c particularmente b.s campanas contra todas la,;
formas cir opresion t"D el trabaja, la sociedad >' el resto de acti\'idades hum~na\,
Y esto lo saben los compant"~ quf' t"SC'ri·
hen •c,onicas•. repor1ajC'S O <'OITICntario,;;
qae tanto afectan al publioo )' las comu-
aa:san a
, .................... _..._
"".
____________
MOSSERRATE
<'c.mocicran )a!> mon..tru°"idades
.
del tirano.
A~ p:i-..unn 30 a,-~ un desma,·os_ Los
que \·i\i4..•ron en Santo Domingo ·~ra·
b.tn q11t· d dt¼.-pota de Trujillo pn•fcri:i
-riquida,.. al roilor de -Bohc:rnia.. mas
quC' a cualquicra de su,- m.t, t!'llcan,wdos
rttt"ffliJ?oi- J)('liti(."ru,. aquellos p:1triotu de
la tic-rra dt.' Duartf' >· M.h:imo Comf'z que
- tru1to lucb:uon par conquh,tar la libt.·rtad
dt.· su hrrrnosa Qui'-<juc.•ya.
-por ~ al anunc&.U!,(' ahnra la
roidon
dC' Boht'ffli:i Libre Dominicana bajo )a
diF<'C'Cion de l.li~ud Ans:d Qm.•,°"'n. qm~
pnr t:mlos ;rf,ns lihro batall.a~ pur la libi.•r-
tad ,. lo~ dcrech~ que tanto lnht.•t:ib,1n
·Joi. dominicanns,. ha 5ido moti\-ot'-"lc- al<"i:n.:l
e-nlrr tanto t"3r.ilado ()lit' \i,io .:-n C~b.1..
l'urrto Riro. 1'11e,·a \'or\: )' m 1lra_~ partf"s ti(' nut'strm puc-blm, «lr ·'""hiC"a.
·BOHEMIA llt"l'K' la autoridacl ~ 1 trar rn krritorio dominic-~no c:-nm" l'n
PuC'rto Rioo ,. m toda, f'."tl'U"S dondt- 11e
l"b'JW'k el dt-l"ft'bo y la li~rtad. porque
C••ti•-. n
~-"
~.
-Est.i en C'it"ITK"1i la edicion de Bohemia
Ulm· Dominic..":lna. No es una imptO\isa·
da <"mpn~ c.umcrcial mas. .Mk"ntras los
duminkano!i ~ta~ t•,,da,izados por el
d-.'-!,.pota quc suprinua todas las t'xprnioues
de la lilx-rtad )" el derttho. e-1 doctor Mi~ud .\ngd Qurn-do, desclc La Habana,.
l.:1111:\ha "ohw 11\H.•·i-tr.a Ami-ril'.a l.:i -Bohemia.. ciut• hac.aa qut' b lto1nb~ libl"l"li
Jl1AlS' MAS, aibano, PttSidenlr dr la Fr,.
de-radon dr-Socirdadc, Hispanas dt' lS'ue,-a
\'orl, diri,:ente de la Local P-;lllnf.'ro G~ en
el Hote-l Waldorf Aliloria. Que- anuncia
...-cmrndo rr,.·ohi.. enftt bs emprt"Sas ho,.
te)eru locaJN ). los emp)udos . . _. esto ff.
sino sr ponf'n de at"Vt"IVO. • • Ya la M"mana
pas.ada los obttros ck la industria hotrlera
Df'O)·orquina -m su ma~-oria puertnniqu,...
nos- ofreden,n una .:ran drmnstracion de
prote-sta por ..mrumplimienlo cle palabra·
por partc de · las 4tm.pres&I botelen.s •••
;
.-·1
:·
BOHEMIA EN SA~TO DOMINGO
el
~
•
i
al
.._
,.....
·I. ,,.~iu A·JJ
A-7
·~
.,
ij...
-
! ;
..
t
t
i.',
I:
�,,
--dice el Presidente cle la central "Constancia"
.
~
~-
.._,..
.
.. - . .... ·.- .. .
~
..
.. .
::"'~
" No s.e vislumbr1 arregto posible para le reaperfura · del importante
ingenio de Toa Baia ya que ni la Auto,;cJad de Tierr~s se quiere hacer ..
;. •cargo de 61 "ya que el rnismo tendria que operar con ·p&rdidas que
el Gobierno no .. puede afrontar".
. ,.
,·
"·1vendo hasta la comisa si rne la comprcn!'\ exdorna ,don Secundino Lozano.
dueno de la ··follecido.. Central.
por Luis Sanchez
-fotos de Barcala-
, . El magnate azucarero 1e ajusta los
,. ·· ·es.pejuelos coo energia, ae incorpora
frente a &u escritorio replelo de facturas )" papele~ repletos de numeros.
y exclama a ,·i\' a voz:
-,.Esta Cent.ral esta en vcnta! 1t::s
mi.s: yo vendo ~ camisa &i me Ja
•i
I
;~
..
I
:i
~
!
J
I
f
compran!
Era el vresidenle de la Compaiiia
Azucarera de 1·oa., propietaria de la
O!n.lral "·Constancia•• --don Sccundi·
no Lozana- quien, con el disguslo
aun esteriotipado en el rostro, nos
explicaba IN moli\·os quc habia trnido la empresa que represenla para
el cierre de{inith·o del impotlanle in·
genio, que ha dejado en la calle a
320 cmpleados.
·
La
· ce.-,arrolla en el refri·
gerado espacho de Von Secundiuo.
Minul
antes bahiamos ,·isitado to·
dos I
rincones de la mencionada
de aiucar. El cuadro era
Donde dias anta. cicntos
de obrcro~ y empleados de las zonas
de Toa Baja, aun cantahan el bimno
al trabajo, ahora &eznejaba un cementcrio. Las eoormes maquinarias de
refinar azucar eran como gigante!iCOS
ataude,s. que ,uardaban rn su interior
la {!ran tragedia de )a industria a.zu.
carera en Puerto Rico. Un frio 5ilen•
cio f.e agQlpaha rn las ~normes nncs
de la Central. Solamente una piz.arra,
con un nis.o d~nudo de Jiteratura,
anundaba a los em·iados de BOHE·
MIA LIBUE reEROllTHIQl'ESA
-el mot h·o Jt0r e-1 cual ie l1abia tt·
rrado, Jl&ra sicm1•re.. aquel cri~ot de
tral>ajo donde 320 emplcado~ ,. ohre·
ros ,·enian ~anando el suste-nto diario.
Don Srt-unc:Hno Lo,:.ana ech~ba una
larf;a mirada a tra,·es de una ,·entana que daha a la entrada principal
de la Central --cerrada a cal ,. canto- y exuhaba:
· -Si. pucden dccir1o: drfinith·a·
mC'nlt' no l,abra t.afra aqui el proximo
aiio. He puesto ~ti manos del G~hit-r·
110 la inidath:a de quc ae res.bra en
t."1 futuro es.ta vntral. pero lo crco
imposiblc. · Lo dicho: ~ta Crntral
Constancia ~tii en ·"r-n~
-iEJ precio. don Secundino? -le
p~""Untamos.
rs ulia pregunla capciosa!
-,Esa
'""Solo el Cobiemo puede RSOh"ff esta
5ituacion. J.li opinion no es ot:ra que cenar crntralcs ,. ele-gir la Unica Central
que IC'a capu de absoh:er la produccion
azucan.'11l"• nos cl.ice don Secundino Loz.ana.
Esta en ,·enta he dicbo • • • i EJ prccio
es cuestion nuestra !
\' desboc.a el dialogo que acompa·
fia con golpecitos sobre &u pulcro
e,critorio:
- El ca~ de nuest.ra Central es un
asunlo de caracter insular, ya lo dije,
particularinf'nte en · la hona oorle.
i Esta vis.to, no hay
-i, \"~ usted al~ona 9lucion?
-Si, y el Cobiemo ~uede resol,•erlo. Mi opinion no es o\ra r.que ce-
cane~
rrar ccntrales y eleiir la Unic.a Cen·
tral q~ &ea capu de absorber la
producdon uuca.rera.
�IL A
~}1 SIS
SE
..,
Hace an aio --eJ I dt- ~osto de · c,uftla~ mrta con solamente 1,~,000
1961- la Asociacion de Al,!ricwtores lonrladas..Para 1- urra tk 1900, mn
de Puerto Rico dio el grito de alerta una mot.a que sobrcpaso de 1,.100.000
sob
· ·
uc · se avecinaba en toneladas. solamNltc R c:os.ccharon un
la
ustria uucarera pucrtorriqueia. poc.-o aw de US MILLON DE TOen aqudla oportuniclad:
NELADAS DE AZUCA.R.
.,, uerto Rico. • ~sar cle tener e]
•nesgraciad~nle para naestra emlkrecbo de Yel'lder en el men::ado arne- fM)m(a agricol~ .esto q!"'iere dear Que
ricano locla el arucar que f'5ti pro- . duranle .las 1alhmas cmco uf ras •
duc:iaado ahon ., aun muC'ho mas de mos de,ado cle ¥ender cna 6'e
•
df ·
la 41ue p ~ se rncuf'ntra hate 1,500 000 tondadas .cf
&DOI en· una-situa~ioo -muy clilicil en mu,· ~gnificati,·a para e n : : : 1 ' ~
•
___ ,
w
ha __...d
este De&ocio. Nuestra produccion cle aua en gc-nenu. a•• se
.,..-,u1 o an
azuc:ar c,ue alcanzo 11na produccion int,trelO l,ruto tota1 de alrededor tie
l"NlCM'd en el 1952,. ha ,·mido bajando ,ns.000.000 (rimto Mtenta y c:iMo
alarmanlemente hast. la an,:ustioMa A• millones d~ dolatts). De dicho totaJ
tuat:im:a de no poder a.ahrir nueslra lo, agricwtores ,. los c::entrala amc:acuola cir mercadeo f!II
oltimos dn- ffflK han pcrdido ingresos por as-ca
- a.nos, eon la fuerte · posibilidad de tie 1110 000 000 (ciento diez. milkmes
tie clola;es) ~ los trabaiadofft' aaricoQt.le lampoco R cubrira ffl la ufra
'°'
•
c1e 1962. En 1957 nuestra cuola era
1as h.an dejado dt ren1>ir ingrrsos por
alrooedor de $65,000.000 {lftftlta J'
az:6car ,. nueslra producci.on lilt quedo aneo millones de dolares).•
en aln!'drdor de 990,000 tont-ladas. Ea .
1958, la ufra fue mis desastrosa pl"Odudendo solamente 933,0000 tont'ladu dr aroca.r contra una cuota de
La cri!tis se ffia ,'t"ftir loin h1i::ar a
1,286,000 tonr1adas. - Si,:uio e1 desa5• dud.as.. i ~uC!'\·t' ttnlrales ban ttrr.ulo
tre en la produccion ., en )959, con•
su.~ rnterta.~ -Pastn \'il'jo, Herminia,
\'ictnria. Pcllejas. Ejcmplo. San Jose.
tra una cuota de cera. d" 1,300.000
toneladas.. awstra produccion vohio a Rochelaire. · Boca Ouca. Carmen y
tie cnea de 1,250,000 toneladas de
•••
w-
Uno df: Jos ma~n'OS principaks dr la ~~s Que
affl("n81'JI
aW
etra,
a-ntrall"S
QU('
timamcnle
Coastanc:ia- y Jm
1) CULTl\"O DEFJClE~"TE, a:111» ..
l'f'1iltltado de b ea::asez 4'e ,:,bre.v~.
·lan1icbdcs IICffl.lltic:iu "I
de a-
faJl
pibal.
- -
!) ALTOS COSTO$ DE
ODUC.
CIOX dt-bido a los • · •l
11
• .
.. liillU
es .aetnrrs: a) joma)es mu altot. ) ft!dac,.
cion de la prod~~ ~
mstos ~ maqwnanas. ilnp)emenloi y
.
de Rpue5los
Glrm
leria
aha
ma)
•
• .•
• f'1I con
u ~ . e producaon anadecuada cle amr:ar por
c;)_:flt~
b~d)
tni . .
aterda.
•
3) CREDITO ~~Rl~U INAD~
CUAOO~ a) deftcsenaas ea mantia,
tc~nos ,, condiclona: b) ~alta. de
Cl't'..:cl•to pan compra de maqumana Y
equipo.
..C} REDUCCIO~ E~ A.REA DEDI•
CADA AL CULTJ\"O DE CA..~A. Er
ta ft'dncxion 110 !l'illlamcnle ha sido en
rnanto al nlimNo de c.uen:la.s dedica•
d:.!'o al culth'o de la ca.ii.a. sino que
tamhicn ha habido una ffl'lua:::ion ea
la pmductMdad de esa tierra.. tmto
rn el tonelaje de caiia u»mo ea el
rendimiento de IIZUCaJ' por cuerda.
at.in Quooan funcionando
Glffdas dcdicadas aJ eulth-o dr la caiia.
QUe
quN)an tambim amcnuan mn·aguir
igual caminol c'1otiw:IS?:.
ft
la rrduccion de
I
'
'
�ra ha hecho criail!
Y le.rminaba ~. plaJ,ru con las
mismas que nos recibiera:
- i Nada.. eeiiores. que esta Central
esti ea wenta! ;Hasta la camisa del
presidf!'nte ae -vende, si a1gweo quierel
comprarlL iEsto IIO~•. e ·raneaio! .•.
AJ ulir por el
o porton de la I
Central, mieatru d
.- lu enormes'
puertas que por es io de 50 aiios
estu,ieron abiertu a .los obreros, el
Viejo guardia --&J.ador, ·cmn COD la•:
grimas en los ojOI nos dice:
. -i& lriste ver e.ste final, amigo!
lie llamo Juan Mera.d J durante 47
aiios trabaje en ell.a factoria. Fui capa~ despacbador de miele& y encargado de almacen. JY ahora.. a la
.
I
I
·1
calle! .....
Y con an brusco tiron hace nchi-
Con el -C.Omt.ancia"
ton
diez
w
.
ct:11lralc1 qur 1w, teniclo
· en Pueno Rico
Que'
eerrar sus operaciones
·
Aquella misma tarde dt"' nueslra entze,·if.ta con ~• presidrnk- de la "'fallecida'" ~Lral. nos Dt'~aba una noticia. tajanle, dPfiniti,·a. qur claba al
traste, al parecer con cua)quier arre,.
p:lo po!-ible para la reapertura del
ConManda. Y ~ta notit"ia~era que la
Autoridad de Tierras iuformaba., por
boca de au director ejeocutivo,. aenor
Migud Hemindr.z Agosto, "que ese
I
l1
-;,Cuintas penonas ha,n sido afectadaE por el cicrrc de este in~enio?
-iMil quinientas~ que duda cabe!
i Mil quinienlas que derivan el &ust~to 'de los 320 emplt"ados que leniamo!lo. En cifra ,tobal :· unas 2.000 pereona~ han quedado en la calle.
'\' aelo !-ef!Uldu, COD Uft patron dr
dfras que tiene sob~ su m~a de lrabajo. ,·a desg1osando. a i;u modo, las
perdidas que tuvo el .....Constancia,,._ organismo no podia hacerse cargo
-Este a.no --ei:plica- la cos.a en- del f uncionamiento
la C'.entral
tro a mayores. No po4iamos eeguir Constancia de Toa Baja., ·ya que la
operando con perdidas ·que aJcanza- misma tendria que operar con perdihan un promedio df' S 80.556.00 du que el Cobiemo no puede afron·
anuales .,. quf' de~e 1956 al 1%2~ in· tar". La notida., como ff. natur:il. fue
C."lusi~,..h~n total de $563.893.95. como una bomba de mil n,~atones
Fij/nse u!i-tedf."6: la nomina anual dr para el alcalde de Toa Baja.. Anadeto
la ICompaiiia asdcnde a S501.538.l4. Ortiz, a quien, al1ora.. adt!mas de inunTif1e 218 colonos.. UhimamPnle moli- ·dadones por efttlo de w lluvia&y le
moas unas 190 mil loneladas. De e1la.s, lle~al.. otra calamidad: El. DESEMa
103 niil !u~ron de finC'.as de la Auto- PLEO. · Por 5U par1e, don Secundino
ridad de Tieuas y lH otru de colo- Louna., al conocer esa dete-nninacion
nos independicnte:s zCreen Usie.des de le AT, manifest.aha:
posible que pudieramos eeguir ope·
-;Es mu,- lamentable todo esto!
rando?
·
-Y con enfasis-: iEn 1956 di la ~oz
• •
de alarma aobrc la aituacioo que a.ho,.
de
i
"i•
•
nar las rejas. i, Lu cerraba par.a sit>m·
pre? Todo hacia pensa.r que &i. Esto
es: tomando en cu~nt.a lu dedara·
cioncs dt don Secundino Launa ). f'1
infonne nada balagiieoo de la Autoridad de Tierras. Rumbo a la Carre·
tera 2. por entre e1 aendero que hor· \ ,.· ·
df'an interminables campos d~ cana. ·\··,
las vi~j•• ca.net.as racen· donnidas, ,·_:':.
Tres •jibaros.,,. al parecer cortadore!' - ';
· de caiia, nos miran •enir de La Cen- ·
·
-lral Y en aus ojos hay trisleza.! me-.:
lancolia.. la interrogante del hambu
que )'a Tiene cahalgando sobre ellos.
Es otra tragedia mas, originada de
la l!"''e crisis que vicne atrnC!-&nd<
la principal industria de Puerto Ric(
durante
iiltimos
y que.
des:::radadamente, parece no trne1
solucion.
los
anoa . ••
Lu pen.lid.ti anu.ales tie la :e.i,ra1 ""Comtancia• alcanuban u:n promf!dio dt
· t SO,SSG..00 anu•lrs.
�J
'
·-'
J,
•
~--.
••
~
i.
Crear y construir es el destino de todo
pueblo que progreso. Por eso, y porque
en ~I Sig'o XX se construye con cemento,
lo PUERTO RICO CEMENT
CORPORATION e.st6 r.iempre lista a
,ervirle o lo creciente indu~tria
puertorriquena de lo construccicSn.
Por es.o siempre hemos manteni.do
estobl"! er precio del cemento, producto
vital en el desorrollo econ6mico
e industrial de Puerto Rico.
Porque manteniendo estoble el precio
def cemento S1.10 al consumidor
estamos contribuyendo diorio y
11stem6tic0mente, al prbgrHo presente
y futuro de nuestro pueblo.
Recuerdelo: Usted pogo
1 centavo por libro de
mento puertorriquel'\o, fobiicodo en
uerto Rico par tecnicos y operarios
oricuos, positivomente el precio mas ,
oio de este importonte produdo en
p
~e
c:uof quie! mercado. de1 mundo.
�.a
moderno edir.cio que oaipa
la .nueva plaza del mercado en
co
AguacL11e fue
~
contar con los comer antei_ a·.
la16mefro y medio.
I centro
ln&s import.ante de1
uel\lo.
.
--exprewn angudia~os los comerciante,
de la vieja plaza de Aguadilla
por Luis Figueroa
-fotos de Grillo• Vn ,,endedor de lecLon as.ado aliende a tns parroquianos en
"
5W
wtimas adi,·iclades alredcdor de la vieja plaza dcl mercado.
La tipica y pintoresca plu.a del mercado de Aguadula acaba
ic desaparecer y con ell.a sc va un m.a.uojo tic IL")'L·nd:ll> •Jue
.as aguadillanos tcjicron en tomo a la mi.sma )' al sitio dondc
-ad.icaba., a solo UDOS pasos de Ja plaza de rec;:reo )' de la
glesia catolica local.
Las autoridades municipales -Jucgo de libra.r alguna.s ba·
. al.las legales )' de persuacion personal- }ograron quc, DO QUC. Iara vestigio de la pla.z.a ya que los moradores que le ne:a,ron a a.band'11l&J'la -que eran doce en tot.al- estab.an per·
~, ud.ica.ndo la buena marcha _de los negocios de la nue,·a plaza
11e1 mercado construida a un costo de $296,000 en la mwna
1
, . iudad.. pero a ld.lometro y medfo de distancia dc1 centm co!· :,ercial mis import ante de la comunidad.
· I Muchos han dicbo que ban habido motinciones politicas
::; n el
. r,1aza del mcrcado, algunc» a."-L·gur.m quc
· • wi
~ tomu en cucnta la opinion publica para dc."'(..'id.ir cual
· I ra
sitio que mas convcnia para el nucvo ccntro de mer·
1d
y otros b:.sta CR."C.'n •iue la as..1.mblca municipal ). el
~ 1
le de la ciudad, 5Ci.or Jose ACC\·cdo Alva.rcz. dieron
i
suclta ·a ms a.cnhmientos personale5 cuando neg.:uon
:·
rtunidad de conocer a los que tcni.an pue-stos de disotas
. _ · cuiles eran los ve.rdaderos planes en tomo
I la misnu deja.ndo asi en la calle a un gran numero de pafai:.tilia que derivaban su suslenlo de esa. acti\'idad.
l '1:5Losdemas
vcrsados en Ja matcrfa asegu.ran qut> el asunlo de
plaza del mercado es una prucha para los agundiJlanos )'
1e Jes of rece el inl"rrogante de Ii aceptan lo moderno o si
catinuan encenindosc en el regionalismo que hacc
muchos
1
l
l
t
~
..i
1
i
ya
A la dt'rcch.a puede ''fl'W el locaJ que ocupaba la antigua
plaza clt'l mercado r que aho111 St'r.i utmz.ado c:omo uu de
estadonam.icnto.
�La mascadura dt' 9\abaco hilao• tu,-o una
gran actMdad durante los u.ltimos dias clel
·.. wicjo mcrcado. Ht' aqui una ~na tipica,
GJ.IDClo cJ mmprador echa un.1 m.ai.ci
para probar la c:alidad.
"
"•
. ......
Luc-iano \'a-a Mera.do, uno de los come-rd:antb que mu,ieron acti,.·05 por m..h. cte
14 a.nos., PO Quiere ine para la nue-va plaza porqut' en ella DO hace M&ocio. ·
. ...
! .. l':
,~-
;. :,:j
'
lecnicas de anercadeo a los moratlores.
que sugiera m<-d,os de promocion para la
mbma, qut> ofn:1.ea incentivos )' que di
el loqlH" de ma~ia p.ara haoer que los
que estan se qucclen, lo!> que no han in~tt~do, lo hagan, )' qut el publico de
Aguadilla ,isite la misma y 1e con,•enza
de las bondades de aas scrvicios.
Agua<liJla de.sde Barra.uquitas c:omo poli•
cia )' se, quf"d6. Ue\·aba 9 aoos con el
nrgodo de la plaza luego de haben.e
retirado de la Uniformada. Tenia en N
pue~o. un ,·olumrn de nrgocio ~ $200
w:-manalt"s y ~taba liquidando para reti-
ran.e. Estu\·o r-n Ja nue\"a plaz.a de) mer~
c:aclo
CXM'I.
un IK'1:ocio
de ttfre:i,qucria ,.
fracaso.
_ ..A.,:uadilla tirne 20 bamos•. dijo .. Y
le de ..-u solidtucl al M"C'tttario de- Comeranadio: "'Dos de estos est.an mas ttrca cle
cio un e-studio sobrc rl lunC'ionamit"11tC de la nut',·a plaza de) mr-rcado; IS. indusi,·e
la .misma que hiz.o rl profesor ell' Ulffl<"r• el pueblo, est.an lejas. l\o biciHOR rut.a
cio de la Univenidad Catolica dt' Ponce. public.. no hicieron 1111da.•
La me-rcancia wa timt' tambien su agosto Pl !iil"faor Ht'."C'tor R('ichard. hijo.
En mt.•<.Jio ck-) eujambre Je acti,·idad eri
la Jiquidacior: de la vkja plaza del
Luciano \'rra t.lercado, WM> (I,.. lo~ que
la ,'f'nta tit- chichanon ~·o!ao, tabaco hi·
·
mercado.
ocupaba una caseta alttdedor dcl cdilicin )a,lo. ~ o , came de c:erdo Irita. e,I
principial de la vieia plaza de1 R'M'"rcado,
pan y las verduras,, Hipolito F.ant.aussi,
aiKJS no le pennill" • su pueblo crccer y
dijo que, pas:aba par su puesto tic- mcr- quien ,:stuvo 12 aria- con un llll";?OC'io. cle
atenderse m~.
cancia Jil'C8 60 t't'nla\'OS diarins y quc por ~ut·ria en la ,irja plaza del ntt.-rc:ado,
La nuc,·a pla7..a dc:'l mercaclo tit.·aK" c:a- C'lllA mi"iffl:l focilidad. kndrla qm.· pas:ar no b.,lbue<"O Ct.Si una palabra. Solarncnte
paddad para
_ ~ de In" cual~
en la nuM·a $1.6.Z al dia.
Iii! circunscribio a asentir en lo Q8t' fteocia
17 perma
• ~·,r ... o::i., dandolc al lugar
£1.plic.-6 don Luci;mo -dos dias antes liU amigo y a decir qne con
$150 a
un ti])ecto <,~ubrc. Loe. du"i'°~ de lo" de ttrran.r- la plaza- quc las ca.vtas de- 6200 que tcnia de j!anancias
-·.'1~
23 pue~os ; ur hay funrionando est.an
madera la com·pr:uon a otrm ror mrd~os . logr6 le,:anlar una f amilia Rr le ')' ,-dupcrdiendo
iero ,. d<' tr:m~:urrir a1aian
lf-1?1\lc." )' ron I~ docume-ntos correq,onc:ar al~mos dt' Ns hijos. Pen:l $:?00 tn
tiempo ma tc.l~ ~ ,-crian nhli$!ados •
dientes. Que lle,·aba alli unos catorcr aiim ..una a,-entura.. que- hb.o t"tl 1 pl.u.a del
cerrar. Las nla~ dcl local son drmatjado , y qnt- hahia pai:ado aJ ronnicirio de
mc.·n-ado nuf"\·.a porque f racas,o tu\·o ~uc ,
ahas y c1 pu ·
~s!.1 pabocin:ando la
~~aditla por ~ntas. ma~ de Sl<l,000 en retirarR.
~ ~
misma.. factorrs
<fple-rminaran si el ese- prn0<lo de Urmpo. \'endia un prome- •
•para
alli
,·a
ser
sirmpre
(atal...
--decentro de.I mercado. ).'lt'rma.n<'<"era con sus dio d~ $Z50 a $350 ~manales. Ahnra no
put'rtas ab,ertas en A~adilla.
qui<'re ir all& porque no hat"f' nf'J?.ocio. daro por otro lado Jnaquin Alon),(), un
El a1ca1de Jose Ace-vc:-do Alvarez ha
).fa>.:imo Diaz Col6n -due-no de un dueno de puesto de ferttteria.
Juan Tirado Ortiz,. el 'IL-I put'Sto de
pt"dido al St"Cff'tario d" Coml"'rcio. doctor pu~o de m<-rcena- &!la("J?Uro qu~ •e,ste
Carlos Lastra que ven5?a al rei.cate de Ja : es el ,itio donde K' hace el prso. A.Hi no. &\"t'S dijo QUe •u no C'S aqw DO dtbe IC'f
plaza del mercado nuevo. Que les ensene . Aqllf'Do es inaccesibJe·. Apunt6 que fue a en ninguna otra parte· -ttfiri~o.~ a la
Para c:Lu sm. raz.ones, e-1 innimbt."llif"
munidp:..I a,:u.,dillano ha u~do como par-
en
qtre
'
�locl1izaci6n de la p1ua n..........,--- .,
don
If: impone.•
.
El edificio principal de la YleJa
· de! rnercado --que tenia unos 40 ,r-JeStas- estaba de:501.ado y abandonado cuan-
do BOHEMIA
LIBRE
PUERTORBI•
QUE~A estuvo alli. De los doce que R
negaban a
onar las c:asetu constnaid~lllfiliMiiilli-.~ ..edificio. uetc tuviee se.r Devados a corte: Agapito
Maximino Diaz Colon. Filiz c.rm
Mario Ferrer, Luc:iano Ven,.
ontafic-z y Catalinn Salil\ti.
En I ·injunction· interpuesto por el
alcaldiJ!!~;
A~vedo Alvarez a trav~
de1 ~\ilir.on Tone1 Rodriguez.
.-~-~ r-:;:-.~~ ~~\.-.......
.
,....
Hipolito Fantauui Com.ilu ac c:ambio de la plaza wieia al
A.hon • retira clefinith·ammte.
D\lt'VO
mercado
'T
fraat..s,o.
·
. . '~
11;.--
·-~
.- ·~~~
..
.. \
\
\
\
,,
'-..··
""Confio ea que las cos.as se arreg)en• •
dice Hector Colon Alonso, · subaministra·
dor del nuevo mere.ado.
los .ncgocios no habio.o sido
autorizados, que no pagaroo palentes al
gobiemo 111unidpal, q uc no rcuuian los
equisitos de ulud y que las in!>tilaciones
elecbicas c:onstituian un peligro para los
veclnos y la comunidad rn general. Sc
pe-dia • la cortf' que ordcnara a estos
abstenersc de conlinuar hadcndo Degocios )' que lie drmolicran las casctas.
En. un · ··
.ante cl iut"z Modesto \rewqu
. ..,_at.-ord6 darlc $200 por
las
las y 15 di~ para ah:>.nJonar1as..
P
1, no ob!>lante, llevarse la m.adl"ra..
El
de agosto lie les vencio el term.inc.
plaza del mercado nue\·a que est.a
.,,da ~n la enlrada dt> A,iasco fue
inau
,la _!?9 de abril pa!i.ado. Su loall
es limp1 •
-o ; titne facilidade5 para
estacionamiento de whicu)o1<. Su plata•
fo~a de descarga. y ca..r,ra cs a.ncha, pero
se ve cksolada. El canon tit- am:ndamienlo de los puestos nuctii.a f'ntre 17.10 ha~t•
$63.00 scmanalH. Abunda mucbo eJ caDOil de 123 y 125.
se alego que
a
. I
.11
!
"
j
-:h
..
, 1
I
•
Pablo Cruz paga I IS semanales por su Oamante local )' ·•w lcK No>· '-cando apurao•._
�1·
Entre los puN,105 que iniciaron ~"-,
c:iones . pem que It' Yieron obliga •
-cen:u porqur el publico no patrocino
ncgc:x:ios fucron: un colmado. Wla fanna. cia., una caf<-teria.. t.rcs pu~tos de 'Vt"r•
dur&s uno de came. 4 baz.ucs. un p11csto
de lechc. uno de p:-scado. uno. ferretcria,.
uno de polios ):...dP.~· ~ 7 ~ . •
Los que ..afNialllilllill-i'"ando 50ft: -15 de
verdura., d" aves. 4 dt- came y 3 cnlmados.
'
El wdai
so dijo q
Juan ~apo Soto, ducno de on punto de
•·rnlurti, ft-pt'ra p1cimlt'mftllr por un
dicute. Su nnta diaria flutiu.a
,. tra pesoL
enlrt'
dos
"" ..
...
..,.
I
I
i
"
plataforma de- carp ,. descarga
ft\
./
/
un dia cir la liif'mana.
..Ln.t" )' a~·,:uro quc d ,:olumcn
,,~. dd m,c-vo mczc:ado ci bajo
Pablo Cruz, WKJ cit• un pilt'sto dt· (lollos•
•riwli, tJUl" licHc quc ~ar en cl 1mC'\'O
pi,hlic..-o ni lo" camionei- u:m la
·· ·
. Exp1ico qnc- n mu)·
JUc.•n.·atlo $18 a'11\au.\lrs c,,mo .....mou tlr
am•t.tlamienlo y quf' e-sln" ""R lo, htor
"UK2ndo apurao·. Anadio que a jcicio de
~ible qm·
......~ y otra, focilidadt•:.
e:..1cn por las cercania~ de la pla.r.:i rn un
foturo ccrcano, 1bric-nc:lo n.-.i la, p1er1a,
al c:nmercio de A,:uadilfa a que ~ e1:-
tienda para olro~ lat.las hwra d<" la
. fc~ de la plnz.a. de rccrro doudC'
el ocnlro comercial in.is importante.
ax-ri-
~ta
los
QUC
t.:iJx.n. W
COS3S tiirl,?Uiran
m.iJ
'('IOf•
qut• 11uu cuando cicm'l'I la ,it•ja lllaz.1.,
cl public.'O k"J:Uifa pnr alli...QUC' ft cl
ctnlro dc.-1 put>blo•.
Juan ~ Soto. quc ticl'lll' un 1•acsto
ck v...,Ju~ ~a t9.7S scman.Ab y esta
C."11 W ~ocio M>gun a't:"guro.
La veuta diari.1 pnnncdiu Huctwi._ 1ic:gun
dijo. en Jw. t· lre:s dolares.
f r:ml noJri,ucz. pn.~dcnle de la Camara Junior Jc Comercio. quil'n lle,o a
Ja nuM·a plaza una lannacia para ·darlc
uu mrjor •~-i,ttto.., pagaba $63 1eui.1n.:1lc~
de arrendaruiento por .t."U local 1'o du10
do~ mes,:-31,. £1> ck- b que cr1."t' que 5.i d
perdiendo
nm.·,·o men:ado f rucas.a. ..ft que e) putblo
no quictt el prograc,·.
Y asi. ha ck-!o.3Jlan"l-ido
1.11
A,:-u:.dill.J la
vit·j.t, )' lipica 1)1.iz.t dd mcrc:aJo. Eu 5U
to0l.ir ck·. unos ]SO lftl"I.J"m. a,;u,l,awlos. !o("
k"\·,mtar.a 1111 rnoc:lt.•rno J",ilRJm· c.lt• c."!J:u:io·
u.unit"llto, quc.• Im. \'t"Cin
t1c-- i:-ahda
ha,l:l Aiiasco )' los dC' la m.a nu.ti d,·
la ciudaJ af'l'.'n~ COJnoc:,::a.,n. ~li<'nlra~
tanlo, lo-- m.i.., ,-:ilm.'lclos
"'l"'-·falmt·nk
t"l alc."31Jc ]tbC An•,,t-..lo Al rt·z-. :a~~udan co11fa~dos en qnc t'I · ~ ~ t o ~1.i a~,ula quc purd.:i. pl'C."lilM rl ~hif.'n~o
junto al burn l'nh.•ndunit•nlo dt" lo~ \'l'Ci·
no,<, de-· I.a tiudad. har-:1 pmdudr uu p.iso
m.is de adel:mto 118,ril t<Xlos los quc resid<·n m aqu<'l bcllo lit.lrnl drl O'c:k dt.•
nuotra bl&.
�iNOVENO.'
.. _.
-#-:,---·-~·
~-"'~':'_--,,-:--·· - - ~ ~ ..
~ .. :_ ~11:1111.~A ST RIST AS ~SE r";·
f.'.~ ·
, .. .
f-.~· ~
•
.
... ,...... i.:..r
ACOBARDARON_.•
~
~}r·-~
: - t
'i .
I'
EN DESEI
·--~
~:··1/~~i!
wmda la ODECABE dio .Ill uJtim6~~ pre'\iniendole Que de repriirse inc:klentcs simlJa. :·:
i • res al ocvffi~o m el partido de beimol eon Puerto IUco ~
!- Rri~tfl'Mf1 de los IX Jut>KOS, el fefe de la dclcp·--;'.'j
::. cion wbana -Manuel Conz.6lu. CIICJ"fa- clcscarao toda X
;, la culp11 de los hechos en lcK exiladas r"cuamos., a,. °fil
:~.. hanos. Diu dcspub, en la ttuniltu ~ la ~cnii>a ·de.]
.. · la sede de Jos X JueJCos a Puerto J\"' ofredo 1111 a•, ,t
1.· cusas ., aeiia16 el a1>0stata que la claque de pnm,cadora , .
cle Al delf."gacion habia sido de,-ueJta a CubL tQu~ le ..:~
. hizo nmbiar de eontencion? Conz.6.le:r. Cuen"at el titCl'C_ · •·
.. eo,iado por Fidel Castro y Rafael de J. Ja)es:w a Jes . ~
•
Ju~gos de Jam1ica, evidenlernente no las lenla ·lodes ··')
c:onsigo. lmpuso un acuartelamMtnto mis rigu.roso para ~
t el reno de su delegrci6n. ,pae .era estreclwnente \ip- - :lada por la policia jamaiquina, pero aw ad DO paMfo ·
e-ritar unas 18 derrcciooes
cubano, msiosos de Ii- ..
bertad. Mcjor Jue ui_ de-spues cle todo. Los puertorri- ·.
queiios estaban ..preparado, ... para cualquier olio ind- :
dmte coo los c::timslti mbanos duranle los Jucgos, _.:
..por fii aC'tiO·, y estos ultimos -acobardacfos- .prob....
b1emcnte lo compreodieron asi, porque en el ultimo ca-·- ".
. · cuenlro deport:ivo eotff Cuba y Puerto Rico en el ba· :
· loncesto. w lomaron la ioic:.iati,·a de inlercambiar l\tS ,
, e11miselas con los jugadores borinquenos en un l1ipocrita
gHlo de confratrmiz.acion. a) cua1 conespondieron los.
horic111s C'On 5U tndidonat hidaJguia de aceptarlas y re-,
plarles las suyas. Pt>ro los aastristas no enp.naro;,J a nadie. Los unicos mp.ii.ado, fueroo · ellos mis:rnos.
f
de
Paerto Rico c.-onquisto m primen meclalla de- oro en los L\
Juc,;os Crnlroamtticano, en Kingston aaando Fernando Bae;
,:ano el campconato olimpico de, ""·antamit'nto de PNQ:i. c,
el P"SO catlo. Hilo aqui (al c:ientro) en la ftffmonia orit'i.a
de la entrei:a cle mef\31la,. A Al lado los ob'os dos finali~ta,.
J.lartin Di:a.z, de la Cua!·ana Britanica, y Hector Curicr
cle Cwu.ao. ·
-~
-··· .
~
I
•
Juan Rios le dio un.a ,idori.a iniclal a Puerto Rico en e-1 drportr del lc11i,. Aqu, lo n&nOi en ace.ion contra Michael Valdez., de Trinidad. a quico de.rroto 6-2, '7...S, 4-6 y 1-S.
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Puerto llico obtu,·o t.o nuarta mNlalla cit- oro en la OJim1>iad
al ancurw Lt-oo L,-on an triunfo ... el cltpnrtr drl liru: t
c.am()('onalo indi,idual dt-1 tin, ripido s.ohtt 1ilueta~ con uri
nuf"·a marca ttntroamc-ricana cl"
ptmtos. Sc- porto Lc.-o
coo10 un ,"ffdadrro :idem.
S,.,
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·KINGST
:1·~. "!'
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r
-~· "'·~
EL SE~SACIOXAL SALTO DE 1\0-
,,
LAI\'DO u\UZ: El pue:rtorriqueoo J\o-
lando c.ruz establf!Cio el record mas ...
pectacular cir los IX Juegos al iq,onerw
en el alto coo ganocha w,·ando Ja eltu-
·•
Por primera ,..ez en la historia Puerto
Rico pn6 eJ campeonato olimpico de
le,·antamienlo de ~ gracia!i a las ha·
zaiia.s de estos otroi heme~. de izquierda
a dttttha: Pedro Serrano. medalla de
oro eo el peso pluma; ,·;c:1or Pagan, trr•
cua medalla de oro para Puerto Rim
en la categoria ligera, y Fernando Tones Collac, hijo, medalla de plata en el
peso lige.ro,.pcsado. il..oor a atos heroes!
'·
ra de JS"G... fl-o solamc:nte rompio Ro-
lando su propia marca centroameric:ma
de U"S"" que atableden en Im Jue-gos
de 1959 en Caracas, si QUI!.' .tambien meiom 'e1 record olunpico mundial pateneciente al norteamericano Don Bragg
con IS:S.1/S-. Helo aqui en el moma:ato
en Que se prrparaba para eiecutar el
historico ulto en MDPton.
1· aqui esti Rolando eo plenci ,,>e:Jo
hacia Al inmortalidad olimpica.. El
•oricua
luego
1s·,
intent6
wtar
los
pero · 1nall6
a
sus tres empe,6os. Sin embargo,
al retirarse reaoi6
una cit las onc:ioaa
mas
damon,.
as CJUe R tributa.ron a atleta al-
suno en el Estad.io Olimpico de
Jamaica. Su bcrmano Ruben clio a
Puerto
Rico
la
medaUa cle plata
eo el mi.smo ~"Cl).
to a) f inalizar en
~• M'J;tmdo puesto
am
r=rd de
u·.
enE
lfommto hidorico
quu~o Jtitt,
tolicita.ba r ohtenia la sedc e los l)c..
cimos Jucgos Cmtroame •
de I 9GG.
De pie:, d president, del Cornile
niudor de los Jucgos de Jaauuca, Her·
bert )fcDonald.. abriendo la important,
aesion. y ROlados los dclrgados Jiw Be-
•,a.
ncas.a, Victor Lochn, Jo~ CJarl Flores
y Julio Enrique M~&aS. de ~ o Rico.
,:
�Una sratisuna iOrpraa para los putttoniqurnor fUf.' la mac•
nffic:a actuacion de las muchadial en ,-olibol. Por primera
wez en la historia obtu,iffoa triwifos en eslc ~ Cll'JD•
quistando ~l subcamp('On:alo olimpim. Sus jubilosos compatriotu las wilorean aqui clurante a&1 vidoriosu ~ ·
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'tl"m:os 'Coll:i.~
El M:',::Undo pue~o lo,::rado aqua por Fenuando
bijo, le.- dio • Puerto Jtioo Wla ml'datla de plata
n cl le\-antamienlo de pews ,. su Quinta en este deporte l...rl-antaron
mucho y hueoo Jos ~
.
.
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:
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Los muchacbos del ,-olibol tempoco lo hicicron
RIii
este juego coo eJ tnbuco cle Mexico por
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nw.
IUl.
Pt"rdie·
pclu.
�l
por MYR_T~ SILVA
'Hola, mis quer os K'dore5. • • Aqui esde nuevu coli u~1._ede.a 1ies;uirlcs
1.oy
c:,onta.ndo de mi ~ - De\\')'Ol'Ci,.t
Ja semana pasada ya Jes relate el
.viaje de ida y lo_ 4lut' vi f.'D algunos
poes
nos ... ,
Pues bien. dejenme. continuu con mis
ftl')erit'ncias. El -misnwi dia del concierto
en el Camegir Hall sali a almorzar con
Vicentic:o \'aides (quien, dicho · 1ea de
paso est.a_ ac:abando en esta} )' cxm Bobby
CoUuo. Vi&nte nos llevo al restaurante
cit unos chinitos cubanos que queda por
- la Cincuent.a y pia, )' la Oc.ia\·a y qu:! si
mal no rccuenlo ~ llama .,Asia... Alli colDinos de lo meior )' snbr!" todo un tamal
en camel.a qut- estaba como hacia tiempo
que
)'O DO
Jo comia.
(La verdad es que siemp1C" qne como
tamal en cazue1a me acucrdo d~ Rene
Cabell, pues cuando en cl aj,o 1948 hicimos una temporada junlos rn .Mexico )"O
me hospedc unos dias en m depart.a•
llieoto y el mt' coc:i.i1aha cl t.amal en camela a las mil mara,illas. Pon.inc si C'Omo
cantante Ren! es fabulo.-.n. romo c.-ncinero
quedaba atra~ eu es.a cpoca..)
. . ·. Del •Asia... me fui de 01mpra.o;; y lu!'l?O
110 st'
·. ·am Panicol a la p-lnque-ria dr Ramoneito.. Alli vi a 'Dli amiJ:a Carmen Torre-s..
la gnm cantante espanola que debia df"
halrr debut.ado en estos dias en San Juan
pero que dcbido • un accidenk automu-~ . vilis1ico qur sufrio en Nur,... \.orl --que
_,~·-·
--·1...._.casi le cucsta L rida-. tuvu que canoe':.~ .
lar SU contra.to. Gncw • Dios. )'II eda
empczando w (n.nca COIJ\•alecencia.
Bueno. Clt".\pu~ .lui al Concierto como
,·a ks conte -la temana pbada y aunqw
el publk'O oo fur mu>· nutrido, era.n muy
cariiim.os lo~ q11c fueron. porque a mi me
- .;, .
tu,'k•ron casi 45 minutos en ew:cna. Esa
11()(.-he me Ul\;tuou a ir al Chateau Madrid. No pude ir, ~ro
ent1.~ri que alli
J.,"5l.aban actuando Roberto y Alicia. y que
· dd,utaba !Jb... rto Roehl. a quN:"n vi por
La &rraca es.a n,i.!>1na noche.
Ah, en el Chatcau sigue mi buen amigo
Pupi Campos dirigiendo la oi:quest.a y
!
animando el show. lie dejo una notita de
lo m;i.s gracio!.a en el hotel y me dio muE~1• e-1 Dolore. Moreno, una de las princha pc:na no vcrlo personalmeutc ponJU("
c:ipaln fi&llf'ti dcJ. B:allet de Jose Molina.
siC!tnJll'C k- he lcuido on gran carif.10. Er:
la nota Ilk' dt,cia quc hace un IDl."!. su
Bellomo >· C,..lia Alcantara, tan enc:wta•
JiCi10ra dio a Juz !lo"\J cuarto heredcro y que.
por lo. tanto1 ahora tiene ttts l'IE'nas ,. dotl'S como Aempre.
El Junes por la ooche fui a u.na fiesta ·
u.n nenc. Pupi tambien me contaba quc
sr ,•a para Miami Beach. al Hold Diplo,. de- cun1pl~ai10S de Alfredo \"arp.s, can•
j
lanlc ,. din:ctur de· orquesta. )' alli pude
mat, y. quc )'a lle\·a un aito en el Chateau
p
I ,
"3)udar a muc:has de mis amistac:IM.. Entre
Madrid.
I:; '
El domingo me dieron una comida en ell.is. reeuerdo a Felix Antelo. Roberto
Rodrii:urz.,
a
Don
Bh·ero.
un
gran
music:o
""La F nnda del Sol" (not.a a los puertorriq ueians: nu liiC dejen engailal' qur lo dt" cxm qu,cn yo trabaje hace c:asi "-ante ailOl
)' QUt! Wgue igua)itO, liiOlO llD J)OCO 11W,
fond:1 ~ el nombre nn<la m.bl. Este mar.a,'illoso rc.-stawantc Se hiz.o ~ un cm,.to calvo. . . T ambien gjude a la csposa de
de.- tn..,. millont"to de doln~ )' .sinceramcn• Alfo.-do, EUJ')· dr Cordo\·a, que R ha destaacado a.JlllU actriz wtimameute. y • Lylel
te. cou todo lo que yo he viajado. me
quedc boquiab.iert.a. me crei que Yo era Conz.alrz.. En el party b.we que hacer
Alicia )' que est.aha en el Pais de las~ como Blas - ..)·a comiste >· ya te -va.s·- .
porqne ~n cl hotel me e1otaban espera.odo
llara,·illas.
El pro~ito dcl n"Sl.aurant.e en (,'Uestion e-1 amigo E~pind Borges )' C a ~ pe!1.
es tener e-n Ku~~·.a lork un tipico rinoon riudista y fotoi:rafo, par.- hacerme una en·•1.
latinoarne-rkanu. \' lo ban logrado. En el lrt"\.'isl.l par.a ..La Farandul.a Pa:oia'" de BOHE~flA LIBHE Pll£RTORR1Ql~E~A.
-puc.le probar comid~ tti;ionalcs de ).le,,.
Tan pronto tcnuinaro~ me acostc, pues
sico, de Peru, de Arge-ntina ·)' que se )'O
de cuantos otro~ pahes mas. El 1ervicio a I.as 8.30 d"' la ma1iana 5iguienle> me fue
,·
es marnillo!oO )' el ·ma.itre· es boricua. se a bu~.ar \ ic-rntico \"aides para llc\'arme
Jl.:una Aln y t5o dh.ino. Tieneo cmpleados al Aeroput•rto a tom:i.r el avion de regrcso
de toda Americ.a Latina. Sinceramcnte. de a Puerlo Rico. Uegue a Sa.n Juan a las ,
tooos los lugare> que he ,'isitado, e-te ha !?.30 de la t.tnl«:. r tu\-e que ponerme in· t
liido el quc nw- me ha impresionado. y -nlC-dialanK"nk a pn·par.3.J' mi progr.una dcl ·
lau cs asi quc, aunquc >·a n1is lcc.iores · clia ,-.iJ.'l1ic·ntc. ""l'na Hora Conti~o... tii
~l.>tm quc aw at."ffi.lumbru a darle coha a c.·omo d Jd,ut de \'ittntiC"O \'aides,
11
I
fluit·u lui a buw:-.tr al Acro1>ucrtu d .... _LJ.
na<lic, •iuil-ro •·r jU>la y daitc un plwru.zo
de oro a ..La Fontla dcl Sol" porque m• \'crJe d jUC'\'\..-:0. o SCA, dos dfo.s dc="spui~
L
!
de tiue i-1 me llc,·ar-. al de ldl<"wili!. gra.mlt"a' • Latiooamt!rica.
1':o .pud<" vcr
t·Jiscs Brcne~ oi a
Alaora hiL•n, )·a he
·resc y
Orlando Rima. ni a lantos .amigm, nu<» cuanlO!l chimlt"cil<r.- dC1ide quc
I.
quc vi\·l."n alli. (\·o quc midi un buen pirnloO cun1enzar a publkarlo,. a 1rtir dl'
la prrh.ima. M!lllana. A,i cs que
ttcP\JlO en 1'Ul'\'A 'fork r./: lo difidl (JUC'
1,rcp.i.n ver a la gt."llte-.) Hable por telcfooo ttn Im. quc ban ~1ado h;acit•t,do ma~...
am mucha gt.·nte Cj\lt' me llamu a) hotel durank n1i aus<:ncia pcn.Qudu 'I'll' )'O no
pcm no me ak-anw t.-1 licmpo para poclt•r ika a n1lcram1c. • • 1Ja. • • il' okidaron
vc•r a la n1.1yuria de eUos. ni • la pobl't' • d~ quc )'O dc.•jc- mi •ed de e.pwn.ate al
Luc,· Faber,·. quf' tuvo que car1CClar 11n 8lffllO!
Bul"IIO, ha,ta tH,W tire y Die l.A11e por
amtmlo a Colombia por enlc:rmcJad.
Tambicn habit: por tdclono COD Euzo a;.i"aca. Barambambay • •• ·
me
.
I
rl
ti
~
0
a
ni •
£o b (int.a de rurnpluiM>s de Alfn.-do
J' dirf!'dor de orquesla,
~ a mucba.s de las amistades que tengo
Var;a., ant.ante
••-·---- v-...l-
a,-rriguj' unos
1'
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Texto de VERGARA
ta una noche en que. tambieo de acuerdo
c.-on lo~ didaJos dcl autor. Angela le rega.lo el albo snamifero niedor a Padre
Pablo, cl cu~ DO era Olio quc Jose ).fa•
nuel Caic.-oya. En e1ia oc:a.sion.., cuando ella
EL CONEJO DE VIRGINlA
lo dc&lO.'iito m Ju tremulas ~ cle el
los lclL.,..iJentn pudieron pen::alalae --pcHay un eonejo I ~ . el cooejo de le a lo birn quc Into de dwmularloL-pera.nu... Pero este · ~ otro. que lam· del wsto que pas6 el actor c:uando Rubi
bi~ .)'& liene su famita: el couejo de estuvo • punto de eliCapan,ele.·
AJ finaJa.z.ar la esccna. fue QI.It" Caicoya
\'irg.iniL \' Virginia es.. en la novela Cua•
tn> muiera.. la actriz Luz Odili.a Yont. · .prottsl6;
- \ 'l no Ii cargar esto. Por favor, que
quien con esc nombrc le babia tocatlo re,,
no lo tenga que eoaer mas en mi3' map"1il!'lltar • la jibarita noble, ingenua y
dulce, propietaria de Rub~ el 'cooejo de 005 •••
Pero al siguie-nte dia e1 lihreto acotaba
est& historia .••
Con et animaUto en sus brazos. de· que en la escena que Peodro Pablo ckbia
acuerdo con la lrama elaborade por Lope2 fiO.,lc™"r con "ocmi, su no,ia (Ruth Cain.
del Rincon, la muchacha h3bia aparecido ntra de l:u, Cuatro mujeres). ttmdria qtie
en los primeros capitulos tel~\i~os. Ha.s-- Uevar car&;;ado a Rubt En · el e11sayo.
AYER •••
Ya ustedN eonooeu at.a secaon ncieotemrnte inauiurad.a. 1.o· que ae busca
es que adMnm quim n, en la ac:tualidad, eosta prtclosa nena que IN moslra·
mos C'n et.la loto ammc.ada de un Album
famniar. Si lo ad.h'inan demost.raran un
conocimicnto plcno dt' nuestra larandula.
)' por ello no ks escatimamos nuestra.s
mis tfusiu.s f rlicitaciooes. Para •>"U~a,.
los en la in,·estigaclon ks dirernos que
w lrata de una jo"·en actriz de n·, que
IC esta destacando mucbo en actuales
dramatizac::iones.
;
c::uando mncumo ante las dmaras con
Buth.
eJ
no carsaba a Rubi. • • ,
\• fuc enlonccs que Luz Od.ili.:.. para
ju,:arl". una mab pasada • ,..; comp:i.i1cro,
le llamo la ateOC'ion al 4irecfor Pablo
:t
RRA ACTRIZ
Esta cotoPfa".:goe_ ~ 'muestra el plan Baul D.&,ita liNw IU historia .artistica. Hiro
au debut en las tablas, como e~1ra, en Sohre la t'U<"rda floja.. mando La mi.'l'iCU'I.
funcionab1 en la ula leatnJ de la Autoridad de Comunicadones. Ultimammlr ya
represeolo un rol de mas importanda en Marilx-1 )' la ..-xlraiia f amilia. En ma obra
se Dam.aha Susana ., ha.~a hablaba y 1e reia. Dewie •~10. liacia esto ultimo tuera
de h"brrto. euando le w:nia eo can•s. porque est.a c:olita,. c:omo tocb buma •ctri.l:, es
tambien mu~· tempel'UIM'!lltal.
Franl:el:
-Director. l'1 libreto · que Q debe
tencr el cone-jo en ws b
s ••.
El dittctor le" fij6 ento
en la arolacion. )' exclam6 acto Rguido: _..
--Cierto. 1Que traigan el conC'Jo!
Lo tra;e.ron. \'., para SU ~radon,
Caico)·a tuvo que ecllarlr. mano. A~i .. SU·
jf-tando aJ inquieto animalilo que 1e esforuba por dane a la precitad3 fu~.1.
enYvo la e$Cen& our d~-i,ues. tambi.Sn
�,.
1
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POLL@LANDIA
E aporte tie hoy es una e:u~lrnle actri.z.
puertorriquena de todos cunocida. Se
trata, nada mas ,. nada meno§., que de
Ruth Cain. A su arte magnifico Ruth
11.11e su belleza, Que astedes pu~en ap~·
c:iar, a· caba1idad, en las fotograUas que
les o l r ~
con B en sus manos, fingaendo una t.ercnidad que estaba mu)' lejos de scnlir en
taJes un,tantes, rcpitio con Ruth en la
trasmision .••
El infoliz
es de Virgin
E ..pe,an:z.a,
qoe lo adq
mf'Lido en
Sammy, el
1'n6grafo )' jcfe dcl Depar·
tamento de
. ·~rN:'io sola.mente
a Luz Odilaa que'ic1o regalari.:1 cuando
ya no biciese falta en la oovela. Pero,
eso si.. con Ulnl mndidon: q,1.u.• ell~ que
tiene muy bien ganada lama de el..-perta
eocinera. lo in~ila~ • comer dcl Irie.a~
que baria am el apeotit050 y bien cebado
via de la defuneion imprevh1a. el per·
mnaje Francisco Rr~ que J.liguel Angel
Buhl ..•
Alvara babia ve.nido interpretando a LI
DEFUNCION IMPREVISTA
De buenas a primeras,. par la socorrid.a
c:naz d~ Mami Dolores., ck.i.aparici6 de la
tr.ama. El mah-ado )' odiadofrancu..co
Rene que ,ituperas,e ,- ~ prga. a Mania
Dolo~ que moliesc a palos
los infclice-s peones de, Don Ricardo. ue ena·
morbe a la hermana dt? m nm"ia., hJji.a
apal'f'Cido muerto en fonna tal que hasta.
el polida mas indocumentado habria Ue-,:ado .. la definith:a condusion de que se
tr.llaba de un uesinata .••
Todo esto ocurrio en la peQUf'l"ia pan•
talla. En la reaJidad, ftnJ>"ro, wCNli6 om
~ : que lligueJ Angel Al\'tl'e2 habia
j.
I
;.
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~':,~Lu: ~.:1.;. ~u:::c,
.
.
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la novela.. trataron
cerlo desisw de 11.l clri.stic.a ad.itud. (!_
productore& de
actor maotu~1> en f i.rme 11.1 postura. Ante
esto. a la autora Ericb Duran {P) DO le
qued6 mis ft'mcdio quc dcsviar su ,a
trazado argumcnlo y liquida.r al malvado
F~
le·s~conocen.
~ U v a manera
••
.
que ya mt
En los
e:ran las v
lado a otro
q~ habian
CW' a
SU
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v · •· ··.
rcdios de \\'APA-TV
·ioncs que c:in:ulaban. de an . ..: ·.)
en re!acion ron los motivos
~ .;
..-. ··~
impulsado a MM a n,nun,,
. - ; ; .•\
papel. De tod.u, est~ «a la
~~- • , ..,.
:'Qu:e::liz.:~,·a '!1!p~~do actuar ffl 'La
c:nu de llama Dolo~s ~n la Cff"C'ncia de
que le da.rian a interpretar cl bueno de
la historia (en ~.. ·cns.o et penonaie que
df'SCDlpeuaba Mario Pabon), pero al c:omprobar que el Francisco Rene quc le ad;odicaron era tan y ta.n malo .o mis que
·,
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gocios, le encantahan los versos.. Tal
wez por ello foe que un dia Ila.mo a
Beojamin a 111 despacho y .le cli;o:
-Quiero que me hagas un progra-
ma de
-·
b
:.1·
.. .
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Una ·uclta al pasado le hizo ft'C'Ordar a l"njamin Morales. el valioso lo-
cutor, ·tor y ded..amador, algo 'que le
habia
ado protagonizar. Tod.o - habia a ·cido en_ la W1':EL, que era.
por en ~ emi!IIOl1I radial mis
&inloniz:a a"'tle --Nerto Rico.
Al propietario· de la \\'NE!... el
acaudalado don Juan Piz.a., J)CSf" a que
SU
principal preocupaci6n
Tu
rec.it.as muy bien.
En radio eso hace faJta. EstO)' 5egur0
de que IU,Slari..
...···~r.
-
i\
.Cuando vea esla fotografia, es que Mon.a Marti R enterari de que fue sorpttndida ,
por la indisc:reta instant.int"&. Minutoi antes cle Que fuera al aiR' el eapttulo de
Nuo1ro~ hijos.. la oo,·ela de WKB~I-T\', la p-an adru: ingt'na an plato ck mpa caue _.
babia 5ado con(ttcionada en el estudio con el producto que se anuncia m la trumision, ,. Jue entonca que la e.amara cnlro en funciones. Por lo que se puede apreciar1
la sopa rer.ulto muy del agrado de la artist.a.
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LA INSTANTANEA ·INDISCRETA
'_,..
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•
e.n.D
Jos
De-
'\'Cl'50S.
Entu·siasmado -le habian dado por
vcna del gusto-, Benjamin Jo or-
ganiz.6 todo, )' .una semana dn]>uCS
el programa s.ali:i al a.i.rt: con el nombre mfu. apropiado y romanlico: \·er·
sos al atardecer. Como no contaba
mn un anunciante que Jo patrocinara,
el CQ!.lo de m media hora de dura·
cum corria por cuenta de la pla.nta,
o. diclio con mas claridad. de ,!on
Juan. Para Benjamin. que Sf' &entia
fcliz al trocarse rn ripsod.a. mis que
traba;o. la tra.smision le resullaha an
reconslilu)'ente para el espiritu .•.
Por eso. cuando sem:ma.s dc!i.pues
de \'enos al atardccer format parte
' dcl horario, el magnate le anuncio que
habia vendido parte de su t;empo.
&nj.unin 5inH6 que el eJificio. mn
anlt·nas y todo. le caia l'n la c.&bcza.
Anonadado por el lcrriblt· im{'ado
nada pudo aducir cuaodo cl seuor
Paz.a le iuformo:
-Benjamin, be "Cndido 20 minulm:
de tu procrama a un enunciante que
va a trasmitir Pototo )' FiJomeno, una
CCN. c.vmica. Asi que desdc mai&ana
\'enos al atan:ltttt sera dt- 10 minuto~.
El ri.psoda se rehizo. IJCS(" al corte,
y continu6 recitando con mas calor y
entuswmo cada dia. Se las habia
ane-glado de Jo mejor para que., dentro de aqucllos 10 minutos. la emis:ion
no pen.lien fluidei.. mteris y cmate-
Dido.
. Dos seman.as: mas tan:1e, Olm recado hizo que nuestro hombre c:oocu.-
riiera. ante
111 j,de.
..
-Benjamin -anuncio Piza-, acabo
ck, vender 5 minutos de tu program&
para un noticiem. En el tiempo que
le queda puedes iegUir .l:X'll Versos al
atardeoer.
El desconaertado Benjamin no opureparos. Sabia, de sobra, que- su
prognnu no h3bia enrontrado patroci.nador. Disimulando el dolor que lo·
estrernec:ia por dentro, se lim.it6 a
'°
~ntir:
-01.:eiy. okey •••
F rente a los microfonos_ durante va- ·
ri&l. tardes. lleno lo mejor. posible
aqudlos Jimitados cinc:o m.inutos. .Mas
un di:l. inespefildamente, spob inter,.
c."llado< en el c:arnbio dcl nolicie.ro t'
WJ {'f0J!r.U113,
mcnguaron
rnas
aim
IU
raquitic."O C5pacio. Fue entonc:es que
&·nj:unin. tra.~ arrib:u- a la pan pt!ci,.it'•u. conc..,irrio ante el pn,ptctario
ck- la cniliora y le hu.o 5abcr. _.
-Don Juan, lo ~jor es qvc Versos
al alardtcer no se tnsmit~as. Como
)"a no cuento ni COil ci
mi.nu~
lo unico quc podria Rdt.ar ri.a una
cuarteta, y pan e50 DO ,-ale.,,J.a P-:n.2
que u.lga at a.ire.. •
.: · W'
Al siguiente ~ Venw al atan!ec:iet ya no apa.reci6 ea el horario.
...
... ~.. "JI •
'
�Don llican:lo (este. el disico vd.Jano de
folleti.n). se lintio dcfraudado. ya que
iC,CWl Al modo de pensar cso le pcrju:l.icaba ante SD puhlioo que sicmpre lo
habi.a visto ~dcndo tipm. simpalicos... y
tie ahi que decidien rmuncia.r al p,o-
rA\ ·
\..ll!"~l
(
~
I
!I·
!
puna.
Fuera esta versi6n
1+- .D _no. la
cuesticin era que
1
ngel no
apan,cia en la
da novel.L Pm ello,
F.raocisco Ren4 ( e aJ abominable per-
lirllll.fe •
.. arr
Cllpltulos en un
mtes de tiempo.
All
desafueros. • •
ban en
Jos wtimos
lccho) hahia recibido.
d
judo castigo a todos
....... .........
• • •
Y HOY
1.Ta saben de Quien
se trata? Pan que
lo c,ontumen, aqul
ala la Denita COD
m1os cuantos a.ios
an.ls -no mucho.-.
es decir, eomo re la
w eo estos momm-
A ultima hora los rectorcs de Teatro
lnoorporado cambiaron sus planes y eo
IICZ. de Uevu a escena Usted puede se-r
• ~ino, .deJ espanol Alfonso Paso.
decidieron montar Debiua de haber obisPU, deJ azteca Solano. Lo que bacemos
,.,mstar porque )"a en est.a. Baraunda hahiamos anunciado que la primen · -obn
meocionada seria la que quf!" vendria dcst10& de la ya dcsaparecida Manuel ...
Cundo esta t."dicion de BOHEMIA UBRE PUERTORRIQUE1"A llegue a astedes, ~ydia SouHront, la rmotin a.ncionista boriaaa,. estara deJietando, COD SW
inlerpmaciones.. a la clit"ntda del 8 puer1115. del Viejo San JuatJ .•• En La no,·ela
f ab, El amor de ·los .::rno!"e'S, la gus:tada
t-.bra de Ricardo Leon. scra brindada a la
teleaudie-ncia al fin:i1izar La cnemip.
\lanuel C. Pinera se enc~ara de adaptula a la T\'. Su!- prind:,a.l~~i. inlcrprf'les:
\oo.ia ~oemi Gonz.aJez... Maribclla Carcia.
Raul Davila,, Ult')' Boscana. Braulio Cns·
1illo. Como Qefflpre. diri,:ira . Edmundo
llli'1!'ra Alvarez... El triunfo de \"i~tica Vaid~ ent~ no!tiOtro', fue de los
en.odes. Se sal,ia que- aqui gustahan RH
atc:rpretaciones porque AH di,cos uemlft se vrndieron bien. pero ni la misma
M)'l'la Sih:a,, w reprcsentantc, estimaba
tos.
e
d,
en
Jo.-.e de 5.ln
Rafael ·nri11uc S.aldaiia. Ruth
Laura I.I rdl, Marta Di!i..'i)', Luis
l...icaga y Rigobc.· . .;.,~·z. el J..luni·
Anion,.
c.am.
ripio. con el a1calde 'don Baudilio Vega
a la cabeza. lo.s nombr6 ln\"itados cit' ho_, de- la ciudad. La nola no tcnnin:t;
\icuf: mAs adelante. . • . En estos momrn•
tes, Martita Martinez es la adri.J. que mis
aparicioncs. en no,·1:las, esti hacicndo rn
la TV pucrtorriquena. Actua en La CIUZ
tlec:ir
dist.inguienclo
nuestro
video.
..r}:·:·~
·.':.·, :.·.
...,~·: ..... .
~,
..
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~~.~,·,,, .... .
... .
... • .. .. '-
. ..
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.. ·... ·,., '•
•:. :1,, . ~- ..
...: :: :
•. 11A ""'
.... •
4.
•
f. t
t ••
1
~
C 0- HE TE
;.
. J'IOSJ'hlc est.a plausible actividad, rl Muni-
1a eomedia. R l D.h·ila,
QUe
,·
qD( d arra.strc del canlante aabano fue-ra
· tan grande. Al Tcatro Chino llen1 publico
m ca.olidad; AU presentac:iones en Una
Hora Contigo aumcntaron el )'A ele,·ado
.r•ling del siempre e.sperado program• de
\VAPA-n' • .Bieu por \'iC't.'ntico...
Fue
tm amntedniicnlo artistico la prescnla:...:i. en 'el lcalro San Jnse de ~la)·agi.iez..
l.a cigueoa dijo a. A .Franci!> Santiago. el
,"11.imo actor y director de T\', que hizo
api.ocipio de La Sultana dcl Ot.·!>1e le
otorgo. por ello. el titulo de llijo pred.ilecte. lgua} honor -Hija prcdilecta l"n su
r.no- le fue- con( · clriz Alicia
Mored.a., protago ~ta de a cil.tda obra )'
mayaguc:zana
o Fruncis. Pero l.a cosa
no tennin6 ahi: Jos dema.s inh~r11rett'1- Jc
Ni
hay (IUt' l!S lfartita
Martinez., la dam.ita
jo,·en 41ue tanto •
En Cuatro mujeres_ la novela qoe
Re)'llaldo Lopez. dcl Rincon csta
.escribiendo para el Can.al 2. Juan
Carlos Santa Cruz es el galan que
re rinde ante los encantos de .I.la·
. n'bella Carda. que bace eJ papel
de Virginia. (Las otras bes mujeres son: Jossie Perez. que es Rina;
Ruth Cain, que es Noemi: y Luz
Odilja Font.. que es Angela). Pero
como Maribella le. gana en esb·
tun a Juan Carlos, por orden del"
director Pablo Frankel. desde que
a,menz.6 la. d.ramatizac:ion ella Deva u.patos 1111 tacos.
Lo que ignora.mos es ·•f Santa
Cruz. pan lllt"jor lucir a la ahura
de las c::ircunstaucw, esti · wendo
elevaton... .
·
•
Las oosas ea TV son asl En
l
I
s-- ~~ :·.~?}~~:~:·(:.+.:~~
~. ~: . ;.~-·
.
..7:::-~·~
Cwmdo anidan w Pviotas.. de Te-·:·.:/:·~
le-Mm.do, I.a actriz. Lm Odilia 11,.;. ."'.
Font. que hacia la Celia, iba a .ae:r :-, :: :-,
madre,. de ac:uerdo mn. )a tnma. ·:·.-:·~
Al fin lo Jue, pero muri6 al du a. . :··.luz.. y unos capttulos m.is adelante :"· ~hacia Ill aparici6n Maria del Mar. ;~- · : ,
la h.ija que habia tr.lido al mundo,· ~. :·=pc,rsouaje interpretado par Rita ·
Maria Baratta.
.
;• -i_J.I : I
I
{
"'
t:
f
I
;
de 'WKB.\1-TI'. Todu, diaria'lt.. \' C'Jlsi
sicmprt, adcrruis., hact ado de l>rl.'~f'ia
en La historia de Ja canci1'm. quc una ,·ez
a la scmana trasmitr el Canal .f. Ff!'ro la
1nami de Martita opina qur m adorado
nlnno ..aha trabajando dema~iado, >· drbt dciar algo .... 1· naando la ma1n.a clitt
nada ticne de partiallar que ..alio
dejr.. la mui-hacha...
Dt-q,urs; de la
primt'ra rcprcscntacinn de- La C'igut'itl dijo
Ii, los artistas 1e encontraron con la sor•
f:~,
ru·1·'3 ,L, 1m aio «Jt1C"~ n1 M..t hounr. r lr-s
briuclt1 rn cl l1ntd ralm.:i.. }'1k'
q~u··
~ 1."fllh"J;:ilT~n Im litulo~ mi, arri~ m1."n•
a1,
C10nados. \ que. adt·ma.., los
I
,<
.....·- . . .J.
de '9mm Dolon-,;; J' en L:i 110\"l'la cit-I
rueblo, dt WAPA-n·, ,- f!'II ~m~lrm hijt~
•
: . -~.! :
Y ahora viene lo bueno: en la·.'.: ··
ft.alidad. la (}ue habia becbo 1111
rocargo a la cigiif"i\a no era la ma-·
dre. lino la hija. t.th daro: que ·Ja .·: ·:...
que n a ser madre de vcrdad es· ·. 4 . •
· •
11 _ _
Rita If aria,. que )'a &&:VII aaatro -..
meses >' pico en eso. armque .1as·. ': .
tel~identes, con toda segurid.ad. 110 ·~~ ·
lit' hayan dado menla de · m •
·
tado •••
•
,>>t'
.·. I iI
i',.}. . ! .,·
:i313j(•:a·
dos formn ob'L'f1uiadm. con 'IIC."l>tlfJ'li omm.
d1.•l Albuni pnelico pun1oniq~ ~· bs
adrices,. Mlrm.:i, ron lind~ eorsat:,k cl_cw-.
d:an•I"""· Ah, )' lras dh,,(mt:ir dd lll3J:uifico huffct. o J)("tidon d1.• ar1.i,1as r imitatlD.'ii, cl sc.,ior akn1de. dnn Bandilio \'1.-,.::t..
quiL-n anle:s de ~ir los delll1inc.-.,; elf' ~laYaJ!iicz IC hahia di~linguido como d«lamador• ftlCilO eomo todo UD t'Oru.agrado. ••
.,
�4
•
'Z..
"''-,
t
·t. I
31!'
> 1.
EL PROBif:u de las SEGdfJs).tEDicos•• '
1:,
"
..-,• \
, .·. · .
de
PUERTORRIQUElf OS
· --.LL••·
·
· · · por Slxto Toro
Cll'!lon
-fotos de ·BarcaleLos problem.u «'Onctmicm quc atra,ie-,
.. la mrporaclon 5'-guro de Servicios de
Salud mnstituren un motivo de preocu·
pacion para el Cobiemo. la da~ med.ice
de Puerto Rico )' para alredcdor de
1.000.000 de puertorriqueoo~. que de
acu~rdo con lu est.adisticas de- diuribuci6n de ing:eso por familia, son c:lit'fltcs
potenciales en los pro~imos a.iios • ,difl'Rntes planes dl' 1egum med.ieo-hm."Pila1.arios.. con a)'Uda de) patrono o dcl Go-
.
AZt1l, clnn,le tanlo el public:o c:omo b
ml,li~ tcnJ:an iguaJ repl't'SC'Rtacion. b
clcfrnMN't"S cle la SSS cons:ideran que la
entid.-.d podr.i. M"f:?uir opt"rando con edto
a l>Mia" Jc a1!o- difo:'llltades )' por otro lado
expert~ en la adnunii..1.racion de lie'n.icios
sncdico-ho!-pitalarios abos:an por m.3!'111'
inlc.·l'\·cndon dd Cobiemo en r q acli,i-'
da,I a11n4ur ~tlo no implique JIC"gar a 1a
med kuut
t.0Ciali7Ada.
En dcdaraciones e1.clu!th,-a, ct dirtttor
ejc.,culi\'O de- la Cruz A.zu1 dt- Pucrtn Rico.
sci"K>r Arluro de- la Cruz.. dijn a BOHEt.tlA L1BRE Pl'ERTORRIQUE1'A: ~osotros ad\'crtimos l1ace un aiin la sitnadan
qu<' t'Sta oeurriendn rn Im. lel'\ iC'IO.'- quc
plt"Sta la Triplr S. El prob1cma que con~ entidad es re,sy,c:,nQbilidad de
los medicos. )·a que aunquc luc organiuda con huenos pro~ito~ y por <-llo ha
f ronia
habido
ran.u
en la form3. de opcrar ).
admini,t.rar Ins SCl'\icios ...
El liir'nor De la Cruz admitc que la
Cruz Azul tamhicn ti<"ne problc.-m:1~ Un:mci<"ro" par haber c."!Jado opcrnndo con
pi•nli,la, duraule I~ liltim()) d4» af1oi..
Sohrc:- c.-slc: particular sei1ala qul' en cl
infonnc: Tms!'iC'1l. &•rt'llarado por un J;?m·
po de l"l.pertos dl" l:a Unin:n.i<lad de Columhia. con la fl)'\Kla dC' difr·rt!nlc~ consultorc.~ de Puerto ltit.'O.' IC add.into el .\.-aticinio dt' quc la Cntz Azul )' la _SSS 6C
dc-,tn1irian una a la olra por csta.r mmpi·
til"ndo pnr la misma clicnl<"la p.ra ofreC!f"rli· m{t, o ntc~ los mi~o-. 1Cnid~
El infomic Tru!,,),L'll t'S cl resuhado de
wi e~:m~li\to rstudio liOhft' los ~nicio-,
mroico-h<>"'pitalarios en la Isla. itdu)tm·
do al Gobi<'mo ). a la iniciati,-a pri,·ada.
AunquP esta )nhor St' ttali1.o con fondos
-i.a sss CD'lltinuara ofrecit11do la misma
caJidad "f cantidad d~ sen;clos • los wscriptora·. aclama el doctor Luis A. h-
9Uicrdo Mora.
biemo.·
todb la
de )os
rlau mmbinaclo dr Cmz Anal )" E"<'t1<lo
Azu1 que rt"•,·:urka I«" pmb1l"m:t"'i ~xi~lrn-
}HA
recogid
erim d
proyccci
legi.Jali"'°" )' w- .ometio eJ primer ~1.1m<"n dr- l~s condmion~ en 1960, no It'
han implcmc-ntado tod:n-ia la ma)'Of de )a~
recomcndociona.
·
A nomhrr dt-- la. Cn,z A1:11l. «.') a·iHlf
0..· 1:1 Cmz •u,:icrt• qu,· "C' ttlt·hn· una
l'l"tmion dt.· IIK"Sll n'l:louda, -oh-icl.:mdn lo"
pmh1c:m:u, «Id p.-,.,,aJo··,. para qnr la c:1:t'l'
mi-t)ic;J. r r! pt•b)ko. ('ClU ltol a..·upc.•n·ision
,1,•1 C'..nhi1·rno, rn1rd:m d.ulc ,itla • un
.-... ..
En el con"smso'l' de opinion solnesalcn
Im si&uientes fadores de todos las ogulos: afguuos rcctores d<' opinion consiocran quc b ancjorcs planes de seguro
medic:o-hospitalario.~ podran opcrar cfi•
cicnteme.nte 5610 baio Jos organiz.aclone.<li
.:parada.s como la Cruz And >' el E...,cudo
lr~ f"l1 nue,·:b orJ?animdnncs !-in fin~ (K"C'llniario~. El dirC."C.·lnr ci<.'C"l•fo·o rlr la Cm,.
Azul 11."n.,1:i. ndcm.i5- qul" fta cntitlar!
funcion6 durautr a1J,!un lit.·mpo crm pla~
~ de bospitaliz.-.cion 1· fiCl"\·if::fo" mrdit.'0-~uini.rgicos ha .. tA qne 5U~io b Triple s
cuando lrJca!-0 el intento ck orfMni7.a.r el
Escudo Azul por separado. con la (.'()Ope-,
radon de b due m&tica.
'-, \
r,ie-
El senor Arturo de la Cna, director
cuth-o de la Cruz Azw, su.gicre que se
ae!cbre una mesa redonda, ·oh.idando
los problcmas del pasado... para que la
c:lase mrdica y el piablico puedara darlc
,ida a un nun·o plan c:ombinado.
Anade el !dior De la Cruz que · -ei
co.,.lo real de b a:rvicios medicos par.1
b t.~a..~ ml-dia no 1e ban podidu estimar
totalidad. y quc ~iemprc ~ decla
que rnm ciccsivo;s. pero ahora la misma
cla!oe mi·dica lo ha eompmbado en su
propi.a corporadon ...
lnsistc d cjecuti\."D de 1a <:naz A.ml en
quc ta~ cuola!- no R pueden nunlf"nt:rr
e:11 RJ
durantc Ja Yig<"l'lcia de un contra.lo ,. , qu(;'
de acuerdo con la k-:)· no hay quc cclebrnr nue'\·a suba.itta ni renc,S?ociar el contrain de la SSS )"a qul" t"" ohli;:aciim dC'
~ cnlicl:u) COrJ10raliva cnmpJir Wfi com-
rmmi~ )" rt"'llfM:mr.abilidad Jd C.ohic:-mo
h:K-cr qur w amir,lan o ck lo qmtrario
liqui,l:&r la t."Or)10naci-on l'(W -tm!nl\'cncia
J,...vut."-s de amli,-carlc dcposatos y fi..mz.:i~.
£1 doctor Lui~ A. lzq)1icrdo ).for;\,
quic-n practic.a la medicina ,teocr.d f'n Rio
Pit.-dra.,, como afiliadn a
a,,t•ro ~in
OC1.1Jl,ilr car:,?u al;.tuun C'ft I
co11MJmdon,
npina QU<' hace faha ronca i11n a1 dirntc
y al mi-dioo para quc se !ha~ uso
•drcuado dt" un plan prcp.:i.tadn. En su
caractrr personal ,. J1mfc-sfonal ,.J ia1eno
l'C:).J')Onde • )as prr-gunta., srnalanclo quc
la Triple S ha daoo ml~ renicins de lo
quc so-;ticnL-n Ja.., primas paJ,":adas.
A.nade Izquierdo •tora que • m juiclo
lar,ss.
�•iii·-~
-·~
.. -... ~;;"'l'~·--·:·:::i:"·~~-..i~:l'·\~..t".'-~~·~.;--.>t~· .
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I
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.
..
.N .-:: INFORME ;: CONFI
.'.?, IAL~!,~soBRI·
.t:C..os!:. SERVICIOS ·:~:·MED1co}~sPilALAa1~0S:
-!:- .:i;':! :.,= ..• ~: ';.', ~~~.,:t:iJ~..~~..,
;
•
. , - . ! ···:'··
-~'
•
:_:
De acuerdo GJn resolucione\li conJun-:.. ~. - · sridmoa :-diez. .a"'. partir . 4le ·i..NO
tas aprobadas por la LegWatura de·~ ·:S. ~y q~ mejorar _IDs! serricloi :tde
_.;~.. Puerto Jbco CD I ~ 1 lVSV.- ~- Er : r:: :· ·eulcrmena ffiC'\'ando ~ .lu .. ~ ·
cud.a c1e Salud Publica J Admi.Distra,.· _-:- .. mens-de lahora -o6cioescu'.7·•
~ • -aim de la Med.icina. de la Universidad ·- · ._ otro tipo que ae lei aip
,; de Columbia., ., el Departameuto de ~'; I. . Se debc reducir al mmuno Ja
;.·. --~ud de l'uerto Rico. iealiz.a.ron Im ··~:]'. plicacion de senicios med.umta
, · · : · --·t, '..
j
: -.
...-~
r
, t···
(
,.:._
e-.1udio de todm los
~05
medico-
-~ · fu.don .cle aqodlos -.rvicios
t.: • ~-pitaJa~ en la :Isla.' Los hall..tZ.101 • • · ·cipales y del Depaztamcato,u·
~ : · y conclusioneii. con SU!i n::comeudacio- · -..
lud que se brioclan RParadament
4
•
f
•
nes se 'p1.ihhearon· en febrero 1962 en ~ · ahora. Se deben·-tramferir ·.i· De•t
-:_' • 'un libro. Eloe inlorme a conoce co.ax,·.·-· partamento m Salud Jo, lelYiclos~
:_ el estudio Trussell, que eJ diredor del
- de u.idencia m&lica dd FODdo ,clel •:1
. · · tnh:ljo )' principal repre~tante de ~ .
· Sccuro de1 Est1do,. ., 1e debea
1
UniversidaJ de Columbia en el IJ'llpo
rar 101 centros de alod.mu pecaue-··
de lrl\-estieacioncs. Los puatm mbreiio, como'.dispensarioJ •. ..., ~ salirntes. de ae important~ c:locwnento
hospitales peque001. Se clebeD _.. :.
liOD los siiuientes:
· . ·
rrar alguoos hoipitales municipalea •·
1. ED Pul'rto Rico ae lnviertca mu
-:. que no reunen requisilos y c:mn,er.::
de 1112,000,000 anuales ftl aervitit las wudades b salucl publica en~
cios de hospital )' de asistencia me-c:entro de servicio de los hospltalc:s ~
dica., induyeudo rondos ,~deral~
de distrito O de los bospltales
estatalc., municipaln -, privados.
ttrt'allos que puedan absorber,. las/!:
2. Hay s.t municipios que no tienen
&aece.sidada dcl aeniciD. · .~ . \ ..... ~
huspilal princ!o alguno.
,' 7. Se clcbf: hacer DD e.tuclio
b:~
3 .. llay que mcjorar la calid•d tie ios
precios al detsUe de las mecHcmu·-4
servicios mcdiCO*hospitalarios a tr..
para determinar Jos ~todOS-·tJ'U,6 ~..,
vis de una rncjor coordinaci6n clel
puNlm abaratarlos. .. ·;··::--:,,:..fr:;
Dcpartamento d~ Salud oon los . 8. Se deben asignar mu landoi JMi•.::f
hoipilalcs municip.Jes ,- centros de
bticos para mejorar la alidacl_:dt
ape,:1:
_Afiade el doctor h::quierdo Mon qu,. •
• iuic:io los clienles acogidos a la SSS
acuden al medico por ruones trhialH,
lo quc no harian si p a ~ directame,ntc
c:ada senic.io.
DIFICULTADES
DE LA ss~
t. Sociedad de Sen·icios de Sa·
lod anundo recienlemente en eon•
ferfflcia de prensa qut> se ,·era obligada • aummtar sus cuotas • los
socios. El doctor Egidio Colon Rinra -, lor. M!'.nores P«lro Jo~ Ortiz
Aponte, Ricardo Conz.alt>z Porta )'
Francisco A. Colon, qu.iencs ostmtan las principale-s posicione-s en los
organismos dittct.h·os de la mtidad.
wiialan:m que el aumento no Itta
sustancial, pen) penn.itira darle ti•
tabilidad financien ·a la organm-
.,
I 1:·
.aw 1
!·
!.
l ·;
·u
f;
:_.J
·J
salud.
.
.t. Se recomicnda que para 19i0 ha,·a
una pro1,orcion de 100 medicos por
nda 100,000 habila.ntes. Jo que re,.
presmta anadir a los ,·• desponib)es
100 medicos pot afio .duran~ Jos
Jos -servicios ,. clistribuir llle)CII' lol.-:}
que ahora se brindm par -el (;o,-,.-;,.·
hiema. Se Aigiere 1m RIPD'D
alud auspiciado por el Gobienae;'!
para fina.nc:iar todos Jos senicios ~..,
mHiro-hospilalarios. ~~-~--.-·
:1
1;
de•.;
rt
.·.~·;·:~-j
: ~:~;. ~ ::~. ~ J-:(
.~ ..
.:.--...,,, -~)'.,;~l!!lrlr¥J
~~~..
'~
i
:I
J
I!
I:
!, :
i: I
,.
i1,
c:ian.
Eq,licaron los funcion.uios menc:iooados que et drfidt de apronmadamentr ,1,000,000 no M!' debe
a sobregiros linO a U.D HttSO de
sm.iclos rendidos por ttacim1 de los
mgresos. Se rttalco que la Tri.pie
SSS seguiri ofreciendo • los sus.criplores la misma cal id ad de serYicios medico-hospitaJarios ya que
los medicos y denti"1u .participanla absorberan lo qut' a ellos R Jes
adeuda , se prnrnteadn los hononrios durante e1 ano fiSC'lll en cur•· Corresponde ahora detcrminar
Pof. los organismos oficialcs si el
aWMflto de euotas · IC_Puede hac:c-r
en le>· dcspu
~ . ,ig~nlc
an contralo d sen·icios dt' acuerdo
am bs no
_que regulan la, eor•
poraciones d wguros.
Por su p
.. rt Comidonado de
St'guros, se-n·a Pablo J. L6r,t'I'. Castro,, ha SL'fiAl-'o qut' f'l scrvicio
IDNliaa, quinir~"':1!! ~itali:r.ac:ion ., ambulatorio que- ha ,·f'l'lido
pttStando la 555 a SUS susmp,nrt'S
laa lido bumo a pcsar cir las quejas formuladas C!ODll'II cl mismo.
•.• hay 54 mun.icipios quc no lienen hospital privado alguno •• •. · ·-:;.':::-:.:
......... :.~·.t.'" -_. -'
lo" clif'nk~ acudcn al mC:uico por r,,w.mcs
trh'ialc~, lo qui..• no h:uian !oi p.ll':,lri111 di·
re<.'taincnk c.·.u.l.a M·n·ido. Ai.uJc:' taml,icn
quc dct..c dar:.clc mi·rito )- recouocimic.-nto
al 95 ~i de Jolt mt'.-d.icos atiliadoll • la SSS
quc 11:m remmdado al cobro de ~'ti!> au•n~
ta!I basta cl 31 de :agus"lo )' han an,"C.liJo
a quc duranh: d ft."t,to dd a,w 1~. M."
le p:1guen las aJt·nla!. dd 31 de .agosto
en addanlc a ba..c dt· un tlfurratc-u tic
la., eutrada~ quc
tn1,:.a b coq>0racion.
-E~ r!> Ja ml"ior pn1d,a dcl bm·u dc:.c.."O
de la c-la-.c n1i-dka ell' n)-ud:u al llurblo
de Pul"rto R•w··, m.lnili~ta ,:on finnt·
con, i&."Cicm cl do11.:lor bquic.-n\cl ~lor.1.
Ai,:n·~a (JlK" la SSS ctmtimmr.i ofn,ic~u)o
la mi!dna ca.litlad ,. (:'ant itl.ul ell• M..·rviciw.
a los · sm.c::riJ>lnrt'!.• '(k'l"O con~illt·r.i CJUt' M'
· dl'be dcsarmtlar una inkn~, c.un1-..'lil:l
crluc:ath·a )' ck lt"laciollC"S 11i1blicas para
e-,itar cl uso e.x~,·o dd lil'rvicio b:ijo
un plan de quro,;.. Rec.ale.a cl a,i,lico
el prohlcma de ahora es la leccion
Jt• lo qm.• aH.·~la el iiel,!Uro mi-clico con
Jibn• ell"\.."t'iOn dd focuJtati\.'O )' que cl
l>m·ulo dl· l 1ucno Ri<.'O ,. el Cobiemo
dd.xm agradN-,·r a 1a 4:'lai,,c mi-dica de1
(Jilt'
~a
11."li, el <~ut·rzo que
realiz.uado.
t'or otro 13do. olgu11os medit."lb afalia,lo.. anll·~ ~ la!< l"rt·s S han iml:a!ado rolulu, t•n •m. ofidu:as ad\irticndo quc ,.,. :
no nlirndcu c:tsos de esa a>f1>0r:icwa.t
utms ,:alcuos ban 1oeiwado Li4..·,t.u. horas
Pl di.t par.1 alt•ittlC'r los asegur-.idut par
ft.lt <"lllitla.J, !' hau M1rgido protc!olts de
In" a.St."J:Nl':lllos pnr esai. situaciones
ddici,·nda, en d llit'n.-icio. A p.:irt · dd
:lolras
prim1.·ro cit· julio t'k- NC' af,o .J,..run suscriplores de l:i TriplC' S ban wfridcf a1.1...,.
mc·nlo!>. dl.' amt.a dc~e $8.3:'! .:a S!0.63.
S,· han dado castts dr nli.JiC'QI. que le
wbran al &>l"gurado por cncim.l. de b
c..1i•aio
~,: lo. 1"1iH A-11
!
..
'I
I
I.
.1
l
�{LA
-F;
FE
fe 'I ,mis
r. . tenrd
lo que
ton an lal:l'QS.. -dijo Don Bosro co
una e&pa un taulo angustiot.a de
su vida ~ jpgrando uh·ar la
non librr •w•q!Joe come mted dice ati
en plann de di,'Ol'Cio.
·
· Lo 11:'COmca1dabJe a qur Ddm apctt
a qur sea de verdad un hotnbre totalmmlc librc ante1 de abrirle su corn.on
para QUr no pese sobrc 4:0llcirncia de
mujCI' buma el hcd.o de haber ecmtribuido a la de-drucciun de un boa;ar.
Es po~ible que ustcd se enaaentre an
Jr,wm:
.
':sl
1- ;&,·aes mando atin
·Ii edad
eK'Olar •lo R dcbm Dr1eoc~ar de sus
C'StvdioL. Fo,- ae cami.oo Ur
Jejos a
la \.ida, p que en la actual acl Im f111e
tienen_ preparacioo
c:u.naas.
.
alc:am.an
posk:iooes
Cuando el amor Dega por ........ qae
se,a, la amhic:ion de 111pe:rane cl«:Tma J'
tanlo l."Onfundida y pot na nzon act(u:· solo se tie.nm ojos y oidos para el amor
dr esa lorma un tanlo equh-oca. Ahora_ o para Jo qur IUPODf!'.D a 1J'ectl enuneacomo n mujcr sinCC't'&, K d.a.ri cumlJI que
mnale, lo que es el amor.
lo recomendable en este caso es hacerle
Su carta Dena cle c:andar a aoc::iDa..1:.c, a su pretcnd.imte Que aunqur lo IM'Dk emocionante. Esti en an.a ena,aquiere le prc~larli atme;ion direct a C'WIDdo C'ijada dif icil cle su YidL Secim las ind•·
K- prrse-nte como un hon,bre que ha cor• · caciones quc ,-ibran en m 111isin usted se
cncontrar.
tado le-G&lmaate los liP,mc;nes que ~ atan. · encumtra profundafflftlte enamorada 'I su
• La fe muC"\·e monlaiias. La Ya•
a otra muier.
· /
~ . ·
· -: _ prrtendicnte tambieu ha Df'gado a usted
dadcra, la grandt' quc palpita al lo
En lo refen:nte a la amip que R inter• · por el camino bennoso del amor. De eso
hondo de 1rul"~ros rorai.01,N IM.'pl·
• pone entre a111bos no le preste
aim- · no hay duda. Todos los multiples df!'talles
pre no~ •in·r para loir:ar Wla Tic--.
cion. Si Q verdaderamente estl enamo- ···:as( lo mdicaa.
loria donde ,·a b derrota esti ha•
ndo de usted la otra fracaurA . n an , -· Pero tienc qut' eonsidffal' qi.It' se en,..
ck·ndo •u apariciun.
•
cmPf!DO'- Desde me10 ai en realidad - . ruentra awi en la edad de los libros.. No
La vida n dura. Es lucha contiea.isle un amor sranc:le_ \lel'dadao., unico. ._: es logic::o que Jos ,·au a aejar m este
nua. Los probll'mas r.urgen • cad.a
Eso es mdo. . ·. :" · · · · _·. '.
.-· ".. in~tante cle IU ,ida para entre,ane por
nM>mcnlo ,. tcnemos qur enfrentar... •.. i.._.,:_;.._,:• -'._f·.~--~' - complete aJ amor. Lo ac:onsejablr seria
DOS con ellos para alc.anzar la f eli,.
. ·-:
· · ~ · · ·· ·. · ·, .. . de· que asted hablara con III preteww:liente
cidad. \' si oos falta la fr lodo we
•
· · ·
·: \ baclendolc saber estu cos.as y con,·inieran
dene al wrlo porqut r5. ella la que
CONFUSIONES. AMOROSAS : : ·.' ·a.oles QDc nad1 que ustf'd terminar.l ms ,
not. da la ba~ ansia_da para alam·: ··:· ·.' , ·: .,- :~- .: .. , .,· .estudios para tmer una huena preparaur la ,ictoria.
Duque de Cu.alt.a: . . .
.
·~ -~..c:ion en la ddL
E~ por e,so que la fra\e de Don
. · Le ~bo la prescnte par~ fdicilarlo · Despues tN'Hlri.n tiempo para todo. Aun
BoK'O -·Fr ... ten!'d fr ,. "rreis
por 111• con~jos • traves de 1a t•misora '1 · son jo,·cnes. .La ,ic:la R abff ante USi\.e>•
lo que IOn milagro!..._ clehrmoi lie-•
de la K"'i'tl.a BOHEMLA LIBRE PUER- dH hrindandol~ un panorama hermoso.
,·aria con•o un faro qur suit nuc.sTORRIQUE~A que es mi favorilJI. Al Es el panorama hello del amor puro. Tero
- tros paw~ por la ,·ida para alcanur
mi~·tno tiempo quiero pedir~ uno de SUS no frus.tTm las cosu andanclo ·a la ligera.
la dich.a ,. pan tencr donde apo-ubio5 ronsejos..
·
·
Esf'K"rrn que aun es t~mpo y va):an des,·amos cu1mdo la ani:ustia ,. rl dolor
So)· una· joven de 18 anos · y estoy ft1
pues aJ m:atrimonio cabaJgando m an haz
no~ muc.rda hondo en el c:orazon.
cuarto aiio de High School J..li problema luminoso de Micidad .Y crandu.a.
EM, es tado.
~ qne desde hace dos aios c:ooozco a un
Eso es tDdo.
hombre de 24 a.6os de edad quf' me ena~
·ot~QUE
CASALTA
mora. lk!;de QUE' lo a.nod le enamoro
ANGUSTIA DE MADRE
oai )' me pide mi respuesta para clespues
l~hlar cou rnis padrm.
Duque· de Casa.1ta:
AMOR PROHIBIDO
uHnu uo sc la dado. mueha:o. \""t"Ce'S 5e
Le cw:Tibo est.as lineas para darle a
ha ido fuera de K'ew lork ft"t;r.-sando dt~
conoccr mi probJema que es el u~uienlt!';
l>uqut" de Ca,:;.alta:
puei. pua dC"CirmC' que lo habia IK"Cho
J)e,)()e bace algim lk·mpo 1:":Slo)" di,·or- Ill.mint.' no podia \'ivir sin mi. Ahosa acaha sor una mujer CL"iada y ya madn- de
dada y ahorn mt' he en~unor.ulo ·dt· un
dC' n:>J:rMoar )' ,·oh·io • h.ablar cnnmigo. c,mlro hi;os. lie-- cm.r a la edad dr 14
hombre cas.:1do con p)atK") dt· di\Orcio. El
pidii·ndomc l't"~J)ut"Sta para d~uc-,. harer ai10~ ~· ho)• lntGO 35.
Mi marido fUf!' un marido ejrmpJar t.a.41.va a mi casa, dondt· ~·o ,;,·o cou mi, Jl.'l·
compromiso hablando con mi~ pat1n·~ Mt"
me,.. El tient> do~ hijo~. qut' )"O adoro. dice que sicnto amor .por el porqne lo la ti . ID('S pas.ado y despucs de lanto
Lo quiE>ro con loda mi alm~ )' el a .rni. ubc por mis mirada~ pero quro no com· tk-mpo 5C' ha c:lescomp~o. llf' trata mal.
"IC' pt"1:A r indu.so mf' iba a matar ,. quitPc:-ro hay un.t mucl1ad1:i quc:- lit'- pa~ toc.lu
prcn<lr a1al ..-s la causa por la c:v.al no
"' que )-O mt' ,·ara porquc ticne oua
el ticmpo haciC'mlo ros..,, para qoc )"O lo I<' do)' mi co11t~1acion.
:
L,s p~labrn, quc mt" ditt me- ·lll"J:An mui<-r pitt3 lrat'na para b casa.
dcjc. Di~ qul" no lo ttuit•ro Jlara nada
Su(I(" por ..-aria.Ii pe,1'0na.S que de~~
y I~ quc sucedc ....s quC' lo quit•re par:a
al corazon ,. me sw•nto atrnida · hada i-1.
E,h.v <"Onf uRclida.. fHlf'5 t•uatKlo In \"CC\ me• lia<.."'t' muchM aito~ el Jlrn amorci. con la
11
ea.
- - · - - -a .p~r.a qur M.' «li\nrdr
.., tan IK'f'\'l~'\ qnt' a,.:mt1n nu• L-11
mujt"r clc- un .a~i,:o y que- haa Jttoc-readC'I
E~1o)' -e~'!l>}lC'r.lt
pon~o
na > a
porciue Ila pdt'O ronmi=:o >", mr. c!!in:_ ..no nn k put'do conl....,1ar. Pc:-~ a toclo tm,:n tR"S -hijm: y e.~ t!'S ttroa pt- aqui ,· yo
M me habia dado eu«-nta~ Como R' ha
conliJ:o porqur SC"fa mao . \ C"SO
niil'<in de an~tirmc m:i.,i; t:mll" a,,nque
port.ado Ian mal conmil'!O ,j amnr quc Jc
muy prcocttp:ida. Por C50 d("li('aaco qu" 5i Int' ca.~ eon el llc:-,:arr • i.cr
•~nia
sr, ha tornado n.
~rrdo. :r
,;i dcbo hat-crlc ca.'° o no 11res- feli7_
~.
c-ion.
No es la primcra "i::z qnr ffl<" C"nan10ro
iu~ ·hiio~ 111t ac,on~i•n que- Inf' ,-ara
qu ~l_~a,trad~da por todo, y il no ha sido rl prim<"r hombrr con
·
·
D. M. I.I.
quit'n hf' hahladn de amor. Pt-ro ll'M" f'n• a ,i"ir con t-110~ PllC!f. tm.:o tresiilll t:a,.;:\·
eurntro mnfundida r indf'C'i!i.a )' quicro dns )" bit"n huc:-nos y su~ rsposa~ 5,0n wrSenora:
. uno d<' 511i; ron'l.('jO!- ra:tra a...i dctrrminar· dadl'ra~ hiia~ El an quk-tt Que- 111(' lleve
n:tda de la caq,, pero ~ a mi no m~ imEs la1nentable quC" dos muje~ ~ Nlen lo qur dt-bo haccr. )luchas ,:nidas..
porta. Lo que ~ r!i salir dt' t"lla. El
clisputando el amor de un hombre c:asado.
quiere quf' a sus niiiDfi yo los atie-nda )'
LA t~"DECISA
Es clecir, el amor de un hombtt quc aim
inh:'gridad ; ~ obra magnifica en
favor de la ju,,entud itali.ana.
l!:sa f rast: mara,,11osa la debicratnoa. grabar para siemptt t"n nue.trm cora:tonrs porqur en eJla radi·
ca el puuto dr apoyo para alur los
anomC'nlos dificilcs en qur por cir·
c:.,.mstancias dh·cnas nos podamos
maym
DE
de
.
1·
�tt
..
----~-·l "l!i!'i~~~~-----..;. . . - -.; . ,. -. . _., . . . .
-!!11_....':f',.,..•...· ~ · - . · . : - - · . - - - - - - - - - -......
~;
~-~ -~-
.
.:...·..;·_..:i'...'....;.,i·•i.;..·...,;.·...;'..:.·-.:.....:....... ,___ ...____ ,~
RI
CIOftWl1
WI llmda
~
t
t-
QUE DE CASAL.TA
t ~ E. 42nd Street. N.." Y~
BOB.DUA LIBRE PUEllTORlUQUE&A. .
!'
caldo a la mua(O Ilea 5U aniantc) )• yo le
clije, que 5i
~"Ilia insiniendo iba · a · for•
• a.lo y pC'Cirlo rniblicam,:nlt•.
r a b nii~ tn cok·gio
privado. cosa ue DO ha hecho CUil DUL-Sque les maod
jer del am.ig
tros propias hijos.
_
Tengo una Deim & 1 tl!bo afKA quc l"!'o1.i
enferma de los oenios '1 nae dice: ··Mami,, ,·a.monos que pa.pi es ma.lo ,. 110 me
qaiere... !!Que debo haoer?
.'~~.
LA SUFR1DA PACI£:\.£
.
Jovmc:ita:
La alDd de las bellas llusiooeL La
eclad de .los cranda sue6os tie amor a
aoncillamenle mara,-illosa porq1.1e la ma·
di.mas en ma mpa est.a IHIDpre flo..
tando t0b~ uni nube.
·
Ese es prttisaroenlc
anos de fNlad
IU
a.so.
Tacnc
solo
7 an estar eo,-uelta en
la ,·orogi.ne de una cran pa.don amorosa
que- estima Ya a acahar 4atrozando IU
IS
a,ruon.
\' no ha?-· tat mu. El IOlo el im,acto
flt' las bellas quimens QUl" timm ft10Senora:
nancia en el centro de su ~en corulm.
A vMeS sucede que ~ri.onas que &ie.m- Espue. ,;o se precipite tanto.
pre baa Ut'\·ado uu. ,·icla honorable. recta
~o ohide QUC m Nia etapa es tnas
y limpfa, se dei'-ian cit' la misma ~ · importante la dNlic-aaoD a los .s.tudioi
dindose en un.::a serie de problcmas que que aJ amor. Entrc-got-se a los lihros cion
rompen la felicidad de las peol"M#n.as qur c,se n1iWM> eatusiumo para loi;rar una
le rodun ,, Sil propia leliddad tambien.. mlida pr.paracu, m la vida. .
Todo lo que le ha oc:urrido • usted ,.
l>t-~pue-1- ewlhdo le Desue el instante
le esta oc:wrimdo a el tambicn. Es u!.tNI
mara,·aloso cle unin.e a la ~non& amada.
f
fundar ana lamilia 'bt.morabie.. Entoncu.
1iP*R
complicar 111 Pistmda.,. lll!L· ··
••i
I
an'fttura de ea uturaleza?
Ohide nc IISIIDIO. Dek QUe c c,anti. Due COG IU ~ Ill bo&ar 'I
i hijos.,
t ~tNl qu.e es jcn,·C'.'ll inicie au da .....
-trimoaia1 po, el seodero ampt· que a
er que lo lle\·a dittctameotc •
......
dlloso que es la felicidad.
~
Eso a toclo.
SENDERO EQUIVOCADO
~ ha.a: tres az-105 me cnamori &
,m jo\·cn q~ es de mi ~d. Sor u.na \
muchacha de, 19 mJOS y vi,'O en Puerto
Jl.ico. Estudiamos en la mism.a escuelL
-'· i.
l'na noc:he, fl mt' declar6 50 amor. Pero
jarn:.h. ,"Ohio a pr~guntarme nada mis.
TU\'O uuai. cua.nlas llO\~ )' auin sigue teHit.'1Mlo. omu}ul" W<"miire se cla liU5 vv.eltas
_,r mi CUL
1
an.a buena mujer. Madre e:u:elenle que ha lendr.i usted wui cultun solid.a que mu•
\"o nu be tcnido 00\'im por ·es1a.r sic."l'Dorie-ntado por buenos caminos & 1\15 hijos, Cho habra de Rl"Virle pal"& que la {eJici•
t>rc- pentlirnte de B_. esperADdo que aJgun
' pero qur ha tenido la f atalidad de que su dad grandr Uene para demprt!' el f uturo dia k" dccid:t por mi 10tamentr. EJ tuvo
_., .. • esposo por causas injustificadas lit: b.a,-a de Al ..,'ida.
.
11no. no,ia ,. siempre iba con ella .a b
apart.ado lie la. lioH red.a quc es la que
E!i10 es toclo.
.__~
baUcs en que yo estaba pan c:au.sarme
C"Onducr dittdameolr • la lelicid.ad.
.,-:~·
·
· ~. -. : · /~ulos con ella.
Lo primero que cleH hacer ~s tener la
JOVEN EQUl~OCA[?O :
. . . Ya ,.110~ se clejaron ,. B de· ,a en
ccrtru dt' que lo que u~ted M:iiala. es la
.~
- r: ·
- - " , · : •• euer,to f recuenta mi casa ,. me e.ta ftla,·rrda~ porque la iolormacion la ha TCCi- Duque de Cbalta:· ~-·· ~ ',;, · .· · ! : morando de nuevo. Yo ~ muestro .indi1:,ido dr otraii personas. que ~ted no abe
So)' un joven de 24 m'ios de eclad. ,ol..··. fereate.. :.
si tie ajustan • la re-alubd O •n produc- . tero. T engo novia de compromiso 1 la t."Wll ·
.Ahora \se fue para otro pueblo dr Ja
tos de la inllaginacion como · es posible -croo tiucrerla mucho. Pero surge una mu- . · Isla • 'estudiar y mr est.a haciend<' mu cha
: , Que pueda oaarrirle.
·
· jer ca.sada- en mi vida. la ~al bene una ·. faJta. iPodre e,cper.n1o? iCzt,.,c usted que
" ·
En c:aso positi\·o · lient' u sted la. cran· nena y oti c:namorada de mi. · · .
· ·· me · confesani su amor c:uando .n-grese?
·: · · tlua lie f:5Ds bijos. que . des.ean d.arlc SIi
Ella .a \'e<'ei. se ·encuentra Rpanda de cQu.; debo baoer?
protf'CC'ion. Sus hijos ,. SUS hiju politicas ll1 O'l)OSO a ca~. segun me dice .de 00 .,. &-pe.rar-1 ron ansia.~ SU consc,jo que ~
tJQe la quiere.n porque 5aben Q\K' es u.sted. __ qu~rlo. · ).le dicr que ,in mi oo puecle ~ que me Vt.•ndr.i muy bim. Se dopidf' de
ana 111adrr .;emplar quc ... ha luchado •
vivit. Su e:sposo la qu.ere mocbwmo ·y. --:· w;ted atentUMDte_
.lm.ro pa.rtido con la ,id.a para que 1115 c:ada wz qu,e eJla le-va de la casa., 41 ::.-·.,." ··· ...'
LA D.tPAClE.'"TE
hijos lueran ciudadanos riemplares, di&· : sale • bwca,la.
·
· ·~· "_:··
-,4 '":" ,_
am cle todo ft'Sl)f!'lo ,. C"Onsideracioa.
·
Eo la actualidad· 1e euc..-uentnn separa· Jc,t,a,:·:
Acoja~ ·at rcfugio que le brindan e-Uo5, d°'-. pero el va a la cua y ella lo alieode.· · · Con las co<as del cora.z.on no se put'de
Que coostitulen la grandru Y la werdad
No se Iii n por la hiia. segii.n ella me dice. andar juundo. Es iur;to Pf!li,:,ro50 qur
de 11.1 'rida. EU01 le dani.n rl calor que
Pero )'O 00 lo aeo. No se Ii o que yo casi liempn- llf"-a a utu.acionM dondt- la
usted aecesita ,. ansia. A ftt' alor Y aJ la quiero. pero a
pien.so. oM~arla. ~ anpa~tia y las lagrinw ocupan un plano
de sw Dietos tendrA usted .-eposo l" tnn• pero DO he poc:lido aWJqur sea uu pt"Cado. · nlr111nte. •
.
qu.ilidad para que la f clicidad llene de
. En espera de WK> de ·aus a>111e;os;
Ese es precis.amente rl caso de ustf!'des.
•ut'YO Al noble corazon de madrr queda wyo atenta.nx-ntc.
·
·•
Por los detalle, qut lfflffllos a nuc-stra
ejemplar.
·.
.. EL DESQ)NSOLADO
c:ansiderarion todo indica que ustf!'d~, ~
Es.o es todo.
. ...
l.: ·-:;;·
a.man. Ptro que aa lu,:ar de ir de frente
Jcweu: .
•
.
se ban puesto a jugar con el amor. 1· ~
Suttdr COD. huta frecuencia que las a jur~o peli~.
t
COSAS DEL AMOR
pt'non.as que 1e apart.an de It» caminos
Durante un lar,:.o lim1po SL" ha p,tQdo
dL.iJanos de la rida, jamas alcanzan la fC'li- amiando ftCIDir de su pmcndicntc un:1
Duqur de Casalta:_
Tengo l
·
· rcfaJ )' le t.~"fiho cidad que ansian por dm,·ar hacia los propodcion amorosa ,. ahora naando ~
1ir1Klcro!I lortuom!i donde solo R ~ ocune 5e' dNlia a apaf'ffltar todo Jo (."ODpara wi
lo <1uc cho h.it.'t"r a lin de
Ira an,;,a1ia y clolor.
trario de lo quc ansia. St D\Uf'i.lr11 indiCOn!,('guir
Tiene ustt"CI una no,·ia dr compromi!liO
lettntc en lu,:.,r dt> prmarlt- atmdon.
Estoy
a quim a(inna que ama •. Pim\8 casarw
Sen·ira "8 ad.itud su~·• tiara UNI 50la
chacho
am ella ,. fondar un bor:,ar dondr la dima <"OQ: QUl' ii t'ftcurntra otra l'"uducha t-n
empc.-zo.
oa,pe un lu,:ar dn1cro. 1'0 obstanlt' NO
SI.I ttmino ,. qut' ~ dC'l>\iC' ri•ra Atmptt
Lucgo ta
n,re,c\a s.u ,·icla con la de cma 111ujcr ca~da de) W!,"O, Si C'ft rr:.lidad lo f ama ,- anQa
'1 solo me -..........-~.
Trato de h:ablarle ,. no me contcsta. y npidamenle aJ)Artte ute u<INI un -~- anine a el para sie-mJ)J'I' fWJW1ndo un hoeorarna c5onde la (elicidad bn11a po, •
pr, no s.imule indiferft'lria. Esti ....uanDigamc lo. que dcbo h.attr para ron~uir
au~
do L'OfflO si en ttalidad no lo amara. \"
NC amor tan tuandc, pu~ l'IO sabre t)Uf'
En SIi novia
el camino cluifano. ew camino , .• hacia el lado opuf'i.to al
hacer con mi vida Iii el me- reprocha a mi.
Con clla va a an fdiL E, una mujcr que m.ted l"l!"l'dadc:nmcnte ansiL
Craaas.
jovcn que lo ama J que est& clupl.lelita a
£so es todo.
UNA EXAMORADA
wees
.
T
0
·-:.->·
est,
·<.:
I
I
I
\
�.
.
.
•.
.
.
,
- .......... _, ____ - ·----·
.,
--1rolaniov'Uu'i:C0DQUliit>-u""8ftiaa.._~
mo para an eqwpo Ale. pista ,
ertorriqueio que en pan fa\"0retene.r aa tituJo olimpieo..
Un Analisis
EL ATLETISMO BORICUA
NECESITA REORGANIZACION PARA
RECUPERAR SITIA L DE HONOR
EN El
CARIBE
por Elmo -Torres Perez
-foto, espec:ialuHac:ia mucho calor en Kingston rsa
apo!i.enlo de la
c:lele1acion puertorriqueiia en la Villa
Olimpica, el ca1or era mas i.Dtenso --especialmente en lu orejas de los menlores
y atlew de pi!al& )' campo ante el colapso
de1 poderoso c.ampeon de Puerto llico que
era inminente.
Era tarde en la noche. pe.ro n.adie tenia
sueno. El in.somnio general reunio a un
grupo de delegados. entrenadores )'· atlctas
en la ant~a del Ta)•lcr Hall, diz que
para tomar un poco de fresco. \' empezaron a platica.r. .
..c!Que dir.in •.euJ>uerto Rico cuando lo
5epan?"". m~~ de las present~.
·1Tanlo al/teo y tanto nada.r para winir
a
orilla. y
lcjos1"
La co 'rsacion comenz.o a generaliel grupo, uno con voces tristes
aarse en
y decepci adas y obos con alocuciones
airadas ~ ~_abritas malas por el
medio de vez ...- caando.
-Ha)· que hacer algo pan el 1966. Es
un bochomo que rut)-amos wenido a per·
der por primera vez con Venezuela.
-Nada.. que nos dorminos en los lau-
noche. En T &)·lor Hall,
morir la
tao
ieles. Nos est.a.Dea.mos mientras 1os dem.i.s
se pnparaban. llal podiamos progttWlf
dependiendo del mis.mo material de Caracas. pri.cticamenle. • • con nomb~ ,'ie-jos en vez de hombres nut"YOS. • • con-
tando todavia (.'OD un Teo Colon de .(8 que han lbionado el at.letismo. \·a lo
anos. un Ovidio de Jesus >' un Mamon punlcn ,·er. Hombres como .Manuel Gonzal~z. Pato )' Rafacl Managual haoeo falta.
Rosario.
Qul' sc Li.men las aspcrezas •••
-Precisamente.. (Mdio pas6 por aqui
-En ta! 2ntido1 precisa.me-nte.. )'O crro
hoy l' diio que ega era Al wt.im.:l Olimquc nu~stro equipo careci6 de la 5UI i- ·
piacla.
-Nos mato tambien la lesion de Ra- cil•ttle preparacion en Puerto Rico. Es
mon Luis Vega, las fallas del 1-2-3 en verdad quc nuestras pistas son k•ntas e
inadt."Cllad~ aun, en conlra.'-'e con la pMa
la pfrtiga )' el saho largo )' los fraoasos
ligcri"ima que ticncn aqui. pero el atJcta
de Pedro Juan Camacho y olros. humbrcs
dave.s. t.lenos mal que Rolan<lo Cruz goo huL·no ,;:am1 donot.'quiera. 1':o ~le-hromos
j
la c:ara por nmotsos coo ac 15'6~ fan- sufidcnlcs iust.as.
-Si, dd,imc», hacer lo que hicieron el
ta.\tico.
-Si. pero nccesitamos reorr:auizamos. baloneeito 3· ,-olibol fcmcnina en ws cncul"ntros prt"paratorios con
Santo
\" reorganizar a EugC'fliO Cuena. qu~ Ito
dC"dica dema.s.iado liempo a la radio y su~ DoD1ingo. • • . la natacion )' kl le,·anta•
negodos. 1· d«irle a Monagas que no · 01icnto de ~ s en sus frtt]l"flles parti•
baca como Mufaoz Marin ••• quc YA}'a cipaciones internacionales... ~ lienen )os
·
• """
adiestrando a UD sustituto que como cl l'e)-uhados. ·
-Es una ,-erdadrn haz.ana"qur.cdro
a-pa btt,ga, con est.as cosas.
-Monagas tieM' su culpa lambii-n. En- 1'1ariana hara llecado tercero en la carff'ra
tre ii . y Cuena han permitido la infil- de Sleeplechase, qu~ cas:i nunca corri6
tracion del chisme entre los ·coaches· en Puerto Rico. Nada., que necesitamos
de pi.st& y cz,ampo. creando d.ivisionismos reorganizamos en muchos aspeclos.
Br;~ )'
�·i
· Los
..,~-~'~·
. Jr:\.
:
:;;,
lenntadores cle pesos no defraucla.roo las esprrani..as de
~·-
~
_-
~'
IUS
W1..A.llli&i"
.-.
I:.:
"'·''
:· i
i
~ ~~-
-Menos ma.I qui." Mona~as ~ o1i6 algo
de csto, porquf' ya ha trabajado un plan
con la cooperacion dt"l Dcp.arlame-nto de
lnstrucci6n JlaI~ r1..-plotar )a ca.nlen valiosa de ~p:i,;.u111...._ publica y descubrir
El qut' bot6 la pelota Jue el equipo
de mtacion.
1
as para el 66. .
n, yo in.r.isto en quc lcnemos
caniz.amos tambicn en olros as. J atletim\o y de otros de,port~s.
-H os perdido Jo~ cam.(lf'ones de
pista y
. l:,ti__ beisbol. l.lenos m:il que
el baloncem,,y~ '1t-,·antamiento de pesos
nos sah·a.ron de un ridiculo comp1eto.
--,!Y quE me dicen de ~s juveniles
nadadores y las muchachas volibolistas
c:argando sorpresiw1.mente con subcampeonatos?
Pero no se quedaroo atra.s las wlibolistas boricuas C'.'Ctl• ·
quistando sorpresivamente el subcampNnato. El Prime:r
Mini\tro de Jamaica, Sit Ale1:ander
Bustamante, las felicita penoa.almeate.
a>mpat.riotas.
�El deporte- del tiro ronqu1s,o los rrn•~-ores laurrles olimpicol
en
historia. l..eon L>:on gano w,a cit lu 7_ UK~allas de oro.
·su
El tniis puertonique-no ludo • g:nm altura eon la med.na de
oro loa;rada por Cindy Colbert y Juan Rios (al centro) en los
dnblrs midas., un.a de plata n los dobles lemeninos tCind,·Fina Cabttra) J' otra de hrooce (Martita Tonos}. &Pero &i
bubicra ido Ouarlito 1 •••
pena que Owiito Pasarcll no vinicra.
Habriamos ganado el campeonalo por
equipos f .idlmcnte.
:-iY quc .pru.6 con Olul.itn?
-Bueno, pues que R qurdo en los
Estados Vnidos C'Ompiliendo ft1 1os arandes tomcm naciona)es. £1 queria veoir.
pero alguien o algo 11e interpu!liO en su
camh10 sin importade u.n com.ino rl a,mn.
brc de Puerto R.ic:o.
-Y c.ambiaooo de tema. ique mala
merte tu,imos en la Pf'lota! E~ jucgo mn
).f c1.ico foe una pesaclilla, Sc ncr-. cay6 la
casa cncima en la
entrada.
-Menos mal que ganamos el subcampeonato. Son CO!ia' de la pe,lota. fe.ro >.1011a1?a~ podri~ tener razon en que la calidad olimpica de nuf'stra. pelota ha des- . El tristcmcnte lamoso incidmle entre
lnt"jnrado con la ~:..l)am,ion del bcisbo!
cubanos cutrist&s y pucdorriqueooi en
Doble A en Puerto Rico.
el Wisbol no fue el lmico de le» Ju.ego!..
-Es verdad. Ahora. el que- DO tienc
Un me.ucano ,. 1m boricua (a la izQuier•
perdon l'5 out"Stro equipo dE> 00\:CO. Ko cla) se earedaron a Jos puiios en el baha,· dcrecho a elimina.J"SC uno ante depeiear, por la dl"SCalificacion de do\ 00seadore!- que no hicieron el peso. ni '1• ublcmente initado-- le propino WJ.a pa·
quicra por una libra a no por ~as. Eso
tada a u.n jugador de Puerto Juc:o en el
demuestra claramcnte que Im encarsados tnru.cun;o del juego. A la cual re:-pondio
de los boxeadores se ~idaron 3i· no
Sautistcban --ol,:,,e,rvando un dc.~ido dd
vigilaron • diario sus ttspedi\'OS pesa.. ubit.ro- con olra patada en la ~>inill.1
para ob!ien·arles m cendicion.
al agresor. \" empalamos con l.t.:i Antilla~
-Precisament.e, ahorita drda Qui1)U<' Holandesb.
-Al bolibol ma.scu.lino tampoco le fut·
Velazquez que ouestn ~l)Cranu m.'b.ima..
\'ittn t.lelrndcz., acu!-6 falta rle ronJicion m.11, cbpues ~ todo.
-Xo. termina.ron en C"Uarto pul·sto dt·i-·
al cans.ar!liC' en el wtirno as.:aho )" 11erder
pucs de un bucn 11rincipio. P,.-ro pcnli1..·una pelea qu<" t("nha en el boh,illo.
-,Que co~! BuMlO, I.)' romo lcs ha ron juc;,?o-. ecrradoi.., et-J)l..'C'ialuu.·utc u11c,
\"Oil cl uahucim de Mexico._ t
ido a los muchachos dcl ft'ttbol? ·
--i\" qu~ h.J.re1nos m ciclh,n10?
-1':o sc e-sprraba que ganaran. Pero
-Put"~ nada. E~ dcpertc 'Si qut:' ncr<'·
tienen clerto mcrito_ Sc dt"C"ia que e1
unic:o interes del p.art.ido ~ntre Antillas sita Jf'\italiz..acion.
~
El grur,o cmnt"nz.6 a OO!o1e7..'lr ,. pe>Cll
Hobndrsas (eventual campeim oli1nriro)
)' Puerto Rico era ob.ll;f'n,ar Ii IM Antiltas a J)OC'O ~ ~idio cad uno de lo, prt··
sus donnituritl~,
superaban el horroso ·score· de 15-0 con sentes para inl<"naar..e
e-J quc nos ianaron en Ca.meas en 1959. a soiaar con el lL"ffl.li10 k1auo M~ familia
Bien. pues nuestros muchachos sc u.1pe- au!o("ntc ••• con b., f!lnri.tw. ,· Tr.ica~os ihP~rto Rico ("1\ IMlllt.•llo~ m~mcnto:.. . . )'
ramn y perdieron .f-0 solamf'nte. frmte a
coo un::& glorilicacion mas romplt•la tkl
es.I!' gran babuc:o. A los mon.-nos no Jes
estaba ,:ustandn la me'1,'J)Prada o~iclon mu..;a1lo puertorriqucno en nuc:i-1ra propi.1
cenada que le dimos y ano de ell~ ~ - tiern dcntro de .C ailOS.
wtima
mcesto
La decepcion mis gra.nde la causo el
cqu.ipo cie bou.-o. Sw encargados dcscu.idaron la condicion de los pugilinas,
hast.a e1 erlremo de que lrs· desca1ifica•
ron dos por no hacer el ~w, reglamentario. Su principal cu1.a de triunfo, \'ic•
tor Me-lendez (en la Iona), c:ampeon nacional ~ . J . U , IC canso al fin:J )'
perd!iV-con cr··:~2ano
•
Luis Hu-
agu
al colma.rse al fin l'U ambicio~
des
de tantos anos, al i.gual que t.liguc
ngel Barasorcla •••
-Si,""11f:(!1.\:4W ejustcn SUS miras los
tiradorcs. no vaya a pai..arle.5 lo mi!>mo que
al atlc-thmo. .Secesitan para el futuro san·
••
gre tc)\'CD.
--cY qui lt."s parcccn llb t~ni.stac.?
-Lo hicif'run mu,· bien oon $US med.allas de oro. pJata ); brouc-e. Pero cs una
�- ~
:::-_/-_-_--:--~~==~~--::-,
-----::-~-:----"11,. .,-r---o~:_~:._~~-.~. -..:.·..;..l-t::-~._-_-_J1. . .
'"l'i/\Uu:. "';::.::;;;; -
t-,·:.....,:_
rO
JD doy margarit.u. amapo1as. en fin.
ftS silvestres, pe-m que no por t"Jlo dcjan
• scr no~ ,. mur henTKK.a~. por aerto.
-Usted llama a la Fil3rmonica ia
r
'A
f ti.
.:. ~I.
~
~
:
orque.~ dcl_ pueblo·. iPor qui-?
.. : .. . .. ..
~
-Porqtlt' nu~ra misicin artistica eos lie-
i j1·.
Tat. n4,1530
!~-:Effiy-~~~ ~ ,·1r EMPRESAMARTiNE°tYDi°"ARCE, ~.- l~
au cel cl. e 'cAir·re .' I
por profe50res
crtorriqurfios en su ma:,oria y. 1os qu no Jo son pueden coo-
,;
.·
liiderar.,e como p.ales pues e-st.in afincados clefinitiVU'IIISlle en nuestra Isla.. No
ocurre asi coo otra.~ agru,rac:iones music:a.Jes cuyos maesb'~en una w:z. al
.
e-
e
SUS
·amciertos?
-Est.a compucsto por todas las clases
sociales: desdr nnplndos y obrems ha!.ta mmerclantes ,. profesion:.les. De e5oa
forma.. · mtcstra music:a es di,"Ulgada en
todas las esferas de la vida puertorriquena.
.
La Orquesta Filannonka M Puerto ft.i ... I
co ofl"f'Ce unos lZO ooncicrtos anualmente
e induye ea &U repertorio autoR-S clasi,cos y rom:i.nticos. pero Al ma,-·or em·
peno es deslac:ar los compositores puer-
lDrriqucfios. Es por ello que e11 sus doce
a6os de vida ha luehado continuamente
por rescat.a.r la tradic:ion music."11 de Puerta Rico y poner en alto nuestra musica
~
&,.,,
1
,i
.
1
las estrellas .,n6s clestocodas del momento.
Orquesta d~I Teatro clirigida por Domingo I.alter.
Mortel • V....-...:
MaJ- $2.DO.
,,..
van por dondc vinieron.
-lC,i,mo C5 el pubJico que asisle a
;
0
•
.'I 1us deslurnbrontes superproducciones musicales con ........._.
!:.· ::a::adb~e~ed=nyaji~!oha.:
~ JC
~ !:Ii
presentan por primera vez en PUERTO RICO A
S6bocloa ' DoadftfOS:
Matillie 4:00 P.M.
Nochi,
1;30 P.M.
· Mo,ontt S1.50
Moywn
AIRE ACONDICIONADO
Ni~- SI.GO .
1.00
l'dioa
2.00
CERRADO lOS lUNES
PRIMER SHOW PUERTORRIQUENO DE VARIEDADES MUSICALES
.
.--r\.r\.-.
Jfa".v..,.. . 'u." . . .
•'-'"
''-'•
.
foU.1oric:a en todos los rincone-s del mundo.
-1,A quien Je gust.aria W"r enb'e el
puhlico?
-A nuestro Gobcmndnr. nu.oca ha ido.
y tambien • algun policia, para que cuiden de los cam,s de )os componentH de
la Orqu~ ya quc lo~ pillos han He·
pdo a robamos las neumaticos mientras
iDterpretabamos.
-Dentro de los actos quc se cdebra.n
con moti,·o del XII Ani,·ersario de la Orquesta Filannonica. ecuales tienen mayor
signi£icacion?
..
-Son muchos pcro tal · 'YeZ sea, por lo
limpatico y porquc nunca sc ha llevado
a thmino, la reunion de ·tod.os los sanjuaneros. Juntos caminamos por lu calles
de la Capital para reunimos. dcspues de
ana m.isa en la Catfl<lral, en la Plau de
Armas. donde la Filannon.ica tocari. re-
treta..
-1,Y ••• P
-No queremos mas. Que el pueb)o
puertorriqueno est.e a nuestro lado es
todo lo que deseamos. \' el estari &iempre escuchando nuestra musi~ aunque
DO percibamos· ni un centavo del Co-
Co,nidas Genuinas
Espaf1olas
Atnbicntc Distinguido
Entretenimiento
Piano Bar
t
!'
j
biemo..
EN P U E R ~ •••
.
&hc.-ani;;i
. bres
>·
no
11
fC••'••••ri'•
JiM."fiminado
AllfRTO HA.STA
LAS 5:00 A. M
a lo~ hom-
a lo pnebl05 por ~'ll'- latitudt·!>.
::- El itlioma )· 1 gt'(Jf;rafia ·nos unl·, igual
lftlC la hi"1o~. El Caribc- SC UU(' mai.
· c:ad:a dia., utiliz..~~~ina!I. de Bohc·
mia prirnc:"ro. mai. t~mlc la Bohemia Ubrc
lntcmacional, Je!,1..._.i.,, Bolrmia Libre
Puertorri<Jueiia ). ahor.a con bl Bohemia
Libre Dominkana .•• •
Coalnru n J. p.zi,u A-12
A-11
I
�.c.
EN
J>tft::RTO RICO .. ·• .
•
•
C••1•••ui•11
i.-wdo""lll!. lSIUlliliia~··au-p,i,noa·-.-,,,.;... ~
.
1."11\k: .... cin.'Ulaciim... L; Wta dara
"don cl..- las mock.'lnos .....lllores ameri,.
· · 'r, quc: dcbcn a,rviJ' de ~jmplo a otRl5
.. ..adores.
Gmt>rar Ull pcriodico ad\'Cl'S.Uio DU el
~'IOr
·
,
•
(~ot.a al lrdor:
Lm t'Ollk'tllarins al
.. ll.'111..iadar liUfJ:l"II '1.U1IO C:Vll!,it."C.,lt'"nc.'1a de
una cart.a Rdhida JIOf Nlc n-d.u.:tor, ._...,.
viada y f irmatla 110r Lautldina C..•pc.,d~
Comc1.. ck S.·mUa~o de los Cabalk•ros..
Rq,tiblic:a
.
.
Domii:::·-
.
.
. Recacmt~a e. a1 p.bU por 1'uc\'il
\ori,;.. el ~ben~J-!ucnu 1ut."'• dun
LU~ 1 1 ~ M.a~ u1~ ''-1>0nl'ro le pu~
en ~ l e n t o QUr oel'l:-' ~mpn.~ bal,1.1
adquarido otra r?.aprew ~111.u~~ a lo qu_c
el~ bum~re de Jal~ Arriba cunt1.-:J.o:
-cuatljUlt.'r ID01lOP?liO eti Dtal~. • •
&...b &eye amenc.mas prohibc.'11 a uu.a
pcnoua o c.:orporacion k~r m.u. de cinc.'0
emprna... dcl miwnu giro. Un ca~ quc
-obliga aJ comtml.uio es la empr~ de
Gan.Luer Cowie)., quc e, propietaria de la
11:'YU1.a ..LooL:'. ac.tu.ilmc:nte un:i. de la.s
. primer.as t.-n C'irt.-uladun de ,~ grandt•s".
·
·
1:.!'tta mh,ma cmprC'~ cumpro en la Florida.. en Caini,,.,,iJJe, de» periodico~ adver·
Ari~. Pall,() el ticnipo y el publico C:OU•
liidcr6 •1uc tierian do> but"no~ amigo~.
Pero, le» h<-m1anoi John )' Gardner Cow·
ley nu dl•h-.audarou a los lectorc5 de los
~})t..'<.-t.i"·os perio<licm. La.. dos ban am.-
Con l.i m...•jor de las 'intcmcioncs es Wl
ejumplo ->· .hast:a Ii se quiere un coo•
M.·io- quc cxpuncmm. ar fin:mciero o.
Ror OtalL:., l'rc.""llit1l•ntc y Publicist.a de la
EmprL"Sa llUC pt1blica El Di.:uio de 1'~-a
\'orL: )' La J>,,.,. 11sa de Nuc\•a \"ork, por el
bil•n Jc •u c-mim:-!loa y muy ~almente
por cl bi~'ll dd ()Ub}ico 1 el Jt.dor, que aJ
final Je cucnl..u, ~ cl Juan. deJ Pueblo •••
LA BILHARZIA ..• .
dd,1.· ,-abcr -.uc La 8ill'3.f'Zia a.ii alt:'I.U.t1do
a la pouh1c1011 auattJUt.' Ill estadi!>ll<..-:b lw•
)'an b.lJ.,do. .t.l problt-m.l ~ gr.an: ,. abi
e!>ti cl n"lloUltJJo de kh uue\·c.b ei..uu1.·m•!>
quc !ii(' n1an hacit•uJo en ninoe. ,. adultm,
1
eu ,·aria!l suua:11 de la Isla. La ta.rra e,i.
,:r.111d1.·. l'ur t"l!IO Gant.rot de .la Division
cJc Saucamicnlo ~,."Sita 111.i.~ tondm p;id'a
LOS
NINOS
NO
DUDAN...
iELLOS
creen!
ro-lodo -
A-J2
ft1i Ue,,-anc:lo a
caGten~ . . ,..
l"llkmulo. Ca.Ju pcriodico tieue Jcctores
)' amigos tr.adici~ )' • enlc.'f"arlc sus
Cicrtamenlc, la balalla contra la y.
1•untus dc- ,i.,ta o R&S caracteristicas, equi• hania Wt 110lo au c:omenz.ando. • paar
,.Jc: a abogarlo.
. · de b ai'k»i q.ac Ue,·a i n c u ~ en 1.Los Cowie.')· han demostr:ulo r,.ue ca· a.t;u» de b
ch~ y Quebraclal ~::.:
nan ~ mantenicoclo la ~don Y. ~
l 1ucrto Rk:o. que. como clia: d
·
l:_U!olc.b dt" 5 ~ k~on-s. ampb~ndolos. mat.anJulos y rcno,·andolc.. c::ontiDuamente.
0
magazinc!'t M!'manalc~
IIC
).lunk.ipal. la ~ de Me- .
• ,:J: .$ a Uni,1:rsidad de Puerto Hico,
~
bajo l(l
.picl«A dcl Ejcrato 7 d Dcparla.nk.."Dlo· ·tecJcral oe Salud .Publiaa.
.
nos.
·
MUf40Z
ARIN NO CREE
EN LOS~ MONOPOUOS"
. l
• ~.- ~·-;:· :--:-,-~:&,-:-........~....,.,_, _____
~·
tN!ad
DS.
·atan
infClttados
COG
B
.
t:L PROBLEMA •••. ·· ,..... ~- ·; ·1
c.ati.,,..cil•
·· ·~
'.
-
'
ht..noranu- de la ~liJad a,ot·JnUiidura porqur f.."'!llb ta..> le... rclnbuyc adt-cuadamiL-ule
cumo ~-ciali."'1.a'- )' atgUtlOII ho!iopitala le
~im ff'ttniric.•ndo P'(JUl'1Ml!li ·-dc.-posita5 a
b a~uradu.. a pt":'al de qut• e-1 contr.ato
tirmatlri no inl'lu)-e l&l 5ituadon. Tod.as
'""'1.1, anorm.JiJadc!> han ett.ado tal cl5c:unh..1lu ruin• lo~ 3,oc:'°" dt• la SSS, eq,t..
c.·a.·dmr.'fllc kt<i. «"nlplc.1du, ,,,1bhr.us. qlk" ..,,aaa,itlc:ra Jll.'(."t·~riil b ink·r.c-nc..n ,nabt·r·
11:.1.m•·nt.,I para lo,:r-.u fflk.· ~ nonm1licr la
wtual'i11n entrc la mtid.ad &."'l.-guradon ,.
lo.. a.••c:~urad<». \' no ~ Ir.ala 1."11 estc ca.~
de.· quc una IOla df:' las part1.~ puedn car,:.ar t'Ou toda la <'lllpa por las fa)h.., )"a
qur tudo in.Jina "'~ cada .iC<.ior co,'Uclto
J.,.. c:om1.•titlo cnon::;..
'
ila le de Iv. niilll ft alJo maravillo"'°!
Tomf'mu1, el c-a!o4l dr una nli1a rt-fuiiada pn,cede:n1f"
cle 11n pait- dt" uhramar. Ella paril"t'e M1bl'r que la
a,·uda le llr1ara df' ala:,una partr. ;Que habri. rop111
de abri10 para prou~gerla de! lrio - ,. que algun
dia ,·ol,;era a lt>ner un hoiar! l\o prrmi1a que la
duda eche • perd('r ~• le. l ,-,NI quf.' ,-. a la ia;lf'Si&
• a ta •ina,oJa. rut-nta ron un mNlio ftr,t"('ial para •Jadar.
Ha oido hablar dd Llamamif'ntu l 1rotri.l1n1e para
Compartir ~v~1ru, Sobranlf't<, df' la C.1Kta de ftflpa1o
auipieiada por IU!o Obit-pol Ca1ulit'O!- , drl Uam1mien1u
C.:Onjunlo Judio. l'rru e,ltrnl' u11NI alFuna Nita de la
csten~ion cleo e$UH- pn,.a:ramu. ! £,os i"Dl'omos
C'l BIJ·;~ flt l11
nJ11ntori11 1tortram~rirt1no tl~£1i.noJ.a
• .,t,,om,rr. i \' tit"ne UJ.INI al,;una ide-1 de lo quc
·
puedc lt•,:rari.e mNl,antc una donuinn por ~ut"ia que aea?
.Cualquitt cantidad puNI"" tff"l·ir para Cac:ilitar alimetuo
• muchm- ai.iu,,s. Cuando t-u i,;l~i• o la~ organi.J.aciann
encarr;adas dr rttof,er eslns f ondtM- haian an
llamamirnlo en ewe- M"ntido. por fuor. apu,·elo..
E.lla seniri. , .. ,a ft'fl1rdiar una nf'CN.idad.
•,·.,do
,,opo,no•••
'
'
.I
Cole&to d1 Rop11, •111pid11t111 por los ObisJ,os__
CATOLJCOS.
l ~U.mami~nto. PROTESTANTE p,1r11 Co,n,11rlir
Nu1stros Sohr11nles.
.
U111n•m!e".to Couj11n10 JUD10.
.
..-.;.;. .,.i.r- .,. ...,....-
~ el ,,..,._ ••1'91- do ,.,.... •
.,.
Uh•o-,..
....
ft
:
�.
;''
lofo, Wide Wo,f,I
que la poJicia nasserista •disolvia
icido el cuerpo de las victimas. con
jeto de hacer desaparecer todu
bucllas...
· .
• Nasser habia ordenado el traslado
de la mayor parte de las fue.rzas militares de Si.ria a EgiplO. y una va alli ha,.
bia desorgan&Z.ado a prop6sito ~ ej&- _
cito sirio. ·
• Aleaando que Siria era incapaz de
producir utisfa.ctoriamente cohetes..
Nauer orden6 el traslado a Egipto de
Jos primcros modclos de proyectilc:s sirios.., cuyo costo era de mas de tresci.en-aos miltones de libras egipcias. Cuando
Siria rompi6 con la R.epublica Arabc
Unida, Nauer se ncg6 a devolverlos a
su lugar de origen. Y estos fueroa b
cohetcs probados p<'f Nasser rec:ientemcnte. en el desieno del Neguev: cohe,,.
tcs 1irios, .no egipcios. Robados por el
Cairo a Damasco..
.
.
• A pesar de la naptura, Nasser no
cej6 en la maniobra de traici6n y duplicidad en Siria. lntent6 en ttc:s oca,ioncs propiciar un ,olpc de atado en
Damasco. La Quinta Columna ,:gipcia
en Siria, pagada por Nasser, maniobra
todavia todos b d.ias con objeto de
provoca.r buelgas.. realiz.ar ac:tos de U·
I.
botajc. asesinar incluso a dcterminados
li~ercs sirios.
• Hace poco, la diplomacia egipcia
envio un informe ICCfetO a SU$ anbajadores. ordenando la suspcnsi6n de to-'
da propaganda en favor de Jos rcfugiados arabes en Jordania - con objeto
de no obstaculizar las negociaciones
~ , el dic1ador de Ecipto, colocado f.'D b pkota en b Liga Arabt por las acusaciooes sirias •••
Cairo)" Nasser. Se estaba esceoificando
un juicio historico de alto vuelo -la
• conducta cgipcia en Siria durante los
Dr11m.J1ieo r-wJrnto n el dos anos escasos de la efimera R.epubli•
,nso ,k £, J; : :ir.be: Egipto se ca Arabc Unida .••
,~,;,~ tk £,
,n/e J.,u «111ocioUna a una, las acusaciones It abatian
UGA ARABE - NASSER,
LADRON DE ~OHETES
iu1
'6 .Ill
,
111,
x-41.
II
Sut.11.
El momcnto f de suprema tcnsi6n.
reunion del Cc~.sejo de la Uga Ara•
se habia iniciadd\ia·finales de agosto
Oltaura. pequcna localidad Jibanesa
1as· cercanias de la capital, Beiruth.
+.rante tres dias el delcgado sirio ha• uso de la palabra: y una cascada de
usaciooes se abat.aa sobre Egipto. el
• 1
sobre la cabc.z.a de Nass.er:
• Durante los dos anos de vigenc:ia
de la Republica Arabc Unida. Nasser
habia instaurado un regimen policial
absoluto, en ,complicidad con algunos
traidores ,irios, en vulneracion de todas
las tradiciones democritica.s de la Da·
ci6n. en vulneraci6n de todas las )eyes
y dercchos - llcgandose aJ c:xtrcmo de
egip:io-nortcamericanas. Una copia fotosuitica de la orden, al scr presentada
en la Liga Arahe., determin6 6\ln mi·
nuto de si.1encio de estupor"'. Y fue
entonces cuando et delegado cgipcio se
le\·ant6 de su silla y se retir6 de la
scsi6n •••
Al dia siguicnte.. el Cairo, en tran.smisi6n repetida varias veces. anunci6
que Egipto - quc todavia sigue Ila- j
mandose oficialmctnc Republica Arabc
Unida - K retiraba dcfinitivamen~ de
la Liga Arabe. En realidad no pc,dia
hacer otra cos.a si qucria wvar la 4ara
- )' de toda.s manc.ras no la
Porquc aunque la mayoria de los m mbros de la Liga Arabc no 1e ha ia.n
pronunciado contra Egipto, el impacto ._.
causado por las acusaciones sirias fue
tan enormc, que el delegado egipcio no
se atrevi6 a en(rcntarse coo Jos dernb
miembros de la instituci6n..
uibL
'
•'
l
I
l
.
•
!
•'
I •
- ..
'i
�. , __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. . . ; . . . V
• --·•·---,. •
•_,, ____ , _ , _ _ _ _ _ "
•• ,
•
__ .,
.
odifica su conducta. y toda
t."Spanola publica amplias
inf
.Jciones sobre los aconlf:Ci.
mientos asturianos. Ello cs interpretado en Madrid como indicac:i6n.cle
que cl aobiemo ticnc inter& en que
se 1epa que la buelga tienc · motiva-
.ESPA~A: HUELG~.
SI LENCIOSAS II\..,,,,,
1:::.;
'°'
A.11,nn,10 i~nn.J tk IMf'N!JJ
f!fl
ord~11 ti.el iobinwo.
Prinei io d~ libn.Jiucion ti,/ ,egi
· ._. nih,go, Bllftllll
l,11 g11J •n .11.stllf'UU. _
Espa44
tamente un mes de.spuh )Se
haber 1:Yetomado al trabajo Jos obrcros de Asturias - scsenta mil fueron
a la hue],;.. otra vcz ~ paraliz.a cl
trabajo e
a• ·c:ucnca minera asturiana. La ~gunda ola se inic:i6 el 25
de agosto. Una de las huclgas mis
extraiias que registra la hi$toria de I&
naci6n espaiiola: Porque:
l!I No media en esta ocasi6n la
menor reivindicaci6n 1oeial. Los mineros asturianos. ahora. no piden aumento de sueldo. No piden nadL
t3uardan silencio. Abandonan el trabajo. A finales de agosto eran 16.000
los buelguislu. En Sos p,imeros dias
de septiembre el movimiento ·tendia
• extcnderse.
• Asi como en las bueJgas de jun.io y julio el gobiemo no quiso tomar rcpresalias policiales, a primcros de scptiembrc inici6 un vasto mo,·irniento represivo, indicativo de que
ae disponia a dar la batalla. Trescicnlos mineros en huelga fueroo des·
terrados a lejanas provincias: a Ex.tremadura )' Jaen. Ello en virtud de
la suspension del Fuero de_ los Espa6oles. en CU)'O aniculo 14 se afirma
que todo espaiiol puede elegir resi•
dcncia. ,Que ha.ran cstos trescicntos
obreros asturianos en un lugar extra.no, sin uabajo ni medios de subsistencia?
• Huclga sin lidercs. sin reividindicaciones soc:iales ni econ6micas.
obviamente se trata de una buclga
poUtica.. La carcocia de -lidercs. so-
Al_retirarsc Egipto •. la Liga Arabe se·
convierte en algo inopcrante. Uno de
sus miembros, el lrak. no acude a sus
sesioncs desdc que Kuwait fue admitido en el organismo arabigo. Tunez no
envia reprcsentantes, aunque of icialmente nose ha retirado del organismo.
La retirada, ahora. de Egipto - el pais
mis poderoso dcl bloque islamico. •
pcsar de sus descalabros - deja a la
Liga en
· uacion de absoluta impotenci .
smo dia en que el Cairo anune Egipto sc retiraba de la· Llga.
ado militar egipcio en Beiruth,
capital el La1,ano. se asilaba en Da·
masco 1 ~ . ~patibilidad con la
politica de'"Nasscr en Siria". Damasco
expedia un comunicado ofrecicndo al
comandantc Zaghgloul Abdel Rahman
..asilo politico en un pais donde, afortunadarnentc_ Jas Jibcnades no estan abolidas como en Egipto". El asilo del co-
• 4--"*4.ZiQ
·--···-
ciones politicas. ..Es un prod~ .de ._
los viejos odios de 1934 )' de~aue,." --.
na civil. Prueba de que d
no ha 1id0 olvidado•. Como
u-
·
bido. el rigirne:11 jueaa c:onstan meate a la amenaza de una segu.n vueJ.
Rebrote de butlgas ea el Norte de
Espana. Sin lideres aparmtes, sin ttiTindicacioaes e«>nomic:as, lin pcticiona sociaJes •••
brc todo, no engaiia • nadie. ,Creen
los mineros asturianos - que ~ catifican a sf mis.mos de avanzada del
proletariado hispano - que ha llegado la hora de tomar la iniciativa de
la guerra contra el regimen?
• Durante las buelgas anteriorcs.
la prensa., sujeta a censura. no public6 la menor noticia. l..o5 espafiolcs,
para enterane de lo que estaba sucedicndo, tenian quc adquirir la prensa extranjera - o sintoniz.ar RadioPraga, con lo cual la propaganda
comunista tuvo una coyuntura .ex•
tremadamentc propic:iL Ahora el go-
mandantc - un fntimo colaborador de
Nasser el comunica'do • sirio.
constituian dos enormcs bofetadas en cl
rostro dcl dictador egipcio •••
mas ·
Una oucva f ase se inic::ia c:n la politica general de Medio Oriente con la retirada de Egipto de la Liga. Sus .caractuist..icas:
• Hoy hay mas motivos y causas de
divisi6n en Medio Oricnte que motivos
y c:ausas de unidad. La idea germinal
de Nasser: pan-arabi.smo. pan islamismo
y 10Ciatismo habe ha quedadll ·entcramente destruida. No es quc en realidad sea inviable. es que las a.spiraciones hcgcm6nicas de qipto la han prostituido.
• EJ lrak. en guerra contra. los kur-
dos, sc encuentra al borde del abismo.
Cualquier dia el general Kassem seri
dcrribado por la rebdi6n intcma - Ii
po logra u.na victoria decisiva contra la
ta al ruedo tdgico de la au
civil.
• Dctalle cxtremadamente ~
unte: durante. cl anterior movim.iento. la Iglesia K pronunci6 en favor·
de las reivindicaciones sociales de los
mineros.. Pero en csta ocasi6n. ante
el ca.racier sospe,choso de la ol'cmi-.
va, la I1Jesi1 se abstiene de haccr el ,
menor comenta.rio favorable. Pero
tampoco se_ pronuncia en comra.
Prudentemente. aguarda.. Los purocos asturianos, los mis dem6c:raw
de &pan.a. empiezan a prtguntane
Ii se hallan ante u.n movimicnto impirado secretamentc por los comun.i.stas.
Criterio geoerali.z.ado en Madrid,
ea la pri.mcra semana de septiembre:
cl movimicnto no du.ran mucbo, en
csta oca.si6n, ni llegaii a cobrar la
amplitud de la huel.ga anterior. Pero
quiz.a tcndra mas importADcia que la
primerL Porque parece demostrarse
que por primera vcz dcsdc la guerra
civil espanola, cl proletariado hispano decide la.nzarse a la arena poU.
tica contra el regltnen. Y los obscr·
vadorcs europeos se preguntan: i.J)Or
que prccisamente ahora? La rcspuesta. altcrnativa mas 16gica:
• Porque d proletariado est.ima
que el regimen ·se esti debilitando.
• 0 porque dcsea colocar un obstaculo
a.I ingrcso de Espafia en
el Mercado Comun Ew'opeo.
mas
ofcnsiva interior, cos.a que se cstima imposible.
• Argelia, eJ mas nciente ' de los
miembros de la Llga Arabe. se cncu.enlTa igualmente al horde de la guerra
civil. Hasta que no sc estabilice mc·diante gobiemo &6lido. su influencia en
el seno de la Uga seri nulL
• Tu.ncz y Ma.rruecos. aunque miembrosdela·lJga,-x ma.nifiestan totalmcntc indif ercntcs. T u.ncz no asw.c a las
scsiones y Manuecos se li.mita a e.oviar
un observador.
ED rcsumen: lo que
do haber sido
una tercera fucna mwf dial - cl bloque arabc - se esti cJnvirtiendo en
una rebatifia de rivalidad.cs.. El prestigio de Nasser ha quedado aefiniti\·amente comprometido con el fracaso
rio - pero a su vcz la Liga Arabc, a
consecuenc:ias dcl esdndalo, ha quedado practicamcntc dcsuu.ida.
J-
u-
�: esta seria favorable a 11.ui''f",. ble a occidente. Ea el pri- ·
. L~.rcto para nadie que lJ..Thant as. si
idente no le nspaldarfa
D11r1J11Je ••• snnmui, ttl Sscr~t~o
pi\.- ! la rcclecci6n - ~ Yiae~cia nor• mer car....,1"
en la d-...
·6n. En el lel1lftdo cuo.
Act11dnte 1k u, ONU ,erm.ouc,o n
mal-del mandato es de cmco aaos.
. ltusia vetarla su nombramiento
, . .
R111i11. E11 Y"11•, ''.~'"
· ,ls Klmtshel,e,.,, 1 ,
U ntant cuenta _con et respaldo
110 ea .i
.
Un
poco
de
sudor
en
1u
aristocrib•
. .
~ •
. • no confcsado. en reahdad -: de Estados
tr,me, numsi,o .~1 ~· t~"e oc'!~· Unidos. Adcmas. puede confiar con el eas siencs de U-TbaDL No por cl caJor
n L, ONU ,,J',,.rCMm...11, ,,,.o:am.4 · voto de la mayoria de las delegacioncs de Yalta. a.las orillas del Mar Nepp,
.Au,mbu" G r.J.?
de Lati.n<>-America,. ui como de 1u de- lino porque sus perspectivu de Scc:rl- ~ :=.:..
tario de la ONU para et
Yalta, en las
leaaciones de Asia y Africa.
que se abriri en abril de 1963. DO
•
gro. Nombre hip 'tico. consagrado dos
.· ·· :• Pero en la designaei6n de Sec:re- muy esplcndidu. .
veces en el curso \(le un siglo por acon- tario GeneraJ el voto de la mayoria.
lncidcnte &ignificativo: U.:
ai
tecimienlos estelares. Durante la guerra aunque indispensable. no basta: 1e prelo
de Crime.a, m 18S&_e.o..... Valla se dio cisa,. ademh, eJ voto uni.Dime en el J.foscu. dirigi6 una apelaci611 al p
la ce1ebre· carga de la Caballeria Lige- Conscjo de Seguridad. En otras pala- roso: ""Si eJ pueblo rmo _c:oooc.icra~ - ,
n inglesa, con la consiguiente derrota bras, se wge que Rusia no vete el nam .. realidad congolesa1 apoyaria a la ONU
- pero ~ la c:onoce•.. •
,
de los rusos. En 194S, casi un siglo des- bramicnto.
pues, en Yalta Rusia infligi6 una deLa atoeuei6n, grabada en cinta. mmPor lo tanto, lo mh Jogico es supo- ca fue radiada al pueblo ruso •••
nota . dipJomatica decisiva a las pote.n•
cias occidentales. presididas por el en- ner que U-Tbant haya ido a Moscu a
tonces presidente Roosevelt - dcrrou. sondea.r las intenciones rusas en rela- ·,r.
9r· ..... 1-·· .....,~~~-·.+. ~.. 'J,.:t,c
_diplomatica porque rcpresent6 un titu- ci6n a su eventual reelecci6n. .:Cuiles
·:PRIGUN1AS -·~·,}?-~::,t->
'-:~
~S: ·-:....~
• •. ,-; ~
... "'"'-~-~ ,Jtl'·...
lo bist6ricq, para R.usia, en relaci6n al son las intenciones moscovitas? Hasta
· ,ounCA INTEaNAaoN.A.1:-~~~w ~ _.. •
dominio de Europa oriental. Roosevelt el presente, solo cabe insinuar una serie
--,.-:/·,(-=:
,..;.,.• -:-[:·.:.:~ ~ ~-Y.·.,..~,
muri6 J4 dias despues de la conferencia de presuociones:
~
~·~
,·
~ l.:·:'!""
,. • .
,;:- - ·"'.'· .
')_
de Yalu. ...
U-THAN, CANDIDATO VIAJER~,cenninado eJ de Hammartsjold. No
.
n1,,,..; ""'•nieg• . • _
_
periodo;t ·.
~~~~~.-~r~ti~~it'~-t-~~~i·
!.
,.,. . '*;. . ~·:· •. ;\,·. . . . ,.~.,... t~....
En Yalta, a principios de ,epticmbre.
e) Secretario Acluante de las Nacione:5
· Unidas, el serafico U-Thant. birmano y
, .....
• Rusia n" ha dicho oficialmcnte ua.a
pa1abra sobrc la cuesti6n. Pero la prcnsa 1ovietica, en lcs ultimos meses., te
ha abstenido cuidadosamente de 1anzar
la menor acusacion gra\·e contra el seri.fico birmano. Por lo tanto, es de prcsumir quc, en principio. Rusia no se
~~i~:.
IC
q~e~e;~s=~d~d ~;
1
;cq:!:e~=s.abc todavia cual scra la act.itud de
la Union Sovietica en materia tan
portantc.
· pacifi1sta, f ue rec•m·d
· m1-·
a o por el pruner
: nistro de la Uni6 Sovictica. ;.A que
. habia ido U"i"itusia? Et Sccrc. tario General pen as habla. Mutismo
t probablementc eredado de t.u antcce:_ IOI', d benem ·10 Dag Hammarksjold,
maba precisamente ..el
1 quicn se le
. senor Silencio Ninguna indicaci6n di·
~ rec:ta, por lo ta • .Ac.Jos motivos de]
• viaje del Secretano·a Rusia. Sin embar· d'
·•
d'
d
, ..1.
801 I una an
concrcta,
· icac1on
I ·
·,.
d I "'-·unana
f a
a e.specaa s1tuac100 e mi:IAunO un._f ciooario de la ONU:
\II;
'
· • El mandato de· U-Tbant termina
-~ abril de 1963-fecha en ~ue ha•
.. ··~.--~
~~;!}!.!!~!!Jlt!l~?
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·1 ·eome:renc1a CD·'Anbra :·cm:re.~;S,
.•· ,. Lyndon Johnson; 'Yico-prcslden:.::,:.:
· ,~\(te Ac· E.stados ·U1;Ud0$. •f:0!1.el.i~
-•.:'..,.. pres.adente y el pnmu min.istrO. ~:a
opone a la reeJccci6n dcl actual Sccre.:~;·-.'de TurqwL·:,C6~.a· ~\1
1.ario Actuantc.
I.", S .).as dqs .autondad_• tw,:c;as? ?-~._~ai
]
•6
'L
'l"'; ~ •."""'.~ .~l'a-' :;.,. •• ,: -~-.- • ..,._-'t.·.,~~l
•
• S an embargo, la de egact D IOVlcti- f!;._-2:El-director lUSO &/Jos. iral,a:_.- ..JOS.-~
ca a las Naciones Unidas no demuestra ,_._.-....
.. de Ja represa de Aswan .acaba~--~~
·
~·
dispensar la menor simpatia por U- -.
Thant. Las relaciones s.on frias, convencionales - y a veces la delegaci6n so-
Kbrusbchn, Kisele,· ,. U-Thant en VaJ.
ti - Dombrt bistorico COD ttOS tragicos
para 0ttidente. Kisele,· es el secntario
4lel Consejo de 5e&uridad.. U-Thant, el
15pirante a Sttretario General. Khrusb•
chn I el hombre del eventual Teto •• ,
Q
an-
Quejas sovieticas: U-Tbant, a pcs.ar
de que se habia comprometido a ello. no
ha conc:edido a los rusos detcrminados
cargos import.antes en la ONU. Ademas,
no consulta a los consejcros sovicticos
adscritos a la Secretaria, en detcnninados problemas. como el del Congo. Pot
ultimo, ofic:ialmente Rusia no ha retirado &u proposicion de --U,oika", es d~
cir, de Secretaria colegiada a ba,e de
tre.s miembros, UftO comunista, UDO OC-
cidental. otro neutral...
Otro problema inquieta 1randcmente a U-Thant: dentro de unos dias,
cuando se inicie la proxima etapa de
scsioncs de la Asamblca de la ONU.
i.acu'1ira el primer minislro ruso al he,.·
miciclo asamblcistico? En todo caso, la
de1cgaci6n sovictica, i,.p'3nlcara oficia1~
mente la cucs1i6n de BcrHn'? Personalmcnte U·Thant prdcriria que no fucra
asi. Juri'dicamcnte la cuesti6n de Ber-·
lin escapa • la autoridad de la ONU.
puesto ~uc en el momento de la fund ac1on
. • d e J orgams.mo
•
,.
d
.
as1 5e eternun6
· 1ng1aentre Esta d os U n1'd os, Franc1a.
terra y RusiL EJ pJantean1iento de la
cuesti6n bcrlinesa obligaria al Secreta•
rio Actua.ntc a adoptar una actitud-y
[:~._·:·: :lc;1!isd:\~=~~~ij ·
·--no• ., •. --··. · ·:-1•>
[:/·de confesar que ban
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3 .Washington·. crce··. que, dentro~
-</de alguoos mes.e.s lm pafs.asi.l·!~
~-·t-t.ico est.ad· en ·condicio~·-de ·.J
,.
CD;S8Y&r SU· prime.ra. bomba~~::~
.; :-mica. ,Qu6 pa.is cs 6ste"l"!\> .,.--~-~
·. · ·. . .
... · ~ .· ·•. -;t~~~;;
Egipto se acaba de retint.r
·Ja.'~
·· ;, ..,Liga Arabc:. z.Cuil es el ultimo !:'
~s qu': ing~es6 .tfl ~~;~~~.;~
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·. . , · • .:.; · · :;.-:·-.: ~:;.~../11':.-\ • ..i;
, .. 5 ;:Qu6 pa1ses.constituid.11 la ".Fe-·~..-_.
d(:laci~n de.la M.~,~~..:~\?
t 6. Otto~ pm
·,,. mdochino
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l: ·.: :del Ejerc:ito Secreto uanc&-:"J;·
!:_;,_.- la organizaci6n _quc ·prcpar6
~ t~alentad'! ~~lfl.. ~eJ'ia~? ~·
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(':: ·. fr~n~gelino.. sobre Jos ~-~-~
fj.~;~.;. m1entos petrollieros dd Si.ha.~:~
?. -··: ra. tComo )e . dividinn ~ be-~~
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�PROTAGONIST~
DE LA NOTICIA
~ .l
•
j.\
•'
BULGARIA • El 1obierno acaba de convocar concuno para aueva letra y
musica dcl Himno Nacional. E actual empieza asi: -Oue Jos·rayos deJ '·
1ran sol de Lalin y de Stalin alumbren nuestra via ..... Despu& 1e reficre Dimitrov. Scgun la convocatoria. c.n el nuevo HimDo no deberi
figurar ningun nombre.
·
· · ·-. ·~--- · - .. :.
. JORDA NIA • El rey Hussein acaba de visitar Arabia SaudltL ussein es un
Hachcmita, Saud de Arabia cs un Saudita - dos cstirpes • 15, quc ba·
ce s61o cinco anos sc rc<f ian la cabcza. Pero desde la
da de1 lrak
en manos de Kass.cm )' dcsde quc el Cairo ataca diariam te a los dos
mona.rc:as. istos ban tcrminado por reconca1ianc.
· --.
1
Robert Frost. el patriarca
de la poesia nortcan1ericana.
_..,..!UIC~~ba de rcgrc:sar de un
viaje de diez dias en Moscu.
, a donde fue bajo los auspicios
l del departamcnto de estado
. en cl pro1rama de intercam1 bio cultural con Rusia. Dcs"11.l'i~ente, Frost pronunci6 palabras derrotistas •••
L
IRAK • Muy mal debcn andar las cos.as en el lrak cuarido se est.I',mJa1izan.
do la evasion de soldados de las briiadas situadu cerca del I.rill y de
Arthur J. Goldberg. ·Secrc' tario de Trabajo del gobiemo
norteamcricano. elevado al
Tribunal Supremo de Washington por el Prcsidente Kennedy. En sustituci6n dcl ma•
gistrado Felix Frankfurter.
retirado por ca~i'I de la edad.
General Kassem del lrak.
cuya 1ituaci6n se compromete
mis y mas todos los dias. dcbido a dos caus.as: -la ofensiva progresiva de las tribus
kurdas, en rebeli6n militar, y
cl ccrco a quc esti 5,0metido
en la Liga Arabe.
Jordania. Hasta primcros de scpticmbre la pn:ns.a daba noticia de las
descrciones: 237 en aaosto. Ahora ya no publica informaciones aJ respec:to - pero sc ube e~ Bagda~ quc las deserciooes continiian. . .
ARGELIA • Una hoja suclta que circula profusa.mcote por las canes de Argel .
afirma que et coronel Boumedienne. jcfe dd estado mayor. dio orden
de matar a Ben Khedda a principios de agosto. Se estima que la hoja r
suetta es obra de los amigos de Ben Bt-lla. Probablemente lo que dice a
fals.o, pero sc trata de una maniobra preventiva para im~ que Ben
Bellar.ea ejecutado por cl cjcrcito...
•·
ESPAAA • Nueva ota de huclgas en Asturias->· primeras medidas de re- ·
presi6n: 300 mineros fucron dC'Slcrrados a Exuemadura a principios de
scptiembre. En esta oc:as.i6n, la Iglesia no sc pronunc:wi en favor de
. Jos mineros. La huelga se debc. no a motivos socialcs. sino a motivos
politicos.
l
l
l
Colin Jordan. subdito inglci. organizador de una campana de inspiraci6n nacionalsoc:ialista, c:uyo principal prorosito consiste en expulsar de
lnglaterra a todos los ciudadanos de color. Presidente del
Comite de Educacion de C.0ventry. acaba de ser dcspedi·
do por las autoridades superiores del manisterio de Edu·
caci6n.
Ako Adjei, ministro de estado de la republrca de Ghana, c:uya dctenci6n fuc orde11.da hace poco por el presidenle Kvrame N'Krumah.
bajo acusacion · de traici6n.
El presidente de Ghana no
tolera la menor oposici6n .N'Krumah. prototipo de totalitarismo Degro.
FRANCIA • Epidemia de inccndios en 1os bosques det &ur de Francia. Doc:e
departamentos - provincias - han lido afectados. Sobrc ._todo, en cl
Var J los Alpes .Maritimos. donde la mitad de los bosque:s h2n sido
pasto de las llamas. Ya no queda la menor duda: se trata de act.os de
sabotaje organizados por el Ejercito Secreto -que ha trasladado de
Argelia a Francia su campo de accion.:
.
ESTADOS UN1DOS • Desde el 10 de septiembre se encuentra en Estados
Unidos el ministro de Agrieultura de la Union Sovictica.. Vino a Estados Unidos, ac:ompanado de una misi6o tec:nica., con objeto de estudiar
Jos metodos norteamcricanos de cultivo intensivo. Conviene recordar que
en mayo de este ano - por lo tanto hace s6lo trcs meses, Khrushchev
habia dicho en un discW'$0 en Odessa: ..Los sistemas de cultivo de la
Union Sovictica son los mejores del mundo. Nadie puede cnsefiamos
nada at rcspecto".
NACIONES UNIDAS • Sc va precisando el plan de U-Thant en relaci6n a1
Congo: fcdcraci6n de 17 provincias aut6noma.s.. Kata.nga entregari la
mitad de sus ini!rcsos al poder central. En compcnsaci6n, 1era casi un
estado indcpendiente. Se crce que uno de Jos tcmas de convusaci6n en•
tre U·Thant )'Khrushchev.en ocasion de la vis.ita del primero a Moscu.
fue precisamcnte el problema del Congo.
PORTUGAL • El gobiemo de Salazar estuvo a punto de romper con Estados
Unidos a finales de agosto. cuando se entero que Adoula, primer ministro del Congo, habi.a cnvindo armas • los rebe1des de Angola. El
embajador portu~ues en Waihington se quej6 ante Dean Rusk. pero e!
Canciller del Potomac le cn\·i6 recado: ..Lo sentimos mucho.- pero DC'
podcmos hacer nada''".
,. ' ·--:+:-- ··"""'!'
~~-.-.~-.-:rr-~-~-"':"tJ"-.,l,"l.t."4 ...-:~-r----t"'' .......
ISRAEL / :· . . ':.
Berhard Barbance. proba-
·: -~'.
t:t},:)(},;~~Jfff:['if.: \
FJ aobiemo de Tel Avi, em.pier.a a preocuparse por Jos «1hetes
de- NIIS'Sl'r. ·Podria ocmrir-dice cl m.inistro adjunto de'dtfmsa cle
Israel, Shimon Peres - qat Nasser se envaltntoura c:oia ns cohetcs ,. dttidiera lanzarlos sobrt Ttl A Yi.-. Si lanza.ra ariones. de bom- .
bardeo ao tc:ndriamos cl mt.nor miedo, porqae las dembariamos. :
Pero el cohtte esnpa a nuestr"u dd'ens:as.. .Por lo ·lanto,... DO 4lleP ··
mas nm~io: krael drbe restable-cu cl eqallibrio milita.r- es de, cir. empuar la_ fabrica~6D de annas Do. ~·~endoa.aJes19.. :,;\<~~- 1._ .
f~\/;.. -~-·-· ·; ~- :!_~- ~ ~·?:; ~/\t ?;.\?2i1:t!t\1).f~t;{\
.~-.·~-& :
�~r~idgnfn 1$firicidt~~-'J _
_ _ :_ ·,:·~+-\~-~J
y Cuba
•EL PRfc~K;NNmY YCUBA
_,"""'9_ _
i,.
wd·
Como era cle .lsperar con los aco1necimicnros de las
dias en reladon ~la inrerve11e-.i6n nua-conrinenral de
lS potencias comunistas en Cuba, Ll confe>rencia de prensa
t'l Presidente Kenned)· con toda segurid..ad que iba a set aprotdu.cla por los periodi.sw para lograr import.antes aclaracio,.
,CS r aefinicioDH. E miercoles 29 de agosto, a las cuatto de
l tarde, habia uoos uesdeotos paiodisw en el auditorium
·et Deparumeato de Esudo cuando cnt.ro cl Praide.ntc KeoiNfr, K"SUido por el secteurio de prensa de Ll Ca.u. Blanca.
,fr. Pierre Salinser J otto de sus a.sesores. Mr. Kennedy renia
1na apresi6Q sok:mne en la a.ra. que conttastaba coo los ale,.
:tt.-S colcre-s de su camis.t , de su corbara a raras. En seguida
nuncio el nombramiento del .s«rerario del Trabajo. Mr. Gold~,g. en la vacante del magisuado. f rankfu.rier•.para cl :ri,unal Supremo. una substirucion que produ;o cieno asombro
ior las desemejanus entre ambos jurisw. ky6 oms declaraiones J comenzaron las pttgunw que le refcdan a las prue,.
tU audeares. a la cucstion de Berlin, a las aspiracioocs poli·
icas · de su berm.a.no. ~c.. J ya en la prcsunca numero ocho el
"°Pio Mr. Kennedy, al defender el pro)'CctO de ley de a,ud.J
1 las paises au-anjcros. menciono como un argumento iml('tf'Unte. cl becho de que b. Union Sovietic.a est.ha arudando
1 Cuba Comunisr.a., a Jndone-sia r a ouos paises. Mr. Kennedy
kfcndi6 b a)-uda norteMDerican.a a diversos paises con atgu.·
im
ww.w.w
V es quc los walientcs muchadlos dcJ c:aioneo •••
frases elocumtes, n1bric.adas por gestos eacrgicos ....
Como si bubi~ dado lo quc en ajtdrez llamaD una aper·
tu.ra., por alH x col6 el tcma de Cuba Comunista J del peligro que rcprest"ou para b scguridad de los Estados Uoidos J
de la America Latina.. Ya este corresponsal ha clicho aJ,gu.u
YCZ que el tema de Cuba no putec serle muy grato a M.r.
Kcnotdr en sus conlcrcncias de prensa,, quizi.s Ii porquc le
uae el rccuerdo de varies r mur tcrminantes pronuncia.m..icntos
SU)'OS CD epoyo de Cuba Libre, QUC DO ban pasaao de SCI' fra.
scs mur ~rmosa.s y muy de a,sradcccr. Cuando un period.ism
le prt:sunro si ~bl.a. lcido cl discurso dcl senador Capehart.
de Indiana. co cl quc denu.nciaba que en.n uopas sovietic:as
J DO ltenic01, como N la wnion oficial Done.a.meric:a.na.. Jos
que en estos dias se h.an esrablccido f!tl Cuba COlDO en tierra
conquisuch. de modo quc Cu.ba mis bien se parecc a Hun•
I
. aria. uaslada.da al Nuevo Mundo, Mr. Kennedy se inmut6 Ti•
I•
s.iblemcnte. Midiendo sus palabras con1est6 que no hahia prue,.
bu de tale1 uopa.s auoque rodo cso era motivo de Ll mayor
prcocup.a.cion para los &tados Un.idos. quieocs contcmpl.aban
la tou.lidad de sus oblipciones en distinw panes dd muodo.
A esro agreg6 que la principal ammlla para el pueblo cuba.ao 7
esuba · en b dcsorpniuci6n J b ruin2 de la ecooomia cuba.na,. .•
eo manos de 1os comonistas; pcro que los Estados Unidos am• __
tinuaban obscrvando coo la maror atencion cl curso
los
aconte:cimientos. El rcporu.-ro que habaa he:cho la Ptt&'Wlta habaa cuidado de senala.r que el senador Capehart habia pedido
. en su discurso la in,·asion de Cuba por Jos Estados Uoidosfpan
libenarla de la tirania comuoista. Mr. Kenn~y no hab'- dicho nada al rcsptao r el ttportero volvi6 a la a.rp con la•
prt'gunu. concreta sobrc el panicular. Dcsdc doode are corres•
poosal estaba le .pa.rtt.io oir que Mr. Kcn.oedr decia: We arc
nor 10 invade Cuba at this time, o palabras por cl estilo o RA.
ao •.amas • in_vadir a Cuba co estos momenros. El rcportelO
1W
1·
.
d;
Bohe,nia
Cundo mb'o el pnsldaate Kenntd1, •••
Ubn
se
d10
por uwfccho con c:sca rc:spucsta.;
pttO
das picJUDbll
I
I
~
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l
. !
�~-~--- ..... ____ ___,._ .__
.,.
1
' -aw
adclante el ttma de Cuha. - ~ S A . VIVA. SAN·
GRANTE Y REBEi.DE! volvi6 •\..,..~se delaote de Mr.
Kenocdr. •.
cJ . .
-
-A11nque Bm f. J.ft'fl'r, el cspcaalisu- dt la Pmua A-.
ciada para asunros interamericanas. hacia tato quc ttdamaba
quc M.r. Ke-nMdy le atcndiese, no fuc ii quien lop6 Uamu
la atencioa del President.e de las Esudos Unidos. lino ouo
periodista
·~~ quc en el Dcpartamf!Dto de Esta.do R
habia dicho ur cnttt las continge.nres dcsembarcados CD Cuba
ht.bu -pc naJ militar J proi·ect.ih:s teJrditi.gidos'• quc WD•
bieo se dee que habian dNembarcado uopas adicionales. COG·
trieros. tee icos, ~c.. Mr. Kenedr no duimul6 su design.do
tune esta iqrerpdacion ., nc,;6 de la maoera mas rttmin.aote
quc ~ cl Dcparwne-nto ck Estado st hubi~ did\O ul cosa. E
!.
rrponero insis-t:ia..H ,quc labia. niacion sovietica co Cuba J
Mr. Kenned)· no entr6 a consideru deutladammtc estc punto
micntra.s quedaba en cl airc la information de que todavia.
a dccir, ..&I yet... no habia prucba ea apoyo de las iumores
circu1anres.
. Dos prcgunw mas adelantc otro reponero pidi6 la opinion de Mr. Kennedy sobre b 00ticia aparecida en la primers
pi.gina de los di.arias mis imporunres de los Est.ados Ua.idos.
accro de que la Union Sovietica h,abia aumencado, huta du·
plicatla. t-n 1962, la ai-uda que •,nia prestando· • Cuba C.O.. .
munisu.. a ta! punto que se ha visto precisado • fieur buques
de banderas nuanieru para uarup;)tW 105 matcriales J. cl
personal que cstaba eoviando a Cuba Comun.ista. La a:presion de la ara de Mr. Kennedy era rodo un pot.'ffia cuando
dijo que estaba eoterado de todo eso y quc los E5udos Unidos
cstaban hacicndo w consulw del a.so con los paiscs c:on los
cuales estin asociados.
·
·
C..Si parecio quc Mr. Kennedr sonreia aliviado cuaodo
una periodista con b cual ha tenido mas ck un aa.rceo de
palabu.s.. le plante6 una pregunta en favor de lutan,sa J en
coom de quc los Estados Unidos a)·udeo al regimen del Primer .Ministro Adoula r a la ONU pan reducir a la obedienda
a Tshombe .•• MiC'otm sc hablaba dcl ConBo, quc esti eo las
Qui.mha..mlw.. pues no sc Jublab.t de Cuba. el ti:.aa cnojoso.
clif icil. que ai,;e una st:>Juci6n por el iomes mismo de los Es·
ndos Unidos 1· para la cual cs rreciso poner de relieve energia.. decuion r cora;e ... Sia embargo. Mr. Kennedr 1e habia
apresurado dem.asiado. porque la siguiente pregunta lo dej6
perpleio r por un momenta sc qued6 sin esa facundia de la
que hace gala ffl las conferenciu de preru.a. "Sr. Ptcsidcntt..,
le iritcrrog6 otro periodisu. .. iQue pucde ustcd deciraos de la
Docuina de Monroe en rdacion con la acrual s.iNacion de
Cuba? Con gran lcntinia., rebuscando las palabra.s, midicndo
1u1 frues, Mr. Kennedy 1e acerc6 a la la.mos.a piedu &D8UW
de la politia ei:tcrior norteamericana. acaci6n de John Quine, Ad.ams. coniuJtada I John Adams, a Thomas Jefferson y
a Jam~ Madis.on, y prcdamada por eJ Presidenre Monroe
cuando los Esrados Unidos cran un.a pcque.na o.a.cion y la Rusia
de los :u.res Romanoff llegaba con sus 1nnzada.s a California.
pot un lado, y .negociaba con la Espa!i,a de Fer~do VII l;a
cesioo de Cuba a ambio de um ncuadra de barcos carcomados. HaJ' que convcnir co que la rcspuC'Sta fue floja r h.tbria
hecho monw en colera a James Monroe, de habcrla esc:ucb.do.
EI hisroriador Dexter Perkins. mbima autoridad noneameti·
ana sobre la Doctrina de Monroe, no habria eftCOntrado precedrote en ,u famosa obr2 para la d«lauci6n def Prcsiden~
Kenned)·. auoque. a d«ir verdad, Mr. Kennedy no reneg6 del
fam0$0 pronunciamiento. sino que condiciono su aplicacio.o r
• promet~·
6 Q.£ .ae le daria cumplimiento ....
• .es que- los ~alientes muchachos dcl ca.noneo clel litoral
nero. como a au dt'bido riempo Jos quc welt'O las
instala nes petroleras y ,:asolineras. h.accn Gue Cu~ iVIVA,
SANG ANTE Y llEBELOE!, a ada raro ratllique su inquebraota
determinacion de 5'-&uir luchando contra la ti.raaia.
c:omunika de fide) Castro R.m.. aunque -teoga que hacedo aola.
pan 'lol~Y"kr libtt: •••
lA NOTICIA ·ouE SI HUBO QUE DAR
..La dc1 alba seria ...• que diria el emhajador Sanchez
·Gavito con su mtusiasmo por el Qui;cxe. cuando tt:piquctea·
rem· )as timbres del tt"lefooo, el s.ibado 2, de agosto, n la
casa de cste corrcsponsal de BOHf.MIA UBRE. I.a 1Jamada
l,oh,em;o Libn
E Dr. Josi trfiro Cardona se lraslado- a \\'ashington
en de btga du.rand.a r proccdia de~~ Fla.. "!°""~o Gar·
cia Chacon. dcl Direaorio Esrud12nt1l llevoluaoa.u,o. era
quien ttldoneaba con la noticia de que dos ~ul"nos ~rcos
de los cuba.nos antiromuoisw. C1l una aped1a60 or,gani.zada
por d Oir~orio, habiia ca.noneado horas or.cs cl , ;ttro
Blanquir.a.. , el hotel .. Rosita de Horncdo·. sobre d liroral
habanero. destle las alles 2 a 12 dcl ~pano Minma.r.. ~1gunos de Jos prortt,!ilcs pa~e que toeo c_l enorm~ . cd1fmo
de 1parumicntos de lliomu , en el que res.idc~ h.m1ha.s afccus al tcgimen comunisu cubano. como ~ pu1rotes dd can•
ciller R.aul R.oa. el quimico bruilc-m Heiro Dutta. J su csposa.
Gina Cabrera r ouu. Garcia Chacon csraba. por supuesto. CC?n
tod.a razhn. cntusiasmado por · 1a sacudida dad.a .• los c:or:nun.a?u cubanos , exuanjeros con esta procu. Te:oaa gra..o. •!u~res
ea que la ooticia no fuese I qucdar sepultacla ea las J>a:8'~
interiores de .la prensa cortc.american,., o qu: fu~ supt.lJlllda
entcramentc, r aspiraba que sc le dies.e la mas.ma ,erarqu1a pe. &iodistica que la de un alcm.io 1nticomuni~ta que sc ~pa de
la Alcmania Orienr.al. C1l busa de la hbenad. oot.10& que
sicmptt rnerece la primcra pigina y los mh grandes tirul.arcs
de los principalcs diarios. EI corrcsponsal de BOHEMIA u.
BRE. prCOC\lpado como esti con lo que el ha dado co llam.ar
""la barren del silendo.. 1ccra de la ~clad de Jo que ocurre
denuo de Cuba Comunista. con todo beoeplacito coovino · coo
Garcia Ch.aeon en que haria circular la noucia en W f.SruDgtOD
, en Nr.-w York. lo mejor quc le fuese ·posible... ·
Despucs diio ate cocresponsa.1 de BOHEMIA- LIBRE:
·1.e fclicito alu.ros.a.mente J le rucgo fclicitc a sus compane·
ros por estc aero de arrojo y de pauiotism~ indispe,nsable
como f'ra en c:uos momentos para levaotar el cc,.iriru dd pueblo cub.ano, aplanado por la ocupacion militar del comuois.mo
arranjero y rcmcroso de que le ha)·a corrcspocidid~• suene
de aquellos bravos norteameric:anos ddcruorn de la !om.Jez.a
de· Corrc3idor. que un dia cnvi.aroo a \\;,.ashingtoo como su
ultimo mensaje de hombres libtcs. aqud a.ngustiot,0 dcsp1cho
rele-srifico quc solamente decia: ""No mama, no papa. no Uncle
Sam .. o sa... ..No Utncmos madrc. n.i padre. ni Patria"'. Ahon
'
.
�#
·-·~:--~~i~q::·~:~~-~;f;/ ~~ ~:~::;;~~-~~-erit
, . I
4
~ - • ·~
con nks o cuales poliµ
• les. De 1895 a 1898.
mu, principalmente ea e
aos
ambieo se ha·
l,laba de las compliaciones in'
don.ales de la caesti6n cle
Cuba; pcro lueron 1os mamb.ik... · c.uba.nos los qw., deinmm•
roo con la m.. la dirwnita., el macbeu J el lu.sll. que la caoti6n de. Cuba en cuhana , podia y drbia ta resuelta am que·
las lamosu potfflcias cwopeas de la ~ lleYuen a abo
aquclla iatei'vcnci6n coleaiva,. en &var de Espana, que par•
a.nos.
!!~!dt.asi wa siglo se hab~ maDterudo ~ ~
.
&a!!~ .·~
<:undo la Guerra de Jadcpendeocia de los Esrat.b
•• _- ·
dos, muJ especialmcnte de 17 77 a 1781. b buques de p
J lo.I barcos mercaim:s de w Tm:e Coloow. como los
•.
baticntes de los ejcrcitos de Wuhingu,n,. 00 mvieron
.
.ante las kycs de D('.'U.Ualidad de la ipoa.. pan aiuar en
1os cubanos, equiparsc de todo. inclusive uaw municiooes. '
pedir clinero prcstado 'I hactt uoo que otto reclut.a. Aiios aw
1
wde. cuando la Guerra de SecesU>n de las Eswlos Unidos. el
a-consul federal' Charles J. Helm. al scnicio cotonces cle b
Confederados. J. C'l consul federal Thomas Sange. ff.praea.
r
~--l . I'
•iowon
undo al aobierno de Lincoln,. uanquibmente
1a Dell•
ttalidad de Cuba por imperativos de la Jud.a ai que esraba.n al·
vuellos.. Ese casco scmisumcrgido. frenie a la plara de Guanaho.
co Cuba. a el del vapor confederado -.Blanche"'. hunclido alU
a caiionazos por eJ cruc~ro federal ..Sa.n Jacinto·. biai c:leouo
de las aguas jurisdiccionales de Cuba.. En tiempos mucllO m.b
ruientcs el r• lallecido ftairor Ernest Hemingway. cori an
.gru.po de pcscadorcs cubanos, amigos suros. 1t:0ia.n en C.ojimar
.. ana lancha con la cual R hacia u.n servicio muy util de espionaje y de lucha conua los nnis. rodo ello en •iolacl6n de la
neutralidad dt Cuba y antes de Pearl Ha.rbor. Estos ~jemplm.
. con ouos muchos mas que pudieran scnala.rsc. dtmucsua.n que ·
el estado de ncccsidad en la vida ioterna..:iorw cada pais lo ill·
terpreu scgun sus convenimdas nadonales y esas coo.ttoieDcias nacionalcs ft05 dicen a los cubaoos aoticomunisw que a.
umo.s en gucrra con los uaidorcs que ban convenido a Cuba
en un.a colonii. IO't'ietica f COD la propia Uni6o Sovietia f IDI
Wida Warld
est.ados sarelites •••
Habia que darle. adem.is. al mundo entcro la info.au.
c.ioo de que b cubanos DO DOS coaform.amos CDa Ja perd.ida
de nucma libenad e· independtfleis , que luchamas y aepiremos lucha ndo hi.Sta lograr que Cuba vuehra a ser libre, au.nque para ello ha1·a quc reducirla a cenius. Vcnir a bablamm
a nosouos~ ahor~ de &rlin, cld Congo. de Laos. de Con::a.
dcl Vietnam.. dcl desarme J de ouos aspeaos de la situaci6n
internacional pan pedimos coo csos argwnanos que deiemos
relC"gado a un segundo 1crmioo el apremiaote. problem.a de
Fl 1enenl Ptlu:•tD Taylor ha sido uno de las puntale:5 •••
bien. amiso Gard1 Olacon, con los terriblc:s ricsgos que ban
corrido esos valicntcs muchtchos_ iDO babria sido mucho mas
el«rivo r hasta decisivo quc este ataque bubicse lido di.rigid.>
contra las ttfinc1 ias y los de'positos de pt:trotco· J de psolina.,
en la Haba.a.a o en oua.s ciudadcs?
""Es posible que 11, --conteSto Garcia Chac6n. - .., usRd Ill hablado mi.s de una vet· accrca del particuw.·
El corresponsal de BOHEMIA LIBRE, por su pane, hizo
circular la noticia eaue los periodisus amigos y es de justicia
dccir que 1odos J ad.a
de ellos d«licaron mcrecidos clo!ltios a la ha:z.aiia tt1lliud.a por las estudianrcs ttVolucionarios
cubanos. El .. R.adio R.doi"'. en espanol, dt:· ,..,ashington, im•
pulsado por Ramon hisoi·cn. casi en scguida enaba dando la
notici.a y poco despucs Jo hadan w otras ndioemis.oras. mieouas quc las agencias pcriodis~icas ~dian mi.s daros para ao
q~ por aci llaman ..background material", que Yiene a ser
una cosa asi como cl preguntarlt a uno qui marca de cigarros
fuma etl ttlacion COD J.a DOcicia.
E ai~io mio ai cuanto al bombardco dcl litoral de
Mi.runar y sus efcaos. difierc mur mucho dd quc han. expuesto la inmcnsa ma,-oria de los pcriodicos noncamcricanos.
quizis por el hccho mismo de que soy cub.a.no J me imagino
las angu.Stw quc vive .mi pucbl~ 't'iendose inndido por uof\&S e:rtranjcras a l'l.f que hily quienes se cmpefian e-o lla.marlos
..tccnicos miliwp··. traidonados por quiC'nes un ciia I.cs prometieron Yillastitillos. aba.ndonados dcJ mundo enterO y
tfteertados den
de una isla QUC viene a ICf Como UD iD.mC'D.10
campo de cone uacion rodeado por un foso muy profuodo
J muy ancho.
ei dcsalic010 qu_e se apoder6 -del pueblo CU·
ha.no • pa.rtir de 9 ...dt- juJio. era mas que DttCWio. i.ndisp:t113bJe. que ~ hiciest:'
afirmacioo contundenre de que
hay quieoe,s, fuera de Cuba.. J>icnsan co ell.a y ea sus libenalcs r son capaccs de aucar a sus vcrdugos. En materia de guerra es muy import.ante que cl pueblo sepa que no esta aolo.
Cuba tonurada.. arruinad.a f acerrorizada por el. Comaa.ismo
Jn1croacional. es una pretension absurd.a. A fin de cuem:u.
nosouos no fuimos los que iovcnta.mos J proclamamas la doc·
uno
uin.a de MonrOf!'; ~ro si fuimos un.a. de las o.aciones que fumamos Yarios oat.ados intcrnacionalcs conua la amenaza del .
Comunismo Internacional y conua la iorerveoc.i6D atn-cDll·
linental en el Nude> Mundo.
·
Y ui fue que SI hubo que cw ·1a notiw de que los CD•
banos lucha.n , seguiran luchando contra la dominacion m.
munista en. 1u Patria, not.ids esta que sorprcodi6 al mundo
oliciaJ, diplomitico r perjocfistico de Washington,, con un im- /
pacm tao fuene como si l'1. efcaivamentc, hubiesen lido yo,.
ladas las instalaciones pcuoleras que hay co Cuba J la da. 1
uuccion de las cwles constiturc cl primer paso pua lo,gru
que Cuba -.ueJva a Rr libtc.
·
r
una
quc no ha sido abandonado, y el ataquc a las .cuaridas de los
comunisw en Miramar.
Umo • plerutud
e'5e
proposito,
DO
im•
. .!
J
LA NOTICIA OUE NO DEBIA DARSE (2a. parte)
E primer cpisodio de la inttte'Slnte scrie sobre la aoti•
01 que NO dcbia darsc, distinta a ·1a noticia que SI•. bubo
.
que da..r". de la cual acab.tmos de uaw, sc publico co esta seccion en Washington. de BOHEMIA LJBR.E, la semana pasada.
~ notkia que NO debia darsc e-ra 1, de la Uegada de
comu.ninas cm-anjcras a Cuba, en owoero de unos cliez·r seis
mil hombrn. con enormes a01idadcs de .material dt Jbc::r.n..inclus.i¥e cohC'les telcdicigidos. En W ashiogron hubie:sea pr~
ferido que · esa noticia no hubiesc He~do a ser · clel domioio
popas
publico. Har quic-ncs dicen que los patticlarios dr: LA BARB.ERA DEL SILENOO asi lacilitaban que el Comuaismo l.nr:er•
nacional m,clase todos las ICO'etos design.ios. Ouas alcpn que
·~
�·±t ½
-
la BARRERA DEL SILENCIO~
esdonada con la celcbraci6a de w proximas eleccion ·
·
ella se lograria
..
. que eJ c:aso de Cuba Comunista .. . (~.e ,SC CD la campana
.r:l«toral porquc 111da sensacional habril.:. •. ue lo justificase. Ii
· fuocionaba LA BARRER.A DEL SJLENOO.
---- ---Es con\i"nitnrc: que se- iepa que rodo ac secrtto ,~ttid&
es.a aversion a la noticia de la intcrvencion 'f la dominacibn
de Cuba C.011}UDiwa por el poderio miliw sovietico,. no Ii&·
nifican qutos Estados Unidos ~ conforman con esos aCDDte·
. .
d
I..,.
omten1os se isponen a tolcrarRnt ,ino que tieocn SUS propios plant~ de acci6n al K"SJ)t'ffl).
Los :f!fpenos en semi.nrica y dialcaica de los departa·
meotos ofi~ialcs,. cuando se enconrraron con q~ p era imJ.'lO"'
,
d
sible oculw por mas tiempo lo. iolormcs acera de los es.em•
barcos de CONi.,g,geotcs militares rusos, chinos, checos,
OOl'CO-
r
ya se dice en I.a Habaoa que
•endran mas. Hasta 1e admite que coheres teledirigidos y los
equipos para haccrlos funcionar. han sido desembarc:ados en
Cuba Comunista ahon.. o ra los habja: pero. como es COSNm-
brc. rodo esto
2
t ·..
.
i 5MZ£
2-
'... ,tp:s: f
......____,,,!_ :__ . . --~. . .,-~
\f r
~
==========-------. ~.
~, '-"'
! '
*', '··; );;
trrial de guerra
buados eaulittai:auauiia:.paeit&D ::.~,1
ser cmpleados co
YCcinm. cs la Base Nan! de Gu,u.. ~
ta.nuno la que es
J mu inmedia.to peligro. DO s6Jo ·,if'l
par los preparativos q
habiaa becbo b comunisw aa- -~~
· banos rn torno suyo. b•.rtitt m.u de an aio. lino par el ht. dao ~u!.. ~ .~ai_~d':' m.ilittra de chinos. lll'pdu J»C?dos :
· .. muencs i:b: Moa, cle-NKJU't> J de-Pueno Padre. l\aetoe. ~ ·'1;
diatamente eaviadas por ticrra, de N~ • Sur~ pan los ICU- · :~;
10rWnit11tos r las posiciones consuuid.u ai las tt.reaAiu cit ?.~
la Base Nnal de Guanti.namo. a ... aiam de Sua em. .:~~
Jin.a , de San Antonio y n el madzo IOCOSO clel p,.......u ... de] · - : ~
Ci
tocl0
~~
·ego,
el perforado COD plerlu. almaa:oa. fua.neles y. :-~~
baterias abienm en la pied.ta viYa ·•• Har quim fe !.midJII ·.,/.'.
• vaticinu que ha.bra que agregu 1111 -itemem~ Guaad.. ~ .;
umo! .. a los ouos recordatorios de la hm:oria D O ~ .• • -~
rcanos r africana., apelaron a los eufemismos y dije.roo qae
se tmaba de ..,ecnicos miliwes"". un.a denomioaci6n quc ati•
lu.6 el propio Presidente Kenned)-. al referirse a eosa cuestion.
en su confcrcnda de prtnsa ... Sin embargo, como una bola
de nic:ve que v1 aumentando de diimetro. de "olumeo J de
~mibilidad. la noticia que NO debia da.nc por mamenros fuc
egregando datos alarmanres en cuanto a rranspones sovicocos.
material de guerra desargado, numt:to de los supuestos .....
nic<1 militares". wlso 1oldados, cla.se:s y oficiale1. loc:alinci6n
de es.as uopas dcntro de Cuba Comunisu r pap,el dom.in.anre.
quc asumian en las respons.ibilidac:lcs militarcs en Cuba Comu•
nista. Con Jos bolcrines quc. con. ,gran reluctanciJ., haJl ido
aniticndo cl Deprnamemo de Esudo J el de -Dc!ensa 1e ubc
quc por lo m.enos unos vcinte y 1eis barcos rusos han Jlcgado
a Cuba t'n el curso de un mes
i~: .•-......_.:,-.-11,_-
dice mucho dcspues de que los cubanos anti-
comuniuas.. con sus propias fucntes de io.fornu.cion, lo habian
revelado
antes que nadie.
las uni"dad es m11wes
T
d eoscm
· bu•
Es un h--L
. ,.-,·J;::.
0o.no que entre
adas hai· ttopa.s sovieticu. chinas. checu, norcorean.as y de
ocros atados satelites, lo que c:lc.-muestta que no har tales dis: · ..':--'. {·· \ · crepandas O 1.inlidades encre Moscis , Pekin, cuando tan a•
';. ;~ ;} ·:}.,,. · ,:nedwnente colaboran en Cuba Comunisu. Aunque oo bay
~
'Ille dcscanu 1a posibWdad c1e que los contingeDl<S , e1 ma-
as,
,'.): :r:~ .
.;::J
1
_,
Alam
""·-~
r
u---L--
...aane... d '1..asituiia• J Pearl n&rUUI[ • • • . :..,.
· D: todos modos. la aoucia quc NO debia d~di6,
IC abri6 pa.so J ha llepdo a impresionu • la opiai6n plblia · .'
aone-americana.. LA COR. TINA DEL SJLENOO qued6 rota - . ~
J el Rnadot Capehart. de Indian.a. pc::ncneciente al Panido
•
Rcpublicano. ha empluado al Ptesideatt JCen.ned1 pan. qwt · 1'
h.aga valer la Docttin1 de Monroe ante la amea.au de la 'base ~fl
sovie1ia en Cuba Comuaim, al mismo tiempo que ped1a 1a .}f
invui6n de tan pcligroso pais T«iao por las fucrzas anrwlu ~·;
oortcamcricarw. Ee cl debate clct mams 28 dt agoao ea el · ...
Scnado, el scnador l.au.sche. de Ohio, ttpiu6 las denuodu de :;)l.
los cubanos sobrc los dcsemb.ucos de fuenu comu.o.istu a
Cuba y ttdam6 que cl .Congreso dedic:.ISe' 111 atenci6n a ate '!
asunro. ademu dc publicar m el -C.Ongresiona.1 l\.ecorcf" cl i.D-· ·•
formt' prepuado por el DER.. E senador Youn& ta.mbieo de ~
Ohio. umbic:o traro del aso de Cuba C.omunista.
:~
Es de justicia 1eiialu quc. uas las denuocias publiamcnte
hechas ror el Con.sejo llevolucion.a.rio Ccbaoo. el Dt. Josi Miro · · ~
Cardona.. presidente de esc organismo. se tt&Slado a \VasbingtOD . ·. ,.
, gesrion6 r obNvo la ulcbracioo de 11aa cooferencia de pten·
sa. que fu.e despues tttrasmitida por la ndio y la u:l~isi6n. y
en
rcpitio
c insisti6
10bre
h el
ha 01rso de la misma
L.
•
. las revelaciona
_.. • · · ·
K
s por Ios cu0anos anucomunmu. t:n aena coou.aimoo ·,
am las informaciones oficlalcs noneamerican.u que ma.ban · . · · , ,
de restar imporu.ncia. a las susodichu revelaciones. E Dr. Miro . . ;. ,; ,. ,
Cardona hasta ahora habia scguido uoa politica de DO armgoa.i- . : -t
como
Q
O. el
J
<:·i
l
Cotui•'- .. ,,, #I~ ,,
1:
°: • ·
tJoftwP.M,_ tk u J ~ - - - - - - - < F ·
mas
Uno de los rumores
curiosos que cittubn en \\'ash·
lng1on acerca de la maltrecha Organiz.acion de Estados
Americanost tan en entrt>dicho romo ma. es e-1 que wiialt
qut uiste un plan dt ,·arias npublicas latinoamericanas, en•
cabaadas por Bras.ii y Mexico, para desmembrar la estractun administratiu dr la OEA, trasladando • Ciudad de
Mbito y a Brasilia dos de las mas. importanttS seccioaes
de trabajo de la Union Panamcricana, b de asuntos ec:o,.
nomic:os :,- liOCialrs :,· la de asunfos ~ulturales.. La pildora Rria dorada con los pretextos de la sifuadon grogr:il'ica mis
central, el mas bajo costo de la vida en esos paises y las di- .
ficultades qur se presentan para que tod:.is las dependenclas
de la OE.A fundonen en Washington bajo un mismo techo.
No teodria nada de extraiio que este plan fuese presentado
tD la proxima reunion 50bft' asunt_os ttOD0mic05t que debe
celeb~en Ciudad de Mex.ito.
'
·-
a carta Urgada de Cuba Comunisfa renla qut los
estud· 1es cubanos le cantan • Fidel Castro Ruz una nJDI•
bita p ajosa que dice: •Came no la hay / Arroz DO R
ve / wi,· a la Sirrra / A roger cafe.,, qu, modifica muy
mucbo Ta lelrilla c:ompuesta por los comunistas a1 efecto.
La rumbita se oye ea 1·ateras, por ManiclU'llpA, etc.
E Comite EspeciaJ para las ActMdades Sub'"ersh'as
del Comunismo loftmacionaJ en las Americas., arado por
acoerdo de la reunion de cancillues de Pwata del Este, TOI-
Yio a funciomr A PUERTAS CERRADAS, ea \l'aming•
too, a partir del lunes 27 de agos1o. Don Canuto Mendes
•· Alme)·da, el eoigm,t.ico represe.ntante de Brasil en este Comili, pudirra dt-cir much.as cosas, y muy iitiles., acerc:a de
la f orma en que el cobiemo de Goulart se dt:Rnntelve ea
lo tKank • la ttpraion del Comunismo ea Bruil. .
Va ulio para La Habana.
COD
permisos ontiales
DOf•
..teamerkan~ checos y de los comunistas cubanos, el abo_gado ntoJ·orquino Donoun cu,·a principal mision es la de
convC'nter al pirala del Canoe, Fidel Castro Ruz. para qoe
acepte el pago del rescate de sus Yictimas en alimealos y
materias primas. Por ac6 se dice que. adem'5. Una otra
mision de c:iertos pcriodistas norte-americanos, de Jos anti1uos par1idarios de Fidel Castro Ruz del lipo de Herbert
L Mauhe~·s.. para ucer una •isita a Cuba Comunlsta y lueco public-at ttportajes ..imparciales" de lo que Tiesea. Fidel
Castro Ruz se resen·a.ria el duecbo de Tetar.a los periodistas .Ut DO lo pstasa&.
j
i.
'
Charles C.. l\celJ', el repone-r lndept>ndi:ote de! Coplry
Ne"' Sen-ic-e que tan lmportantcs a.rtindos ha publicado
attrca de Cuba, todnia cspera cl permiso que "Carlucho,.
Rodriguez le promtlio ea cnuo de esit aiio, en Punta de1
Es1e, para ,pr hidera an.a. Tisita a Cuba. -'Carlucbo" se
oculla lras 111 ..cb.il'ito"' leomcsco para al slqulua coacestar
los ruonlalorlos qat k II.a llttho Kelly.
�,. *· ;.
~N WASHINGTON
Co11ti11•«io•
.ar • los voccros dcl gobicrno clc 1m &ados Unidos, de no dispuwla AU punns de Tist.a.. Por rso mismo es que la aa.iud asumida l'1l esros dias ha rnestldo
nucha mis imporunda de la que hubiera
coido esa misrna d«laracioo. si becha
11CJr ouo de Jos difigenrcs de b oposi:ion a la tirania hstruta.. Hay ooticias
' '
."
,in .confirmar de l e el Dr. Miro c.a,.
Jona.. despues d,: ntrnistas cclcbradas
.on funcionarios
los Ocpan.amcntos
:le · Defensa r de Esudo. de Jos Estados
Unid~ el mi~rcola -,, de agosto fuc
•ecibido por el propio Prcsidentc K.ena quicn pudo mtrc-gar prucba.s der
!:'Umenules muy concretas de los descm?:-.arcos de tropa.s... no t«oicos milirarcs..,
,-oa sus equipos de gucrra, ea· Cuba. eo\-iados por el BJoquc Chino-Sovierico .••
Dccia aJgvic-n. sin embargo. muy bien
nterado dt> la rcalidad, quc las pruebu
nejores, mil complttt.s y de todo punto
·nnvinccnres, las raaian Jos Estados Uni-,
:OS. adquiridas pot su cucnta. Lo quc no
-upiese la Casa Blanca. a travcs ae la
· JA. cl Pentagono, sus diplomiticos y
us con(identes, no lo sabia nadie mi.s..
'10 f ahan. pucs, de-ta.l lcs de h noticia
1u, NO dcbia darse; pero 1i habia el
,1
.:.l
,tc1,.
tarla J mdo el muodo ad ff.I libelud
a publica.r un liit>ro famoso sobre b. podr attrlo asi. Duran~ una bttVe esc:ala
litica miliu.r de los Eslados Unidos.. Nomf:11 Gudad de Mttico, .el 3cneral Taylor
brado recimteff'ente por el Prcsidenre
Ke=nnedy como jefe del estado mayor se hosped6 eo la rcsidmcia de la Yiuda
dt"l embajador }.fesscrsmith.. quicn -wivi6
,roposito bien f.'Videntc de quc no se- conjuoto dt' las fuerzas armadas none·
en Cuba de 1938 • 1942 y sc entrevist6
•iese o de restarle impo:tanda, por lo amcrkann. su designacion ha sido concon militarC'I maicanos.
'l'IC'OOS.
firmad.a par el Se112do de W uhington J
Las conjC'turas ecludu •~ban side
ha de t"ntrar oficialmentc al ejercicio dci.A MtSION DEL GENERAL TAYLOR sus lunciones, el primero de oaubte prer
numeros.as, aunqut' parecr muy 16gico
El General Mar11·eH D. l'a;lor ha aido zimo. aunqu.: la verdad cs quc Ja esra
que el nu~o ~le deJ estado maror COD·
:no de: los principales punt.tics de la de- acruando como ta1 •••
junro procc-da • hacer es.a inspecdon. aJ
:-nsa de los Estados Unidos durante el
tom:tt poscsion de 1U CUB0. a fin de U•
Por rod.as csas consideraciones el yiajc
.·:.bieroo dcl Presidcntc Kenncdr y hom- dcl general Maxwell D. Taylor para insber a qu~ atencrse en esw aitias cir•
..,, de conf ian.za de cste ultimo en asun- peccionu las principales bases miliwcs
cunst.ancias en las que no 10Jo la Base
·'IS milita.rcs hasu durante la c.ampana
Nani de Guami.nuno, bs posicion.es de
dr los Eso.dos Unidos .rclacionadas con
lectoral. A raiz de la fracas.ada inva• la defens.a del Caribc. rnistc cnormc
Put-no R.ico y las comuniaciones inter•
occanicas e-n Panami., ntin directamenre
win de Cuba. en abril de 1961, el gc- importancia. Aunque 1os bolmacs oli~al Ta,-lor pas6 a asesorar direeta.men- ciaJes r los comenmios periodisticos ban
amcnazada.s dtsde Cuba C.Omunista, lino
que: la 1Cguridad misma de los Emdos
- al Presidente Kennedy. en la Casa· ttatado de tC'Stat importancia a a.a miUnidos ,. de la Ameria Latia.a ad eD
tbnca. como consultor en asunios mi- sion, mucho mis pot SU 1imultat1eidad
:tarcs_ • consccucncia dd ..shock.. que con los desembarcos de uopu comunispeligro.
Jfrio Mr. Kennedr con aqud daa.la- w atranjrra.s en Cuba J coo eJ ataque
Aunque IC babia dicho que d seaeral
m J con el hecho de que no habia lido cfe los estudiantes cubanos contra el liTa)·lor compleuria IU misi6o en d cuno
~bidamentc aconsejado hast.a aquel mo- toral habancro. d hecho es que bar mode 24 hot.as no ha 1ido asi r su tt&tt'SO
·1C'nto. El papel quc asi comenz6 a de· tivos para sospechar quc se trata de alao
dC'moro trcs daas · mi.s. El diet.amen quc
mpenar el general Ta)·lor era el mis, prtwntari al Prcsi.drnte Kenn~y lo comis que una simple coincidcnciL
ao que el famoso almir:1:nre Leah,· ruvo
noc:crin cne ultimo , C'I ~neral Taylor.
El Presidenac Kcnotd,· lleg6 a au re,.
"l los difkiles ricrr.pos del Picsid1mtc:
sidencia vcraniesa de H)·annis Pon. el Los dcmis lo que podcmos hacer a IS•
oosn-dr.. no s6lo con dificiles gesrioncs vicrnes 24 por la noche. Pacas hora.s des- perar 1u.s resuh:aclos.
-; Puerto .Rico, en Fran:ia ocup.ada por pues se produjo el auque esrudiantil conI
,s 81..Z.is y otras CUC'Stiones imernacio•
!
tra d l.ironl habancro mittatras acda la
ties,. lino. mus· principa.lmente, en lo. avalancha de aJ.armantes not.idas acera .
I
rerente a .las dccisiones del Ejccutivo de Cuba Comunista. De rc~nrc sc pro- .
i
-hre esrraregia al mis al.co nivel. Por dujo la noticia de quc el ac-ncral Tarlor,
<> mismo ha sido que durance 1os ul- en obediencia • ordenes rccibiclas dcl
RESPUESTAS A
;
-nos diez y sc:is meses· el general T11·Jor
Prcsidl"nte Kenntd1·, ulia de rccorrido
,sAaE USTED?
'
~ tenido a su ar.seguo Sc dice aqui
para •isitar la gr.in b.ase naval de Nor1
PrcsiJentc,
general
Gursel.
Primer
1 W a.shingron
r las pc-rsonas entc•
folk. dondc csra cl comando dcl Paeto·
miniitro. lunet Inonu.
,
Jn. todo lo r rivo al problema dci det Adanrico dd Norte, la cnorme base
2 En Egipto. Las aguas dcl Nilo.
ab.a m manm~os comunisras . . . El aerca de .McDill. en Tampa, quc Yigila
nttal, Tarlor
eminememenre alitodo d Caribe, Ciudad de Mexico, f h
3 China comunista.
\
·. ido para ra1es responsahilidades. Ex- Zona del Canal de Panami. No IC ha
4
Argelia..
,
·rcctor de b Aca -mia milirar de W'esr publicaJo si el gcnrtal Taylor ta..mbien
5 Malaya. Singapur. Sarawak., BNDei
-•int. general de l>r l.am:t · eiccutoria en visiro las bas.es noneamcria.nas ~n las
int>asion liberudora dt' Europa y Juey Borneo del None.
/
i.slas Vic,ques. en Puerto Jlico J en Cha. general en jefe en la etapa •ietoriosa guaramas, Trinidad~ pt'lO es posible quc
6 Cambodia.
la Guerra de C.Orca.. clespues paso •
umbien Jo hara hecho. En -cua.nto • la
7 Georges Bidault. ex-primer ,nlnistro
·r je(e del estado mayor de) Ejercito 82.Se" Naval de Guantinuno Cuba,, l&D
y ex-ministro de estado.
· los Estados Unidos. Dej6 ese cargo dirceta.Jm'ntc amen.azada por los comunis:
8
M itad para Francia. ·mitad para Ar·
" las discrepancia.s qUc tuvo con el us, ya sc: ha dicho coo insistencia quc
gclia.
tSideott Eisenhower
le Jleva.ron el
Ta)·lor oo sc proponla •isi-
,
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i EKClUSIVIJ I
UN ORGANISMO DEPORTIVO,
· .. / ...•.
· · · WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION, RECONOCEt·i.~,
a CUBA LIBRE, a travis de/ BOXED PROFECIONAL
.
~--
.
la lit "cesivo los pvgil" ua"lado1 ..,in nco,aodde1 •undiolrnent• como representcan.., 1111•
••• C.bo UbN.
Aun no tcnemos un gobierno cubano
m cl ailio pero ,i podan.os bb.50nar de
sobcrania en cl renglon pugilistico, con
Doogla~ Vaillant, rctador nwnero uno al
campcooa10 muradial de peso hgero; Lu.is
Mmucl Roclriguc2.1 rctador nwncro unp
dd titular mundi~I de Jos ..Wcllt:r\\,'Clhb"'i
Sugar ~ primer contcndicntc de los
plumas; Fk>rcntin4? Fernandez, quinto aspirantc a los mcdianos 'I Jose St.able, c;uar.
r.o junior welter dcl mundo. f.n los pros.imos cu.ademos d:uific:ados · de Jos primerm. dicz rctadorcs· f'n cada una de las
dic2. dh·isioncs dcl bo~eo profesional, cstos
nombrcs estadn rcspald;1dos por un apcn-dicc idcntificador: ..Cuba Libre", chmi. oandosc d Cuba. a ·sc:c.as, quc: dcjaba en
tela de iuicio cl pa1i0 hacia el mun<lo librc
de cstos pugilist.as.
EJ imporunte camb;o de mrus sc Uc,·6
al piano cfecti,·o de uru mancra mu1· scncilla. Y muy dcporu,·a. Sin prc.imbulos
C1Dcitlcrescos ni rcflc:xioncs politiqueras.
Lo pcnsamos m ur. momcn10. Y en otro
iasta.ntc c:sr.ablecimos comunic.ici6n tclcfoaia con Hartford, Connecticut. cuartcl
peral de Toor Petronella, ·-figuu cimcra
de la National Boxing Ass.ociation (ahora
World Boxing Association para cubrir al
mundo cntcro) actual director de las d.asific:aciones mu.nd.ialcs de boxudorcs.
- Un caludo cordial, Tony Pctrooclla.
Lc babla Jess Losada.
-How arc you, Jess? J.fucho gusto en
cscuch.arlo nuC\·amcntc. lEtt qui pucdo a:rmlo?
- Primero, un:1 obscn·acion. L:o J reYiso todos los meses k,s ..,atin~·. de las
.
·
··
.
boxco profesion.al. un dcporu:: univcn.al pxcacelcnci:a1 rcconou:a a cstos c:inco
1cs boxcadores a:,mo 1Imbolos dcportivos
de Cubs Librd
- Tiene ustcd logia J nUJC. Ojala bu..
bicrarnos hablado hace dos dias porque
~=·
-· ,
ho,· aubo de er1\'iar a loda1 las comisio.,
ncs de boxco del mundo Jos ultimos c1.t.
sific.ados "pcro putdc cont.at CIDCl · b adicion dcl voc:.ablo Libre en h identific:a.
cion de 1.1cionalidad de. los cubanos pro.,
fc-sionales cksdc el pro:rimo bolcun que
sc rcpartiri a fines de septicmbre. Dcsdc
ahora los considero como adct.u de ·Free
Cub.a".
Asi naci6 el primer rcconocimicnto de
Cuba Libre en el sector universal Jcl dcpone. Es cl primer aporte a h idea de
aglutinar en un grupo de alcance mubdial a lo.s adctu cub.i.nos quc vh·cn c:o cl
m
cxiho )' quc: mantcniendo sus facultadcs CUATRO BOXEADORF.S
quc tantos triunfos intcrnacionalcs han Cuba antes del fatal primero de aero
proporcionado a la Cuba democratic.a puc- de 1959. Perfenecrn a la etapa brDlante
den rtprcscntamos en las proxinus just.ts del deporte cubano A. C. (Ames dd Code car.actcr amateur y profcsional para quc murdsmo). Tra m Estados Uaidos y
no R rcpitan las bufonacbs indignas de uno en Mixico, mienclo ltajo la IIIJlo.
&os Jucgos O:ntroamc:ric:.anos J dd Caribc determinadon de ser libres, lum alcanudo sonoros Criual'os.. Tns dt dos:
cclcbrad05 en Kingston.
Luis Manuel Rodriguez. Douglas VaJ..
Sugar Ramos. quc reside en Mmco, &
ti scnabdo para pcJcar c:n California con Dant J Sugar Ramos ocupan EL PR.I·
d campcon mundial de su divisioa, Da- MER LUGAR ea tra clasificaciones t'C')' Moore. Dijo Ramos en Mcxic:a, redcn- · welter, ligero y plumL Florentino Fa-tcmcntc:-Pic:nso discutir cl tirulo al ti- ninde.z. despu& de tres ft,reses durante
Nlar Moore; rcprt'scntando a Ma.ic:a, ya el ptriodo dt nhabllitacioa IIUderial J
quc no .quiero haccrlo por Cuba. Con cl espiritual, ha sldo coloado m el qumto
jesto de la WBA, lumos podr.i rcrrescn- lugar de los mediauos con 11D triunf'o
npectamla:r sobre Phil Moyer. (Ea la
ur no solamcntc al Mexico dcporth·o quc
ama b libcnad Rno tambim a su Cuba f oto, de ltquirnla a dtnc.ba: Florentino.
•mos
Luis ltlanuel. Vailla.Dt y Ramos).
Libre. Luis Manuel Rodriguez, wdt.cr DU·
mcro uno. quc ha noquc::ado cons«Utivamcntc a· cuatro pesos medianos, posibtemcntc rccibira la oportunidad de pclur
10 primcros pugilisras dcl mundo en ad.a . por ct ti'ruJo mundial quc ostcnta Emile
cforisi6n. Estc mes hay cinco cubanos cb- Griffith en no,-icmbrc o dicicmbrc -pr6Ei.
sifiados1 ttcs de cllos coloc.ados en cl
mo. con una pran tia de Si0.000 que IICJ'a
PRIMER LUGAR como rct.adorcs dd cam. cubiena por un grupo de simp;tizadorcs.
peon en bs divisiones. plum.a. ligcro J Esa noche Luh Manud ~ch:ui el himwelter. Comr""t:ub.:mo me siento orgulloso
no de SU ~tria J sa)udara SU bandtta Jj.
dcl c.xito
los trcs compatriot.as quc brc- antes de cornenur cl match. Vaillant
,-=
;t~ ~r ~c~::o;r;r~;~irti~~c:;-:, :!:~a!~ ~~i:;d:n t~:: b:~":.,
0
por Je~s Los~cla
0
~
s primcrisimos y Sos otros dc,s,
un cuarto y un quinto lug:ar
Juan, Puerto Jlico o en Oln plau. 1· Florcntino pacns:a rccuperar cl tcrrcno per-
". no dcbian fi,urar c:omo
rrprcscntantcs
OJba. a 1t:en, porquc
dlos rcprescnun ahora • la lc~on dr cub:anos librcs en el c.xilio. Tambicn rcprc.
tcntan a Sos mitloncs de cu~nos,. dcntro
de Cuba. quc sufrcn la ignominia de una
patria usurpada por un icgimcn no demoa.itico y quc ansian J luchan por b Jibe.
v·-"""'"~--~ ~ berra. iScri.a posiblc que cl
dido para un nuC'\·o encucntro con Gene
Fullmer. Stable ya ati en tratos para un
encucntro con el ampcon Dulio Loi. en
Italia.
cniena de Cuba Libre flotara en
distint01 tctritorios librcs dd mundof
Si los diri,zcntes oHmpkos sintienn ua
sor1o de ,·crdadera dcmoaac:ia. csublcce.
run b medios reglamcnrarios para quc
Jos atkt:u cubanos m d mlio pudicran
tu
compctir c:o las prm:i.mos evcntos. La for.
mula R esu gcstando en Miami. Los pre.
«pros legates dcntro de bs doctrinas dcl
dcpork intcrnacional -c:stin establecidos
diifanamcntc J no habr.i aaobacia pa:u.
do-olimpia de los intcgnna:s internac:io,.
nalcs apa.z de intcr!crir au limpio J
cmotivo cmpcfio.
·
. , .~-·-" ....... -· ~ , r , ~ ~ -1- .. -·
~:.
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~ANA~~·_:. ·:;
Race falta crur a ~-'?
PORTIVA:
diRiio para la bandera cm,ana qae .. :
seri embltma de Jas atlttas de ' ~
' .. Cuba Libre.. Para ser 115:acla por .: ~
f los adetas, m forma de dlstiati1'o - t
,· en sa ropa dtporth-a y para que·· ··.
t esta banden sea lzada ea Jos esta--: ·,
f
t
"dios tleportlyos· donde c:ompltan -.~
atletas libres de Cuba. Se ratp ·_;._
;_ :~cstiona de dlhajanta 1 ~ -:
~£-" ·-:.:: ,··f\.'
.:.:.~~>---.-~~;·~~--:~:._;
~''27:~:;;x: '...<.'?'·";1~,~~~~?;::z~··~·1:':i'~?":cirn~-zIT~~::::-~~c;:·~i:~:2cz=FI~ii~.s:i:&'f¥:dE::.7;c:
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.···. :_...--.:..~.--- - · :.,
;z::~ta media docena
~i
__ ____":'_:
,
• LOS JUVENI- ·
AHORA: En la Serie Muodial
de ( . iqum2 Lip - chicos ck: 10 J 12
o meoos -cl lan.udor. que p.n6 el
jut<go decisive. l'IH'dia scis pies, una pul·
pda ,. pesaba 210 libras. Sc llama Ted
Cunr~ll f los scouts de las Mayora lo
penigucn hora uas hora. dia tras dia •
OTRO Nl1'i0 PRODIGIO: James Knorr.
doa aiios de eclad. Wichita. Kansas. Jtc...
corri6 3,600 millas pan uistir a oc.ho •
competencias regionalcs de Ntaci6n. es,..
ublKiendo 1 S out"Yas marcas nadonales.
induyendo cinco denuo del grupo de las
10 ,ardu. Los nadadores de ahora son
veteranos a los 16 • .AVERY BRUNDAGE. cuya miopia e,n asuntos politicos denuo dC" las olimpiadas internacionales. ha
convenido rsras ;ustas aldo de inmon·
lidadcs ,, poJitiquco bamo. permirio que
los Jucgos Asii.ticos fueran conuobdos
por elementos comuoisw J ahora se la·
menu del fraa.so de las Juegm celebrados m Ja.hru. Indonesia. Diez y tHH!'Ye
nac.ioncs fueron invitadas pero a China
N2donalista r - Israel le enviaron sobres
con t.a.rjctas en blanco en lu,sar de las
vis.as indispensables para ttaliz.ar el viaje.
Japoa barrio con las jusw acumulando
mas de 1,000 pun1os ( cinco veces sobre
el tot.a) de Indonesia que oc:up6 el segundo luga.r). Esta 1euoioo ··o1unpia."" ta·.
rnioo en plen.a trifulca poJitia coo la descrdon de nacioncs p.anicipantcs quc retiraron • sus atlata.s para que. no· se cooviertan en inclesiblcs para las Olimpiada.J de Tokio en 1964, de acuerdo con
urgentf' diaamcn del Comiti Olrmpico
lnteroadona.l, honociudo ahora, de
propia criaru.ra. Para col.mo de escandalo
Indonesia hi dectttado ..quc no £irma.ra
mas
:>S COMENTARISTAS depottivos de
111- Canunista tratan de gan,..r sus pou 111tldos alabando el tristt> esfucrzo
1J(>nivo de Uanuzilla coo el bombow-apo de sw pa.Lt.bras. E.n HOY: ..El
tm~nato a&ateur cuenta coo 350 equi"' en La Habana. 35 zonas con 10 equi·
iS cada un.a J miles J miles dc pelok-
Actividades deponins que murvcn
admiraci6n. Um organiz.acion dt' gigan·
seas dimensiones y de f:abulosos resul·
dos·. iComo los de Kinanon? £a ouo
1.ario .rojo R.uben R.odrisue1 afirma:
'lunca ha goz.ado Cuba la potencialidad
·portiva de ahora... iComo en Kingston?
LATIONAMERICA HA JNVADIOO
asillero de las pesos. gallos en cl bo~-o profnional. Ot" die1 clasific:ados iSCis
t11 latinos! El a.mpc.-on H cl bruilero.
dt..-r Jofre. EJ numero uno es Jose Me.-1. mniano. EJ numero dos. ouo mo:i•
. lflO. Herman Marquez. T crcero. Ismael
1guna.. pana.rneno. Espana y Pimentel
is.
..
EDER JOFRF.. brasDero1 c:ampeoa
mundial gallo, enc:-abeu una divisiia
donde hay , latinoamericanos catre
los primeros clic.z pesos 1aUos .W
mando.
su pacto comercial am lndia porque la
tierra de Nehru aitico a Im indonesi01
por h.aber cxcluido a China. Nac.iorwi.m
e lsraf!I de Jos ·Juesos'". ;Que due de
iu"gos! Se uau.d de borrar el r&ulo de
'']uegos Asiiricos.. para cl futW'O. iMobi·
liuri sw uopas Indonesia? • LA POll·
CIA DE HONOLULU pauociaa u cam.
pc'Onato de muchachos cauc 101 9 J 12
anos de edad. £n 1959 IC imcribi6 UD
--.. - .... ~ ~ , . . . ~~.~,~--:--. .....: ............. ,:'"11-.f!'-...,...,,,,--~:---T"",~.,....,,,. .. -.-.~> • 1.....
··_"! ·}:. ~ ::-~'·"'· : .. !i~~"!:,....;..-. !::· ·.-.~.,. .. ~:·-~.:~
pt"qUeno lanzador que ta.mbicn jupba la
primera base. Se llamaba ""Casey.. Kishi.LLANUZILLA "EXPLICA~' SU FRACASO POR RADIO ~-Y_:
motO. Su c.0111 a.bellera J su gn..o babi·
.
~~
..... ~ ....
- - .. ;
·..
._.,--~
- :-;·t'
lidad como pelotero t'Dgaiia.roo a 1os po"Josef I.lauuJ:illa. c1 comi..sario deporti•o de Cuba C".omu.riim.··-~ mmi6 los ·
1ic ias. Trcs anos despues...Casey.. era la
-·cables• de la nd.io y la TV. ttataodo de aplia,, en La Ha.ban.a: •4:0,n.o sm :·
esuella dd ..team. de la polidL Term.in6
:.'i,,/tliu, ·tdl,141 1 111u1tnl,,J,,,d,o.r G-2 /llffa. .,;a;fM.I i.1 Ee"ibl1·Uesio• .,,.•....- cl camJ)l'ODato con promedio de ..32). la
flios• .. Jdl4iu, J.ebi.Jo • ltu """'l"ira«io,us Ii, los e.baos niWoS-. ~Los ·
policia r.ard6 ues aiios en clescubrir que
, "'Case),.. era una o"ina cit' docc aiios, iquc
.to/,,,s 111ld.s ao "'6dinoe ~nu/.,- 1,u /M11•1 111U1iu1 t,orfl# tnV'-ffi /Ntjo J.
IC lwnaba Carol! No hubo arrcstm. Si
. praio!. ~- ~/.,u />ffU/ilLtu #k ,c,J,11#01 libr•Z-, lo,
pico G-2 t10 , - .
hu ho nut.'va reg la permitiendo a uaa duc:a
Jibotl mltlr fllt u Uw,1111
l>Mf'U umbin 1.rulu111 11&016'1os l>M Jos ~.- -·
juiar t>n un circuito df! Yuot1es • LEO
f#f"°'i4t 6•J11JOf:. Llanu.2.illa elogi6 las ""G-2"" que ·atacaron • mujeres, Di- · ~--: DUROCHER SU~A con acr manager
ios' J bom.brcs indef..nsos eo Sabina Park, pero olvid6 e-1 episodio de Victafia '. .. ·: de los Dodgers dr Los Angeles. Tieae su
!
MA.rket. doodr Jos G:2 _corricroo mucho
que los legendarios liben.les del -· -~ propio agente de publicidad. que i.asinua
I
la posibilidad. Pero WaJw 'AhtOD 1len
: 'Perico. Llanuza DO cont6 a su acasa a.ud.iencia- c(lOico oye a llinuzilla
I
13 aiios dirigicndo a los Dod~rs y con
.Cuba?,~ CQIDO 1lor6 SU in/rlicid.ad J SU autiverio IO)O IObtt los horhbros::
el probable uiunfo dcl dub cste aiio, Ahde JlenE Oii en Kingston (visto por mas de una doc.ma de G-2 que· IC ex-: , ton firmara un nuevo conttato • CAllllY
u1iiaba.n.de DD cok>Qwo Wl lup mo an ..psanoj. Y1 par ultimo. "Lla.Au· ~ :: BACK eJ caballo 1cmpera.mcnt1.l. au e.a ; ·
zilla acus6 a u agresivo grupo de cubanos lib.res qu~ lueron responsables de ·. . venra; Jack Price pide un mil16.o. Ni an
<ctuavo mcnos.. Y esti.ma que cs uaa pnlu caJ.amjdad de los camarad.a.s adnas. U..our:illa IC enrierra coo su.s pmpiu. · · ·, ga.. Porque Nashua fuc vcndido por ·dos -palabru. i
O ES POS181.E QUE UN GRUPO DE 20 QJBANOS LJ•. ' -~ millones. Pero Cur.,- Back ticoc un pecli.
1,rt::e humildc - padres sospechosamente
BRES LOG RA DESTR.UIR. AL AGUERRJDO GRUPO DE OOSOEN- . ,
ph:bc)"OS J JigerameDtC giudos. La abae,.
. rosy Pl DE An.ETAS y GUARDIANES QUE SE HABIAN PR£.
b se fu,s6 ckl esrab!o bosarcno • ULTI·
f>AllAOO PA
- ~ £POPE\"A DE KINGSTON~ DURANTE MAS DE
MA COTIZAOON de Las Vegas: LinoD ~
UN AAO? iUmU!.iUa.,. deja eso. qu.t ~ perjuc:lia..-Tw dia.s de comisario estan
a vcoccr a Patterson, 8 a 5. Dodgen. 3
• c:onmdos.'- Buscate ta ""'wa.ift:t".°-. qo.c • lo mejor DO ,e· haem nada ••• Jl0I' let
}'
a 2 a gaim eo la Nac.ioml • UN FORD
-ian· idiot&. 'De paso. baz.le el &voe a cu c:ompaiieto :de ·_a.o,o.stias, Gond.Jez. ,.. ;. apecial comp,:tiri a. Indianapolis,
· ·Guem. que fl tambieo tiene pnas de edw au 101,illao .. .;..·.. ·.;:.,.l :::\-:. .. ·:-~·:ii>:..;' millas. Primera wez en mi.s de 20 a.iios
que una libria comc:.rrial IC iotcresa. ea:a
:~~.i~~~
rstc tipo de competencia.
su
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EL RAYO DE LA....
rt.
C0111i111111U011
' -•
CD DA ~o.iero. '"Podrio apoderane de
c:ua.lquicr cquipo nuevo e intcrcsame que
halleo en su interior. poncrlo a bordo dcl
ASP., J c.errar despucs auevamcrm: el casco· del satelite (para que el ndar IOYiitico cooliou~a.adoJo} J monw
despues a ti a·· •
El mundo
podri eocuane de lo
que ha succdido. pero-dm.i.s del Te16n
de Hierro los cic:ntificos mmun.isw 1e
prcgunwin por: quc no ba funcioo.ado
SU mas flam.a.ate S&tclite miliw.
Los avioncs-cobeta ASP scrvid.a WD·
bieii pan maotener comuuicacioo enm
la tierra r k>s fumras utclitc:S uipulados
(cstacioncs dcl espacio). I.a prirncra de
csw estacioocs, aunquc mu)' pcqucm..
ICri lmuda en 1964 1 scrviri como uo
pucsto ciCJ1tifico de observacioa cc cl
apacio. Les modclos postctiores. sin anba.r,o. u,,nd.ri.n fines esuicwnencc militares. Estata.n provistos de c:amaras de relevisi6n irwa.uojas mur super:iores a las
que IC cocucntran acru.a.lmeate a botdo
de las ..utcl.ita espias 11orteamerican01
no tripulados dcnominados ~UDAS Y
SA.MOS. Valiendosc de tclcw:opios espcci.a.lcs, los uipulanies podtaii obsccvar cacla kilomeuo cuadrado de la UD.i6.o So,.
Tietic:a cuando cl utelite pasc 10bre est
pais. Mantcndrin ojos vigilantes en las
bases de proyectiles. tdlico fcrrovw:io,
mariti.mo J te.rrCSttc; en las la.bricas ·J
m las ciudadcs.., J eswin armadas esw
est'aciones dd cspacio coa cohctes nudca.res ·de a.ire a ticrra , de airc a aite..
Adcm.a.s. serin las bases de las 1.la.madu
·armas a:6tica.s...
&w arm.as•• las que a.mbien le Ilama ··armamentos-X", estin &iendo perfcccionadas acrualmcnte por compaiiias
espccialiudas en decuonica como la Bell
Telephone. Geoera,l Elecuic. Westinghouse, ouu. bajo los au.spicios de AR.PA
(Advancrd Research Projec:u Agency o
.Agcncia de Proycctos de lovcstigacioo
Avaoz.at). Forman pane dcl •·proyecto
DefeD.50r'' que. acgu..o lo manifestado por
d tcnicnte genua.l Rose~ C. \\."Tilson, de
la Fuerza Acre,. de los Estados Unido.5.
se refierc a "la inYCSti&acioo de los U50S
posiblcs de la energia u.dioaa.iva como
tknica lctal en wi uma de la Fucrza
Acrca. Su principal objetivo es la auci6n d~ r11os de 111 m11,r,e. ccnrellas &r·
tificwcs f cspcjos espaciales.. C..da una
clc csw a.rm.as est.a dcstinada • acr k, suficienrementc podcrosa a,mo pan que
pueda incinerar los proyectiles, satelitcs y
estaciones, espacialcs enemigas para eliminarlas det firmamenro. Tambien derreti.ran pucotes , ferrocarriles como 1i fueran de mi'equilla; ca.rboniuran po'blaclones ent as. incluso ciudades graodes"'.
Attu.al
te el mas avanudo de esros
. proyectos is el del ·rayo de la muerte..
que ra meicioaamos aJ comeo.za.r esa. in•
formacioo. \En realidad estc raro no a
mis que utl'--baz de luz coaceotrada mediantc uo lentc especial de rubi dcao-m.inadc user... pan quc su cuimttro
sea mur cstr«bo. Pero a dilcuocia de
la lut corrie&r~ estc hl2 puedc tee.otter
g.ra.ndes d.istaneias sin pcrdcr mucha etiergia. Cuando da en el blanco, es cui tan
csuecha como en el pu.nto de Ndmico.
0
,.
eumalmeace. tieDe cui
siclad.
iaual
~ ~--.=,-... -----. -:.~%".~,~~~''.'" ..:~i-: / ~-;-~~~~;~* .:~.c, ~ t ~;~ ·:~-~ -~'.y , --~ ;;;*.}t-':
.~~i<,1~. ~,.,.,-·.....;~ .•.,,.
-.r ·,
··~'A:ll ....
~xm,.1-.,"'··(:~.:I::"' ... , )".
"-s_~_,,. -~·--·"""~"""" •.er'.
f:,,t1;" .......~-
-1.~~
-
.
iD-
espacio aSsmico. Peio Dada ;;_;---···•- .....
f~uc CA ttalidad oca.rri6, se.cun
Joi i f ~ ncibidos por la CIA, fae
.. ·
lo 'ik-~te: ea el Desierto de JC&ra.
;.
Kumi. que
et 9'labontorio espacial•
ltusi.a.. el cieotifaco savietico Ge«J# J...
Bahar pttpar6 wi aperimeruo ~
aal: b desnvcd6D de 1lll cobesc imamotineotal eo pleno wela. por ..._ cm-,
tt:lla fabricacla artificialmeme.
~-- · ,...
Babat calcul6 que ua canella 4e a
mmo de dia.meuo a>brimt eoerp eqai..
.
·
·_-
e,'
tt
f
tr4irn•a·+,..t..,,,."'
..
C f.n uoo de las · ultimas a:pc:rimenta1
h:iliudos. los cieotificos de los Emdos
Un.idos utiliuroo llD. nro-Luc:r para
abrir agujeros en an.a lamina de acao
curo apesor era equi•alente aJ de diez
m.vajiw de afe.iw. A meclid.a que prograer1 los aperimen,m. scri aumentado
el espesor de los ·objetivos·. Ets pocu
semanas los cielirilicos tnwio de pet•
forar el blindajc c:le los tanques de ~
rra Y dcl fu~bje de los ••iooes.
nl,:nte a .60 h"bru de TNT. Jee)memc
R.ealmcote la fuerza Acree noncame• esto DO parecc graA au. ,,em el seaao
ricana cstima que antes de) fin de ata «Ir la fut!t'D destrucmn de au uateUa
decada podr:i dispooer de los primerm ndica e-n la enorme presi6n 91e det,, ·
aparatos de ta)'OS de la mucn:e pan an· carp al estallar. La onda de choquc qar
plearlos en el espac.io exterior.
s:nen es lo suficicotemente pode,asa
Pot me motivo es que ha pedido a la co.mo para desbaraa.r IDLU'GI cle CDDCftlO
Administrad6o Nacioaal de Aeton,utic:a J a.t&U audeara.
r cl Espacio (NASA). que destine aoa
Pua crear ata c.entella anific:wmeau:,
uve espacial Geminis (•ersi6n de la Babat sim6 caatto nda.res en dern (IUIO
cipsula ).fercwr. para dos tripulanu:s. co each c:sqwna dcl drsietto). Cakal6
qu scra puest& ffl 6rbira el aiio pr6ximo) que en el luga.r donde sus baca • l&Dipara haccr con ella experi.meotos cosmi- rian la morme antid.ad de cneriu, am.cos rclativos t. gene.radorcs de rayos de la ria sin duda una cenrella artificial.
muene.
·
Babat ruvo ruoo., pero la centt:lla ao
..Cuando ponpmos estU cow a &- 1e dirigio hacia el lupr doade cl queriL
bira. nadie podra dcrriba.rlas... cli~ I.a f.o lupr de desttuir la a.rga nuclear de
Wynn, ingeaiero de una compaiiia cle ua proyectil balistico, hizo blaoco eo uo
Boston dedicada a cuestioocs del espuio. de los rada.rcs doodc Babat se hallaba CDD.
··eomo cl bu Laser viaja a la .-elociclad vn grupo de obscnadores. Hubo WI pD
de la lui, nuestra uipubci6n espadal po- ,eli.mpago, una a:plosi6n •i.deota J cl
dra incinerar cualquier cohete que dis- nd.u. Babat f ouos cientilic:os w.larcm
paren cootta ella mucbo antes de que cl ea prdazos.
·
prorectil se aproxime demasiado a la mLos cienriEicos de los Emclos Un.idas
vc espacial Los objetivovs ecrresues R- ,uogicron 1os pedazos de este apcriran aun mis facilcs de desuuu. Lo
meoto ruso y aho.ra trawi dt pcrfecr:ioco qut> bar que hacer es ilu.mioarlos con nar la aorella art.iii~ o rayo clictrim.
cl baz lase-r dcsde un arelite. Se opri- como algunos la llaman. E sistcma b6me un boton ' podrio pcdorarse los lico espacial que cootemplan fwic:ionari.
puentes.. •ehiculos. calles y ciudades que asi: cuatro ndares modilicados (mlac:aIC Nl)'1n tscogido. Los tlrededorcs quedo cada uno en una esw:ian espacia1
cbr.in 'l'inualmentc iotaetm. lo que resul- uipulada) concentrarin ms
eo 1lll
ta un.a grao veor.aja que brinda esu enta·
lugu dtu-rmia.a.do dcl espuio para crear
ordinaria uma del espacio.·
la bola ~lccuica. ).{ovieodo 1u a.otenas de
Scria tonto suponcr que los rusos no ndar r cambiando de- frecuencia, la bola
estin esfon.andose igualmcnce por obte- seri acelerad.a hast& quc alcance la ftlooer <U&nto antes supcrioridad m.it.iw en · cidad de la lu.z r earonc:es la clirigirio
d espacio cosmico. Ya b.an disparado uo cooua un objctivo: un cohere cnemigo.
cobete desde un satelitc en 6rbit1.. El co- u.na base rerrerue. un satelite o WII aubete fuc apunudo conua Ve-nus,. pcro ci6n uipubda.. Coando la centclla cho&i hubien estado provisto de carp" au,
que contra ~nos. los aari de &bita para
clear podria haber aido larwdo i,gual. enviarlos a w profun<iidades dcl espamente conua un objcti•o en tierra.
cio c:osmico, donde IC pcrdcdn pan sicmJnformcs obtenidos por la Agc:ocia -pre, pues tarde o ttmp.n.no irin a esCentral de lnteligencia (CIA) iod.iCUl ttt!brse contra el sol
que los NSOS wnbieo tratan de ped«·
Estos rayos de la muene J -J:»olu elk- ·
cionar _satelites intetceptorcs y anti.sate- trias .. o ttntcllas se.rio cm.pleados COD·
litcs ,imila.rcs a los proyectos de las £s.
m objetivos individuales. pero la Fuerza
tados Unidos. Pero, cque sabcmos ilc sus Aerca noneamcricaJ1& proyeaa 0tra atlll&
aaividadcs m el campo de Jos arm.amen- de ndiaci6n que scd. capu de desuuir
ros de radiacion? ..En lo que al n,o de granjas. atdeu. dudades, bosques. cam·
la m~rte concieroe. ni siquien ban copos cultivados ..• Esta armJt. es el lla.mado
men.udo a 1Cnw las bases"', dice WJDt'L ..espejo espacial.. J es produao de la
"Jamis nos darari ala.nee eon estc ca.mpo imaginadon del profesor aleman · Her,i continuamos progrcsando coo igual ·mann Obenh (el padre de 1os welos
riano.•
· c:osmicos).
·
-&inc. sin embargo. ouo ripo de ar- ·
El espejo de Oberth a monsuuoso
mamenros de ndiaci6n donde lea tCWie(tcndra 150 millas de dii.mcuo) y es
ticos estan mud'D
adclaotadas quc p05iblc que 1e tarde 1S -6 20 an01 en
las dcntiftcos oorteaincricaoOL I.a pri• consrruirlo cuando el hombre hara pomcra pru"ba se ello 1e obruvo eo el ato- dido esublcccrse firmcmente en el espa·
no de 1960 cu1ndo el primer minist.ro cio c65mico aistente eatte la Tierra J
Khrushchev •isiaS la.s Naciones Uo.ida.s la Luna. Pero. segun Obe.rth. Yale la pen&
en Nut"n York. En aquclla fpoa las inrentar cxmsuuirlo:
fuentes sovietkas insinuaroo que estaba a
"'Dije a la fuen:.a Al:tts ck los Esta·
punto de ocurru an,. cosa espca.acular dos UD.idos que b aaci6o q~ coa.mur.r.
a
e
wu-
uces
mas
"";-::-r:c~s~-~""-~~-~~t'";!,.:;;~~'"':,;r;,-.zn;: ?,,i.:.:,:-.. \ . .;. :;::':::-C·?· .' .¾ .;;;·.i;/~~~.JZi~~:i~:?':::~:,s·:
..
�mero este espejo dcl esp.ado domim..ra
firua .., escribc cl P,oftSOr t:n sus a:ieriu. ..Podii. .er utiliudo pan ·adt.ilas ~nas fr igidas deJ planeu_ pues
riri para de-shelar las rtaiooes de aie• eterrw que bar en A.la.ska o la Si·
a-
ria r al miMDo ticmpo scria un arm.a
Khisimo mas poderasa qlle la .aw
t.ndt bomba de llldiogeno".
Sepo el plan -.a1c Obenh, el espejo
rea un.a rueda I enormc quc rota CD
espacio J awta fornudo por a:r.ttc·
.res de apeios ui4ividusln que podrian
r oric-otados hacia puntos dttermin.ados
· la Tierra. Asi 1e:ria posible conct>otrar
lu.z solar en Wl solo punto ' aumeow
umperarura • 300· f o mis. Uoa ciutd como Mosai. o hab Novosibitsk
que es la comunidad mis &ia de 1a
c.:rra) podr ia ser hcrvida., ·Jireralmearc
abla.odo. Se dcrrcrt.'tia d ufalto de las
llles; R dcsimegrarim Jm newnaticos
e los •ehiculos motoriz.ados J la seine
"IOl'"uia de quemadwas de tcteer grado
, de sed, pucl sc evapora.ria toda el qua
;t" la region.
Cuaodo hace yarios eiios Obenh co-
-.unico SU idea. la fucru Actea, le ric•
de cl J lo ridiculiuroo.. frusuado
desaleoudo. el hombre quc eo 1926
·ropuso los vutlos cosmicos regreso a
\ lcmaftia. El aiio pas.ado. ,in embargo,
t Fuerza Actt:a. decidi6 dar oucva con.,Jeracion al pb.n Obenh. cPor quc?
ues porque ahora pan:ce
scsura el
,·. qableci.miento de una colonia none\·: meriana en la Luna antes de 1970. \'
_\ ;_ · • Lun.a. pudiera contener la mayor par- ·
.\·· · ·de la materia prima que ha.cc falta
·.,· .. :, .?ra la construccion ri.pida f ba.ra12 dcl
. , -reio npacial. Adema.s, con motivo det
: ~:· 'GUO campo gravitaciooal de la Lu~
Tia mis f.i.cil e-n,·iar a.I espacio cosmico
~s distiow pieus del espejo, que ba,-Jo desde la Tiena.
Es mis.. una de las cos.as qut> la Fuert Aert:a espera descubrir en la Luna son
utcrw primas que puedan ser "btiliz.a-.s por fabria.s construidas en el lado
,iJ kjano dcl satelire natural ck la Tie·1 para producir ·pro1·tttilcs cspacialcs.
'f.i quiii solo las a.rgas nucleates ' cl
imbustible tt>ndria que scr llendo alli
-sde tierra. En el lado opuesto de la
"na podrian construirse- dcpositos para
~ armamenro espacial. dooJe estatiao rctivamentc a salvo de un auque de co"{es disparados desdc nucsuo planeta.
Pero aunque todu lo mrcr ior parezca
,voroso J horripilantc, oo puede com•
.n.arse con las ideas quc algunos cien·
V1
cosa
ficos
est.in alentsndo
un fUC11C bnlior. milit.,r dcl Jan,dnicn en ~· Cnntincnle amen•
c:lt~ •• p:lr.11 quimC'I aun lo dud:tban, ahi
C".lt,.,_..•'Lu
d,,,,;,,,;. n I. ,,.,;,.. 80
'
nENE O NJ TIENE ...
~
.
,:mtcner en Cuba ua .. stt11\."1 conutntsla
la ~o1unt:uJ ck .odo un pueblo?
l''Vle luc,o, como sr t::m m.antcniJo to.~ Jos rc:gimcncs comunista .: por la fucr.
, de las arm:u... Pc:ro no por b fuc:rz.a de
ofltn.
1
, arm.n cubanas, lino par lo /lft'r:a llt'
,, , ,. .s sotlirti""'· Cuw tu uJo con\·cr.
rtticrucs dttlarxinncs dcJ Krem-
lin admitirndo qut b URSS h:a cn,~do
- J ~ir~ o,;aado- • b Cum ck 0.1-
tro - am1an-.mtos, cquipos -, ..._t'cnicm mi.
lit.~re1· en antitladcs o,nsirl.er;.bles. •
£so, en d or,lcn militar. Pero en todos
Im ntrM orJrnes Cub::l ha tido rrdudda
a b contlicion ck culonia IO\irtic.a. mbor•
dsnacb a 1.n prO)"C"CemCS i.nternaciona1es
ckl hloq\1(' crwnunist2. lUln quim W)b
in,·:1riahlrn1mte Cuba cn los or,anismos
intcrnacionales? Con Rusi a. i A donck ton
c:n,-iadns p:ara su cn1rmamimto J :adoc:trin:tmiento Ins ninos. cub:anns? A llusia.
i,Qt.1c bandcn ondea c:n o!.n:.as. a!les y
edificio4i pubJiC'.>S de. b Cuba awnunim,
junto a b bantkra 01b.,na b a ,·u:es ha1b Mtrbntandob?) b de b hoz J d 11\lr•
tillo. b 11an,ltra rus.i.. l A ,onde. son en,·i:ubs bl riquu..as naturala dcl socio cuh,"lnn~ A Ruiia. iA quicru~s IC ttenera c:n
a,.
Cuh:a cnmn lidttN -~piritu:1rN- de b
mlucion,? A Lenin, • Khrus.hcbn-_ a kK
ljtlC"rn tic b Jluq:. soHnic.a.
,Cnn
quc
(':lises n1.,nttent Cuba b usi tot:alicbd ck
w comercio rxtcrinr? Cnn I°' p.iiscs dcJ
b}oque .l,tWithCO.. U de"p:ndmcia M Cub,
a Ruaa t:s absoluta, total, m:as quc cvi-
dr:ntc.
Ante cs.a rcalid:td, ic.abe :aun dudar de
quc d as.n de b Cub.::a s,wieti1..ida no
ni 1o<l.1s l,u ar.3cteristic.:u ck "'intcn·c::nci,in de una porcncia cxtr:1-<nntinenut en
Inc d~tinns de un pais de ~meric:a.. • quc
t.c rcfiere b Dnctrina Monroe?
reu-
L, Doctrina Monroe dice: qut" •d Car..
ti11rntr omrril'dno
podr,i ser. t• lo •dl'•
/.,nit', o/,jr10 dr /ut11ra coloni:Ation r,or
r,,rlr dr r11t1/q11irr po10,ria r,,rof'rtl·. Cu~
ha .~~ COft\·crtic..b. en_ coJoni.;a dcl Jmperio
1m·1ct1cu. rnn L, rcrd1da aotal ck aJ Jibcr.
•o
t.ad. cnmn Mci<Jfl indepcndicntc.
L, Ductrin3 Monroe d1tt quc ·,odo 1rn1aht·" Jr f'tlrlr ie /41 po1cnci.f1 ~11.ro~DJ
r,or rrt~ndrr nt sirte1111t ti c11Jquirr pai1
d, ,str l,emir/rrio srrJ a>Rsidu11tl,:, con,o
1,n ft"ll[:FO f',JTd lltlt'StTd "'1= )' aurnrt1 N•,.
1.11ru!.ul". Lt Union So,·irtica. rotcncia estr.1<nnrinent:d, - )' mas cspcdfic.amcrue
:uin, ('urore:i - h.a t'nendiJo aJ sistmu roHtico, soci:it C idrologico- .a una Ila·
cir)n df' cstc fo:misfcrio, convirtiendola adcm;is en h::u.tion miliur cori C\·idmtc JX'·
li.J?ro fl."ID b p:az. )' I.a scguridad d'cl Continrntc.
TL
En una rruni6n rccitnte de la Sode·
;ll NortC"/lmericant · dt· Astroniurica.
.'lndridge ).{. Cole, ano de Jos dcnri'OS de la' Gencril Elt'Ctric C.ompanr,
Co11tin••rio'
~
La l>nctrin::i Monroe dice que •1oJ4 1."n-
trrl'r:nrinn Jr IIRIJ /)OUnria
rt1TO~II
COD
o}tjrlo de op.rimir o co11tro/11r ra c1111lq11icr
/oru_111 los drrtino1 dr t1lc11no1 dr las p.,i~s
l!1,lrf"ndirntrs tit' Amlrira"", 11:r.. consi-
«lM":ub cnrno *'rxrrnion '" manifirsta
rnrmi.ct11d l,aci11 101 l:"11aJo., Unido ..... r quc
los Est:.dns l'nidos no f'Odr.in cnntcmpbr
··ron i,ulifurnno '"' inten't'nrion... u
l'nion Sm·iiti~ ha intcn·cnido esc2ndalus.-.mc:n1c en d hcmisCc:riu oc.cidcnul con·uolandu mcJi:mie l.l fucrz.a, cl c::npiio ,.
b lraicion UC SUS .lJ:Cl'UCS, los Jesrinm de
<.:uu.1. t ilnJIOnii-ndoJe contr.a la ,·oluot.ad
tic
Sll
pueblo. un sistem.a de oprcs.ion '
b.vwric.
\', por ultimo,. la l>uctrin2 Monroe afir.
lS
£.sudos lJaidm
R
pepa.rada
•a,ondo Mil IUt't:JrAos .,..
iarMlido(
1111mt'1tl~ .,.rar.:uol". J que ·
la naci,in. ___, camcriana esti · ~ I i , ·
11 J,1 Jr/ntu
m p-opio lisll'nu, cu:ando
d mismo axn pdigro par la 1en1:1tiwa
· de'. mu po1com cxtra.cootinmtal a imp,ner un sim:m:a contr.ario ea d Oaolinenu: americano. Pua. him. la Uni6D
,iftica DO StdO ha hr:cho la tl::lltatiW"a •
imponer su sistcrna m Ult pais de Am,£.
rica..'\".i lo ha irnpucst.o. £sc: 11.acma_ IDID• ~ •
ICftido p,r la fuerza miliar de 1lmia,
constiru,-e un rero insolentc a b demo- ·
cncia
Ambia. L:a Doctrin.a Monroe 11:a ·\ .
sidn ra ,iolada. winer.ad.a.. burlada. K,usb.. • ~ ·
chc,· IC' di6 cl gusto de dcci..r• b.au ticmpo. quc ~ Doctri.n..a estaba p ""muc:na•• .
p;ara
,r
'°' .·
en
• I
1· micrnr.u b Est.ados Unidos-no R clccic.bn, Cl\ cwnplimicnco de la ~ a
b;IC'Cf ,·alct sus principios.. ·, sipn 1Dlcr.1ndo- como sc ha tolc:rado hasta ahora
• pn:ar Jc toms bs mcdidas adoprac:wLa nis.tenci.a de un pals ck America iDu:r, cniJo 1· domin:ado poc b Union Scnictia.. ,. con,·crtido en annud.a dcl oxnu..
ni~n,; intcrn.xiona1 en ate hemisfcrio, le·
ran muchCK los qut R indincn a darlc la
razon a ·Khrusc:he,·. Porquc a la Doctrina ·
de MonrCC' no s,e le d:a cumplimienlD ais.lantln a Cu~ lino libnJntlou de la ift..
tcn"eftOOD so,ierica. .
CORRETJER: •••
Co•1i1111«io•
tfn<:iado a K"is mKeS de. carcel por ID•
dtar • un motin.
• Dos aiios despues, Corretjer empezo a publicar la l'His_ta ...Prieto J Paya•, en cu)·as paginas at:acab.a el sistema de ,·id.a democnitico ttpresau:ado
por los Estados Unidos.
• En l95S, Corrctjer ataco la emeiianza del inglis l'D las escuclas de Puer•
to Rico diciendo que era f.'D d~rimmto
de la cultura purrtorriquriia.
• Durance ,·arios anos, Juan Antonio
Corrrtjcr lrabajo l'D el prrioclico ME
Mundo• como tditorialista la.asta que
•n J9S9, poco dl'Spuis dt- que Castro tomara •I podcr t"n Cuba, ttnundo para
dl"dica,v de Ueno a sus ad.hidades •po-
·'
:i·i ;')
'
·..
laticas...
• En estos ultimos tres aiios, Co,.
rretjer ha ht'cho numerosos ,·iajt"S • Caba. Al principio, dirtttament, dKde Su
I'
Juan; lu~o. a trads de Mexico.
I
• En .la arlu:didad, Corretjer es ..,
nrlario general y lider principal de A~don Patriotic.a Uniaaria. En aumcrosas i
ocasiont"S >:ta riulizado con su aocayo ,
Juan Mari Bras pana tralar de acaparar /
II solo toda la c:1mpaiia d, odio que se
dHplic,:a en las actMdades y mitines
sub,·ersh·os.
• Dunante todos los aiios que Ue..-a
librando su lucha «:"Onlra el "imperialismo yanqui", Corrtljer no ba cesado de
abolar por la abstcndon eledoral y de
ta,·ortter la dolrnda como el mejor
mi-todo para obtener la lnde~oden~ia
de Put'rto Rico•
• AIJ:unos lidrres de otros partldos
politicos lo consideran un activo aaente
df Rosia. en Puerto Rico.
,
.
�LA PIEDRA EN...
t.c..•·•"••cio•
c-.• ,___.,__" -·- -~._..~ --.. ,-.,_,.,
uncia aos discursos rronunciados aa ,,..
cl V C.Onsrcso Internacional de la o...C
macracia Cristian1* alc:brado en Oille
en 19S9. Con eUos sc t.icne a mano la
idcologia compl cu. Cu.anto czpresan a
hc:rmoso. Ueno de wisar y de ,·erdades.
Pero .•• observcmos quc las palabras del
auror de la tteopilacion, senor R.odrjguez.Arias. 100 -palabras de Abril de 1961. 0
sea. volvieodo a lo mismt?, que b apliacion practia els la doctr1na., r:n el caso
de Cuba.. "en el caso concreto de una erpericncia comunista, tienc unos aracte-res que oblipn. por lo menos. a reflezionar 10brc el desequilibrio e-ntre la bellcza teorica y la horrible feaJdad pric'·
tioL
. La trrura posici6~ el no estar oi con
el a.pitalismo ni .con cl comunismo. es
f:11 cl ttrrcno de la teoria una maraviU..
JlomJ)C' con todo cl pasado r con todo el
prcsegtc. J no acepta como porvcnir Jo
que el mars.ismo preconiza.. Tiene su p,o..
pia idea. Ahora bien.. ra hemos visto esa
idea propia conuastada. eonfronuda con
un aso conaet01 r el resuliado no puede scr mis dcsasuoso ni JOrprcndmrc.
La logica mas elemental hada esperar
de quieoes estin por uru tcrccra posi·
ci6n la condma de Castro. hccha por
lo ID('nos en los mismos terminos ardientcs con qut> .sc con.den.a en el. taro
al liberalismo , al capiulismo. Pero sc
•imte la fasdnacion cjercida por el dinamis..mo marxista, por el vigor del comunismo e-n marcha, sobre,, esros hom·
bres quc cslin ansiosos de rcnovar las
esuucmra.s de America mt>diante relormas o media.me re"Voluci6n. Es tuna su
ansia de quc todo cambie, que accptan
el a.mbio hecho por Casuo, aunque no
penen«e a la tcrttra posici6n, sino a
II.Do de Jos terminos pretensameote cs
aquiJ en cl aplauso racito a la rnolucion
por el hccho de quc •s an11 trt10/11do•,
en .dondc reside cl gun peligro a que
DOS referimos al comcnzar. Porque la
De.moencia Cristiana quiere un cambio
que supone, por lo meoos. unas reformas profundas; pcro est.as rcforma.s son
dificiles de ob1cncr, y lueso son lentas
en su desarrollo y en la cosecha de resultados. La impiciencia de los ideologos se siente satisfccha cuando Tc que
alguien en torno ha echado a rodar la
cstructUra completa de uo p.ais, J aunquc preleri.r i1* suponcmos, una terccra
posici6n, accpu la cxtttmista que se ha
adopudo. - porque · en el fondo con lo
que R esti cs con la rcvoluci6n, con cl
wcko de la esuucrura, '"" esh au,J su.
VI
Estamos vieodo
en
la practica pues que
cs absoluumemc imposibtc mame-ner una
tem:ra posicion fuera dtl 1erre-no tcorico.
Castro nc, ha phnteado a la Americ.a aa-
da de desp,erw de conciencia o.i cosa por
el n1ilo. 'En csa line& de despertar 1 cl autor fut en u1 ·caso Nicolas knin. Lo
que h2 hecho a invita.r a la America a
• abandonar la organiuci6c hemisferica
pan uasladarse al orbitaje o a la iofluencia ruso-nu.rxista. E R ha encargado ya•
cumplidamente de dcs.mentir a quiencs
afirmen que ..at dcsvio .. o que fuc -~Li-
pdo ~
~
. . , ~,. . . ~w·~-...---.:.---------.. . . .-.. . . . . ._. . . . _. _~,_•
u· ~c~ ~ mmunismo.. .Scsu.n el.
icdad, aun am 1111 defcct01 de bor,
f l •ilmo iofiruta~Dle 11W jam.
las 1ndac10S , htebos mu "
~ de .9ue abe dispo~. fue r«u. pr~na.. bu.mana. Qt.IC la esuuc:twa toe Ull rc.gimea man.isca.
ccb1dameotr al manll!Do. d ~ cl daa l
de E:ncro ~ 1959 J sa ~lro alsuna _vcz
Vil
sus 1n1cnc.aoncs fu~ IC'gua ba clccwado
Donde 1e tt el &llo terrible cle este
~ 1cx10. ~ Ltn10. m ~a.no. par aeus1d~~ uaaca ~ eoprw • la bur- gran .MovimicDto renovaclor de la poli·
aca hiipa.noamttia.na es en aa .idea de
pn1a •
.
•
que
son i111•l,u,,1, malos el.opiulis.mo
~o walen ~ 1ubterfus1os n1 bs pre. 1erwoncs de p,nw • ~ con los co,.. J cl comunismo, sio •er 411:ae el capita·
l~res que ca~a ':ual qu1ere. Camo ·ae _ha lismo ha dado oacimicoto a esw IOCie- · .
p1ntado e II m1Sffl0 m forma clefi111da clades ahiaus cloode es pas,.1,le_ iDdUJO,
r definitive.. r Do qucda 1io~ lmet el agrupar mill0111:s de hombres bajo las
· Yalor dc con~enarlo o de ckcir: ~ . bandcras ck Ja Democracia C,ristia.Da,. J
con el marx1smo reprcsentad!l por Cas- combat.it abiem.mente al apitalismo. Es
tro r ~~cJ'cmos que ~l. ~is.mo ~ la · ea ao de PttsellW .a las IIW&S GaO • .
clos momuuos igualmente detest.ables ana
n:voluaon de la Ameraa Hupana.. cPor
socied::u!
en cllnstantc nolucioti r perfecqui? Perque sc vc duo que la gran cle·
fadcncia dcJ ·movimimto de la Demo- cionamiento.. y Otta IOcied.ad a:rtada por
cracia Cristiana consistc. en la &Ju de las adcna.s del matetia.lismo £alm6fico J
una
pdetica para urilizatla ante de su coosecueote politia de abatim..ial·
to del Hombre , desuua:i6n de la ~ ·
uo problema suraido ea el amino que IODL
.
separa a los ideales de hor de las rca·
Yo
01:0
que
la
Democracia
Crist.iana
lidades de maiiana. Mientru putda to-DO sxrder.ia mda. sino al conuario, adm:ar el poder la Dcmoc.racia Cristiana J
as.t"nw la tt'rccra ppsici6n. lf•' ~1_bwti mitic:ndo que la ttalidad mund.ial ha lle1,.,;,nu ""'~ ~I ,n;111e, Je/ com11NiJ•o o pdo a un oivel de ~ J de hcchos
qut" fuerza • fkfmirse inmcdiaw:neotc.
111u L, ~,.i,t,iuh, II, •• ,;,;,.,,, com11·
en p,o o ea contra de a.lguna de 1u dos
•ist1.'
No podemos cr«r que cl 1e11rimitnro pndes 1endeociu quc acin hoy CD
unanime de los panidos dem6craw· pugoa. Esto DO quicrc dec:ir que se juz.
cristianos de Ameria hacia un, rrvolu- . IUC, perfecta a la ttndeocia escoaida. sioo que se la considers la menos .mah.
cion comunista sea el deJ aplauso J la
o la mi.s susceptiblr de pedeccionam.ienconformidad mosuados por cl Sr. l.odriguei-Ari.u. iO ~s 9111 ."'1 lwe~,, 1>0Ji. to. Porque de lo quc oo abe duclt. a de
doui el ·•e11lrttliJ1no. •o eJ ,n I,, t,,Jc- que aplua.r la decisi6n para cua.ndo ae
1iu si•o •11 p.so lucu, el 9"1f'1tis•o? pucda YOW solo 'CD favor de la doctrina
Es neceurio saber a quc arenenr en are propia.. implica d riesgo de poaersc de
punro porque desdichadamenre- lo de- cspaldas a Jo que esri. ocurriendo. o 1h
cimo.s con tocla sinettidad- Do c:stin uJ.bor•r '/>rt~u1,iu,ue U>• t1f11Jlos t/11•
muy inmtdratos los dias de la victoria Cll&RJO 80 fn,UH ,.Ji, illlb,sidD tiJ,n
democrata-cristiana, )' sin embargo le adi;. •Hlr11/id"'1.
E comunismo st: amforma COil la ter·
Yinan como muy posibles Du~os a.sos
de comunismo confcso o implicito en los ccra position. con b DNtralidad. porh«hos. Conaewnentc, ,que IC hara_ quc u.be que ea medio del torbellino y
apane de teoriu.r bellamc.nte, · para com- del dirwnismo C0D que hoy se presenta
en todm Jos acen.arios dcl mundo, los
batir e imp:-dir t11bor4, ho:,, el avance tomunista o la consolidaci6o de llll rc,i- neutralcs. los attc~pos.icionista.s. al rcswsc .de lu fil.a.s del ad•enario, se le
men comunisu?
Porquc de lo quc se trw fa DO es conviencn practiamente en aliados.. por
de teoriur. de cxponer los altos J mara· accion o par omisi6n.
Y oo a:urre lo mismo COil d Mundo
-.mosos ide.ales. sino de responder en for- Libre,
Pi>r'I"' '"• •o
£, o/,,uii·111
ma prictiC1 c inmediata a las "'acdonei
que ya esti efeetuando el CDJDunismo , porqur adcmi..s ocurtt quc las Deutnagrcsor. Si nos apliamos t:n estos im· lisw o los terc~posicionisw no se van
u.ntes a decir . quc no R put-de hace:r nunca del campo comunista hacia cl camnr.cb debido a que el apitalismo ticne la po occidental,-como Do hurc n.adic
culp.a de quc haJ·a obrcros con hambre, del Berlin Ocuc hacia d Estc - . sino
del campo occidental al campo comea.ishombtt1 sin ricrras. n:c.,. lo unko quc CS·
taremos hacicndo es /ttvM#&ff' £. · e,Js ,,;. ta. No bay en llusia. ni en China., ai en
pu/11 tUUflsio,r lie/ ,011111nismo. -que Cuba. la menor posibilidad de quc gru•
imagino no cs la finalidad de la Dcmo- pos humanos R organicen ea tcrttta polidon. Eso cs cosa que s61o st puccle dar
cr:acia Cristiana..
en las socicdades libres.
No puede l'C'li,;narsc esta fucrza a
1uar, por DC'gacion. como colaboradora
VIII
Por . brutal que pueda parccer el aideJ comuoismo1 .pues por muchos r grandcs que scan los males del apitalismo, ttrio, a atas ahuru dr lo que-la bu.ma·
dd libcraJir.mo. de las dicuduras de Am~ o.idad vive 1 con~ en marcria de CD·
rica incluso. marores en estarura J. nu· munismo. ao qucda sino uwstir en que
mero 100 los males quc el comunwno frentc a1 avancr comunisu no cabco pocompona.. rO es que 1e n a acer que s.iciones neuu&Si, ni tepudios a ser anti.
a mas aisriana una soci«lad comu.nista ni considctaciones filos6ficu dubitativu.
que una soci«lad libre? En la c:structun dt> es.as que conducco a Hamlet a pre;
de la 10Ciedad noneamcriana. ponpse gunrarse si seri. ma.lo o no. o Ii no sera
pm a.so. babd que hac:rr muchos ajusen cl fondo mc:jor quc esto que abora
tcs para aproximarla al ideal de la Justrnemos.
ticia Social Cristiat""2 pe.ro ese tipo de
Esto podria ocurrir, para ~nos mal
,
lt'&\JD
real•
•su •
ac•
�~· .·.. . .
.
.
.
i
. , ~ ---.. . ·----· -·-- ... _: ·._· ·. .: . _,._·..:..--=-
paniti~ ·
ioformac:los. ham. 1927. Pao•
IX
csa fed.a qued6 un al ..desc\lQ!!f!9 _la.
t.. Hri.irr11 ~.,.. tH>licio• f,,Jaiu
traiia del ttgimeo manr:ista - DO SOia
, ii11i111iu Sfflll f•' los ,wiJ~S #n1/¥•0·
: maldad personal de Stalin. s.i oo del sis- "' ,,,11niu1101 ,o....,. ,.,, i•idtttir1• i~ Ji.
ttma · inrrinsecamcnrc considerado - . se 1,,,n • C.h•.
ha penctrado ta.nto ~n la &uStancia, en
Si la democracia-cristian.a, m lupr de
la psicologia, m la practica del comunis- d<.-dic:arse al dubit.amicnto filosofico ante
mo, que a quien le quedc-n dudu boy. un horror cmno cl cle Cuba rn.arboJue
R ~ puedc -rcputar. o .de acesi,·amente
Ja bander& de salir en cruuda por 1111
d.ndido o de accsivamcnte liStO. Se-m- pais hispano J aistiano que ha cajdo en
btar b dud.a es uau. de las tactica.s mu las praJ del manr:isme>-lenini.smo, la
10eorridas del comunismo. Acon~ja.r la democracia-aistiana se c.onvc:nida imneneutraladad cm.ndo DO puede obtcnc:rse diat.amenre tti la supttma rcaora de tola adhesiop., es mn..
dos los pueblos de ,America, t' impediria
Si: bar que 11:1 anticomunista, como ademh quc el lidcrnso rec:a,ese. como
hay que scr antiateo. como hay que tcr 'mi H:Ca)·enc!o por falta ck orientaei6D
antiusurt.'ro, J anti muchisimas cosa.s mis.. , de actividad hispanoamcricanas. m las
1
· Es producto de) era.smism01 o del d,i. manos de un pa.is que no reu en espaiiol
lrttantismo liter&1io de un Onega 1· Ga,s.
Solo con la prictica. con la accion. lletet- padre de la. criatura - • eso de que pn Jm partidos politicos • conquisw
DO ~ debt: ser anti oada. E propio aude veru • Ju mau.s.. Esw en el media,
tor quc comeoramos, es, por lo menos.
contra los dos y contra todos, formulan·
anticapitalisu. Lo que no es ni quiere do un bello program, ·para el porrenir
ser es anricomunisi..t, porque parcce trttr
mit'ntr,s arden las carnes de 110 pueblo,
quc si R dcfiflt" como a.I, ya ad im- n una posrura muy comoda., que Rd inposibiliu.do de seguir laboraodo P"f un
tdcctu.almente. muy elep.ntc, pcro (IUC'
muodo mas crisriao que: cl -m11ndo ac-' en la pr act' a.. en la re-alidad, dnmicnre
mal.
por complno el espiriru aposrolico del
cQuieo ha dicho que porque se m.ilitt: vcrdadero crisriaoo 1 d~J verdadero decooua el comurusmo. activa, energicam6crau..
mentc. IC ma ttnunc~ndo a defender
Si . la democrac~istiana tomasc ea
ua. alto ideal de demoaacia aistiana,, o
sus manos Ju ricndas de esu lucha.. Cuba
« esta act'ptando C'.JIDO ina.ngible el· ac~ seria no solo ua pa.is sah·ado del ru.mumal at.ado de cosas? Dondc esti Jo
nismo, sino umbien un pai~ pnado pna
terrible. lo 10rpreodente dcl sofisma
la democrac:ia-cristiana. cPor que. en lugar de la pasividad J de la rcrcera posiplaotcado a la luz de 1a docttina demoaata-cristiana1 a ej, es.a gratuita suposici6n, ckl neutralismo, no ~ adopta la deciao de que ser aoti~unista rq11i,•11l1
cision dt' actuu contra el capitalismo pero
• 11/>f'obn Jos J,f«ios •~l uf,iuliJmo1 o
umbien contra cl comunismo, acudiendo
conll"a la rcnuncla • la busqued.a ck alli dondc exista cl problem.a mayor J
· uoa J.Ocicdad aisrian.ame1ue organinda.
mis wgente? ~i cl rrmor que se riene a
Ser aoticomunista lo que es, concrc- aprobar la accion miliw contra el miwnentc, a impcdir que la aparic.i6n Yiclitarismo rojo de Castro provi~ne ~e ~e
~' toriosa del comunismo pueda frusuar to~ att queen Cuba una Y"I hbre pasar11
clas las esperanzas naddas al a.lot de la a ser s.atel_ire o colooia de ~os Es~dos Uniinfinita -.ocaci6n cie perfeccion.amiento dos ( ~l•sro que no n1ste 111 remoa.•
que tieoe la socieciad occideoY.L De es:a
mcnte ), i/)or q11I •o s, ,olo"1JI los #Nd·
90eacion ha brotado la docuina demo- ,rs biJt,11IJ.06meriuno1 '" #)01kio• u
crat1-cristiana.. Si las dirigenres del Mo,.
eombllt , rrs&1111n ellos • It, IUCio• ,,,..
•iauento se am.an de bruos ante ca.sos udtnM4, ",iJJru:/os, 111i q11, J1b11 n licomo el de Cuba - doode pot cicrto DO
irr11&Wlt ll • • IOUJ $)1is, f ti • • ,,,. ,oJ,.
ha rriunfado. c;ue Kpamos, la concepci6n
roso tMisJ
X
aistian.a de la sociedad y de la economia - . lo que haran a converrir est:
Si cl ~nor Arias-Rodriguez, y cl Sr.
ma.ravilloso refusio · de la.s esperarua.s
Frei, J el Sr. Caldera.. J el Sr. Cornejo,
ruspano a.merka.nas en un puentt pot cl
lla.mucn • las maw dt-mocratas-cristiaaw pasen hada cl pocle-r ·en todas panes oas de America para conquistar mda me.
J
los comunisw.
'°'
i,
lJ4. i11suWo
,x,,
L,, f11nu 1 sob,, 14 /11l'f'ZII, '" ""'
~ 11D IJ«:,,Jo ,J/01 1nul,J q111 h,,e,rlo
t,,,,ist,mt'flll •q111I /)"is 1 tUJ"tl sisUflU
~lDflomi,o P'. ·Jor tkinolf'l/fll:f'.ffll1umos
tit Hi1pMI011mbie.,, 111ir.1• ti, "'• •11/4
.
....,.,,
Condil)lent and Species lac..\·
............
an s.w. ........
liv• ....
,
•.
•
porenci1 auan;en.. el aumenu, del bam-,
btt J de Ja miser.ia? iEs que ho.azada.
meate alguien puedc defmdc:r, no lien·
do comunista miliwite, la obn. de Curro m Cuba? i& que ea Cuba ensan•
arNWtad.i J ~n ruin.as quiere .reprod.ocir
e:n Amkica Hispana pan c:utip, ,etrospectivamentt al apiulismo1
·
Y para aauu en comecuencia.. a,ae- •
de UQ MM..imieo.to aistiaJ.io ' wil de,..
ttne.rse • estudiar cuiles eran las defeaos
de la sodedad cubana aatttior, o culles
son los dclenos del regimen capitalisca?
· Por muchos que ·fueran J sean,. el CDmunismo los aumenta J aipera, a.mm
de que tie.nden a desapue«r. .
Ctto que J• son demasiadas pttBU·
us. Lo qur queria, unia.maite. en. seiiabr hacia un punro iocompre:asible en
un Mo,·im.iento ideol6gico al que mucbo
admiro , al cml considero c:omo 1a ·al·
ngua.rdia del destioo americmo.
Salvaguudia, · a condicioo de que iom·
pa con el tirubeo. con el- filosofis.mo. con
cl neutralismo, y K la.nee a luc:ba.r U·
dientemente conua el comunismo. mal de
males. lo quc no ha impcdido aunca po-
der luc.h.ar al mis.mo tiempo contta mdo
aquello que mereza de 11.D buen crila
tiano ~1 rechazo J la condeDAC:i6n..
GASTON BAQUERO
Madrid, A,gosto 1.962.
oos qut- una ·naci6n liberada j:,ara la au•
Porque ante una fortalcza miliw
· avannda dd Ejercito llojo, · que eso es
lo que Casuo ha hccho de Cuba, lo unico que cabe. inmediaramcntc. es oponerJc uoa fortalcz.1 miliw maror, , 10•
t,rni1t1men1, los lemocrlttd-,ri1li11101, 'J
t,ms~I J1 .Ameri,11 Hisf>,"14, q11i-en~1
J,lun Jtntirs, mJ1 int1r1114Jos q,u 11di~
,,. '1'" 11D 1• eonso/iJe ,m rlgfoun ,o•11,,itt• •• ,l N11n•o J,f,i,ulo. Son ,soi
l,ombrts J ,sos "4{111 q11irPJr1 kbi~ron
L, imci4tiv• Je J,rro,,,r ""' l4
,.l•ff'ZIII
'°""""•• ,iiiwu• t'JMe
Si no lo encuentra en iu IIWlf'CClclo ·
h6ganos· un giro desde UN DOI.LAI .
y lo rec:ibir6 por como.. .
u.. siruindose en capacidad de ·hacer pru:
ticu CD Cuba la doarina dcmocrata-aistiani.. cntonces si tcndria sentido pric-·
hC0 1 dinamico, Ut'.I& tcrcera position_ U.t'.I&
solucion distinta para .los problemu actuales dd muodo, porquc habria doncle
aplicarla en tcrritorio ameriano.
Dcjaria de St"r el Movimicoto un Hamlet inseguro, orador brillanre pero poli·
tico ineficu.. y K conveniria. en el gu.ia
real J diario de la conciencia amerian.a...
Para haccr ato,
.ft.
EL CHICO·
I
indispensable ante
u
todo •b1,,Jon1r u J11J11 sob,,
flUluJ
s11p~;o, irl U>m1111i1•0-..
iNo csran vicndo lo que ha becho en
Cuba d man:ismo t:n solo tres aiios J
mcdio de podcr.io? cNo les dice nada la
pcrsccucion a la Iglesia., la dcsaparicion
de Jas libenad,:s, la creaci6n del odio &roi enuc las c:la.ses. la sumision 1l 1IDll
.MUSICA •
BAILE •
REVISTA
EXQUtSITAS CENAS $5.00
80 GROVE ST.
New York
RESERVACIONES:
CH 2-4645
�Q •.'·. ;clcquchambrc
J de angustia a insoste.
el dacnlacc. m.i~ o menos pro-
CUDl.. UN PAIS DE • •
Cort1i,,ueiott
~-
de mi dcbcr para haca' un uivor
I
un
•tdno · • •
Como aquel aabrupto no tmia ni pcs
ni abcza, me limitc a enco,ttmc ck hambros 1 a prc-guntarle .si.. -. ia ..rc.tirarmc.
'
Can su vcnia m,..Afff:1..-.lllllilh-i ~ ~
ra• a p.-escnta mis docurncntos. En la'
-pcccra" me en re dd porqur de aquclla
comparcccncia
ia. • uhima hora, en el
G2. Sc trataba, o Ina!, de quc mi ftcino
chinto dcl Fontanar quttia darse imp:,rtancia J dcmomannc ~.done.le lle~ba
Ill autoridad con ~kSfl'lrrios dc1 aeropuerto.
- No le hap uucd aso -n,c d.ijo un
compaitcro SU)-o- todos los dias IC ,-ienc
con un problcma absurdo para quc todos
· ~ quc hay quc contar con cl para
todo • · •
Dios le pcrdonc cl AJsto quc, por SU im.
. becilidad, bubo de darmc. Y s:i Dios no le
perdona, me p.,rccc que va a scrmc muy
dificil lamcntarlo.
'
ESTAMPA MONTUNA EN BARRIOS
REStDENCIAlES
Los rcpartos rcsiJcncialcs de La Hab.,n3
son hoy una csbmpa montuna· Cc:rcas de
ntacas 1· ond:ado al:tmbrc de puas. Algunas gallinas. pucrcos, chi\·os )' ,·ac.as -conalcs publicos, rc,·cl.u.lorcs de la miscria
general. Pero no hai· quc culpar a los nue:vos inquilinos, b,·orccidos. dd ~nbicrno, de
cstos dcsmanes.. No h2}· quc corner)' la genu: sicmbr;a viandu y cria anim.,lcs de t.od 3 s
clascs. Primera corner, ,. despues., mur despucs, cl barniz de Q\'iliucion )' uroonidad.
Pero IC han dado ttmbim c:uos CJr:traordinarios dt \'COOOS ··gutxrnamcnblcs..
que» a pocos de llcg:ar al rc:p."lrto. lo han
abandonado por su propia \·olunud. Las.
librrus de racionarnicnto rn Im llamados
supc:rmcrc.ados son incompatibles con sus
muy csc::asos mt'dios «onomi_£os.. El dia en
que: .les toca la c.arnc de la scmana O la
lcchc de la quinccna K ,·en lin recursos
para tan ··cuantiosos" g.ntos. Son genre
acmtumbracb a los dicz ccnt.:a\'OS de azucar, cinco de aft, ,·cintc de carnc J dos
dc ul. En cuanto la compra lcs sube hut.a
cl ~ . St declar.:an en. quicbra Y huym
de los rcpartos rcsidencialc:s. quc lcs R·
sulca t.od.nia ..muy de 1cntc ric.a J lati.
fuadista"' · • •
_ El goo•uno .:u~:.no, como IC ,·c., dcsarlicula J :apl:ast.:a et ...modus ,;\·t-ndi'' de los
quc prqona como 11n. ma, dilcctos .favorccidos.
CUBA - UN PAIS DE 7 MlllONES
DE DiSESPER.ADOS
_
No he qtE;ido '1iaccr -chabr.i quc dccirlo?- uf ana:Jotario person.ii al rc(t,1.
rirmc ~ ~ultin!os .dias en Cu_l.>3 •.Mi. ~pcricnoa
cs mas quc un rdlcJO untcuco
de las dr n:itic.n cxpcricncias, en cstos
di:as, de
cl rucbJo cub:mo.
- El drama
~ e n c l scntido mas
cstric&o ' cxacto~"No pucdc hacenc nin-.
guna cxccpci6p. No b hay. Tirios f troyanos., cs de.cir, gubern3mentaJc.s 'I :antic.astrist:as. vi,·cn las mism:is horas de angusria
7 de terror. ToJos.. abso!u1..:1mcn1c todos.
c:sun (Ol'lvcncidose de· quc el rcgimm ..c
alza sobrc arenas movcdiz.as, quc la situa-
"
G
i;•b •
(XtDt
~rt:mi, un~ buena maiiana. cun la glori.m
notici.:a de quc Fidd sc ha ido ...
El r:a,·nr de los fidclistas ·IC cifra a au
JW'Cf:t.mt.1:
scr.1 de nosotros cuando
el regimen sc dttrumbcl Yd p:avar de
b i.nmcnsa nuroria dcJ pueblo. cs dccir, de
b c:ontran'C'Yolucion:af'ios. cifrase en ata
otta: -iQue
de- nosotros cuando 11c.
gue la hora dcl c:krrumbe dd regimen,
mientras
st clcficnda, micntras no 'IC de
por vcncido, 1ou1 c irrcmisiblemente?
Amcna:tan los cnmunist:as: -Como nos
ataqucn. no qucdara un oootrarrC'\·olucionano ,·i\·o. Rcsrondcn los anticomunistas:
--CUantlo llc:guc la hora de la ,·rrdad, no
quedad un nangna para cont:arlo •••
Cuba cs hoy un pais integran1cnte c:rnpavnrccido. ~ una l'cntaja., no obstante».
p.,r.a los ..gus;:anos... : que n1icntra1 sus encn1igos temcn, sin cspcranz.a1 ~I csullido de
b torment:i. ellos, los ':"contra•, temcn la
1empcstad menos de lo quc la dncan, pot·
que III m,,n;al dCSc:$pcracion st ha condens.1Jo tn nt3 fr.1sc con~tantnncnte rcpetida:
ES PRE.FERIHLE MORIR QUE VJVIR
BAJO EL YUGO DE ESTOS DESAL
MAOOS.
-,Que
scra
cue
illl
• o d1rsc1c·.
l-;; _.,
licnc quc ICC nec:csariamcntc td,gico;
~c dcsgraciad.,mente d p.1is no ic des.
1:eV~cosL~-L--H
'-'~l
:
-
iuona ui: Vc:nn.uela
IIO
tiene pur' qui retirane de la OEA al ec.r
dencpda su ,olicirud para · 1141. ,cvni6D
de anci.llcres para coodeaar lol aobicr·
DOS qu.e no seao produao de mau elcc·
cioncs aemocrwaas. & tNUMlnO
~
,uye- n/n•w J. J.t.N
_
pl"111t• el ,J11.,.wrio. la OEA a
•·
pnismo ju.ddico amstimiclo
cwiw iratcncacio.nes armadas. V
ilagicrc .,. . illl#'llnao• «JU#n,11
k.
....
,-.11
rtp,U,lir.t11 lll#l!f'iuus
'1
Ill
ri~imn ~m1111isM 4 _,_.....__
EA
...............
qae la OE.A.. a pesa.r de
,us •acilaciones 1 debilidadc:s --debiJi.
dadc:s y ftCilaciones de cienos pbiem01
sin ebtun que la irateara,o- .DO cie.ae
ra gran cosa que hace:- despu& de Ju
conclusiones y Jes fallos de Punta dcl
Este. El grav1simo problem.a c:le Cuba c:omunism --eo doode au.n dc:sembarcaDdo tropu nm.s, cbeas, dww J ar~
ww. de manen publica J Tisible- •
pcndc ahora de las aados mayon:s.
Fidel Castro lo sabc JL Y esd C:Spcn.D·
do de un momento a oc:ro el banazo
lCuanro dcmorua la acci6n definiti'ft
J libcradora? ,C6mo se desarrollad.?
resu.me1l:
. iQuc
EL PROBLEMA DE •••
Continu&io• .
E.o el mis.mo scotido --auoq~ con
di.ninw cprcsiones- se hao pronu.n•
ciado ya muchas orgaoiucioncs e individualidadcs. Casi 1imuhaneamente hizo
un.a rccia dcclaracion la Jud.icatura Cu·
ban.a Dcmocratica quc preside DUCStrO
antiguo y estima.do compaocro de ludw
d0ctor Morell llomcro, que sicmpre maD·
tuvo csa tcsis. Er logeniero Hevia y el·
doctor Jose Alnrez Diaz. asi como el
d0ctor jOR Ignacio Lasaga y ouos muchO$ mis dijeron c:osas llcnas de pauio,.
tismo en cncrgia.s apdacioncs al co11ti•
ocntc demoaitico.
No bay quien. siendo cuba.oo T • ·
niendo cora.zon, no pieo.sc a.ii, en principio. Cuba acompaiiad.a de su.s aliados,
ahora. ticne quc echar cJ rcsto. Lo aige la supervivencia de ve-inte n:ptiblicas.
Lo mandan los compromiSOl. EI cncmigo
de fucra -llamado par ti enemigo de
adenuo-- ya ha dcsembatcado soldados
mcrcclll.l'ios en d suelo ugrado de la
patri.a.. Hay quc cxpulsa.rlo de alli.
Ya se ha bahlado bastante: aolo fain
cscuchu J obede:ctt los claros darincs
mambiscs dcl sesenu J ocho J del no,.
venta J ci.Aco. • •
·
•••
Y a un grao presjdcotc rrcicn eJeao
quico ha conaetado la formula decisin
para cl resatc de la d.ignidad de Am~
rica.. Las sobrias dccluacioocs de Gui·
llermo Leon Valcoci.a.. con su gran autoridad colombiana J <0ntincou.l, ha aeiialado ei cam.ino a scguir. · La formula
pa.ca hater ,:fectiva la apulsion ha aparttido ra: s6lo falta llnarla a b practia.,
sio mis consww cancillcracas. quc ,a
para palabras tc-oemos basta.ntc.
"La Organ.izacion de Estados Amcri.
ca.oos dcbi6 aer mis apllciu -a:prcs6
paises dem<Xeiticos tom.a.tin pane
ea c:lla -porque la acci6n serl a,koiff.
como lo ha previsto p el prcsideme- Leoo
, Valencia- f que otros gobie.roos ..oeu.
ualisw.. se limitari.n a f t t las toros
d~e la barttra, para ac.epw de:spues
los hcchos consumados. como ateptarOD
~l birbuo cuanew.o del Penl .•• l
Afortunaclamente eso
DO
lo sabra
Ill.•
die hasta el dia decisivo. que pasari a
b Hisroria como una de las kdw ~
larcs no ya dcl Continenre. lino de la civilw.ci6o.. Solo Muat6n. I'oun y lepanto podrin paraagoninele.
Una 1'C% mas. 1 sobrc tl suelo sa,rado
de la pmi&. la cultu.ra occidental se dispone a po~r m fu~ a 1a borda asia·
tia.. Que la oponunidad gloriosa no demore demuiado cs aucsuo ferYient.e de.
aeo.
NOTA A.DJCIOSAL - Con posterioridad 5t ha puesto m duda -J' a
Yttes R ha aei;ado-- el hecbo de- 4111e
los confina;tcntes d~mbarcados ultima,.
mrnte por Tarios puertos de Cuba IOD
militares y proc:t'dentes de dttras de la
Cortina de Hic-rro. Pero )'O ine atengo a
las dcclaraciones de los testigos prescnciales. erecauadas por la radio, a lo afir•
mado por distinguidas ptrsonalidades ,.
~ledMdades dcmocriticas, )' muy espttialmrnte • la denunda publica, fethada en Miami el dia 20 de ago,to )'
('alzada por las firmas del Constjo Rt,·oJudonario de Cuba, al cual me taonro
~n pcr1tntttr.
Es den1asi:1da c:andidtz
ptar ,. n,.
pctir la •t"rsion arotcsra d
entmigo,
que afirma cinicament, qu los hombres que desembarcan e-n
a .P,roredtntcs de1 mundo so,·ictico, todcilrunl•
t -·
f ormados ,. en CUtl'pos num,rosos, sou
'"tecniC"OS agrkolas". ; Por Dios, no Jes
ha.gamos ~• jurgo a los nrdugos de aues-
tra patria esd8\·a, sumindonos sen·H·
mmte a SDS consi,:nas! - S. C.
'
•
\
'
�'
'TIMES" •••
_,_
CIHdMIIIM*
·------·--·
- •
· .•• i,_,.
... _ ... _
'.C:
- ·-""--
"'-1Aio ac,mos sino la parte saaifa!...c;a .S "• de. un.a naci6n esclaviz.ada
. ' 'i: .. .."~~ '~... ~-.~~ 1-~:_:s·~·~,,_::' .- -
........ -~--
~. . . . . /i!!~~~-~~'.;~:~-:-.: :·.;.
por el ' - :; escandaloso mito de nuestro
tiempo:
el mito de la libcraci6n de los
~UE HACER. pues? Una soJa cosa:
listos para el momenta en quc paises subdesarrollados.
Que cada cubaoo sepa est9: Cuba .
l nos Dame. Llamara la Patria a
el mundo. Neeesitara del .brazo del seri libre muy pronto. Los aanos de 1a
.
.
.
.
. ,.
•do, deJ consejo
•· - c. i!el libenad lanz.ar,n muy pronto aJ aire sus
clarines.
La
sangre
que
se
ha
derrama•
·
Ex~uisitas
comidas
cfioilas"'~~J
o del Jabrador.
n\·ocara al fuego
heroismo para
gucrra, • la tcc- do, la sangre que se derramari.. vale
mis que toda la ind ifcrencia del. -ri- Almuerzo • ~omida • Cena
y al ttabajo pa la paz. Haremos
todos, pero lodef los que tengamos mes·. mucho mis que toda la perfidia
• Magnifica revista .~ :~.
ias las manos y, claro de odios cl de los •democ:ratas" latinoamericanos
que nos dejaron solos. Pero esa s.a.ngre
~n. &tos ttes ~ = g u r a , clama por una sola cos.a: que ae le ·
todas las noches .. ~- .
ue la Patria &e nos
·
a pc·
bonu
con
arandrza.
Sohre
nuestro
doa banderita clavada en la pared,
150 West 47 S~;_-~::--.:...•·
n que habernos ensefiado mucho. lor de Ires aiios, sobre nuestru 1,gri•
ban mostrado ya c6mo el exceso mas. sobre nuestros pactos y asociacioN. Y. C. ·---·· ~-: .. .
olitica puedc matar la dcmocracia; nes internacionales, tenemos que colohan puesto delante de los ojos la car Jos cubanos una sola divisa: la de
TeUtfono .IUdson 2-6188 ·:· ·.
!lad de una Cuba pujante y librc. bac:er de Cuba un pais modelo.
£sa sera la mejor manera de taparle
no sabiamos ver. Esa Cuba ya no
la boca al Wfimes.. y a otros h"berales
la misma. Los comunistas nos han
do la Pattia de excrementos. Pero comodones que se pcrmiteo juzaar al
mundo con veinte anos de retraso y que di.as ma, tardc. contra b:ld.i, las prerisio..
• cubanos dcl destierro, de la carccJ
I
:1 clandestinaje &0mos los cubanO!I os.an definir et fuego 5in haber tenido · nn. continuaba vi,ic:ndo. Sus reaa:ioacs
s.iqui~ra UD ~6$1' VO en la DlaJlO.
LDtafio; si queremos seguir siendo
c:ran las miR'l'l.as de Jsabdlc_ la ·afommacla.
lS de nuestro pasado; ,i pensamos
Oua vcz --ante el prodigio i.naa"bleFunc:oise 1e
prcpancb pan aunr
ria que vale la pena proseguir por
en la a.ta de operaciODCS. La madrc ha.
1mino que nos trazaron un Maceo
EL BUZON ABIERTO
bb pcdido al ciruja.no quc hicicn 1Ddo
1 Marti, nuestra isla uldra fortale·
Co•ti111Ul'iott
Jo posible par Dhv rambica a F,u.
de esta negra ctapa de odios y de
enes. Todo &er, como querramos meros de BOHEMIA esai"be usted: coise, 1~ nin.a deuinacb a morir y que DO
·
tros que sea. Nadie, salvo nosotros, .,Corremos los aabanos el ptligro de se moraa.
perder a Cuba para siempre! Pan mi.
~ la facultad de llevar a Cuba en
como para ustcdt la C'Uestion )'8 DO es . UN MILAGRO ••• 1,HASTA CUANDO?
u oi.ra direcci6n.
de bablar, sino de hacu. A los latinos
11 estos -tres afios. hemos padecido
La ~guncb opcrad6n de la siamesa,
atitudes sin cucnto. Se nos ha dado nos gustan las guerras.. Peleamos por dtttuada dos dias dcspucs de la primaa.
~palda. Las ..hermanas naciones de sport. :Por que no abrimos campos de fuc todada mas dcliada. Sin embargo. la
;rica" ban visto a Cuba desan1:rarse entrenamiento en ua pais latinoameric:a- niiia )a sopon6 bra,-amcntc.
,n vuelto la cara hacia otro sitio. no amigo de Cuba, en Nicaragua, Hon•
· El Dr. Duhamd abri6 nuc,·amCDte la
duras, Guate-mala, Costa Rica, Colom• ht:rida. extrajo la porci6n de placenta ialOS rodado. errantes. como rodaron
[udios sin patria durante veintc si- bia (Santa Marta), V eoeruela, ,. convo- jcrtada primero J Cll SU Jug.ar coloco parAI final, segun todos Jos indicios. nmos a lodos los latinoameric:anos It de la pid dd interior dd muslo dc:tt,.
oe que. nuestra seiunda indepen- amantes de la liberud~ .,No nndrian cho de b m.adrc. Antes habb recubia1o
:ia saldra, como sali6 la primera, estos hombres por millares, en ddensa el ticmo J tr.ajinado a:rcbro inb.ntil CDO
dt auestra querida Cuba, boy pisoteitda tiras crtraidas de la propia picl de la
10 conj unto de circunstancias interonales en las que a lo mejor pesa
por la bota de un tirano lmpuesto por nuca de Francaia:.
·
• la voluntad naciona1 cubana. Pero Rusbi! .,1'o se podria lograr igualmente
La niiia soporto la seguncb op:raci1m
como el episodio dcl Maine y de el dmero para adquirir las armas? .,No la bicn como la primc::ra. De nuevo fuc
~rough riders" son en nuestra his- lo ofrtttria l'I mismo gobierno ameri- traslad.ada a la •ursny con cl rc:sto de
1 hecbos circunstanciales y la susnno. que ao tl'ndria dt est modo ,es.. Ins mcicn aucidos. La madrc fue llcva,.
ia permanenlc que qued6 es Baire, ponsabilidad alguna! Ahi les Lanzo II da. para rccobrarsc de la pcqucna inttr:iuaimaro, es Las Guasimas y es Idea. Queda a .ustedes los c:ubanos el ,·cncion al la picrna, a b misma habita.
,lejo. asi maiiana, no importa como ponerla l'D practica. \" drsde ahon1 cion quc habia ocup.;u:lo du.rante la aml Rusia de Cuba, lo fundamental
esto,· a 5US onlents.. No DfC'esito entn,.. nlNCCncia de su propi.a opcracic5o un
inin siendo nucstra sangre y nues- namiento. \'a lo tun en la 5t'gunda cue- mes antes: la numcro 3. Otra vcz --carno
heroismo. que han sido coloca.dos rra mundial al bdo de los yanquis, los h~~ra hccho ~tesw cuaodo le le pmhi.
a base de nuestra lucha desde el mejores ,. mas 'Hlientcs soldados que bio vcr a su, aamesas- b senora Guerin
· be conocido".
:ipio.
·se lcvanm subrcptici:amente ' liC asom6
'
a los cristaJcs que la scparaban de: sus
-7ROBERTO MORA UMA~A,
Apart.ado 380 1 S.
C. Rica. hiju.
C>S ..LIBERALE.S" .Y ...fellow-trave-- ·
Por scpnda vcz, la rnadrc pudo vc:r a
i
pensanin de n~~k!. aue quiesus criaruras. Francoise ~ Isabelle em.ban~
nos llamara
a~os". •·mstruJll 1tpnadas.. cada una en su cunira. cc11f
los" o cualqu· otro cpiteto por ~l
POR PRIMERA VEZ •••
bs cabccit.as ,·cndada.s J chup.ando ; · ·
>. Alla ellos
su conciencia y sus
bJcmcntc un bibcron cad.a una. E,mj . a
rios impuest
por ube Dios quc!
Conli•,u,eio•
pudo ,·er quc ambas abrian o ccrr.aNo
iaciones o
1r,romisos. Nosotros
rn cl ttrcbro de la dcstinad:a al ucrifi. ~ con igual naruralidad. Sus mani
y
mos que som libres. radicalmcntc
ciu. Aunquc bs posibilidadcs de supcn·i. sus pies sc agitabao como las de todo i&. y que reprf'111\1N11!¥: el futuro.
,·encia de Francoise cran considcradas
instrumentos def Cornu·rusmo~ cons- nulas, los medicos ttataron ck no acdc:ur it!) rccien nacido. lQuc posibilidadcs • · . •
drian ~las de abnur una 'rida oonna!~
es o inconscientes, creeran quc sosu fin con un ttat.amicnto nctdigentc. ·
La rcspuNta • esta prcgunta s6lo Dios
peones de algun oculto designio
La intcr\·cncioo quirurgia dur6 bU pucdc s.hc-rl.1. Scg,in todos los fndiccs
1Crialista". Nosotros sabemos que
horas y cuarcnta J cinco minutos. Todos numanos de .rrobabilidadcs. Francoise par
ieooes son eUos. peones de la contspe.raban quc Francoise moriria m b me.
•n cuando no de la mis vasta cons- u de opcraciones. Pero no fuc asi. La aiiia lo mcnos no puedc s:ahtarsc. Sin anbargo
at.in atl li,·iffldo. lCu.into tianpo du:ion de la hi.storia. mientras que
sobrcvivi6 1 la trcmcnda prucba , dos rari. el milagro?
...
'
J
;
I
I
,io
Jose.
!
�r.. REPORTAJE..fNTREVISTA D£
17 "'- -a.A fARANDULA PASA•
.~
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.
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•
'
·.•
...
"1;~·
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MiQUQ_li~'to ))
VALDI;g:.t
Mr. BABALU ·-1
.
r ~"' . ".,;. -' . ,-,, c··. ~· ,_.... , ........ ·.,:::
j
~~~x ~,t~~
~
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1"',-.~;..
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.r\..~'La
8oxeador en'"el :Ca~~a:aati d~t
-
":f~
~. ·.·'Mi pc.dre:era··botite_ro·:~:...,~~_;. -~~
~
Notheu.·.-Cuan-do -~Ang~)-~
; ;;. Cambo Secuestro . a·. Miguelita ::·
f-··Valdes Para q'ue~"-~o "·:Cantas•':;;
~'. por : "'Cadena :..1 Azul'!...-::iau,
Sucedi6 ant re.~ :~~ntant~ '. C°".'. ~~
:,· _bano y el Dir~or ·xavie(C_~)·~
r :9at? -22 Anos en Estados Uni--\;~
dos sin.. Perder:.Patriotis~o;~:~:
t ·Hace un .Mes,·-en .Nuey~··ro~"(~
;-Miauelito· Ya_ldef:P~~. :1.asri;~
f ~:. mas en el Rost~ _de 1.~~ Cuba.;:~
·i. nos:· "'Cuba·. he~osa;~,primo,;.~:
t
*Aho111 famo a
En 1942 6 1943 -no recordamos con
precision d ano-,· eJ antantc cubano
Aligudilo Valdes SC encootro en Cincinnati con ticmpo labrc en las manos J,
co.mo era su cosrumbrc ..en casos talcs, le
paso. un ablegram.a a Aogel .Camba, copcopictario de CMQ en La Hahana.
..Disp:,ngo de dos 1C111anas. Prq,ar.am.c
proguma".
R.C"dbit, respucsta al du liguicntc:
...Jmposiblc cootratartc- ahora. Tcncmos
a Tito Guizar·.
Los dNos a hacen martmo a el cae,.
,o: • ••• ;Babalu, eh?-
~m.:ado ·Trinidad. due.no 1· director de
RHCC.,dcna Azul, la cmisora compctidora 'de CMQ. IC entcro de lo quc succdi.a y.
apro,·ccl~ndo la oportunid.ad de abrirlc
bccch2 a· CMQ, ·se comunico por tdcfono
con J.liguelito:
-Ven para JtHC. Tc ofru.co cootrau,
ck dos scman.u a $2,000 c:.ada una.
-;Dr :acucrdof-cont~t6 cl iotcrprctc ck &IHJJ; y abord6 un avion hac:ia La
Hab.ina.
Pero An~J Carnb6 J su socio Miguel
Gabriel tc babian dado cuenta de lo quc
f
.
.4
-j; . -_,;
f..
~
·. :~
-·l
.
'. :,1
:· J
· -:.
.. ~
1
<
,,
:/;:•.\"!}~~~.f.:·.~¥'!:~~-~ ;
lcs cai.a c:ncima J se b.s arrqlaron para
scr los primc:ros en recibir a IJip.eliio
ValJcs en cl aeropucno habancro. Sin
pcrdcr wi 1egundo1 lo moot.a.ran m cl
auto dd primcro J se lo llcnron a la
6na dcl a:gundo c:aca de Artemis;a. ··
pueblo pin.arc.iio.
• .
cSc ~cucrdan Jos cub:mos de •qucl SU,. .• :
cao? Hubo ~dalo m Cuba y Aaudo ·
TriniJJd puso cl gri1o en el c:iclo:
-,C.MQ scc:uestro a Mig,,l'lito Valdes!
--gril.ab.l el G""iiret-. 1Lo han~lado
a punt.a de pis10J.a pin- C'\itar quc dcbutasc m mi csuci&a
mam
.J. ·.:;
fllit>Rf
JVo:f.
a
y no llego a hahcr mu lo m la cues,.
tion. pcro si corri6 la
n~c. .Aimdo,
cttyendo quc cl composi
Cl,no Pozo
habia inten·cnido en el ~ 1e ca- - ..
redo con istf' a punadas 'f Jos dos rcdbic-
ron nugulbduras y hcridu le,·es. Los pt•:
riodicos sc hicicron cc.o de lo quc acotl·
tccfa, los rcponcros ce cnttc-garon a la
busqucda dd c.antantt' des.apuccido J
Am.ado conti.nuaba amc:nar.a.odo:
�Uoy01~~~~~~
roPl,a
,:7~-------..:... . . . . . .,_;, ,.
A..,..... No ta)b
pw:s tu equipajc IC haln: qucda4o .~ la fina de Gabricl, pcro Amado Trinidad le compr6
1;. tt~ics. attaim. zapatos. CIC. Y Mar,,,eli#
Valdes dcbat6.. al fin J m mc:dio de la
_ a.pcc:tac.iao dd pueblo mb:rO.,. anti: b
· mia6fooas de RHC. EJ Cft:Dt.o dio c:normc
"'"•I • la ncliocmisora de Amado Tri.
oidad, aunque el uiunfo cvectual le sernria de poco J, afios ms tardc, la csta-ci6n 1t iria al diablo ante c:l empuje •pniz.ativo de CMQ 'I Jos Mestre; pero, m
su tumba, d GU11jiro --suicida al perdc:r el
ncgocio J vcnc fracasa~ ~ J dodcbc cstar todavia &ota.odosc las manos
de motcnt.amic::nto:
-1E.sa K la pol• a.lQI
C.dtu
. .,:;.~:. ,i"-4_:j~~:~:~ 1--
IDl-ta.
-,...
.
~-anonon.__
. ___......
-_ +r....::.-r•..11:1
.......
Tu ch.. fti::o: t:mal'* a·.·;p.·-,, ·. _;,,
mmpa.iiia de Jli
\"ald& .; 'l'ida. a;.._
~~
~
cidentada. Nc:a mau:a: ·
·, ~:-; ·;-; ··:.· ... ,~
- ·· · ,.
i_~·: t ·:·~ :···
-Pap
ua Joliln'O,. el
dd barrio de
aw
Belen. doodc
importaal& ';,'.;·I/
i
:~-~ ~· _;....
aacl. Del pri..", .. ··;
. ·-:
,
.
mer matri.manio de main-' fuimos cuall'D · : .
hcrmanos, yo c:t mcnar J mdic U1ista m .'.·".:-::.-c::..a;"'
z.-
la familia. En la ~
DcsuE ·
baaa la aisdiaoza accundaria... pc:ro et ·•
hoxeo me atrab mis que b c:studiOI. ED · .
cl a.mpcocato dc1 pcri6dico £a N«lw,. .,..
·.cue muchos puiiet:azos...
.· . ., ·~ ::
-,Te rctir6 am derrola?
• · · · ; · ~ _; ·,
-No; me rcti.r6 mi pad.re. qoc p:pba . . ~ ..._....,.....,,.
mas fucrtt quc Kil Clocolale.. •
,. · _
El. pri.met' paso anistico JWofcsicml lo ~:_ -..,_
.,
dio con Maria Teresa Ven m la .Ank-· .
"·
·,,,;. RuJ1o de Neptuno J Prado.. Mana ·
Hada muchos mos c:ue no .damos a Teresa ataba am el $c%ldo Oai~" • . ,.
- ·,
Mitwlilo ValdCL En agosto paudo. Air.
&,l,"1,i R hallo DUC:Va.mCDte c::al 7 dw Cll
las manos J -1qul bocn negoaantc a J
como abe Omar, ·ga.aa.n&.. diocro, au
hpsos cntrc <00trat.o y contntol- las
aprovc:chcS pan prcscri"USc durutc una ,c..
m.ana end LJl,o,iu de Nucva York.
iQuc cuba.no, n:sidc:ruc 6jo o circunsta!l•. dandies, mamita, •• estiD
cial de Nucva York. DO asistlo al L,il,,o,rio
11.amando ••••
at am dia.s? Migwli.lo Valdes cs. c:omo
Celia Cruz y Jlolando ~ Cuba p,I'
y ..• · mattr a Jg,tienl
antonomasia. No impoc.ta quc tiu fucra
·lito Valdes era mtimo amigo de de Cuba dbdc haa: 22 1.6os n1 quc Yisi:amb6, pcro tambic:n Jo era de tr: su patria de Pascu.as a San Juan (no lo
Trini<bd J ataba muy ·disgust.a- ha hccho a partir de julio de 1958, cuando
lo quc p:wba. Le dijo a Camb6: a.ntasc en /wve, n P11r11114s por TV J
ticnto. Angel, pcrc tcngo un mm•
en d hotd H1111"'111-Rivirr•; con cl Co,.
am el G1U1jiro y lo •OJ a cum. munismo daminando la .isla, l• qui bum
artist.a librc IC le ha pcrdido nada par
, pucdcs baccrmc ao a m~ Migw. alla?). pucs S sigue aicndo cuc...oo, fue lo
cant1s por JlHC, me pctjudic.as. cubano lo quc le dio nombrc m Esta.dos
culpa es. Te me ofrcd y no me
Unidos , lo cubano sig,;.c ~nantcniendolo
~ Amado me paga cl doble quc
en cl andclcro anistico dd Norte y de
~ di mi p.tlabn., aunquc no me
America Hispana. Aqui, en el dub-rate ticmpo para r..mur e1 contnto.
taurante de b alle 47 de Manhattan., las
redo enscguida, antes d.: qut ~ cancior:u:s de Cuba le 10D ff.Clam.ad.as mo
batir inca.nsablc de pal.mas.
.
Es Wl Aombre-,Aow. Cantando a:,a
aoompa.namimto de orqucsta o c::ai cl propk de guiurn. tocado Jos c.-TOS o aimplcmc:.ntc hablindolc al public.a, llma la
pista y la desborda. :00 111 ofrccim.imro •• • 'f cu.ando pasa lllUl Crlpela, lllll
de Brue• Alanig,J bubo arrcb.ito de ovaojos R It esc:apul • • .• ·
, cion en cicn mesas; cua:ado anto BJHilli.
d pDnJemoniMm dcbi6 cscuc:hane m dondc A/Miu.ID -famoso hoy m Nucn
Times Squre; pcro c:uando inici6 su ~
York- era m:araqucro. T•bito, el cantan.11:
pcdida cit la ncd.e coo .Ulnffllo C11bao dd salcto, IC habia ido con otro coojw'l·
de Grenet y dej6 escuch.ar, coa. voz aristi:., to y habia que irubstituklo. Sc ftCOIDClldo .
Jos versos de pm.a c:oocenu-ada. cl silmcio • Rrtlltill.o." Vilarta.,. M.igud Angel -cl
cspcctador dcstilaba lagri..a.as:
dcl &mto B0lon11-. • Nil.a. cantuiCE
0~ Cuba bermosa1 pima::osa,
dd grupo de A.ncnio R.odrigu~ J ·a Gcpor quc sufres hoy tantD qucbrulD .••
nrdo Martina: dc1 Hob.inr:ro; pcro Mada
!
0~ patria mfa.
•
Teresa habia oido a Mipdilo Valdes. mv...
quicn dicta
.
~ehiro de pantaloncs de l,oml,ado )' me,. . - - ,.
que tu cido azul aublan el Uanro .••
dias fNJktJlr que ant.aha con d Suld/J~
-·
Al final, apotcos.is: ah6 dd sa16n un H11bant:ro ln/11ntil )' dijo:
~ic:ro probar a csc cbiquim .•.
grito uninime: ·1Viv1 Cuba Librer-, mil
Lo prob6 con Almtu de VtlW&i, a
manos cnro;ecicron a palmadas a lo largo de minutos J minutos, hombres J mu- muo quc sc las trafa por sus amplicacic,.;
jercs IC lcnntaroa Cl adamaci6o J •· ncs ,·oales.. Result.ado:
-Estu,·c tres aiios am Mana Tcraa. ,.._~..:.
licron a relucir paouclos para i.x:a.r el Uancantando m bajlcs, en w aadcmiu J m
11> qoc se prcndia m las p:stmu de tDdos
1os cuba.nos alli prcscntcs. Mas que ova- Ruio Del11poru,, una atacilm situada C8
cion, fuc un acandalo. Mig,,di1t1. cm los b caUc Ma1oja J por dondc hablaba llll
Cuba tp1e mfre? • • • E eanta ojos a:rrados, ae lim.itaba a iDclina.r la gordito lbm.ido Cwo Coondc. ~. Micm.bro
ea..,;-.. .. i. t>J~- ao
J el publico Dora.
cabc:u en gratitud. Vivia indl..da.blemc:D.
I:
�. -.
"•f
. · l10lQSCOPQ._~- ··
s.......
, . . IN
af 22 ...
s.,,,.:..... th. 1'62.
tlel
,.. •• In .rmiatos
. .
SignOI
a.4i. . .
ARI
: (Mar. 21 a Abr. 19)
En el imponderable a.mpo ·de los sue-.
ios. ttlaciODa~)IDOO COD IUS aspiraciooes econ6micu,. eocuenttan unedes
los mejores momentos de estos diu, des. cootadas dos fedw en que ban de tener
mucbo cuidado. eob~ axlo coo lo que a
Yi.du privadas de cooocidos o amigos ae
refiere, ••. Esta es. en 1iot:t:sis la pauta que
wtedcs debcn obsenar. en CU&Dto • ms
posibilidadcs J a Jos incoovenientcs o
encafips con que hayan de lucha.r mate
lapso sem.anal
QUt.. e.D OUOS UpectOS IC
mantiene &in mayores alteracic:ics e-q. fa.
vor o conua ... Estudien bien las alteraati- '
vu de que disponen a fin de poder estract lo mejor a esta semm.a.
Dias fnorables: 17, 18; 21 al 23.
Dcsfnorablcs:_ 191 20.
TAUlO (Abr. 20 a May. 20)
Sus cualidad~ , optimis~ nn a ejero:r mucha influeoci1 en esros dias sobre
las person.u de que mis d.irectamentt- de-pendan sus fastos •italcs, razon par la quc
. ustt'dcs precisan a.in duda cultivar ese apirulo de dectOS y amistades. que put'den
en u momcnto dido ofreccr, prcciumentt aquello de . que mis necesitados em•
mos ... Si desc:atu.n algun leve disguSto
por causas de vecindad. quc no llcpri a
si ustedes awitienen el elemental
acto. puede dee.use que DO CODtcmpla•
mos vcrdadcros peligros para usrtdes en
estos dias. a lo que _cs 16" mismo. quc no
cleben dcjane a.milanar por obstkulo mas
o meoos, pues pucdca uiunfa.r.
Dias favorables: 17 al 20; 22. 23.
Dcsfavorables: 21.
mu
GEMINIS ·(May. 21
a Jun. 20)
No imeorca ocupanc eo la toulidad de
Jos dias de esta IC1'11&M dt oaa cos.a que
no sa su inmediato futuro econ6mico.
'VisW Ju ex~!er.t~ &Spc(UOODCS que Ju·
piter J Marie. en excclente cuadratura. les
rese.rvan. Ticnen todos los caminos del d,i.
aero muJ propidos, por lo cual lcs imta·
mos a que olviden todas las resuntes cir·
cunstancias vi.ules para mejor oponuni·
clad .•• losisti.mol---en .ello porquc ••• , posiblemen
a~nonas de scxo conua•
horizonte pero. si ustedes se dao
cuenta a.cu d, la viabi!idad de sus proporcio
en lo ecoo6mico, puedca bibilmeote erivu su.s reque.rimicntos para.
oponunt ad posterioc •••
Dia.s..,_· fa~,tak:s: 17 al 2~~ ·
Desfavonblcs: .niogu.no.
CANCEi (Jun. 21 a Jul: 22)
Algunos cnredos trac en su inarm6nic:a
PrcctWO.Q Yitai la Luoa., QUC DO llcpr &
mtcnderse con Ncptuno eo cstCJ&S di.as. JX)r
1-. ""'"'.· . : ~ nu~ noocr mucho de ~
pa.rte. para
a. buea.a oponunidad; b mja de
niw males e iDCODYeo.ienres
marora.. Sohre rodo ea el aabajo. cuiden
mucho las coofianz.u quc clan a penonas ·
arcntcs de iapomabilidad qoe. en a.a
momenro dado, pueden a:mpromttetlos.
al ttpetir juicios que usrcdes, inoceotemen.te, b.an es.hibido ante ellos .... Pero en
la atenci6n permanente a nuesttos .conse- ·
jos pueden ustt"dc:s
enconm.r el mejor alj ..
•io • coouatiempas.
·
Dias favorables: 17. 191 21. 23.
Desfavorab)cs: 18. 20, 22.
LEO (Jul. 23
a Ago. 22)
Ahora pueden 10manc un ticmpo para
sus asunros pcrsona1es. porque 1.IO se c,b.
aerva enem.iga omnsiblc astn.I. y si deruminamos a Ncpruoo f I. MC'KUrio en cicr·
GRAFOLOGIA
LA ESCRITURA: SU EVOLUCION
( C01'71NUACION) St Ji.sli•·
loJ •s/llff'ZOI
,or t,l'ffttciour IA escrit11,-•, l,oL,,,.
. 61Hff011. "" ,111,rJIO •
•st•
Jes,1 , fr•nc,ses, ,
tlire&U•
11in,11Wo &011 •m f•&tU £,
historu tie los AfAum Emi•.mu J,
P,ris; 4ttulmtt1U u A.uumi.. M
E.Jerit11r• inst.Luu •• Rottndn, f t
11w, 1q11,l/01 "'" -.is JOl,,tudin
.,,, k,s ,n,ulios ah•11sti11os pe .JlJ
,, oJre,ilin • i11/i11u/11d J11 ·est11dio1os
11 mnrk11Llb1r, tuw• t,n/1&·
a1nll!
'I'"
oiorur s• .scrtl1m1, • .,. tin .,,,.;J;..
uios ks 1um~1s, '""" t,~MiMos
,:o,, ,m4 1>l11nu J, oro, simboliu,,.
Jo •I t>tt_cioso •tu/ .i ,,,JriJo f"•
,, &o.uJi1 • los ""' lo1,.b111 ek" ' ,. •i,•tl Jtl flOlllbk ~,,,, ~
•qweUos "111,,u,.os fJ,fllJ.ecw •••
I,uJratllll ,. &DA 1044 rno•, tJ.Jo
q,a loJ ,,~fismo, tin,11 ietiru~,.,.
l.cion COIi ll urJd« /e'•tt1irt0, ;.,..
J,ul11blrm,-nte, h11bo i11slit111:iont1 ,,.
t,tcults t,1r1 fRIICMCHS fllt' 10'1,,.
ltlllimtr1 H e111nlo ti t>ttr/1eao• UC•
r,iu :1 mistiu Je I,,,, ,scriJ•""• &a·
11110 o,11mo eon
lo, l,rllos .oJ.,los
uli1rJ/icos, t,or ,;nnpk,, J, loJ Co·
kgios Jr Urs11/i1111S, S.gr~do Cor11·
zdn, s,., fU ,:o,no ••tstros udo·
ttJ uben, 11 lienJ,n t,M 1o/01 lo1
t,lfits, lo q11t, • .,;, Jr f1i11c11"'1- J
•n mod,lo d11Ut1fro • I.ts
,PONI 19 condia0'111 J1
t>tr/t«ioft.llT ''" •Pt1ittdt1 .,.,istiUJ,
ea f"#
esniJ11r11 ,sli ;,nplitil.tl •• •
..,;, H
j611tlll'J,
W.S
u
CON.SULTAS GRAFOLOGICAS
PEDRO PERFZ Leon. Niara·
pa. :- Und 1•st11 J, L, teneillez
n tod11s 1111 /orllUIS, J IUM lffll.n"" /i/010/ius,
f"' t,11~/n tlff'Jf n
• l,, disposiciOD apacible ,h .mJ
/i11.01
10llos.
6f"6•
Jt •
plaa:r
·-~
que astcdes. pot awquier ~ . )
ajena a su •alaruad, hubienn dqi&i~ .- ,
a.r. DO dudc::o CD UCILI' IUl
f IJIIO- .. j.
,rechar la corrimus
• ·
CD ·
are sem.ida. porqae lac,o.
do quizl
f
mm
usledes quien.o hacttlo. IIO
mr ·la oponunidad que ISPenJS. ... Por lo
drmu, cs boeno que fomcnre~.
familiar, doode AOS eDCODtnmol li~ire
b azara.
Dias favorables: 17 al 20. ·
Desfa'fOrlbles: 21 el 23. : .
los mejores apoyos era todos
VIRGO (Aao. 23 a Sep. 22)
Asociados_ compras y •mt:as. c:naseaio,.
nes de .cuaJquicr indole.. em.a aperando
la ioiclativa de ~cs en cst01 d.ias: , a
·u.1 ~ abuodanc:ia de lavores que las aucllas csti.c propiciaodolcs a.hon, que mtedcs pierden su tiempo si quierm derinr sus futos hacia oaos apiml01 quc. ·
como el del a.mot par ejemplo. puec:lcn
esperv ocasi6.a en que 1os tc:swaces a.pi.aulos estim.ablcs no andcn ta.a acordc:s CDD
m porvea.ir inmcdiato ••. No dudeo en
otorpr a los asw.ia india«b., tOdo el
c.orusiasmo neasa.rio •••
Dias favorables: 17 al 23.
Desfavonbles: niopao.
LIBRA. (Sep. 23 a Oct. 22)
Todu 1u ma.n.ifcstaciones al aitt lib.re,
en que sus mu.sc:ulos puedu afia.nzane y
SU salud adquirir DUC'VOS brios, iadicados
clias
de los
de csta IMDIDI CUD•
paginando el desa.mo con aw posibilidadcs, D.aruralmcnte .•• Dehm ezdu.ir de sas
conlidencias a pertOJW que ya .I.es ha:,ao
parecido mur fugom.s, porque de los a,..
meat.arias 'f bulos salca los peores cnemigos r usredes debm eviw eso quc luego.
si llega a rcsulu.dos lcples. me Jos malos
resultados.
·
Dias favorables: 20 a, 22.
Desfavorables: 17 al 29; 23.
ffl, partc
ESCORPION (Od. 23 a Nov. 22}
Por los caminos amorasos tienc:n unedcs la ulida
oponuoa a ms prcocupaciooes. que ao lo aeri.D a.nto. para
mas
que creu quc dcl:>cn i.oquicune ••• Qw.
za alguna aventura amorosa,. que u.sre-dcs
ha}'&n toto. destiempo. •eop ahora. ntific:ar el Ticjo ttfran: LO ban.to sie.mpre sale a.ro .....• .. que a w:ces ttoe.m01
que tteordar ••. Pero. si ustedc:s hm tom.t·
do SUS naturaJcs prcc.auciODf;S,. DO ten:lran
quc quitarSC el suriio •. •
llos quc tcopn formado
i·
o
que.
aque-
hopr si clerque puede
ben afrontu tal problema
uacrlcs dc:srempb.ru:as lucg
·•
· Dias favorables: 20
23.
Dcsfa,,arables: 11 al ,-:1"9~*°7
SAGITAllO (Nov. 23 a Die. 21)
He aqui quc. de ua u.lto_ pasao de los
peorcs auguries a b mejores: Mutt lcs
csti. infuod.iendo opti.mismo. ~or 1 ena-
-~
.;
�.;.,;--··
,.,_
.
-
..
·~:~-\:_ ~ ::
--:
. . ~ -~~ ~ -;·~............."' ...·,:-· .
..
.
ea
gia sulicientes,
mentc de elcgir, darameate. enue el roel ~gocio ••• Mcd.iu tintu a
COD el sol. pan
ue pu a.n ustedes ••· mance
n.aglorianc, al
al de csta · semma.. . de ate respeao. s6lo ban de lle-n.rles at fra.
que, oo soJamen han resau.do para 11.1 aso .•. Y es porquc. la miuna relaci6n
perSOl'lal prov
los diu aoteriormcrate d~ ordcc iottrso rieneo., respecdvammte
perdidos, sino qu addanwi.n mucbo mi.s ambu cosas..o sea que, si mtedes eowclde lo que pudieran pensane en la coos.i- •m sus admiraciom:s penonales con b
dcra.d6n social y ~ c s t o que · desarrollos de sus activid.tdcs en pro de
demost.raron amplia.meote que cstin en conseguir dintro-hablando clan y 111disposidon de ~mprendcr empresa O que- namcnte - a ahi donde estio las aco.baccr de rcsponsabilidad.
llos .•• Para la final idad amorosa.. desligueo absoluu.mente 1odo lo .quc Ra ae,o· Dias favorables: 17 al 23.
cio; para el juego romi.ntico. dejen a IU'l
· Desfa\'Orables: oinguno.
!ado sus perspcctivu econ6micu •••
CAPRICORNIO (Die. 22 a Ene. 19)
Dias favorables: 19 al 23.
Not.i~ inquiettntn de persona.s de su
Des!avorables: 17, 18.
inti.rrudad
familiar. junto con i,roblemu
PISCIS
(Feb • 19 a Mar. •o)
.
•- I
h.
d f" . •
£
de tipo
ac-ga • cntur 1a.n e 1rutn·amentc
d
•.1_d
los dias de csta semana que usted~ debcn . ,
Esta es nna e c:sas r;aru ~~~ es
10lw:.ionar aprestandOSt: a la lucha sin ce- en q~: ~~ nswu _b•t:n. las aniaanvas,
sac ... Las cow son ui T Ii saben aauar las ••s1us, las deducaones en fm. aneen consecuencia.. puede que no haran de des pueden dane por u~fechos ahorw..
lamentar ai acaso mis quc estas prnen- porque • poco _que st ~imulen pod.i:',a
ciones. que siempre vient'n bien. al pre· recoger de la vuia lo IDCJO! "'1e la ~1da
disponerlos lra.ncam:nte r sin ·amba,ges, ~ueda darlcs ···~res, ~geom. estunaen Javor de Jo pc"Or, auoque Jue.so no se avas •eneralcs. cstan lat1endo por obra
cumplan m 1odos sm cxtremos las prcdic- J f?raaa d~ la bon~ad aspecu1 ~e lu aciooes .•. Asi cs· que vigilen y desenvuel- tttl!as ···Si ,baa deJado ~ · ~CJOr opor•
'ftD su.s dw peore!.
turudad .aJguo anh7101 asp1rao6~ o deseo,
•
. . .
ahora tiencn el nempo aprop1ado para
· Dias favorables. 11.1nguno.
estimul.trlo. continuado J terminulo tt·
· Desfavorables: 17 at 23.
li:uncnu: ••. Y apro\•echeo su tiempo puesto que no sicmpre la son.risa astral es taO
ACUARIO (Ene. 20 a Feb. 18)
luminosa como boy •••
Auoquc tielltll cie.no esito entre las
Dia.s favorables: 17 al 23.
person.as de ICXO clistinto, deben cuerd.aDesfa\'Orables: a.inguno.
o
r,
-~'
1.NACIO SU HUO -~. · .,- .
clel 17 al 23 de Septiembre cle
Sipo Zodiacal: Vup,Libra. · · :,_.
Pl&DtG tt,enre: Me.rcurio-V
:-c
' ·..
19~t.tic.<
P.iedn favorable: Jasp,:-()pllo. ·
,.
Metal de a:uene: Oro-HietrD. ·
Dia de sw:ne: Ju.eves•
E sot cictra su cic1o Yiajero. et •
.. + :
atcanzaado los gados 26 al 29, e- in.ic:im,;
. ..
do IU CIJIWlO a ttaVCS def Oue90 &ipo- . ~ , , .
Libra - . a partir dcl dia 23. Los aiios • ·~
nacidos huu el 22. protegidos por V'u,o.
·. serio dados a las esrudios matem6.ticos. . ·_
pudicndo destl.CIJ"Se entte dlos algww fi. . :~:
guns aow,Jc:s de ma especialidad: ·clis·.: - ·.
tn.id0S para la cuesti6n amorosa ••• Las ea· .
cidos cl dia 23 serio aUStCl'OI · en ms cm- ·_ · _.
rumbres. buenos amigos J pad.res. las muchadw n.acidu del 17 al 22 sain seriu,
uabajadoras f confiar:la.s~ puedeD sa.&ir a
causa de CSU wtima cualidad-GD dcfe:cto a vcces, ea las tiempos modernos • las que mzc.an el m 23 ROdra.n a:ce-- .
lenres oportunidadcs en el ramo de 1a pin-··
tun: a:quisiw
seri.n.
.
.
.
..
~
R E E N CA R N A C I 0 N.
por el rontrario, 15, conio todos abeDe entre las consuttas que. a los efec- mos, qut ""lobmente nna wu nacemos
tos de la tarea que lle\'3mos adelante, ,. una nz pasamos por la vlda'". Adocen
los teosofi.stas que una vlda so1ameate
R DOS hacen, insisten muchas de ellas
en ronocer algo mas a fondo el apasio- es insufidente para poder adqui.rlr coaante tema de b R r cncamacion. Con ·nodmientos de las \'asfas m.aterias que
somo gusto ,·amos a 61.>ozar algunas se estudian, para dar solidez a todo lo
Ideas n:spedo a este tema, para -,u, que sabemos y para f ormar def"l.a.ida·
aqueUos qur tienen interes ) DOS hon- menle las caracteristicas de cada cual:
nn con A atencion sostenida, puedan "stria - die-en ellos - igual que Ii qui.
tener exacta noticia del mismo. Natu• 5ieramos quf' un infante de unos di.as
nlmente ,iutreJPOS-t,si.stir, ,,ma nz pudiera aamplir las totales (unciones de
· mis, ello no
on'eliue nosofros acep- un adulto, completamente formado"'. La
femos o dcje os de aceplar estas ideas, prcsentt- preparacion, como quiera que
sino que en amos en los ronsid("ran .. . sea, ~ns•a 50Jo de un conocimiento hn•
dos del peri ista que drbe atender a pcrfedo de la nislenda. y tal conociaus ledores dar Kncillamente sus ex• miento debe scr obtenido por el parclal
plicaciones
arreglo a lo ultimo que uso de unos sentidos que, en la inmensa
de cada fema
~ a la •~tualidad. ma) oria de los casos nos engaiian; de
base )' etica ~e la· notina, tal .:omo ha una 50SpN:"ha, mas bien que de ana
de ser De,·ada a su p:iblico. A b mayor attnda, de que la esfera de la •~rdad
parte
la &ente que son fieles a la Teo- superst'llsible puedt uttdtr • lo sensisor~ n.inguoa Olra doclrina parKe mas ble, igualmenf e que el uninrso es supesingular que la de la Recncarnadon, o rior a nuestro solo mundo; de una sesea ,iue aaodo ser nace rcpetidas ve-ces rit de facultades morales y espirilua•
lc5, parcialmente desarrolladas, Dinguna
• la Yid.a teneoa". La aeaeral crttncia.
ae
.cle eUas aguda lo sufideDttmente, Din- ·
cuna de ellas Ubtt en SU acdon, pero
todas elllll empequeiie-cicbs por el lndebido u.so, an·enenadas por la preocupacion ,. pen·ertidas por la ignorancia..
Adtmas, la N aturalez.a entera esti U.
anitada en sus intereses r afectada ea .
sus empresas por las ineluda"bles aece,.. .·
sidades - liiempre presentes - de an
cuerpo fisico, que, muc:ho mas que el
alma. se inclina • crnr ciue es nalmeate el '"'Yo". Solamente existen tres aminos para lograr Tenttr una tan..Jamencable disposicion: UD podcr-tran.sformador ~n la muerte; una "pts1 mor•
len.. ,. ~mpleta discip1ina espJritual y
una sueesh·a serie de rttncart3cl0Des
••• Hast.a aqui numro trab2jo Jde boy. .
Ourremos drjar c:onstantia de 4fue estos
ronocimienf~ constituyea a Yfftll. ~
cullosas ensenanz.as
r
por nto les Jia.
m2mos '8 atencion dt que, ana wez leidos que sean tales utremos., a wtlvan
a leer detenidamenle., p:tta que cada uno
teoga pJeno coonocimiento de lo que
supoae •••
I
i
•
.
J
�I
••• ojos picaros, bocl amptia • ·••
.. ,.,.,.
cia un diabllto en eJ cabildo de Cedlbi
Valdes ...
--COnocc:mos pa.rte de la biw,ria:
la compania fracas6.·
·
-sr. pero el cuento a mis largo: e1
teatro era inadecuado, la publicidad
fue pesima, hubo un cic16o . . . y Melu.z.i &om6 las de Villadiego y nos dejo -ia 30 artis.tas!- a la deriva en
,San Juan. El y los fidelistas volvieron
· a Cuba. .I..&.. dcmas quedamos alli, sin
trabajo, 1in dinero y debiendo la cuen•
ta del hotel. perr- decididos a luchar
y no regrcsar a esa prisi6n que ya era
Cuba. Yo tuve suerte: estuve 7 meses
h:iilando en el San Juan Intercontinental, FJ Cofre. el Normandic, el &
cambron Beach y otros clubes. Tambicn trahajc en un programa del ca•
nal 4 y en el que Nacer --productor
cubano- hace por WAPA-TV. Despues vine para Nueva York.
-;.Y 1qui. qu~?
-Formc pareja con Pepe Montes y
hailamos en c1 Roseland y en el Astor.
Lueio d~intcgramos ct irupo y me
uni anistic:amente con ~li&uelito, CU·
bano como yo.
5 MINUTOS CON
A MINTA
-i,Bailaba Et en ·Cuba,
--Si, pcro en programu .infant.Iles
por TV. Sc hiz..o profesional en Mia·
mi.
-iD6ndc han bailado m eJ Norte?
-Primero en este mismo Town HID..
Dcspucs en el 802, el Manhattan Hotel, cJ Miami de Jersey City y wclta
al To11rn HilL Como se ve., estamos ~
pcz.ando.
-Bailando
cubano, ia.ada
mas?
cencro
-Por ahora. Pero cstoy manta.ado
numcros cspaiio1es. .
-i.Con Miguelita?
-No. Para haccr ..1os..
'No le prcguntamos, pcro lo anterior
indka que Aminta y Mipelito DD seguiran mucho tiempo en pareja. Por lo
que vimos que A.minta h..cia en Ja pista. no necesha compaiiia. Como baila_..
rina espanola. ,tendra temperunento?
Por la pie) bruna y la gracia parcccri
andaluz.a, pero pensamos que lo suyo
es el bailc antiUano.
'No se lo decimos. El tiem~ dali
la respuesta. De todas maneras, por
Jinda. por cstudiO"'..a, por lucbadora y
por cubana, Aminta triunfari. en cualqu•er genero danzante..
Eot:amos en et To"-n Hill de Broo. klyn porque vemos. en una cartclera
exterior. el retrato de una muchacha
triguefia, de tipo latino:unericano. a
quien· crcemos conocer. ;.Aminta? Nada nos dice el nombre. pcro si los ojos
negros y picaros, la boca amplia, cl
cuerpo ondulante.
Uegamos a tiempo para verla bailar
en pareja: Amiota ,. l\figue-lito. La
rumba en punt.a es de criolla que ha .estudiado ballet. Abordarnos a Aminta:
--Seguro quc es cubana, ,no?
-De la mismisima Habana, IY no
me diga que no
- ~ - . ...
-i,Dc don
---Del Se, la Bitmore, de) Sierra.
del c1ub Alo o dcl Palermo. Por alla
le vi mucho uando emped a bailar.
-;.Cu6.nd
-En 195~ Todavia yo estudiaba
dos
r-
:~e~;:;ic~- e:i -~a Acade-
.....;.1.Que tiernpo bace quc aa1i6 de
Cuba?
·
-Dos aiios justos. Formc parte de
una compania que Meluza Otero Uev6
a Puerto Rico, en agosto de 1960, pa~
... tnhaiar ll!!ft ~ tatro R.h·iera: vo ha-
hperimento m '1V Papda
Desde junio pasado y con permiso
por 3 an°', la RKO y la Zauth Corp.
estan lle\'ando a cabo un en.sayo de
TV-Pa,ada en Hartford. estado de
Connecticut. Estados Unidos. Por pri- .'
mcra vez se emplea. para el se.rvicio a :
los · hogares subs\.Tiptores. un &isle.ma ·'
de cnvio por el aire en. vez de hacerlo
por hilo telef6nico.
.
Hasta d n1omento ha habido
ensa)'os anteriores de TV-Pagad8i,.µao
,in buen exito en Bartlesville. ·Okla.:
homa. en 1957; otro en ToronJo. G:anada, )' esle si parece que.
de
2 anos. trh.:nfa.
Lo de Hartford es una p ba de
fuego. Sus. propulsores han • ·e.rt.ido
JO millones de d6Jares en d Jiet()Ciit
y la estaci6n deberi. cons.eguir 100,000
subscrirtores para no pe.rder di.nero;
pcro aquellos no aspiran a tanto y se
conformaran con tcner 4,000 clientes
antes que finalice 1962. En una ciudad
como Hartford. con 300.000 aparatos
·r..:..
·
l .; . . .
Con esa r,a:u~ lo apaiiol sobra.
alibo
�···-------
____,..._._-
. ......;;:.._
En la television norteamericana bay
un programa intitulado Mr. Ed. Su
principal artista. ,quien cs? Un e,a.
ballo. C.Omo en las peliculu de Francisquito, el equino lo cs todo: bace reir
a mandibula batiente y. con su inteligencia. asombra al publico.
.Mr. Ed. es un senor actor. Sus companeros de Cuadra --perJon; de clcnC.O, quisimos decir- admiran su ac, tuati6n y rcspetan su talento artistico
a tal punto que nunca se refieren a El
como el caballo, sino que le llama.n
Mr.. Ed. asi con mister y todo. £s Wl
1emo.
,Genia'? No para su propietario y
descu_bridor Lester Hilt~n, quien DO
perm1te quc Mr. Ed olv1dc ,u condi•
cion de caballo. Si se port.a bicn ante
las ~maras, le da un terr6n de
car; SI no. le peg a con. Ja BU&.DO abiena
en la grupa. Dice Hilton:
.
-No quic:ro quc se vaya a endiosar
ce,mo esos (dolos de la TV y del cine
que, porque gustan. se crecn seres del
otro mundo. Si a los artistas de la nza.
hwnana se les tratasc como ,·o hago
con Mr. Ed. ,ya verian Uds. lo bicn
que ellos se compartarian para merecer
su tcrr6n d.: azuca.rl
.
El consejo no es ma1o, sin duda..
Pero vo1viendo a Mr. Ed tiene 10 aiios ·
de edad, Hilton Jo dcscubri6 en el Va- ·
lie de San Fcm:mdo hac:e :? aiios y en1tg:uida comprendi6 que eJ animal tenia intcligenc:ia no wlgar. le dio una
lecc:i6n de h\·isf iY el cuadrupedo lo
aprendi6 a bailar en 20 mi.cutos!.
-saqucn la cuenta y compa.ren
.-anota Hilton-: Cbubbv Checkers
demor6 24 horas en ap~der el twist.
c.No, a mas brillante mi ca.ballo"
Ahi csta Mr. Ed, amo Je -Ia tdcau-.
dienci~. Vea)o quien pueda "hacerlo.
Es cas1 humano. Y, como Jos humanos. ·
gana prcmios -y na1gadas.
azu·
;,At1ista o politko1 Le pri.a!ero como
profesi6n
M•d
~~Ll.lt!Z.fl ~~~~,.
Aziicar o ttprimenda ea b grupa. (Ea
la fotot con Mr. Ed, su compaiiero
ea la TI' el actor Alan 1·oun&).
,.
'
,·.
�. ,_____,. __ ,. --- . ----- . . . ~=·
~
~
.,••
'
LA CLINICA QUE CURA
CRIMIN ALES
· mentr a um Din.a de 11 aiios.. A pesar
de quc no RD&a ant«cdcntcS, coo tDda
Rguridad rc:aeria 10hre Ba.ca la.rp am-
Hate .alguom a.nos que ttes deliocuea- tencia..
arrestad~ en la ciuchd de New York.,
Los ms fucron a la Oinic.a del (:en.
en lugar de ser envcados a la circcl fuc- tto Civico pot disposici6o de las aumroo condu~dos directu:.ucntc a la Qfoia ridadcs comperentes. Esta dinia opera
del umro Civico de Brooklyn., institU.· -bajo el principio de quc ·h,iy ttansgccion tinia en su geoero ~c sc dcdica a , sores· o delincuentcs a 1os que pucdc re,la tthabilitad6n de las tta05yesorcs de · babilitarse i.i.cil r totalmetue mediaote
la ley, por mtdios hasta ahcn casi desttaca.mientos 1iquiiuiccr. individuales . ,
conocidos.
de grupo. en vez ~e casti.cos y condenu.
Se ttataba en primer lup.r de u.n esSu direaor indica quc es iodud:a.ble
tudiantc de ams--dedicado pot complc- quc cl trawniento sico16gico J siquii· to a praaicar el del robo de antom6trico pucde convenir a mudlOS de esos
•iles -,. con 24 anos de cdad J todas las delincucnres en ciudadanos utiles. quieposibilidadcs de pa.sat el resro de su ju- nes de no scr asi uattdos termifl21'iao
Yentud en la drccl.
por puar grao ~ de sus •id.as en al~
Despues vcnia
ama de a.sa de 39
ninos, que habia sido
descubieru pot te:rccra yez robando en
um ti~ocla.
·
Fin.almente,. on individuo de 40 a.nos,
de apari~ncia muy rcspct2ble , de mu,
buco.a rrputaci6n hasta el momcoto ea
quc fue aprurado molest-.r.do sezualQD
aios. madre de ttes
gun.a instiruci6n ~nal O mc-ntal. aparte
de los danos que podrfao ioflingir a la
socicdad con sus aaos.
En csta clinica sc aceptto hombres y
mujeres delincuentcs de mis de 16 a.nos
de cdad que csteo a prueba.. b:ajo f1.anza
o bajo palabra. Entrc ellos bar ladroocs,
falsifiadores, delincue,otes 1ttU.alcs. in-
.
ceoc:liarios J adiaos a las dtopi. Es la ·
uoica dinica prinda que se dedica al
tratamiento siquwrico mmplero de .b
aiminalcs para m ttbabiliraci6o. Se
aparu del conccpro · lomb.rQSiano cle1 aiminal r R ad bierc mis a b ~
de Jos siquiauas mode.roos que aeeD
que la condum uimiw es c! rauhado
de influencias sicologias que causan de-.
sordenes en la penorw.idad 0)D 11W fre..
cuencia que los uutornos o.rpn.iCOL De ·
ahi la imporuncia que ticoe el desarraipr
des6rdeocs de la pcnon.alidad
pan convcrtir al delicuenu: en uo.a persona cumplidora de las le,es y ft'.S,PCl:Ue>u dt las normas de 1a moral aodal.
Vcunos que acorueci6 con las tres per10nas quc meBCioaamos al_ priocipio..
· Los siquiau-a.s de la dioica desaihrie- .
ron quc el. !adr6n de auros en ana perton.alidad aencialmentc . esqui.zoide. iD·
uovt:rtida y cmotivamentc imnadun.. alejada de los demas , especialmente de 111
fa.mili.a. Todo pattcl.a, i.odicar quc babia
sufr.ido d rechuo de su padre-c:aoo-,
cido cducador - , y de 111 madnsmprofcsora de secun.daria-, quienes DO a
a>ntentaban COD nada DlCD0S qae COD la
mis absoluta pcrfecci6n eo el muchacbo..
Sus hurtos cran escncialmentt a.am substirurivos de agresi6o contra 111 familia..
Un.a yez que enttndi6 la hue d~ cm
esos
problem.as pudo veneer l'DS c:liftmltadcs
m los esrudim y se gradu6. Ahara. tn::s
anos despu& dc1 tnt.amicnto, tien.e an
bucn puesto J compra auras en ff:% de
robarlos.
E a.ma de asa quc robaba. ea las al·
maccaes era de intdi~ncia normal J ao
padccia enfcrmcd.ad alguna, pero mfria .
de um. neurosis siquica compulsiva. o .·
dcptomania., que despucs de cuidadasos ·
esrudios ttSUJto ser la apresi6n de 1111 ·
sufrimientos 1icol6gicos lntimos por ie.:
ncr un hijo de 15 arim que babia safri..
clo epilcpsia J rctraso mental desde pe..
quc-iio. Sulria de sentimicnros ioconf.ea~
dos de vcrgiien.za J redwo h.cia el oiao_
r su deptomanCa era la forma am::i·
garsc a 11 misma par csos ICD~·•entm..
Ahora.. despu& de dos aiios
medio.
de uatamieoto b. desaparecido
deptomania y mC"jorado. au actirud rcsp«m
• 11.1 bijo. asi como au habilldacl pP
uararlo eon mayar eficieacia. ·
·
at: .
CARRO DE ~£NSllEND
Esten el.Mattl~lt: XXI, diseiiado por la Ford Company C'OD c:vnttpto de futuro
muy aunz.ado, que esta sirndo txpuesto en la F~ria l\lundi:at dt Mattie. Entre
los annces: ~, sis1ema dt cu.atro ruNfas delanlnas qae segun los lngenieros fac:llitani el rontrol dir~donal, la tnccion ,. los frenos. £1 modelo en escala a l/8
&ne tambiin ais1alcs dt densidad nriable para difundir la laz.. E timoa Rd
ana palanc:a ea lugar de la rued.a co~nte.
la base dcl a.ito de Jos siqwatraS COD
pacicntes como csros dos. ha sido el aa:p.
urJos como son J uaw de compienderlos. "Tratamos de ga.rwlos coo afecco si.DCCIO-D01 cliczn-. moque al
�· pribcipio se porno hostilmenre. Despues
eicmao en la clinka coc:ao e.... Wl oasis
J vienen por . si mismos de visir.a. olvidandose por completo de que ·est.in bajo
ttaurfiieom.•
la atmosfe:a de la dinica es mis pa·
rec.id.a a b de un club social que •· la
INIENTO
FALLIDO
Haee dos o Ires nu-
meros publicamos
ea csta sttcioD DU
f otogratia clel medico de Los Angr,.
les Dr. Nalhwl Os-
de un ceouo correccional o terapcu·uco.
Sus cuanos son comodos y alcges, hay
bueoos c.uadros en las pa.reties J se sir·
•co caf J tostadas • ma.Jqdcr hora a . tkh, cuando con 511
los pacieotes. Hay horas de consulta es- auto-jef de t1UTeras
peciales para los c.ae no viven ahi y tie· R dirigi2 a 16Salt
nco alguo em.plea. Se insisre mucho eo Flats.,, en Utah, •
que trateD de obtencr empJeo1 ya que el f"m de tratar de
trabajo es la mejor rerapeutica eu mu· romper en esa pis-
c
d:as a.sos. Por otra pane sc tieoen muy
en cumu los pi oblcmas eco!lcSmicos J
familia.res de cada paciente. sin lo cu.al
no sc podrian ·curar· eficazmente.
· Uo buea ejemplo· de esto fue el del
tran.sgresor saual, que sufria un desajusre sexual r profundo m.iedo subconscicn·
te ·• b mu jcr aduh:a.. pr!)veniente de su
fracas.ado nutrimooio J de su uabajo en
los muclles. Su deseo de probar su n:wmlinidad lo h.abia llevado a· molesalr a
la menor. Mcdian1e el irtwniento logro
superar el complejo resultanre del divor·
cio con
primer aposa. J cuarsc con
1.10 niiio. Asi
Ucgo a sentil'SC' seguro de si mismo y a
IU
una ioveo viuda que ten.ia
obteoer uo cmpleo mejor tambien.
Pero antes de act'pt.ar a Wl paciente en
est.a Qinica. It' le hace pasar pot multirud de prueba.s f examen~ sicol6.gicos
J siquiatricos. A muchos r.e les rech.ua
por consideranc quc esta terapia DO les
scrviri. para ,u tthabiliuci6n.
En genera.I se considcran muy hala.
gadorcs los resultados obtenidos aqui 1
COmO Jo pruebaD las siguientes est:adis-
ta el record de las
394.2 millas por
la o r a , establttido
por el gran cone.
dor hoy dcsaparec:i-
do John Cobb, de
lnglatena. ea 1947.
Un dcsafortunado
ac:-ddente, que par
DO ffSUltO
tniJ!tco, in,pidio que el Dr. Osticb superara ~• record de Cobb. Su auto, ma 6.,390
cabaUos de fuerz:a, habia aJcanz.ado ya la nlocldad de 331 mill.as por bona, cuando perdio 11;na de las rued.as delanteras. Gracias al paracaidas de freno lmpidio
que elauto a ,·olcara al perdcr b rul'da. El Dr. Osticb satio dd Kddente con '6lo
ua golpe m llD bombro, pero mu.,- desiluslonado. £J pro:dmo aio ·woh·eni a lratar.
SUCrtl'
dirif;ido al Editor de "Bohemia Libre lo1crnacional" y ""Bohemii Libre Puenorriqueaa ··• alificando de ..libel"' -1 exigiendo una ••rettaaacion•,-, la llOU publicada en esta Secci6n. en d mimcto de
fttha 29 de julio de 1962, bajo a titulo de "Para d Gobiemo cle .EE. UU.
las Ca.lortas si Cucntan·.
Ea dicha nota se n:producian - en
ticas: de los 120 ca.sos ttatados en 1961.
traduccion litt!'ral - . un.as dcclaraciones
R re-port6 que eon 41 It: habia producido mt"jor~o• .:, "'f!St:ab.tn · indudablc- . lormuladu a la pttQSa nortcameric:ana
por cl Dr. George P. Larrick. Comiliomeote n! cl c.amino de .!a reh.abilitacion;
60 contifuab.an aun bajo uatamicnro. es nado de la FDA. ( Adminisuacion de
decir ~buen.u prohabilidades; J 19 no Droga.s J Alimentos del Gobiemo de los
Estados Unidos) 1 sobrc cl lib.ro publicamosua
a.mbio notable a1guno, es decir que WI ao sc podia determinar si do por "Simon & Schu.ster, Inc.... bajo
la firma del Dr: Herman Taller. titulaca.mbiuian ms eostumbres aiminalcs.
do ·c.a1orics · Don·r Count· (Las Calo:.
rias No CuN'ltaa). asi como sobre las
UNA iEu.RACIQN
pildora.s de •~ite- de al.azor ·roe.-_,_. 0
. Abogados del bukte -SClig J. Levi~ ..C.Jorics Don't Caunt"" - • quc se
an... de New York. rc-presentantes lega. 'l'endieroo coo cl mismo nombtt del Iileos de la firt1~ ecfoora. wnbien de csa
bro r Jo uriliu.ron para su propaganda
ciudad...Simon &': Schu..-w, Inc..... se ban
bas:. que fuero.o embupdas J:U la FDA.
,-...--...
prorubieodose
IU
c:listn1>ucion al publico.
No renemos iocoovcniente en ftCtifi.
car cualquier coocepto en los comentarios del redactor de est.a Sccci6n ..Asi
Va la Cienw·-Jose Sobrino Dieguez-.
quc acompwban. a la publio.ci6n de la
rcferid.a
nota
sobre
-c.aJories
Doa"c
Count· ·de la FDA.. que pul'da resultu
Jesivo • los int~resc.; J prcsti&io de 1a
casa t'Ciitorial '"Simon a:· Schustct, I.De.·.
asi como a. CU1.lquic1a de sw m.icmhtos.
r• que el prop6si_ro del ttdaaor ,le, esr:a
IC'Cci6n fue pu.ramen~ informativo. J no
cl de- pasar juicio 10brc esa a:.uti6n lo quc correospoode
t! • las autoridades unit.arias J ju • ialcs de 1os
Esudos Unidos.
R.ech.u.am0,1. sin embr..r • con. toda
enC"rgi~ 1a calificaci6n .de ~~. pan
.el aniculo de ttferencia que r~rroduda
una uaduccion literal de Lu decluacio.
ftC'5 oficialcs de la Administnci6o de
Drops , AlimNltos de los Est2dos Uni·
dos.. J d~ au c.om.isiooado Dt. George
un.icam:f
�:....
~. -_;:/- -·
.; ...
.
,...
..
,
..
,,
.
.;
APRENDIENDO AAlllNIZAR
Este enra6o na,io espacial aunca entrani en orbita. al Yiajari al tspado, puo anirl pan que 1os astronaobls empietta · a
practicar ,- dt'Sdr ahora las complicadas maniobras que 5upoodni ti alunizaje. Un jd de presion mnstantt soportara
con su conienle S/6 del peso tolal del •ehiculo, r.lmubmdo Mi condicio1Hs de 1randad para ti descenso aa la mperfide lunar.
· · P. larrick. pplicando el caso de -calories Don·r Courie", f las decisiones que
es.e Depa.namento habia adoptado al res--
. pmn. Si la FDk, c el Comisionado J..a.
rrici... r«tifica.n las dt'Claraciones formuladas sobre ,:l asuoto, no tendtt11)os iD·
conveniente en publiar es.a l'ectific:acion.
Pnt lo dcmas, el redactor de esta Section ' de la nota en cuestion, asume coJ absolu : respon.sabilidad por ms
propios i · "fl respecto, basados co
la dedar ion dt" la f DA. J dt" distinguidos
iaJisw en nuuicion de la
Asodaci6 Medica Americana.. libcraodo
al Editor e "'Bohemia Libre lnternaciona.r y "Bohemia Puertorriquen.a· de
toda respoa,.bili~d ..co rclaci6n con a-.~
tc asunto.
·~a.::-.;. :..f!".::... - .. ,.
E ttpresentante lt'p.l de ·sunon a
Schuster, Inc.". ea su c.:a.rta de protest&,
estahlece el cric:erio de la fima que l'e·
presenu sobtt el a.so de "Las Calorias
No Cueou..o"'. J entre ocns cosas dice:
w
-raI como Ud. podri. duse cutota de
la copu. adjunta de un ntracto clel record Cangresional del 19 de julio de
1962, Simon &: Sc.buster decidio la pu·
blicacion del libro mucho antes de ha·
ber oido hahlar de las capsula.s de aceire
·de aluor. ~ suprim.io del libro coda. ttfttcncia a las c.apsulas DO porque a:mYiera acorde COD la Administracion de
Drops y Alimeoc05, lino porque el libto
cstaba 1iendo uudo ~n forma que di6 lugar al ttdamo de la Adm.inisuaci6n de
Drogas J Alimenros de que constiruia
un.a rotu 1aci6o enganosa.. El acaque de la
Aclmininrad6n de Drogas J AJimenros
fue dirigido 6nicamt'nte contra la rotu-
laci6n de las dpsuw. ·w cu.ales legw'I
afirmo la Administraci6n de Droga.s J
Alimcntos cran tot.a lmcnte ineftttivas
pan Cu.tlquier proposico; I.a Admioistraci6n de Drops J Alimenros no tiene
poder para atacar ~t libro como c:xpre-si6n de una te.oria d.ietitia del aumr.·
LA HIPERSENSIBILIDAD AL FRIO
Har· Wl grupo de enfermed.t.des que
no son oc:asionada.s par 'ri.rus. baaerias
n.i factores 1icol6gia:,s. sioo po.r Jas
11.".m·
~ratu.ras fria.s. Quiencs las sufren pm-den seocilla.mente .intrOducit un dedo ea
ttSO de agua fria y sent.ir inmecli.ttamcnte que un agudo dolor les subc par
eJ bnzo r Jes Uega al hom!.ro en 20 srgundos. Um mujer pul!'de aujeur ran
solo la bandeja del hido del n:fri,erador, J W!t como inmcdiara.a:peme-le IW'·
ge un.a arm mancha roja
la m,.no ,
el bru:o.
•
an
1
E Dr. S. E. Jlitzman.n,
la teed6n
media de ·Ja Uoiversiclad
Ten,.. ha
bauti:udo este fen6mcoo c:on..e""1MNDbtt
de "aiopatia•. Hace nota.r quc las ttacciones de hipenensibilidad al &io sm:a
habirualmcnte indolora.s, l,c.-nignas y pa·
sainu, pero que hay Cl.505 en que pueden ser graves. imposibilita.r al pacieo.te
;/
�•••.,.-•··-•••"~"'--'-
w~~ ~
•
--i -=-=-~--~-~ • •
Cos A.a,~n9e.s
. ·.
. ~ARA ~O.RMIR RECtE\ ~,,, DOS
·
Uo medico de Muuicssom. ha i.avencauo Wl aparau> q11e
duerme a las niiios pequeiios en la misma fonna que Ii IC la
arru1lan.. Consistc en u11 aparato de soaido. de tramistora_ K·
cion.ado par una diminutt bateria pen 2.)00 boas cle Rt•
9'icio dcnuo de llDl..9itJ:le.estireoo de 10 centimcaas de cliimttro. sin bg(des pctlJfosos y a prueba de desarps ~
as. Produce JJ.ri murmullo conswire. con Yibracioocs de toao
aimi.b.r -ea opinion de b mrclic01- a las dd ambimte Pft"'
UW. en pm.a de 320 a 350 ados (Si Be:mol. ana oa&ft
antes del Do Natural). •
VIRUS QUE ,epaooucE ESQUIZOFRE~IA
El cientifico toVictico profesor G. Yu Malis. en
ID libm
ruientementc uaducido ..ln•estlpciones sobrc la Etlolop clc
Ja Esquizolreo.ia'". afi.rma que csisten muchos clato:1 qae
j.odicaD. que .las tmin.is. illdu,eodo la de J.oa •i.ra.s. pani•
pan aeguir au Yida normal. J· auo oc:asionar la muene. sea lenta o rcpcntin&.
Estl medico ha cstUdiado con especial
inre.rcs las aicpatias iclacionad.as con ·w
proteinu anorm.ales ~n la u.ngrc, coma.. la
globulin& pma, quc produce Jos anti~
cucrpos..
Hay UNI e5pccie de proteina poco cobOCida.. IJ.an..scl:. aglutioina. Las agluti ninas oormales son uticucrpos que acnl&n
sobrc los .gl6bulos rojos · de la sangre 10la.mentc a tempcraturas ceranas al pu.alD de congeLicion. pcro las anormales
ticnen efectOS aobrc el.las a rcmpc.rar:u·
as mis alw.
En cl curso de las iovcstigaciones tt·
duaas dc:stiudol al C'Ol1JWDO hopreio
contienen mxiaw.. Alguoos de ell01 esun ordinuiameate ea la alaa:na que
suarda los aliment01. Uoas cuao.w cudwadu de Ill de mesa. por cjcmpla.
pueden :au.s.u rana lcsi6o ca el cerebra.
J ha.st& la IDlle.rte de DA GiI.o..
En asi ua.a tercera pane de los 1,SOO
ca.sos de envetWDieoto a que DOS tefer imos antcriorme:ite. el weneno ataba
deouo de ua recipiente desti.udo corrieotementc a pud,.r comestibles. Los
n.iiios ha.n tornado Yeneo.o para las ram
que estaba en una au.&, peuolco que,o..
1ina de una botela de limorwla. ben·
cina de u.na botclla de leche. 1UP1nci•
lativas
~ de aisul J clete.rgcote que st
1e
descubrio que sc podia contra·
· ncsw ese eleao a,glutinante anad.icndo
unas molecu.las llan4das me.rcaptanos. Se
ensayo- por primcra \'C2 estc uawniearo
en un anwoo de 65 aiios que habit SU·
frido de CSU hipcncositivid.ad al frio duante scis mos. El pacicnte ra prcsenr:aba sintoaw de gangrcoa en las dedos
de las ma.oos J de las pies J solameme
11e le podi& awuene.r "\tivo m.ed.ianu
transfusiones de sa..ngrc ,ecaleotada. Mientras ha seguido d uaramiento su tolen.ncia al frio es normal Hay ouas for.
mil de hipcrsensibili<bd al frio quc no
reacciona.n ante ·la presea.cia de 1os mercaptanos y auooccs se recurre a mta·
m.ientos media.ore drop.s va.sod.ilatadoras.
PRODUCTOS EN EL HOGAR
PELIGROSOS PARA NINOS
U0.1 estadistica ooneamcricana recienttmcnte publia.d.a revela quc cad.a ano
mucren en los Est.ados Gnidos unos 500
a.mos debido a que iogirieron ona di-·
Ye.rsid.ad de produccos venenosos que pue,.
den encoo
-.en <m.lqu.ie.r . ho,Pt. La
cantidad r..ada
superi;)l' a la que se
obtiene
mbinando la.s mucnes de
oos dcbi as a la polio. difteria. tiloidea.
csca.rlati f d sa.rampi6n.
Como
· emergeocia. los envencna·
micncos cidcnules son mas owne.rosos
quc las
-bl_ ...qucmaduru, la.s eolcrmcdades repcotio.as , rodos Jos demu
problcma.s medic.ns comunes en la edad
fofanrll En Nortea.mcric:a, IC 1epona.n
mis de 1,.500 a.sos de e11vena.mieoto1 al
cs
I•
1
•
d.ia.
m-
C.aa de un marto de mi116n de po.,-
pan blaoquea.r la ropa que estaba en an
ha:
d.e las
asadas pan las cereala ea el clesaJIIDO.
b,a puesto en
UNI
tea grande
.·4
Las
ma -pa.rdaala.rmeae.
c:iaa, aios
o menos. Los rcmedios que se dt:jan al
alcance de b
causaa asi la
mitad de Jos envfflffl•mienm. La CD•
bie.ru dcl tocador ao es &itio apropwlo
para los aromiudons de pelo. Ni es el
lavabo un bucn luau pan. el fa.sco d.e
BOW pua 1os ojos. Dcbe a::raene aiemprc en las a.w. pan Ju m.edicia.as, 1111
botiquin n otro lupr que R puNA anar
de farma que los n.iiios ao puedan abrirlo.
Ham el jardio puede sa am uampa
monat Mudw de las plantu ardinariu
tales co.mo el digital o cleda.Jen. el lau,eJ.. la adelfa, d rid.no. ete.. 10A 'ftlleDOSU. Y d mo de aromizacioacs c:onua
las plaps putclc- aiad.ir UDa apa tcmc::a
awi a las planw que DO 1011 'RllCDOS&S
medicinu
atractiY&S
J.as niic& de
pan
pequcoos.
mil
•· • .
!.
:·.J. r~:..'=~:;.;::~::~":. :_---~.
~_ .... -:·/
·:,.:: ..
.,_ -. _LA PROLONGACION DEL ESTAD0 DE CONCIENCIA:~ t:·a
~':~ ... _;;·· ..
. . ~. -;,-..
.: ...
.·
~. ........... ,.. -~~:,..,~;.~ .. ~.'-~··.--:.·
·. .. : ·, Cuando o.cune que 1e intermmpc el abastedm.ieoto de oxigcDO io' •-~ , . _
.
• fth1culo ape.cial.. o e.a llil • vi6o que wcla a gn.a a1twa, la mcoosdeocia . _:
. se puede prcsenw dpidamcote.· Las hombn:s de cieocia estudian' Jos .me,. ~~...
· dios de prolonp.t·~ petiodo de co05C;iericia vtiJ. COD. la idea d.e qae UDOI:~\
awuos acgundas 1d10ona1c:s poddan anplcane en que Jos miemhros c!e.la
tripulaci6n n:ali.raraD la ttpancloocs oea:sa.rias.. ~ ·
·' · .· - ·· . !4 ,_:.'
·. ·;.·... ·".
·"?-:'.<
..... · . ....:. ·......
1
'
, _ ,. . . .
-
~..":-.
#
· · E mejor mcd.io pan lograrlo es lucu que las pilotos· o -futu.raS'·asao-~~-""'
oauw IC' aclimateo a ·la alnua. Pero hay ouos. .&J. u csrudio que tac lJev6. '.-t
• a.ho DO bate mucbo. 39 'IOlunta.ri01 se someticn:m a ··subir• . .- una -altun·· -·:
an:ficw de 9,000 mmos, deotto dt UD& a.m.ua de presion.: Los iodiriduos '~:..
sujm.,s al aperimerito perdieron la comcicoda util al cabc, de 187.5 · K'- · ·'
_~-~.f::>~~\_:.;.-.·. ·;".
. - i n ~ ~ p ~ ~ - - :.. ·.... ···.~• . • . . '.~:·. ·._'t-.--·~-~(·"_.
A otros 38 .~~untarios
1es suminim6 una alimmraci6n · c:x,mplcmen/;·.·
_._ · taru de dcnrosa ·d.isuelta con agua,, dos .horas despu& de haber tom.ado lat·
.·. . com.id! ordinaria. J. lue'° ,ef!tnlOD m la d.man. Sc advi.rti6 entooces que · . : .
cl pcr1odo de cooscaenaa utd eta clc 261 segwidm co promedia. o sea.· de ....
DD .tlO por cieDto mis. Uc.a truufusion de u.o~ aumentana . ta.mbieo.. cl
:~
ae
.-;->. . .
·:?·~;~-~t~-t ~< '-
~.dodo de mnsdcoci&. · · ·:., .·. · · . ~.. ~.- :.·:. ;, ;,-{~.~:,..:_: f
. · El Dr. Van Liere. profesot de Fisiotofia en la escue1a· de. medidni~de :
la Uoivcn.idad de Virginia Oa:.ident.al. declara ·que poco puede hacerse .en ·:·
el 0ISO de \UUl descomprttlli611 aplosiv&s como la que ,PUcde ~ucir · un ~ ·
1 -;~.' - ~-_: ·
pa meteorico que pcdonn. u.na cabim. ptt:SW'iJ::ada.·;_-.{_:..,'-;;-,.:·-1
~1 ,.:-
Sc
ha ~ d o qoc. •
15 000 meaos
1
de:. al~· d: in~~~ ::: ·
dencia utll, en a.so de descomprensi6o ripida. stria de 1 S · segundOS: que-er·-·.' . · mur pcxo ticmpo pan bacet ,epanciones. Si la 1loti1 de la triguea ·se cictn.: ·
en el momcoto de la dcscomprcas.i6n. e1 puiodo de ex>oscieocia tolameote ·. ·
.\ dun.ri mienuu ae pucda comenu la .rcspi.raci6n.~~:~~i: ~;.,;:'.-·~· :~-....~-~ ~~.\ :~
-
. -:~·_ . ' .. ~ .
~
·,
•., . . :·::.~· ~~~-.~it;:_;.£ ·,!:t::-.~tt·-~::~ ... ~;4<,.
�•
•.
•
,BARTOLOME MITRE...
, ,.I.
'- - --- -· ~ -~ ... -
~ •- ,._ ~
,_
-=-.
•
• -
•
' ••
-
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Estc hombre ..piiblico se·hallalia lonna:
ave·-rKAu-tt£YttB0Ql"r~·-·.. -- :. .
. Co,,ti•uu6a
"'
do en grandes escueJas: destieno • .,.... ·
- - ·MITRE ._,.: __ · .. · .. ·. _,.
caci6n de fortalccer a cada uL~e- ITilS civilcs. l!OUtica inten:iacionl:1. ~ ~ ..}
., , , Mitre la Republica Argentina - ~
naciones del universo· de Co16n fav~ ·.
la~~nto! gobie~o, adversi~a~. v1ctona.
;- ,"' a mayor de las creaciones en que -~
ciendo la comprensi6n, el respeto y la unaftcaci6_n nac1onal. con~11r~1ento hon11abia intervenido. En bora srave para .
coo~raci6n entre todas ellas.
· · do ~eJ ongen f dese!1volvun1cnto de la la Patria escribi6' Mitre a Sarmiento. su ·
----Mitre nevaba·adclante·t.iJ:i·a"doble em- Nac1.6n Argentina. aun revuelta y CC?D:- parigual. pat&icu palabru. .EJ Preli- :-presa: Ja de explicarsc feo6menos colec· movada. En taJe1 estuel~s. Y en otras Jn· dente encareci6 aJ autor deJ Facundo la ·,,.
livos inDuyep~ destine de Am~ he~ntes al buen gusto •?telectual .Y a la conveniencia de obrar con
rica y la ~c aiqtiffu para su uso y dis· vana suene dcJ penegu1d~, ~ af mar~ coo m~todo frente a movimi~t
· ~
frute lec.'l:1ones m~y aprovechab1~. Al el J;M>Cta, el maestro, el penodasta, el b1S· . rales de la R.epu~lica Ar: entina que ·
cabo, era un autod1dacto que podaa cu1- &onador, el conductor de tropas. el ora-· ambos estaban bacaendo y ehacimdo.
minar en estadista.. Comprendia que el do~. el gu11dor de muchedumbr~ el
Esta R.epubJica Ara · -:.clramatipasado
o mcnos reciente no podia leg1slador, eJ aobcmante Y cl estad1sta. z6 Mitre en su dialogo con
iento·quedar desligado de lo que estaba oar f?e R.u~n Dario l~eg6 a se~ una senten- es la que •estamos haeiend y rehacienrriendo en ~ue,,o_ Mundo y de 1o caa. magistraJ: Mitre pose11 toda~ .las do, y que )os mismos birbar~ nos ayuque a este .espcraba de un futuro pr~ •P_trtudes d~ un prohombre del espmtu, dan hoy a conso!idar, o f . r ~
xim_o. De es~e presente y de es~e por- •s 1 las. tecn1cas. COff!O las morales, Y en algun3;5 ocasiones de f6cil triunfo que
ve.mr iba saendo qentc estud1~ y ~I, tenido por broncmeo o m~rm6reo, se consol1dan los poderes nuevor.. deciden
.~
.
Juntaban todas las not.u. 11n f altar la los indiferentes, · dan aliento a los db
· LA AMERICA NUEVA
-de la ternura.
biles.ya Jos pueblos la coaciencia de
San Martin y Bolivar dejaron ejem•
su poder"'.
. ..
·
plos de capacidad como libertadores y SUCESO CON UN SIGLO DE VIDA
En aquel tiempo, en et tiem.po de
estadistas que America debia· tener. seEn los caminos conducenies a la pros• 5U presidencia, Mitre encaraba arduos
ru0 Mitre, por · lo mejor de si mismL pcridad patria se encontraron el bonoa• )' magnos problemas. Eran probtemas ;
Los dos heroes sc ballaban situados en rense Bartoloml Mitre y cl sanjuanino nacionales e intcmacionaJes. Unos J
lo cimero del Nuevo Murado. Ambos Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Sarmien- ot.ros ponian a prueba'su equilibrio in,.
fueron grandes 1cnios con presc'inden- to 1 'nia de edad una decada mas quc terior y su acci6n ostensible. De la prue- ·
cia de las circunstancias que 1os rodea- Mitre. Habian coincidido en la luc:ha ba constante ii iba saliendo 'Victorioso.
ron. Extrajeron ,us fuerzas de la revo- contra Ja tirania de Rosas. Coincidieron Hacia arriba y bacia adelante avam:.aba
· luci6n por etlos acaudillada y, a su vu, tambicn en esfuerzos realizados para· la Republica b.ajo su presidenc:ia.
la prestaron las energias de sus indivi- civiliz.ar y recons.truit a la N aci6n. SiEl DRAMA AMERICANO
dualidades. Emanciparon pueblos. Fun- milares eran sus aficiones y empenos
daron nac:ionalidades. Alcanzaron tallas intelectuales. Fueron amigos entraiia•
AqueJlo del drama americano. fue
expresado por Mitre. en in.stantes de
de apostolcs armados y de reguladores bles.
.
de un sistcma politico. A despecho de
Tenian Sarmiento cincuenta anos y extrcmas pcrturbaciones en et Hemisf'esus ambiciones y errores. solo pudieron Mitre cuarcnta cuando, en medio de di- rio Occidental El drama americano haser comparados entrc si, compartiendo ficultadcs · e incertidumbres nac:ionales. bia empczado y se habia dcsarrollado
Ja gloria de baber dado la libertad a el primero advini6 que el segundo se- med iante la SUCt!'Si6o de acontecimientos
UD mundo.
ria el pr6ximo Presidcnte de la Repu- que Mitre llevaba estudiados con criteA San Manin ya BoJivar postvi6 Mi· blica y quc ii. Sarmiento, lo su~eria rio esencialmente hist6rico. lo mis.mo
tre saliendo, cad a uno. de un extremo en la Jefatura de1 Esta do. Esta adivi- en papeles de ,wna ,ignificaci6n que a
dt: la America det Sur. Frente I frcnte naci6n del autor dcl Fac:undo empczo traves de ideas y hechos recientes )' conR encontraron bajo la ti1:1ea del Ecua• tener realizaci6n en cl aiio de 1862 temporineos. La actualidad elevaba la
dor. Basta alli Uevaron de victoria en --cabalmente una Centuria ahora atd.s gravedad del drama americano.
Era afligente Ja situaci6n de· Am~rica
victoria )as banderas argentina y colom- - . al asumir constitucionalmentt Mitre
t-iana. sostenidas por pueblos quc ellos la presidcncia de la Rcpublica Argen- como conjunto de naciones frente a las
ambiciones de Europa. La guerra civil y
l1abian redimido. Sobr.e figurar con de- tina.
La exaltacion de Mitre a la maxima social dcsatada en los Estados Unidos
l'Oro en las paginas de la Historia Uni.-ersal, San Martiny Bolivar --el Boli- magistratura de la Naci6n era doblc- vedaba a estos la 1dopci6n de Ja actitud
nr y el San Martin . estudiados por Mi- mente tras.cendental: lo era para ii y aconsejada por Ja Doc:trina Monroe. Por
trc-- echaron las bases de) ordenamien- lo era para el vasto pais deJ Sur. La otra pane, la Rcci6n nacional de la
1-o de la America nueva.
Argentina salia de un largo pqiodo de Union que acataba la autoridad consti..
De la America nueva ·Mitre tuvo in- trastomos y conmociones --en cUo r.e tucional de Jos propios Estados Unidos
formaci6n experimental, muy utilmente hallaba incluida la lucha ·de la civiliza- no contaba ·con la buena disposieion de
adicionada a la obtenida en intcrmina- ci6n contra la barbaric-- para entrar. Jos gobicmos del Orbe antiBlJo. Mexico
hies lf'Cturas. Corto trecho babia entre en queriendo1o Dios. en la ejecuci6n Juchaba contra el allanamiento de su tela suma de estos conocimientos y e1 de csfuerzos regeneradores y sal\•adores. rritorio por Jos francc:ses y contra el inacendramie-nto de las ideas americanas Ser agentc inicial de' ~mafia empresa tento de establecer en su suelo el re,ide Mitre. profundas y sabias.
constituia nada menos que una gloria. men monarquico. 'Republicas del PaciCima de las vicisitudes de su vida fico sufrian desmanes de a1cntes hispaAPTITUDES DE UN PROHOMBRE DEL era para Bartolome Mitre la presidencia nicos y sc hatlaban amena.zadas de una
ESPIRITU Y DE LA ACCION
argentina. A ella Ueg6 en una de las guerra con su antigua y extinta metr6Del destierro regres6 Mitre a la Ar· altemati\'as extrcmas a quc estaha habi- po1i. Esta dominaba de nuevo en Santo
gentina pot'1a peligrosa via de acciones tuado. Porque el var6n a la vez fcrreo Domingo por anexion de la -pane espa•
de guerra. bajo )as banderas despte,adas y s.ensibJe. un dia perseguido a sangre iiola de la Isla. Con raz6n de lbbra penpor lltquiza contra R.osas. Sobresali6 y lue10, y otro dia lle\'ado triun{almen· saba Mitre que asi se iriugraba lo que cl
en el f urso de Jos a,·ances de este mo- te en hombros de sus conciudadanos, denomin6 drama amerieano, cu,·o granvimiento libcrador, justamente cuando un dia bajo la amcnaza de morir herido dioso intercs anebataba ia los hombres
Q andiba por los treinta a.nos de ·cdad. en ta frente y de pie. y otro dia acari- conscientes det N uevo Mundo.
En el terdo de siglo qtc contaba MiSu participaci6n en aquello le depar6 ciado por -la gloria Jiteraria, prcsumia
C:tfdito singUl.at:A la cvideocia de sus que su destino siempre le habia reser- tre de vida consciente il i,o habia cesa·
aptitudes inteJectuales se aiiadi6 la co- vado sorpresas inusitadas. La presiden• do de hallarse en contacto cori el drama
rrespondiente a las del var6n de pelea. cia de la Republica. mayormente en las americano, ya sufriendo1o en su carne
T odo lo presentaba ya como un pro- circunstanc:ia entonces pre\'alecientes, y en su espiritu. ya experimentandolo
hombre del esp[ritu y de la ac.ci6n ..
era una nueva fragua de sus nobles en cxtranas tierras y en Ja propia. ya pc·
Mitre fue un cabal hombre publico. pasiones.
netrindose de ,u desarrotlo por medio
&
sere:;t-:,~
mas
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e ft "rt' Kttr·td::"" <~. · ",.. ~ ... -,
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.
pero que sea de la
que sea .• :.,.· -~leche en_ pol o
)>EN
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Lo leche en polvo DENI~ ··
es producida y envasada
en los Estodos Untdos por
M'' el procedimlento mas
.... __.,.,__.••Iii,!.. · · moderno y clentif ico.
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de lecturas asiduas y detenidas. )'a viendose envuelto en la inexcusable tragedia. De continuo examinaba las fases
de semejante drama. R.eflexionaba sobrc
las mancras de atenuarto y hasta e}imi·
narlo. EJ ·pre-claro hijo del Rio de la
Plata producia bechos· )' cmitia palabras que ii pudo condensar asi:
. - Argentina ante todo. mi gobiemo
ni dejari de ser americano y buen ve-
•
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.de Mitre tenia que ier, yrue, Sarmiento.
El drama americano existia al producirse la ,ucesi6n de Mitre por Sarmiento. Y con Sarmiento conlinu6.. Amuos
prohombres fue.ron mhimos eotrc pares. Bien lo entendi6 asi Marti cuando,
refiriendose a un acontecimiento publi-
•
~
CO quc
,!
IUVO
f
escribi6:
"'"Los padre
mejores j6ver
bra de grand
hab16 Mitre~
c:ino.
AVISO IMPORTANT
LA SEGUNDA PARTE DE UN
VATICINlO
CURSO DE RADIO, TEL:
: Y ELECTRONICA por CORRE
~.
EN ESPANOL
mas
Acentos tragicos --una nota
y
cruel del drama americano-afront6 Mitre dt:Sdc la Presidencia c:uando llev6 a la Argentina a una alianza
con el Uruguay ). el Brasil para_ hacer la
guerra al Paragua)'. Est.aha visto que il•
tan compenetrado con las vicisitudes
de la existencia patria. no pod ia excu·
sarsc de vivir en perpetua situacion con•
flidiva. Y asi fuc todo su gobiemo.
e'mpefiado en equilibrar las f uerz.as nacionales en busca de la 00nsolidaci6n de
la civilizacion )' la ruina de la barbaric. Asi, su administracion logr6 lo mis
y lo mejor a que ii aspiraba en prez y
provecho de la Nacion Argentina. Mitre
abrio y cerr6 gloriosamente un periodo
de grandes transf'ormac:ioncs matcriales
c inmateriales.
Sarmiento habia ·conc1uido un vaticinio cuya primera pane concemia a Mitre. en quicn se cumpti6. La segunda
parte era la que prenunciaba· la sucesi6n
del propio Mitre por el mismo Sarmien•
to. Y esta &egunda pane fue vista y vi•
vida por la Ar1entina el 12 de octubre
de 1868, cuando la banda presidencial
paso de las manos de Mitre al pec:ho :
del autor del Facundo. Nunc:a una con•
iinuidad fue lograda tan sin la voluntad coneurrente dr los interesados ni
con mayores provecho y honra para la
PatriL El mejor sucesor y cootinuador
mas
l
~
.a.tHda. H au propio idiorna4 la profui6n
ta el
*•
oportunld.adt1 flptfll\ a l'luutros Hlu-til&aftlU 111 los um.pc, de Radio. 1tle¥11i6n
ttlewi1i6n de p.r
otrH waliosos ,
nd10, leltvisi!n
atln SUJOS 11n C
ltftc:0!11
1·
oue au1ura IU futuro. Adauiera • butn con r1.tilldat1 y ,
e11npleo o instalt III propio 11\l!Sotio. "'',.. Ot peritos. 11stei:
J Uectr6ftlc.t .ln lcs [[. UU. , en
Hes1>1110-
. .,,1u NJ dtrn.Hd.11 ..,,entt GI Uc::fliCO$.
NO SE NECESITA EXPERIENCIA F
Muchos de nuestros estudiantes II.In lo1r1do empleo
propios negotios al terminar las primem leccionH i
.Sintra mientris aprende.
·
TODA LA CORRESPOHDO.CIA SE CONTESTA £l MiSMO t
r --------------Sr. Jorie Serbii de Cordoba. Administra:
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
1
Lincoln Institute. 170 Atlantic Square. S:
utim1do Sr. Serbii:
ltlOJ illteru1do en empuar WIii IYCrafiwl urrtr•
[ltclr6nic.a. Sir.au tftwiatfflt. 1i11 co111p,.,niso dt mi H~
(d&O Ootada dt la [ltc::tr6Aic," J toaa I.I iftlortn1c:10t1 t
acera tit au caru ea blfiA, 1&1trit.i6o. J l1ectr6'11c::1.
.
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Nombrt-----~---:-~--:-----:-
r Ilk! •w lttr11 Ot NI.:
D~ecci6ft.___ _ _ _ _
Cludl,111.•--,,.-·~--"!'"---"'I--:-:---:-""'!'--:--~-=
SinrH• e"Yiar t•fl\bittft informecion •
llocnbR:__._ _ _ _ _ _ _~
___
· ---
---------------
L Girted
�o•
.MJGUEUTO VALDES ... , ~_..··---·mos-·qu~·-IUCmlO==-af\l-c~.-..~--,--...,..,..,. ... -,' ,. 5 ,N......:a..;...~~. . ." ..... ··
•
·
CotuiallMin
J Ja,-ic:r Cu.pt).
St attma que los utaoidcs IOD las
.
•
.
Hizo Ira pdic:was a,0111:::amc:nW.J
~'-~· ;,
de b J)lanew ~ lwl dcsapatt,-_
def &!~"' Ocatle•'f fui m.
r· . - ~
&i.lonlo N11tt d Amor al I.ado de
"':,1:i o. Casi todas IOll' peqUCDOS J &ienaa
mucbc de Cuba, haaa Panama, ~itlli- Asuire. Rita Hayworth , ·Adolph Men·
~7,lo unas pocos a:nteoa.tcs cle meuas de
zoo m Wl bara> de Ja Do/Jiff' L.iae •
p.,.,nnnic11H , S,up,e,ue ju.DID a ·lltrr1-··d.iimeuo. Pao ouos miden de 32 a 6)0
· En Panmu lo ·querlan rccmbarcat P- Sullivan. Grabo Bal,a/,1 vci.Dtc YCCCL
kilomeum de c l ~ Giran ahecledarn. ?1ba, .per? d ~b.ajador H~aandcz
-De Baballi_ tm camp.\iiw imprcso- dcl sol CA 6rbitu qoe ~ R
Cata sc aptado del JOYCD campatnota J lo ns han vmdido aw de 10 milkma de cntue:DttlA amt b pla.acw Ju.p1rcr J
apadrif"";lo....a, que le pcn:niticscn qw:- . discos -GOS dice el -c:antaatr:-. Pero, Mane. Ocuion•Jmente aJ&u,Dos UUTOi,!cs
t1ane Ill. Edi6 otros 3 1nos en Panama, lube quc ambim se ha.a wcnd.ido den· de
ta.maDO se aa:t0III" . . . _ pom el l11h Union de Balboa, COfJlD c;antan,.
tDs de milla.rcs de discos C1DD compasiac,.. COS m..illooes de ki16D:.ettial de Ja Tiura.
te de J.a orqucsta de LMcAo Az.c.arraga.
acs mbs?
·
& rana fmma - ..._.. mv..adial um
-~gra,i. a ~~ m 1936 J aasquida
-Tu131, icualc:sl -:-,rccwiwnas. ~ uipulaci6n apacial »o&' 1b,Ddonu: la
c:mpeqe a trab.aJa.r con la orqucsa de b
no rccorcbmos aos numeros de Al propa atacl6n linw:la ·ell e1
o opamo de
Hnos. Castro. Dcbuti inaugurando el c... inspiraci6e.
.la luna para 1lep.r ham
uterOide.mas
.lino li~Jo-m Luyan6 --ncucrcb
-Tcngo 10 6 12 que lwl lido liu. a:rcano. Su aaye,, tcrit. -~-,eroso coMigudiio.
.
us D,mli~, h &Ila a ado. il.o igno- bete tipo NOVA (aaualai ·a eta·
Al aiio bubo problem.as dcotro de la rab.1? Es d tema deb c:ompana deI mismo pa de perfeccioswnicoto· pot la NASA}.
·. -orqucsta. Siete mwicm IC scpara.roo de
nombre. ~ que dia:: ~ los d.aodia.. Cua.ado b ttipu.la.Dres Ueguen· a ID des,.
· los Hnos. C.Utro J lormaron la wao awnita_ me estin ll.am:.Ddo. • ... Y m.ias tmc. remob..rh al u:eroidc pan uarlo
•e J. Pitt}·•. COD Guillermo Pon.cla mmo IOO Y• ao Al11rabr• "' £1trdll,, LmN. de 111 orbira J a.ituarlo CA au IW.e"V&
din:ctor. Nigu.elilo se fue con ellos. TcRum/Jen. us C0111po,,etlore1. Loco u ruta. Eno teda absoluWDftltc pasible
nim, un .,.,,eglim quc Jue.go ganaria nom-· Amor. Dolor Coh.ir,e. uwgo... Om porque el cobac NOVA tmdri cloc:e mi·
brc: UI Est.ados Unidos: Anselmo Saasa. · Los Dt,adies tit &II• f Los Comporu,o. 1Jones de libru ck empu.je. .
' 1Quc epoca aquelbr En welt.ts por ra pnc prcmias at b amavalcs habaLos t:ripulaatcs del cobetc regresarill
Puerto llico, Santo Domingo, Colombia. ncros..
·
a su base luD.tl mieatrU el ucroide IC
Venezuela, Arub.a,. Cura..z., J CciuroamlCuba.nisimos b numeros. fijeme m aproxi.ma .a 1a T~ma a ftlocidad c:spanrica, la Cuino Je Ii,. Put)·• y iu c:antmte. c.lo. La cubanidad c:ootir11la primando m
uu.. Los mheus oudea.rc:s que contra el
Aligwliio Valdes dicraa popularicbd can- Mipelito Valdes, a pesa.r de su wcinttna IC di5p.uen revenwio inofcrwvamentt
tincnta.l a nwncros como Bn,a Maig"'
de a.fio! Yiviendo casi acmprc m £stub m au supcrficic. El astcraide peilemri.
de Arscnio Rodriguez. Tobago dcl panaUnidos. Lo comc:ntamCII J el cqullo te en la a"t.mosfera m el hip: p.red.etc.nnimciio Fabrcps, Bt1biJ!u de Margaria Le- le hace cntusiasma:
naclo mmo uo mcteorito ,gipniaco para
cuon.a, 'N~gr11 Ltono. A.lnu1td,a. El Pu- . -;H«maDo, eso se Deva por dc:nttol esuelluse m la zona dd objetivo, es cle,i,o d~ 0/iluz. En Cub.a esaban a pupilo Sere cubano hasta que me mucra.
cir, en el ·contineme.objeti:vo""•
. en CMQ -la de 1a callc 25 cntte 6 J 8. la
iCau propia en Hollp,-~ grande.
Sc,gu.n clia Cole. el impaao encrgc·
primcra-, e11 cl ca~ret Carino tk u, PJ.. lujos:a? No impana. ~Cootratos sin des- cico de un meroide de 32 kil6meuo.s de
'" al priocipio y en d Casino N«irmlll canso del San Lorenzo a la Luisiana 'I diimeuo ·scria equivalc:rne al de ocho
dcspu&. A Mi~lito sc: le empczo a cono- de Maine a Californial El di.aero csti l,i/J.o,us de toocladas de TNT'.
·
ccr por cl titulo de un numcro quc 6 ahi, en cl Norte. iPtacnta.cioocs en £1..
Esta bom.ba-asteroide de ramaiio. mecanuba como nadic: le decian Air. BalNJ,i. pan.a, b lliviera Franccsa, la relevisi6o de diaoo basta.ria para borrar de la supeiE.so, ham 1940. £o 1940, Saas.a J cl , Roma. Milin y Munich? Ello no a &ia:: ficie de la Tierra a casr mda la Un.ion
dejaron Cub.a c m,·adicron Est.ados Uni. prdcriria podc:r a.nta.r en el Tropicam Sovima: 9Narunlmenre·. dice Cole, ""ai
dos; pcro Miguel y Sacasa toma.roo pronto )' por CMQ-TV de La Haban.a. Se ha ca- preswnimos que Ilu.sia dcsea.ria elim.itw
cada uno por propio rumbo 7 d primcro ado dos \'CCCS coo mujcr no cubana (pri· a los Estados Unidos con poco riesgo de
comcnz.6 cnscguida a amina.r por taTc- mer m~trimoruo: con Vera £skidscn. Pl· sufrir reprcsalias. mtonccs es razoa..able
oo firmc: Xavier Cugat,. d catalan de aamcfia, de quien tieDc 1m bijo quc d peasa.r que 1os sovic:ticos umbien esrunombrc grande en el Nor~ le. contrato ano prlwmo ya scra abopdo; qundo, diuiao la posibilidad de utili.J:u a est
como ca.ntu.1le de -&U orquc:sta.
con EJyaoc Hershfield. amcricana de pa- fin UDO de las asteroidcs mis pronmos.
dres franc:escs quc le ha cbdo una hija.
, i02 101a bomba-asteroidc qw: . hag::.
Migwliu, Valdes habta poco de los 3 hoy adolcsccntc), pcro ae Jc ,an los ojos impactO m Kentucky ·arrasa.ria .toda _l.::.
a.nos quc p.is6 ccm Cug:at y su orqucst1. tru las mujcrcs a.otillanas J no puedc evi- mirad oriental de 1os Estados UDJdos, LD·
tar cl rcquicbro cuando cruu por su lado du)~ndo las rc,gionc:s habitaclu des.d,
llccooocc quc CD csc ticmpo le fuc muy
u.na
triguciia de curvas hispanas. Aligwlito Boston a Miami.
_
bicn J quc con e.J 80)" SC dio I ma.occr'
Valdes siguc siendo m cu~no corno b
..P.a.rece probable que los ataelismo.
al Nortcamcria --canundo en las mcjor terremotos qu.c provoaria wu aplo
friiola ocgros y el· p.aarmole.
rcs teatros ,. hotcJcs, prcsc.otindosc duruY s.abc hacene sentir en cubano. para sion de cm magnirud rumb.a.ria • mdc
tc Wl aiio y medio ~ cl programa C11111~l
quc: no quepa duda de Ill scntimicatn. Lo 1os edificios d.cl C.Ontioentt de la Ami
. por NBC, ttabajando en Canada y m Hodcmostr6,
una YCZ mas. aquclla nochc en ria dcl None.. , las a:wemotos no sol
llrwood-, pc-ro algo succdi6 mtrc el ca·
el Liborio al cantar ununu, Cdino coo deruuirian
casra atli.ntia cle los Ef
ta.Ian J cl cub.a.no, pucs sc convinicron
cados Unidos. s.ino ra.mbieti a· aoa. p.
m ri,·ales an:isticos inCCODciliablc:s.. Fucra voz quc d dolor qucbrab.a:
Oh, Cuba hennosa, priman,s::a,
pant' de &tropa Oa:idmta1•.
lo que fuese, lo cicrtn cs que el aiollo le
por qul sufrcs boy tanto qucbrantD .. ·
Es cierto que algunas de bs arm.as de~
dijo acMs a Cugat J se hizo so/isU.. ·
Porquc Migwliio Valdes a. axno <i- aiw en este articulo puedca llegar
--Dcbutc como uJ c:n el Moc•,abo de
Ii.a Cruz Y Rolando Lucric; Cuba por ser antiCU1das cuando lkgut el mo.mer
Hotl)'lWO(I _J c;mte Juego CD u, Coag11
a.otonamas:ia.
to en que purdan scr emplcada.s. bit
~UC'\;a York. Mc llanu.ron dcl Cirtu
ror Jos Esudos Unidos o ·pbt la Unic
di Mexico. Cante CD el Tr«dero J cl
Sovittio. Pero mo 1.10 •i~ae al a.so. l
lfub Brow de Holl)'W~ ltecon{ de EL RA YO DE LA ....
Cot1Jit111Mio•
quc real.mcote cuem:a•es que el Gobi~:
pSlnta a punta Est.ados Urudos. . • Para d,:.
drlo al pocas palabras: me di cl pstD dcscribi6 ua metodo de dcstrucci611 qac. de las Estados Unicbs h.a c.omprcnd.ic
de quc me motrataran y p.agaran bic.n., ti fucra empleado 1010 una 'ft1. no de- al fin la importanci\ militu dcl espac ·
jaria mda m pie ea la Tierra. Cole dijo oismico. Pot la enorflc cantidad de pr
aNnD ~ _m _todos los lupres quc IID·
aes habia ;ru:omdo como a.ntantc de la que IC trara ckl ..empleo miliw cata· yeaos en persp«til'a, no d prohal:cli1mico de un utcroide·. Segwdamfflte quc las sovieticos logrm .tcanzar la 1
orquc:sta dd caalan ..
(iObscrvan· lo quc ~ ? & el describi6 la '"bomba astuoide" ••• Lo mu pcrioridad miliw en este am.po. ( Cott..
(Der,rbos ,, T,.J,mion 1>.n• BOH
pno ma que at.in se n::1ame al am- ttrrible a que es n.zonablc l)'D.W' que
em arma le eocuenu~ • la disposition J.UA UBRE S,or Tr,,,ltl'orlJ Fu:t11,
mJo, 18 a6os mas ta.rdc. va oculto an
abor de dcsquitc. Aigun dia a ~ de Rusi.a J de los .&tados Unidos ca S:,,ul.iuu).
re,v.w
"la
ao
�.-. . HORIZONTALES:
39.-i{ovme de un lado a otro:
40.-Prcposicion.
42.-Ca.rburo lla.mado hidruro de etilo.
44.-En el saosticismo, intdigr:ncia eter-
1.~u·e tiCG~· ttflcjos irisados.
7.-Alta.r.
8.--La.rva de las imeaos.
9.-Afila.r un instrumento coo Ja muclL
11.---C.UW de dcsagiie de la bomba.
13.-Monwia de Tcsa.lia. donde subi6
Hercules a la pita.
t 4.-Pwm, cingibcr~ mras scmillas
aromitia.s r de ubor mur acre J
estimula.nte se usan en mNicinL
16.-Aferesis de ahora.
18.-Metal precioso.
19.-Arbol lcguminoso de Veoemcla...
20.-Dc est.a mancra..
22.-Movimiento coovulsivo habinw.
24.--Arrebol. colorado.
26.-Insuumento i:si~sa.co. ,.de, vim to de
muy gri':.dimcnsioncs.
28.-Dc}
YCl
ual'.
lDJDO.
.
doodc sc abtcvia . el a-
29.~da.
,
.
22
,-__ .-!L-" ' - - ~ ~
-;, .~trau;;IUIL -....;.,~ - . :-
53.-Termioac.ion de dim.inuavo.
S4.-Yuaquc pcquciio de platerO.
55.-Ave, a.mar.
5 7.-F.mbusre. mmpa.
SS.-Percibit el sonido.
59.-Avc z:ancuda de la America del SU,J'.
61.-Nombre feml!'llioo.
63.-Arbol .upoticeo de Cuba. ·c1e made-
n c:ompacta..
65.-.AprnderL
66.-Embustero, uampaso.
VERTICALES:
.
31.-llio de f nncia.
na CffdD..MU de la divioidad suprema.
45.-Porcioo considerable de auevc que
a.c de uo.a· sola YCZ.
"9.-Amot mfermizo.
50.-Aawn.
51.-&ile aodaluz.
··
'
• ·-
-
33.--NepOOD..
35 •.:.....Fecha, momeoto m que succdio un
becho nor:ablc.
3 7.--5ociedad Bcoefiea. ( inc).
1._:_Meul precioso.
2.--CW. de reaeo el~p.oce.
3.-Papagayo.
6.-0ficial del cjercim· mrco.
7.-~oa.
..
SOLUCION Al CRUCHiRAMA ANTUIDI
�EL CRIMINAL •••· ...
~
I
.... ...... -,,... • .,..:;.-.---...... ,-...--.....-.L.------4
a
s;ha, pcro
sepia pt"tguowwio. Por
apliquc.
- Yo est:aba bien ea mi c:asa., des-
Cos•udo,,
"
u anima,h.-mior1. ·eoruieso que clrtA..)
1os D.ireclOrlos Tclef6nicos. Son ac:esi•
_,ue el aW'icular. disque '... ocurri6
nmcnte gruesos. J)CUD 'mucbo J jamas aquello. •• Woeet n:ttanas IUl a:pw:a•
uno C'DCUentta en ellos lo que busca. cioo aJguna quc hablabaa rem.as que DO
Pero lo consuhc. En el telefono que JO enn de mi incumbmcia.. J por fin ....
embi. llamando. Quise calnwme. Ha li- el telcfono qucdo fCl'IOw c::omo llQ cadado una coau:io~ a s a r i . Volvi ver. E senor me inquiti6:
·
a llamar. Mi
cificowefono 1e ttans,uaed
11am6 al depana.mt:nto cle
formo m
rrid.a plazuela dondc le Quejas1
owi las mis txuaii.as voas:
Coofese que DO. Agttpe..
- iMaternidad? Por &~r, que ~
-Siemprr esta ocupado RIUD me
mujer va a dai a luz. o«es1t0 un me-- ban dicho.
.
.
dico. iEs urgente! - y despues se. oyo
Habta una 1uz que me daba dirccu·
la voz qut gritai.. - J'eresa aguanra. mmte ea Im ojos. El nsro de la ofiqlWlts un poc0w no des a luz ahora.. acina estaba. a oscuru. Aqucl bombtt me
pera at doaor!
minba con ojos peneuaor.es y me inteOtru •oas decian:
nogaba. La <ttrdad: aeali que me C!Sla.•
-iMi -.id.a, n.mos • it al cine hor? ban someticndo a UD me.er grado.
- Buen0w hija. ·Di sabcs quc Isabel
- ,Ust~ apera el 1DDO de disar
siemprc fue asi , el ~ido es cl unia> c:uando llama?
que oo sabe aada.
- ,Usted lo ape.ra? 1Conteue la 'l'U•
- i1'-larernidacl! iAguanu Teresa!
clad! ·iNo puede mentin:ne!
Czeyeado quc desvariaba mlgue. Vol·
- iUSU'd ace o em seguro? Hable.
vi a dcscolgar l' cstuvc otro largo nto cuentemc. cfjp lt. 'ftf'dad!'
escuch.ando voces cxuaiiu. La ulti ,na vez
Senti que ,enia la carne de' plli.na.
C:
•.-L-"' :
la voz gnI.&Oa
- iVuon, cs varon!
11na
I
. Enronces .. qud hombre pwo
c:zpttsi6n IC'Vr:ra r sc pa5t6 por la esuncaa
Musite.
mirandome acusadora.meote. De subito
- fdiddades.
-~ dttuvo J torm.ndo el cordon dcl 11':Es~rc un
Quise tencr fe en mi
lcfono me esper6:
telefono. Alce el auricular y no oi oada..
- iCu.ando usted habla por tclcfooo
Era un silencio frio. aterradoi, mmo el aaso DO toma el cordon ui J lo U:tuer•
de una ciudad atacada por bombas de cc ui r lo dobla J dtsdobla de: .csta ma·
hidrogeno. Mire m.i u:?cfono. lo toque_ or:ra?
lo golpee primero par, haccrlo .revivir,
Con manifiesta J cruel frialdad codespues con furia !oca. Pero el telefono meoz6 a tttorcer despiadadamenre el corDO di6 de 11. Es.tab.a como mueno.
don dcl tclefono. Con la m.i..wa me qaFue ~tonces quc i:-resa de una furia
rr6 a mi el bra.zo 'I tctorcicodomelo me
,
indescriptiblc me diri,;i • la C.Ompania dijo:
de Tcl~fonos. Un.a senorita me recabi6.
- i Le gum.ria que le q:a.rraran a us·
Le comuniquc que era suscriptor J vetcd rl bruo J 1e lo ttt0rcieran asi?
nia a •er al . admin.istrador de la comEmiti un sordo gcaudo. No habia
paniL Me dijo que esperarL Me prr·
llegado a l'elarccrme el bruo pcro yo
gunto mi nombu:, mi direcci6n. mi pro.
Jo senti. Entooccs su apres.i6n a.mbi6
fcsion ' un sinnwnero de datos mu. f me dijo:
Despues se qued6 arregliodose .w uiias.
- El ~lefono es algo muy clclicado.
Yo esperaba Ueno de paciencia. lo que qut siente. que sufrc. que padecc todo lo
me enfu.recio mas fue vcr que aqudla
que- ~ Jc hate. iNo Jo mmpreodf!? Debc=
m:reu.ria llam6 pot telefono la.s veccs
tratar)o con dulzura.
quc Jc di6 1a gana y ni una 10la vc2 le
Yo ttate de protesta.r quc s61o h.abia
fall6. Yo le inquiri al V'trla:
•enido a qucjarme de qut mi tclefono
- iSrta.. DO O}"C ustcd ruidos ni YO. oo funcionaba.. pcro el coatinu6 implaablc:
·
as cttrafiu en el tclefono suyo?
Mc rcspondi6 quc no J sigwo· hablao- lid. fueru el dedo m el disco. US·
do con una am.ip de medias de nylon tc-d fuerza el mueUc. n:ruerc.e el cordon.
- y de uo joven mu? mono segun cl.la •
maltrata ,u ccJcfooo. lo tin. lo fucrz.a.
quicn llamabao Pupo. Por fin me manlo dana.. y Jc ha.cc asi 1pnrc! r le pane
daron a pasar a una oficin.a lujosa. Na- el coru6n.
turalmentc alli tambicn habia rclefonos
C.OOficso que gemr de dolor, qur por
y ~n 11n.1 pared se veia uo mapa tck-- todo mi ser se ab6 un horrible senti•
fonico con bombitlitos quc se enccodian miento dt' culpabilidad. Me inquiri6:
f apagaban inei:plicablemente. Habia car-No es cimo que cuando no le co,.
1eles quc d~"'::"'.f'EUOTE POR TE- munico usred riro el telcfono coo furia
LEFONO. .tiANDE SUS MENSAJF.S solrc-andolo ,in piNiad alguna?
POR TELF.fONO. Pero cl que me inGrite 101102.ando:
dign6 fue fno que deda: EL TELEFO-Si. si, conlieso. confieso, lo m.a.1NO ES Stt. MEJOR At.UGO. Pense en antc. le b.iet prac. k tttorci cl cordoo
'el mio. ~idor O "n1oquecido subita• r le pani los muelles.. le rompi m pt·
meinre por ilBUn• t:squizofrcnia inapli- queno corazon metilico. soy llll aimi•
a.ble. Aqucl .. no~ .,ni ami,go. Entr6 ml, un criminal ttlef6nico!
DC!'Sde aqud infausto dia no puedo
an.a muchacha y ni siquiera me miro.
· Por fin entr6 un Sciior scguido por otra mirar a un telefono sin nr a un ser yjv0w
· quc permanecio en las sombras sin ha- pero aun . no he poclido quita.rme la
blar. EJ .seiior me ioquiri6 mi nombrc impresion cit' qut" co su apareore inocui•
y mi nu.mero de rclefono. Yo ciueria ha- dad poseco una pcn·ersa .malignidad que
poco.
82
d n~--~- b
momentoa ·~ quemii'ias t ::·:·~ ! · ··
Har esos de la oUe. qae .·:. :. ~:
las diez <alt.ff~ No pmlo· .: .. ~
afirm
R Ii a qu.e estoJ dena- 1 ,. •
riando; ·pcro a weces CD SUS ducm y en
.;,
IU5 bocinas Degas me ha patc'Cido wer •. ~-" -an.a nttana apresi&a de risa ha.dona · · cuaoc:lo me ban llnado mis· dicz c:im1avos.. Pero p mis nuac:a podre . haa:r- ~ .
·.
<:
Jes nada porque 10f qna boeaa .FCJ*:d!C
qut ~ mnvini6 en aim.iml
r ma
• l1llO de cllos. Ni auA b
GI ,. ,
rosados o am.arillos r wudes me
Soa pcrversos J nos odim..
nan.
funcionan solarnco~ ,Para
Ju notk:ias. Ahora. CDQ el T ckw,
l
fluenda m.alevola pacck c:zteodcne
cl mundo cntrm. Debe.mm cst&r. pn:ve,. .
nidos.
· .:!': ·
•
..
BARTOLOME. MITRE ••
~ ·.
.
'
~
eo-,;,,...,, .. -
suya. mquteta. audaz y mistcriosa'._
LA MARAVILLA DE UNA VIDA
Dcsde su nacimiento hast.a la ......
ci6o de la Presidencia vivi6 Mitre unos
cuarenta aiim.. Otros cuarenta a.nos Yi-vi6 desde que dej6 la Presidencia hasta
que ces.a.ron sus emincntes servicios a la
Republica Argentina y. en consecuencia, a la America sumida en todo un
drama. Tales servicios f ucron 1os provenientes de ,us experiencias de estadista.
de sus ejcmplos de c:.iudadano integ&f'i..
mo y de su preemineocia intelectuaL
El que, de adolescente, habia aprovechado sombritas de la Pampa para
enriquec:cr ,us conocimientos. s.iempre
a\·aro de ellos.,. di6 cima en la madurez
a obras tan esencia1es como Ja JI.is.
toria del Geaera1 Saa Martin, exposicion permanente de las grandez.as de '
f undadores de la Republica Argentina
ror el ~guidos en la pcrcnne lucba de
la ci,·iliz.aci6n contra la barbaric.
_
La muerte de Banolome Mitre. en
t 906, no H"C6 la fuente de sus creacio-
nes. Su inmaculada probidad habia sido ·
premiada por el pueblo rioplatensc con
la donaci6n de una casa en el coraz.6n
de Buenos Aires, y el prcmi6 a sus COD·
ciudadanos dejando por disposici6n de
uhima "oluntad aquel pr~nte a 1os
llamados a pcrpetuar Ja imitaci6n de su
vida. El cgregio historiador seguia ha•
cicndo y escribiendo la Historia, lf,rea
que habia de durar por los sig1os-de )os
5iglos.
.: ;
Mitre conocao y vmo el d$ma americano. Por atenuarlo bre,:6 4m el brazo, 1· con el cerebro. y con cl coraz6n.
La Pf!~tuidad de SUS pens.amicntai 1·
scntim•entos estuvo ascgurada des.de Jos,
dias en que sc acredit6 como un obrero
de la Historia, labrando la maravilla de
una vida.
j
,'•
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. -~ ..
11
ARJL~T
.LT.Lt"\.
-
,i.i., .... •
Gti
eo.,iltllllaO•
•
~ a:"pU~dones ban sido. ha.st.a ahon,
amausfaaotlll. Pe1cr Lawford dice que- B
.. la 1la.roo a las siete_-la .noto d~rimida. la
·. · iovito a cenar con su sccreta.ria Pat Newcomb, pero Ma.ril)'D F#.ki6 use a dormit.
E hijo de o·
. ·- ..... icn la Uamo
para coowle ue habia decidido no ca·
sarse: Marily lo felici16 por esu. decision
de esperar un. poco mis 1.1.ues del maaimoaio. Pero ~ogu.m. de esw dos conver·
saciones indica una ioclinacioo al suicidio.
. Queda m ~oi.ll. el nombrc de
Jose Bolanos, el esciitor mexiano de qwea.
· ae dice quc Ma.ril}·o C'Stlba enamor•·
da.. ,Marilyn fue en .fcbrcro a Mexico
J conoci6 a BoWios. Poco ·despucs cl la
aigui6 a Hollywood. Marilyn c:omcnz6 a
salir con el: mmpr6 um asa de estllo
·maici..oo y empezo a amuebla.rla con
muebles origin.ales que le enviaban de
'
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D E T O D o· S
EL ·pR· IM ER o
Mexico. En su mente bullia el proyccm
de hacer um. peHcu la co Mex:Co: al pal'CC'Cl Bolanos uab:ijaba en el libret0.
Muchos dicco que solo lffli.J.D Ulla r!·
laci6n
neaocios J quc la pdicula ua
lo unlco quc los uoiL Pero Jorge Ba·
rragin, el abogad<? de Bolanos, afirma
quc Muil1n pla.ncaba casarsc coo. Bola·
iios en su cas.a de Cuern.avaca, el 15 de
Septicmbrc. Habia.:1 bablado, inclusive:
con el juez Eduardo Castaneda para que
celcbrara la boda. La madre de Bolanos.
en Cuero.avaca.. n.ie_ga quc le hubieran
-consuludo csos plar.u::s. Pero las peril>.
•. d.icos de Maico llevari cintillos quc di,, cen "Muilyn K mata por un m~iano·-.
. E silencio persisrcnte de Bolanos le
.: da cierta ~na a los rumores de que su
. ~ · oegativa a la boda fuc uno de los &c. - t0rcs de .. b dcpresion de Marilyn. Un
clectricista.. Billy Walter, cuenta que re,.
grcsaba una ncxhe en su camion cuando
ae
una ~bia le pid.i6 que le a..!elanu.ra u.aa.s
cuadru lwta su ca.sa: el IC asombr6 al
•er que era M.arilyo J ell.a le conles6 al
a.nciaoo _obrcro que habia alido a pa·
seat a pie. pues estaba 10la r triste des·
de que la dejo uo hombre quc amaba.
En una floreria dc Los Angeles un desconocido quc responde • la desaipcion
de Bolanos compr6 50 d6la.res en rosu
J .las cnvj6 al vdorio sio · mis identificacioo que un veno de Eliz.abeth Brown·
in,g: 1le cuanw ·ma.ncra.s te amri.•••Pero Bolanos ·pudo scr un roman~
mas en un.a vid.a dedicada desesperada•
mentc a la bu.squed.a dcl hombre· ideal.
El prim~r esposo de Marilyn. Jam Dous·
bm:y. etaba. muy lcjos de scr la pedec· .
ci6n soiiad.L Dilrao._tc la gucrra. ·1abor6
en una f ab · con llobert Mitchum y
rl ~or
quc Dougncrty sc vanaglonaba c enando enue sw compancros
una foto
su joven esposa desoudL
Marilyn no podia resistir a un hombre ui. &cap6 a Hollywood y K' cncon- ·
u6 aun coo--~11::1czquiod.ad. Se rna·
mor6 del director· musical Freddy Karger, pen> el DO ll' qui.so asu COD eJla
porquc J.e. parecia que la rubia no ~ra
madrastn ideal para los hijos de ·IU primer matr~onio. Karger se as6 dcspues
COD la acmz Jane Wyman: Marilyn nun.· ca olvid6 ate fraa.so amoroso.
n:-
.·
.....· ..
'
cl molo• cafe .·
lustelo Coffee Roa1tin1 Co.., Inc..
935 lrona River A.,..nue ·
lronx 72, N•w York.TS.. n-1..e,ao
•olvi6 Joco poi ell&. Johnny
H)·dc. cl 1gente de estrcltu quc la impulso hacia la cumbrc. Johnny e.rt fco J
viejo, pe:ro Marilyn le ttnia mucho a·
rino. Cuando muri6, ala IC lament6 de
nuna habene querido ca.s:.r con-cl. Varios magnates • la ayu claron en su ca.rt"era. pci:~o Muilyo siempre dnoiintio que
sosruv1era romances con t:Uos. Ni el poderoso Joe Schenk de la Fox. ni el im·
perioso Howard Hughes ttpresentl,J'Oll
Lucgo
IC
n.ada mis qu, pcJdaiios co su a.rren..
Se ena.moro de Di Magio ,. IC 'a.so
con cl, pero el atlr:ta era un hombre scnci IJo, incap.az de comprendcr . las ansias
de culrura de su mujcr. Eo bu.sea de es•
u culrura fue cuando se
coo Arthur
~filler. Despues .de manteqcr ar•n mu•
usmo 10brc. Marilyn. Miller ha dcduado m w primcra eouevista completa
despues de la muenc:
.
.
- Ella hubiera oeccsir.ado uo milagro para subsistir. £1 mundo del cine cs
duro. Ella no cs la primcra en huodirsc.
.Cuando se
conmiBO no estaba list.a
para rerirarsc: era demasiado_ ·jovcn , CS·
uba a~n muy f:D d~m:nda.. No put:do
saber 11 bubo un peraodo en su Yid.a en
qu, la arasuofc hubiera podido t.'9itarsc: eso eDJ:ra u el piano de las conjcturas. No 1oe s.i tcncr un hijo la hubicra
uJvado: es un.t. pregunta tt6rica. He Yisto milagros ••• pero la -.ida a dcawiado
complcjL
·
. En rcali~ad1 Miller no tuYO la pacieno.a nccesana para aw asado- con WI.I
esuclla: bay que ad.m..itir quc eso es cliliciL Muilrn nunca pudo llep.r real·
a.so
ca.so
lepre ..•te••
• aa.- ·
M. P. Garcia & Co..
700 N. E.. 1st. Ave .. Miami, Fla.. . ·
I_.
mcorc a cl: Ma.rilya n«csita.ba C'OftSWl·:
tc att"0~6n a ~ hara.. A Di Maggio , ,'
lo acuso de acJUla para ,·er beisbol eo : , ··
la
a Miller lo culpo de amentane \\ .
dcuas de un libro. Cuando sc prese:o.to
1:";
Ives Montaod era su
•id.a.
COD
sus asru-
cias de lr<iuaor a Ja fnncesa. la mududu hambrieoa de ateDQOA a .om6
loca por el
Monwid us6 de Marilyn para satisfa.:
err su vanida.d y su ansia publiciwia.
Cmndo termio6 de falma.r eon el~ la
planto friamenre. Su m.auimooio
Miller r• cstaba desuuido: ya los un.ia solllmente el compromiso de fiJmar -inada.ptados... Al tetmioar la pclicula. et·
mino oficialmcntc el m.atrimonio que csuba. liquidado tiempo atti.s.
Se hablo entonces de un romance COD
Sinatra. Pero el ha dicho que la sac6 nrias ftaS porquc tenia compui6n 41c
aqut Ila pobre mujcr sola · J abandooada..
Sinatra tcoia una deuda moral con ).fa.
ril)·11. Ahora que todos habla.o dcl gran
amor de Di Maggio. muchos .ban cdvidado su ~riodo de celos n.biosos_ cuando derrumb6
pueru de un ;hotel-para
atrapar a Marilyn en 11.D& si~ci6n com·
prometida J ponerle una gr ·e clcmanda d: divorcio. Sinatra acom aii6 a Di
Maggio en aq~U. m.a.lhadada. excursi6a:
ellos se equivocaro.n de puertita enuaron
en cl cuuto de una sciiora c!escooocid.a
J tuvicroo ~uc pap~ un capital para quc
no les pusaeran pleno por allanamienro.
Dcsde cn_tonces. Sinatra esraba apem.·
do COD Marilyn. Cua.ndo 1a Yio YCDCid.a J
coo
!•
Coflli•lill n J.
tMli""
a9
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_____
A NUESTROS LECTORES . ·
.
destinada a esta secci6a de~w ilir~da
La Correspoodeocia
BOHEMIA LIBRE PUEB.TORRIQU
E,tificio
y, Puerto lli
Asociaci6D de Maestros.. Apartado·1sn. Hato
e5 Fidel Castro, cl
Capone cu·
bano. No me explico ~ a l l a
logr6 enga.6ar al pa~i6t~co pueblo cu-
mo
bano.
·
:.
·
·
Soy un humilde puertorriqueiio pero
distinguir UD patriob: de Wl pandilJero y no me escudo tras la p)uma. Sc
que en Pueno Rico hay unos cuantos
(idclistas pero son todos unos canallas.
- JOSE COXZALEZ •J.fACIUTO,..,
Barriada Cbt~ Caguas.. ..
~
. i .!..,
•,4 I
"'...
~
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11
•
.\:"',(...:..··~ _,. . . .µr. Josi PtL
Torra.
: - ~ i::·. para .npla"ltn .,.· pla• cl•
•. ~ ·-:-_:, _i.: cW.11 ·como
;. Ji?~:_ ...:·:·~ .;· ·: ·.
-
·""
r
...
··,
wniao-
el que IIIUIJ..,. ••••
.
..
.•
;: :·· · Sr. Pizzi· Galindo: Solo unas
.. ~ ,'.:.. lineas para agradeculr el desplie. ~- .. pt dado en el ultimo numuo
!.:-":". de BOHEl\IlA • 12s dedaraciones
..:.;'-:! '. que di· a UDO de SUS ffpGr1HOS
,· >~ sobre el tema -del letanos y la
~. ;..,-.. connnirncla de efe-ttuar an ,.,...
. , . _ . •£1'81tll de Y8C_!)D1Ci0D COD mi.ras
":' ~ . • nitar la incidencla de tan leni;· • • ble maL , :
t
.....
II,
Destaria, no obstanf t, apro•e;'."..: · dlar esta opor1unidad para ada•
.· ·...·.\~ nr dos puntos que podrian pres. : -· · aarse • dud.as RSpttfo a cual "
.. - . mi poskion sobre la vacunadon
. :, · · de obreros. La primera rs la cita
.· que apana debajo de mi rotogra-~
fia.. Esa dta ltt como sigue: "los
~.: · patronos debierao exigir a sus
~ .: . obreros el ttrtificado de "acuna~ " .: d6n. contra rl tetano anles de
, ·. · ~ · tnabajo•. La agunda dice
. .r·i: "el ao~iemo ~ebiera - ~
[ '
..,...
\ .
......:.
..
.
.
. Ue pareceria lojusto f11H • · _ :· ;
· -ebrero no pudiese obtener tralJa. .. !~~
jo si no purcte. mostrar uD certlf"t-~.--~~-..i
c:ado de Y~unaclon a meaos flUC~ ~~; ..;
.1a Union • la cual perteDP.tt. asi' .. :~~"'
· lo nigie"'· de ·antemano: No po-.\~-:
· dr&a. pues, r.;tt0mtndar lo que la_-.':~ :
tita mr atribuye.. Si crto que cada ~..: ·=· .':
lndMduo debf •ilar por ms
pios lntenses y seguridad y que '\.:::
las agrup,ciones, sremi• o aaio- ~ . •
. nes obreras debieran tomarse la ~ ~ .." _
lnklati"a de desarrollar una cam- f • ·.' :
paiia seria ,.- efertiva para que
asodados protegiesen adecuacta:,·2·: '. ""·_
mente A salud mrdiante la YIICII· ..: .· ;'.'~
aacion tc>Dtra el titanos., No~-(. _-:
ntucho H las cos.as que bay que ;..'· : ":
· hacu por l"ud legislati,·o y, fnm- , . ··, ·-::
ramrnfe, ·prtfuhia \'er que las ·~ · . ·.
uniones ebreras por su cuqta, · :
busquen el c:ooc:urso dtl Se-pro··: }\'.
del Estado. del Dtpartamento tie_· · · · ~
Salud o def organismo oficial que ·, · ,. ~
corresponda para implantar un · \ ..
plan de Tacunacion' como el qae · ~ . ~;
sugiero. Los medi~os colaboraria- ~ . . ~
mos en la forma arostumbrada
COD un ·proymo meritorio de tal · ~-· .
·naturalcza. - DR. JOSE M. TQ- .,·.·.
RRES, presidrnte de la A.soda-':· .-·
cion Medka de Puerto Rico. : · · ·
i
pro-_·.>-~
ms: ·->~~
.:<.
. ..::~ :.,: i.'. ~
~
ri
•
.:
•'SON- .._.......,..
TODOS
....... ··- UNOS CANAlLAS" - etc. • • Por todo lo quc habl6. se nota
Director:
una tranYnision escu- que hoy Cuba ·es un pais de hambre.
chada poi mi recientcmente. &&Radio Pero afirm6 tcner aviones modemos,
Habana" ofreci6 una 1rabaci6n de Fi- armas en abundancia y la solidaridad
del Castro. conmemorando el 26 de Ju- de Jos paases comunistu. Lo quc de.
lio. T odo un d;!.:urso de lamcntaciones: muestra que Cuba &e encucntra hajo
d bloquco, Ja invasion, los sabotajes. Ja bota de pandilleros. cuyo jefc mlli·
.....
En-
~
~-------....,_..._..__.;...c.._._~,h"'~.-'.-......:...:......,_~ ... ·- .
EN DEFENSA DEL HIPISMO
Seiior Dittdor: Despu& de leer en
su muy leida rcvista el intercsante re•
portaje hipico hecho por su redactor
Elmo Torres Perez.. pennita.me feJici•
tarle calurosa.mcnte a usted y al senor
Torres por la hospitaJidad brindada al
pueblo en las co1umnas de BOHEMIA
LIBRE PUERTORRJQU~A.
Es un iridic:e muy halagador para 1os
fanaticos hipicos en particular, y para
cl pueblo en general, el que una revista
de la circulacion de BOHEMIA com·
compruebe una vu mls su gra.n im·
parcialidad _Y alto valor pcriodistico.
Con el testimonio de mi vi\•a simpatia por la oponunidad quc SC' nos brinda a los puenorriq ueiios de con tar con
una revista de tan alt(!S quilates pcriodisticos y mi admiracion por. Jos hombres que realizan labor tan mcritoria,
qucdo de usted atentamentc, -LUIS
ENRIQUE MARRERO, San Juan.
LAS TRANSMISIONES DESDE
JAMAICA
mas
Stnores: Mis felicitac~onet
sinceras por cJ esfuerz.o q\le han rea1iz:.ado
para traernos directamf nt~ dsde J amaica los acontecimientos
sobresalien-tcs de las Olimpiadas d 1962. Con ello,
BOHEMIA LIBRE PU RTORRIQUEJtlA ha colmado de 5:1risfacci6n el anhelo que sentiamos todos
deportistas
puenorriquefios de estar junto a los
nuestros en tan imponantes comretcn·
cias. Gracias..
RUBE,.~ RAMOS,
Catano.
[jas
Jos-
�Jii
./9
-J.A DIFICIL SITUACION EN QUE~
E.NCUENTRA EL CUBANO EN \ ..
JAMAICA
1
...
.,.LA UNICA IATA QUE HAI
De ana cart• de La Habana: _
· "Con la aueva jornada de •erano
las tiendas abren a las 12..30 p.m.
y demm. a las 8.30 p.m.. Los empleados se tuman a las 2.30 J •
las 6.30. Pero ni eso ·Yale de aadL
E dia que se inklo dkha joraada
fui por curiosidad • nr rimo en
el comienzo. A las 6.30 de la tarde
ya DO habia aasi publico a las 0Uts de La Rabana. A.sf a todos
los dias. Pero. daro, tiene que su
asi. No bay nada que comprar.
Entre a una de bs tiendas lndan;
en ~H.ac siempre hubo ropa muy
. corriente, pero mucba canlidad y
varitdad. Quise ana bata de casa
,. la iinka que habia me qutclaba
corta. Como no habia otra no pude
comprarla. Fui a Fin de Siglo a
comprar una caja de poh·os y me
infonno la depeadienta que DO teaia poh·os de ningun color, marca
DI n:ada; n esa ticoda no hay una
. sola nja de polvos. Comprc u
~·
Distinguido compatriota: Esta cana
va dirigida a usted con el proposito de
su publicaci6n para aclarar ante todas
las persona.s co
·
.,.la .-dificil si- .
tuacion en qu e enc n ra el cubano
en Jamaka.
inconcebible c6mo per·
sonas que has ayer pertenecieron al
comunismo Hegan a Jamaica en busca de
asilo, son bien 11cogidos y en menos de
una semana est.in en Estados Unidos,
mientras que aqui..r.D..J.a.maiea, cubanos
con todos sus pape~ esperao residencia y Ucvan huta cinco meses espe~ando sin saber el motivo de su demora.
Y.;,, por ejemplo. perteneci al Ejercito
Constitueional de Cuba. y participe en
las mas feroces luchas que tuvicron lugar en Trinidad, Topes de Collant~s..
Fomeolo )' Placetas. en Las Villas. cuando de Y6rdad se necesitaba ,·a1or para
pelcar. 'Pude salir de Cuba despuei de
diez meses de demora. Hace nueve semanas que me encuentro en Jamaica,
espera de poder Jlegar a Estados Unidos,
cosa que no he logrado (ignoro los mo••cORREMOS El RIESGO DE
tivos). Al igual que yo. muchos cubaSenor: En la ultima BOHEMIA. en
nos se encuentran en la misma situa- la sccci6n de Tamargo, sali6 un coci6n y sin rccursos economicos. Jmagi- mentario sobre Alpha 66, o sea un
.nensc ustedcs lo que significa tres o grupo de valientes cubanos disp:..aestos
cinco meses en Jamaica con doscien· • no esperar por mas nadie para libcrar
tos dolarcs para todo. Des3stroso. Es a Cuba. Aqui va la dircccion de ellos:
doloroso para todos Jos cubanos que cs· Apartado de Correos 9791. Santurcc:.
en Jamaica el no poder 50C0rrerr Puerto Rico. Las contribuciones monelas necesidadcs econ6micas de nuestros tarias las administra un Banco, para
familiares en Cuba. cosa quc desde aqui evitar las suspicacias humanas m cua.nes completamente imposible. Hacemos to al dtstino de los dincros reca·udados.
- uta carta con objeto de que se pub)ique A estas alturas en que nucstr~ patria
y que pcrsonas conscientes como usted 5e desangra bajo la bola roja, .Jos _cu•
y el Prcsidentc del Consejo Revolucio- banos no podcmos scguir esperando por
nario Cubano, Dr. Jose Miro Cardona.
nadie para la liberacion. Ni los ~elj..
aclaren la dificil situacion de )os cuba- nos ni los chipriotas esperaron por n.adie
nos ante person as rcsponsab lcs del go- para liberar a 5U patria. Esperar por los
biemo americano. Respetuosamente. cxtraiios para la guerra n una jugada
A. C. N~ Kingston, Jamaica. - P. D.: muy peligrosa.. pues ·corremos cl ricsgo
No pongo mi no(l1bre por temor a re- de quedarnos sin patria. Si los cuhanos
presa Has con mi f amilia en Cuba. (En
le dimos a Fidel millones de pesos (8()..
esta Revis.ta tenemos su nombre y direcHEMlA s6ta recaudo una gran canticion).
dad), ;,par que ahora no ayudamos con
en
tan
.
PAlUDISMO Y .FIE8RE AMARILLA
PEUGBO PA.BAU. ULCI>
-compaJiero. en la calte Patria F 20 dt Ma,
JD, detril dd Estacbo L a ~ bay VD
~ c:uerio de U 6 lC casu n las que ha·
lliitan aproximadamtnte 2Cl n.inaf._ F'rffllt a est.as
~ndu existe un pantano tonnado por un •
lJunamm '1 )!i.nisterio de Salud Pub1ica
sarue.
e hkiel'on I D \ ~ · -. .
tanco u...a.mlnando
cont~ el drmm dirt ll'ICISQUito tra,mir.nr
di! la
o a.marilla. I.Jamamos des-puik a UN
t.ad6n Pilato df Qbra.s Publicu,
~
todiat&mente. 'l/k!1'an el pu.ta.no y di·
~ lnmtdiltalnfflte. Plito
)l!rari . .but.a
...~ le ba b!dlo. Considen.rnol
~
Ql.l!t
fitlpaludica
e,t
·Cll!O
atme:ion-.
p!an~Pado nQl&ieff una lll'lfflte,
i..;., .._......-,;,...
.
-
J~. Ra.IHI 5.ineha:
tinklad O!Mi '"'Au,=usto Cnar Sud.,,o•
Patria 7 20 ct,, Ma)"O
• D euo por h aprfllllaalt> .,...., m, - el IJl,rartameat• c e ~ t e . .
ala4Wlo
poi
~·~/':-. -:. J
--!
pomo de perfume J el
an aombre, pcro contient otro
fume y no tenia caja protect ;
entonces mf' lo pusieron ea
ajita de fantasia. Quiero
41ue cl Consolidado de la Ind
de Jaboneria ,. Perfumuia esti . .--...... ,... _
dendo un:a sob clase de perfume J
lo cn,·:asa en el frasco que leap.
Lo mismo 5i es dt un caro perf...
me f rances como si es de una coloaia barata del pais. Eso sl. el f11Je
R eD\11Sa en el frasto franccs le
cobra caro y el otro barato; eDos
eobran el f rasco, DO el contmido;
porque, total, el coate.nido ts an.a
hasura... - IR!tlA. La HabaDR
QUEDARNOS SIN PATRIA" . -· millones o miles
estos valientes de
Alpha 66 y a los que ne-cesitan annas
-urgcnlcmenle para e1 Escambray. etc.1
No es posiblc meterles en la cabeza a
los cubanos que para hacer Ja guerra
haccn falta mas. los d6lare:1t quc los hombre:5, pues hombres sobran aqui, eri el
exilio, y en Cuba. Esta bueoo ya del
jueguito de las fechas de liberaci6n ·de
Cuba. Ya van para cuatro anos de co,.
munismo en Cuba. iHasta cuando , ...
mos a espcrar? Es criminal que los cubanos sig.amos esperando por la A)'Uda
hir,otetica de los cxtranos. Doctor, usted
puedc con su revista BOHEMIA hacer
mucho por la causa. 1:,-a SIP. con su
gran poder de circulacion de prcnsa podria a)1Jdar. Si la ayuda extrafia Bega,
bien·vcnida; pcro los cuba.nos debemos
estar· preparados para iniciar cuanto an•
tes la guerra en gran cscala en Cuba.
Aten1amente. JULIA ALVAREZ
COTO, N. Y. 6.
•
a
•
Sr. Dire-c:1or: He visto que publican ustede:1t de vez. en cuando recones de
pcri6dicos de La Habana que hablan claramcnle y con una serafica inconsciencia
de lo que alli csta sucediendo, al margen de las dedaraciones oficiales. Hoy le
remito otro recorte de esos que acabo de recibir de nuestra desgraciada patria.
Como vera par el mismo, las condiciones sanitarias de La Habana son de espanto
y la indifercncia de las autoridades competentes result.a francamente criminal.
He aqui un pantano en ptena ciudad -Patria y 20 de Mayo--. f rcnte a un pequefio caserio donde ha.bitan 13 o 14 familias. Sc nos hace muy duro crccr que
cl M jnisterio de Salud Puhlica. que hiz.o cl anilisis del fango d~ dicho pantano,
diclaminara quc aquel contenia ..,ermencs det mosquito transmisor de la ficbre
paludica o amariUa ... Por muy brutos quc scan los funcionarios de dieho Minis·
terio, la ,•erdad es quc: no los considcramos capaces de decir quc cl palud1smo
y la fiebre amarilla sean la mi~ma cosa. Carguemos por tanto el ..er.tor''.. en la
cuenta del quc firma la denuncia y, tambien, po,r supuesto. ·en las de> los .pcriodistas que dejaron pasar tamaiio disparate. Pero scan de mosquitos lnsmisores
de paludismo o de· fiebrc amaritla los huevos o larvas cncontrados en 1 pantano.
_ el caso no deja de s.er grave y mas grave aun la ind ifercncia de es . Estacion
Piloto de Obras Publicas· que fuc am inmC'diatamcntc. vi6 cl pantano,· dijo ~ue
todo se arreglaria urgentemcntc y. _...hasta ahora nada .se ha hec:ho"._ Al periodista que rccogc la denuncia no ~ le ocurrc otra soluci6n al problcma que cs.te
inefable rcmN.iio: '"El ca.so, por lo aprcmiantc, dcbe .er atendido por el Dep3rtamento correspondicnte.... Como se ve. la burocracia comunista funciona igual en
todas panes. -:- JUUO AL\PAREZ CAMUS, Chka10, llL
�;,..,;
";r?
La ampana aavasora ooneamericana
a Mexico se desarroll6 sio dificultades,
tal J como se habia planeadea con Ja
secoencia de un film. Hasta el combate
de Aogosrura rodo fue uiunfal para las
·armas de 1os Estados Unidos. Y m An•
aostura.. dond~ no bubo n.i victoria Ill
dcrrou-auo cuando Santa Anna la proc.l¥nase COOO Ul'la Victoria IDWcan.l 50(0 · dcclin6 la esuella guerrera del general Ta)·lor, para comenzar a ascender
la ~l genera! Wfofield. Scott. a~ quien
maod.a.roa. a dt:Sembara..r por V cracruz,
para que .liquida~ con mayor ct'.'leridad
una campaiu c,. .1e J'l.. por lo que se estaba
prolongando, comenuba • hacenc moles-u a la conciencia de muchos none..merianos. E.o •erdad mis .que una gucrn
eoue Jos Esudos Unidos r Mh.ico, aque·
lla era una c:.ampaiia quc babian d«.idido r esu.b.a.o · impu1sando los esudos
1 -· · aurenos. ea un f'Sfucrzo por extender la
.. ·
· , , · negra mancha de la esclnirud. Para muchos americanos de los estados dcl Nor.. ·
tt aquella era una guerra inju.sta.. Lo ha·
· -..'·::
bi.a procla.m.t.do nlicocemcntc Abraham
: . ,:. ... Lincoln, .en la Camara de Representanus.. y lo habian proc:lamado ' denun1
• dado otros america.nos ilusucs. Pero eJ
•.
'·
·
Sur K babfa impuesto 1 a muchos orgullosos estadounidenscs satisfacia 1quell.a
a:pansi6n h.acia el Sur.. Quince a.nos mis
tarde, detf!'nida la expansion hacia cl
. Sw, fracasados los intentos de William
. Wal~er en la Amelia unual, cl Sur
ioteot6 la 1tt:esi6n y se inici6 la gutrn
mil. Dtspues de aquella lucha fratri•
cida los americ.anos volvieron los ojos
bacia el Oeste.
·:~} ';; ,rr :·
ZACHARIAS TAYLOR INICIA LA
INVASION
En Jos primcros dias de 1845 el ~nc.ral Zacharias Taylor tecibi6 6rdenes
de avanz.ar ruacia el Sur. En· CIC movi•
miento esta marc.ada la fC'Cha dcl inicio
de la invasion· aJ territorio meixic.ano. El
8 de maro· de 1846 eJ ·general Taylor
derrota
general Mariano Arista ea
Palo
o. Al dia siguiente derrota auea los maic.anos en RH.tea de
a o Resaca de Guerrero. Ya es
iocont ible IU avance. Sigue.- hast.a Monterrey ue ocura. EI Gobierno ck los Es·
ados .nidos considera una avcntura COD·
tinua.r abmlt:i& -sin apoy~ alejandc.>Se
de las lineas · de abastccimienro. Ordenan
a1 general Ta,·lor. que Do pasc de Mon~rrer. · Se olvidaban de que este militat,
adorado por sus 10Idados, avczado al peligro, a quien apodaban ·n Yiejo tmCO
r
listo"" no era de los hombres que se
dett:nian ficilmrnrc. Por el comrario dcsoWeciendo w 6rde~ rccibidas, Taylor continu6 su imperuoso avancr. El 23
de febre.-ro de 1847 haJii.buc pri.ctia•
mcnte ccrcado por veiou miJ 10Jdados
mexicanos.. mandados pcnonalmcntc, por
cl general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
Prcsideote de la Republ.ia., en Angosru ra. Caballeresamente el general Santa
Anna mvi6 u.n· a),idante- al genenl Tar·
lor con la advenenda de que estaba cet·
cado y que era mejor rrndirse • disett·
c•on. confiandosc en la noblcu dcl ejerciro de Me1:ico. ·£1 viejo tosco J listo..
ttehu6 cl ultimatum J 1e dispuso a combatir. Angostura Do fue- una •iaoria.. Mcsicanos f noneamericanos ab.a.ndona.ron
cl campo de batalla sin pcrseguirsc. z...
carias Taylor rt'gres6 a los Esudos Unidos para ckdicarse • la poUtica. Iba a set
Janz.ada su candidatura presidential J ua
pttseneiL
Para aliv.ia.r la dif kil aatuaci6n en quc
Ta)·lor dcjaba al f.'jercito inva.sar que ha-
llCCtSltll IU
bia baj.1do dcl None, dispuso el Gobier..
DO de \\...ashingtoo quc cl 8"Dc.ra1 Win•
field Scott desembucase c:o Veracruz e
iniciasc cl avaoce hacia Mexico por la
misma rut.a que Hernan Cones. En <:erro
Gordo va • ser detcnjdo su avance, pcro
DO dcfinith·amcnte. De Cerro Gordo los
sold.ados de Scott contin1W1 hacia la apitalde Mexico. El 20 de a.gosto.de 1847
ra los noneamericanos vuelvcn a apreciar cl heroismo maicano derrochado
ea Churubusco.. Despues sed Pa.diet.a.a.
E 8 de septiembrc es co Molino dc:l •
Jler. Ya estin a la visra de Chapultepec
J Oiapultepcc es Mmco.•••
•
EL ASALTO Al CERRO DE
CHAPULTE¥,C
Durante cuauo diu d gefttt&l Winfield Scott ha estado pn;,a.tando a 1w
ttop.u pan ac 1olpc final E '11 se tt·
lebra una reunion en el pueblo de la
Pidad. Asistcn 1os gcncn.ln noneameric:aoos ' bmbicn los tkllicos. Scott C:X·
pone el objetivo 7 solicita con.scjo. Ro-
�t&
~
q~---~~~-i; ..; ~ -
_J,r~aoneamerianos. estaba
~~~:.!J.. .disp\..esto. a
~
a la a-
ck IICUerdo
md.._"1" Cl!C\ln$W)CJU. l.o5 ~ .
ncis. que llevaban 1a ofciwva J que acle-
aw
poseian fuerus muy su~riores en todo SCDtido, estaban mis. aegwos · c1e la
•ictoriL
·
En la maiiana del 13.de ltpticmbre.Jas
batttias ooitcameriww tenintoa~ ~
fuego que YCDian
SOStcn1·~0esde el .
dia . anterior. En uoa o
• • ptCTia.
de ablandamiento. Toda 1a
•va nnia de Molino dc1 lley. De lli ambien vmia avanzaodo la col
·IIWl·
dada por cl 1cocral Pillow
de cstableccr conuieto COil los dcfcnsatcs
de Oa2pultq,,cc.. Jlcspaldiodola ft'Ddd
la Division Quitman. Hay un instance
m que las fueru.s de Pillow· SOil CDD1e-nidas por los soldados mexianos quc
ddacnden la base de1 cerro. Pero Jos nortcamerianos redoblan aus esfuen.os 71
sostenidos por bs trOpas de Quinnan.
prosigaeo el avaoce. En esu primer-a
lase de la ofensiva cac cl ttniente Juan
de la Barrera dcfend.icnclo el bomabequc que sc habia consuuido apresuradamentc, pan. defender la alzacla de
Tacubaya.
La rcsiRencia maicana sorpreode a
los amcricaoos. Ya los han conocido eo
Molino dcl Rey f en Casa Mata. Pero
~ta dd ectrl' de Chapultcpec a excep- cion.al. Y co esQS instaotes ellos no ubcn que en realidad los mexic:anos a~
nas si dispontao de un milw de ·hombres pna aquclla empresa J que de esos
cuarcnu y cuauo son unos mozalbetes
im~r~. alumnos deJ c.olegio Miliar.
Sin embargo estOS mozuelos. a.1yas ecia-
coo v4en
E Castillo de Chapulttpec, en In cima del ttrro de este nombtt, dondr 1os Ninos
Heroes de Mhico escribieron RI gloriosa paginL ·
bert L l.tt opina quc dcbe scr por el
Sur. ~pucs de alguna discwi6ri el general Scott &nuncio SU decision: seria
por cl ~te e irunediaumente, a cuyos
efKios dispuso que los gencrales prescntcs DO aba.ndona.scn la reunion, par& tt•
cibir lu {mlencs.
E R('neral Santa Anna ddcndiz a la
capital ma:iana. Como· Cbapul~pec podia ser cl lugar
wulnerablc J ademis csperaban cl auque por esc lup.r,
comenz.ironsc a concenuar uopas para
ddendcr la posicion. En estc .;~ueo sr
consumi6 todo el dia 12. En rcalidad
mas
r.tonumento lnantado en el Bosque dr Cbapulteptt • los Ninos Hiroa drl 13 de ~ptiembre dr -1847. Ante este monu•
mento el Presidente dr los Estados Unidos Han')· S. Truman, ~I 13 de w,pUembre de 1947, coloco una ~orona de OortS
y pronuncio alttcionadoras _palabras.
teriiente.-
L_ -
Paso~
•• - -
...a.
cucrpo de angcn•cros
rrabaiaron en la
Ina: nu,-
paneros de esmdios iba.n a tomar pane
�......
•,
•
;'>..,
:_,,_
... ·'
,
--
~- · ...
MARILYN .•••
en dificultadcs con Hbllywood, te le OCll·
rri6 la idea·. iie clarlc an impulso. Esuba
m tntcS
producir um aclapta.ci6n
mus.ical de -.Nacich Ayer", am el J Ma·
;.r.
·-_pales.
rilyo
c:n.1ostol
ahi a cejer
om.a
cao.
Pcio de
•a an larp ae-
.
fo;.ii~,,
• Jom6s la oyudo o un
•ho~-~ ...
sido ton neces.oria ., tan esperacla ·
·
; como ohora.
... ":
....,-
Como es i almemc duc.ub.rar en baJ.
. de el ttatar~
diju la caw.a unica de la
depnsion m
de ona mujer que. ae- ·
gun Ben ·H t. habia . inrentado IUicidark cuauo ver.q_p1e1: la wtima fu~
eo New Yor~ en una de las vcces ea
que se dijo que Ma.rilyo ·estaba ·c1esansando ('O uo hospital... Tam~o puedc dcrermioa.rse que cstaba contenm o
rristc pocas hocu a.run de morir: el studio mis somcro ttVela a la Momoe ·
c:omo o.na pcrsonalidad man.iaco-dcptt•
am. qut podia pasa.r de la euforia supre- ·
ma a b. mayo1 angust.ia: co oscuridad J
secteto ~ dice que CD IUS uftimos dias
filmando ""Something"s gotta 11ivc.. .ya aaha asi al bordc dcl estallido. ·
.'·
Nadie comprende por q_uc, 1i Ma.rilro esuba tan ttistc r sola, su psiqu.iaua
no· le permiti.a rccibir visiw. En su wtima enuevista Marilyn se qut>jaba de
que pocos de sus amigos fueron a coosolaria cuando la Fox la despiti.i6. pen>
consta el data de que mi.s de uno fue a
-verla., toc:6 d timbre fourilmcnte J Da•
die le contesto. 0 en ouas ocasiones el
a.ma de Uaves alirm..b.a que Marilrn no
podia tteibir visiw por orden facultatin..
Segun Sheila Graham, 1a pcsadilla de
Ma.rilro fue el mitdo • eoloquccer como
. su madre, ,corno sus abuelos marcmas
quc murieron eo .manicomios, como m
1,0 que se suicid.S co plena ju,entud.
Marilyn tt"Odia a ideotific.ar el insomnio
como un pa.so hacia la Jocura J se dcsespcraba cada Tez quc no poclia dormir.
La paradoja de su vida biea pudiera ser
que el miedo a enloquecer termin6 por
. pcnurbarla ha.sta el punro de llnarle al
~
SOMO .N DE P CUB AN A .\ · -·~. ~ ,
DE CAMBIOS
Como Valentino, como Jean Harlow,
como James Dean, ella empez.ari a tenet
una c:xistencia pfopia. 1ia relaci6n alguna con la de esa muchacha, que boy d~ao.sa en una aipu dd cemeotetio de
Brentwood. Norma Jc.an Baker ha mucrto: ahora comienu la leyeoda etern.a de
Ma.rilrn Monroe.
,r
•.
·_UN .PESJMO NEGOCIANTE
i
oiste aqu di~ dt.' se,guro qu~ no
Charles B cklum.
Payson ~ retiro
.
Conti1111Mit$•
r
t't&
.
Martin queclo a so-
Jas. Rebu~e....,.aonario de 1a cocin.a
hasta ciu COtl Ufta •ootella. ·5e sirvio Uft
trago luene r Jut go de deambular por
~1 estudio. se· tumbo en un butacon de
cuero a pensar.
Habia escuchado la disputa r el ahopdo &rito de Bettr Brackham. El tt·
- ......,1.... ..... ..1,-rnia~iuln tlaro Dal'a s.cr una
~-.·
OARANTIZA ENTREGAS DE DINERO EN CUBA
A~ 6 POR 1. POR 20 DOLARES: 120 PESOS. ·
e SOMONOEP CUBANA DE CAMBIOS. le entrega el
·
recibo de su envio~
._
e
SOMONDEP CUBANA DE CAMBIOS, opera bajo los
. leyes de lo Florida. Es una empreso ocreditada y
responsable en Jo que puede Ud. confior. . -.. . , .
•
Si deseo enviar SJ orden por correo, rernita cheque
o giro o Somon~ep Cubano de Combios, adjuntando
en letra clara, nomllre 'I direcci6n del destinatario
en Cuba..
·
•
Aceptamos envios desde 20 d61ares en od~lante.
Gustosos le doremos cualquier otra informoci6n
odicional.
_419 Pin American Bank Bldg. 150 S. L lr• Ave.
Miami 32, Flori••
FR 4-8480
por cfea01 dcl miedo, pcro licilmentc
reconodble. La wz del hombre asimis·
swciclio.
E.so nadie podri u.bcrlo: 1i una ae- mo era familiar. La lcnta anicul.acio·n.
la. enton.acion burlona que habia oido
mana despucs de muerta ya la Monroe
esra ~mbaJwnada f.'~ falR'dadcs, quc llO · tancas veces. Esruvo seguro de que, 4cta
decir de cua.odo cl ticmpo la nya con- la voz de Brade.ham porque r:ra la de ii
virtiendo en la Diosa Pcrd.ida del cine.
..
la que esperaba percibir. Mas pens.indolo bien, la dicci6n de Brackham era
mis vi,-a. Aun colcrico SU r.oao era frio.
pero nunca burlon.
. ,.
.
La •ttdad lo sorprendio con una u·
cudida que lo hizo salw en su asie-010.
Oa.ro que la 'tOZ ~ra conocida.. Y r«or·
cl.aha ahora las palabras con prccis16n:
,odo cl muodo sabt que- tor un ~
umo ncgociante... • .
. Charles Bradham no poJia habcr dcclando semejante cos.a. Pero tal ascno
era la iactancia favorita · dcl mejor amiBO de Manin.
Se if\corporo pcio cayo de nuno en
la butaca.. No habia oido abrirsc la putt·
ta. no habia acuchado ~I menor tuido.
pcro Narin ~ eoconttaba JCCOStado a
an.a pared a pocos pasos de el. con un
pcqur:no ttVOlver ea la mano.
Um compungida sonrisa le dcsfaguraba el aest0:
quC"rido ).tanr. Te iuro que si. Pero cu.. ·
me conoccs: ·siempre uuuo. Dcjc que
Brackham me convenciera de en.friar a
cu bruja sus·a por dos roiiosos millarts. ··
cuando podia habcrlc cobrado d doblc.
- No se lo dire a nadie_ Natia.. Palabra.
Natin ncg6 uistcmente con la a.beza:
- De ·eso preci~eotc quise a,nve.o«'f ro a Brackham.. pcro no trap. Dice
quc u.rde o .tcmprano a: duias cucna.
de todo y lo desembucharias m la po-,
liciL cY sabcs que? Ni siquicra me pa·
ga por esre ttabajo. Dice quc cs para mi
mis.ma prorccri6n. Asi quc 1c ttOJO que
,·ohear gratis.
. , 1.
)bnio no pudo. rcspondtt. Ni aiquiera anres de vcr el lento mo,,·imienfo dcl
indiCt" de Naran al apretar c1 ptillo. J
sencir como un puiio gigantesco que lo
aprctara coatra el espaldu cir!. buac6n.
Mas pcrcibio au.a la YOl IIEna
de mofa de Nat.in:
. ,1 • • J··
.
- & uo trato malis.i.mo. Matty. Pero.
cli&o. aor u.a pcsimo
hombre de ne-gocios.
(Dir«hos I, IFM11,tioa "'1r• BOHEAfl.A.. UBRE · po, TrtU•11t0rU F,1111re
como yo aiemprc
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i.ES DARRYL ZANUCK UN HOMBRE FATALl --~ .
Una noche de fiesta en el cabaret Ciro de Hollywood, ·
el produclor DarTyl F. Zanuck suspen~i6 el acto de unos
•equilibristas. se tir6 a la pista. se quit6 e) frat )' la camisa
e intent6 sin cxito hacer C'jcrdc:ios en la barra. Tres veces
trat6 de sahar y tres v~es fallo, mientras la e~nte de su
grupo luchaba a brazo panido para qur k'S fot6grafos no
pudicran dejar constancia de aquel magno suceso..
Al dia siguientc gc fflO\'ieron toda clase de. presiones
· y el frenesi equilibrista de Zanuck-qued6 mas ·o menos en
el misterio. Pero uno de los que presenc:i6 la extrana ahibicion emiti6 un diagn6stico intercsante:
- Zanuck ha creado tantas f!'Strellas que ahora quiere
meterse el mismbo en cl centro del reflector. Es un caso
fascinante para un psiquiatra...
·
En realidad. el ca,o de Darn·] F. Zanucl: es uno de
los mas llamath·os de Hollrwood. Durante anos fue productor omnipolente, jefe de un estudio. hombre &ensato y con·
liable como un general en batalla. Casado durantt toda una
vida con ,u esposa Virginia. es posible que Zanuck haya_
lcnido fas lentaciones naturales de un hombre con el poder
de con\'ertir a una mujer bonita en una diosa de1 cine. Pero
nunca, basta la ultµna decada. dio nada que hablar en
publico.
Zanuck hacia-sus pcUculas, daba sus 6rdents y se conformaba con ,er dictador en el set. Dicen qur lo adulaban
tanto quc: una vez contrat6 a un hombre ~Jo para quc dijcra
que no a todo lo quc el planeaba ~· le sustanciara con datos
los incon\,cnicntes de sus pro)·ectos. Bas1aba qui:: Zanuck
emitiera una idea para que todo el mundo {!ritara ....MaravilJoso•• )' el hombre ya no s.abia a que atenene. ·
Como un Re)· Sol en miniatura, Zanuck podia decir:
..El estudio soy yo". Y como al Rey Sol. la itoria se Je fuc
a la cabeza: no contento con &er cl amo de las estreltas
quiso r.er el mismo rstrella.· Cincuent6n, medio calvo. muy"
bajito 1· con un abismo entre Jos dos dientcs frontales, Zanuck no podia ser gal.in· en la panta11a. Se conform6 con
&crJo en la ,•ida prh•ada. Y asi sc con\'irti6, curiosamente,
en un hombre fatal, en el 5entido de que, sin quercr. ha
arruinado a todas las estrellas que ban entrado en su
6rbituarticuJ.aJ.,
.
•
La primcra fue Bella \Vcgicr. un:i mujcr mu)' bonita,
ida en Sosno\·icc. Polonia, a quicn Zanuck conoc:io en
is. A Darryl le bast6 vcr a Bella para dc-ciJir adoptarla
10 hija-novia-estrella. en una de las rclaciones mas cu.new.as desc.le Pigmalion y Galatea o dcsde S\•cni;ali ). Trilby.
BeOi 5e....cqr,wirti6 en r:ompancra inserar3bJe de Zanuck )'
su espc,sa , ..rginia: al quitar1e ct nombrc de \\'ic8er, dec:idieron f)(>ncrle uno integrado por J~ nombrcs conjunlos
de Darryl y Virginia. sus protectores: asi surgi6 Bella Darvi.
Zanuck estaba dispucsto a .que todo eJ mundo vicra
en Bella la atrac;ion que lo faseinaba. Cuando se fue a
Cusado
de cnar ~rell:is, a'bora. Zanudra qu.ien brDlar tor
luz propia.
~,.,
....
filmar ..El rgipcio"._ la entonces relativamente principiant
Marilyn Monroe se moria por cl papcl de princeu. ya qu
uto le daria la oportunidad nunca lograda de actuar con s
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Dcsde que dejo a Zanuck, JulieUc Crea, no ha wuebo •
·Bella Darvi: despues del fracaso Tieat el mici~io.
lriunfar.
favoriro. Marlon Brando. Pero Marilyn nunca fuc especial ·
predilecta de Zanuck. (El siempre &e prcguntaba que le
veria el publico). Y por encima de Jos ruegos de Marilyn.
le di6 "'EJ e1ipcio.. a su protegida Bena. .
Mas o menos aqui empcz6 la mala suerte de Ja muchacha. Al .egundo dia de filmaci6n, Brando decidi6 que
no le gustaba la pelicula y- la pJant6, alegando que estaba
psiquiatricamente pcrturbado ...El e-gipcio·· continu6 con eJ
sustituto Edmund Purdom y no fue ni remotamente el gran
film esperado. Las criticas para Bella fueron impias. Pero
Zanuck sigui6 insistiendo.
·
· Uno tras otro. Bella tu,·o roles en ..Carrera Infemal"
e ...lnfiemo bajo el agua•·. Los criticos scguian ensanandose
en su evidente. falta de talento; el publico no sc interesaba
en· clla. Pero Zanuck seguia queriendo imponerla: era como
si estuviera viviendo )a famosa pelicula ..El Ciudadano
Kane"'. con la esposa que obligan a ser cantante de 6pera.
Pero este drama era real y la ineptitud de Bdla podia ser
vista en color, Cinemascope y ·SOnido estereof6nico, en
· Jos cuatro confines de} mundo.
hiaa Demith: .,correra ~I _destino de 5115 prfdecesoras! :
.i
Ua.a rubia de menos, un bandido de mis.
Por fin Bella estall6: en unas vacaciones en Paris fue
vista con ast!,P'. -muy jo\·enes ). exccpcionalmente bucnos
mozos. Alailf'Dclon y Sacha Distel cran como una reacci6n
vida con Darryl. Zanuck mont6 en colcra y
ftatural a
dej6 cacr Bella. Su estrella se cxtingui6 como un aerolito.
La Darvi as6 subitamentc de la cumbrc al anonimato y
su mcnte · . o pudo resistir et cambio. Condujo un auto a
tod.a velocidad ). estuvo a punto de matars.t en un accidentc. .
i
·Se con~rtio ~ a jugadora computsiva· que ha per·
dido una fortuna tras otra en las mesas de juego. En Monteca.rlo, dicen que hacc apuestas en dos o tres ruletas a la
vez. Por fin, exhaust.a y sin dinero, sc enccrr6 en su hotel
e intent6 suicidarse con pastillas para dormir. Un lavado
de est6mago la salvo a tiempo, pero esto es extracrla de 'un
infierno para dcjarla presa en otro.
;.
Dan·i fue la primera, Juliette Greco, Ja Rgunda. Aqui
las prctensioncs de Zanuck aumentaron. Greco era uni ·can·
lante f amos.a, quc sc hizo celebrc en. los cafC'tincs de S3int
Germain des Pres cantando tonadas existencialistas dcspues
de la gucrra. Con un sweater ripiado y una 1qelena mis
ripiada que el swL'ater. · Greco fue llamada ..la musa cxistencia.Jista": en r.u numcro mas conocido, cantaba deatrO
cle un ataud con un cirio funeral en cada mano.
Cu.a.odo estaba
91
de
tournee en New York. la Greco
..
..
·t
�recibi6 una oferta de· Mel Ferrer: :.:,:
pstaria-·11acer·11D
pequeiio rol de presentaci6n e~-h,brilla el sol"? Greco
dijo que si y se fue a M~ico a\.._ ..._1: . . 1 papel I!"! original-
mente de dos minutos. pero cuand~~.; muck Ja vi6 Jo .ampliaron a ocho minutos. Y ,i el lib}i..u> no hubicra estado
ya cscrito, Greco hubiera terminado en pl~o de estrella.
Eso seria en la pr6xima: Zanuck la cubri6 de hatagos
y ofreci6 pgnerl~ a los pies el mundo. quc la in,rata ·Bella
Dani ~~t9reciado. Por aquet e.ntonees. · Ju1ictie iba
. a casars con Sacha Distel. uno de b
muchachos que A·
licron . n Bella cuando ella quiso huir de Zanuck. Esto
es mu)' 1lgnif.icativo: el hombre podcroso Jc iba a demostrar
al hombn: joven d6ndc estaba el verdadero imin.
I
.
·
Ju1i~ acept6 a Zanuck y coment6 su inficmo: Ela
afinna ahotr.que no puedc explicarsc c6mo pudo admitirlo: en una autobiografia · cruel, JuUcuc ridiculiz.a •
nuck. hasta el punto de revelar quc dormia en camis6n y
con una mascara de arlequin quc tapara la claridad. En
realidad, nadie oblig6 a Juliette cx.cepto su propia ambici6n.
Zanuck le ofrtci6 un i.mperio hollywoodcnse. pero cl publico
nuni:a
la tra16.
.
I
.
z..
·SemiUa de pasi6n"", •1.as raices del cie10•, •EJ gran
ri!sgo..... una tra.s otra sus peJiculas fracasaron. igual que
las de Bc_?la.. No es quc Juliette fuera especia1mentc mala:
peores actriccs han triunf&1do. Pffo la fatalidad persigue a
l.s protcgidas de Zanuck )' su ·carrera 1e. eslJnc6. Juliette
empez.6 a sentirsc prisionera de los celos de Darryl: ella
afirma que el tfnia cclos de su hijita. de sus amistadn.. hasta
de una mangosta Hamada Kiki que le· habian regalado en
Africa. Los estallidos de furia de Zanucl.: abundaban y
Juliette )'a estaba a punto de esc:apar como Bella.
.
El punto decisivo fue cl fracaso de ·una grieta en el
espejo" y ..EJ gran riesgo". Ambas fueron lle,·adas a Fes.. , tin Ies con una f anfarria de publicidad a lo Zanuck. El pro) ·posito definido era [?&nar)e un premio de actuaei6n a la
. . · Greco. Pero inclusi\'e en Locarno, ant.c·competidoras muy
' · -:~' ~ · flojas, ··£1 ·gran riesgo .. la116: Juliette volvi6 a Francia y
i· .. ; ; \;. se coamor6 de Christian de la Maziere.
, /;. :,:. / .
Zanuck 1a suptic6 1 la amenaz6. pero sin exito. Juliette
~ ,.., · -,:. ~:~ sahia que. des rues de ··EJ gran ricsgo··. )'a no podia wnar
con ser Ja reina del cine americ:ano. Sin esto, Zanuck no le
interesaba. La cxhibic:i6n del film sc retuvo casi un afio:
cuando uli6 f ue un fracaso estrepitoso. Ju!iette no ha vuclto
a conseguir trabajo en c1 cine. Y )"a cs dificil que vuelvan
a aceptarla como musa existencia1ista: a cstas alturas. quien
~nte dentro de un ataud es posible que reciba
tom•·
taz.os que aplausos.
mas
Pero Darryl no se dctienc: ahora tienc un nucvo descubrimiento. Hojeando una revista francesa. vi6 una modelo
pelirroja de ori~en eslavo. llamada Irina Demich. La mand6
a buscar y Je di6 un contrato para el principal papel f emenino de ... El dia mas largo··. la peHcu1a del reparto monstruo
que incluye a William Holden. Henry Fonda. John Wayne.
Richard Bunon. Fahian y practic.amente todas las estrellas
masculinas de primcra fila. Irina sera casi la unica mujer
del reparto: Zanuck se pas6..dos dias fotografiando 5610 una
escena en que ella pasa por un mue11e en bicicleta.
.
,.Sera Irina la pr6xima crcaci6n estclar de Zanuck?
t.Caera &abre ella ta milla fonuna quc puso a Darvi al borde
dcl ,u~io 'Y a Greto en la r,cnJicntc dcJ fracaso? El es,
trcno: de -Et dfo mas lar~o·'. en .Oc1ubrc. d:mi la primcra
pistat Pero ~n Francia se c:ticc quc Zanuck no ama a Irina
y qu la muc:hacha ·fuc elcgida s6Jo para darle cclos a una
Julie e inoMdablc.
'
~q~$s_ todas, Be11a. Julielle r Irina. no son mas· que
escapatonas para la personalidad del hombre que crc6 tan-
us luminosas cstrcllas .que ya no se resi{!na a estar ~n la
sombra. Y Zanuck. como aquclla noche en el Ciro. sc quita
el frac y la camisa y hate equilibrismos en medio del reflector. buscando el consuelo de un aplauso, siquiera uno solo,
que sea para 61. para el, para el ••.
..Hat arr' es una formidable comedia de aventuras que
hace estallar en risas el mito heminp·ayano sobre et
cazador blanco quc domina bcllas mujcres y poderosos 1 ·:.
rinocerontes en cl Africa Lejana. En estc film realista y' :·::
simpatico, los cazadores bromcan. se anborrachan 1 sc ·
dejan dominar por mujercs mis agrcs.i,·as que rinocerontes y. de vcz en cuando, .sc juegan la vida deportivamcntc en la caccria de tigres, monos ·y elefantcs.
Howard Hawks. uno de. los
graodcs veteranos
de Hollywood. ha rralizado una pelicula perfectamente
verosi.rnil con el sistema de dejar que scan de veras los
actores quienes cacen los animales: esta cinta larga, lenta, .
pcro nunca aburrida. se toma su tiempo en marcar Jos
lazos de camaraderi'a entre los hombres )' en ofrccer una
idea no simbolica, no poctica. sino genuioamente humana
de lo quc sicntc quien ha escogido el peligro como medio
de vida (Hatari quierc decir peligro en Swahili). Los
actores.. prcsididos por John Wayne. son admirables. pero
el genero humano no es capaz de robarle la pelicula a
los .,ni.rnaJcs, mar3\'itlosamente fo1oirafiados 1 o a la ruda
planicic africana. quc es la estrdla sin alma de au obra
maestra.
mas
. CRIMEN A J.A.$ SIETE
l
..Crimcn a las sictc" cs el horario mniriento de un
asesino cronometrado que apunala a sus victin\as con el
reloj en la mano. Pero antes que at demcntc.
le atrase
la maquinaria, at film sc le acaba la cucrda. En e-stas
hojas cJinicas psiquiatrkas. el unico suspense
en
u·criguar que trauma. infantil provoc6 la ~ocura criminal.
Y antes de quc Grant Williams y Shirle)'. Kni,ht descu·
bran quc et responsablc es un padre dcs.naturaliz.ado,
ya el esrectador le ha echado la culpa a un Jibrc:to deshikanado, un director desanimado y unos actores despistadas.
se
esta
�..
eL REY DE LOS FALSIFICADORES
como un cstafador genial )' a'Francoise Pos:a)· como
una banc.loJera retirada: en la mcJor escena, ellos disc:uten los gajes del oficio gan~steril en el ·mas puro araot
del hampa 1· la peHcula tiene la simpatia subita de •er a
dos figuras clasic.as M>ltandose cl mono. algo asi como
Laurence Olivier y Judith Anderson intcrpretando a Pancho)' Ramona. Esta gracia-idiomatica sefiala a la vez eJ
mer,to y cl defecto de una comedia qoe depende primordialmente del diilogo en trances de ,us estrcllas. En Paris,
... El Rey" ha reinado en la taquilla, pero (uera de allies
posiblc que Jo destrone la molestia de tener que e5perar
la traducci6n en el titulito para ver s.i uno suelta o no la
carcajada. De todas !ormas. este film verbal tienc mu•
.chas diversiones visuales y la mejor es el rostro de bulldog melancolico de Jean Gabin: su impasibilidad de
picdra es tan ex.presiva que solo Vt"rlo alz.a.r una ccja es
tan sorpresi\·amente c6mico como atrapar a un busto de
Socrates· guiiiando un ojo.
Una rubia de meoos, un bandido de 111k.
ROBO CON LIBRETO
.
En Plymouth, Massachusetts. un cano blindado se cncontr6 con un desviadero eo su camino: tomaron el atajo,
se enfrentaron con unos ladrones y esi se perpetro el robo
de millon y medio de dolares.
cuantioso aun que cl
celcbre •~Ito de Brinks.. Y 1os que lcyeron la noticia en
los periodicos empezaron a hacer memoria: ••. Eso sc part:eia mucho a una pelicuta que ellos habian vista.
En "El mundo en mi bolsillo". el lad.r6n Rod Steiger
pfanta ,a una rubia (Nadja Tiller) en un convenible, )' )a
hacc flincar con los euardas de un carro blindado. A continuation un des\·iadero saca ·a1 camion por una vereda
soliaaria; alli sc encuentran el convertible vole.ado y en
Uamas, con la £Ubi.a tirada en la carrctera. Bajan a auxiliarla
y 1,e ven cncanonados por la rubia y los ladrones. que se
llevan el botin.
J:J robo reaJ es identico a1 de la pclicula, con la unica
difercncia de que sustituycron a la rubia por un bandido
disfraz.ado de policia, qu_e distrajo a los guardas del camion
y lucgo los intcrcert6 en el desviadcro.
El C'ilso ha vuclto a poncr de mooa la disC"Usion sohre
la influencia dcl cine en la vida....R.ififi". por ejemplo, fue
rctirada de) cancl dcspues de 33 semanas de Exiao en Mexico, rorquc la rolicia ya tenia a su cargo expcdicntcs en
que se habia copiado el famoso ..robo con paraguas" de
la relicula. En la atre'\·ida ...Chapman Repori-'. lo que se
discute no son los violcntos pas.ajes amorosos. sino una es~na en que Claire Bloom se suicid.a profeticamente con
barbituric:os y vodka, tal como lo hicicra 'Marilyn Monroe:
se temc quc esta descripcion ~n detalle incite al s,.ricidio.
Pero mientras sc decida dondc tcrmin6 ..El mundo en
mi bolsillo" y donde r:mpez.6 la imaginaci6n de Jos ladroncs. los cint!S estan de botc en bote exhibiendo lo que s.c
anuncia como •et film que_ inspir6 el gran asalto" ••.
mas
�...... ·- .LAS NUEVE HORA~ ••-•.. 0 - ,:.,----
~-
u~;.- G~0Ri0~ D£RROr~~ . ~ ;;_... ·w~fices......que'':~.rr11w.
._.
Co,u;...doa
· . . E ,mttat Con.rad Huse no 1e p
, ~·~. p l l u ~ de faciliurlcs cl· ·
estaban armados para prcsentar comba,·· ·':11~ an!e las noti~i&s de los primetos
:p,~·- LOI Pfl.lDCt'GS :en. demnbarcu ::·
'COfttra Jos aza submatinos y Jos barcos'· n:nos alaados en D,tppe. E sabe que la
.-..;-~ ~ bomb.res .de la -ito,al Ha-·
artillados dcl convo)-. La baulla fue bre- defcma dcl acanrilado es sumamcute fa.
nulton light JolanUJ • fundada C1I 185,.
we. Las chalanas dispcrsadas O hundidas. cil. pa~ ~ infa.nteria. Los aliados no p> De SUS ·,s2 soldados ~ ~"~ ~~ 7. .
.Algunas mornaron a Jnglatcrra rcplew dran 1_1qu1era llcgar a :1:0mar las primeras ~ las 553 £Del: ~ qoe- ~ de muc$:!n_· Solamcnrc siete lo- defcnus. de ~. poblaci6n; Van a Rr ~.. IOll COD ellm la of~v~ ~~- 6D,i•.
gr-aron
esa.r, OlS..l de milagro. la cor· zados 11stcmaua.mente JUDID a los cli.. <amc:'llte 52..
...
•
, ·
tin.a dt
go del convoy.
. ques· proteaora..
E desastte DO pudo sr::rni1:adc:i:laidie& · ·
Las sic:re. IOZUdamcnte, IC dirigicron
El mayor geocral ~o~ al coman- ~~~ U~P!W COD ~ - O m · . • j
a au objetivo: .Berneval, con sus caner do ~ I.ts fuerzas aludas. llD embarp, dull tolo IU'YleroD para
cl fia.
caes de l 7Q milimetros. A un kil6metro h:abria de alimenur un optimismo sui•
obuses alcm.aoes 41.1e
aiD·
~e disaancii. Ris de rllas tocan ticrra. El acla. tot;Umeote dcsplazado por lu cir- tanuamenre ~ la ptara ~ . o aeniaD
u.rgento M~acompanado de su ,au- . cunstanaas. Sus ordencs de avam.a.r, clapara maw ~men.te ano.
• aammo amigo el soldado Brran, es el pri· das cuando. en un momenta de ~CJ"_te. • lormaban !GS SU•Ja.tros ~ ~ C l clc
mcro en de~mbarcar. Jnmediatamente se las tropas logra.ron ~ u par un.a una .~pecidad a..n. morulera como Ja
clirigcn a la unica enuada que. bay co- "~ J en esaso Dumero en Dieppe, ba· mun1C101HS.
ttt los farallones de la cosu. & una. esbr!an de dar ~r rcsulado uno de. los
Sin embargo, au.ndo los uaqucs &,.
·uecba !bertura.. con t'Sealooes labrados mas auoces fanal;S clc batalla su.f.r1dos aembarcan., los de la ~ Hamilton J
n la p,edra. que conducr a li cKplan.a- por las fucn.u liber1cloru.
la Essex Scottish rea1>m como au m•
da doodc estaa Jos canones.
Alttdedor dcl pueblecito de Purs, dos Je(tioa de ~.cia. PIO(~,idos par las
!v1Dque .avan.un sin haccr el mcoor lilomeuos al none de Dieppe. Jos ale- p:sados armatosteS dos .P'U.POS lo.gran en•
ruicfo. 1os alem.ane.s h.an 1ido alcrtados manes ticncn iosu.taclas un.as cuanw ba- trar en Dieppe.. Uoo. al mando del opor el comoate naval. Tres compaiiias. terias quc delienden la ciudad. Lu cro- pitin Hill lle,a huu. et· «otro de la
con sus ameualladoras dispuesw kente · pas a.na.dienses estin destinadas par su ciudad. E ouo. ma.odado par el 111t,et'l·
al abra. les espcran en lo· alto de la es• co~1.Jo acoeral a destruir esas boas to amror Cornelius Saapleu,a.. .a·. becbo .
de luego. antes de intcnta.r la toma de prisionero ttra del puerr.o.
·
caJerL I.a primer& tafaga iieg.t Jas yj.
Dieppe.
-Si
IC
logu
este
~bjtti~
el
Esros
dos
pequeiiios
triurdos
1011
los
.
du de Mill, Bqan f cl capitin JL Wills.
E tenientc Lou.swot Edwarda un DOrte• so d.el dcsembarco _podra real~ ~ que. impulsan al ,:neraJ llobens-en
.rclar1va ca1ma.. teruendo .ante 11 ll!1JC&· principio inclimdo a limiw las perdiameriano, tom.a cl mando.
Es pttciso cumplir las ordencs •• cual• mcnte las ~~lcnsas propu.mcnte dachas clas - a dar la terrible otden de aV&D•
u.r a los fusilcros de "".Mont lloyat• ,
quicr costo. Si no cs posible dcsuuir la de la _poblac.ion.
Casi todos los sold.ados penenean al a los ·llo)·al Manoes·.. Am.hos regi.mien· ·
bateria. al menos hay que intenw ocutraliz.arla. Si no sc hace. toda la opera· ·llo)·al Regiment of Canada"" J son U· tos son inmolados hast& Wl punto c::ui
cion ·Jubilee.. esrari comprometida.. La tivos de Toronto. Antes de arribar • Puys increiblc. De 1os sold.ados del primero
scgunda rafaga alcmana m.au. wnbien a rccibco el primer impacto de la metra· t6Jo regresa tl 20%. Sus oliciales mueEd1'·ard. El comando csca mortalmentr lla aJemana. La plaJ·a.. de unos 300 me- tta casi todos. Dr 32 Do qucdan mis
tros de largo. midc unos cien meuos de quc 4. En cuanlD a Jas ~in.es- su
attapado. Los cadavcres si.rvcn de par.a•
pe-to a los sur:n·ivienra_ que rcsistcn aocho y tcrmina con un diquc de con- su.crte es todav.ia pear. Casi oo· le
cn:to que protcgc las primeras casas del ciao supcrvivien.n:s.
hast.a las diez de la manana.
Dcspucs de cliez horas dt batirse con
Con las canucheru •acias. IC veo for. pueblo. En lo aJro de esta ·muralla .de
udos a rendirsc. Cuando los in.sleses U· ~a_uo me~ los ;thmbres Uc.nos ~e pu.u un beroismo desespe.rado. Uc,a Ja 01 ..
Jen de la atroz rato~ra. cnsa.ngrcntados. dif,culu.n !'un m.as todo posiblc intento dco cle rctirada.. Son las oocr clc la ma. · iia.na cua.ndo todav.ia se combate en Diepnegros de J"C)lvora y mugrc. un pcloton de t:scalamie~to.
Los canadu~nscs son acosados ~r IU· pc. , el apitin. Vandela.c se escurrc con
alemi.a saluda su coraje prcsentindole
dos de am.eualladoras que lcs d,spa..ran sus hombres a uaves de la brecha- la
armas..
La r.eptim.a chalaoa que pudo nadir ftO solo desde el f reDtC sioo 8 derccha unia - abicrta al el muro de CODCN!'IO
el convo)' aleman va a recalar al sur de e izquierda. Olead.u de soldadm muc- de las defcmu aleman.as.. la docena de
Bcroenl. ;unto a un 1canrilado cub•cno ren a las pi~ dcl &tidico clique. Pero hombres no Jogra mis que lle:gar ha.saa
de alambrada.s. Son 20 hombres al man. los q1u• Jes s1gucn no IC acobardan. Los cl mismo c:mtro del .pueblo. Si.n un ob,.
jttivo que cumplir- dcbido a su esa.so
do dcl com..a.od.antc Peter Young. el a,. cadaveres IC. apilan J sirven de ,csca.16n
numcro - sc tttirao ck nuC'90 bac.ia .la
pit.in John ~•,·n r cl tenicnre Buc:.lc • los que •1t'DC1l dctri.s. Par fin el a·
Ruxton. Sus a.rmas: 10 fusiles. uo lusil- pit.in Sincbir y .los tenicntcs Wedd )" plara· pen, son hecbos pri.sic:meros.
Panerson logran abri.r una pcqucna breM.'
ha
·b·d 1a
am~1ratladou1 6 amcuall3dons, 3 pisen Jos alambres que coronan el muientras ta.nto, It.'
rea 1 0
or•
rolas. 2 mortcros provistos de alguaos cha
ro. Por ell.a pca.etra WC'Cld con 1111 ra- den de rttmbarcar. E u..rgcnto Dubuc.
obuscs y b 1 ... ci~" habitual de gnn:adas.
cimo de granadas cotie los dientes.
uno de los hombres.~~ Vandela'! ..ao lo
Con este armamento ridiculo iban a
· .
.
.
ube. ·Pero la cond1c.aon de prmooero
El valaeote c.aoa~1cnse IC dcs.hu. h~·
no le attae. Rcsucla.mcntc se la.nu. IO- ·
neuualiu..r el fuego de las barerias de
Berne-val. manteoiendo a buc.na distaD· u una cas.amata ~hnd.ada ale~ao.a. deJa btt su· guardian, lo df.'giiclla y hurc COD
cia de los canones a los 230 anilll'.'ros. aer por una .:-_rp1Ucr2 su.. ractmo mor. los docl' hombres. Solo cl llegui y.ivo
ta~ r la cxplos.on es un v1oleata que cl
a la pla)-a.. sin embarao,.
Cada vez quc uno c:le ellos IC acerca a
.
.
.
.
su pieza )'.'eung .J JUS hombres lo ·a.ba· mu.mo. halla la mucnc - ttansporudo
ten con -""aisparos ccrteros y bien admi- . por la de(ltgraci6n ha.su. lo aho de la : E n1d sobre Daeppe ha u:rm1nado.
nistradm. Cwnpliendo las ordencs red· alam!>rad.a quc acaba de franqueu. Los De los 6.106 h~brcs ban '!'u~tto 3.372.
.bidas. f'antienc amordazadas las remibles demas 1i.suc.n rmpcnados ~o e-nfrcnwse Los alemancs uenen una pcrd~da mucho
boas 4e 170 milimcuos desde las cinco a la muerrc. que lcs tspcra padentcmen· meoor: ~ 10 mucnos. 29_0 bcr1dos J 14
tc rn la parr.-d de cooacto. la ca.rnkedesapueados. Pero los ahados h.an aprcn•
J diez hasta las sit'te 'f cuarenta r cioco
de la mananL A csta hora puedc aban- ria es apantosa; peto los canadicnses d!d? una valiosa lecci6n que luego set·
d?nar <'l"'1lsar..: Ya ·Cl grueso de los DI.· acuden • la uhima du. como las ma.ri- vua para Ba.oat .. guer~
Y los valienta anadienses. _gue ft1l
T.1os que van a eftttua.r el raid ·sobre paw • la luz. Cuando el ultimo punado
Dic.p~ csran a cubicno del peligro. Dc- at rinde, ya sin municionf!$. s6lo qut'dao al combate con las antimplofi.s llctlas
ma.s1ado ttrca de la pl.tr.a para servir de unos Cldntos hombres heridos. Los muer- de aguas - en Ju,pr de ouos liqu.idos
cos pasan df.' 200.
alcoh6Hcos. como acostumbran algunos
blanco a las baterias alemanas.. Young
se tttira con un solo herido: un soldaCuaodo d grueso de las fue-nu de- · ~jcrcitos - baa escriio ona pl.gin.a bri•
do quc ha pis.ado uoa mina.
· scmbara.. su sucne DO es mejor quc la llante en la hi.storia..
J:m
arue-
que-
94
�.
Esto nos uae al aspcao- inrcmacional
dcl problc.tr..a. Cuando los gobicrnos de
Mexico o del Brasil hablan de ..auuxie-
terminacion"" ~---tcnmcion·· para
pron:gcr al p scnte 11atu quo cubano,
o esli.n canfu idos o falsificaa a sabiendas .w ideu. T ecoic.amcnre no puedc in·
.oca.rse el priocipio de la --autoderermioacion... ffl el
acrual de Cuba por·
qur la Toluotac:l r los medios de apresion del p.w:blo~ n o baa sido oblite·
ndos por el terror totalitario. Un pue·
blo puede •urodettrminarv uniameate
,a.so
VI
.....
iHace falta mis, scions? Dapue5 de.·
·> ••• .
•
(que.
El problema de Caba a. pucs. internacional. Tan grave o mu quc el ck
Berlin. No asistimos aqui • una qlK'rella domcstia.. Ni a una guern civil
Ni siquien a una •,nolucion cubana•
€
eAO
SltlfA U
1,
Df1WIICIA ••• I ' .
( clichc dcma,sogico obsoleto, fflirado ,.
cit la <ircul.ci6n par las comunisw)
que tuvicra raiccs J motivaciones nacionales. Rcvnluci6n 1i1 cic:rtamentt;_ pero
una rt"Volucion o:tranjcra, inspirada m
una ideolo8i• estranieta 7 diiigida por
a travcs de w iostituciones J mecanismos de la dcmoc:racu.. Y en Cuba la de- egentes esuanj~ros para bcncficio de an
mocracia J'C'fCCi6 hacc tiempo. _su5timida • poder enranjero.
cPuNe tdoavia. ante talcs Yisiblcs reapor cl cstado-polida del comunismo.
Pero mis aun.. Sucedc que est' esudo- lid.1de5, invoc.arse con sinceridad el WI
polida no es ni siquiera nacional, sino llendo J traido principio de ·no imcrorganiz.ado, armado , dirigido por an •rooci6n"'? iNo iotervenir c:londe?, en
Cuba? cEn qui Cuba? ••.
. poder n:traniero: cl imperio sovie-rico.
; El rrincipio de "no intt'.'l"ft!nci6n"' ae
La vinculacion J sumision del apa.ratp
~rnante de La H:.h.-.n:.a a- Moscu
concibi6 / naci6 en America -en ticmun lugar comun en cl reino de las no- pos r ·circunstancias que hoy han nriado
-ticias. Los responsab)cs del ringlado m- radicalmenic - respondicndo a la a.eceloni.1 sc encarga.n consrantcmente de tt· aidad de proteser la IOberania de w pc·
cordanclo • Jos olvidadizos.
quNi.as nacionalidades. Pero rcsuha sarPero b rriteracion t.crba1 est.a de
casmo inaudilo babl.u de "no intcrvenLa presencia m Cuba de milla.rcs de agco- cion.. precisamente para c:ohoo~w el be·
tcS sovieticos ( ..,ccmcos" en cl lcn8)J&•
cho de una nacionalidad pcqueiia que ha
ic comunista). el giganresco desplirgue perdido totalmente au soberania ;,,,,,.._
· de armamento NS<J. e-f CD'Yfo de ninos J
por _. una potencia auana.. Mi.s
de j6vencs cubanos a -educarse.. a la que intervfflida, ocupadL
URSS, las dcclaraciones frccuentcs ck los
Con tu araetcrisrico juego de pab·
jerara.s 10,,ieticos' - Kruschev pnnc1bras. los comunisw han cons.cguido Ile·
palmcn1e - idcntif icind05t' con lo que
nar de complcjos a Washington 'I para·
pasa en Cuba J cl drenaje hada Rusia
liz.ar cl sisrcma inttramericano. El aede riqueu . cubana de todo tipo - pro- cuesuo flagrante de una rcpublica por
duetos agricolas, fruw, muebles expro- el imperialismo sovietico es ..ttVoluooo·.
y todo cl mundo· dice amen.. En c:a,m..
piados • sus ducnus, monedas de plata
bio. el ttSCatr de esa misrna rq,ubJjca
if basta tirna ck la ca.pa vcgetal dcdiada al cultivo dd ubaro! - son hechos y au dC!'Yolucioo a la •ida libre por fucrus de las dcmis, es •m1:ervtncion·. y
que hablan por 1i mis.mos. En la ultima semaoa de julio (Ntw
har que poncr el grito en el cielo .••
Yor! Tim~s. agosto 20) turibaron a dis•
tintos puertos de Cuba 15 barcos sovitVII
ticos. Estt tri.fico ha vcnido a set cos.a
La coJooia sov1euca de Cuba. coo o
habitual. Lo que tienc de cxrraordinario sin ejercito regular ,uso. pone a 1u recsta ·vcz es la llegada en convoy J las
pubJicas americanas, y ca panicular a
medidas especiales que IC rornaron para
Jos Estados Unidos, lrmtc • un dilema
rodear de secrcto cl desembarque. El Dr.
hi,;torioo de bntas.ticas proporciones: o
Miro Cardon.a. presidente del Consejo t'ortar el nudo gordiano del m.iedo a la
Re,mlucionaric Cub!'I~ dio -la voz de
intervencion, haciendo aso omiso de Jos
aJarma con informes r«ibidas de quc aspavientos deniagogicos que pucda.n al·
mis de 5.000 soldados del bloque soviez.ar los compancros de ruta de todu las
tico, junr:o con armamenro t'n gran cs·
categorias, oficialcs y oo oficialcs, o decala,. habian venido en t!SOS buques.
jar quc cl cancer se sip utcndiendo y
En Washington~ fuentes oficialcs, in- que w ttpublia.s ·waran carendo ana a
duyendo al PresJdentc Kt-nnedr, confiruna;.
ma.roa la ~ ea de los barcos J et misEl que haran sido Jos cubanos - por
cerio de su rga.. Respecco a la prcsenignorancia.. poc inmadurez o por lo que
cia ~~ fue
armadas. sovi~ticas. tn Cuba.,
se-a - las instrumentos propicios de
aifa!•camen
denunc.1ada ror la t!'isdcsvC'nrura prcscntc, a una consideracion
tmc1a cuba , Washington ac mantlessubjniva que en nada a1tera d cuadro
to cvasivam~r~. e-xprf."50 ..dudas"", irui- · de causas r cfccros. Parocli.ando a IJn.auando la ~iijdad de que IC uarase ._ coin. rutde dc:cirse .qu, estc Hemisferio
de ...conscjeros ~on6micos f milirsres• •• • no putde subsisdr ·~n pa.rte L'bre , m
Pero, romo !1 foera ~ · el 23 de pane nclavo·:. 0 sc 1alva cotcro para la
agosto las estac~nes de radio de Nueva
democracia, o ~rcce entcro en las fau·
Yor~ ( m los 1nstanres en que esro se crs de! comunismo.
csc:nbe) ofr«en la notic:ia de que otras
Y csta cs una verdad que auric a to17 anidadcs navales sovieticu c:stin m· dos , es responsabiliclad- de rodos; cual-
•
~ ....·.
Codo ffOKJO ·..;... OC:OfflPQliado .. ......
c:ic:,M,a clonn, Mft011cn. ~ ......puede M9uiftm CD" lociGdocf 7 eplicmle
ello ....,.. lo er..o AUYN"S.
-•
· Si .., dbor.tecMOt "° lo tiefle .;.. pidalG o
la fobtico; ..... '2.50 ldollotti> ... a.tble
..-iort.o..-.
a.
.
SE 50UCnAN DISTIIIUIDOIES
.
,___ <OHTN:NT&l IWm SUMI. lfC..,
1296 N. W. 4bt ~ . 11\iow,i 42. Ro.. U.S.A.
mas.
•·~•id•
su
r
'
quicra QUt! hap. sido en cl pasado la imptt"Yisioa O la ingeouidacl de .las m-
banos.
A so •n. cic- la dimensi6n con~nal dd problema no .sc deriva ai con
mucho que 1os cubanos haran de
SCD·
espcrar que los Estados Uo.idos.
solos o con las orras ttpublicu. Yenpn
a ucarles las castanas clcl futso. Por el
b.l'Se •
contrario.
SU
rane -
'
'IU
obHg.acion
moral - es incremcntar la resisrcncia
como si ni hubiesc de veair ayuda a:tcrna de ninguna dircccion. Pan que el
mundo vca... por lo menos, que 1os mbanos constirurco un pueblo qu.e ao sc ·
rrsi.ena a dcsapu«er ma.nsame-nre..
Dicho eso, sin embargo,. la cuesti6n ·
si,:uc en rie ffl toda SU tragica cbridad:
iQue ha.ran los pueblos ' los .cobicrnos
de la Am~ria Latina? Pero sobre todo
c:que hari.n los Estados Unidas? cSeri
necf'sario que IC levantc el cspfritu del
ld11inl' r que ri:pl0te otra vez en la bthia dt La Habana? iO es que pan esta.
Nacion no ha sonado todavi.a la bora de
una
nuen R.csoluci6:i C.Onjunu? •••
FORNOS
Restaurant
236-38 West 52 St. ,,..
Tel. Cl-7-94-20
New York City, N. Y.
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Para liestaca.rse en cualquiera · de las art.es, es necesario talento, una gran dedicacion,
int.eJo entrenamiento y un alto espuitu de sacrificio. Todos estos atributos, unidos a
I
•
.
.
una larga uperiencia de mas
medio siglo, s.irven de s6lido respaldo a la firma
Jose qonzalez Clement.e & Co. en el dificil arte de hacer el mejor ron.
de
RON
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PUERTORRIQUENO
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OISTRtBUIDORES PARA PU£RTO
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_004
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 2 EBF 89 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 2 EBF 89 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ca2da76dfb46a684ce1e9ca9db012eca.pdf
6684bd872455d69420af3fb744cebac8
PDF Text
Text
,~~
FOIP A COVER SHEET
L. __ ..~ 1
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SlTBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 2 ( 87-130)
105-93124
FEDERAL BlTREAU OF INVESTIGATION
_.-___ _ _ _ _ _
....:,___
�NOTICE
r
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUD~D IN THE REPRODUCTIQN
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED .
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONl)ITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
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~~:~-by: . -~-Ja1m~.:-.YalldeJul~~t-.:~:.: •ii:,.;·,/~~. -i:;
·-c .. . •
· : ~ ~ - - B~~: : ; :--~~EL CA~;~~~~:
when he remov~ his mR.sk or revolutionary 1dd1s·t to·,.·,~~<t-.i:~'.'..;{~~~ ..~ .. ~:
reveal the horrible· race of a foreign ancS ·atheist Commun~t~. has JQAN MARI BRAS done, telling the people or Puerto · :· - · -~~ \· _._;~~·~;~!
Rico. in no unceJt.ain terms#. that th~ fight for j.ndepende~ce·.::.-:(;--i·:·f~;~.;
.. .
. a·nd sovereignty which the MPI 1s · carrying·. out.· 1n Fuer;q.:~~~J-.:"i;:;f:--~--~.
.... . . . ~-·Rico 1s me~fq ,a· ~ont1nua~1on.,~r the :.i:~~~~~d_er~~f4;~1-u-~:~~~;i~;~;:'
.-~· :.~..-....
in Cuba for .1ntercat1onal= Communism·-.~-· - -: ~~=- ~..···· ~: ~ . ._~·-· · · :; ,~>-~3k·:~~~"=-~~
... ....
~~~-~--~
:=~-~.;!\~,' ~·i~~:~:··~J;-~~
! MARI BRAS astonished. all those na1vEt·pe.rs~ns
:~?--/f
who did not dream of the existence or Communism 1n Puerto ·:.::~~<-·:Jr$~
.Rico, ··-by- po_1rit1ng out that "one battle can be d1tferent ~-- :·>·:-~= -:~i~i1;
from another even though they both have a common goal-. · -·
.···.:jf{;f;and ours is based and inspired on. FIDEL CASTRO' s revo- .· · · -· ,~. ··.t~:~-;,~i
.
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. -He then po1nte..d
that: ·. •Ea·ch - countri~/ 1{:.t°i-~~l.:{-~:::.:.~.
rorms 1-ts own type or.\ right for ·tJ:eedom· acco.~1.9J~J~=.~~~-:~~f1;::~, ~{1
its own circumstances .and .. charac~r1st1cs." ··.-·~-·-.~---~/~.·._:~:::.~_.:~~~~.. ~~;.:l7:-·;:S-~r:
• • •.•! ;,...... .~:
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~e ·meeting held' last July 24 at-tl'le· Barcel9 :-\.~~ ~i:~~
Square# Barrio Obrero# was attended by some 300 persons~·,:.
;:~:->;~.~~:;~
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Translated by:
8/13/62
cc•s:
(~-~ Bureau ·
l - New York
4 - San Juan
<7 >
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.
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(LOS-32872)
~
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16 ~.;_ - 13 I -z </. ··
ENCLOSl)P~
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,~ ~,. >~-~\t: }~·~:~: '!be Communist. ··clique;-~ co~ve~-1~ntij;_:sp·~.-~}c,u(·.a~~g~~e~,;,~1.!~~j){:
J}if ·-.{~1:~~·-:·t~~·t,.; .8P~C~~o-~~• ah~.~-~~-~<?~.~ _th~ -rore1g~~~~-~to8 ··~_or~~ ~r9~~(/:;_T~~-..:r-?
~-~:±~~:: · -~~·~:~"':--~_:'~ _
. Reel ~b~.- Without any O;t'iginality"'at.&.al~·"th_~y~·_:shq':1~0:l'"-,;n~!-~!tg~
:··· ·-~
h
We shall Oonquerl Rtherlanc1 or Deathl:::~_--Jibaroa ~''.'~t"'.i!~-~!f:-~-.-:·;..~. ·
Long live FlDEL CASTRor?:Dow"··w1th';/-~:~~f7-~:1.::}JJ~j-~
l p d
11)
.x..::-f"':-·-~-•
an ee ....u.t'er
sm - are on
e wa
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out:
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. yes, Y~nkees nol
y k
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In t~th., the revelation made before: the p~b1=.1c~./:~f~!
by MARI BRAS has aston1she.d ev~p some .or~ own tollC?.'!'11~-~.• ~~i~}~~~~
~
Even tho~ .his love to~ ·FIDEL CASTRO was ·no~ secret;./\:~~';f.l1-.~:_~f ~ --:~-:.1~?. :i·-··- -~. his words have re~ealed·.someth1ng which·-ma.ny:~av,. feared~t.~~!~;;~~,j
.~. _:=.· __~,-·~: •. · fer-a .long t~e: .... the· 1ntent1on· or 1mplent1ng in' Puerto{;rpj~~:::!~
~~:1~~1
Rico a system similar to the one in Cuba~-._:._ ~~ : . -_. :. :_~::·:::(!~}:\t~-.~:;~i:Xl~:·
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W1thou~ a doubt., by removing his 1ndepen~eot1B.t. ·:i;-.
mask to show the evil race .. ·ot a subversive movement;~-?-·· .··\:-..:::·jisy··
· · ·-''- ·· ··.- MARI BRAS has really put :his too~:~in ....--: Bis ·unexpepteC,f '"'~~;>.~<.,:.::.
:./·~;":_·.t : ·• s-tatel!lents h~ve~ ~aused ~1~re.ren~ rea~tions···w11;1l~n~- ~:·.~·.r--::}.;t;[;..f=ti
· · ranks of the· MPI itself- and, 1~ seems that. very~·-so~Q. -'-~el~~t;·\.rt.,,-~;~~.
organ1~at1on might be ·_divided in~o ·tl\ree .factions: · ~1
~»~
Those who consider him a traitor for del1ver1ng~the Puertot·.t.: ·:· .·..
Rican separatist movement into the hands or Communism;·:·.·,;·... ··,. ....
those who ~ons1der him stupid for making this revelaUon.-: · _·. ·._- . : ~ .
ahead or time; and those.who consider him a.leader an.s._.· ._:_
follow him blindly.
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'Dlat evening,·· 1n spite .or the cooperation-·,-./~ ... . : ..,.,,,../::~:
, .. · .......... the newspapers ient h1ni"_BO that he might· publicly·: 8CC\l.~e..~~~.:/ ·-·;~{-~~,.,._. _.-.,_ :·;
.the United. S_tatea 9t persecuting all. pat~ts-,"w11?}1--P~:l.:d.f~..;:t'J.\~l\:,-{\..~
advertisements and tree . information.,· the subversive ··lea~e~:···.i...~·,_:.--~~-J
accused the Puerto ~1can press of .. plott1ng Bo· that ··the · ··<ft~~ .- .
·
" ~·,
..
people of Pllerto Rico would become afraid or the Pro Inde~ .·
pendence Movem~nt. MARI BRAS· .then said that -they dicl ·::: ;-: ~ .
not care if they were label~ed _"Communistsn •. ..,>
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To top it all~ nine or the main radio st~tions
on the Island, broadcast - in order t0I1Bke a few dollars the call to su'bversion made by MARI BRAS and ft1s "liberation
vanguard".· At the end., after the Communist poison had
been spread throughout Puerto Rico. the radio announcers .. ·
on the different stations hurriedly made clear that:
, .
•'Ibis was a paid political program; this radio station · ·
do~s not make itself responsible for the statements made .. - ·
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�I want to tell you about this man
make false teeth in his house at 778 Prospec
but I now be do more and every body now 1 t . to.
He
Be work like a dentista. but did not went to
school tor this. He fies the te'eth and takes out the.bad ones
ao·d be liaa the machines for tbi.a. I now he b~rt man:, people·
becaus he 1a not a dentists.. And people gave h1m mone7 when
be fies their teeth.
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~~>'~-=~>~p.q~.-'i•'.~Ona ·year· tater~ COR..ffl.lER. became .ecll.t,or. ot-..•PDE~ _BISPAIOS,~ ..~~·~....:... .
(:~-~ . · -"'~-~~;~~~-;, ~~~]nepillic ~ People a) .a~ SpaiiJ:ah languig~~~vs'l)aplFeui,'af4i'fe4· ~jii~ ;:·cw·,r.; ~{;~?~~~~
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Party ot Puerto Rico, a frantic ant1-0omn!Crdat, dis!d.ssed JUAN ANI'OBIO
:~f<\~ -~z?~T~~}
an attempt to baYe tl:ie Puert,o_Ric,m people .forget llla 11l- -=~~"" ·~· :·_,.;,":t~ ;f~;~f:t~t~~~:;_ , c14ent vlth ALBIZO ~AMPOS, CORREl'JER ~~t. \o Bavana• where he began to .. :...,.,.-_1_: ..."'.·· -~~~ ' / . t.~4'i,;.,-~.r;';,··"
wrl.te· tor the newspaper •aor.• organ··~·aiti'·~~-~~sr (c~n)}~{'~~~"
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~C'RRETmt retuniea··t,o·Pile~_!lico in 1~46._to ~~!11(a ae,aber~~f~~
the COMMUNIST PA.'lT! a, ·PUERTO RI(I) (PCP) •.. _&it t,vo "are lat.er. be fl8i·:.·_,
PARff.
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or
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expelled
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the PCP
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openl7 t&YorSn1··reTolutlona17
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• CORR!TJER then organisec! a aiall croup in Ouqnabo eal.le4 the
•UMICli OF T~ PEOPLE•· tor. the, ,atablialunent a.t whatever coat anc! h .,,- . ·
~oni;, \be. Republic er·,.PDerto Moo.
.·
-.~: .i:,~'
• ~ollovlng
l(at.1.onai1a; uprl.-~-ln
ae·ntencec! to, ~ix aontbe ln jaU tor 1nc1t1Dg \o rlot,•
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• ~ 7~ars later•. ~RRETJER c~ncec!- publication ot tlie paper• .::::-,{t2;iJi1·
.,PRIETO Y PDT!,• in llhicb he attacked the democratic tra;r of lite represente4~-~~
·~\'-:i'.
:b7 .the
Uni.tee! State~•
...--{~
":r.
• .h 19SS, OlllitETJER at,tacke4 the teaching ot Fnglieh ill tlle~.c-"i:~:2;.~
echools et Puart.o lllco~ a ta ting t.bat it vu. ~et_~en~~ to Puerto Rieaa · ::!ff½~:~~
culture.
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.,.!'or ae~Tal 79are• JUAlf ~ o COP.:_'i!TJJ.:R_.~~e~ •~-~~~:~~~/.;ti:t,J~
n~wspaper ·~ HJND0" u an edit.orial writer until hie resignatlm ta~:-:·-:... :t;,'~'\.'.~
~9!r•~~!{.:r!:r~!~c~:u:::i~°:!.~- Cllba, lD order t.o devote
\o ~
-'~4-!i~"
- During th'e past fev yaare, OORRET.JER has aade 111D1e:roua lrlpa
Firat., direct.·~ San JuanJ later, ~roogb Jlextc,.
·. _.. , .
.
.
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.
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•' At the present t,tme, ca:tRETJER le·SecNtA.rf General or U.
\.lCCIOJ PA'l'P.IOO'ICA UNITARil (Patriotic Unitarian Action) ~d 1te principal\·, .. ·
~lea.dare ~ mmeroua occasions heh~ competed vith hie naaeeate, .JUJJI .::=: . : -~ :·
MARI aus, ~ll h11 att~\ to gain full contro~ ~r the hate eapaign antale! .
·~ eubversiq acU.ri. t!e! taw.! seettngs.
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.
been
~&inst. "Yankee biperl.altaa.,• be baa not. ceu~d advocat.1~ electoral.-~~-~~1:\}Ji~'!
. absU.nence end ravorl.ng violence as t.he best vq to achieve tnaepe~-~.t4':?~
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Some leaders of ot.ber poUt.1eal part.lee consider h1il an act.tft·'"I:':"'.'f,'4~
: \·} .
~,. _,ent. ot llltssia bl hert.o B.tco.
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�,.rter cCRpleting hie prima.17 and aecond.ar7 ec!ucatlon In th&\
e1t7, he attended tJie University or ?ermon\1 lileN he na ava.rdecl a
echolarship, because or outetan~ grades, t.o eont1.nne bia aiverd:tJ'
t,ra1rdng at the tJnlnrsity or Harvard. TheN be rece1Te4 • Bachelor•• ·
degree in Phil~~. Science and .&.rt.a, Industrial Cheld.st17, C1'1.l BDgineering1 and a degree of Doctor of Lav. Aft.er this, he took ooaraa1
in 11111t&r7 tra.1.n1.ng at_ the Killt&r7 Acadeiv- ot Kasaachuaetta.
____ £
During the P1rs\ Vorld •a.r, 'i;,)RQ ALBIZU CAMPOS wu a Seoon4
Lieutenant, Inrant17, 1D the J.rrq ot the United-State,·.~--------~---·---
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This is a one-page ·article ecmtA1n1ng pbotographa·
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fiye_ indb1.duala Over the follotdng eapticm81 1.::: .,~~,~-)·-~·.--:~~··:·:.-·.",,."""t,.,
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JUA!f Antonio Corretjer• APtr Secre~
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JOAX Jngel su,n, POPI Se~ret.&17
· . --· · '.·--~ · ~-=-~:,,.·
JUAB Juarbe Juarbe• llat1onaliat Parl7 Secret.&17 ·.-~;.:-_-.?···.
"'JOAB Santos llinrs, President., Camauniat PU"t7
(PEDRO
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mm RAS BEEN 'DELimtm ~ mrmirll
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: The nev organisation, "MES.A DI LARES,• ahoul.d be ealle4 airHE FIVI
.JtTil'S,• or •ra& FIVE ~oos JUAHS.•
Because gathered and.er that
novel diagniae are th~ tin aost dangeroo. aen tor Pllert,o Rican democr&CJ'
.
today.
They are preciael.y the fin JOAXS vbo direct the· f1Te gT011p8 which .
are the most repudiated by. \he hert,o Rican people. Tbe n17 ones llh, dq
art,er day: plot eubvenicm, terror, aociali1t revolution and ecnmmi• Sa
·:':;1/ti
their _effort to achieTe the1r uneontro~able ab1 t1on tor povere Thay are ·-1~
all called. JUill, an4 they haTe ginn each other the eom.radast abrace with . ·
the bloodat,ained idaoloa which ju1titi~• Castro'• 9J)are4Sn.• tanks a&Saaering
Bunil.!7, ~cl t.be hanger an4 t.be aise27 llh1eh c,ppresaes the Ta.at Rust.an
c~lonial '•pirea
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.
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: Vp to t,be preaent ti:&e the tin JU.ANS b&Te vorlce! aeparat.el7. · ~·_-~_,.,
!ut t.od.q, at the
aCDent vhen Pllert,o Rico 11 1n the llidat or aerioa
political at.rife, the agents or riolence present an 1mhaffl' exanrple of ___ _:..2...
1D11ty • er 11111~. tor mi. .The ft.Te JUAMS are tiahillg1 br ccamon accord, · ··F
1n the t,urbuent atrea or local po11t1~•
••r.r
In the aeant11De, the people or herlo Rico are hoping that the
.
4etendora, 'ot dooeraet will put an en4 to their btemal at.rite, and me•.-.-,~·::-:;:.~and tor~ restnin the 4angeroua ad"l'ancea .or \he five treach.erOQS .nJ.AIIS ·:,:.'!~in their ertorta to d.ell.Ter oar belor9d Bor!nqo.en over to Cmm:m1-.
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�Up to the present time. t.he ti.Te JTJAHS haTe worke4 separately.
Bllt t,odq, at the Tarr acaent when Puert,o Rico i• in the llic!st. ·er ae_riou
political:atri.re, the agents or riolence pres~n~ an mahappy ~ 1 • of
unit7 - or union tor m.1 1 The ti.Te JUD-'S are tiahing, .b., 001Eim011 accord,
in the turbulent etrea er local politics.
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In the aeantiae, the people of Puerto Jtico a.re hoping that the
detenclors of democ_raey "1~~ put an enc! to their· internal. etrite, and once
an4 tor all restrain the dangerous adYancaa ot the tive treacherous ~.AES
1n their effort.a t,o dellve_r our belo•ed Bor!nquen over to ~ - . - :.:.
i
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�The NYO will continue to remain alert for any such
infonnation· and the Bureau and San Juan will be promptly
notified.
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(105-93124) (RM)
/2 : Bureau
San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1) (RM)
New York '(105-32872) (413)
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The split ln the Lares Board bet1'een
A.PU and the more conservative independence groups
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_San Juan and New York should give full. ----· ....._
· consideration_ to count~rintelllgence measures aga._Inst · · T~.:.__
· APU and submit recommendations ·to the Bureau as to
:::..... _ _ ,,,,,,,..~... metho'~s which. aight be.:·:successfa~ly employed in.tba
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CO;MeC:tion. ,,:·:. - lZO .
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A.- A flyer in the Spanish language would be prepared in .. - . . · .b.""'"·~
·.: ~ . lrdmeograph· form or ine~~ive _lette~-s~z~ pa~r . b~~r~-~·;:~:::~·{-)~~(
~ .:_ . - . the toll owing .. text:. .·. :. > .!._.r :· . ._..•. ,,·.: . - \ .... :·.~ ;i·....-:: ·.i, -~ -:,:./
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• ~ ·. ·. _:.... =·~ "LET THE ELDER. STEP ·. ASIDE~!:-..... \"·?f ~~- ~- ......:·:..; ..i~~,-~:-u~... t.r:;
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"The struggle tor independence from toreign · ., .,
dor¢.nat1on for P~erto Rico ~s been carried on now for nearly
a century since the brier but hallowed days or the Qrito de
·~ : :.:·"2.
Lares. " ou.r patriots have given unselfishly or the1~ time, -~:. ·. .:
. ..
.their treasure, and even or their ·precious :-blood,~ ·1n;·th1a. ~-?:-.: ..~i~~~,~....··
·-> - ~ -~~.sacred cause and yet. we ·st111 ·r1nd ourselves:l~u1s~ __.1n~;:-~:~)~~~~~~-/
·':.- {·- •.. - colonial· status .~nd s~cond_ .~la~s c1_t1zensh1p._ .. :.--·-·__ ,·...·!"... ,~~r::~~-¥\~\·:"'.t-~-~.:
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"W~ have pleaded for our soverignty ·to our overlc;,rds -_. ·~:~ ·
and have been rewarded for our pains with the dangling before
. :"'· ·
our eyes ot a nebulous statehood in the .unspecified future.
/.:,
we have essayed to attract the attention or the people or the
United States with more ror~hright means and have _seen our
//.':
patriots shot .down and imprisoned as
struggled f'or f'~,cause.
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"Both or these· roads to independence baVe
1962,,
(And yet as long as there is ~ Puerto Rican lef't alive, so will
.... ·
~ the spirit or liberty continue to bum.
How can we achi-eve. our._ind~pendent destiny?
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The answer lies in tJ}e Un1ted Nations. · In.the past. · ·.
ear the vital MPIPR, under the spirited and youthf'ul d1rec~t1on·;.-~:-_i
f Lie~. Juan Mari Bras, has vigorously lobbied at-the·~;,.~a\_;. ..w;·!~~tz
.. _
at~ons tor the 1ndepend~nce ot Puerto Rico and their ertorts. · ·
have been -rewarded with amazing· success~ A few great·~
and almost all or the newly 11tierated nat1o~~ !$ the worla
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l2) - Bureau,
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1 - New York (105-32872)
a1_,_ i·. &..~i:,,,::~.
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pledged -their support .to our at~~~~~a.l~ ;~~~.}lte~_.!ipm~-~-,~tne..8fenit1cent. ertorts· ·ot-- the.MPIPR~-~--.,.,~-; ~-~~~ :J.:·~~t>:t ..1! ,...l_~:-~-.,. ~~-. ,.,..::.~'·,-.....
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:t:,;;:\J.D .-!~,/.: :~~f~: _res ·was ·b.om to··comba~· the· 11ttle~la~nt~d pl~b1.!.~1~.~,.-··plo_t
~..-·"·_:.:{! .,._-.;t _:· · · · hatche~ by :our colonial government·. '!'he men ot .~he· Me~a ,.~an._ ~J}?~~'.~(~
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"Like all ·::coalitions the Mesa De Lares is now plagued
· ····
the _nat1on··needs.\~t?l-':_...·~~~-:
?-- ~·: most. ~ A man· who has lived -on:& questionable .. reputat·10n:·&s.'!&:~J,~.!:-~·~.:-:-:::
_ "·
.. ··:Jo~·:~. poet an_d intellectual, s·ays_-.. he -cannot find: the· t ~ -to-.,t~~~'~ttfi:f·;.~..
: -<'>\·ti - - ~---· · _ .. a Mesa de Lares· meeting; a~ man.·who trades on time· spent 1n :-e- ~. -=·· ··- · · ..... ·
· ·:! ·
the 1mper1al1ot J,ails for his once goo4 work on behalf' ot _· · -~~·-:1,:;::1~j~~
· .t · independence now· is so _fj.lled with pride that he ca~ot · · ·'· ._·.·:,·~. · ·:;.;1~
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subordinate his ego to cooperate with the vigorous young men
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coming eag~rly forward to 1~1:1~ ~heir weigh~ to th_~ :~nde~~~-~~c-~.J~:/~~.·,.
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battle e
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· ·-.:-:... ,·r.. by ~nternal d1ssention '1t the:moment when
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lion' "now. lurks ·-1n ··h1s:·. Guaynabo.~~~ K~f.~r:
'
. .-:. ·· · .. den hidden .. away from the world and plans. and __ plots.;..~_-he _dreams~_.-·:. ·
r .. ·· ··· · · or violent· ;revolut1cm··w1th himself ·at the head or conquering~~:.-~{.-.·~:~.1
.~. ·:_ ."· · · -·~~ · :r ·,, ·,:..:. ·.· ._:::, · -.--··~ .\ .: .J · ·. · .~ . '. -~:
t~ -~ ·, ~·--: ·•" · ... ~; ....... ~--, ~'This -tc;>o~hless old
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Bor111quen ~attal1ons. not seeing the overwhelming force or our·."··
colonial masters crushing him and our irreplaceable youth into
oblivion. .
.. ·
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·
·-4~{~
-: .. .. --~--·
"Let this elder step aside and permit _.the yo~th or~: . ~~ .·- . =- ._ /·
-~~- : _....... Puerto Rico 'to treat ·w1 th the nations or the world· 1n~-mutua1··_-=(~-~~- :,.~ -~ ·.
-~·· :~~.-.\ -:,,respect and dignity unt11·· our ·.independence·. is won ·.by· press.ure·;~.·.-~~=~~t¥}~
~/~:~~ >· :or world. thought ··and opinion.-:_ ~This·-· old campaigner ~:~-~;.~~;:.\~-~---:~:-~/~~;·
.Si·~· • .- ··callously f.orced the ·.titular leader- or h1e· group into·.~1ns1gn1tigant~·
..
obS¢Ur1cy-7 ~-now it is time ror h1m to_y1eld. We need ·~ty_:1n· ~~~~0~f~
the Mesa de Lares--this is not a time ror prima donna posturing-this is _the time for responsible, unified movement.· Independence_ :~,;:,
is in sight; let us move toward it! ·
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We have in our possession the complete mailing 11st
the APU ( about 100 names) and a partial mailing list or the
MPIPR ( about 275 names). This flyer would be two pages 1n
or
i..,..
t
·
._,__.
length; would be folded twice crosswise to rorm a business
leJ-,te~e1ze which would be stapled to hold it 1ri place·. 'l'he · · · ·
recipient •s n~me and- address would be type~ .on the. outside .and ~-~~..-.-i:.
tley ~ould._:be mailed_ ~1rs~ class -~ter a tOU:r cent.: st_~P . ,ia~/:~fc-?.>~\-1.··:
• · ··, · atrixed ·to .each one. !I'he mailing would take place 1ri Arec1bo;·. '=.:\\if?~
Pl\erito Rico, which 1s one ot- the Isl8.l)d •a pr1n~1p~l towns wq~ . . _;_ ~-
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'.we do not r~el that the material in the text w111 · · . ~ ,.,:~ti~~
materially increase the·stature· or the MPIPR or·Mar1,.and·-~t.·:·-::.·"t.-·(-::,.
· .. : will be. t~ our benefit should ·1t lead read~rs away..r~m:.~-~~-~-..~~.;:;,.}·:i·~
.-.:-~· . . v1~lent ~pproach to. ~obby1ng _1n _the -~~e~ -~a.tions.rt•.=-~)'i/.t.?:C~~\:.·..:~i--r·
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·. _: :-'"·-~- '.\:.: ·-"':"'"~;.!~: :~· -:~.. -
.we do not feel that· 1t ·would be or great value to -~... · • · ·
expose th~ Marxist background o f - ~ r his pro-Cuban_: -·?··.
attitude. We note that a M a r x i s ~ i s not·unpopular
· ·
among the Puerto Rican "1ndependent1stas", and Cuba and
··:
:'l~
Pidel Castro continue to enjoy popularity 1n their ranks.
.
,The Bureau should note that·
·
~d_,
;t;?:-:.·
a~ readily identifiable in the text to any. Puerto Ric.an ram111:arj5.f
w1 th independence poli'tics. ..The Liga Independentista Bor1nqueruf ·: ,.!;f
1s. or course~ a n~ or our own choosing.
--·-·
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.In addition to the rorego~ng 1 we have noted -that th~
_y.._A...-p~sen'tly operating rour ~dio programs on a regular basis
om San German, Ponce., Yauco, and Mayaguez. Their program~
. ri~terial is rrankl~dentista in cha~cter and l~a~. -t;C?ward ~--e Castro vie". ~ ancS. hie henchmen a·et·;great ato~ bJ'_:..c<,
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·ne Bureau fa_l.ty· appreciates the·. dlttlcal ties:·-:_:: ~r-t~/·:
involved in .undertaking a counterlntellfgence program of t~ls:·
netu~e. · Your suggestions fn this. regard are apprecla~edp.~~~-U,I
your -ideas · in furtherance of this program are sol ic I ted. : ---- · · :· _,:
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· Bulet 11-21-62 requested San Juan ·and New~York~:to~);\;;j:
subml t suggest Ions for ~unterintell fgence PrQgra11 to -combat.· :~"2·;
rising influences of. Acc1on Patriotica Unitaria. _·:_!· _ ~-. \.~--:. ·~ -;·.:__ ·;_r..-
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_;~-: i·:·:··i;f:~~:~D/~r'· ,. - :t0Wards-~·Cuba~·-rorce4 .. tJle~ ·aubve'rs 1Ve leaders to·· ·adop_t .\i7::;~~·~~::;':~i?.~;~1
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protest ~gainet •yankee ~r1al1sm. • Bowever.-r.·~-:~~~···.:! '~'/.··~~~::::j.f(·t~
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Rican_ stuC,ents had. taken ~- the; st1'eets :to pro~st{·_~;.,-:.··;__ .yc..~i-)1(
. -aga1na~_ ~imperialist aggression.• This proves ·that~- ,::)_~~:)':l··t~i/h~
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in Ponce·, said. the organ1zat1on-:was ·ra·d1cal ·and::·.-. ·:-·~:}~.. ~-t\t;::~~; .. :,-.-:~::1t.
·.·~ .:. - · · .: _ Communist. !bough somewhat- late., ·Professor CARREROp·~--~~---.-l.~·:--~··. ·.:~~-.~,-·
:·-:, .·_:~"'··.... ~: ·.- realized .the mistake he had .made .1D bel1ev1Jlg ·that--:t'·i~-~--~'.·;.:;.:~_,- .:- :<\
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the truth was he .was allied to those whc would ·have~-~:··_·,~·>· .·:·. '.~ l_.)! .-. ·
Puerto :Rico become another Soviet bulwark•in the· ·.·..'.~ ..:~. :.~_,·.-_. . ·:·)i·.}~51::·
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CARRERO., f'ounder of the PUPI at the Cath~l1c Un1vers1t7 · - · · ..:.
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As tor PUPI., it met to draw up a plan orprotest which f'or some unk:Down reason was. never·"·:~·
put into effect·. 'lbe main idea was to carry out .
a peacef'ul picket 1n trort of the Un1vers1ty ot Puerto
Rico with the motto •we want Peacel II arh1a picke~ -~ · · ··
would not be carried out by the better known members
of' FUPI, so as not to 1nf'l1ct upon the campaign
the bad reputation enjoyed by this group or young
Marxists.
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The people or PuertoR1co should consider
caref'ully th1s step taken by the members or the
Lares Board.. 'l'he7 should be unanimously rejecte.S . . · ·
because the7 have shown how they act at a given moment.
in favor or a rore1gn power; oppressive-and cruel.
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12/5/62
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Surprisingly~ the text or this 1nformat1ve
cable was not publi~hed_by the newspapers or Puerto
Rico.
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Care.tul·coilsideration has.been given to the sug~ested ways and ·means .-01· d1srupt1ruJ. ·the Aocion Patriotica.
Unitaria (1:,fU) 1"rom. the vi~w,roint .o't bow. thes~ su~~estio~·.c~~t~~~~F.~
be best utilized in regard to the situat.ion in NYC~ 'In ar- ' . · u·~-·c.-;·~~
riving at the f'ollow1ni conclusions,· it has been borne in mind
~
that any ag~ressive plans made in this matter ·would have to be . . ·sri J
formulated so as to conform with the philosophy and dedication
~
or the l·uerto Rican independentista mind, and what wo.uld. be,;(·-. "J.c::
acceptable· to this mind..
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felt that the Marxist back~round· o r - · . l :;.;~
s no longer a liability in indepen enc circ· i!s~,
eo&.use of the similar :philosophy of FIDEL CASTRO, an . ~-;,J;~
the majority of. independentistas. Due to this hero
is no dissension within the ArU in NYC, because or~...
u~port of 1,he Cuban lievol ution.
In re~ard to the split in the Le.r
between lli.J':;.,:'
~rou~s and the rirt between
and
it is noted that the 1n eJ/t ·""' ..... e eJroups
u wted with this Board and the APU in l\"YC,
be ot little importance. The APU in NYC,.
be the actual leader.
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The .NYO
ieels
des:ire· to push the
that
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Bureau (10.5-93124) (RM)
dan luan (105-).35) Sub. l) (RM)
l - New York (105-32872)
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the younger mem er; was thrown ou ·l.D~~jt~
· -·_. -. · :.~ . rev or or
nerein lies the poss 1b111ty ot .the ·co:un'te:r111·-,?.~----~~?.~
~-- ---~ \ _ · _ " ce: program utilizing the_· ill t'ee11~ .existing· between..-~::-~-:~}}~!-~· . ~.-and the APU •. As ot late, nearly all of the prominent·APU :"t
-: ·: ~ -.. · mem
in' NYC I have found handprinted signs in the St>anish\':·:~ .;~ -~.. -:4::-;:~-...:·
·1an~ue.~e in theix; ar.artment houses. Messa~es s~ch as· 'Ge.ma.7-0CP. .!i:8
"Be alert",· "Walk alon~", end "Viva Puerto Rico Libre". '!'he~.. ;._..-,;-~~;__~~- ~··
meanin~ ot. the word 'Gamay", or the ini tie.ls "OCP" is not known· :;-;;,_~
to the NYO:, nor to the APU members·. There is little doubt in the · '/'._
_minds ot t~e A P U ~ however, b~~ what .these mes$ages ha!!:?€~;~~./
or1~1n,ted· with In.a.~dition t~ t~e-bandprin~ed
there also'. appears a symbol in:·the :torm .ot-a ve-rt1ca1· arr~,--·ii:·L~~-:~:-··.
pointi~ upward, enclosed in a·c1role.· No 1nformat1Qn has·been:.:i :. '·:·
received indicating the meanin~ or this symbol ..... However, the:: -\~ .. -:·
~ e s ~ s that this could be the symbol of a new ~roup wh.ich · · ··
~ m a y be· starting and the initials OCP may be the abbrev19'." ,.•~
a tion of the name ot the or~anization.
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Inasmuch as the tactic of leavi~ these mess~~es at·_ ,,q~~the apartment houses ot APU members has already :been started. and···.··.i?.
the ground work of suspicion already formed, it is telt that_.-.t~e_ .:...--~
NYO can ca.J)1tal1ze on· this move by sending handprinted lett~rs.-:~o. -~-some· 15 or 20 prominent APU members. The letters would· contain --~- -::>i ··:
the above-mentioned sayin~s in Spanish as well as the symbol
described above. In addition, the following saying would be
added: "A Cada Santo Le Llega du Dia" (loosely translated:· - ~-,;;_-~
~Every saint has his day".) It is underst9od that to ~panish
speaki~ people, this saying carries the connotation, "You'll
~et yours"•
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The letters would be mailed from the.yicinity
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residence so es·to throw more suspicion in bis direc- .--·~;~~~:
tion arid thereby create a greater de~ree o:r 111 will betwe·e·n-··-···-· - --;"•?:/r~;ot~·'
allllft1is 1'ollowers, and the APO. The paper and envelopes
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no way be traced baok to the actual· souro·e·~~,_ .· Every:·. precauti~n;A~ _;tlii'~
would be taken by the NYO to insure that .the FBI was not ,._.... ~ ~:· ,-,t::!:/·f,r~
suspected' in this matter •.. . . · -···=·· -_\_
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'Ihe Bureau is requested·· to edvise:ithe :,NrO.'of-.·its·.:t. ·.·~·-·.. ··_:-:;·
opinion conoernipg this suggestion.
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. Yo~r ,suggested counterintelligence pr~cedar~...... :-._:;~.~~.~i-:~~..:~. ·
of sending an 11non)'llous aalling to fifteen or. ·twentJ,;.~'ic...-,:~-·"':.:~~-;t-~J:¾..
proidnent aembers of Accion Patrfotica Unitaria appears ·.
·
to have ~erit~ After.. receiving the coments froa the
. .'.: ; ~ ~
San Juan :Office as requested in rel et, you should subalt :~~ •;:·~ ·-::!_..:; ·-:J;
the text ·of the proposed 11aillng in Spanish eloM with _.--~~~-~:.~~=-~. _:: .
the Enf l~sh translation for Bureau approval.· .. Also subalt!.~·~~:;\~:·-~ ·.,J•. .f:
the fu 1 ·details regarding the proposed aaillng lncladin& ~~;.:. ..~;.-.·~·~
the 11a11es of those to whoa letters will be addressed. :·· . . . ··,_ --~;. ~~-_.
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1 - San Juan (105-93124)
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San Juan f'ile 100-4912 contains the San Juan
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tha Ba~1(?._Stat1on)fRJS,. San Geraan, 1.811 ~~-.bJ'.Elec~oni~]:: it~sdt§f~
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· . to &J2Y advances.·"' Accordingly• no attempt will_ be made to:f,r~::t\:=-~=:-:-.::::f~~-.
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·~_:.~ - DIRECTOR• .. FBI (ioS-9.3124)
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SAC, . ,"C:f ?ORK " ( lOS-32872) (P) . -·· ·- ~:···:·.·.-·· -
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GROUPS S~:ING-:_IN0EPEt~3,1CE
FJif PUERTO RICO · ·.._..:-. ·_': ·. ·, -~~-- ( COlJH'I'E~IN.rELLIGENCE PRO!JdAt-1)
SUBVERSIVE CON.:'iiOL SECTI01l
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Th~ follo1,11ng is the propo£ed text f'or the anor.y-: -··,·.-.
mou~ noillng to vn~ious .Acc!on ?ntriot!ca Unltarie (AFU) ··. ·
roernbers t'or t!le purpose o!' disrupting th:Lt orgar..izat
~
creating fW"ther dissension }?etwcen the APU ard
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Bureau { l05-9312h }
3 - Sen Ju2n (105-3
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New York ( 10$-$5193)
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Ev~~Y sn!nt h~s hi~ cay
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Long live fro~ Pu~r~o rlicoJ1
As nrE-viousl.7 pointed out the r.ienning or the word
Also, the ·rn£=m1nt;
Gamoy and the 1n1t1nl~ OCP are net xnown.
or the; s:m!>ol is not l:nown.
The cbove, upon receipt or !3urcr..u r;:'~ovol, will
be hand::,!" inted on a p·oor grcde or pa?er ~,~ 6:ho..it Lc~d1ng,
~alutation· or eicnaturo. They will be enclo~-"·""1 ~ _ . . · ~ ....
envelopes rind ,.wiled i'rom the postel zone of
resicr,r.ce 1.n Bronx, lJ. Y•• in an atter"pt to tlU'o\~ suspicion on
The i'ollo1-1i!"lg hn,..·e been selected as those 1n.dividua~·'.;'~~~
who sl~o,uld, re cei 'H· . these letters:
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Aft~r cqri.ful ~ns1deration it ~as tr~idad to
li"'."!lit t~e 11.1eilinG to 11 individuals because ti1esc=. ~e~
peop'!e who~t addresses 1aould .nost· li::ely be ~"'lown to It ~-10s 1'el t that to include other .APu roemoors in t~i~ i~&~..l~r.e,
could jeopcrdize the tact!c as it is po!:_s!.!.>le tl:Ea.t the
,.,..,...c.c~ so~e or the other AFU r'1erri!>ere would not be 1mown_ to
The. ?"iO w!ll tnke every precaution to protec~ the
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- l e a ~ Y o r k . For all
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has been thrown out of the
c· ~; organizatiop. He an
1s follo~~rs are believed to be
f c:"l 8· responsible for writings· ~ n s in the Spanish language.
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rivals. wit in AP
adjacent to residences of ~ n d his followers. A
proposal from New York •as to mail, ~nonymously. these
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slogans in t h e ~ h language to· the eleven selected
Tol.aa~eners of theiallllll"factiQn~·,thus causing further dissensi-on
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Counterintelligence Program should
carried out~· as-~t
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that f'urth~
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could well lead to emba.rre.ssment to the.B.lreau.
:We presently have under consideration plans for
ti disruptive tactic aga.1nst the FEDERATIOll DF UNIVERSl'lY
STUIENrS FOR INDEPE?-lllEHCE (FUPI),· and you will be advised
,
01'1:his subsequently.
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· ( 2 - Bureau (105-93124) (Rl-1)
·-1 - San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
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8 1963 ·""7"',-~
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. .; · •( . GROUPS .SEEKlrG INDEPENDEr«:E FOR PUE2TO RICO . · · ··· __. :·:·,· ..·_ -~.(.-~·· ...... _.-...
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(CO~TERINI'ElJ.,lGE!CE PROG 0 au\
SUDVERSIVE coNrROL SFr.T10N'AI.
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:ontact Parade PubUcatio1{f?>~< <?~4
Inc., as requested in referenced airtel. The photograph in
question can be reproduced satisfactorily at the Bureau._··:.·.
, San Juan wi-11 submit a suggested text In t~~ -. Spanish laniuage ,dtb an English translation for the
pr~pos~~-- flyer to be distributed anonymously at .the · ·. .
Uni vers1 ty of Puerto R-ico in connection •·i th the Bureau.• s ·
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Counterintelligence Progr&'ll against the Federation of
·.
University Students for Independence. San Juan also advise ·
the Bureau concerning. identities of individuals in
· ;.;_:_,
ehotogJ'.'aph on page 4 of S/26/63 issue of Para c Ma azine ·.
-_
.
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~ i n d i c a t i n g vhich in ·vtdual de ict
/,
~ n d which depicts
m,m:
The Federation of University Students for
·_:}t1{1·
Independence (FUPI) 1 a ~tudcnt group at tl1e Uni!ersi ty of
_J
1 Puerto·
• t
Rico advocating 1ndc!lendence oPuerto
~Rico by force and ··
: ·• violence, has stro!_lg communist ties.
FUPI
.
i representative a - t i o n a l Unlon
u
ts in Prague,
' Czechoslovakia.
· s current leader of FUPI in Puerto Rico.
·' Considcratio~ is
J..llS ~given -i~ recomi'nendin" t h a ~ e r be
prepared to include· the photograph o f ~ d ~ o n the
~~~ t .. cr:s platform at t11e· •Internatio~darity with Cuba•
rally ~eld in BraiiiJ.S~ec~~~Jr,,
similarJlyer 11·as prepp.rc~ ·
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DIRECTOR., .PBI . ( 10.5-9~124) :
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nSUBVERSn'E
CONTROL SECi'ION
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Ao to the rormat ot tl1a tlyer, San Juan Ot:t1ce suggests the · ·· ··
entire first pace be a ~ t or the cover or ''Paradon with
~ t e · circle around ' - ' n n d the two persona behind ~ - .
-r~.l. Bureau (105-93124! (Enc. ll) (RM) "
1 - New:York (Info)
lOS-3267~) (RM)
.
( 1 - san: Jynti (105.33.5 s~ l) _
JCB:dJW \!)}
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f-i~_- · _.;·. :·:~~~:\.·;-· ·:ee1oii~ft11·1:·;·,pllotogNi>h- ··111 1arG8 ·print ·a11ouid ~- be_.- the -OBPtt~ ;t&.l(f;~iii
hsl.M
. ·_f){~~
·:·:·:,.-:,_ -~~\. ··.·:~,- ·~ "jGEtm:s· DE COMUNISMO BN LA UNIVERSIDllD" (J.tenta·ot-Q
,!~<·. . J _. - ~- - __ _ .- 1n ..tbe Uni~rslty).
first inside pase..,. ·.·-~:-~~/~
(c1roled) wit~>.>· ;·>·.::~~};{
~/{:;ff , . : ._
e
et over the . ·.:-. -· .. _·.·. .·.··.···L:f;-i
;iJ~t-, ·.-~-~-'__ ··._ ·
·capitalized wo~s •1961 - LA PUPI Y ·KRusI:;.CHEV". . At the top.\·:\&~
.. _,.,. · ·:. or the opposite p a g e ~ a p p ~ pnotograph-from .Pase-~""=~:\~~-~·~~~~
_:.·:::-J
_.. ,·
IJ or nparade"~ with ~ d ~circled.· over the::.-.~t.-;i...~~t;·t..:·,~-~
. 1f:
. : . ._,i - -captions n1963 - LA PUPI Y CASTRO 1. 1'he message 1n·Span1sh:·_t···r.::::?,;=
--~) _:_:~·::/~"~-·· .· -· should be written on botto= balt ot the inside pages and on>~~-~--'_ ,:·,
., . . ~.,-.ii
the back or tho ·flyer. At the bottom ot the. last. 1nB1de\·.<~- ,_ .; .. .·.·.·r'~·
·~t::-t~?,
·page ehould be'~r1t~CJ' the ~o~s n(vea· ~.do~~)."._ . ~·.-,-'." ~/<·. :·,.~~~,~~.,\if~~l
At the top
···should ~ printed the' photo,:;raph or
- . KHRUSHCHEV as it &f.peared in.the 190
,sft- . :·~;: :- :_. · · .
. ,.
~-... : ·
.·.,,~~--.~.·
'
..
f.
i.
-~ -
. ~. _.:_--. -·
•
.
,_
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..... , 1 ~ -
• ••
'l'he method or distr1but1on will be the ee.me as tbat or the ::~·.;::~~1t:&n~11
1962 leaflet; that 18• by. anoil11JlOU.S mailings to 1nd1v1duals ..........-~.f~J!§}·
and orsrulizat1ons who have publlcally oppo_sed the POPI 1":.'-°":~·:·t:-~·>~~
. the past. Among these at the
UPR a.re _the cathol~o· Youth ~-:><'··i·"'_-:\:=_;~\>
... -Organ1.ze;t1on~ )lOTC ·"
IA 11 : Catholic
ws aper)~· Stateh
•..:~7~:)~
"'",..
'"
~
:!n1
,r.
0
·
_.~
..... ,..... ·:!-;-,..
ca y opposed th3 FUPI- at the UPR. The 11.at also ·. :. ' · ·-:,~;·
1ncludo certain fraternities at the UPR which have opposed
ha3 puo
may
W~lO
t_)1e PUPI.__
·
.
~
. "! ... -.
·-
,~ 1n the past., complete tu1onyzr.ity will ba maintained and .tbe. ) ~~
mailings will be made 1n such a tian."18r that no Bureau employee .. _._.:
will be ·1dent1f1ed vith them. It ~ eusge3ted ~hat ~•QQ.<?~. ~--.~---~·-· . -.- ·.
cqies or the r11er be printed.
. · . .- ·.-,~< .... :.·. <. _-- . ·~·::;,:. ·.. :
.
. ~
·~ :. -. ~ .,- :
__
.
.
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··~·.·::·:~/ ~ /}·.:..
.
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.
.;..
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....
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�ri\-o·__
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._
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fll9 __ Communist elements at UPR are already approach~
."H·J
. . · tudent bo~y, espeo1ally Freshmen·., requ,1_~1~·.~~t.~~•>'!'-':~~~:-~
· Jo1n the Federation ot Unieraity Students -~for;Independeni· ?··::;~_1:~
._.(~PI).· ·!l'hla 1a an organization control.le4-.and dire~~·-~ ~firi~t:;.':f):
kf}.
:
···i':
.\
-}~b~
..~~~~~t. eleme~~~... t~a~n~~ . . _1n~.t~~ ,,.~r;·:,~r· agi tat_1on--~../'1-:...'__:fi.i:lf/;fi~
7
•· ·:.
. ·f.'t ··
. propaganda· in Prague.· Moscow and Havana.~-~. Xt 1s our w1slf zk;:ft
i\-ji}l : ·
\ ..tha.t·4he student· body be on guard. against this organ1zat1 · · · ·-.
;?'.~\~fr-,··-- .·.
1 which under the cloak ot lndepende·nce promotes . . Conimu.n1af'' ..._.i::· .. ~
·· · ·.. . ·:'"
.
f/;;·~ ·. . .
..
.
·.
1
/§itl ~-~ -.
\4 ~~~ ,;,g~~-",Ci:;:e:;i '.i{c1$.j;~~;;:y,;!,,,:- _: :,_;r~~,i . ...;.,,· '
. 4.rbese photographs are conclus1ve
'd: _ ._ . , :
.- ;j;,;,~ ~<:.,,};:i;fi.;.':'-iir';Jf:
ev1d_ence.·thatt_..~~:f~;.~.~·
. ·:·~-'f:
•.
POPI con~1nuea to play a. prominent part 1n the cauae.:~f·.~:·~: . /;:.~;-::~i,.
. .if
-..
. Communist domination ot the world. The photograph·_ ..taken ·. ~· :·~-:.~}:~/
. . :_._,;,J ·.
•
· n 1 61'..
blis ed b a O..ban maga~1ne,. shows FUPI ambassador· . .:_·_~ .
·· .:ft
with premier KHRUSHCHEV at a high - . ·. ·;,. ~if
'.JJ ·
eve you . con er~n'in
Moscow.· The- photos taken th1a year... ;!, .
·
and ~ d by· 11 ,arade, • u.
s
ews· · er ma· az1ne;·->;~~J;
-..,··<t
show. . . . and FDPI president
mong · :··):f.{
...:~.::w
the most prominent leaders ot La n
er ca n
co real?.··.:··.·.
~.
.· . .
held in Rio de 3ane1ro, ~raz11,. in support or the· Communist :l.;:.,1:L~:
regime ot FIDEL-CASTRO in Cuba.·:-:-The ·pho~ographa.,do~·not/11.e;:~tt::,l;;:~
. .- --.. "· •.· 1n spite or. the ·h1gh':sound1ng_:~Ph~as~a~·..~t~ ~~·u9.;·i~,..~~~~~o~~~4~~;~
FUPI leaders in regards -to their "just cause., the truth is · ..~::::::
that POPI 1s a dangerous Communist front used by Moscow
to spread its 1ne1d1ous propaganda.
·
11
<:~tf
~-
-~,rl
'·.
For eome time FUPI succeeded 1n deceiving certain
sectors ot the student body. Their ingenious exploitation
ot certain university. problems . . won them the aympathm· ···.: .... ~_:.~
of stud.ants and professors sincerely concerned ·with the,-~«..-·::-:;.;: ..
weltare or the 1nst1tut1on. Slowly and pat1aatly PUPI··..-~ .. ~.!~-..~ .. 41'. ~... •
was gaining followers and sympathizers. While this happened/
FUPI was secretly ·eend1ng leaders to Prague~ Moscow. : Peking,· ·.
Havana, and other Communist c1t1ea trom where they retumed ,
. trained 1n the art of 1nf1ltrat1on, ag1tat1on and propaganda.
They ar~ true agents or ~~ternat1onal Communism.
'~ ..
!
..
But now Ji'UPI 11 not limited by 1ts Communist masters.
to activities on the local ecene. Communism, in 1ts campa1~
agains~ the u. s. is exploiting the Puerto Rican issue
and it 18 Communism's organization in P.R •• FUPI, whl~h
must "unmask Yankee 1mper1al1sm" at congresses and international
meetings sponsored by Communism. In order to better f'ultill · --~
this mission, FUPI has appointed an ~nt under the ott1c1al
-2!111811~1nat1on or member or the IUS Secretariat 1n Pragae. _ .. ~
' '
.
.. ··. :·. ~~: :1
., :r . .. ··
..
. .
·-
.
. •t .
..
.
.... :.,l;i.
�Brazil has been the last country visited by the
FUf.I comrades. This trip, paid by Moscow, was made £or the
sole purpose or participating 1n the Congress or Sol1dar1t~
with Communist Cuba held during the mon~h·, of A i'il.
'!'here, under the J1c
DEL CASTR
PUPI president. and
ssador., .
again had the opportunity o s ano
and reaffirming
their ra1 th 1n CASTRO and KHRUSCHEV. The tact that in these·-~·-···?t;r
photographs the FUPI delegates occupy places at the pres1dent1ai
table. :next to the .highest-ranking communists. shows how
··
.
1mport~nt P.R. 11 in the Communist plans of conquest.
It also shows the trust which these leaders have 1n the PUPI~~
delegates. It seems that·FUPI has proved to its leaders
that they can rely on them tor. their eubvera1ve plans 1n
,,_.
P.R.
FUPI can no longer deceive anyone!
r
-,s -:
Be on the alert1 fellow student! Don't f'all
_.
into the trap set by Communism and its agents in P. R. ! - -- .:f~fli
L~,
oP PUJ'l'O
(Un1vers1ty
Chapter)
t.
.
ANTI ~COMMUNIST LEAGU'E
.
.',
-2-
.
.
Ric(/
·· :/{412:
··,~/f.i
�t~ta .es
·•
llnA
agrupac!.on controlac.1a : .
re.
, :h•rte91t.1'~ col'!Unistas entre1'13~'l!t e~ el arte
1~. ~clt3~i·6~·; ~rop:i~n~da ~n- Prag•, ~oscu y !,p. Hab11.,_~
y -11rlg1t13
.de
.
u
.•
La totocr.11.!ia t,:'lfflad!l en 1961 y publicada
corr1un1st" del r.:un,it:'.
,.-~·
Etn ~escu.
.h
!'ail33t-r~r.
~·
r·
:,
e-:t,,,il.i':13
dur~~tA
~ · ••
•-•a
lj;"~I,,,;;
aR~ 'l~L3)
,:::>
•• ....-
~-
ma~
E''l Un ('O;'l~f'SO
dest11ca~os l{de res de l:t IJ11erica ·
C~lebrado
en
::!{(' ~e
.!!.':10~!"0•
~a9il 1
eu ~spa1do del re~~lmen c~u~ist.11 "8 F!1')I:J. CASTRO e'l Cuba.
·tAs rotogr~ri~s n~ ~i~nten; ·a ?)esa.r de las ,ltlson9ntet ~ras~s
. ~~-
t,
~-;~~@
· - - · _.,
.=- RA'3SLL y ~l p~c:ldente de la WP!, !t!\l:ON AP.~NA
MA'll'J!':'~• ~n'tre los
.
C
.
l ~.~ ~u·•~--·:~~
~t,_ .. -
i
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t\ ·~ ~~~~.
::i\;':<\ttt;E\J~'. ~- ·-·~.·.i·'.·~·.:~-:.~_t_.~::··.~~---.1.~.~--.·_:_.'
...
:.:,:··
-~
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... ~·
.· ·.
'." .~ ?·~::~~~:.......-:;~: --;~-~"'~:' .~: \
.
~itid11S
J)Or i.03
~
hib!les ltdt!res -de le POPI c~ nspecto' a
.·::,c:·
f :~:c}1W,I-. ·~.;., .....
-~
/t~\C~_~:i:11
dt~illr -.·,.~- ·~ :.:.1.r.sl -Jl'osa
-
._':-· ·.t-!
•
t.1
a alfn)ncs fl:?c'.ore" "el rst•.•IIIrmt.r.do ,:.~l ~erdt11r!e.
explot,ac 4.CY.l re
~j:
,=, .... · .. ,
f\urnnt.e .elgu., t1Mipo. la Fl'FI logro mant.e!ler
.. . ·
-~,J.t
.
--~ ..~...
~1.r,.J"l'>S
engafladosj/f(_}~?t~3!.J!f~
ta H!bll.. - , :, ' -:~::·:< .
nrobie111:a.s ur.i.T9cr~it11r\os le ltab{a.
£~~~-!t) ~\::.:. ·.
,. ~-
<ff.
,-
1a Rlmp~t{a ''e
por 1.a vi:la de i.a 1-isUtuclon ·u~ivers1bria.
~ekin, ijabana,
~
otras c1~da1e5 cor.r~~lstas de donde regresaba.~
entre~~~S en el ~!9°te de lA infiltr~cion 1 agii8c!on 7 propaganda.
So~ verdadero~ ~gentes del c~~is~o inte.,.,,acional.
F~ro 7a la Fi.JP!
a c~~~lir ~u tr~b~jo
~~
DO
esta li~ttada p~r
la escen~ loc~l.
SUS ~OS Co:m1.'USt.AS
Los canunlst.as en su
. ....J-
ca.."1'.pa~A contra los ~~.mJ. explotP~ ~, c-3so :-le i>.R., y es a su
cl in:peri31 is'll ya!l'1 1.1i ".' en congresos
-y
rcll~i one! 1.ntern:ieionales
- - ........:.... --
1nisi ~n, 1 a ~TPI ha dee; t,~ca~o desde h:.ce· fios a~os,
\L"'l
agente bajo
~en~~in~cion o~ir.ia1 ~e ~iembro del ~eei:et~ri~~o de la
Praga.
~
UIE·
"T~ es un~ organizac16n Jr.1Jn~ial conrunista 7 ea
una de las 3:,nas utilizad~s-para inriltr~rse e~ el •ovirciento
~__:._:.··
~
J
.
\]..'\", -,
�.
.. .
. ; . ~- '
~
.-
'. ';.'.:;:ii;.
posa a1esupre como el -4n1co representante del estudi8:f'.ltad.o_ pue~~rJi.-.'1~~..-V~~
no c~o el represen~nt,e de la FUPIJ oLro tr1cca ~mpleado por los
ecr.iuri\st..As p1'.r8 enr.anar la opinio:l publica.
Actuabente, RABELL
se encuentr~ P.n Pr~a·c,r.rpliendo s~ traidora misi6n.
La F"~'"PI, como servidora d~l cO!TlunJsmo ayu.1a.a &ste en
la cM~~~a de ~escre~ito empren~1da ~or los cOl!lunis~as contr3 ~l
mu~do' 11bre y
~.nu.·. ~n
T)artlcular.
CO"lo pa~..e de esta eampafta _____ ,:___
la 'F0PJ reeihe "beeas ~e vi~jeff para aue we~a tr~9la~u-se
.
deler:aci a_n de P. ~. a c-•,alttui er pa rte del
:,oeesiten su~ servici.oe.
..:.·
rlonde los cocu.'lis t.att
A&i la FUPI ha envisdo sus ven£nosos
::u:::t::saj:~;1::m::n,:::::d::
-~~
1'lU"'l'lo
mia
::r: :::ses
5
n~ comunistas. ,.
,
.......
�~1K~ffff••~~ir!f.-iftW+i~~-¥~-i~,v,\"~-
.
..
·~~
~~~~:; .-·-,::··'.:_·__-,~;;~t~£-~-.:::>.
Pit.··
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•, :;.- ',__~ 4r
:f.~_·:.)~
f•r
:,
..· ·_
.,
. ';
. :; . .
.. .
.
~-:~,;t..:.i_:~.i_·_r_~-_:_l_I_t_:_. r.·f.·,~_:r1~_:_·.~-~.\~.~--:_-.·f:•~.:_:.
-. - -
-.
-
-~~_11 "· eldo_,.1 -~t,i•o pa{s risita_do ~r-c-1os_.
c:amar• .};.;~-:./,:,·.-
~-'
.... -
-
-
'':"
.••:'
I
~l~i tf_:1f_,.,.>~~~~!fr·.~·./ .·~ ·-
Corrmrilsta ·celebrado·
·- ::;:,':/'.:·
Tetratc de FIDEL CASTJICI, !WION APJY.>NA,. p~sid9n~8 _de la nPI., 7
,·.'•'.''·j · . -
..
~ante
el
1D8S
de
.
·abi1i:~~:itft;
~1,aj7~ei-f~~f·\·f}~;;~~~1f$
...
. .·. _. :.. . .·_,._.:.~. .: -'.·:· . .. . ...
1
't. ·•,-.
:-•·,\,<: ,~
t., ,.:-:~, 1,~~~ :,-~,-:;..:+~_.. . ·.,.,., .NA.llCISC RA~
t'~'ITI~Z, embajador tC..e ·1& FtJPI, tuvieron· nuevamente
·'· ··c:sTZ;::.'~:;· · . 1a op~~un1ci:d
de lar.sar '-~" ~lat~~bas contra__~os
reatirnar
'• J • ,, •
..
re
f:U
~~ - -~·. '~;~:--:~..~ (
e-i
: -
CAST-10 y 1CRUSCH£l'.
~#;',-*'
s!.W~,'~~:;_;Z~Jr~lil!~;
'1 hecho ~e que ·en estai~~·.t~:;.~...;::,":·~-~-:
,.. ·~-
ro_tograrias los de1e~ados de 1. 'FUP~ c..cupan puest,os -e~?~
mesa:·
• : •
lj
~;i~~"='""'·~'
;. .;;:if:I;
presidencial, junt,o a los mb ..altos jerareas coarun1.at~s.'k1n&~~}-~;::~~~la i"'!)ort=-~r.ia
,:s·,~
~!"a los comuni9t-lls U.ene F .R. en sus plc...'\ea
de cohqulsta.
• ·~· -:l-) . ~ •
~ '11:..~
..: ~u~,::
l!deres ~n los deleg~~os de 1a FUPI.
L
·_. ·1 ~- '__________ .-
'!'al ~arece qua la PUPI
ha .de~cstra~o a t~s aroos que pueden contar cnn ellos para sus
plane's de subversi6n en P.!t•.
1Ta le. J.iJrI no ~ede enca~ar a nadlel
;Alerta, cOr.ipa~erol
t No caigas· en las rs des d9l
.. ··--~-~~ii
.~~~~--:·.:_~A-
cacu.1~smo :y sus agentes en P.!U
Liga Ant,1 cOtT.Unf~ta
~e Puertt\ Rico··.:. :_--.·,.:~f-tt~tf.
(Cap!tuio UnivPr~it.arie)
-~~-~-~~
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i"J.,?;~"l.vt::.~~...,.._-{_.t}':).,!._f~;~::;.;.: :•<q~~~~'S-~--.-.. ~-•.
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· ~tertA:'Ve~;~t1In:1~··
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~r11wc··- ·
.fi~c:Ettiah•a ~"~~, . ,_J,1p~
.:~Y.'.{~~••• R~.i-1:.i •A·-"·~~ r~-~ .....~r N~i;:;;..~J·
...;::::~_countrys
~
cu,., rmcv rorcrs w.
aUUI...
. - " lion ... The audience checrc.i'for ,,.;·ni'ln~i«i:.,
At last Francisco Juliio'/ih;Ftrizzj-halred,.M
:. ,:i::· .appearing Bran1ian congras;;an,~ho is Casbo•s
..~ ·\henchman ln~BrazlltFt·ui,"and 1ru~peted 'a--,6111
'-:.!.~ioJcnl. ~e1:oJution:·n.i"rallr. dissoh:t"d 'i~io.;.;a'1
sm~ming;,:a,·i~g~ dancing maniacs.· It il·as u"' .
. snmcone.had just scored tl1e \\'ii.n,ing.iouch
now1 ·aa ·
.,i.;
;Eahc-cJoiini~nanfa' nose·
·,~-.=~:,-ccid!" u1d 'anoti.c,upontt">tome.~
. had a political ~rtf ao exportr-_':~<~I-/,;I;.{.,;,:1;~ ~ ..
: . TAot f/tlae ~ii an. A,nerican ·1nL;.;a~,;; ~1Ati11 America toaou. All around lat,it1ti··;.u, o'
1'-.;;·"!:n~,·pu;,.~,; "''" 0ail'conii;;;i.c:7JJ1,'roiiru1 .,._. .. ·
. •oltleMe of a P')U'l!rful Comma.,~i,t hi~ tJaii,
4
••
·· Vncl~ San,·• counltt..f!Borl• -a,u;,.'"¼.:ice',iJ. and ·1id
b,. compari«m.
·.
-:-.:,?'.~.:.:··.:-.·.·.,_ · ;, -·::\_::./"" ·
·:- He geu. a sinking reeling that all Latin.. Am~
nitl soon be united Into one huge hostile ca1np; ..··
like .n Jli~tol at Linde Sam's back and rcadr to go oft. an)· moment, And he: n-ondcn "·hrn and what ·
• dto~t "ill Set ·11
.. ·. I hue just trn-eled up and down this c:onlinen
·titking'to' lel'efl'W, from hig'h-p)aiced American·~-scn·ers lo Latins in the ,erect about the Communkl
threat. These men paint an alarming picture. L:>aJ
Comanunisu in f."l"Uf •.'c:ountr:r-•·ith support , . •
o&:~~~::·~:-:::i.:=::---:~~-,;~:::5:/..
guidance· Crom Russtin,; Chinese~ ·East ~iopt···
•nd CSfll'('lalJf Cubans:..:...afread)' ha,·e''>rored. ~
gains. Here are broad brush strokes of'·lhe men~
Re,I" picture to date: ...... '. ,.. _ .
·
Red Civil War •
\'enezue)a alrcaJ,· is fighting a Red ddl 1t·ar. Cucr.
ril!as and gon•rmncnt forces dash In the moun ·
"·hile terrorists control the streets of Caracas.
·~
Peru has put down ~as.ant uprisings and Cu · ·
.direcc'cd
but e>.pcds face Dl0tt. ·..
. . Chile threatens to ,·ote itself Qunmunist in 196
-as It came "·ithin an e}'cl.asb of doing in 1958 :
aml be the fin.t country in this hemisphere to do so
And Bra1il-la.rgest. rkh<.'St. most ropulous a ·
most stralegicall~· Jocatcd of all the Latin nations
Eat-cs the greatest threat of all. For here. for these higli
stak<.'S, the Reds are rolling all their offl:miH:s in
one. The Bra~ilians ~re being battered by ,ub,-ersian
sabotage.
.......,
-
.
.
'
:,
j'_">~A
".
-\.
rf'.._•
~ ~
i
~(ti
...·~"'.,'(:
"to
·7
infiltration, propaganda, clf"Ction£'cring, guerrUl.a war
farc and So,·ict s,,·cct-t.aJk. Brazil h.as just been singled
out for a big trade agrl'Cmcnt "·hich ana)· be the start
a new So,iet Latin economic offcnsh·e ... tr the Com·
munisls do nol succuid ht're,11 one American obsen-er·
i
toJd me, "it won't be for 1ack tr)ing.•
. :~
i :-:,·~- :1· l"ou can ea,ilu ar~ lane Oae conditiom daot .ab,
'i ' ,,r,,Bra:il antl IAtin Americ.o·a ripe 14rget /or Bed~·
talio1t-~tiu'l.ing •luma in Ila, cilia. appalling porfr11l
1
in tA~-coamtr,i, rtJnipant inJlation. a ducau ,all! INIJ.
JdU. o,1e cltlld in taco b,/ore Au ~nl birthda11,··.ii
au~age ineome of $300 a vear, u:~alth and propen1:
ain;etcly C<mun·trat,d iH due AIJnd• of a /eu- and •.•
f1'0J1ulalio11 ,:rou:tl, raie that can only be da.au4 oi·
1!,cplosir.e. Tlatt Bra:.11iam tlaenuclc-e• lure-,. ca11ctl f. :
dra~,~ .ocial.,eralution. i·l!t the Red .uccuu:a Ao~
or
or
!
.. "'er,
Tiic Solid,.ui1r ,dth C...b.a r.allf is a c-.a,c In pol~_;
!..:en lr,u th,m f/0*' ,ui;.1,t tts:p;u:t.
Amid lhc fn"fll}· •nd fan.atkiun
: .... ,.,.".
ot dM:' rallr. It •
<-.a1,- ltt <'On\ina: Gl'lt'1orlf that an ln,i.rk."t"blc Red •
~n ..ut "·as about to IIIN.11' ""\'anktt lmp.-rla1ism~
d~ fie.I. Dul die' rallr 11·as actuall)· a 6rst•dass
The original Red plan called ror a giant demo
lion, t:omplc-le with a star-studded guest Ii.st he "
·br B_ritain's le£tist Bertrand Russe11. and all tac:ill
hie"~ br Bradl's lcft-win1t gon~rnmcnt. lnslcad, ,..
·er.al officials haruscd the <.1>nfercncc with petty. · ·
delays and rciitrktions, then looked the other \r
wl1cn stale authorities bounL'cd it out
Rio II•·Ycrsh"c. On the cloi.ina nighl or the rail}·. police' '.,.
or
.4r•
�Ji'
.~
"-:.. doned
-
~oB' .• :hu~' area:. a
...
-~th
icddent);rfo
!fonehad to···alk a"mi1!?i~'f*~i~~~f~"'
-~. Tht' setback did not «kier·the' Rd' 1ong:.a
:1ar&.1 at ·as··merdrw·bthi '.i. long-,....,. 'H
~.: runcto.~"thai war'°--~ . dhei fniii ....
!-':mlfflslblf - - - of,ao
auto
~~~~~;ffeJ~:~~r.id!:
~/ Gue"illa warfare,· The-
theme
·~: of J963 is'iio~; Its sprarhud lhc'g'u~nilla~ .
~:'JOUndf.d
fr.e,'DOlC rttentlf '1.·licn·J11fuld that.If
.:: had 11·ahed Wf' legitlmalc mt'ans to~- .. • ~-r.
:!:~uld still be In the Sierra t.taeiiia;.;::~~~
·: =- CucrrlHa fighting alrcadr has
out ID 'V .
't.ela, Colombia.· f.cuador. Peru and the Cen ·
the
hrol.m
.\ American nation's.· Silt ptffllli'tiaining amps: .
· l,i.Jiet:ed·operatina In back1and Brazil. Police
m:entl
raided one, confiscated Cuban weapons .and ·prop.al'
1~r~~~ 1~:;~u.i~!~~e}";~~~;~ :. ~/L:.:~.;~· O__,_'.?'~'(i,
Luc•y acddcnts have h~Jped Brazil thwart guerrilla:
, artMt)'• Firsi. documcn1' a·cre found on ·~e ~j ~ a~
-f."euban
--, ,.. . di p1oiii~~•n.ir
-~ .•. -~. -· .m'sh·,1cttm';''~r~tm&"'an:
' '
p . ..
pnda.
k. .
4·~
#
··
,~- gun.illa ·camps in Bradl. Later. tn a routint' traftic-:.
arrest, police corralled guerrilla leader Oodomir de~
· los Santos Morais as he was runnln1 guns IO • camp:~
His arrest"unC'O\·ercd the camp and also"mialed that'.
he was stealing func:k prodded by Otba... . .: · ·
Propaganda:
~nr ·
1ic,v;: ~~~h.ganda the Reds pour Into Latin America. Eut the gov· .
N~
<··'
bo~ ·
~ro~:
ernment of Panama olone intercepts an a,·era.ge or·
I 2 I.Otts a month.
Radio Hanna and Prensa Latina, the Cuban news
sen·iet:, lead the propaganda onslaught. Jtadio Havana
now broidcasts 88 hours a "·eek to South Amerka. ·
Cuban embassies, "·here they t.>>.ist. Rood c:ount.riC'S .
"·ith Red posters, leaRets, folders-and CM Gue- t
nra's handboot: ori guerrilla warfaie: : · · ·
:7
To the Reds, no group ls
small or Insignificant ~.
too
for attrntio.n. Recently, for eumple, the mcm~nJup :..
Brazil's Esr,cranto dubs, "·hkh ad,·ocate adoption···
· or
or
a 00~\\'0TJd Language. l\'ere Startled to rttci\'C .
•· ktlt'U (rom the EJ~ranlo clubs ~!__£uh.a. _:.D,:ai': ,
friend," the lcucn rl'ad, ..please come- to Cu"ba and
sce what progrf'ss we are making in our re¥o)ution.•
:
'
�iJJjf-·~~t~·"--~fi~~:;
•
.auoc:ia.
-·' ·
rfs&a:a
~rr;,~;o many' tailri'gcn'ffnments~ So
\'f:
• •. In Brazil. die prcsldrnt·i~i ..
;&w rr
1DcJ • ,1easrt1a.n::c atreme _C\"C.'n atui ·
~~-~~:'
;!;;J~ r:nott im~~·
1bc"lmi'cicchclons·
:'att-~ce&d 'ti,'t,e
·-.~~~~-
):be ln&Jtntion In~.;'...~-
--·~~c -~
l1n·chi] 'i:cninii ~
-·~::tffif.f~~~"'!r
'
)tr~ ·a_lm(at •·inn!.na·f-e:r the~!'+.'!~€~~
:··
pro-
iiniiit5 'arc-not lmmunc:·A·recmt leftist~pafp
. dlo11·dofl"D would hare most c:ontrol 0\-cr .lhe troaps...:.:.,r.J'..$.~~
""Ji:
~.l ·:.. "':.~~:tf~· - •;L:-:.r.-. .;i~~k: :..- .. ,. -\·· ~" ... :· ·,~;;/i:f•G:~;~:-~;~_:·_ ... ,. . . :\ _:-_~~~:;,~
-Young peoplei T,,..o-thlrds of Latin Amulca"• :-~i:,:..;;:'·~-: . -:::.-.,.,-:.:..:.!·\f
population ls under 2S. and here ls whm:: the Recli'-;;t~I~
~·11..·""-"-ied ti;1r~·~--"-p1m'"lf i ,,... " ~- ~~'%~~
q~
·c.:~=
hack:::ie;;
~nd
~=:mcn!·: _:,·;~\}-~}{??/1~;'
tl1c
Red
mcnts. Jn \'enez:ueJa, thf' Unh~tr of C..racas has · · .·-~·:--,..;;~.-~,c;}:::~~~f:2:/.
. bttn tht' Red ,tut'rrilla staging area. In Rio, the student __ : .. ·.': .:~!~,#:.; !J1~
uni?n "·~s first to offer • mttting hall for the So}i.:
·· .
dant)' ,nth Cuba raUr,
.
.. ·--- ,.,.. ...:;, ·::s,:. ;,,:::.::~;
-.i}i~,Jh~ ~eds dangle juicy ~~.befon: stu~lS-;,;-f~{{~·~~i1;~
~)rhofarsJiips to ~ussia, Qilna~~. Cuchoslo,-.kia -:.nd
-· Poland-. One nt1mat-· s.a)'S tht Rrds ha\"e doled out . , ·· .• ~ ·· · ·"'·-· .. ., ..
$4 ndllin~ In sc~~b.rships lo Bradlw_,s
-'~-~:~;;~~;?\
if.r~~~~~,:.:~:
~;~!-:·:{?SL~~~;~~'~-._.
Castroism and nationalism, A fa\lOl'ite Jab-,:;_: ... :.:_..:···~·.-·-·):.;
;~£F.:tir"'=~~!L~~~!~~~
"·.
im~ge
.. .The urdonic Pit reflects the. tarnisbrd
of""·-.·_._.. ,,,.[.'~·-'~'.:.:·.:~~:·
Fidel Castro, ·dating from hii open embrace of Com·
·
·
munism. "'\Ve feel cheated;· a 0-.ilcan neu·spar,ennan
told me. ·we thought he was a home-grown te\-olutionar}· and hc turned out lo be just another purpeL..
The OC'C'Urrem:e taus:.ht. the Reds a lesson. too. The)·
st.ill pJay up Casuo, but now the,· sln!ss his ·inde-.
penden~- and soh·pedal his C.Om1nunist links. Uke-"·i1e1 in fnfiltral•n, )ocal lcfd,1 movements the Reds
pretend not to be international.
,..
.
Peasants and workers, In the best uadition of
Mao. the Reds ha,-e been agitating among Lalin
peasants. The)' hnt< organized rural S)-ndicates and
e,·cn staged small rc,·olutions in whicl1 mobs han
seized contra) of rlantaLionl. Mos;t of thHe ha\'e
• ~J · . . . .
- •
.;,J
How. to stop an
ambush
, .
la~n-Arne~~ldiers practice
.~
Gvlick. CaftCII Zone, 9et1in9 rHCly
· :.....::.
fM onticlpot.d ,ncn:aMt in Red
•
uprhing1. rwel-eel
under U.S. ArtnJ inswc:ton,.
ffand-picled - n from
20 Lcdift flOfioM aft-.
... J
.~,~~~
,~
: ·
COima • - - - .• ~.'. ·.•-,.;;,
·:.! .;).
~-~~-\~{~~,:1! f5
tlretsel w.apon1., de,n~
eteape and how lo .;.. .
: friend, afflOllg the p11a1ant,y.
·
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:
.. ;
, •- , , .' r :.'' ~
·
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i f
. .·)'
...
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u
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Slums like thine in Rlo de Janeiro
provid.
be$I omawnltion
in thew big-drive to win
·
Red,•
\ l. ,..
.. . , .·.~J:•
.. , ~ . i ·
r ~"
j
-~--\~
Latin Am•rica. Shack colonies
\ I
have sprun; vp otou11d
,nojo, lati~ dry. oruhot
~ · . . · ~J
rhttMtgh W&lh diMHne, fihb,.
; : ·,-:·_:..;:.•. ; :
po~ny. crime. Mort than lwllf cl ·':/; < ~) .'_
. lotin, live in s.quolid houun;.
.
._ :_ .
•"fY
..
.. •
·1
onti;uem11a toctia ot Fo,t
f
•
�~f·:,,
......... _ _ L_.~_
AMERICA·(
AND 'WHAT. IT
· MEANS TO ........
YOU
~:;·
,
-
.
.,,,.
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'
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. \ :.'~i~-~rtl,'ff/:':i;(
I ..
by~ED K_IESTE~ ?:~·:.:.:-,}~f~E JAtoiElllO,
t i).'.· .. ••
Cu.,,,!C:U.J,o! Cu-1Nt1'".
• • ·
Alf around ~e f~ed, dcmonstraton. dappang. -~:.- _:/
stamping and snake-dancing, howled the name of t
Fidel Casuo', Q,nimunist island. S•·~lling beer and ·. · ·
wa,·ing banne.n, they bctlO\ll·ed lhcir_ support of the_.;:.::
6nt Rc:d bastion in the Western Hennsphett, ·
· :._~.
•
\:!.tf:1;;.r:.,;~.;: .. ·
I
i \
i ..
·
t i \~. -- ,
I.~
t\
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t : ·• •
Abc>\'c them on the stage hung a mammoth portrait -~ ·. ·
or their bearded hero (s,rir C01'.rr). AroUnd the "'·alls. -...
Krid,,ent banner pr0elalmed in Portuguc:set Ctr~--~.,"t"
Nia £.u 56-"<.·ub:- It. Not A\oine,•~H::~"i?!~ft,SJS'!;~'-:.{;t
Tbk was* •1n1rm.1tion.a1 So1k!:'ftJ ~:'th.~~~-~~:
;. ' :-.· •
l
. ~ ,1 .
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...~ ~
,.. ,
.
: :i
raDr. A thou.and ptttDn,-rttUr l'OUl!l~~· IRUt·.: ..1-{'l
burn<'d mtn. Carmen, proft'lsionals. e,-cn· a sctf-pro- :~·~:._:.
(csscd ..delegate from Occupied Cali£ornia•-had·:::-!'."'
comt' from all o•:er the America, to uprcss lhtlr ad."/;f
miration or Cutm and thcir hatttd for the U.S;
.·:.~..
I •·atched aitb disquiet as, they performed' and}_:;~:.;
· :1·
\;
them with ::=:~:.:
: ; : ~ atch-phra:~·. ~!;f/~ ·~i-f~1~ioni~"
paraded. Speaker artcr Spt'a\:tt harangued
.: J
i_Jj
"'Revo1ucionarios!" a sreaker "·ould cry •nd ho
,:
·~
.
,!
~"~..
~istcnasWNJUldgo•·ili;
.... ....:.,· _.:.,; ..,;._:~~··.:.,
·tmperi&lismo y~nqul: the O..ban dcleiate would.
�. .
.
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~·-..-:.~'j: ..·.::. ~
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~~i:"":_,.•. ~••• ~·.~~,·..
A
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�Re Bureau letter 8/27/63 •
•
: on 9/5/63~ 500 copies each or the pamphlet
"La Verdad Sob're La FtJPI" (The Truth About PUPI) .
were anon~'Jllously mailed to "El V1g1a" (Catholic
··
NewspaperJ, T"ne Catholic
• nt r~ tn~. ~hi S1gm1
Alpha Fraternity, an
all at the
University or Puerto
1·
•
One housana copies
or the pamphlet were mailed to the Army ROTC Centers
at the UPR, Ma;yaguez and Rio Piedras campuses, respectively.
The pamphlets were mailed from various Post
Offices .throughout metropolitan San Juan.
was utilized.
·
No return address·
The Bureau will be advised concerning the
reaction to this pamphlet and its effect on the POPI.
J
·-1
.-fl
·/.
(3 . .-- Bureau (RM}
- 105-3353 Sub l)
2-.....san Juan
fi
(
RWS/mev
(5)
"
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I
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20 l~l'>J /-~~
i
.
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105-3079 FUPI)
;1
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.
•
•
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. l
.•
'
·•.
For the 1nforD'f1t1on of' the Bureau on September 5., 1963'i(.:
' , a Eroup calling themselves the Frente Un1versitar1o Ant1-Comun1~-~.
(Ant1-Commun1 st Uni vers1 ty Front) (FUAC) staged a picket 1n
: ·,1
front of the UPR. Rio Piedras campOs to protest the continued
:~-~
"'-a.dmtted Ma.rxi st-Leninist Ma thematics
...;
(SJ file 105-4365)
":~:f1
(Butile, 105- 95129 • wno ·
y re o ~ +u
ico from ·,
Cuba::-....
this retro a
·,
employ1:1ent o
1nstru·ctor
<!
1
�tt
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r::
...
. -,-~.tI
.
I
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..
..
,
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·'" ~ ·-:~:,:~ ,,:/~---.... -:·.,. . . -. ,·":_ :;.: ~,: ..~;... ·- .·
.
. At the 9/11/63 FUP
Puerto Rico, FUPI Pree1dent
devoted to Puerto Rican 1ndepenacnce.
- .-~- -,~
held 1n Rio Piedraa}~
ave a a p e ~
tin
r ng the s p e e e -
W~~~~!~tt~:!a!~z=~~~ri~~-:~~~;~:~S~r~!:~i1!iflall_,-~~~
for trav~l11ng to Communist countries. --~,._~livered
a .rambli~g ~el:S~ttal,_ stating that the FUPI would travel to
_' ·.··,·.~
any Communist ·countrY,· including, I!avana, Moscow,. Red .Ch1na;j/.~
and Czechoslovakia
order to eeek Puerto Rican fudependence1~···~,.: · ·
-~,--:,.-rJ'.~~
1
-"?·:
,:.···.·-··
_'.:lJ
"!-"'_·•.;
1n
It was noted by observing Agents that 1 m p a ~ t o r s
at this meeting exchanged shocked looks a t declaration. It is noted that this is one of a few times·
a FUPI officer openly aclmowledged the FUPI 1 s association
with Communist countries in order to ga:1n Puerto Rican
independence.
· ··
\i~;
~
I
_/f; .
.:.,
The
J.
n ormed that the anti-FUPI
pamphlet-was extensively distributed in a ciscreet manner
members or the ROTC unit at Mayaguez. Puer·to Rico. ibis
1nd1v1dual advised the informant that anti-FUPI feeling
n s ilidlvidt!a
is running high in Mayaguez., and added that CAMA students
were openly .hostile
to~- . lmown FUPI members at CA.MA.
.
. .
,·:
.
-
.•
-_.
,,
~
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CONflDENTIAl
' ~ ;. • •' ,: .'.,"•I> : -,~ ~ •
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1,,,,.~..~j
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tj,
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~tf:;;~if}
":: ·-1: .
~~-. ~:)i··~-(~.,.
:¼ii
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,-~~:.,:]
?}?t·
'· t·
. r·"
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·
'
· · •k'-:>¢:iii,.C''..'{f/ .:'.{it}F;J;~f
··eported that at the 9/16/63 PUPI meeting . ···:
(\ 1t was de
rop all recruitmen~attempts for new FUPI
·:-~~
\ members until liter the FUPI Annual Congress which will be
\\held 1n October. 1963. The informant stated that this
,~_.deo1.a1on: was ma.de to give the FUPI enough time to attempt to
,"exonerate" itself from the recent· attacks and specially to
~allow the ntor1ety or the FUPI c~used by the ant1-FUPI
• ;\pamphlet to be forgotten.
•
· ·
·.
,
,;.,,;=:.-.·;_11\;.,
.
i
f
.
~
~
~
-4-
CO.NFlDENTJALJ
�-~
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lili
:As an overall conclus1on,~ated that. the
.;:;,~::·}~.
distribu~ion of the anti-FUPI patr.h~reoely succesefull~
The informant noted that distribution of the pamphlet was
····--,_·"'·--well-timed, having been distributed· at a crucial time :ror the ·--·.--:!.~
FUPI at ~he UPR. The 1nforma.n~--~taJed that the FOPI 1 s
. .,.;,;!i:fJt
activities a_t the UPR are extremely confused, without any
---~'-----:'±fiti.::
organ1zat1on- or specific purpose-., and noted that .the FUPI' s
__ :_ ~·:ftf
s co pe of influence at the UPR has diminished considerably_ . ---:.:. . :·,- ·
during the past two weelts.
'. .. .
-~
,•:;, .·f·:f\ .
w~~ ~~~io!hi~~g~~!~ ~!:~{1~~ri~..rt~!~anti-~}~
sources
pamphlet'. and its effect on the FUP~ •
... ·.
;,.~
.
-s' .•.•. ·.-:!.
"
�SJ 105 3353 Subc.
. -··· ..... - -
.. -""6._"-·w".
,-.,~.._
,.,.,,;:~,-··· -,::
t
·.c.•·:.·
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'l'h(~ae photographs_ are_conc1u·a1ve proof or··~the·:·c.;o~_fi~:~~~-:;:.. .
relations ,ex1sttng between .-the Pederat_1on of.Univers~~)\~~\;..:·~:}...-!:_~~-.~}i&_i·
1.,-,~~--... ·-·· .. ··
/ 1 Studenta. £or Independence. _(FUPI) and., th_e. ~_terna~iona~ .:~~~1t;~?i·,
1
~ ~ : ••_.? -~1-i:.
conspiracy.. Th~Y also prove ,kbeoausei.. o-Whe..-(.1mP9rtance--.:g1ven ... ~-~-.;;; · ·
]
ii
the FUPI delegates at 1.he 1ritema'tiona).~~~~..~~-~~t~ri~~-.J~itiiii~ . ,
~:.:=-· __ .c::
.
that Puerto Rico has been singled out as a choice target JSpr.-~-:.-::·._..,~:.....
~~ . _.., :;:-;.· : . --~- pommuist penetration.;,~. ~~. ,-:--~·-.. :. __ _ · : .,,
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are FUPI pre a'I dent RAMON ARBJNA and .FtJPI · ambas sado~\ NARCISO: -;.;,·.p.~·- ~-:.\~$:;ft..
~LL (ar.rows) occupying positions or·h~nor on·;he·pre8~~t1a}~~~~-
platform at the recent Internat1onal~·co·ngress~·ot·Student!Fheld~~,;.-~
1n Prague,. Czechoal'ovakia and. from Praaue was sent to attend
. ,.,..
the Rio de Jane1ro Congre:!a.
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The second photograph eowa RABELL (arrow) next to
•
•
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HAVANA, Septembe-r 15(UP1) -
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At· 11 AM next Mondar ,i,a press· .:·.· ,:·
·!'~-~--~"
-rhe activities to be held during the Week ot Solidarity ·-:;,:
will be announced at the -Conference. __
..:._. -~;••••••••••••
----~,if.
,.
•
conference will be held at the University ot Havana 1n connection~~
wit~ the International Week or Solidarity vith·Puerto-Rlco,-:~~1!1
to be held in Cuba ~rom Sept. 23-30. eponsored by the International
Union or S tuden ta.
· -· .-~??;
.:re, '
.f
'1
S0v1e·t;~,
Prime Minister NIKITA KRUSCHEV at an activity held-in Moscow 1n 196:
..,. At· these ineetinga RABELL poses· as the aole repreeentat1ve ~_or·· ·: _-.-~ .· ·. ·.
. the entire Puerto ,Ucan student body and 1a always ·1ntro~ced_,;:~:~;i~~~
as the representative of Puerto Rico ·and not ot·FUPI ••· ~ ·:.-.~:-~~:~.::~:::t:·?lf.
~-::a. ... RABELL's. m1ee1on at these meetinge_ sponsored by the
ommunlets, in to 11 unmask Yankee 1mper1al1sm, 11 and it 1B
hrough RABELL that FUPI 1n Pu.erto JU.co reoe1ve~ lts orderp f"r~ ..
he Communist organ1zat1on International Union· ot Students an. d ·.
t 1B also through him· that they receive ~travelling granfis~ ":·" _.-.;_.:4._ ·
hich serve to pay for the. t-ripa made by PUPI members to l(uae1a~· . :·_.·.
· Ch1na.,··.cu1;>a., Czechoslovakia and other 'Communist .o~ti:~e~_.-:,-;-~-~~~
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P.1. P. DisBVoWs La·res
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INutnNDENCE PARTY HELD ITS OWN CELEBRATION"'":·
Tha PveAo Rican Independen~
Party taid 7esterday it did not
lb. c,artieipata in Sunday•• ceremonicr
ff ia Lares and that it does not bark
tb1 d,darntion drawn up thPre
hy the massed independeotista
~ forcet under th• lle.sa de Lares.
~
P.1.r. Ptesident Gilberto Con·
rt-pcio11 de Gracia "otNI yesler•
.faJ that hi.a party ,·ithdrew from
fhe Mesa de Lire.a several months
a&Q.
Concepcion uid the i::.r.P. p~id
~~.
K'
its own bomag~ to the Lares N·
t~
:. . : ,·otutk,narica Mondar aflernoon.
.,
~ndia. • committee ht'adNI hy
i'; ··himRIL
. Th• p J.P., Concepcion
~ould not hue signed the Lar,-..
cpclaration because the doeum~~t
'P:mp_lflely reject. •oling ••. one
· · ·.
· ··.·:-.·~
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of the tactics to be used la attltins; Oct. 2JO ·tturilll the •~neral •·
inde~ndence for Puerto llico.
aembJr scneduled to bke plate
-Uoreo•er,• Concepcion •dded. at Olh·er theater iA Arecibo. ltl.rl·
·
in: at I a m. .
" th • pan, eoulcl not bave •iined
The P.I.F!1 belief la 90tin1 •
it be~ause th, cenera1 tone a11d a ...ay to indepe.,ndence hu for •
·the p!lrueotoc, of lht declaraUoa loq Ume a.et It apart from most
are not in· accordance with the of f.1\1 other pro-independence
position, tht ltnte:r and the tac. ,:roups., •bich IM!1ieve that . elec.
tits ol the Puerto Rican IodtpeD· lions bere c-aMot be ~ · .-hilt
dence Party."
U.S. troops remain in Puerto Rico.
The f .l.P. president reiteralNI
ThP P.t.P.. -.·hich le.st Its official
th! p .. rty•, faith ln lht tominc partr statu.r In tbe 1960 elections
triumph of Puerto Rican indtpell· bec1u1t: et insufficient ..ota. ts
dHce, ..., well as ill lirm resolv" not re;isterin& for: the 196' elec,.
to r()n\inue the militant atruggt, tiona.. but this ia meant u a
for the homtland·1 freedom bJ prot.est acainst the ati[f regist.f'I .
an hu\nan means It our disposaL- tioo n.qulrttment. also protested
He announc~ that lhe Partr by lhe Christian Actioa P ~
•·ill ~ue ill own decJ1ration on not as reject.ion or the polls tm•
the subject of lndependenNt nn lelvet.
.
.
•
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.
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GJ.LBEllt'O CONCEPCJ
~"!7..t. ;J;,,&; i "-<'--~¾
Th• WaahLavton Po•t • 4
·
"
Tl&H Herald
',;-
The Waahlr,9toa Danr N••• _ _
Ta• £1r•a1D9 Sta:r _ _ _ _._·-_::.._,,;:t,;_-::.._
New Yort Hen:dd Tttbl.tt1• · - - Hew Yort Jo•nu11J-Altlerlc-aa _ _. _.
N•w York Mirror _ _ _ _ _ __
New Yort'Do.Ur N••• _ _ _ __
N•• Yorl Po•t - - - - - - Th• New Yor, Tl••• _ _ _ __
Tb• Wol'lH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
~
t
,,.
Tb• New L"d•r _ _ _ _ __
Th• Wall Street Jovt'eal _ _ __
Tb• NatlODctl Oti..f"er _ _ __
'
Pe-opJ••• World
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NOT R!:':CORDCO
141 NOV ,21 1963
'
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~lndependell Ce Bacl~e(,-'. ~'i
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Bs PEDRO ltO'.:\IA.S
LARES- About 1.500 inde~nd~n·
ce supporters ralh~ttd hPre )·~trrda:, to issue lhe &ceOn.1 J.ttsa
,.- de Lares declaration- a docu·
ment decryint ··the rriminal op.
f pression of the Unit'Nl St:stH for
· · · Ute past CS ,ears·· in Puerto Rico.
t Ho,,·e,·er. the fulured 1peal.:tr
al the dar, Justo Tnarei. head
·o1 the Dominican lert-•·ing •r:a-
f
'O·
..
nizalion. 14th Dl' June. didD·t ap.
pear.
Independence leaders told the
cro"'·d that U.S. Stale Dtpartment
officials in Santo Domingo had re,·oked Ta,·arn·• passport. Thty
bitterly de»e>uoctd this reported
aetion.
Priaeipal spuker yeslerda)' wu
Juan Antonio Correljer. 11tho char•
1rd thal the C"~ntral lnltllic~ne.
Agency is harra\sin: independtn-
ppr·e·ss· ·1Q:··n·_,
te-mind~ persol\l in Puerto Bi-
:,c:~·
.!
t,j,;;
..-,•-·
St.ill another speaker. Mesa
Lares President Carlos Can
Corretjer termed tbt C.f.A, a· Benitez.. predicted that in .. l~
ea.
..political )tafia."
Another speaker, Juan ltarl
Bras, secretary-general of the Pro
Jnde~ndence Mo,·ement. told the
audience-•·hicb frequent]f broke
Into cheers and chanted anti-U.S
110:ans- that the moment
soon com• 1rhen -..-e•u let the
world knoll' •·e·re not· sll\-a...
wm
the lonth annh-ersary of the
cinal Grito dt Lares- Puerto
·co would Ilia free. · · · · t:.
.'J'be Crit.D de Lares.:. in~, l
wu an abort.h.. revolt aia
Spam.
The meet.inc/ helc! Ill tbe L
plua. started in •Wlll1 ,ru
but ended. ia rain.
- . --- -·""'":;·~t:r
__ _
-
::-!::.=::i.:':-;-· ~
Dour
Tli• Wa~h!aotoa
Newa ____:__
'!"lie l:•ealnta Stm- - - - - - - New York Herold T'nbune ----~-~_.
! •
New York JolU'llal-.A.eertcara ~
New York Minor _ _ _ _ _ __
N•• York DcaUr H ••• _______
New York Poat _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The New York Tba•• _ _ _ __
Tb• Worter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
'Tbe N~w Leoder _ _ _ _ _ __
Tbe Wall
StN'et
Jovncd _ _ __
The t-.aUonal Ol:l&Jl'9fl - - - ~
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t, '(
8NOV 211963
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141 NOV i21 1963
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Federacion · de Universi tarios Pro Independencia · (FDPI) ~, ~i..+'~
lfarxist oriented student organization at the University of Puerto Bi~:
(UPR) which is-affiliated with the communist controlled International~·
Union of Students..
~ :· - _
_~ · -~f:X
f
-i~'f
Special Agent
of tbEl San Juan Office
'
recognized newspaper photographs taken at the "So · ar ·
th Cuba''
11 i
B a ii. during April, 1963, as includin
and .i'.::;r--..t
officials of FUPI. Be sent the newspaper p o ograp~·~long with a suggested te~~ in Spanish language to be ~
~ed in a counterintelligence l~aflet to be distri?uted at·the_tJPR. ~~
{i
r
The leaflet was prepared at the Bureau and 4,000 copies .. ~'d·:~·
sent to the San Juan Office where they were distributed anonymously -~-qt:~·
in bulk on 9/5/63 to known anti-FUPI and anticommunist groups at UPR
and also in th_e College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts in JJayaguez,
Puerto Rico. The leaflet clearly shows the conmunist influence in FVPI
.,
The counterintelligence results from this leaflet wer;:
/ ; / . .(? ~ /' ~ / / _ /::.i:) L:JV.f:..:~i!:--~
) highly success:f ul.
~·
"'
~
/"-·"
r~ /""
(1) "El liundo," ~ leading Spanish 1a.iiguaga daily
newspapex: in Puerto Rico, reproduced the photographs·
and part of the text from the leaflets on the front
page of the 9/16/63 issue of that paper, thus giving
;._
o
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.
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(2)
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The le~flet creat:d panic and tii§sipS~lJR"F;B,ong the
ranl"".s of FUPI who believe the leattOOt.0"1aS lp~epared by
r&n.,il.lltiC0JlllllUnist -~rganization activ~ ~ c ~ s of tlPR.
I (3)
~
1
mioo~]t·
\
"[-:·.
time-;.:. -..~·{-~.'J.:. _. : . CONf '.tJl _ t\ ·__ .
result" of this p~~ic, FUPI bas SUSJ)ended ~ffo1·ts
I to recruit new members. They/bad been in the
As
l recruiti~g drive at the
t
.
, .
105-93124 ,...... -
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Ub . icat.io~d(·~iuale
.
See 'iacfe!cf~ Administrative Division page 2a.
:- ,_l. -··.)~ ., •·· .
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ndwu to Ur. v.
Sullivan .
RE: ~ ROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE .·
:·< :
FOR PUERTO
· 105-93124
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(4). The leaflet bas_
new students· aware ·of the
nature of FUPI as evidenced by the several comp1.aints ... ·,:\
received by local police from new students and their ·--parents concerning efforts on part of FUPI 'to recruit. -~·-·~---·:_·_._
new members •
•
CONCLUSIONS:
Special.Ag~nt~xhibited. outstanding 1~1tiat1ve in
recognizing the officials of FUPI in newspaper photographs and
nlso in recognizing the counterintelligence potential of the
photographs. Not only did be recognize the potential but he
followed through 1n submitting his suggested Spanish language
text to the Bureau and in the distribution of the completed
leaflets.
.-_:--f·L·
+ .•'11f'
RECOMltENDATION:
, -· It is r e c o m m ~ a nappropriate incentive award be
~ade to Special Agent
in an amount t~ be determined
by the 4dministrative iv ion.
·
,
4
,.
•
1
~··:~=,~~ADDENDm.l:
1
10/8/j
S A - i s assigned to the Subversive Control Section of the
D o ~ e n c e Division and is charged with the supervision of
pro-Puerto Rican·Ind-eence groups and the supervision of ·investigations thereof. SA
displayed outstanding performance 1.11
.•
connection with the disc arge of his supervisory duties in this matter
He gave·4.nsti;uctions and guidance to the tield which were clear and
conqise and ma.de suggestions to the field which were instnimental in
·~in"
�. On 10/1/63, - a d v i ~ e d that the POPI
composed and d1str1bu~b111 attacking the newspaper
''El Mundo." for publishing 1nformat1ori contained in the anti
_
FUPI pamphlet.
-
The 1nfor-·e orted that the reaction
~ b e r s to the
or
senior
handbill was overwhelmingly agains,t
- J.,•
';;'
-_.._.. The informant re ated that the general concensus
of
older and more mature FUPI members was t h a t - w a s
11
acting like a child" 1n his ridiculous threat ~ g a
libel action against 11El Mundo. 11 The informant specifically
t.•..
t·
•'
t .
6>Bureau (105-93124) ( ~
l - New York ('105-32872) (RM)
4 - San J ~(105a n 53 Sub I)
. ( l FUPI)
c-<~1 -
pirmar
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2. "•Falsified' material could be used and the
F.1JPI· could be placed 1n a weak position. 11
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»lRECToR. PBI (105-93124}
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SAC. SAN JtJAN (105-3353 SUb I}
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·t7GROUPS SEEKINCf INDEPENDENCE FO~ PUERTO IU:cc{·:··-::..:~.:;:\~·.:.-~.--~···:.. · .:---t.
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
SUBVER$1VE CONTROL SECTION
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In .conneCt1on with ~~-';o~nt;:f!t:il~eri~e ii!:c;~~~?'.~f fl.
or the San J\lan Office we submit fo1• your consideration· . · .. '.
the f'ollow1ng material which we propose to mail anonymoual.7~:...
to me~bers or theM>v1m1ento Pro Indepenae~cia d~ Puerto ·
Rico-(Puerto Rican Indepermnce Movement) (MPXPR) and a
rew other selected 1nc11v1duals in the Puerto Rican subversive
field. ~is material would be mimeographed j_n the Spanish.
language in the office on stock tht could not be 1dent1t1ed
with the Bureau and would be mailed in inexpensive envelopes
purchased locally and bearing a $.OS~ f~rst class _stamp.
. ~-:·.~.:;
j
The envelopes containing the mimeographed
·
materials would be mailed trom a locale other than Metropolitan Sa~ JUan and the city or Are·cibo would probably .
·...
·
be the site used since 1t is surr1c1entl7 large that ·
· · .:· t
attention would not be attracted.by a relatively large
mailing •. We propose to use the partial mailing list or the : .-~
MPIPR which consists or about ~5 names with an additional
-..·..
dozen or,ao individuals added.
·
·,.
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propose:
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1-San Juan (105-3353
G~BUreau
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Special Aaent ia ChGl"Qe
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Sent _ _ _ _ __
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. I S ' . ~ -~:·.i·';.. :r-:.~_.(~i: . '.':·"In- 1959 we looked to the newborn' MP~i:"·-.... the·~rr:e ttt?~;~Ji~l·
,-foI!Wardbok1ng progressive group that would lead ua .. outy-=·~·.::~·::·::~~~i{'!!:
· ot t~e da_rklleas or colonialism into the ·sunshine ot ·~:- · ;-"'!::·_:,·< ~-·.:·.;"= 1:~'
1ndependen·ce~· We threw in our lot with youthtUl; L1ceno1~do ... .~;ii~f!i~Y
JUAN MARI '.BRAS and_ the prospects 1br our national libera~ .- .·__ :. ·- .l·
tion looked bright indeed., but aoon d.1s11lus1onmen~ !;/~ ·~\~~--;·t.:~·:.j /~\:~:preared its head ror our irosress1ve rorward loold.ng· .;.._\~:~,.t. .. ~ ·-.J -;·- ..~ff
leaders,· after achieving commendable organizational. .,. ;...:-~-i.:r·;\.:\~:~\t:'t·
·results, seized on the tired old electoral abstention ;-...~i;;..--:~. -~:.-.;}:L~.
· dodge arid c~mm1 t~ed the MPI to that a terile tamb1t;. ·, ~ -·. ·· .. _,, ··:-·-_:--:~
.
.
,.·
.
..
.
.
;,
·: "Electoral abstention has tailed to bring us .
a step nearer to independence; 111 tact. 1t has actually.
aided Popularea and stateboodera to retain con~rol·. ·
-:
or our government. Today. we are even farther than :ever · .-·:
:· from ever achieving our r1ghttul place 1n the: family ·7;:_il::·~;,r:~-~-..
ot Antillean nations. ·
· · ....=_ ~· :- ·-·~~.:.: .: _.. ":-:
"Now we hear of controversy in the San
~~\ ·.":'/~~./
a·
Central, Mis.on or the MPI as a 'few demand the right
.·.. ·
to vote and to show at the polls that the ap1r1t of
1ndepen~ence 1s not dead. We hear that our young MPI
leader has threatened those persons who advocate voting
with expulsion t'rom the MPI. We say--- let us all r1ock:.· .. ~ ~ -.. ·
to the polls and make the vote ot the 1ndependeot1sts i>:~~~ ·.. ·. ·-.. ~f
heard throughout P'Uerto Rico. It 1s better to vote .in.<: ·.,.J ~ ·
the co'lon1al election than not to vote at al;. . ·: :·
--,.. - ·
PRO VOTmo GROUP OF THE_KPIPB
."(Grupo Pro Voto del MPI)"
8
.: .. ~~·
note that 1n the past few days
President or the Partido Cpmµn13ta
Puer or:r queno communist Party or Puerto Rico) OCP).,
and also a member or the MPIPR n1nety-memberNlt1ona1
Council, has indicated he advocates voting and has locked---horns with~JUAN MARI BRAS over the·MPm pol1.cy o~ electoral
abstinence. This.is an issue which is important withl.n
the group and we reel that the dissemination or the proposed
material above w111 create a good measure of dissension •
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t · the·-1Jpcqm1ng P1tth Annual· General· Aaae·mbly~o~•.the !:-:t\:/~·1 :
IPR _to l>e held November 30-December 1., 1963. ··,:_:.,._,.< -··</·~l~ ··:?·
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It is our intention to mail this material-.·-·--· · ..
.-;:·,.
on November 25 so that it will be 1n the hands of' 1.ta_.;\:::;_~.:;
rec1p1en~a ~mmedittely prior to th~~ ~eneral As~~mbl7 ......--)\· . · ·-.·'... . :,..-.; ..
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It would be .or assistance it the :eureau : ~-;~:·:·":': -~ 1-=· \ . -~:.~ ....~~t;..::· ·
will consu~t the Laboratory and adv1s~ i t the mimeog~pb.e.,.:!.{J1lr /'!~t:(.
stock used 1n the r1eld 1s 1n any way 1dentitiable .·. · .....~--i·~."i+="~ ..-:-·-:\··-·~·
• with
either the BUreau or the.Federal Governmen~~+,.....;.-t~-.~:.:i,·
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We request "Bureau authorization to put the ·
aforementioned plan into er.re~t immed1atel7.
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GROUPS SEEKING IHDKPBND°-CB
• FOR PUERTO RICO·~-::. · · ·:' · ·:.i_: .'..,,.,·, :.,
:.~. '. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAJI . . .
..
IP:.··
· .. ~.. ..
SUBVERSIVE CONT.ROL SECTIOX
Beurairtel
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11/13/63.
JJu.reau authority la granted to eimeograph .:/ · .
a letter in. tbe .S,t.,anisb language and mail copies to ·
.c ......,.,'.)~~
.i, .... • : ~ ~ ~ · " ,
selected individuals ln the Puerto Bican subversive
.
field, and to members of llovlmicnto Pro Jndependenc1a . >. · ·.
de· Puerto B1co· aa set out in reairtel.: ... ">. t:/,/t_~:,..r:-::;, :,-.: ·:·/~;~, .:~ ~}~t--..
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You should purchase tbe ai11eograph paper and~:·
·
envelQpes locally being sure that the material can i.11 ~ ·· ,·
no way be traced to the Bureau. You ebould use regular
five cent. postage atamps and the letter• should be · · · ...
mailed in such a manner that the mailing cannot be
•
traced .to the Bureau or to any Bureau employee.
.- ·.
.
Keep the Bureau informed of results obtained
from this counterintelligence procedure.
· .,_·. · ·. ....
. ....... .
·~ ·:: . ~.
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NOTE:
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Reairtel requested Bureau authority to mail
letter in the ~panfsh language to MPIPR members and other
selected individuals to exploit controversy within
MPIPR:over the advisability of a policy of abstaininc
from voting in the forthcoming elections in Puerto Rico.
A p~t of the me=bersbip led.by
wbo
is also P~esident of the CP of P
~
as a
membe~ o! the· KPIPR Rational ~uncil, advocates voting
.
~d.the other faction beaded b7 Juan Kari Bras
S~c~~t~y General of MPIPR, favors abf\tn~~~~~oa
//
voting. The. J:e..tter will be signed ~.Voting Group
r /~#'
of the MPIPR" and ,rill point out t\~.\RHvantag~li
!'--:'~~'
voting in_ the election.a.
__ .
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IU.D.. ROOU
TELt:TYPE UNIT
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�-'l'he mailing ot an anonymous Spanish language l~tter
._;.ff\
as set forth in re ~o airtel., was ~rr~ed out ~t Arecibo~ ~~-1::;~."~
Rico. on 11/26/63
'
. . . · '. ..
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· . - h a s advised that a number or persons comme11'.tedjl{
on r e c e i ~ t t e r and it was the consensus as he saw 1t··\·--b~I!
that the letter he.d been sent out by the PARTIDO INDEPElIDENT~T~:~:i\
PUERrORRIQUENO ( Independence Party or Puerto Rico) ( PIP) as an --~A:,_
\J
attack on MOVJMIE?n'O PRO-INDEPENDE~IA DE PUERTO RICO (Puerto
Rican IndeJillM1ovenent) (MPIPR) Secretary General JUAN ··
~·
MARI BRAS:.
said that 1n his observations the controversy
between MARI'
ano the PIP which was being carried on 1n
, ...
the local° press seemed to 1ntens1ry 1'oll0\d.ng the rre111ng
·,::'.
or
the letter and he felt that it had brousht some confusion .
1n rank and file MPIPR members. He noted part1cular1y a
number of MPIPR top leaders at the . MPIPR General Assembly
conferring quietly in the corner with copies or the letter 1n
the 1r ha:nd s •
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has reported that the letter has disturbed
the MPIPR leaders and the top leadership seened to be divided
ble.mi ~ the letter on the PIP~· while others reel that--·---.Pres1dent or the PARTIDO COMUNISTA PUERTO.
: o;:u&1u st P a r t ~
~rto
I 'Rico) (PCP), is behind the ·
:They noted that
and MARI BRAS have head-on :1n this electoral strike q estion and reel that
was striking back 1n his typical cowa~ly fashion.
.
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:· 2 - Bureau (RM)
·· 1 ·- San Juan
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SJ 105-3353 Sub 1 . ·-'{:~ff!:>.
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said reacti'C>n to· the·i0.'.{J.f~~~f;f;f."--.·.A
e er in general blame
t on the PIP ·and. it was :felt:'"-:.:~~,
-that the'letter was.causing considerable controversy between
FIP and MPIPR adherents
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!Jh1a is~ undoubtedly .,:true···~::/ :·~::\\.?;\~~
.to a.l&r~. extent,. but as the ll!O has previously pointed
·;~.-:~·:.:.::-f/~:
. out, the mov~!08nt is 1ta own woi:at enemy.· 1be·re ·always · '-- ·
has beeri too many 1nd1 v1duals in · tbe movement ·wo ·en~2c~JJf~l~~ ~--·
vision thenselvea as 11 !111e Liberator.", the one who, · -,:-{;~~.:\-:-::: ·
...
1
some day, .would be .Puerto Rico s FIDEL CASiRO. Thia has
: ·-:~·-:.,;,;,_''',,f
led to .feelings or jealous7. petty bickering& and~- .-:-:-:·-.:;.~.-{~11 . .~t:\?:· _\:.
de.finite lack ot cooperation within, not only the -m.ova~j4,':--:: /~-=;,i. -. ,·'.:
ment., but also vithin the particular ·orsan1zat1on. -..... ~-{~.,"","!:_~.:,';'·; · .:. • · .,i·
f unity t11th1n the movement.
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. · It_,is 1:'clt that the counterintelligence ·j,ro:~·r-:··~-~~J~E~---,
gram 1s constantly being served by the power struggles,
the name calling and the ~predictable antics or the
members o.f the various groups. It is doubtful. under
present conditions. that a1:11 coU?terintell1gence measur~s ~~--; l-->~
could be more disruptive. ·
=·
·/.. ,·/~·~:S.<..
.. ~ ,,:;_~ 2 ·.!..
In view or the above, this case is being placefi-=-·l ...... :
in a P~ status ror the pllEent, in order to maintain a
_.. ' -·
watchful eye. from a counterintelligence standpoint. on
the movement so that e counterintelligence measure may be
instituted ! f deemed necossary and appropriate.
: ·-i
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!he San Juan Of!ice has .recelved t
'
rma fon·· ·.-···· .-_.._=/~~:}.-;.
ri.i! .... •-_ -~:;~:/~;P!:!\:~1:dr:~~o:~;p~::o!~.,.,;,,, ~,!~•\>~-~~
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is permanent representati~e- · ·· . ,,_.,,c,'·~,
the Federation of University Students for Independence -~·:,:.:,::'fr½a
(I-UPI) ~t the International Union of Students in Prague • .- .' · - <;f~~
or
Czechoslovakia.
l
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The l'iashington Field Office will detenaine if a ··. · .)~·
copy of .the 11/1/63 •£1 Mundo• is available at the Library
. ~-1:;~
of Congress. If so, the paper should be reviewed by a
~ '.:
Spanish-speaking t:mployee and a reproduction of the article
..
and accvmpen)·ing photograph should be sent to the Bureau.
· ~-;___
The phutogr~ph sl1ould be of sufficient quality so that it ---1) .
ma.)' be reprodu~ed.
.
f J
1 - Sao Juan (105-3353)
NOTE:
Photograph end information contained In .this Cuban
~eriodical has good potentiat·value as~ a counterintelligence
program against FUPI.
�,.
..... __ .
in connection w1th the captioned program we propose
the issuance ora leaflet which Will conta111 the f"olloWiD&
text 1n the .Spaniah language:
·-
WHAT ARE OUR IEADERS
""~f~ · ··'"
·_-·!.,,,. ~
ooma?
In the past tew weeks 41aturbing rumors have been
reaching us from Rio Piedras. We have seen 1n Carta
Semanal arter Carta Semanal that tunds are urgently needed
at the Casa Nacional to carry on our struggle tor na~1onal
liberation and we have responded With money that we can.
111-arrord 1n the torm or the 0 day•s work" campaign and
various ,other projects.
... . . . . .
't
:..:,
No-Jwe wonder where that money is going and what our
leaders are doing with it. We wonder because we see that
cur youthful maximum leader lives 1n expensive Urban1zac1on
El Paraiso although he complains that his law pract1ce
brings.him little income; the sage university professor
pont1r1catea to us weekly in bis comentar1os troa Ms
mountain-top mansion 1n Guadalcanal; our merchant turned
foreign relations expert pleads tor more f'Unds tor the
United Nations campaign rrom his luxurious estate beside
the Caguas highway. We hope that our pennies are- not ··- _ being used to maintain these leaders in.the crand style.
which they seem to enjoy.
Are these leaders leading us 1n the proper way?
our tiny contributions., if' not ~ing spent on high living
are being used to promote a useless program or electoral
strike which can accomplish ,.11t·t1e other than to bankrupt
~de~nd~ntist spirit and. torever kill the independe~~e
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'.2-BUrea~ (RM) 1-New York (RM)
1-San JUan (105-3353 Sub ~)
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Ist us make our voices heard, not 1n a paas1~'-' _._:- :_i . - ... :_. ·. ·... ·• ~-~-..~-:.
no-vote strike. but rather 1.n the press, .rad10.aic1.,.,..., ...... --~-- ..... _~'.·~--~~~
television. ~t us train our youth to follow 1n our. ~oot._ {;ft~·
steps and believe 1n the independence ideal. We -:·.~:.- ... .-<. ·: ~_..-:·:J}f
hear 1nstPa_d pr the FUPI and how 1n a recent meet1n1 at ~
-J!~·
Rio Piedras its ot(iters squabbled amongst themselves
and finally ended up by rolling on the floor like dogs
fighting over a bone. Ia this our youth? Wh.-re have our
leaders f'a1le4? ·.
•
J
1dea1·~
ourse1.ves or ·the colonial taint that ._has so long plagued .·
us •. _ A vote. cast for independence 1s ·a • step on the way'-.~:.::-.- . /f.i{t:
to ··national liberation that we all desire 80 much. ~-~·v··· .......... :;,. ;,:,·. - ;:_.,;'.-'\'.¥.'.>·•
'"<•.'1::,· .•. •
·.····'··i·
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To vote tor independence· 1s · to show the ·Jlort11·· 7?J~>
· American, government how we feel· and 1n that way'·-we· Will ·r
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·_ ~ : "~'#!
!
,.
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·waJ.ce up Puerto Rican; aee that .7our lea4en:na1slea4
you not.
GRUPO PRO-USO VOTO DEL XPI
T~s leaflet,arter translation 1nto Spanish, will .be
mimeographed on 1nespens1ve paper and mailed to the
al)I'oximately 300 persons on the portion of the MPIPR aa111Dg
.list weil&le, as well as other selected MPIPR personnel.
The paper and envelopes would. ot course. be purchased
·".'
locall~ and the nailing would be made rrom an area other
......
than San JUan.
..
The Bureau should und.ers tand that 1n
·_:.,:{~::::~:
•
.,.
,'·\~
f
the MPIPR has· been 1n~anoial-t~le an
has reported alil.ntin MPIPR circles that1he
:runds l?ei~g. s~igh_t~Y. ¢~2!-PP.~P.r}..a~~·
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-----~~ addition, - e c e n ~ l y reported that at a
FUPI meeting violen~ment broke out among the
·assemb~ed FUPI officers and the meeting rinally broke up
~nto a:aeriea or ~1st fights.
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•-=:::w:- The MPIPR is worldng hard to promote its electoral
strike:program and we reel that the above leaflet 1 it
d1saem1nated to the MPIPR faith.tul 1 will serve to part1,·11y
disrupt their a:t1v1t1ea.
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the leatlet are Secretary ... .).=.(;J/:.~~1~:
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:eu:X'e"&u aut>hot,ity
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�Reurlet 3-11-64 •
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·
. Burt)tlu. ~uthnrify is .,· ranted for you to· prepare :;t
and mall 300 cop1es·of the lea let critical of the-~.,, . ··
Jtovimiento Pro Ind.ependencia de Puerto Rico as outlined
in relet.i Take the usual precautions to insure that
the prepa·ration and mailing of this leaflet cannot be
connected· or associated with 'the FBI.
Advise the Bureau of any tangible results.
'
NOTE:
See memorandum-=o W.C. Sullivan, captioned
.
•Groups Seeking Independ~r Puerto Rico, Counteriotelligenc«(·
Program,• daiea 3-20-64. "'HF:pag.
·
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MAILED. 21
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MAR 23 19~.4
co~•N-FBI
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TELETYPE l1NlT
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ReBulet 'to
3/3/64.
ascert.aine~\t::::Z-:s!1:~!?!!•
ofa desk' cler , P&riodica ·ijif~
Reading Room, G 133, Main Building, Libra17 of Congress• -~:.~ -- :..:: -·~:
~
that the 12/1/63, edit.ion of the Cuban newspaper• "Bl )lundo.•. · \tt~
is not ~aintained in t.he files of the ·Library of Congress (LOC)~;~:
_LOC has complete a~t.a of "El Mundo" t.hro11&h September, 1963• _and while It has occasional copies eince that date, it has no-~~~j
c o m p l e ~ l Mundo" copies for any aonth subsequent t.o ~:.::. · · .:i
9/63. - a s informed LOC obtains copies of thia .; -':_~-· .t
publication from State Department, and it waa suggeat~d • . ::;:·:;:\~""check be aade of State Department Libra17.
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Cn 2/17 and 18/64 1
followinc investigation in e
edition of ns1 )fundoa•
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lteviev of records ot St.ate Department l..:lbr&17.··-.;-__.;..=-:..,,~.:;;:.;,,
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Contact of
Office of oor
Department.
3. Contact of
Bureau of Xnte
uban Desk,
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fairs, State
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Research, State Department. >t
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DivlsiOD of C:rA a~;r state De~;i:.;ent-g~:--; ·:: :,-;\':-\!
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above so~rces• and ~he:, co'!ld suggest no further_ logi.ca1~·-~·~:\.\~·-_·:·~.L:·
··· .:·-~ .· ··· ·
12/1/63,: edition of "E.l Mundo," but no photograph of - .··.:~.--~_-...~--.. _:~.·--:~~tf,
NARCISO µBELL or other individuals in the group, vaa ~.:~ ··-:;·~..;__.__ :
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available at CXA. CIA files a1so contain a tra lation. of :: -· . ~·: . . )?
an article which appeared in ZIJlevolucion•,. Ra a a• ~Q/~. ,\
l:ovem~er, 19, 1963, edi'.tion, mentioning NARCXS
DE~ t.he ~ - : .·::-:::_!<~original· was not available in C:IA files).
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Havana, "Bl Mundo~ 1 Dec 63
~::
Latin American atudent directors h
Cuba met on a farm near Bayamo, Criente,
to begin a session of internationa1
voluntary field work which was named
"S0lidarit7 with the Latin American
Revolution.•
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The initial project was to consi•t of
· a short Yiait t.o this farm as a gesture of
(riendship with the victims of hurricane
Flora. The·studenta had planned to plant
about a dozen trees aa a aymbol of solidarity with the people• but by the time they
finished their visit 1 they had planted 149
fruit trees. They a1ao decided to name
their croup ffThe Livia Gouverneur Latin
Amer~can Work Brieade.• in remembrance of
the young Venezue~ who was murdered two
years ago for refs~·to acknowledge the
government of ROMULO ETANCOtJRT 1 and· for
-his sympathy with the uban revolution. ·.
(Source carries pictures of -Tarloua
members of the· firOUl).1 including CAB,IDS
~STILLOsA.. from . ca Z.J.l HARCISO RABELL~
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ONORI~'E • Fren h Guiana•I and · ·• . · · ..
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Havana, 1Revolucion~,_1? Nov 63
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The group of Latin American student . . . ---· . ,,,
directors~ i.ncluding those from Guadeloupe
.
. ._:-~;d-fi
. Xsland, ~ren~h Guiana ~nd Hai~i who are . . < -=--~~-~~:--.:~_
visiting Cuba, arrived on 19 .>-ovember i.n -, . ·'. . ·:;:~!:,i'.:~ _ ,_-_ .. ;::,_t~}Ji
Santiago de Cuba for. a three da7 visit to~':t1¥t.t!J,f}4~i}Jf\1~£Ji· _., -',
different places 1.n .t.he province and to
· · __
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do voluntarv work.
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t.he J~gate from t.he Latin American
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Commission of the VD• are trave1ing with
the croup. Also traveling with them ia
a commiss~··of members of the FEU headed
y ROBERTC 'IZCAINO, Secretary of Forei.p
Relations.
he first activity of the
group on their arriva1 in Santiago de C u b a ~
was the laying of a wreath on the torub·of
JOSE.MARTI• at which time~ president of
the FEU in Oriente• FER?tAND~VO., welcomed _.,
the delegates, and MARC~iMATELLUS 1 the
student director fromJ1.ait'"_h stated that_
the group had experienced "truly moving
momentsn during their viait ·to the city.
The group later visited -the Vista Alegre ..
housi114: develo~ent and the Moncada Barracka.
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~_,J'.t) ..._sti~ECT=GROUPS Sll:KIN . iN~IEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RI
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COUNTERINf,EILIGBiCE PROGRAM,._. -
.
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San Juan prop'!ses a coun~erintelligence act!on, a · · ·
_;,"
• lfeafhlet_ to. b~ preppared ind thed. Spa~nsdh· language ~ttac(k1ngR)leadders
·o
t e ,.1ov1m1ento ro In epen enc1a e Puerto Rico MP1P
an
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imelying that :or,anizational funds are being misappropriated~,
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!~H1l:~!~e!i;t th~e,;~~~e!nl°..mr~!tT~!me~~o~e~:::!nt · - 1~t;
l~t
critic isms of the J.1PIPR. San Juan anticipates the leaflet
• \ .
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will materially disrupt the organization and fund-raising
activities. of the MPIPR.
·
_
.
_
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.
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The MPIPR is described as the largest of the Puerto Rican
in~ependence groups advocating in~~e.e~~=~~-!!.2!!..D-P.,!•
l'ie concur with this recommendation.
.
It is a part of
_· i...-'
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our continµing program to disrupt and neutralize organizations of:. AW
this type. ';'/;, ,-.;, ..-/,~,1 ~"''' ~.L!' ,,.~"-.-..,~r"'~~.~.~ -.:..>.·d-..., "!"
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Rf&OMMENDATION: ,, -·~ ~ .-- '~: "; IN~ ~ . H ... ' ,r. ~l~ I:, .
-That the attached letter be sent authorizing ·ihe
San Juan Office to prepare in the Spanish language and mail to
the approximate 300 individuals the leaflet referred to which
is calcula.ted to disrupt and neutralize the )IPIPR.
.
Enc.
105-93124
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FROM
_. SUBJECT!
•
ReBulet~ 3/23/64 •
,
.
· Approximately 300 copies or the leaflet critical--:
or the MPIPR authorized by re:Bulet·. were distributed b7
-.11 on 4/13/64 and the Dlreau will be advised of any ·
pertinent results.
·
· 2-Bureau (RM)
1-San Juan
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If I.l!gat# Tokyo is ·successful 1n obtaining the--·\r' ·
above-described photograpn,~\llt:t:SJO will prepare~ pamphlet
ror the Bureau 1 s cons1dera'Mtlrl-ind approval.
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(10,~~06) (P)
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SUBJECT!
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.
UUAUT1t0RIZ£D TRAVEL ~O COIA .
oo
.
»ufile 10S•90964
San .Juan
..
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(. j
-·
- -CROU~ SE~l!JG IN1X~DtCB FOR PUERTO RICO
COlnlIERDrrELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE COOTROL SEC'rlOH)
Ssn
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Jusn oo
!ufile 10S•93124
Sa:t Juan file 10S-33S3 Sub I
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Refei-ence San Ju.em letter to Bureau 5/21/64.
~
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,llllllllllllmll mnde avd.lable to
,
r o t o g r ~ o n of EL!!J!'
-_-,,-f~ (
Deu'Spaper of December 1, 1963.
.:
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EL Ml1NDO 11 a daily newspaper publielied
·.: · .- -~the control and. directioll of Cha govcm• ·· -·-·-- .:...~~
of FIDEL .CASTRO RUZ.
-~·~i~~
28 • 1964
~~ cuu~ y
adri.aed that
Havana undor
mcnt of Cuba
<·
FebruerJ 23, 1960 this
inter•
0
,:~
confi,sC11ted by the Socialist Revolutf.onl!ry c o v ~ t
On
OC-JSp:lper WAI
~erg~~=--:: :~~C:,:.tJ!l
::i~:a~!rC:d
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of CUba.
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22 196.\
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NOT RECORDED
180 JUN 15 19E4
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OD page 12 of the rotogravure aect1Clll of .>5:'i.~:;:0~:r·.·
EL ttmDO, ~ - 1 , 1963. a photo&ra~ ~f ..• ~dellt, __ ~cka:ad~...
froa w.rtous countries. vorlclng en ... fai:iriioir·..-t1wi· Clti~~~~;>tit·
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of iayaeo. 01"1.eate •. 0.lb:a. appen11, •tatlsaa &11
:._.;..·:.~'=t:1~~,~~~::national camp f4r wluntffr 16on.ra w111 bo opened al_.·.:..:-.· i: .. · .
kDow11 as "Solldad.ty with the Lat11l ~ c m i ~ ~:·),.~:_ ::.-·-._::::1,~~:
band c«mr ',: .· .,~-f,'f~~
!~~= i!: e.:ntosz1f~1:!:n!C::~;t
;~:Opresentati\re8 Cffel. 8rad.1• Bolivia.
Colod>ic. Haiti and other countries ill the
•mf on file be~ cook FAUSTO• ill ordu to
reetore cbefr
enero..
It 1a to bo
left eomcr rcaemlee
noted
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. · .DATE: - 7/10/f4 ~... ·.:-,•.". :.~-··:.:.
FBI
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DmEI.1NDEUCB FOi. PUERTO RICO
comrrttn:n:LLICE:lCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE OO·rrROL SEClIOU)
c~OUPS
;-_,
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San
t"-;
Jwm oo
Bufile 105•93124
JU&J;l file 105-3353-Sub J
p'
San
•,-,
lt~ferene·o !!ltmd letter to Bureau 6/10/64.
On July 7, 1964,-dri.sed no
1nfomat1on concerning eubj~com,s to bis
further
attantlm
thrcr.aah revie, of Cuban newspapers and radio broarScaata _.· ·
enanatJ.ng from Cuba.
,;;·
·. · ·
......
no
advised he voul.d continue to rezM!n alert
for such information· and would. furnish_ ~t prompt1,. when ·
received.
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4 • Eurecu (r"'1)
2 - Snn Juen (mt)
2 - Miami.
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58 ~UL20 1964
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NOT ll~t'XlRD~ · -...
202 JUL 14 1964
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COUNTi.:RINl'F,LLl~NC~ PROGRAM
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4 ~o the Bureau S/13/64.
.
.
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The SJO is of the opinion that the reaction by
group clearly demonstrates that they.feel another
p
epe dence faction was r ~ o r the ,distribution
of the leaflet. The fact that-_hoodlums are again
seeking to administer "Revolutionary Justice" is indicative of
their natural distTUSt and hatred of the MPIPR and FUPI. 'Ihere
is an excellent possibility that this distrust and hatred ~y
take the form of open public hostility. This of course can be
dlrectlyattributed to the ciTculatlon of the SJO prepared
..t
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-
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-
The anonymous . l~aflet proposed in reSJlet and
· .-.· ,.. · · .. .r·::f.
authorized by 'teBulet was mailed onf.28/64 •. The leaflet, '. ·:,· ..· ,·"., ,. ,
pTinted Oft cheap stock and enclosed in inexpensive envelopes;/r.9:~~,'W~
was maile~ to approximately 90 known independentists. Their_
..,,,,\~-;.~:~~
reaction to the leaflet was swift and m>st .gratifying.
·
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(SUB\rl-:RSIVE CONIROL SF.CrION).
(00: SJ)
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lbis virtuously assures the SJO that a consolidation
·... ,,
or liason between the APU and ISP in pro-independence activities·~
would be all but .impossible..
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It has been clearly demonstrated that the leaflet-./~·= .~-·-·:~:·:.';~
t 1 t
rlnt what many 1ndependentists felt concerning~:~ :?_·.-)::;
that is distrust and distaste.
· · ·.....
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nius. the SJO feels the leaflet was a far reaching
success.
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COlJ"hTERINTELI.IG"ENCE....FROOR.A.'1 - · ~-=C:~·-.:,-,::=..::- ~=~.'i.~--~f.;:~'I~;:.~~-,~· -..,.fit.,,,_~ ~ ~ - 1
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!f:t!!~g.Also
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Included ls a trar.slatll'n Jf the Chinese charact~rs _re_latln~?.~~.:.~i··.~-
to the r, 1ct u re. . .
·
· .. - ···-::·;·=~~ill
. It Is believed that this uterbl affor4S ·: · -'.,~;~
an excel lent basis from which to prepare counterlntetl l1enee · ,.,
"etlon against the Fede1atlon of tmi,·erslty Students for · ..·l;f~~
Iridependence (FUP~).
.
.
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ny using the pt1otogrerh of FUPI representatives. wlth~\~-,
~V,O Tse-tun~ ond r,hotograph etready in your possession of FUPI·~~\
representet1ve at the 1963 Castro rally In Brazil and the photo-~
graph or Narciso Rabell on the platform in Moscow with
· . --'-t:· ..
Khrushchev It can be shown wltb grephlc clarity that FUPI la. _~~~1;
,;.;.
~
connected with international couunlsa.
f
- · You st1ould prepare a suggested text In the . SpaPlsh --~--"!Z
Janguage to go in a flyer for. possible anonyaoas dlstribatlon--~~. Gt the ~nlversl ty of Puerto Rico.
It Is desirable that
_·; ·
. distribution of this flyer coincide wl tb·-~the beglnnlng or the.:.".:-~:
school term In the Fall of 196:4 so as to counteract any · ,;,ft~~
rccrul ting plans of rur1.
-..::
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Please submit your suggestions to the Bureau for
-·
arpro,·ot et en early date.
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�NOTE:
FEPI is a new Independence organization.presently_·,.-,~~.i~~
existing in eight high schools· in Puerto Rico. It is the
child ·of FUPI 1 c:ol 1ege age independence group at the Unh•ersl ty:-of Puerto Rico which has connected ties with international
communism as 'l'ell as Puerto Rican independence grou~
,
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Re San J ~ 1etter 4/23/64J· Bureau letter 5/5/64. -. · .
,
: The ~er proposed 1n reterenced SJ letter ·
and approved 1n referenced Bureau letter was anonyniOUBl.7
mailed f'rom Ce.guas. Puerto Rico to various Mov~ento
J>,ro_I.ndependencia de Puerto Rico (11.PIPR) members
~\
~~
....
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The Bureau shoul.d note that the distribution
of the flyer was held 1n abeyance by the SJO 1n view
.
or tlie r~cent serious illness ot MPIPR Secretary General,._
f-
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The SJO tel t that the premature distribution
of the ~lyer during MA.RI BRAS 1 J.hess 110uld lessen
the errect or the flyer. inasmuch as undoubtedly MARI
BRAS wou1d charge that he was being attacked while
confined to a sick bed and attempt to create the impreaaion o~ being a ma.rtyr.
}
Additionally ~he SJO teela that the most
opportune time tor the distribution of the f'lyer was
at the .present time, since MPIPR electoral boycott
campaign .is building to its peak and undoubtedly would
force the MPIPRr.to go on the defensive.
'l'he Bureau will be advised o~ the resul.ta
this cowiterintelligence measure •
or
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�· '. As indicated in reSJlet, 8/27/641 the rlyer
4/23/64. and approved 1n reBulet~
5/5/64~ was mailed from Caguas. Puerto Rico, to various
MOVIMIENTO PRO INDEPENDENCIA DE PUERTO RICO (Puerto Rican
Independence Movement)(MPIPR) members on 8/20/64.
proPosed in reSJlet.
. The flyer was printed
. on cheap) stock· and
-u mailed
_ •
-,..__ to appro~mately 300 members or the MPIPR. The reaction or
these MPIPR members.,_ ~s well __ .as ranking MPIPR officers. was·
· immediate and most. gratifying. U
I
: The following are examples
or the
1'lyer,
-
v
-
or
the disruptive effects ·
· ;~
'!'he 8/15/64 ed1 t1on or the MPIPR official publication -- · · nclaridadn contains an article entitled noovernment is Preparing
Repression Against MPI Directed i'rom Wash1ngtpJ}"by CIA." This
, .~
article indicates MPIPR Secretary General JUAlf"'l"AR~S __!)~~ _ ___ _: ~,_,:tr
received "inside information" to the errect that the CIA would - .attempt to harass and impede the MPIPR electoral.strike campa1gn'1
While the above described article preceded.distribution~
or the flyer~ ·1t definitely establishes the concem or MARI BRAS
(,
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over the effects ot the past flyers and future flyers attacking
,/2- .Bureau (RM)
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our tender Conceded Dereat?"
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"It was with consi:erable dislllay and d1sbel1et
·
at we recently read or our·youthful Messiah's message.
in which he stated that 1r statehood should come -to··
·.our beloved nation~. then blood would flow in the streets ··
:.
.
as in Al6er1a.
"We, the members or the Grupo Pro-Uso Voto del
MPI, question the wisdorn or such a statement b~ our legal
trained champion or the independence cause. It is in.•. , _. . · ·.
conceivable that our Secretary General should make such ..~
an unwise and controversial
statement..
. . .· · . .. · · .·. .
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"This radical ·statement· by our leader only
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demonstrates~ more urgently• the necessity to cast our
· . .•r;,-.rJ.;'.:
vote against statehood, and the present degrading
,-~-~t~:
com.~onwealth status. Thia statement by our Secretary
General 1s defeatist in nature. and can only ~nvite the
most serious consequences.
.
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"How the.Agents or Yankee. 1mper1al1sc must have
smiled ,·:hen they read the \'lords or our 1cpetuous attorney!!!
~Bureau (Rt.t)
..
'i~san JUan LJ.05-3353. sub 1) fil.Qa
l-lPS-3401). (MFIPR)
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we have seen enough war. misery _and--~_-/}).~ ;.-i:.o~~~~
1B
- bloodshed.· For our intemperate Secret9:ry Gene~al. to·! ·~· · ._. .. _· _: _·._ ,· ·. -:}~
.. fancy __ himself as another Ben Bella 1s :roo])lardy and pu~ · · .- - · - ·· -·: _· )1~
1a1ocy. Let him remember \·1e are Puerto Ricans., and not·~~:l~~-'.".;:\>~:-.: :\;ffft~~
-:~-~:\t ·. _.:. __. ·. ~ _. miserable scavengers and mu~de~rs as the Algeri~~J I (~·-:i/~~:::.::~~~:/~i-i\f{:_
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"Perhaps our -idealistic youthf'Ul ·leader·
been.:~~~7;~/;}~~:: ·:·
:. ·i ,. .. -~ dreaming and listening to. too. many w.ords or Ben Bella~--~ tr-="::~.• ·":
,~
Remember we_ll~ fellow 1ndependent1sts, tht we are 1n no.. i:1....,"f;_.'_L:.::--:,-_ :?~t~:ros1t.1on to count on t:le economic and military support ·
:~!.i~¥&1r~
of Russia or China, as did the Alger1ano.
..
has·
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"R~~ember well the f'ut1le acts or 1950, which.·_·._._·.:.-. ·j~_: ..""~:·:·:=.:i~~
ravaged o:Ur independence movement. It 1s obvious that·:~~- . 5::>. ;-: ~~--.-·~·
.· the Yanke_e imperialists have the power and will to· crush~~i~. ~·,_::~/(~i~
· any new insurrection, anqprobably await such a foolhardy:-·;,~.:~f.··~ -.~· ·: . ·
move by ~ur organization in order to forever ·silence .us. <l>·>·· ~-: -~ .;· .-. ·.
.
.
... . ::.: : ., .
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.
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"We \·1111 always remain convinced that the only
possible· .solution to our plight is through the vote.
No\•1 is the time tor rational men to take· inventory or
the situation. United, let us go to the polls, and ·remove.
once and for all any doubts about our numerical strength.'.-::·-~-- .•
T}?.e ballot is the only solution!!! To the polls! !1 .. ::., ~:: ·... :· .·.· ..
.
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"Grupo Pro-Uso.. voto .Qel MP.In.··:---\~:~:- , :~·:·-. ,. ·
...
.
,-
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J For the informa~ion of the Bureau, Ptlerto Rican
Indci>,en~en9~ _r~o~ement (f·lPIPR) Sec;retary Gener'!.!, J_OAN •.. _
MAlil~RAS, recently made a statement to the errect tfiat · if Puerto Rico were made a state., then blood would flow
j_n the s~reets :· as in Al~eria., m set f'orth &bove in the _
:English text.
If approval is extended by the BUreau, the flier,
after being translated into Spanish, will.be mimeographed
on inexpensive paper and mailed to approximately 300 ·
__.......
-2.,
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�~_,'&,,~}~~~~~~~~~
Vf~l;t~i?11!~t_ ..,
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,~~'.~f~~~ltt~ir~'.-:~'.~.:::.;w:~:::f
:x· .
. ·:. ._.::i .
:·-
·to t~ SJO, as well aa ,.to other-selected MPIPR personnel~~i:i~ ,,~~i~tfWfitii
·T~~a.per and envelopes utilized to distribute. the flier. . ~~~:.:,.~~-~~.-~~:~~:.
1"1ould be purchased locally.,_ and would be o~ a type ·wh1ch~~~)it~~~1!1-in no way·· could be traced to· the Bureau~· · The· ntail1ng~,of:_t)~i:i~~;~··j~~~
the :flier: t1ould be made from a iocation removed .trom the : ... ->-· :~- ~.
,;,::.:-.\lf ·
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.
.
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advi~~Q<;tJ:f{iiff:ffJ
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• :~M:~ i::m!!~~:;a~ g::~:!· a:1~e~ar~~1:~e.:~~~f';-· ·.. . ··
t; -.. .
r: ·. ..... ..
Metropolitan San JUan area.
As
the
Bure all hfl8.
. . . · ·.
-~·:- .., . ·...
·,:~·-=.i._..:, ··: :, -~-..-~~..-
b~'e~. preV10usly
the opinion or·'the SJO that the proposed r11er, 1r turnished .
to the MPIPR rank md _file., could well tend to discredit
. .
·"
the electoral strike prog1•am or the MPIPR., and disrupt
:.;f
the program to a great extent.
.
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Bureau authority is., tnrerore., solicited ..to put ·the·~-t:-;.-::Jt<.~-~.·
above-described project into action.
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nureau authority ls· granted you to •aJl 300 ·.... =~-\~·:f:,,:-::.~11\i:,~· ·"'
persons on ,he mailing _list of M~vialento Pro -- .::·::·.:.--~'0-: ··::;~;r
c.',
-·-
fliers to
Independe_ncia de Puerto Rico. rhe flier will.be in the ~-:...--:
Spanish language consisting of aaterial contained t.n
. :
English translation in referenced letter.·
· :· \ _.. · ·_, -.
1
·-
"-C-~r~
·,·t·. - ...
The flier should be prepared on plain cheap
stationery purchased locally and aailed in envelopes .. ;.
also purchase.d locally so that the· aaterial can in, ·t·· ·
~:e-;1i:: t~·~:db!
. :.,·-j, ·
··
:r1~~m~ne:?!:~:·rro. -
0
-:,~~~,t~I
m!rte~u&::
the aetropoli tan San Juan area and in such a .aanner . · :
n;~Y Bureau employee from being "identified
:ft~otC~~;!~~f
......
·
..:
,• .:..") -
NOTg:
,;
7 ~
·.
San Juan bas proposed mailing approximately 300
j fliers to those on the Movimiento Pro Independencia ae
~ ·r< .;.... 8 \ Puerto Rico (MPIPR) mailing list taking its leader· oJ
t~
~
MPIPR Juan Mari nras to task for a stateaent 118.de in
k ~-...........J a public speecl1 that lf statehood- came to Puerto Rico.
~.· ";~/~!~
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Advise the Bureau when this counterintelligence
aeasure-has been completed and reaain alert to advise the,·
Bureau of any results obtained •
.....
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then blood would flow in the streets as in Algeria. The
flier points out the futilitf of the policy of Jlari Bras
and the MPIPR of abstaining 1n voting in the forthcoming
elections and e~courages the individual receiving flier ·
.
~OJotc. It ls believed that this technique suggested by
Toi..
an Juan will tend to cause dissension and disorganization -·
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MAIL ROOW
of ~:~, .
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T£LETYP£ UHtT
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fPl'IOl'U1 or 1/ed•o' of llall..,J
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1
TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-931~4)
FROM:
SAC 1 SAN JUAN .(105-3353 Sub 1) ·_
·-·· ::~~-)\/t?-~~">f·\~:_-----~;:-·
-·
~~
•
. '2mtoUPS .SE~IN~--: ~E~~~ENCE. F~ PUERTO RICO
com-rrERIMTELLIGE~CE PROGRAM
~t
ry;:•'·
1--~~gf;.f+
••,-(0-··
(SUBVERS~ CO~-r'ROL SECTION)
p
. ~\
·
·. . : -. ~-·
...
:--.•
Within the pa.st week
President · - .: :::·
of ACCION PA'1RIC1I'ICA UNITAR
atriotic Unitarian Action)(APU).,
former NATIONALIST PARTY OF PUERTO RIOO (NPPR) chief I and 11f~- :
long fighter for independence, died of a combination of physical~;
ailm~nts in Presbyterian Hospital, Santurce. Puerto Rico.·
His funer.al ,·1a:s attend~d by all independentists~ no na~_
~r;i~ation, tnth the obvious exception o f ~
.nd his LIGA SOCIALISTA PUER'ro ~T _Tn:'l-~.u.
foll ,., .,...~
a i s c u ~ ~ i ~ e independence
fai niu o senoine a oelegation t o ~ n d to verbally
and phys;cally chastise him.
',J
In view of the sentiment a g a i n s t - n d his
J
followers 1n ISP, it would appear a p p r ~ ~ i s time\.../J
to send ~n anonymous leaflet bearing the text set forth bel~ -~
to the estimated 40 members of APO whose addresses we have and
to another s~l~cted 40 or 50 1ndependent1sts. We feel that
~ e 1n the leaflet would.serve to further discredit
_
. . . _ , in _subversive circles 1n Puerto Rico.
~~·~\
j,.> $ •. i9',r· '&L~
: ~at,;~;u {RM) . (
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Approved: _ _
~_f-1---Z-$_.--=--S
_ _ _ _ __
Special Aoent in Charoe
/ • .1·
_·,;.
_
16
.••
·
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.
A.·/
:.~J
MAY,1,1964 ·
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Don Ramon Medina Ramirez, that tireless independence·-~~~!~
fighter~ is dead •. His fearless heart, undaunted by··. ·~.~~: .····:·~~---~~.:?:·.
deb111t~1;1ng illness ana 1mprisonm~nt, gave out t1na11y-.1Ji;k;.~~~>t~ ·;
Presbyterian Hospital close. to the prison or his friend .and ~~·-~-:•.,,~,.
. 1nentor PEDRO ALBIZU CAMPOS. Don Mon is gone now and we ·have . ·.~.}ii~tl~~
nothing blft 8.'~emorr Ti.nd his example to spur US on.T·,.: . .: :-:}-''.:_';:~?:.J~~~
_:;;.-
1;
•
•
. Don Mon was not struck down by disease alone/···_·.-:. · .-·\~-;.J
however; he was taken from us by a broken heart. His ·great :~. . ~.:.-ii.
spirit was crushed when he saw his followers desert him .and>·.:=:·.··;~,:
his lifelong struggle for· independence 1n favor or· the ma~·-;'.<· . ·_-~,, );{
leadershl.p of an international adventurer. ·Don ·Mon never::?~t_:. · -. ..
swerved 1n his struggle for a fl'ee Puerto Rico; not so his;\~·!..:.•: ·.
betrayers who change their allegiances wlth each new breath··.~> :<J.:t
of the 'pol1tical winds.. ··
.
·
. · · · ·---~- ·. ·. ·:• · · -~
Aii loyal 1ndependent1sts gathered with full
hearts .at Don Mon's bier to render him final honage. But
where was the Poet or Guaynabo and his craven followers?: . ..-:'lhey
mourned not at the graveside bu~ rather sulked 1n their ·;.~-4~.; ~~;- . · .
isolation from the true 1ndependent1st. spirit. - ... -~~:..... _::-~~~>.{~·-:..··· .·. :·
•
.
-
. '-
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Unity of :lndep~dence action will never ·be· ~ch1e'v~ii":.)~
:ignoring leaders like Don Mon; let us unite 1n the glow of·____ :.-.:,~
his memory and forever expel the Guayna.bo Bard from our
·
by
midst.
·
-
Viva Puerto Rico Libre!
This lea"rlet l'lould be m!meographed on cheap mimeograph
stock and tl)ailed from a site outside the San Juan Metrop9litan
.area, ·with all care being taken that it muld not be traced
back to the FBI.
·
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SJ 105-3353
Sub l
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PllDTO RICO
COUHTBRINTELLIGENCB PROG.R..&JI
_:::i"'-~ . ·/.:·-~;.,.(SUBVERSIVE CONTR~)
- ·. ··
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These leaflets ·are to be aaiied to approximatel7
80 or 90 known independentlata.
. .,. .. .. -:.
·
Advise the Bureau of any tangible result•
obtained from this counterintelligence measure.
NOTE:
The President of Accion Patrlotica Unitaria (APU),
Ramon Me~ina Ramirez died last week and representatives froa
all independe
ions ettended bis funeral witb the
exceptiob of
organization,
Socialist League of Puerto
!ormed this new
organization from a nucleus
he took with him
in October. 1963,
The proposed
·':"
list will call atten on
e rift n the independence
·>"
movement ),; Puerto Rico and should tend to widen the breach.•
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'l'he anonymous leaflet proposed in reSJlet and - ~:.- -:--· :··---.,;_
authorize~~ ·reB~et· was mailed April 13, 1964. The leatl~,t~~\·· -,:·:J!ft{-~~
printed on cheap stock· and enclosed 1n inexpensive envelopea 6 ·
·· . :..
was mailed to about 300 persons, most ct" them taken from our -.
-~:·:.
portion or the MP IPR mailing list, and to a few selected h..: -~J-·.t~~/~,&i
dependent1stas. Reaction t;b its d1str1but1on was 1nmed1~te . ,::;.. ~ •.. <t;~
and most grat_1ty1ng. '\} ·.. . · .
·. . ·.
·. _·, . :- .:;..
'
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•
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,
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'!'he MPIPR Carta- Semanal (Weekly.Letter) .or April··---~~-~ . ·_ _')J
16, 1964, .issued only three days arter our ma111ng,'devoted_···-< ·.·:··--.,:}~\
·
almost a f'ull page to a denunciation or our leaflet under ~-~. ~ -.· · · (
the capt1on 11 In Order That Nobody Is Deceived. 11 The Carta
·,
Semanal shrilled that cowardly anonymous writers had impugned
___ .;;£·
the integrity or the MPIPR leaders and that no true 1ndepen· .,,(.r,:'~"·i11·
dentista would believe such a pack or lies. One ot the repressive
agencies such as CIA, FBI, the secret political pol1ce 6 or· --::- .~ ~
the Cuban exile groups were clearly responsible, declared the·.:·#/··:.__·
KPIPR organ, and the ta1thtul were l.xhorted not to believe . r·~:-d.-:z.-. · ·-· ·
such lies. about t~e .,~eaC,ers or the movement. v ·- p /!J
··... _:- ·_ :..,~1~ I
..._:;i....
·...
,,,
·~--
(105-93124)
(105-3353
.'? 4JUN 25196~
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. - - ~ e c l a r e d tba t ma~ members of. the »IPR --Jud :":~·-::.·~::::.;j;Y;:
r e c e 1 v e d ~ t and. there was gre_a~_epecul.a"t1on:·conQe~:~~-J)f~·
_·.·_ -~ :.;.J.:: /: the 1dent1 ~y· or: ~he Grupo Pro -~so Voto.··.: JIP~R :-leaders .,were\,'!!1·~,:-~;;-i\
.::·i::I :'~~>·~--;:~--distu_rbed by the obvious uest1ons raised b t~ leatlet ~n.4/~-~--JJ.f!),:~
- W - --- . ·· - National ffl.ss1on member
vent·out ot h1s· T:--~
- .,-··_,z-f: .
way to speak out.,at 'an .
an urce and' point·· OUi:;~~7~'?~'. _~:
;~~L
that the leadership is made up or only the most moral ot men
·· ·~.:fl,;.~
"-::··\··~
11ho would i;tot think or t - h i n a penny ot the movement•s r~~!::_:fj~~--~~
. ••
tor their personal use.
noted further that the MPIPR .. _· .. :·.-,,~.:~..:.;~.~
. f.'
: ..-· leaders have ·actually. con r
d ·.vast. 8UJD8 ·from their~ l)WD;·,.!.~;~t'J~,j.-r~;;'
.- . - .,... -~·-"'". pockets -to further the 1ndependent1st& ·cause.·: ~Be pointed~~-OUt!+,.J:_·/~::,~f
iJ
·.~ . .,.:··to. his bearers- tbat.:-the · anonymous. leatlet-was· clearly;a:' dis-=-_:~/!:.·-:':·-:,:._-~_·::
,_· -- . ~- - · · ruptive act1v1ty.-on· the part·~·iof·•.the. ,OI.:--;P.~~R\.tg ...bre~.~-;the·,)o:·~~-":'~'~··.i/·.
f
MPIPR. U .
·
-;·:_'~> ~~--~~r····t:.·-~:~-°'-~---~'-t/:·. .- ; . :·:~:~~-~,~~-·~~ir;:~.'~-i~\t··_·\ =~r
: - ·.r
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··;;4f--...·• -. . · .. · ·. . .
~~;~~\>"
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. - - s a i d that the concensus among the MPIPR
· ' .·>;;~·
rank a n d ~ h a t the letter originated 1n the PIP with.
·:\}.·
which the MPIPR has been fighting a running battle tor some .
~
time over the electoral strike quest1on. · The source recalled._ .. ·. ·.:.. ,~
~
that not too long ago MPIPR leaders·. levelled accusations .-. -:~~-~t·. ·-,~_._:/>~·----:·· .. · against some or the PIP· leadership. tor. dipping ·-into the P'I.P :,.:;.~~·--~·;)!~ ~-·.·
cotters for_ their personal _profit •. :t.rbe ~ource ·said t~a~· tbe:..:r::.:} /.
...
letter had· shaken some or the contidence·that bas been reposed=-';~-/-:._:··
1n the MPIPR leaders by the masses .and 1t will be some time ... -, : : ·..·
before 1t 1a ~stored. U
··
·
·_
~-~ - ----:~~:;_tf
- r e p o r t e d that MPIPR leaders were extremely - ... :.:~":~:.
angr.,v a n ~ r the letter and did not know where to turn.
to vent their rage. 'rhey were theorizing amongst themseles
· ·
tha·, the letter emanated from the. PIP. the various "imperialist"
1nvest1gat1ve agencies. while some subscribed to the theory--------that the letter actually was sent out by a group within the
MPIPR that desired to cbage the purpose or the organization.
Many or the middle rank leaders were viewing each other with
cfotJ~easure or distrust. ll
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_003
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962/1964
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 2 (87-130) 105-93124
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 2 (87-130) 105-93124. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8f005d3696333913ea9e26d8990759e6.pdf
89caeffe75858819c2beac42afdb60af
PDF Text
Text
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T!U~,SLA'l'ION FR01! SP/~ISl!
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'fl/B AC11Il<:\'E!lEHT OF YOUTH IN THE WORLD FOlro'.rl
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The 850 youths frorn 108 countries, among
were Catholics, co1M1unists, democrats, Christians, Mussulmans . '~
and Mohammedans, meeting at the recent Tlorld Youth Porum,"'-:--·- -~
agreed on the manner in which we must' act to overcome pre.: · ·_ ··· · ·
judices in the relations between countries and youth ___ " · · ··· · · :,
~- ·
~1{,
~rganizati::::gresses, assemblies, conferences, festi.va:ls•
111eetings, discussions, ser.:inars held on an international,
national and reqional level; the ·interchange of delegations,·
tourists, athletes, students, exhibits, literature, films;·-_
these are the right 1rays to erase all kinds of bitterness _·
from youth," affirmed the delegates.
._
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The increase of modern culture and in scientific
spheres was strongly defended by those attending the Forum
-,~...,., • __· inasmuch as this increase in culture and scientific technology
~ ._ ~has made the ne1r generations more conscious of their
.
~~fu::~~nalienable rights.
.
_
.- . _ _
We are all agreed that the participation of Cuba
in this norld Youth Forum was very frui tfnl, not oI?lY for
our country but for the young people of all countries
1"hic~ are fighting today f.or their full independence.
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The great majority of the delegates were enthusiastic
about the great achievements ue have made in only
2-½ years
of our Revolution. Especially the youths were enthusiastic.
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•now could _you achieve so much and in so s~ort a
l",,"-':-.· - ti111e?" was the question most col!L~only heard on the lips of
?;:::t·_:.: . Hexicans, Chileans, Germans, Brazilians, Chinese, Paraguayans,
lJi~,.Z~k:_
:f,}:;.;;< ,_. Congolese, Uai tians, etc.
The answer of the Cubans -..-as
1 always the same:
:,~_;';.ij;\:: ·.:. ··
;
"l!e achieval this through unity - ti1c unity of
·-~_:;{If.. _our revolutionary forces, our workers, our .::armers and all
·,..~,~·1,:-."f-:;· •. our people • 11
· _
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~The Cuban delegation was wanted cvcry1,hcrc. There
~;t,.J}'v;·woro fraternal meetings in which op~nions were e:.:chnngc<l on
il{itt"Y'f'f, __ :, tho apocifJc problen1s of the youth in ea~h. country,_ ai:id the
,;;r,-ft\'.:';_<;,,;.-_ Ue1 or friendship were strengthened by Joint part1c1pation
;,i~::::"~Ji 111 aports events, exhibitions, talks and conferences.
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It was on one of those beautiful days of friendshit> Ii·:-~·
· that all the youth ornanizations of Latin America r~iscd their:,· .
voi~es to d~clare
"that imperialism ~nd its allies .and'.' ·tt_·.,:_.·.··_">
· nat1onf'.l ol1garcli:..es :.re the main enemies of the L&t1n Arne · can .· ·
nations," aid to proclaim "the right of the Latin American :. -: .· ·
nations to enjoy full national sovereignty I to achieve. ..
.;.
economic independence and agrarian refonns which Ifill end .:•·
the. landlord system and underdevelopment on the .farms.•
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With respect to the Cuban Revolution, which is>'· ~': : : .
intimately connected with all Latin American nations, the :· ".·:-.-~.·youths denounced "new direct and indirect invasions prepared .
by the United States in complicity with other governments . · ·
in order to carry out a mercenary invasion <lestined to do
away with the rights lfon by the Cuban peo9le."
They did not stop until they had called the
Organization of American States "an instrument of intervention
which goes a!Jainst the interests of Latin America." They
condemned~colonialism and denanded t~e restitution of
national rights in the Guianas, ir, Belize, in the French
Antilles, in the Malvinas (Falkland Islands) and Puerto ·
Rico. They consider the Alliance for Progress "a desperate
effort on the part of North American imperialism to e::::tinguisli
the echo of the Cuban Revolution in Latin li..-ncrican."
The Forum ended last August. This time, the youths
from 108 countries and fr0.J!I the most different political
backgrounds, decided to give a good lesson to the "mature"
politicians of the imperialist camp, who are today stubbornly
trying to send them to their death.
Hfa(i
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These youths declared: "The unsolved problem of
Germany and East Berlin represents P. grave danger to world
peace. It is necessary that we unify our efforts to raise
ourselves like an unbreakable wall in the way of those who
are preparing a new shedding of blood in the world.
.
.
"lie are against the imposing of the yr.ke of
colonialism on nations under the pretext of aid.
"We salute the peoples and the youth of the
countries of Asia, Africa and Latin Ar.terica who, in their
continuous and difficult struggle, have achieved liberty
and national independence and arc building a new life."
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• IFCKJa ti, un p,oc<N qu• -le acnlim en Nri<U e!apm. · ·
Caba...., poJio <K4/HIT • ala Le11 lii,iorica. .Y a par
ao. qu, • la Re,oluci,in oiclorioao ,Id. Prim6o tie £Aero
ti, 1959 no po,lunos J,.linJarla. en DtaJo •!rune(. ., la.'
luclw int/,pa,Jenlulm. , menos .,;,,, • lo lnswoJa Ju.
· ...iuci,;., ,. 1933.
:. , ... : - · • <:~··"·
.-:.· ,·\:: .. , .
L,, j..,.,,tuJ i;ubana qui Ian
cion ,..
. ,.,;;Jo en ...,..,,as luclias inJ,,,.,.Ja,ti,1oi. po,lr,i apr«iar
a trove. ti, al• recuenlo J, Joaquin O,Joqui. par4E_i.oa,,1,
Je lo lucha COIIITo M achaJo. porq,u no. fmmf,i en ala ·
oauion cl afwno Jel pu,blo. Y poJ,..; o,, nu. incl......
I.. raica Jcl ocwal snovimienlo ;-nil cubano -,aniutlo
qu• no .an olrOI qu, aqueUo, Club.. Cultaral.. II Dq,o,lii>o,. lo -Li,a /,.,.,,;/ C:omuniara-•. , cl Ala lzqrr.....ra
futuJiantil.
adw
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Aqui ..ian Im precuraorea ti,.....,,. ASOCIACION
· DE /OVENES REBELDES.
A nNOtrQj. coruciente.s Je ew, lraliciOn c,ue no, Aorro
_,.,ull,u. nos loco J,cir: cumpliranos cl lqaJo ti,
.....1ros pretlec...ra. la>anlaremoa con Aonor la 6an,/,ra
d, M.tla. Marona. Villena. Cuiterai. Pablo ti, la To-
11
fflfflte Brau .•.
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A partic:.ipaci6n de> '"
cub•N en t.
Revotuci6·
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nos NI s.ido narr.cl.t pc
bre que p,1rticip6 activ•rner_procno de nuestr• histori:
0,doqu;.
O.,doqui. viejo "-'chador
Socialist• P?o,ular y ~ '°
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-,_. ca,cel et la U11Wenidad
4e ' - h'o1l»•iadorc1", 4ijo
Jutte Aatoaio Melt. •• los
•ificile, 4ia1 4e b tira•ili
~hadisU. Su aeate11cia M
c•-.pliO fielMC11te puC'I Ilk
la Urcet 4c La Halt.au,
Nl~on lo, C111ad1V1 ebrero1
p uMpetMI•• ._. a.abria• tk
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h.it,d6 U ""liga J ~ i l Comunista·•. Para
o-g.aniur J.,, Liga se forman:,n cuadros c.r
II Oirrcci6,, de-I PSP tantH Partido Cc,.
,~·
mwnistal ~ le Nhia fund,.do en 19:S.
A mi me dijeron: ·'Tu re.ponsabifi~.::I
junto con ott'D$ ~~ros es organizar
-la Ju-,lud".
.._pero .nte, d~ la Lig.a, se crearc:,n en
1odo et pais 1r111 serie de clubes MnOmir\>OOS ··Jwentud Cutturat Oeportiva
Obrera.., c:u,,o cadcttr cultural r '6epor-
I
~
ANTONIO CUITlllAS:
al hrticSo Contvnista.
M Mlntv•• •naati1ente
a11te la i1119erellltda
t1orteamericaRa.
Pmi..-"'cnte ...,. ltoaestidad
ttwolwcio~ria. le c.sri la
wida, CHndo po,, ..-deft . .
l.tista ""• a1e1i:R1tfo el I .,.
Moro 4c 1935, .. el
Monillo.
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EDITORIAL ---~,lj
En •i~tc priml'r nlinit'ro de "l,11 111•Nll' ,ii Ill·
li~o", quc,·cmos hncer rualtar lus 1111hlt•• pro·
. P6•!t''" que no~ in•pirnn.
_
_ _
E~t<' P<'ri6dico deCenderi1, Ju li111!rlnd de
(' .--'.) p~·,·.non proclnmndn por Ja SIP, 111~ 1,h•nes e•·
·
pir,tunl,••, la dcmocracia repre~•i11l11l.lvn.
lu·
J eha contra Cnatro y el capita! privndo, (ca~I
nao:i).
i E~ nirnt.irn ,,of\ ,.
.. , .. :1,,n,.,, r,, f1'.H"''" ,~
r,
.....
MELLA ES
UN ROBO
ti MELLA, n
re•ltMnl• ·""
,obo, no· vale los dlez kllos,
No publlc,n n•d• de lo qu. I
nu.stra Jueventud le h11c, f1lt1,
como son 111 avenfurH de Ttrdn,
In 1onrlu1 d•I t\Jb1llo d• Roy
Rogers )' 111 nov•IH d• rtlafo, que
1,n10 not QU\lan.
£1 MELLA 1e la D•" h1bl1i,do
d• moral, d" '"voluct6n, de mll!·
DECLARACIONES
DE CLARK KENT,
RESPECTO AL ;
BRASIL
�· i~een~~t~: ~~;s:i::,n,;1ola orgniN~Ru,/~u,
Ademns al no, unimos todos y llegamo~ n 1111
acuerdo, ec"uro quc los yanquis nos mnn,lnn
&
de cabeza pnra Cuha y e~o no nos gu~tn n:ulu.
E~t.i bien mandnr de vez en cu. ando unas .,.,,111 ,.,
&
a ver al logran hnccr algo. En ultimo .......
mnndar a I0 ~ mnrInmi. p ero no es 16gtcn
'
111
•I
no., mandcn R nosotro!, en prfmeto porq1h· nu
hemos pcn•nndo en ningun momcnto hac,•r ,.,.. ,.
Y no hablemo• mftA porqucrla., que rn ,.,.,
.el rey e• K~nncdy,
1
"Le Melo• t1u1 h• llfdo •• •I
•111". Sra. dtl Tc,1f. tT1nr1 di•
n~ro ouar:ado en ta ca11I.
"iPo, t1u6 ftO pubflUII fotel
Marlo•!" Joe Patoou.
de
1
L
V.
,
I
,
... ·-·. I _•va e~ '-~v_a•o:_ •• S1emp.r~ perdem~•· •••
•••••••••••••=•••••••;J•••••••=•••••••••
NUESTRO
"Det.111," ,,,.., t1eHl1t ,ollcf1en". Dick Tr1cy,
"A'1f 111 •• ml tht11llftfte", Alltrt
Dulles. IJefe de 1, CIAI.
"1Qu1 S.n Pintho M let T1t.t11,
los protoial" Re,.,,ndo Matraca.
"JP1ro h1y que we,, ~·• ulfedtt
1ot1 UftM plt1rott1''. Migutl An•
gel Quevedo".
"(n el Nrwlrlo 41 Ml wlff1, NII
u1ttdtt 11 Cldtftl N Ml ldffllrl•
chin'". Juan de 101 Pilotti, lCHI
Poetal,
"C,10 qut det.itn• httNtftt11t11
y lot Hite•
ch1mltt1to1 dt ....."" p•trafec•
tot". .Esteban v.,,,u,1,
11 IHl1118fO 1ft INM
Cachirulo Pet~rdo,
es indiscutiblemente
nuestro heroe.
Entre sus valiosas acciones se encuc111rnn:
1 poner una bomba en la Escuela No. 3·1, p~·
ner una bomba en· el Hospital de M,1tt,rnt·
dad, poner una bomba. en el asilo de S,1111~·
, venia, poner una bomba .n el parquc ,hi d.1•
versiones, ponerle u~ .. bomba a su propta
vieja, ponerle una bomba, etc. etc. eh
, Es por eso que Cachirulo se gana 11_,mstro
homenaje. Es, sinceramente, una l,1•,11ma
I
t,_
,I,,"-, · - ·~ E-DACCIO N;,J~~~~os2:,~;;..,·~~~~ qu,.,. .•
Unot
,,_,.va,
"'°'" hlf'I ulid.J
-Piro ,1 101 comur,11111 11Quon
1glt1ndo 1111, envlaremos "uestr11
tropH de marina, 11 1vlacl6n, 11
.P01icr1 de Miami, los p1rac1ldlst11,
101 tanques, lo, vendedore1 de
churros y lot e,illadol cubanos. •
-Y debemos juror aqul, IO•
ltmnemente por los secros rwstos
de 1, 1buet1 del Pato Donald.
iNo50tros no 11 t,ernos n1d1 de lo
quo PHI
,I Bmll! 1No1 ha
cogldo de sorpreu!~• 1Dos y dos
son cuatrol 1Todo ha 1ldo de.
pronto! ;Nad;, 18b'a n•da! 1!1,
efectlvlmfflte, dos y dos son cu•·
tro! ;Esto ha 1tdo muy r,ptdo!
•n
• 1A wr 11 111lmot da elfosf
.. y ti no pr90Unttnlt al Emb1J•dor
que 11 1ntr1d1 8
pedradH que 11 dltron · fut de
,1u,
•"'.'plngl,
LA CERDA SE BARA
BRASIL, "9o. 29 10 p,.,,,.
Do Rilajol , - NUfttro 1nvl1do II•
peclal, 11 traslad6 hoy 11 t1ncho
"l• Cro,sa Calvwa" para entra•
vl1t1r I L1 Cerda '" tu oflclna,
La oflcln1 de L• Cerda, n bit•
t1nte ••6tlca, lo Unlco que dlJo •
11 pr1n11 fue:
-Por favor r,o ,,,. MOlt1t1"
ahora no acostumbro ,. attnder
1 n1dl1 cu1ndo mt b1i'lo,
Oebemos haur con1t1r QUI 11
oflcln1 era b11t1nte t1r1, y que
La Cerda M b1,.aba con fanoc,, lo
cu,1 nos di6 1 • entender de uni
lo,ma ba1tant1 complei•, q u I
aqutlla, jora un chtquorol
• 11 v•nfl •n N..,,..,. York, E1tos
aparllot, acf•rnll 1W Ml,ca, 11 mes,.
el 1nO y •I d,1, .. d~tn I uno
cuando wl • flow••. Qui Pttrcul1
deb. Ir I v•r ww d1; le tch1 un
chorrlto de aoua •" la bou cuando
Ilene sed, ., IM"'ft Q Ito, M
fun'l1 101 cigarrot. ~ no dj
11 hor1, tste ,c,,a,, .. no ct.11 drt
wr uni gran eou.
I •
L;
NYl1t1
"L,ft"' "U experl•
1Mnt1ndo con ""' flf\Aquln,, ore•
clH • 11 cu1I todl ft0ticl1 que N
re<lbe 1111, ,to,N II """' Qua hi•
, ... \~~··.;
~·-, ...
.
,.
cHlta el mundO '""'· • """aamos
'
-Sonacior iquf oplna u1ttd dt
11 Revoluc16" de C11tro?
- f Eso "' una b•rb•rld1d! IO.•
bin lnt1,-..-,,ir ,,pldam•nte ! No
c!ebe quedar nadit que habit CO•
111 rarH con 11 cabeza puesi1
t0br1 los hombro1. lncfutlve, el
FBI ha abi•rto uni lnv11tlg1cl6n
1 Ceoroe W11thlnoton.
--c!Utt~d crH que no dt!M .
11dstlr un pal's comunlsta ''"
ca de IOI EE. UU.?
-iClaro que no!
cree qua no10tro1 wamos , '-.:...3) .: •
tlr un p1E1 comunlst1 m la iv\on•
gollo?
·
- i Poro Cuba no " ' ' tn fa
Mongolla!
'·
-iC6mo qut no t1U tn : Iii
Mongollo?
-No 11nldor, ntj tn lat Art•1
Ill!.
-~c6,,..·,/~- _,;:
flllll,
•
"
' ,·:
-Vtn ad, 1.Y dclndo ~ a ·::
110?
-A
noventl mt1111 dt
, l'' :,
,qut, · '. '.
S.nadot
·, ''.''
-iA NOVl:NTA CUANTAS? :
-Nownt1 mlll11 11n1dor,
.. ::1
-1Au,111-1
· '· ',L
El Sonoda, M N1llr6 tan ,jpfdl,. ,'
t'Mnt1 que
puc:Umos contl"ld' ,,:
fa 1ntrevt1ta. Otro dl1, Hrj, · ,
.
.
1.
• COtl 11t1 d11erlpcl6" 1 0 1 ~ ·
creo que nos htrT'IOI .gan1
chequoclto do 111,i
"°
"'"1::).:::,:
Ettl oe,,lal ..,.,.to, pfaMI tot· 'io•1 i
bot. lot 1JKuf1, y adeffl't. 11 IO•·~'.
Uto compra a! la pollcf1; La _.cfe•.,"
manda ha tldo orendiosa, pe,e .ye i
ha trlfdo 11rt01 probllfflH con . lot
1111 11 nto: "El pueblo cubano
ladronet de Clrnt. y hueto, ·' OIA ;
••,, a1perando I IOI ffllrlntt, para '. N hln Yllto da" pronto ''" tt•b•• ).
darln 11 blemtnlda y todo to .,, · IO, A tttl PHO, lat attldrlfiCff t
ollos qutoran, poro t "'"' dt todo ·. ntffl dtmostrando or pt6,olfflOJ
- . Kennady 1lgua 1ltncla un . a/lo el ~rnldenta padr, Mr ..u.~ f.
anorm1I."
..
,·: :: Jqa1:-, MlnQIII eomo n dt ,tll
El ladr6n eletfollnlCO; it el 6 .; _ , el -...,,_
un tJempkt: "Todot lot cub,"°'
Hper1ndo • lot marlnn
para com,rtelot vlwt y K-,,Mdy
9t un anorm,I". Entonc:11 11
tchlrte 1n tu mlQuln1 lo qua ·
11Un
·!Imo ..Ito do II Ctnota.,·'·,·,,.Mo',.•.
.,,,MIIC,,.1
·
,-"j:;:,h,;>i' '
::1 ""9
.:·1: olfflplt,~.
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cHtros tie tr•llaje,
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Perteoece • lu Miliclu.
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Affabetiu,
18
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• tf .• -
~
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poclemos plante.1,- el
_....,.fliclo ck "eso: no hay",
ii,' ..
,. ~ JIONIIIO todo le pue<le austiC&JO de qu< esto ae• izn.
. ,.:t\·· tli..-__,, comprenliCn debe Ut--
n•liu-
iii+i ....pnoandi,
compr.ar mas ·de I.as Dtteiariu.. pues: Ii
ahora alc.nzan para 10::loJ.. a pesar dd
aumento considerable de Ja demanda.
el .buso 7 ·el despill.rro - Denri'•
.1
·lft·•
~~ ...,. -
de las
COUI N I
uturalidad.
FJ(! , ,ap,.;&a a de Isabel Ferninde la· tiend.
·. i·~•·aaooc,aliud •.
. ,.-,.,_ala mocla, I. propia
1,; -..-d~•
/4 ~ ,_...,_,
·1
tJ.. ·aocl,,
"Fin
1ran conoctdora de
ta que poclamos auto,..1.IJasttcemot con
aue-stra, industrial textiles. Mieatras
tanto. no tc _· debcn •ac.ip,aru telas. ~
-
!~ ed lutiluto de
Culrura de
Sovictic.. Y es
inlemacion•I. di~ cit ua pai, • o!ro por
~'sti u cit colorido, ligrrez:&, ~
!lrl.t 'IU< - foclores dd
, • .. Ja Ueioo
;J. 'la aod. ..
/
ff
'. 111~ i.:
"~)'.•-····
:Li4,. ~) -o&WJ!1o ck 1claa -f,· ~~{:
aa, matena• primu e11 Hungna y
Cbecoslovoquia 7 olrol paises socialittu, con lo quo ae apera quo auestru
jovenes DO car.u:.an de produclol quo
dan auovu tonalidades a loo abelloo
.7 ondu a lu quo 1uelea aer laJJ alicioaadu.
TAMBIEN AUMENTA Ult.
pronto a la care&ti.&.
D£MANDA DE COSMETICOS
LA BEL.LEZA DE LOS
CABEU.OS.
En la Empresa Con.'Qlid.da de Per•
fumcria 7 Jaboneria, aitua:la a, el Rputo Alta Habaaa, funcionao Ira
unidades: f>.10.11.
Alli clesempeiian IUs labora loo
n una 1nujer que no
~ aanar Lajo Uave ea aingun
\ '.,I,, ii<l,o EJ.na SolomvA, Rt·
-~.-/
Deg• de pa;... amigos COIIIO
O.in•, Checoslo,·•qui• y Bulgari. bU·
· TintN. ettmu su1"1zan1es.. aconcli·
c;onadores. ch.a.mpUs, lac.as y cremu
par1, permanent~ sin corriente 7 en
general, productos pua el anbelleci-
miento def cobello !ambifu ae fabriCub1. con las m11erias primu
procoden!es de E.spaiia, Alcmani•, lnC&n en
glalcn-1.. de.. que •UD quedan en los
&Jmaceoa.
£.n d
·
futuro.
K
proyecta adquirir
obrcr°' de ..Avon··, ··Mu F•ctor''
y
·'Revlon.. que utjlizaa materiu pn.
mas de ouestro pa.is.
Acido esteinco, tako, estearin&,
Cxido de zinc, ateanto de zinc. indis.' pcn.. ble pua la daboraci6a d, c:rem&1
7 i.lcos. llegan de I. R,publico Popular China micntn, quc I,, 1Jicerina
SI
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.~·~11r ·•nlN _. iru1~~
·fhNtlo,. ,.. at•_l'f'(m,1:
Ulduarf. ~ trrm,H
'"':'<" •. :
. --£, - · ••• ,;d.
cl. ~ < ~... h•
=.. -._.
.-.:,r.r flollrr adqui,i
---
~·
~
-fif-K~uitnic.a-
11..,
l>e'U
...,. '111o-.i..na rl ;
-: ~ -cc loa ftl&mos rnohi,
· .....,., C'Ub.na1. qu, p,
· ..,,,,riora a I.., 1·ank
~ ougitto ••••
GCIC>- qUf' le' Kostu"
,,
.r.ar
SUI
,ir tofo
productas dt:
·lo q ... ffl<n
C
lllmN:liat.arnrna"· pues
.
•l.ora qur milf's d" ,
tit'Qf'n m,1yor pod,:, •d,
rrmo.
·'
I .~
. r., •'"
.·, ....'.
'
; ..
de e.os aniculc
MOSTI\CJUAs Y
NI\ l'UltALEs
l..indos adorbO! ff'rr,
,·an en nue-stra1 ,·,dr1t
atin rlah<.r.mdo •n C
L. ioye1io cl. fantac
demand.a ent~ las muc
<en a>n tUf'ntas dr
•
l
I
I
I
l•ciUu y 1m1illa1 natur
do1ntes eo 11uestro pai~.
ioJ··· ""··· ., ..110 y '
Oflf'r.ar,m c-u~noS.
-A.qui Ntamos pr~
lttn • ~Xprt>.c.an f'n la !
d,u fr,nrninas ··Kai~r• ·
import•clOn dr m"~iac 11
ohs1.1culiz.aba el mt:rcac
l.u fa"brlca, c-Ubanac pr1tir-m1"10 aan tr•haj,u . .lL
ci(1,1,- dt: dt"W'mpl('O.
I
J
•
i
cbtto,. hilos de nylon.
I
I
L.. m•lt:ri• rrima t:r.
f""l.t•
Hr~•ndn drl JapOr:
n}·Jon. o1drm.is ,1~uja:!- ,.
rn•quma!o. ,,,oc.,.df'nlrs
i
Uf'"moc.·,.irac&.
'
-Podrm::r... •Sf'gurar
quf" no fahar.in Ju m"(
h1uc-hac.hu ,if"mµrr- qur-
modf'r.cton. ,. nto n f.
nu""lfo clima c•luro!<o 1--)rf'r
-Gi, df" Ju mN:l,as '1l la ni.
52
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f
.'
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dcl Con,ol;d.do LJI"'';'°· por ejrmplo
1e. not• la f~brc contag10Y dtl au·
rMnlo productivo.
-Sc vcndcn mils zapalos que nunca ---dicc- el administrador- Nues-
tras fi.bricu tr1ibAjan a todo lren con
pides d, hoja, charol y b<n.dit;n<, poro a pcsar de qu, nuntrA produce.ion
sc ha e:levado c.onsid("rabJcmcnte no
pucdc u.tisfaccr ahundantementc
aprichos de .auestras mujcres que han
el,vado su pod« d, compra en cantidad incalculable-
•
Nuc-slro objctivo lnmrdiato
DO w concrda SOio a utisf,1,ccr la enormc demand.a de calzado, aiDO t.&mbien a
ofrrcrr a nuestra1 mu)rrn la c.alidad
loi capit1listas
quc dominaban III u r •Ii• indUf.tria.
qlW oo lf'nian en cucnt,1
I
�tJ
-·
1"acto con
le ;.,.,entw y winc:ular • ,...
do 15 mll
·;,s.,.- ., ._
tud,o ~ , ,
-fl Club cit - - y _,..,;
mtdio (le, bu:zones. C'OhQUist6 II ltC
DOr
o6r, cit .. juventud. us "'"'.......
sometidM: • .., trba,.at QIII! p,ws;.
Ruben Martinez Villenl.
~
;,. I
/!
I
que
~rtinez Villena p.,edo- dec:i
era un oran bOriC:o. c.,ya fnOdr
, c~ctdad
a.
«
o,n,i,on
el fftPr10 V
.&nir«i6n
todol. Con ..., cl•ri.
politic• eatr10rd1tUr.a t .... de \o\ s,r11
ros ee, onf'ntar .a la clas.e obrtr1 clob
,oor et amino CCMTKto dt b:ha.
-·..,
. •. ~·II?-· ..
\
<(;,' l
f
ti'-'O era una fof'n\a dr evadir b feroz
oersecuci6n del tiraf\0 Machado.
-Tanto bs i6~s de b Lt91, como.
los de los clubes t~numos • trabajar
ttstrecNmente, y en 1921, cuand0 h.,e,.
ro,,. cerceNdls Us garantiH constitucio·
nales, logrj.bamos. evadir el cerco im•
puesto po, lll tirania mediante actividt*' ~ iban, _de-sde i., ~ladn ~
los iovene-5 trnian oportunid.-d M hacer
prcguntn tobre tern.is nxionale,, hHta
&. prictiu de dePortes corno &,, pelota,
bolibol, bcn,eo, etc.
Cr.cin a est.:, ktivi~l que se ampliaron COf'\ la organiu~c:i6:-1 de biblioteus
-· en los t>.rrios., wlad.s arti.sticas y torn·
~tencias ot guitarra entre kn campelinos., togramos m.nt~r. estrecha con~
01;/ f
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u•••• ;., ...... ' ...,.
nliou, hncbdora 4'e la
~ I J1lvenil Coffi••ista" . .
I& fNvil'ICil Miental 5e
......~. AMUICA L.t.11'1>1
y ... wilae..ee Udi••A
411r111te •M iM! las
--.iffftx.MHI" uUei•ns
.-• ..tia• l'dli&Mr '9,
....... N'l'OIIIC'°"ariot coatH
&. tir•ai.t. M.act......
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Et mapa ,.~- ofrett a nbalid.a.d una rislOn de la ~daden
rorTeb.c'fn M fuenas que e.xL-.Le:n actualmenk: e-n el mundo,
pucs est;s mlsmos paises que aparttt:n como pot.endas Im·
peria.lisl.,4s. domlnad05 por el lmpcrialismo o someUdos al
111&5 oprobloso eolonlaJe; mantlenen lucha.., lnlernas enca•
m.lna.das had& la Iota.I llberaclOn. y la lmpla.nt.acion del
· soclaJ.lsmo. Lo •ue el ma.pa DO puede- ref~jar a la IDCha
pa,Ja.atc de loi. pueblos por la ananclp.adim 1 en fa•DI' de
la pu. lac.ha
a.lea.nu. cada dia mh i:al&os , • • esU
tncabeudi. pew I o I ParUdos Com'Cllllstas y O ~
.lie
Pot1:ttcia1 Nll,perialrstn ,
p.a_lMI capitali,~u ••itlo1 a
ellat por lllkiues r trata6os
-=-··-- .
CJD
�~:~'./i\-t_
.
,-.:,
,. .
...
.
Juan ~ el boeque, repreaenta
108
que 110 eornprenden la lmp~nela de:,. t80\"(a y ~ubeatiman .,. ••tudlo~ lllanu•mo-lenlniamo et"eyendo que Jo mi• important• •• tener un prop61lto bueno y trahajar apre,uradamente por '51,
·
;.
Loa qua trabajan por un prop61ito hu- pero lee falta el eonoc:i111iento lndltpeftMble tohre 101 mecli0t para 'alean:tar ...'-prop61ito
.
'
muehu •eeee aetuan de tal manera que trabaJan eontra 1u propio pr~p61ito, de eu propio objeth-o, que en ..te eaao ea el aoelali1mo.
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mf, a I.ui!ito, ; me ban dado una ro!ada !
;-:·: -~~;.?:
(;! uni, manieot.ra comunista ; lie opon·
· f·-·?. :;,,,. ..,. .•.• .-. '
go, me opongo y me opongo ! El presiden·
'::t?r~\' · v
te mand6 a que Ulo, la?) sacaran del aa·
·· ·
·
16n. Luisito cay6 desmayado y fue trans·
portado afuera en brazos de un fornido y
corpulento agente del F.B.I. Ya no moles·
taria. Al menos por un rato. Mr. Dillon ae
prepar6 para comenzar au discurso
)/{~ fu,,
!mliL.3 ·
f ~·\f
-Queridos y resignados compaiieros:
ij}~~it '
~~~:;!~~E1:s i:~~:~s:r~:sj:~:!~:
it\}+ ·-en los vuelos c·s_vaciales, tratan de destruir
.··,:cc,,'J/1 ~uestro prestig10 afirmando que nosotros
tratamos de mantener en el atraso a la
AmErica Latina. Nada mas !also ;Y c6mo
f-. prueba de ello, aqu! tenemos los quinien ...,
. I.·~ di,rn In., veinte mil millones (i estos comu·
ni•tas!) que emJilearemos en la Alianza pa·
ra el Progreso y la Chancleta con Retroceso.
;Ah! lPero que quieren los rojos materia·
lis!as? ... Quieren que esos mlllones que
tan magnanimamente ban donado los horn·
bres de negocios norteamericanos, los em·
pleemos en Refonnas Agrarias que elimi· ·
nen el hermoso marabli que crece en las
bellas tierras de Latinoamt\rica y en sucias
,s!iiif,
:''Si-~
fabricas, que con su humo nublen el cielo
~~l ,
<C\.f azul de los maravillosos pa!ses que se ha·
. : ;,'I Jlan al sur del Rio Grande. l Y .creen acaso
' 1. ,f
·,'2 que nosotros toleramos ese atentado a la
naturaleza? Jamas ;Antes, prefiero mon·
tar.me en un cohete de Caho Caiiaveral !
i,. -
Jcf
i~~::
~,
!H
Para America.Latina abrazamos er plan
:~ de esc gr,n economist& que es Mr. Felipe
...· :~ Pazos: letrinas, letrinns y mas letrinas
•~: ;Nosotroslno• sacrificar<'mos y pondremos
f~ ·· a funcionar las odiosas fabricas, y .natural·
. ,. · mentc, les mandaremos p:ira aca lo que
''/ F: nos sobre ! A prop6sito, para el pr6ximo
, ~'
aiio Jes aumentar<'mos en un millon de ca·
jitas la cuota de chiclets, que es algo que
' ·1 .. no alimenta, pero no se puede negar que
entreticnc cantidad.
·
il"" .
· [h
·if
:.
...
L.. °}
Y cuando Mr. Dillon se hallaba mas
entusiasmado,
se form6 tremendo alboroto.
:-~
Afuera, y en la tribuna popular se escucha·
I • .,
i"••
ban aplausos.
- ; Lleg6 Che Gue,·ara ! -grit6 alguien.
!" .
Entonces se form6 el corre·corre. Espan·
toso era la ,•h-a estampa de su nombre. Fi·
gueres mord!a la cachucha desesperada·
'.
I.
mente. El representante de Yd!goras re·
pet!a incesantemente: 4 Por que, seiior?
lPor que!
Mr. Dillon, al parecer algo disgustado
exclam6.
-Bueno, pues si no Jes gusta la Alianza,
pidan ayuda a la Cortina de Hierro. Se
escuch6 una aclamaci6n unanime: l DE
VERDAD!
-Bueno pero sin violar el Pacto de Ca·
I racas, el Pacto de Bogota y el Pacto Do·
'
nald, porque si lo hacen ... i.INTER_VENI·
MOS!
Despues de esto se suspendi6 la asam·
blea en vista de que un pastor uruguayo
estaba empeiiado en lanzarle un toro' cebli
por el cogote a Mr. Dillon.
,.
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~ RANDIOSO,
~ sulfonalo
•
YO· . ·
birbaro,
J rcnial
rer.ildimetilminoclementan•
John F. Kennedy, 1tDD1 de 'fillas
J baciondu, labn<&nle udusivo de la, lrampu
para cucaracha, "Eocach.,.boy''. Fuherer dcl munclo, con
una mota mi, alta quo el Popoe.1tepd1 y &dema, ck todo
ato presidentc dt lo. EE. W, con ow toleta dt policiu
adyaea,tet.
HAGO SABE~:
·Que cl Congreso ha sancionado, cl Scnado ha apn>:,0 ... firmado ,. ,l pueblo aaca It ba ptado, lo
~:
bado,
POR .CUANTO:
Cada ¥tl que au ucelexia el Primer Mimstro ck
Cuba, Dr, F'Klei Cutn., jUDto 0011 au ucekocia de pueblo.
• la
bace algo, -
OCWT<
Eito ..u
dtia
toclo ~ d o .
POR CUANTO:
POR CUANTO:
dt hala.
El Contra-alm:r!'ftt• K. C.depe Ro ralltcio cl otro
clia. en la ba1t c!t Caimaoera, al atori.nele entrc la dermis.
la opiclcrmit J' lu ••lvulu ,angulneu, 1m • ~ coa plwaaa
'I todo, al parecer Ima "'anajita
POR CUANTO:
I
E.ttc lio
I
I
Kai-Sh.ck.
echoca.
DO
lo e11tienclc ni la aobrim tu<cra de Cbiana
POR CUANTO:
Nosolrot lot americaoo,. por clchajo dd aparadrapo.
14
It aupamot a la DOmia
POR CUANTO:
Nueitra ·polltica .. U...arlt la coatruia • .
n clecir. Ii elJo, mandan un hombre al e
otros lanumos de cabeu a Allan Sbcn>anl. i'
innrecuncla, profundidades del O<:iano Atloti<'
emrlean la discusion, DO>Otros utiliu_. la .a:.
Y ai elloa IOI> inteligmta. a nOIOtroo - aica,
ni,1.,
f abetismo.
,
POR TANTO:
1
En pleno ...., de mis dificultadet mentale,,'
eslomacales 'f 1a que &l Cong,_, al Scnado
la ho gustado mucho '1 porqut a mi - ha d
lisima e inaudita 1a~a de hace,: la aiguiente:
y
.LEY
ARTICULO I.- Si 101 cubano, 1&ca11
IIUOVOO, DO&OlfOI DO podcJQOt qu.d&r atr&S
qu• iacar IIDOO billetes meiores que loo de cllo
de muiiequit01 a, colores 1' fotos de Ma.,.!in o ·
trando 101 bondad.. dd 1111mdo libre.
ARTICULO 2.- El papel ck 1os DU<V
deberi ser bien tuavecito, para que en ca10 d
cion del dollar, - pos«<lo,a piedan atiliurl,
toriam~t~.
ARTICULO 3.- Se liabilitaa como oficir
je. los locales <!el KKK, la Maffia, lot Casino,
cina, del Partido Republicaao y cl Dem6crata.
AATICULO 4.-· ~ ofici,,., trabajaran
tr.. )' cinco. 1miendo lot empleadoa durante ...
ttu:10 cle aiete minutos part muendane ws '
l.atidot de H&m and l;.cg 'f btlado de Hot Dor
ARTICULO 5.- Como aqui a Li«> el .
)' no ail las limpiabotas. los cocineros, las obm
aea aa genie ~ preciS&mellte DO ea ric.a y corr.
ncos aoo la esperar
decidimoo m deftnu cl, lo.
crutiaoos. quitarles de diu mil peso, para al
que ao tengan diez mil Pap,. Tarugo 76: "Lot
ricos". Ea
que
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7 • lo. l•llnos 7 • toda, las razu 111ferio,a. {f;~ito de h•cer/., I• trida. mis foci/, J'. J'•. que al
cl
fin
I.do. Y
~
' · .al cobo, • dlo, Do 1e I., deia .,,,,., .,, IWl,un
. wtol raze~. ( Par• que ,.., • "•er dinero arrib,.
·· I ARTICULQ 7.- Cudquier P<>rquen• mu que 1e le
iilo.
'.ed. agrq., a at• ~ . aeri •dznitid• - l'erd•dero
-rcill.
! ARTICULO 8.-..s; al lonn.,.,, •/gu,,.
po,
/"' de ato, "'"'"!''F ·
lu culpu a qui._ lien..,
:a/pa de todo: loJ COIIIIUlulu .
ech.,~.,
•
. · :M..,do
.
PDR
TANTO:tod., atu «>au
que 1e ~n,p/• 7 •iocutai
,di.i..z....1e, P<>rque aino me J>Oogo
'''i
b,• ..._
Jolu, F. K~,,.
IS
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RA.SIL es el QUinto pats
,i,almente
del _mundo. c
··
extt'ftSl:,r'\ dt 8 mill~s '
.. i~tros cuadrado\. Se enc.ue
tu.do en b ~,ica del Su,. (
pobl.cil)n de 68 milkines de-· h.a
de 1os, CU:..Jes segUII el dilto d.
el 62 por ciento eran deKend1t
portugue5e5 y otros europeos; el
cierlto mestizt"5; el I I por cient
y _el 2 por ciento inclios .
&. historia •
cubierto el 26 de enero de I '.
el almiriante port~s Pedro
Cabral, QI.lien uego • &.s cost•:
h:a. el 22 de 111bril de ese anc
las tierru en nornbre del Rey
. ·e, e,.~1. segun
tugol.
Despues de su descubrimient
portugueses el Brasil fue invi
otros imperios. como Francia,
etc. en busu de riquuH y
El 15 de noviembre de I E
pue$ de .,.. larga lucha indep,
def pueblo bruilen0, 1e Pf"C·
republtc:a. El Brnil es un, :
de 20 estados, 5 territorios ,
trito Federal. En princ1pios.
ture Rio de Janeiro, y deM:te
sede de!_ gobiemo se encuentr .
..,i..
.
Desc:le el n.cimiento de- I.a
h.asta hoy da, el J)Ueblo brHil
i
I
todos los pueblos de lat,nO.i!
• luthado y est,i luchando, eKri:
ginas gloriows pot el rescate
depe-ndenci1 econ6mica y pol,
De una poblaci6n apta pc
b.ajo, de 17 millor\es 71 mil,
to, de 1950. 1e ocupaba en
tura 9 milk>nes 867 mil; en
tria y transpone ,jf millones
en el cornercio, finanus y di
..,;ctOS. 2. millones 747 mil, y
y · prolesio,ules libreli
~rsonas.
un mi!
Acrualmente, m.ais
1S1
�·-·
/ Uones de obreros y campesinos
I butan
sin empleos
b>;c i. "'"
clean1-
-ut•
I
El 25 po< dento de lo pot,i.c:;1,n en &as ciud.des y en el campa, el 64 po,
,I aento de los. . ,estanles viven en la pef riferia de las ciuct.des y en las '"fabrlas"'.
l tc.asuc:ha en la las IAdern de las lornas),
1
'
Entre las ciudode, mis ;,,,_tontH se
enc:urntr,in. por el numero de habitantes: Rio de J•neiro, Sao Paulo, R..cife,
S.lvodo<, Porto Alegre, Bela. Ho<izonte,
etc.
,
,
'
•
CAUCTERISTICAS CEHERALIS
DE LA ECOHOMIA lltASIUf;IA.
Brasil n, fundamentalmente un pais
agrario, ·ffiOl,op,oductor; el •'oodon y el
ufi repf"esentan el 60 por ciento de su
prOduccion agricola, y el 90 por cientc
de su comercio exterior,
- Otra de las ar.cteristicas: abastecedor de rn1teria1, primas; la gran cc:w,a,ntrKi6n de tierr,H er. ffiar\Ol latifundiarin. las 4 / 5 partes de las tierras cultivables flt.in en poder de grandes lati-
fundtOI, y elltranjeros. Las rel.ciones
feud.ales y 5emifeudales son las que imper.an e-n el umpo, e1 95 por ciento de
los campesinos urecen de tierras po. i
pias.
El dominio dr b
monopolies extranje-
:os. n,pec:Ullmente nc,,rteamericanos tambiin h.ln deform.ado la econornia del
Brasil, desdt un p!.M'lto de vi,ta industrial.
El Brasil es un pais o.,ya inMtria nacic::»NI w 1).5,1 ~ la ~nufactura, P'incip,ilmente te,rtil, ab.ado. al,mentac:ion. etc.
Los. monopoliO\ norturner~ han
controfacki el 82 pOf' cte"nto cir a. pro.
ducci6n de petr61eo del Bruit, des.pub
de la ~unda Guerra Mur.dial se .centu6 notablemente la . expanst6n de lo,,
wo,opoltOS y.,-,quis en Bras.ii; las inver-
· 1iones directas pasaron de I~ minones
de- d61ares en 1929, a mil 209 millone1.
en 1956; a clecir. aumentaron M&S de
6vecfl.
Ap,irte del imperialis.rno yanQUi, IDs
monopolfOS de Ill Alemania Occidffltal,
· Jap6n y Francia dei.angri1n a.. economi•
det hermano pueblo brasilen0. Anualmente lol monopolios. SU1traen fN:s dt
200 mmonn de c161•ru.
Como consecwencia -de esta dependencia, el Brasil es otro de los pa'.ses de
Ameria UtiN QUe: no ha podido des•rrollarw p!enarnente. Esta eKPlotac.iorl
ha traido el desempleo cr6nic:o, la Nba. ja de 111lario$. la carntia cir la vida, la
in,olub,id<d. 5e colcul1 que mis del 70
po, ciento de la poblacion es .aculfabeti.
Tomondo coma bo,e el oi\o 1948 y 100
eomo pro,nedio el costo de la w:Sa se
hi elevodo • mis del 300.
EL PUEBLO DE IV.SIL LUCHA
E, los Ultimos tiempos la situact6n •
h,i nracterizado por un •lu del movimiento popular en defensa de sus de-
, ,ecno,, de lo ;ndependendo noc;on.1
frente al apetito voru. del imperialismo
se ha manifestildo en Uf\l. creciente
ludw de los UfT\pesinos por ~ ley de
Reforma Agraria. en la cual se le gar-"tice el •,echo • la tterra; en ~loa,.
manifestaciont-s de- p11rte- dt' los obreros
~ r i c n , metalUrgtCOS, e111.igiendo la
IMja dr la caresti• de la vida, y el aurnento en un 21 po, cte'nto dr II.IS uYrios; y la parttCipacion activ• dt b
ntud1an1~ brnileilos por la aplicacKJ"
de U Retorma Universitarla.
~ s . arnpltOI srctorH de la burguesi• nK•on.al. mteresados en el dei•rroUo indt'pel'\diente del Brasil, chot•" ·
cadll vei. mi, con le,,. inte-re-i,es del tm·
perialismo aprelOr; toda~ es,u fuerus.
e., s-, conjunto K van ~ • la
QI.le'
..
luCho par un umino ampl;o y de -
..,.
LA ACTUALIDAD IN IRASIL
El c1e,o...,110 de lo llovoluc:ion CuboNo
ta contribuido y contri~ •I CTeC:i·
,nteftto ifnpetuoso del fflOYimiento libe-~
,..cjor en la America latiina. La deferu
de la Rewoluci6n ~ . el ~ t o •
su soberania. el rech.azo a las amen.us
intervencionistas c'el imperiali5ff'IO .,..,.
C!Ui en ·nurstro pai,, es parte umbien
de esta lucha liberadota.
Este principtO lo I05tvvo hasta el Ul,emo momento, el preside-nte del BrHil,
Jon;o Qwd,o,. El de,echo ol inte,comb;o
y a mant~r ttlac:iones con todos b
pa'.1e1 del mundo, tambief' tuvo en
Qu.dros un dt'frf\SOr; la firme posici6f:I
drrl Brasil en defenw del principio de no
interve-nci6n y de mante-ner el libn corne-rctO aw, todos b pai se,, posicion o,.w
-66 demo,trodl en lo Conferencio de
Punt• del Ute- son ta, causas ~ -mentaln que motivaron el gol~ ttaiciOnt',o instigltdo Por la dnesc,erac'6n
dt'I imperialf5ffl0 fl0r1eamericano y re•buJo pot $US servidore, reaccionarios,
encabnados Por el oc,bernado, Lacerda
y un S,'1.IPO de militares ustrenses.
Pero no v• s6lo eontr• Brasil el afff'"O
90lpe. Taimbief\ va dirigido contra Cutwi
y el l'l"IO¥imiento de liberacion latino,arnericano.
Es U" nt..lPYO intento t"nUmin.ado •
aislar nue-str• Revoluci6n y prep,rar las
condiciones para lleVar • cabo un.a "~"'•
agresiOf'I •rnwCMI contr• nut'str• Patr~
Soli~•riurnos con I• 1uventud y et
c:i,ue,blo brasilrnQ rn I• lucha poc- el re1,peto • la c:onstituci6n, y la toma Or
c,oseitOf'I del V iceprestdentr Joao Goulart, y el rt-chlz.o al golpe fascist•, ~
un deber n,,,oluc:ionario de nuestra ju...,h.,d.
55
/'Ii
. 7 L/
�lt'lUNDIAL
/
.
.
··..
·~·-:-
.
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. -·.·:1
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/
En el mapa de la izquierda puede ob•ervarae como quedo dividida Alemania a raiz, de la S,
..;,sunda·Cuerra Mu~dial. £,; el miamo P.Uede DOt....., la ubicacion de Berlui. d-tro del _lemtorio c
·_.. la Repultlica Demoeritica Alemana. ·•• ••:; : . . . · ........ '. ... '
.
·. ·
.
_. '; _
.., •. ·· En el map a de la derecha M aeiiala la actual ailuaclon de Berlin diridido en do• parte&. l
pa.rte d• loo pal•.. aliad0t (E.E.U.U., lqlaterra F Francia) como puede apreciarM eati dividic
, &&mbleD all "91. - tre• .•eclor... ' .
a
i<"UJ .... lltaNl6ol .ctul ...
Altaafta!
-l'lnall...S. la ~cunda 0....,.
,.lundt&l. loo po.llN "111>-: Unlcln llo•
..,.,..._ Oran a, ... na J J:stadoo Unldo\
nalr'r1bW'ron •l 2 dt ap\o dt lk$ f'I
1.nf.Adu df' 1'ol\darn. f'n rl C'U,a.l lit N1A •
lU)-6 I& dl\'1!10n dt Alrmanla ffl dOI
aonu l'On flnN admlnl1trau,"OI: A!f'•
I
I
I
. I
r
i
manla OcC'ldtn\At •Ot'Up:da por DUld->•
Unldos. Oran Drrt.ai\a )' po~t"rk>nn~.,.
le rranrla1 y Alc-manla Ontnl.al. •ocu·
pad4 por, la Un\On s,-.,·1~Un •.
En f'l rdt-ndo traudo los pllls.H alla·
do.~ a.e C'OtnpromtU<'rnn a la d"5.nu.ih·
cad6n J dC"mocralltd'lcl6n de &.oda la
\·lda pUbhca dt Alf'ma.ntL
Alcmulla Occidtnt.al fue dh·idida eu
los slgulen~ $("(I.oft'$: lnglk. nort.ea.·
anerlcano 'I trances. El poderio eicon6·
nlico :,anqul pront..o dcspltu.O a. los in·
1lrses J rranceses. produc\end~ la
fusion de los \tts $e'Ctores inktr&ntft
de la A.lemania Occidental.
En 1949 kY- £st.ados Onidos. unll.a.U-·
n.hnente. prop1ci:iron la con~rsi6n dfo
a\\ema.nla Occident.al en la ~pUblica
Ft"deral de A.lcmani.a.. entregando el
pah a los antiguos consorcios monop0·
list&& y a las mismos elemento:s civiles
J mUU&rea QUf ha.Man l~do a Alf·
mania a la cot.UUO!o do la &-cunda
Outrn. ,,undl&J.
M..,.. mu \ar.S.. .. oonsiUuy6 la
Rfop\lblk& Dt'mocr•ttca A1emana la que
tu, ln\.e'1rw.da. eon e-lemrnlOS Ubtemen·
u olo&idOI pc,r el pudllo do la Alom•·
"I& Omni.al
•C.ocno •oed0 eitanludo Berlin'!
-La c:ai,ttaJ de AlemaniL Berlln. a
dr haber lido conquistada por
el eJerctto 50,·1~tico, fue di\'idida por
k.5 aliad0$ a.ntlhtUerianos de la. $!'·
aunda Ouun. Mundial. ant.es de fine·
luar la cuerra ron el .obJeto de crear
un mando conjun\O enca1,:ado de tt"'
10h·er los asunLOS rdati\'OS a la liquldaciOn de la Se-gunda Guerra..
Berlin qued6 ubicado a 116 kllotnf'tros dentro del Lerrilorio de la Repu·
bhca Oemocfauca Alemana..
En ninguna de las n~oc1aciones. lle·
,·ndas a efecto K eonstat6 que Estados
Unidos I.U\'iera participa.ci6n en el des·
Uno futuro de Berlin.
Alemania Occident.a.I tR.epUb\ica hdt!ral de A.lcmania, desde su tundacic>n
lilwo su e&pilal en Bonn.
s:esa.r
;Clail t"::: e) tlenamllWlo
JWOblrma .de Berlin!
-La Alem:mia Occidmt.al. de
de cu \ran.slonnaci6n en R.epUbh(':
dera.l de A.Jemania tit' ha ,·a.Iif
ruantos subt"rtur,os ~ han s:~o
blcs para ten.er par'Ucipacion <
\"Ida do Berlin Or:eldenl.al.
La lt.ep\lblica hder&J de Ale:
no Uene ninl\ln derecho a s,ar:
en la Vida de Berlin Occidtntal ~
el mlsmo. al lgual qu• el 0cc,
est.t. enclu-.do en '\erritorio de 1
p\lblica. .Democritie:l Alemana.
, por lo 1&11t.o penenece a fsta
... c16n.
A partlr de! aflo 1946. los
occidrnta.les de po.stguerra , 1
tlnidos, Francll. y Oran Bret:i:·
menzaron a da.r a Berlin Oc,
una Vida ficticia de riqur:.a.
1A mkYOI' contribuciOn ec-on6
NI. debido a '°5 Estados Unido~
facilitado cUra.s fD.bulosas. P:
Plan ~larshall (ue destinado a
Actualmrntt s,e dl"S('Onoce la ci!
ta con que >os impe_ria.lista.s
merkantJs subsidian a ·srrlin ,
t&l. s,e.ro k a.be- que &leanz.:
,ast.ronom.icos.
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le eedi6 la palabra al Primer :Mini
Penl, Sr. Pedro Beltran Eapantoso
bra que ae llama uf). El eapantoao
toso, eomenz6 au perorata:
-Eatimado. adorado, blenamadc
mado reprt'aentante del extraordlna
dt" loa Ealado1 Unldoa de Nortd
aoat~n de la democracia repreaenta'
la libre empreu 1 del ••sundae" de
late. Demaa latinoamericanos:
Aqul eslamos, y en realidad no a
por que, aunque nos lo imaginamo,
mos a ver al por easualidad encor
.,.
~~
la
forma de eomenzar a estudiar hi
~· . . \
-~~··". ~ ra de ver ai buaeamoa ei modo de er
· a analizar el medio de ver Bi por a!f
lagro logramos descubrir el metodo
gar a eonocer los problemaa econ
que afectan a Dueatro Continente.
que en realidad, yo Do creo que e:
1Por ejemplo, :yo DO tengo ningun J
ma! (1' guayabaa eompatriotas,
nientes de la tribuna popular, caye:
improviso aobre la cabeza del Sr. l
Ministro del Penl).
-iEstA bien! JEst! bien! Tai ,
Bido un poco superficial en mi analis'
jemos que hable nuestro amado D,
Dillon.
Mr. Dillon ae prepar6 para aubir
tribuna. Entonces tuvo lugar un pe
lncidente. Enfundado en unos vap,
.,alacks", :y peinado a la form"' que
la moda en Brodway, hizo au entra,
el sal6n de actos. Luisito Conte A,
Ya en medio del aal6n, excl~m6 con ·'
voz:
- j Protesto, protesto y protesto ! "
hombres delegados lea han dado er,
eialea rojaa y a laa mujeres ~}f ncas.
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�trll,u;r con SUS tr1bajos para que. de es,
Yenil obrera. campesina y estudiantil.
lntelectuales, ffllAicos, escultores. etc .• q
tecojan en SUS obras la vida y los ideale
ciedad nuev1 que estamos construyendc
dicen en el desarrollo objetivo de nuestr.
para dnnudar· 1oda rnentira y mixtific.(
nuestr1 hi1toria y situ.r los hechos en
en que ellol mis.mos hayan contribuido a
do hoy.
Es un.a necesidad par• los j6venes., que uste-des contribuyan con w tr:abajo • que nuestra c&.11~
•
•
tur• se nutra de todos los vi1lores culturales del
pas.do y se desp,end., ce todo lo superfluo. intoxiante y reaccionario que k,s: servidores del imperialiMnO introdujeron en la misma con el prop6sito de acentuar. desurollar y a,nsolidu los preiuicios, discrimiNciones y divisione.5 consustan,,
ciales I su sistemo de op,esi6n y rabo.
Nuestr~ j6venes que en su inmensa mayoria
se.encontrlban ayer sin oportunidad de educaci6n
y de adquirir, en un siN\Umero de ocasiones. los
m.b elementales medios de subsistencia, son hoy
los que estudian distintas tecnologias.. y adquirk'.os
estos conocimientos los ponen al servicio del
pueblo.
.
Son los que estudian,distinta ciencills
que
permiten utilizi1r las nuevas fuerus energlticas
descubiert as por el hombre. para uso y comun dis•
frute de todos.
Son los -que en 11 ..:tualidad adquieren una
moral socialista, que permite rendir consciente y
colectivamente su m£ximo esfuerzo por aurnentar
la pmducci6n en su centro de trabajo..
Son los que intesran el ejt!rcito de la culturo.
el cu.al lleva el glorioso nombre del maestro-mirtir
CONRADO BENITEZ. ejt!riito que se p,opo,,e
junta con los obttros, campesinos y profesionales.
err..dic1r el anatfabetis.rno en nuestro pals en el
tirmino de un -"0.
. Son bs que unidos firrnemente • los obreros.
umpesinos y profesionales. integran las gloriosn
Mihcias N.cionales R~ucion1riti y el inmortal
Ej<',cito Rebelde.
t'
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Tfv,.I,.,.,., • , ~ r.i,eritores y af'ti"M. t"0"-- .
Los ninol de, Cuba tambiln esper ar
con Hli 5,1na e ,nocente alegria c:iue SOI·
up.aces de senfir. £~ran que Uds. lo'.
educarse y formarse seglltl los. ideates C
· sociedad.
•
Nuestro pais arece de una liter
sic•. Teatro. etc. para ninos .que nos r
cerles lleg,u por medio de las mism.as .
ci6n sin sobresaltos ni limitac:iones.
Los nin0$ de Cuba esperan los re
este Primer Congreso de Escritores y A·
liados de que U~. pondr.in en sus .,.
que les permitAn reafirmar. sU iurament
neros Rebeldes de poner ~"El interes c,
encima del interes pel'SOnal... Que
avivar en ellos el amor por todos los niii.
n,s, los campesinos, los intelectuales y
nestos.
;Que los result.ados de este Prim·
·Nacional de Escritores y Artistas sea
que ~umine el camino que tiene que re
tro pueblo, par1 11 const~i6n del 5c
;Que los escritores y .artistes rec
obras todas las luc.has de nuestro puet
permitido que hoy podalnos tener unc
Socialista !
·
;Con regocijo y alegria l•ten nue!
cor•zones c~i:OS de que Uds. es:
tistas cub.tnos.. pondrin su inteligen.
cio de I• gran tare, de convertir el sa~
monio de todo nuestro pueblo.
jAdelante compatieros escritore~
iAdelanle compaii,eros artistas ~
iQue vuestra obra contritx.rya •
Paz y coe•istencia pacifica en el mu·
;Viva nuestra Revoluci6n Social
iP"TlllA O MllfllTE! - ;VfNC;
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Uno de Joa arupoa de refuaiadoa alemanea que abandonan la Alemania Occidental a au lie·
ada a Blankenlelde, e;. la Republica Democratica de AlemaniL Loa refuaiados e1plicaron laa ra·
onea de ~a deciaion, eiitre laa que flaura· como motivo principal la intensificacion del militariamo
la penecuaion politica en la Republica Federal AlemanL
-Ilea
La·Unl6a
par· au park.
la adminlstl'1ci6o de Berlin
·iental a sus habitant.a. denomininse desde entoncn Berlin Democr&tien consonancJa con la ~publica
!lllOCl'lillca Alemana.
:li6
tinuamente actos de sabotaje J Pf'O\'O"'
cacion contra la RepUblica Democritica Alemana por agent.es papdos par
el imperialismo yanqul
Ante taJ estado de cosas. la uruon
SO\il!Uca se ,-e obJigada a pedir la eva•
cuacion de Berlin J la neutraliJ:aci6n
dees&e.
0 Ccimc utliaa Alemanla Oeddental T
la Republic& Demo<rillca Alemana!
-El Gobierno M Alcmanla Occiden·
tal <Republica Ped•ral M Alrmanla•
ckclara" abien.amente su actitud nep.U,-a hacia eualquier acuerdo que lienda •
solucionar la actuaJ situacion. culth-.
el militarismo. el resul"lllniento del na•
&ismo 1 abop Pol' la re\·istOn de laa
fronteras alemanas J de las result.ados
d• la Segundo Guema Mundlal
Mientn.s. el Goblorno de la aepu.
bUca oem«rauca Aleman.a. recon~
y se atiene a todos lo.s aruerdos. provenientes del final de la SeJUDda G "" Mundlal
reacim a cualquier tipo de negoc:i&cion
qu• tienda a !.OJ.ucionar el problema
de Alemania. aduciendo para ello sofi.sm&.~ 7 ~fismu.
!\13.teri&Jmentt los Est.ados Unldtl!
no qu1eren renunciar a su punt& ck
lanza cuerrensta. antiso,i#tica 1 anti•
comunista en Europa Occidental.
El Gobi•rno So,·JA!Uc:o. por s,i parte.
esta dispuesto a examinu cualquier
proposidOn constructin del Gob1emo
de lo5 E.stados Unidos. pa1a qJe el tra•
tado de paz alemin sn nsuelto por
acuerdo ·rttiproco. entre los Est.ados
Unidoa J la Unidn So\·M!Uca.
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;QM nsolnria la flnna del Lratado
ck Paa alemin! .
-La firma d•I tratado M pu alemin
por todoa loo parUcil)&l11ea M la coa•
UciOn antihiUeriana fonnada con moth'V de la Sfogunda Guerra MundiaJ
y •• arr,glo sobre .... base. M la CUOS·
hOn del status n~lral de Berlin crearia las m•jores condiciones para la confianza entre las atados r la resolucion
CM' problemas internac.onales · tan UD·
portantea como el. c1esarm, 'I muchos
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T•"'bie• CARLOS RAFA.IL
R0DRICU£%, Oi,ecto. ,le!
~riOdico ••Hoy ... ,aarttC"ipi
- a. l11cN coatra
tira"ia 4c M.aclt.a4o.
PertefteciO al ala ist111ic-•
4cl .. Di,cctorio lstudiatlt11
ac.,olucio11ario··. ;.ate toll
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4 a h,vimos nec:esid.td de- ct..r nueitu11s
•eu.,iones ct.ndestinarnente.
Tarnt:»i-n
,ealid~rnos demostr.c~s ail~jerM.
to ~ cost6 la vidai de &, nlios.a di1i•
~nte comunista, America ~ .Monduley y rnutno. otros
· ---Cuando Trejo fue as.esiNdo eft el
mu de noviembre, U huelpa estudianti'
ab.trc6 todo el paiis.
·
--Centro de-I rnovimie,nto ritudianti1
se · org,anix6 el "'Oirectorio Estudiantil
Rnoluc~rio"' y el Ala lzqvierda, •
kta ~rtenecieron Udislao GonUlez
C..rvaja1, Pablo de la To,riente Brau.
Carlos fbful Rodriguez., R.aUt R<N, Edith
C..n:ia Eluchac.a, Carlos font' y Se,vio
Agt.,ir~; e,n es.ta ala se agr~b, lo flW·
;or de~ e5fudiantado y f~ oriented. ~
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b:quief'd.a ~I ...DiN<torM
lst11diantil l.evol..c.ionario".
er,aniuciOn que Nf11i0 al
uk>r 4e ·1.a hK:111 COfttrl la
tiranill ft ~c.hado.
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lue IKM • i. lu1 i. publ-,,.16,, N Ju•
..ntud". dt la cu.I lkg1mo1 1 ~~,
he1t1
20 mil ti1tmc,l111t1 ck uda .-d.ci6n.
(n ..Juwnlud" cc,l1bor1b1n Martinez Vi•
ta.na 'f ml ~n'l'\ll"IO Higin'() O,doQul.
T-,nbifn tuvifflOI nue1tro grupo tutral.
t'-96 a ser tan ~no
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COl"I a. cl11.1wra ditl grupo IHtral pur1
tod,s nue-1tr11 obras tenian profundo
contrnido 10c:&1I.
-0,. es~~ clube1 surgirron nuntros
cuedros de-1 futuro: ~vero Ao~irre, c,, .
lo1 fffNln<kz, Higinio OrdoQ1.11 Y rnuchos
m,h. Tambi,n de la Universi~ad Popua.r
que 1oe crit6 antes y fue el p1~, intento aerio P04" ntrecha, las rel.c:eones en•
JUAN MARINtLLO:
Dert,udo i11telutuaL
orie11tador 4e I& juwe•hMI
de lo, ,no, treint• a trnfl
1M L, Uniwe,sicb4 Popular,
• i11c.anublc luch•dor «lel
P•rtido Coflluni~• cubafte.
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"/::;J,;--·._t lj;ffabia una vez un mu_._.,:_·! -fhacho muy bueno lla.,,..ii - 111ado Juan que estan-
. ' . do en medio del bosque donde habitaba
•• un fiero !eon, quiso
llegar • donde sus
amigos que luchaban
tit.inicamente por destruir la fiera.
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se dijo: "por aqui, por
el oeste, seguro que
llego sano y salvo •
donde mis amigos para ayuda rlos . en su
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a111ia0t:
aada aiL
Afrontar el 4esccnte11to popgta ..
co11 tod'a •• secuell, o Ulliciat el
c.amino de ••• liberacNNI clel ·c.,..
•ercio ederior, fun11h1,.e11taf ..ra auestrat ecoAOM'-. ·
cia .Kifica_ ,ipor qd ao ......
••ber coe:ailfeada padfica • al
·-•..;.,
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coatemple el probleMII tie b Uffi'Cil 4e recur101 econimicoa 4e
casl todoa ave1tro1 atv~•ta.
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4. Queren1oa tKnko1 .. lodo el
•••ulo, · J fiaaac:iaciOII •
s.. Cut.a
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brigadaa ..Patria o ~-.-:.
&fuerte" de la A.J.R.,
dispuesto a enfrentar
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dura1·
dlficultades para
· c:ooatnair el aociali
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to4o a.• 4ue quiera aesociar.
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docuMelltOS ft ir. i'11Strialiucio11?
·Contraportada:
URSS.
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0,9ano "'" LI A101"iaciO• <de JC.-::ne1 lc:lioeldc1; Di1N:tot: Fe:flando Ra,
Coftki• Ge Di,c:c:c:io.: Carfos Qui"tc:ll. Adolfo Rivero y Ricardo Alar
Jc:lc: ,dc: l11lon,..ac::011: lsther Ayala; Director A.rtistico: Virgilio Marti
Ad"'i,.i1trador: Aleida Ordoiu.. Acotida a b t,a,.q11ici:a postal c: i"1c1
co,.o corre1ponlllenda N &e9uncb clasc ea la AdministraciOn de Correo
La Ha••••- l.edaccio11 r AdfflinistracMNI: Ceu9iie No. I 08 y 110
Hat.a••- Toldono1: 10-IJJJ, 70-1444 y 70-6940; Apto. 6806. £d1
e• b IMf,reftta Nacio•al, U•idad No. I 205, 150.000 eiemplare1; pr
4c-l c;e, .. pbr: 10 en. A.-0 XVII - kptic:ml,re 5. 1961, Afio tie la I
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f
uctO,. • No. 197; 10 EDICIONU CLAND£ST1NAS IA.JO LA TIR.U !
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{ C0'.111'!'P.tl!'l'IF!LLIGF.HCB PROGRAM),'
S 1T3\/1_;:asrvi.: co~rTrtOL SEC?IO?i
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ThP NYO has contimted to pay carerul attention
to the activities or the Puerto Rican 1nd"'oendencP rnovemPnt
on 11 day to day basis, for thA purpose of obte.ining 1nfor.i1atlon U"'On "1-'!-.~ch t.o base sui t11ble counteri11t.ell:tcence dis- ·
ruptJve efforts.
Ther"l have been some nroble1.1s arif'inr- within
the 1ndP1'er:dence rnovPmPnt upon wf:J1ch counterint:-eil it::ence
·actlv!t.ies <-ould have been based. Arter csr,:rul consideratio~ ·
of each of these lnc!dents as they aroee, howevAr, it was
felt that no co1mterintelli•ence P.ff'o::-t ishould t-, .. ,,,.ou,-ht; into niay 1:,ece.:tse the r'lovement w~P doinr: a ~ood job of disru9t.inr
itP"'lf, without outside help.
In.~~
recent r1st. richt b e t w e e n ~
Pn
lthour;h a rnost d ~ ! l r a h l ~
"'rintelli[P.nCP. stan point, was tbP. type of thine
which couldn't hope to be ~ccoruplished ~hrou~h rounterintellirence efforts. The effect of this alt~rce.tion has been relt
throu'.'ho 1.1t the t:at:!.onalist Party or P ~ - ~ ) in !<!YC,
as Pvid<mced by a recent statement by . . . . . . . . .rorr.1er
,
NFPR lt>ader in t!YC, that therP. were die;,ut.es wi t,hin thP n'3rt:,
·;
and that, the NPn:l was in a crisis.
·/
;
It ls f'elt that in a case such as the one mentioned
:i.bove, no cni,,terintell:!..n;ence action should be tal:en as lone as
!
I
2
2
Bureau ( 105-931211) ( it-I)
5an Juan (105-3353 Sub 1) ( Hi~)
new York ( 105-32·972) (l;hl:t
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\~1~rt•~tlon is beinr a~complis~~d without outsJde
If, on the other hand, disruptive tactics were employed and· "}/i.:::t;.·f;?:·.
suspicions arose• it could have the adverse effect of _-' ._::. ·, . ..:.:·,:~\:~
unifyinu the party against the "com."llon enemy".
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. In other groups 1n the independence 1'1eld 1 t
<:·.·.':':;_:?
noted that there has been some discord. A case in -point is .~"... :f/,.\·c.:::·
the 24 Julio movement, the latest group to appear on the . ··:-·"'.>~":jY,;,,:'
scene.. Although this r;roup 1s in its infancy it bas already,··,·0::.;,::_been no}ed that the tree.surer reportedly "ran. orr" ..:1th ~as.:•'{,'>{:\:\::
or the ~150. in the treasury. Also there 1s some discord
·
...· ·
within the ranks because or the selection of the 11 co:-Jmandants"of the orbaniza tion. One member has already voiced his resentme::it because he was not selected to be a COlllitl&nder and ·
be. now.harbors .a grudge against the leaders.
Most
selection ot the 11 ColD!Uandants"
le the fact that
is one or these leaders,
.
but he is not the: top man" in the t."'t'
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..
Past e,cperience has
shown that this does not fit in with
opinion of hL~selfas a ;::rea t man in the independence 1ao "'' n • At present 1 t is
not expected th.at all will be har1:ionious wt
1n a subo:-- .
dinate position.
•
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It is not p l a n n ~ s time to direct any counterintelligence effort against......ri,os1t1on as 1t is felt
that these individuals will soon oe maneuvering for individual
positions or power and will cause their own destruction. It
is noted, however, t h a t - - :t."YO Source of Information,
1s close to this rroup a ~ utilized for disruptive
purposes if, and when, it ls felt that counterintellibence
err.:.r~s are necessary.
'Ihe ls'YO will continue to pny careful attention to
the developments within the Puerto Rican independence movement
-snd will submit sugGes tions to the Bureau re£;arding possible
counterintellieence activities whenever feasible.
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�Letter to San Juan
·
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RE: GROUP~ SEEI::ING INDEPENDENCE ..
- FOR FU6RTO RICO ·
105-93124
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· It is believed the most effective countel'l!le~sure'. •
in this instance is the timely publication of pertinent . ·"""""':'"' ·.
material, pre
d'
·
·
·
h as fw.t J:re.pared ·..
by •El Jlundo,
in connection
_. ·
wlth this program in pr1 •
.
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San Juan should submit observations. ·Also submit
suggestions concerning the
~
which should be
confidentially furnished to
Advise the · · :' ·
Bureau if your office has close con
· 10 have the respect
of the student element and who could write letters to the
editors of various Puerto Rican newspapers .ex~ressing concer_n
in _the possibility of collllllunist infiltration 1n the UFR. . .· .
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ANALYSIS ON ·THE TRUTH ABOUT
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PROM THE SPANISH
FUPI· PI&
•_:
-:IJ;!,•
~ I JOSE ANTONIO LIZARDI . ·. ~ : Student. Social Sciences IV
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Last week I accu&ed the Federation or University students
1'or Independence1 FUPI 1 or being a branch or the IUS (Irlerna- .
tional Union or student.·s) which1 ·as Jou already know 1 ·ts a student·
organization which follows the Kremlin's international policies.
'this or-ganization, IUS 1 1s composed ot groups such as FUPI all . . ..
over the lforld, which are, 1n turn, composed of Joung Collllllunista ·
,or followers ot the Colll111Ullists 1 doctrinea.
'
Have Jou ever asked yourselves who finances these Joung
persons! trips to attend IUS activities abroad? Who else but
the Kremlin 1 through IUS. ll'ho finances their "educational"
trips to frague~and ~osoow? I do not think 1t 1s necessary to
answer.
Seeing that FUPI 1 in the handbill 1t published last Pr1- ··
day hss t-eaffirmed its tiliation to IUS 1 let us ask them 1 how
they C6.I1 boast they are defenders of etudent rights lfhen during
the Hungarian uprising or 1956, IUS re1t.11.1ned silent :resaroing
the ir.assaore b\ Soviet tanks or Hungarian atu1ents Kho w~re aeaanding :recogn tion ol' their rights. '-'hen tue brutal oppresion
or the 7oung Czech students by the Communist secret police. the
7oung Colllllluni&t leaders of IUS, headed by their vice-president
AIEXANDER SHELEPIN1 ot the soviet Komsomol 1 refused to protest.
It 1s convenient to point out that SHELEFIN 1s today. the famoua
aucceasor of BERIA1 chief or the Russian •ecret pol1ce 6 ex-MVD6
which 18 now the KGB political police.
Even recently• neither IUS nor POPI has 111ade 811 protest
against the abuses committed by the FIDEL CASTRO reg1Jlle against
the etudenta 1n CUba. 'l'he most t-ecent caae is.that of ALBERTO
MlJI,IER who has been sentenced to 30 years or prison because he
proclaimed himself openly against the aoc1al 1 cultural and eoonomic imperialism of the Soviet. Regarding the executions or
Hungar-1an youths 1n 1959 and 1960. Just after the Hungarian u.prising of 1956, FUPI has kept completely lllent. Neither has
-'.
Translated by
9/22/61
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PUPI or IUS denounced the imposition by the Eremlin ot the i)Om-: ' ··
pulsor1 etud7 ot Russian on the students or. its eatellite coun.c·:~;
. ;----:------·tries; as well as the stud7 of the Jf.arxist-Il?n1nist theor1 • ..J.ta · ·
'1''/
origin and development and dialectic and historic mater1aliem-: ., .
_;,,,u
Furthermore. has IUS or FUPI ever protested against the 1'lagraht ·
\;;/ 1
violation of student rights that 1e the edict proclaimed on ·'
$
Februar1 3, 1953 b7 the East German1 Communists which reads as~"-·
tollo...-s 1 •students 111&1 receive scholarships only 1n the event ·-· - ··
that the7 are supporters of the State of laborers and peasants·.·· ·
or the Damocratic Gern:.an Republic.• '1'0111, as we can eee. 1a the .
libert1 £Uaranteed b7 the Communists. 'l'h1ngs being aa they are.
.
we must ask ourselves how FUPI dares to affirm that 1t ts detending
Academic Freedom and the Freedo~ of the s~uden~s to form a representative body which will tr~ely expose their points ot view
I
on those matters which concern them.
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According to FUPI, they censure imperialism. It should
be noted that FUPI does not consider Russia an 1.Jnper1al1st country, although by means of puppet ~egimes and unlimited violence.
ltlssia has taken over the following countries, calling them
•popular Republics•, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Rsllllan1a, l!Ulsar1a, Huni;ary, Poland, czechoeslovalcia, North Vietnam (1959). _____ _
Tibet (196o), Corella, Shakal!n, 'l'annun-Tuva and the Kur1les
....
Islands. '!'his ooln1al Soviet empire 1a defended bt FUPI which
1s the orsanization that represents IUS, student orga..~1zation
which defends the Xreml1n 1 e international policies 1n Puerto
Rico.
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'''
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student, General Studies Z
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Last week the Federation of University Students tor J:ndependenoe, 1n one of the ~andb1lle 1t has been publishing e1noe
the beginning of the present academic year, attempts to inform
the student body on what they call •the truth about FUPI•.
PUPI states that they have always been at the Yanguard
or the etudent body as a fundamental sector of the University.
'l'his'1B talse, as false as HlTIBR's great lie, which on the bae1a
or constant repetition, he atternpted to impress upon those who
____ were the unluclcy objects of his demagogism.
----·----- ----- ----------i
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~: EXOR Jll. RODRIGUEZ
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THOUGHTS ON WHAT PUPI CLAD'.S TO BE
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md not only the student body, but the Faculty of the Universit~es~ .·
as well, have been put at the service of the state, a state which ·
is ruled by men who have sold themselves to an alien power which . ·
:~=~:a: f~e ~~;~!!r~~ropoaition tha~ -~
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FUPI claims that lts organization counts as active parti- . ___
cipants members and even leader:6 of the different civic, -accial ,: _.
and cultural organ1zat1c,ns flt the University. Tt,is 1.6 the aame .. ·.·
as saying that the:re are FUPI mer.iliera who also belor,g to these "'
organ1zat1on!I. And what does· this mean? · Siir.pl7 that FUPI agents
have infiltrated a la:rge number or, if uot all., the civic., social
and cultural organizations ot our University.
<·, ,-_-:-.·· ·"·i'ber-efov:;, be on the alert, 1'ellow university students. we
must awaken f'rom the apathy 'Which has been cha:rncter1stic or
the student body or our .Institution, which 1& <ledicat.ed to serve
a society such as ours., 1s engaged .1n battle to achieve the
t'inal triujllph of our Dei::.ocratio ideals. Be on the alert., fellow
, .. ,. students.-"'.'." ·
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Director, FBI (105-93124)
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FOR PUERTO RICO
(COtJr,,'fERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM).
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PERSONAL AlTENl'ION
. ·::j
D
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
-
September _Is. 1961
SAC. San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
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SUBVERSIVE.CONTROL SECfION-.
''
.
The
edition shows that a motion wasfiled in the C ""'''"
h Senate calling for an investigation of the UPR and other Government~ere
•communist infiltration could exist.•
who is
generally known as a Soviet apologist
rongly
criticized in the Commonwealth Bouse of Representatives ·
for his apolitical views.a
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L~tter to San Juan
nc: GIWUPS SuCKING 1NDEPENOONC£
FOR PUERTO RICO
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105-93124
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The above information is being considered
~~rl\.:
over-all responsibilities with regard to the internal security
of the United States. This concern increases because we
,;~. ·
know that there are others associated with the UPR who lil8Y
pose a threat to the internal security •
'
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subject of your office. Ilis wifei
' . · ~ c : , f e s s o r at the UPR. l'ro
··"" . . . . . . . is a former PCP member. ·
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In addition to the above there are at least five
persons amo~ the UPR faculty who have been or are presently
affiliated with Puerto Rican independence groups some of
w11ich have expressed approval ,:,f Fidel Castro and bis Cuban
Government.
f•'
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A letter of unknown origin dated April 21, 1961 1
was circulated at the UPR which expressed concern over .
the United States policies with regard to Cuba. The concern
was with regard to alleged United States support of Cubananti-Castro elements and President Kennedy's statement con- .
cerning the possibility of unilateral intervention in Cuba.
Fifty-nine of the seventy-eight signers were identified as
professors at the UPR.
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San Juan letter dated January 12, 1961, captioned
•Relations with the Governor of Puerto Rico• shon~ that
you were of tl1e impression that Governor Munoz knows little
about subversive matters in Puerto Rico. You noted at that
tirae the Chancellor of the~ is weak and could not be
relied upon to properly evaluate or adequately inform the
Governor of the threat international communism presents in
Puerto Rico by tl1e affiliation of the Federation of University
Students for Independence (FUPI) with tl1e International
Union of Students in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
[~;!ll il
.
'
Because the influence of persons such as shown
herein undoubtedly encourages the activities of organizations
such as FUPI in which the Bureau has a definite interest,
it appears our counterintelligence program should be extended
to include efforts to lessen their influence.
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,._ From:·_ Director, FBI (105'7931~4)>.·.~:···~·'./.-.; :,-.~-~{'-;{.:.i.~..__. __
. aROVP~ SEEKING INDEPENDENCE_:·::>···-·:_··-~,~ L_.,·~:, ··:_'..c::::·?·-:
FOR PUERTO RICO
...
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COUNfERINfELLIGi::NCE PROGRAM ..
'·
t\'r.
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(SUDVERSIVE CO~TROL SECTION)
The Weekly Intelligence Summary - Puerto Rico and
.
. Virgin Islands prepared by your office dated November 1, 1961,
on page two shows a SW1llll8J'Y of recent cabled instructions .
received by the Federacion de Universitarios Pro Iodependencia(fU>I)
from the International Union of Students CIUS). The number
two instruction •that all IUS affiliates energetically protest - ,.
the continuance of atomic tests by the United States• even
though emanating from the IUS, a Soviet-controlled student
-·
front organization, is so ridiculous that it appears juvenile.
In light of the series of high 111egaton explosions set off by
the Soviet Union in the atmosphere, the absurdity of such an
instruttion could clearly show the Puerto Rican man in the.·
· 'ltreet where the loyalty of the IUS lies andl therefore, fVPI
loyalty because of its affiliation with the us.
.· · ·
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· It appears a proposed editorial could show the absurdity
.-ii - - of such instruction by comparing the IUS instruction with the
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Soviet
series of explosions and note that there was no complain~
err·. .;.... ...
ii
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with regard to Soviet activities although the majority of the ~
_, .I .: representatives of countries of the world in some way condemned,'
'
the
Soviet
explosions.
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San Juan should promptly prepare for the Burea•1's
approval the above infortiation in the form of an editorial
or other means of publfciition to ~e furnished confidentiall:y
, _ ___,to one of your conta~ts for publication in a local Puerto Rican
· ;:,::,
··newspaper. Your confidenti!l ;o~r,C1;cs. sti,oul(f,, Q{ course, be
"""·~· fully protected.
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.1 - New, York.,~IOS-~2_872)
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MAIL ROOM
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�Airtel to San Juan
Re: Grot•ps Seeking Independence
for Puerto Rico •
· . Counterintelligence Program
105-93124
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S~ecificall
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n the
proposed ed 1torial to
£1 Jlundo, •
because of his coopera
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· ·
is a widely distributed Spanish-language newspaper in Puerto Rico.
This should be doue promptl)' because the information .
would be of current interest.
An~ additional comments or recommendations you .may
have are solicited •
.. ' ---··
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�.SAC, Jiew York (105-32872)
i
Director, FBI <ios-93124) -
. .
~EC. 30
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@OUPS SI:l:XING Th1>EPEWENCE
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FOR PUffiTO RICO
(COUNTilU1'.'TELLIGl:l'iCE PROGRAM) ;
SlllJVFRSIVE CONTROL
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Reurlet 9-27-61. ·
The Durenu appreciates the careful consideration
given to this particular phase of our counterintelligence
program.
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.
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notoriety which vould possibly bene it them.
.
You have indi atcd that the cohabitation oiillllllllll
--.,'ld
for many years had no e f f e c t - ~
~ u e r t o ,1c
nationalist. You should keep in nind.
~ 1 h ; ~ e ~ ! i ~ f ~ : ~c~~=!~~ of
by hypocritically stating that United States ~ n s
separated from her beloved husband,,__.
1
· .•. ·\ ~
. ~.
!~r;:~;st:;~
J$,a
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~ 1~ ~ i ~~::~i!:i~dg:!g~~:i~;~;I::~:~:;~~!::cl
-··;\ ·· 5
?;11\
frot1 her beloved husbnn:1, Dureau w1ll cons1d-1rn1sI11np
informatioI\_~nc:erninz her cohabitntion wit
to tne
1
Dcpartmcnt~-~~atc· f~r tJ:te po~sible use by l!nitc: tntcs
\
representfrfhlcs at the Un 1 tci1 Nat ions. Any 1nfor::iat ion
concernin£ her possible appearance before the United Nations
\;_....,
~::.-:..-:.-:.-:should bq)tlliptlpt!ly I ~l:ished t.o the Bureau.
·
___
\g=--_-_-_ 1 - Snn Juan ( 105-3353 Sub 1)
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MAU. ROOM
JI
PAGE 2.
·
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rd.trYPEC UNIT
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.
··~- ..
l.etter to New York
ne: Grot•ps Seeking Independence
For Puerto Rico
·
· (Counterintelli;;ence Program)
Subversive Control
105-93124
NOTE ON YELLOW:
··-
:
.·,
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•.
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. .
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.
·~- ·-;: _-::'-:::-· _;:. ·:=·;:- ·. ... ·- -
Re let contains New York suggestion that the '·'-~"-~- ..
infomation c o n c c r n i n ~ a n d - . . . . · ,·. · ·• ·
co lrn b i tat ion be furn i s · ~a I s ~ u l ! U l i st
to show such a relationship existin~ bet,;,een two J:1ct1bers
of the Cuban Dclc~ation to the United Nations. Net. York
believes that if the infonnation \VOS made known through
such wide publicity the hypocritical nature of these two
individuals would serve to bring ridicule not only upon
themselves but upon the government of Fi1el Castro. . ·
•
i
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- 2 -
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.
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. . ,.,:
_: . .
The Bureau appreciates the efforts a n d s ~ rea · ed in the counterintelligence moves a ~ a i n s t ~
i
i·
.:r:.:rr:;~t:i:~~¥~:i~~i~l\-.:,:.~:: . ,'" .,.,
lf!~1
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,
1
Nationalist !'arty of Puerto Rico still exists in New York and
~--~
Puerto Rico. The desire for Puerto Rico's separation froo the . r. . '
United States, even though violence may be oecess .. ry to
\'I\..
.icco1:1plish it, is still paramount with l'uerto Rico's nationalistsv,,
The Jlovi11iento Pro lndependencia de Puerto Rico (MPIPR), one of
, .....\;
the larger aovements which originated in Puerto Rico has among ~~- ·
its Iead~rs both nationalists and co111111unists. A prime effort
~' \ ·
of the MPIPR is to influence the United Nations to place Puerto f ,,
Rico's status as a ·•colony of the United States• on the agenda \
\
of the General Assembly. · .·
\
!,'
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= .: ·.~ ., ·~ ......
..
Reurlet dated July 31, 1961. -·
.....
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.
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.
,.
!;;/:)
An MPIPR activitl was reportedly held in New York City~ ~,
i ::.::p~::~:;;l;;;;:;; ~,;;~T;~:;;;~:7:"r;:·~:·,!:rt. \.\_
0
:::/
§
Rico's independence by unlawful means, continues to be a very
important part of the Bureau's ~esponsibilities concerning the
internal security of the Uni t~<I States. - __
_
i,_
ii:
~
i ;;::::, ·
_
The Bureau does no;-i-ntend tha~ this
•1oll1Jlle producin¥ program. In ,this ·reg d the
,:g::::;,-;-;-;--relntionshi vh1ch has existed between
··•~"(§
should not be e 1
· I-
.:
::..:"'-'==1
is.itt-~~=~
l
,iT•la.R_l -
1--Gandy
ic
- San Juan
05-3353 Su;::b-=:I>::-.~=--.,.
105-13532 ( eneses)
MAU£D i!Q
105-86860~M-21)
/~LJGlJ 1961
~js~~
1r1 ·
1..iUL£Tfr1NIT o
COLW-FJU
.....
-
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.
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: ......, ~~-·-·-·· ····---c:s,110tUJ. l'OtM Nb.' .. ··---------~.
-----~··· - -
-..
.
-~---
.
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
i}fk)l _:
SAC, NEW YORK (l05-328'f2)
TO
SUBJECT:
9/2.7/61
DATE:
:
-• L •
OoROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR l>OERTO RI CO . .
(COUNT&RIN'lELLI<ENCE PROGRAM) .
:·-,;".'.,.
--- -······-
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
. (00:. san ~Will),-_.;· __ . · .. , ... , .·
. -. . ~. . .· .. · _ ,.,.. '. ---=~·-.·.
•3:.
---.~- ·: _.
.· ';,. -~ _, -.
.
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f;,·
ReNY1et 7/31/61, and Bulet 8/l.q/61.
i
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careful cons! ea on has been given to the
andalaa
rel a t1onsh1 or
an what possi
acti~d
e aken, ase on
s relationship, to further the
counterintelligence program.· It is believed that to achieve I
any degree ot success in this respect, the existing relation- t
ship must be held up to ridicule in connection with their
:I
official positions with the United Nations. The relationI,
ship should be exposed to those circles which frown upon,
·'
and will not condone, such a relationship, as opposed to
those areas which accept, or at the very least, apologize
for such relationships. The counterintelligence move will
have to be so directed as to reflect upon the illegal
·,; I
Puerto-Rican independence movement.and accomplish the ult1- • , _
mate apd desired result, disruption ot this movement. At
r ~I·
the same t1me it may be possible to cause some embarrassment to tbe govermuent ot Cuba.
I
It is believed that a·•leak" could be arranged
to an appropriate local newspaper or the relationship ot
the two Cuban delegates to the United Nations. However,
such would only have a local effect and it is felt that
more than this is desired. I t it could be brought to the
attention ot a nationally syndicated columnist that the
wife of the titular head of -the Nationalist party or Puerto
Rico (NPPR) is oohab1t1ng with a fellow Cuban delegate in
NYC, it. would have a much greater effect. If it could be
-P-
REC. 30
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HY 105-32872
-.··
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,
•~·;0·f,}?;1~J(il~i:.:',:
brOl;Jgbt OUt that While
baa been wr1 t1ng c -~ :r :,;...: _..
about the 1mpriaonment o
oved husband and the :·.-:-:-:,,·:cc.:.c: :·. ,.
great desire
tor
release; she baa 1n 1'act been ·- ·
living with
it could be forcetull7 impressed upon
o
pocr1tical nature or these , :· '
. indi v1duala. !!'his would serve to bring ridicule, not only· · ·
upon these two individuals, but also upon the government .
ot FIDEL CASTRO.
. . ___ .
" r.··.·,,.,.~-,
ii~:,~
,,,:,
It this could be accomplished on a national :
scale, it could be tollowed up locally in a Spanish
language newspaper in the torm ot a suitable letter to the
editor, critical ot the NPPR and its relationship with the
government ot Cuba.
: . ..
i
"/~~1~1
•
;
.
There·is another aspect which could fit 1n vitb
this endeavor and, it is believed, should be considered.·
If mention of the relationship or the two Cuban delegates
should be made on a national scale, consideration should be
given to alerting the State Department to this relationship.·~
They, in turn, could utilize this information within the
United Nations as a matter ot general conversation among
triendly groups. In doing this it is hoped tba t an a tmos.;.
phere ~t soma ridicule woul:d develop concerning the Cuban
delega_tion.
·
';: ':j
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•
I
I
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l
The Bureau 1s requested to consider turn1sh1ng
this information to a triendly columnist, advising the
proper sources within the state Department, should the infomat1on be published, and advising the HYO concerning the
sending of tbe letter to a Spanish language newspaper. A
copy of the proposed letter would be furnished to the
Bureau for approval prior to the submission or such a
letter to a newspaper.
·
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-
DIRECTOR,
FBI ( lOS-93124)
SAC• BEW YORK
(lOS-32872)
--
. SUBJECT~
' ··- - .
1.:
--~-··-: :-·~ =-·
.
.
·4oUPS
SEElcrNG INDEPENDEN~ FOR
PUERTO RICO
COUllTERIN~I GENCE PROGRAM.
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
( 00: San .JUan)
..
. . .
..
'.:;.-··
ReBulet 7/6/61.
.··. ! \
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A review or the tiles or the NYO has disclosed
that the most effective counterintelligence weapon employed
to date to disrupt the nationalist movement bas been the
utilization of a live inf'ormant. There was a degree ot success in the use ot the flyers which e /mail 'd out o
.·· ; ·
1/6/61, w1 th the intent or lead!
to ·· ··
believe that the Nationalist party
r
c
PPR) was~··
the source ot these flyers~ which was accomplished. The·
flyers did cause .friction and were the source ot much discussion in the independence movement.
·
· .
The 12/23/60 1ssue: of tbs •workers world", copies ·
or which were mailed to leading NPPR members on 2/8/61, were
apparently unsuocesstul in causing disruption or discord as
no response to this issue was· received trom the independence
movement,
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10532872 -
.. ~: _ '.
tc, plant thougbts with tbe rank and tile membera 4;;~/:
would cause them to question tbe leadership o.t{q;_,·, ·.
did this so aucces stully tbs t he personally _·;:4-';..'!-}.;;; \
w a never considered as the source or the diaoon tentment .. ,.,::::./.,~.:"""'."'·'wb1ch resulted within the ranks. · As far as the M-21 members·-- · · ·
were ooncerned the discontentment developed as a natural . _. ::..:.-~- · ·
"'thing _becaus.e ~t_ the a_ctions
As an ex&lllple of' this, the M-21 bad associated
with the.era World Party (WWP}, a Trotsqite organization
1n NE.
began to plant the seeds of discontentment by·.
talking n vidually with each H-21 member, p:inting out that .
too much Marxist influence was being exercised over the M~21
leadership by this association, that the M-21 consisted of'
·
Puerto Rican revolutionists end not Marxists. In turn the
·
M-21 members would diseu s this amo
them
ves end the disoon ten
r he M-21
of'- .:-._ _. -': :_
-L"/-'. .·
o
rece
ng her promise to repay
e amount, knowing that they never would. Be received IOU•a
for these loans" so that et any time be was celled upon to
do so be could readily show why the M-21 d!.dn 1 t have the money
to buy g u n s , - h i c b they needed ~ e e d with the
revolution.
so gave money toialllfto pay bis rent
on the pretense
at a . t h e apartment was a v ~
for M-21-beadquarters.
et 1t be known t b a t - was·1nto_tbe treasury. ega •
.~'
I
I
II
,
Eventually these coUI>.terintelligence eftorts
,·,:."'.i
throug1~a1i were rewarded when the angry and discontented ·
· membera""or"the ~ a l l e d a special meeting 1n NE, on J\117, 8,
1961, at whicb . . . . was asked to explain bis actions. Thia
c a u s e - t o get angry, to tell the M-21 members to go
their ~ r a t e ways if they cared to do so, .which they
did, and the M-21, as an organizatlon,iiiiiolle
sed. The source,
however, is still
the good graces
and, in fact,
was approached b
when the M-21 en e r a . r t b1m
and be asked
. o his advice. tol
to dis•
associate
rom all activlty~t leas
months 1n
order to give himselt time to think, straighten out his problems, and then it he cared to return be would be a much
stronger person to start ell over again •
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NY 105-32872
..
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1'ioulties,. as_ well as 1'emil7 problems, •
oollapse :er_;.:,,:.~=-·.·/,.
tbe M-21 was a severe blow to his ego.
being an :.,·,~·-·- .....
extreme egotist and one who envisioned
s
as another -· :. · .
FIDEL CAS'lRO, bas been •bard hit" b7 his problem.a, partiou- , ~--; '
: larl7 his 1'a1lure as a leader 01' men.· Bis leederahip --- - _.. -.,~-- __
· abili t7 is 01' such great importance to h1m tba t 1 t will prob•
· ably- teke b1m months to recover .trom this de1'eat•. -._,00 ;--"-c-:;::_ -··"'··
In light ot the present ai tua tion 1n the inde- .:
pendence 1'ield, the NYO suggests that the Bureau .take DO
·
1'urther direct action at this time in the counterintelligence
program. It is suggested that the situation ba allowed to
solidity- 1n order to obtain a definite picture at which time
disruptive activities co/be resumed.
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and·_
lntluence among
at very 11 ttle
ave been
•companions" 1'or 7ears, rave ng extens vel:, together through
Mexico, ,South America, Cuba, .and now the United states. !l'his
·-relationship is kno\lil totbe Puerto Rican nationalists and
due to .tbeir standards or morels and human relationship j;be7
see nothing unusual in this association. 'l'o the Puerto
Rican nationalist, oo!!l!'1lon-lew relatic-shi
is an acceptable
thing and even tboug
husban
is their hero
and incarcerated while
nJ07s herse , it is felt that
we must look upon this
ation, 1'or tbe purposes ot
\ counterintelligence, as the Puerto Rican nationalist looks
\ upon it. It is believed that anv sttem t to take issue with
the association of
would 1mued1atel7
indicate to the Puer o ic
s that one, other
thsL ot Latin temperment,was
ot objection.
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association. Doth, of these individuals can be expected -c:'i/>3-4,:·;>
,,~ • .
~~i:~ ~;f ~n~ ;!t!:~e:;tc:a:.ra~~:::ni:!i~:rt!~ ~t!te~::i\:":'.!~'.::~
. S,]
licw York and San Juan must continue to give careful
·.·· · .-;c·:
· ··
· ! .·"'. ~l·· consideration to this program and consider aor tactic · :-: ., •:../ ...... .
. .· ·,_;. .':in accordance with previ~us instructions to disrupt the::,.:;' ,:~~;;..,.:,. ..
'· ''
.··
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0
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activities of such organizations which seek by unlawful·_;..··: ~~·: :,.
. .'
· means to separate Puerto .Rico fro• the United States •.. : ·..\'.
·. :::
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..•
:~·:·._• . •
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NOTE ON YELLOW:
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··:
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\;';, ,. .
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31'\1
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!<: -. ~I
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Relet showed results of counterintelligence
against M-21 and recommended that Bureau take no further
· action in this program and suggested the situation be
·. .
allowed to solidify in order to obtain a definite picture:.·~· ·:
Relet also showed that littl_e could be acco11p-,ished
b
. ·· ·
uti · in the CO!lllon-law relationship between
-•oder this program since the moral stern ar s of
·.'..
er o 1
nationalists make such an a s s o c i anothi
ti~n
. i
unusual. Bureau letter 7-6-61 pointed out that
1
'
recently obtained
e se on an apartment in New
for himself and
'ch-would expire 9-30-63. It
pointed out tha
propaganda efforts lo Latin
. . ., . ,
America lier symeathetic appeal has been lamenting the
/'\·
restrictions which have been placed on her re-entry into
lf!_,·
Puerto Rico which te~ps her fro11 visiting her husband,·
i. 1
head of the NPPR. . New \'ork was requested to consider this
and submit observations as to bow t
nf',,..,,, • n could be
used to diminish the influence of
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353-Sub 1)
August 31. 1961·:--·
. . -r:.: ..... ·-..s.:- .
-~--; :' .;.,,'C.~~t¾~':-.'<·-.
Director, FDI (~05-93124)
i
' .
. .: • .:. :·;,:·i:·::=~:..~:.:.:: _;_.
•·
..
,> _
.. ::. •.'.~~-
~OUP SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
(COl!r.'TERINTEIJ.,IGENCE PROGRAf,1)
SUDVERSIVE COl\'TROL SECT ION
.
. .. - (
- ...; . :_::.: \ ..\~ ~-;:·; ' \ ,;} . : . :·..
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-
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.
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.._. -
... '-·-':
_
ReBulet 6/12/61.·),.
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•.. :.:-- .·:~-· ·. _,/·_.
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A review of the Buteau• s files shovs that
only one of the six memoranda requested of San Juan in
referenced Qureau letter has been received.
·
The .purpose of this pro~ram is to completely
disrupt and compromise the efxect1veness of those who
seek.Puerto Rican independence bt unlawful means. The
importance of the program is obvious. The Dureau expects,
that in the future more careful attention be given to
this program. San Juan and New York should promptly
submit the memoranda requested in Dureau letter.
2 - New York (105-32872)
TC:cad r(6) t..-v-.......
~
NOTE ON YElLCT.V:
-~.--.-·
....
-
.
~
Relet set out names of six most influential
nationalists in each office. New York and San Juan
were instructed to prepare memoranda on each to show
personal weaknesses, morals, criminal records family
life, educational qualifications, personal activities
and other intimate details. Purpose also is to appraise
caliber of leadership.
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TO
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
'
ROM
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l>ATE:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub l).
!
0
SUBJECT:
6/20/i
co~;f!r.
fl[.
..
. ,."· -::: '~ -, ::
·.. --:-;;/d?·i".:
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PlERTO RICO
"· ·
COUNTER DITELLIGENCE. PROGRAM. -- -- 'lLL u;;:.or:'.';:'Tr.. ,.·-··"l!D·.
( Sl.BVERSIVE CONTROL) .
!c-::ZL, I~ r:::Z,!,:;Sri'IEI!
E::~":?'! ~~ Sli0~
Re Bulet to San Juan,
6/1/61;
~t~1ss...
1"
"':&. •• • .- -
Methods of organizations .advocating Puerto Rico•s
independence r ~ from peaceful, legal separation, advocated
by the PIP, to violent revolution, advocated by the NPPR.
The PIP polled only 25,000 votes during the 1950
elections and thus lost its status as a political party. 'l'his
nu,~ber is no measure of the independentistsin Puerto Rico and
the 101"1 figure can be largely attributed to the successful
campaign of "electoral abstinence" conducted by the !llPIPR,
and joined by other pro-independence organizations, Just prior
to the elections. It can be assumed the 25,000 11ho voted i'or
the PIP t1ere those for the most part wbo refused to participate .in the "electoral abstinence" campaign and actually desired·
peaceful and harmonious separa·tion from the United States.
Paradoxically, the defeat of the PIP has served to increase
the threat of violence in Puerto Rico inasmuch as a great
number of those who supported the PIP have become disillusioned
and have switched to more violent "action organizations," such
as the MPIPR and l!PU. _
The NPPR, a small dedicated group, has distinguished
itself in the past by erratic acts of violence 1·1hich, although
• seemingly futile, have well served the NPPR 1 s calculated
_
· purpose of calling world attention to Puerto Rico's "domination"- 1
th
, , . ,.... ,,..; -,, ·;,.: e Uni;::1.,::~::se extremes, the most active organizations;·--.I1
in Puerto Rico at the present are the APU, FUPI and MPIPR.
Of these, the FUPI and MPIPR work in close harmony due to the
fact the policy-making leaders of the FUPI are a
embers
l
of'
PR Directive Board. The APU. however
I
I
I
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--
, is a
,
2_.- Bureau (RM)
·1 - New York (105-32872) (RM)
1 - San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
JCB :am Classified by l·~t:;;
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( 4)
&empt rro;.,cos:-c;ies•ii' 2
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JUN 23. 196f
Dat_e ol DeclaS&f.icalion 1odclinite - -~I
oZJUf'li9196l
2 ,1b-)J"
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.
-
.·...
�The above information is being set out for the Bureau
1.nasmuch as it is believed the jealousies and tensions between
these ·two factions may be increased and effectively utilized ~
t their efforts. At th
me the fies of
of
. s.
informa:c o
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25/61, Mr.s
voluntar
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concernin
and his" rec
vel beh1n
1e
curtain. She has been
married to
ather for five years and has been constantly
at odds wit
concerning h1s independentist views •. She
contacted the
I ecause of her loyalty to the United states
and offered her services, provided ruch would be held 1n
strict confidence.
,
'
Mrs.-a1s in an excellent-~ to furnish.
correspondenc~il'l'llin possession of
and background
inva::.tigation is being conducted with a
I
aevelop1ng
her as a Confidential Source.
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Din·ctor, Fl3I
(105-93124)
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June 12, 1!161 ·
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f.k'OUPS SEEKH:fr JNDI:PENDENCC FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERIN1'llLLif.Ei'lCE PROr.lWI) .
. SUD\'1.J'-51\'c CONTROL SECTION .
.
"' ..
=
( lJS-3353 Sub. ,l) .·· ·
:
l .. -
. .:: .l •. ··:--
~
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... --
In or<ler to appraise the caliber of lcauership ·
. in !lie PUe110 Rican indcpcnclence m?VCJHent, r,i:,rtiCU!nrir
., as it pertains to our efforts to disrupt their act1v1t1es
end compromise their effectiveness, we should hove an
intimate <letaileu knowledge of the more influential
lenuers as indiviclu11ls.
. ··.- ,...
The names of each of the leauers listed below
.are maintained iri the Security Index.·
Your files will contain descriptive infomation
appropriate to our investigative reporting. l\'e should,
however, for the purposes of this rrogram, delve deeply
into thot part of their lives whici, do not show on the
surface; for eXDlllple •. l\·e must <leternine their car,ubilities
,.o
of influencin~ others, capabilities of real lendership,
fS
ro IJ"1
.,_ m
why the intense c.lesire for PUerto Rico's inuependence,
c• ~
wh.:.t they expect to gain from indepenucncel and the support
§ ..... :;:i;
they hove from other leaders and rc.nk-ancl-ri le members. ·
<
=0
'l\'e must ha"e informntion concerning their weaknesses
:i; -·- C,)
-,
morals, criminal records, spouses, children, family life,
educnt1ona_ l qualifications nnd pcrsom:l act1viti..c,t; other._,,.than .in~epem,cnce ncti vi tics.
ti ~ .:', • - 1..o'it)·
: Tolaoo-_-_-_-_
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SEE NOTE ON, Y;L~W ·PA[{EC-JUi -
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Developing this intimate knowledge should not ·. · · -:/,·--·~
be difficult. Your live informants, through their present·
associations with these leaders, can answer questions or
.
obtain the infonnation desired. Informants can tell you if · : ·. , · ·
the individual is weak, strong, cowardly, dedicated, or an '· ·• ·.: ·
opportunist. These individuals have been interviewed by Bureau
Agents. The Agents' observations could be pertinent to this · ·
matter.
·
·
Snn Juan and New York should compile the information
on the_above-listed Puerto Rican independence leaders in your
respective offices. Submit the information in letter fom,
utilizing a dual caption consisting of the caption of this
letter and the caption of the individual's case file •. You
should include your observations and recommendations as to
how the information obtained may be utilized to disrupt the
activities of the individual and/or the organization of which
he is a part. Reference should be made to this communication
and the original and two copies are sufficient for the Bureau.
··._'
The influence of domestic and international communism.
. develo1;>ing 11;1 these organizat.fons make it imperative that we
. . · · emphasize
- this phase of our responsibilities.. . · . . . · .·
• ..
.
.
.
.
..
NOTE ON YELLOW:
This program was initiated in August, 1960 1 for
the purpose of disrupting the activities of Puerto Rican
independence groups which seek PUerto Rico's independence by
unlawful means.
-
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UNITED STATES ,NMENT
.A1emora12ddm ·
'i'O
:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
f
DATE:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 SU:
~j .
}ift
7/19/61 ~- , -
. .
1
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO ~ __ ;\;?~,.:-( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
·· - - - - - -- --- --SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
-~-
-
·---
.
'
·
Re San JUan 1etter to Bureau, 6/1/61~-- ·-' --"-·.: ··-- ·
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BUreau (RM)
l - New York (105-32872) (RM)
l - San Juan
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SAC, New York (105-32872)
.-(~,~
Director, FBI _(105-93124)
?/6/61
....
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sEmcINo INDEPEN~E~CE-~OR
COUNTERitlTELLIGENCE PROGRAM,
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTIONJ .
~Rro
RICO
:::::: : .!
'
Since 1950, in propaganda et
n Latin America
relative to Puerto Rican inde endence
has been introduced as the wife of
Puerto Rican
independence leader
ri
States. Much
of her sympathetic appeal has been
the restrictions
which have been placed on her re•entry into Puerto Rico which
keeps her !rom yisiting her beloved husband •
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ovs t h a t has reser.ted
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'We can reasonably e x ~ n ! - 9 6 1 meetings
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~;e t~~eU~;i~~dn;;~~~~; !~ ~a::d~~~~gh which ~~:;P!a~
propaganda concerning Puerto Rican independence.
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llew York should consider this matter under this'
-.: ,. •
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'program and submit observations and recommendations concer.ll""..
•.
ctio-l-.1
h may be taken to disrupt t·h.e activities or··
-...... . . ._
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and
and diminish their influence among Puerto
~
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page 2
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L~t1...er to ~ew Yorl;.
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GROUP Sr.EKI':'lG INDEFE'JDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
Re:
]05'-93124
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1 · T'1omes o f - a n d - r e ~aintained in tte
Security Index. ~ u e r ~ t r a t i o n a l i s t s were giveri,<L' ..
.Cuba:1 "citizenship by Castro in late 1960 at which time they·;·~were made delegates to Cuba 1 s Perma:1ent Mission to the United .,.,..-- ..
Nations. They resided together at the Tudor Hotel prior to
moving to the 46th Street address. Purpose of this program
• is to disrupt the activities of individuals arid organizations
,. which seek Puerto Rican ·independence through other than lawful : . ·
means.'.·
··,'
·
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.. ·
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6/23/61
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DIREC'l'OR, FBI (lc:,;-92397)
FRCX1:
SAC., Sf.ff JUAN (105-3992)
. i
Re Sa.., Juan lcttc:i1c:1a r:1cmoo d:itc(i G/5 mul 6/.:!.:?/Gl
copt~o:,cd, "FEDF.R!,CION DB Uinw?.SITARIOS PRO IUDEPEUD::.t-:Clf,
.
(f'UPI)., IS - U."
.
Referenced cca:nnicJtions show subject departed for
CUba on, 5/30/61 to. part1cipoto ilo FUPI de legato 1n moeting or·
Intcr.ut1onal Union of st.'1ltionto (IUS), on 111tcmat1onnl
coc::r..t-u.ct ctudcnt orean1cnt1o:i.. ~bjcct subccqucntly rotumcd
to s.-n J'U:m nnd prei;cntcd nn oNJ. report at !7UPI l:IOCtinc on
6flli/GJ..
•
'
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rt 1D n o t e ~ tr.::ivcl
u.10
1n violction of'
to Cuba
U.S. S'.;.:.to t'CPart::i:mt~ious oga1nat .. ,,:: .~
nrter l/16/61, In addition 1t 1c believed
.
•lolated
·-,
··
prov:loi011s or '1', 18., use., Section 1542, conco1-. ne f£1Bc
·
etat~nto in his fll).1ent1on £or. a u. s. peccport for this
trip. fyecll'lcally,
uao c.ppointcd one or FUPI dclc~:itcs ·
to ~V"..no m"°t1ng nno,
... ;..ire ha could travel to ?Scxico on a
tour1ct vloa, subsequently applied for a U. S. passport, atating
his .,-.JrPoso ror :rcqucot1ne o~c u;:ia for "two ,:ocl:o tr.ivol in
Mc.:dco !"or pleasure.• paooport was 1aeuo<l
on 5/29/61 •
t<>IIIII
. - i . 1 s o ctuclc~t nt
Rio I ' l c d . . ~ end l'O"~
Las 100:is, Rio Picdras,
11ecl:l:; ccct~o or thlo
,,.. ..
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5 - :r.urouu (rJ.t)
~ 105-5380.3)
~ 105-931.fJ )
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·
105-3353 8Ub
(8)
66JUN 301961
1)
·- --i
·;,_ I -;.. -~' .,;
II ,· • ::_· - ··1~
NOT RECORDED 1
168 JUt,; 28 1961
----
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t:.l 10'j-399?
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Bureau nuthority 1D rcquostcd ~ r v i c t 1
concc:i:ling tho above trip. If approved, - u 1 l l also bo
quoct1o~ concerning a poociblc violation o': the above
· ·
atatuto., after ho has boon otlvic..."<l or his
rit~hts.
.
.·
·
.
·
. :
:· .
· · It 1s f'elt thia 1ntol'Viow msy owvo one or more
1'ollouing purposco., dcpcndiJ.16 u.>on outcome or 1.ntcrview:
or
i
.:. i
l. I'levelop 1n!'omation concerning FUPI 1 c connection
with IUS and rcaultc o!' IUS l!loet~ in 1Iav::in.:l.
,~i11.~,
2. Develop 1ni'o:tn.:ltion concern.1rcpo:Js1ble violation
or a U, s. latt by GUbjoot.
·.:·.I
·. ·. !
3, Serve os a 1:1ethod o!' d1sruptin£: tho activities or
this orton1zat1an.
the latter point, it 1c noted FUPI
~as tolcl FUPI l'll').':lb<?:rG they ncc<l h:.1vc no
"l'l1ine
O
~c-~io.i
:i
, ..c, OOvcr:n~·,'· ·f'c,:,
1 c;.:r
tr11vcl, and Cpcc1i'1Cillly
point:xl out t?'Zlvel of
·, uho illeeally
traveled to Ca:I!llUilist
no
:1 our1ne tho past tCK years
tdthout ·any nction havinl; been tnlcen egainot bm. It 1B alGO
notro th~ FUPI pl11ns to ocnc1 f'C1Ur rcprcscnt::.tives to Ccm:run1Bt
China ror a tl·ro-t1onth tour 1n J\.lly-August, l~ul. '"i1c-v lan to
dep:!...-t for thia trip on 7/3/61. An 1ntorviou o
at thio
t1.m~ concorni~ 1llegnl travel 1dll certainly be b1 ,T 1t to the
attention of those prcpo1'1ng to dopart ond Jll.:!Y causo thco to
dccido cgainnt mal::inz the trip.
.
D.1roau io rocruco'rod to expedite rcpl:, in viett or
o.>1t::i.cipatcd departure <.lotc o!' r'/3/61 or FUPI <lclc(!oteo to
Con:iunist China.
(
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.
Afe1nora1zail;n .
UNITED STATES G<
. ..: ...
TO
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,B\~fENT
-
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
t
FR(IM
:
S/:C, SAN JUAN
'
..•
.!
·1/J!.
~-
DATE;
·-
.···
6/1/61
..
-. :t--.'i~~-.-_
(105-3353 sub 1)
,·
SUBJECT;
1
GROUPS
SEEKJNG DIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
( COUNTERillTELLIGENCE PROGRAf.I)
SUBVERSIVE
COl!TROL
SECTION
Re Bulet to San Juan,
4/10/61.
Reaction to receipt of these articles t,111 be
determined discreetly and the Bureau ,-rill be advised.
-P-
•
2 "- Eureau (RH)
1 - Ne1·1 Yorlc (105-32872) (Rl-:)
l - San Juan
JCB:am.
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(4)
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353 Sub 1)
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Director, FBI (105-93124)
-
'
(Field Instruction)
June 1, 1961._::.
. . ... - •. •
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PERSQI,AL AUWIIW_·)·.fP·_· .
· :.:-·~:·! " .
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·-onoUPS_SErn'.ING INDEPl:!\'DmCE FOR PUERTO RICO
COUNTERil'iTEU.IGENCE PROGRAM-···----_---···,.. (SUB~ IVE COl\'TROL) -., ..; , -. •··... · ; . · - . ,
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During the November, 1960 election in Puerto Rico,
approxinratelr 25,000 votes were polled by persons who desire,
through varying means, to have Puerto Rico separated from 1:bc
Unitea States. This nwnber is insignificant when it is
·
compared with the over 300,000 votes cast duriD3 the election.
We know, however, from experience that mere numbers ere not
sufficient to determine the dangerousness of an organization·
or movement which desires to change an established form of ·
government through other than peaceful means. When those who
desire Puerto Rican independence by peaceful means ere subtracted from the 25,000, we find those in whom we are concerned.
I
The conditions which exist in places in Latin America
contribute to the dangerousness of communism and nationalisQ.
~e have seen duriJl8 the past two years e small hard core of
nationalists advocating Puerto Rican independence grow. into a
movement of considerable magnitude wherein communism has a
.
greater part than ever in the past. This has happened despite
the fact that the rnaJority of Puerto Ricanli· apparently prefer
e commomvealt~ essoc1ation with the United States.
.
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United Stntes which is known to be a member branch of tl1e
International Union of Students (IVS), a Soviet-controlled ..
__
communist front organization headquartered in Czechoslovakia.
· _We have several specific instances where FUPI has obediently
-carried out IUS instructions to conduct anti-United States demonstrations and propaganda. This obedience and the. fact that,
historically, students have had a prominent place in the world's revolutions tt.:1ke FUPI very i~ortant to our
·
responsibilities in the internal security field. FUPI mct1bers' ·
travels in Europe Asia and Latin Anerica reportedly at the ·
expense of the IUS must, where possible, be CO!:lpletcly covered.
Because of the above, investigations should be more·
penetrative and exhaustive to make certain we are completely
aware of the subversive activities of FUPI and otl1er such
groups. E:iphnsis must be placed on the develop~ent of live -security informants and consideration given to the utilization
of otl1er investigative techniques to insure cooplete coverage.
i
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There are indic.itions tl:.it travel by FUPI members to
Soviet-bloc countries will increase. Arr~ements have been
reportedly made in Czechoslovakia so that future correspondence
from IVS _to FUPI will be sent from Vienna to prevent authorities
from kn0'17iDg such correspondence came from en Iron Curtain
country.
San Juan should subl:lit its observations relative to
the possibility of obtainin,g, with full security, the texts
of such correspondence.
_
.
_
Every effort, cormensurate with good judgment, cust
be made through our Counterintelligence Program to disrupt the
acti \"i tics of o~anizations and individuals which seek
Puerto Rico's ioocpendence through unlawful means.
.
The internal security situation in Puerto Rico is
unique because of its strate"ic locetion away from the
cntinental United States en~ its historical relationship
'IY th Latin Aceric.i.
The grenter part of the internal security
r sponsibility belo~s to the Bureau. It will toke im:iginotion,
t oroughness and dedication of purpose to fulfill this
, .
responsibility. .
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Date:
~ransmlt the ~llowino In
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5/19/61
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REGISTERED
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DIRECIOR, FBI (lOS-93124)
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SAC, NEW YORK (105-32872)
SUBJECT: OGROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDEia
FOR PUERTO RICO
--{COUNI'El<-lNI'E t,LIGE.l!C&JROOAAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONI'ROL
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Re San Juan airtel, 5/1/61.
. I.
A review of 'The Worker" for the period ll/1-12/15/60,
reflects the only additional column by JESUS COLON concerning
the Movimiento Pro-lndependencia de Puerto Rico appeared in
''The Worker", ll/27 / 60. No column by COLON appeared in any
edition of the 11/20/60 issue available in NY.
_ There are enclosed herewith two copies of the
ll/27 /60 issue of ''The Worker'' obtained through NY 2354-S*
on 5/l,/61, for San Juan.
->.:.j
For the future information of San Juan, all mail
editions of ''The Worker" carry a four page insert headed
"Mid-West Edition" which has no effect on the remainder of
the issue insofar as locality is concerned.
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Director, FBI
(105-93124) -
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GROUPS SEEKIW8- limi-~Li~E FOR l'UERTO RICO
COU?'\11.:.IUl\'TELLI GENCE l'ROGRAM
(SUil\'ERSIVE COl\7ROL)
·• · R.curlet 5-3-61. · •·
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The Bureau has noted the good results ·
obtained from publication in •El ),undo• of the
editorial based on information supplied by your
office. This illustrates the effect of carefully
planned counterintelligence measures., and you · ·
are urged to continually keep in mina other
methods for carrying out counterintelli,;ence
. operations against subversive elements 10 Puerto
· Rico.
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fiOTE ON \'ELLOIV:
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As part of a counterintelligence program
directed a~ainst Puerto Rican nationalists, particularly·
the communist-directed FUPI, San Juan furnished material
to ·El Mundo• demonstrating communist infiltration of
FUPI. This was utilized in an editorial 4-26-61 with
the result that FUPI leaders buve planned todiscontinue
pro-Castro demonstrations and will play down support
of communism. A present and a former FUPI member have
cooperated with tl1e San Juan Office as a result of the
editorial.
I·J·1
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(4)
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AIR MAIL
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(Prioritr or J/elMHI of lloililrc}
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
F-ROI•1:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353~Sub I)
SUBJECT:
(GROUPS SEEia:NG INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL
'
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Re Bulet to San Juan 4/10/61 and New York letter
to Bureau 4/20/61 enclosing for San Juan two
copies each of issues or "The Worker" for 11/20/60
and 12/4/60 .
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5/1/61
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PIA_I_N_TE_XT
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Dote:
Tronsmll the followlnq ln
.
Careful review of "The Worker" for November 20,
1960 fails to reveal any column by JESUS COLON. It is noted
this is "Mid West Edition" and it is believed COLON•s column
may have appeared in the Latin A~erican edition or East Coast
Edition or the same issue. New York is requested to review these
editions and forward appropriate issue to San Juan~
1 ing of December 4, "1960 edition to
eing held 1n abeyance until November 20,
·and
196
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~~Bureau (RM)
~:.New York (105-32872)
1-San Juan (105-3353-Sub I}Pf'C
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Per _ _ _ _ __
Special Agent in Cbarqe
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: DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
'
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DATE:
.\/20/61 .... ,' .
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.
=
ReBulet, 4/10/61.
~here are enclosed J:e re'Wi th for s an Juan two each
the issues or nTbe Worker" for 11/20/60 and 12/4/60.
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DATE:
4-7-61
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FRmlt~
liUBJEcr:
GROUPS s~~KING IND~PaID~NCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COill,TJ~INra.LIGENCE PROGWl)
SUBVZit5IV~ CO!'ITROL SECTION
The captioned p .rog r n in · was established August, 1960, ~o ·
disru,l)t activities of l'uerto .~ican nationalist and colill1lunist groups which
seek independence for Puerto Rico through unlawful means.
The purpose of this r-emorandum is to request approval for n
tactic San Juan desires to utilize.
. .
The Jllov imiento Pro Independenc ia de l'uerto :uco (1.IPIPR) • the
largest organization in the Puerto Rican independence mo\·ement._ has
asswned increased importance through efforts to unite eight dirferent
organizations which advocate independence for PuertP Rico, including the
Col!UDunist Party of Puerto Rico.
.
•
Ju
•.
P'.' Secretarv General, and
1verc in New Yor ~ ou
·em-MPIP:~
~ < l December, >'<>O, con ac
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ions delegations in an effort
· to include Puerto P-ico in the debate on "colonialism" then in progress
before the United Nations~
On t,;yo occasions in 1960 Jesus Colon, colwnnist for "The Worker"
in New York City devoted his collL"nn to Mari Bras' statement of appreciation to Nikita (-dirushchev for I::hrushchev's remarks before the United
Nations rel:itive to "colonialism" in Puerto Rico and the .Ml'IP:? 1 s plans for
an annual General Assemtly, to be held in Puerto !Uco on 11/26-27160.
!'
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- - . - . . . . , , v h o furnishes space for MPIPi~ headquarters and
is very a ~ P : { accord in!' to 'tl1·0 sources i:; ",. · ently anticommunist," as is the Jll'IPR
San Juan d c s i r c s ~ i c s ~ c n t editions of
"The Horker" anonymous! t
an
The articles
would be marked with colore penci_ an a notation a ac1e "lndependcncia
por :uUo
·Comunismo." Translated, this means II Independence Through
Co:nmunis
REC- 95
Enc.)M:
105-931
}:~Yr:.
1 - Mr.
C/':
arsons
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5__9APR 14 1961
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l I APR 11 1961
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f.leml)ranJlUn for l,lr. Belmont
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~{;;: Gi':OUPS S:C:!l~ING INu.:::PZNDillJCS FOR PlfilRTO RICO
105-93124 •
--~·;'· ·-:.~~~!2i"~- .._
OBSERVATIONS;
_
Bureau files slvw that Jesus Colon's colwnn in "The Worker"
on 11-20-60 was de\'oted to the MPIPR and its 11/26-27/60 General
Assembly, and on 12-4-60 the colwnn was devoted to the statement by
Mari Bras concerning Khrushche\' 1 S statement before the United Nations
on colonialism in Puerto Rico.
-20 a ~ t i o n s should be anonyn:ou~ly mailed
t
and
with the pertinent articles appropriately mar ·e
d t e panish-language statement affixed, for "'hatever effect it may have on these two MPIPR officers who are reportedly
anticonununist.
·
San Juan should be cautioned concerning the necessity for
discreetn~ss in anonymous mailings.
"-..I . ~
./ 6v-···~,>~,
ACTION:
If you azree, there is attached a letter to San Juan in
accordance with t11e abo\'e observations.
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S,\C, San Juan (105~353 Sub.I)
April IO,
Director, ,~1~105~~3124·;·
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EX-1nir
GROUPS SEU.ING INi>2.PCND!.:NCE FOR I'U~~·o !?ICC
(COU~'fE~INr~U.IGENCE PROGJWl)
-~. ··:.
·.. _: . , . SUll\'E.RSn'E ......
COI\''fROL SECTION . -
·. ~·
Nev York.
.
f·•": •.
. • ..
Rcurlct 3-29-61, copies of which were furnished
Dufilcs show tbnt Jesus Colon's colw:m in •Th'.'
liorl.err. on 11-20-60 was devoted to the Novimiento rro
Inclcpcnclencia de l'ucrto Rico (l.1PIPR) and its General Assembly.
to be held on 11/26-27/60 in Puerto Rico. The 12-4-60 column
of Colon's wns devoted to the statement of Juan Mari Bras
cxpressi~ appreciation for Niki ta Khrus..'1chev 1 s statement on
"colonial1smn before the.United Nations, "hich included
fucrto Rico.
i
.'t,.i·~- ! .
Nl'!w York should pro:nptly furnish San Juan sufficir-nt ·
copies of !10th ncJit"
that both .;i be> dirl'ct~<l anon mously to
d
..· - San Juan should appropri~tely identify the pertinent
-·
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articles-and affix the statement •Independcncia por Medio de
Comunismo" so that it will be easily noted.
· ·
·
A copy of each of · ~ i t i o n s
marked, should be directed t o - - an
~:I! Snn Juan should advise th:? Bureau as soon as the nnon.}'l:lO
mailings arc made and thereafter discreetly determine any reaction
8 to the receipt of these mailings.
<(
.. All of the usual precautions should be taken in the
anon,Y111ous mailings to prevent them from being traced back to
,
the 1-'BI.
�.. _ _. __
ON'eot-..U fOa:M MQ.-H
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UNITED STATES GO'
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DIRECTOR, FBI
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(105-93124)
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SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
PUERTO RICO (COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
PROGRAM}
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL
(00:
.
.
Cr . .
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SAN JUAN}
Re San'cltan letter l/30/61.
i'
Proposed article relative to FUPI has not yet appeared 3.11
"El Mundo!' (a.t)
·
·
i1
The New York Office has 1'urn1Bhed a copr, of an article
:·!
from the 12/4/60 edition or "The Worker' which 1s by
JESUS\ COLON entitled, "As We See It From Here 11 , . wherein
the tcl.xt or the statement mady by JUAN! MARn_BRAS • •·.
i
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{Bufile 105-292} re~ard1ng KHRUSHCHEV'S statements before
the United Nations (UN} on
ial1sm is set rorth 1n its
...
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MPIPR was" held in
1960,r · I/
. l •)
-P2-Bureau {RM)
.
2-Uew York {RM} (105-32872)
;1.-Chicago (RM}
P.;-San
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In the event that it did appear. the following action .
is proposed by the san Juan Ot'fice. (&t)
·
!l'he MPIPR has recently assumed increased 1m,Portance 1n the
Puerto Rican independence picture by reason of its efforts
to unite 8 different organizations advocating independence
for Puerto R1.co., including the Communist Party.[")
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.ras one of the MPIPR officers who were 1n New York
November and December, 1960 during the period that the
attempted to have that 1ntemational organization .·
- MPIPR
include Puerto Rico in the debate on coloriialism which was
then in progress. Considerable publicity appeared in loca1
San Juan papers regarding the activities or the MPIPR 1n
this regard.(&.\
~
...... I!
It appears that. calling the a~ove two articles to
attention might reasonably result in his resignation from the
MPIPR, .. whi~ would seriously hamper its activities by reason
or depriving them :o:r. free rent and other payments at this
{
{time.
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SJ 105-3353 S1Jb 1
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The New York Office ll'Ould f'umish the San JUan Office with
copies or the edition 1n which this article appeared, as well
as eoJt!t!p or the 12/4/60 edition which contained COLON's
previous article relative to the MPIPR•
ns ~ -e newspapers 11'0Uld be mailed t ~
and
with a piece of paper attahed t o ~
•
with
e notation, nindependencia Por Medio de Comun1smon
(Independence through Communism).
Attention would be directed to the appropriate articles through
having them marked with a red or other color pencil.
This matter continues to receive the attention or supervisory
and investigative personnel 1n the SJO • .Additional suggestions
will be submitted tor Bureau approval as opportunities are
presented.
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MEf.iORANDUM
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FROl( - :
(105-93124} ·
DIRECTOR, FBI
SAC, NEW YORK (105-32872}
i /-~\
. . .:·/
SUBJECT:: GROUPS SEZKING INDE!?ENDENCE
FOR PIJF..RTO RICO
.
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBV~r,,r~
cof~)TnOL SECTION
l 00: SAil JU,U
·
if
1/9''61, and NY 1etters.,
ReBulets, ll/29:60 and
12/30/60 and l/3J/6l.
·
-
'_,::.. ·... - _·.
on 1/6/Ed>, the flyers which had been approved
by ReBUlet, 1 1:~/ 4, ~ · been translated to Spanish
language by SA
were mailed out,as set forth
in Re lIY letter, l 31/61.
·
Prior to the actual mailing of these flye:::-s,
careful. groundwork was laid in order to increase the
possibility of the flyers success.
nf rmation o:f' the HYO,·
y SA
to be alert for
every opportunity to cause disruption withl.n the Puerto
Rican pro-independence mover.1ent. It t·ras pointed out to
- - . h a t d~e to the e::1ot1ng friction of the nationalist
~ r Puerto Rico (Nl'Pn) .and other group::, he should .
be particularly alert for o ~ n i t i e s to increase this ·
friction. In this respect,_ was intervi~ed regarding
•
. .
Cla.,;r;..,y hy ', .• ~'
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•· · ·· uv~. C.:.h'!!On·
2 - BUreau (105-93124)(RM
2 - San Juan {105-3353l(RM)
l - New York 100-7689 {N!?PR)
l - New York 105-4o54 )(MOVIMIENTO 21)
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~ r i n g the ccurse or a s11bsequent conversation ·
which1-ll!llhad w i t ~ the conversation shifted around
to the members ot t h ~ 21 and settled o ~
~ t e d out t o - h i s suspicio s
n~ .
~ a n d added ~ e trip ths.t
l".ad
·.
recently taken to PUei--to Rico in behalf o
and the
Marzo 21 to locate weapons for the Mar~o 21 had been a
complete failure and only wasted mo~ey from the Ma.rzo
21 treasury.
·
The a r ~ as presented b ~ were
well received b y - - ·
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'!'his was the situation, which had been established
within the Marzo 21, when the anor.~11:oi.:.s n vers were mailed •
One ot _these flye1•s was di~cted to
Source or Information of the NYO, wi 110;.i a:1~
o·, ec.ge
on his -part e.s to its origin. _.ammediately contacted
SAwalaat the NYO upon r e c e i ~ e flyer and his
vie~cerning the source of the flyers were solicited.
-.advised that it was a very pointed letter from an
~ o u s source but uru:ustakenly the work or the NPPR.
~ pointed out t h a ~ sicions
us
had recently
arisen w i ~ e :t,;nrzo 21 tha
was a true
nationalist at heart e.nd apparen .1.
,e lyer was the
reoU::.t of stories he had carried back to the NPPR
concerning the l<!ar*Du.ring the course of this interview,
.~as aslced it
i'a d received the flyer, to wh1.ch
eplied that he "d not know, but was going
·
o get in touch wit
immediately about the flyer.
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:-:---~···
the oppc,s1'.;ion.
denounced the li"'PPR end 1n e.nger
stated that he wow.
tin touch with the N'rFR and de:cand
to kno\·1 why the rlye?' t.a~ j)een sent.
.;•eo
l:n ana.'.1.y~:~,r.g the e!f'e,}•;r: c!" t.l!e i'l;rer;, e.e of'
this time, ~-~ 1s ai:'. .. ,,, .. tnat
1.3 cef!nitely
under susp1,,,.oi:. b;;•
een sche::i\.:led
to make another 'i:r:i.p o :.i-r o • , · o::i beh.<i.l!' ot the
Mar.= . 1 but this trip hZ.liiM·s
en 1nds!'iru.tely po.:3tpcned
by
In addit-1on,
has net ~:!en n.:>t1!1ed
con
l nz t
two ~oat 1•ec:eff;; m"' tin_,"S ct the Mar:;o 21
because
··s7,t•Yts he would :se.:,ort to tbe l!i:?n. It
may be
actually haa bee!l "Rpying" !:or the
~ or, i
no , ·;.ncn h e ~ s h to colla~orate Y.it?l
. _ , a t this t1.!lle a g a i n ~ a!ld the ~-3.?'ZO. 21.
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It !s !elt tm,t. the breach that existed between
the J-larzo 21 and the NPr'TI has been 1n:reased and uill
probabl~ continue as lonr, ~ e true suurce of the flyers .
does r.ot become kno~·rn a n d _ . can be lead to belj_eve that
jealcu~y is the ma::.n rea::on ibr thee.tu.ck.
It is felt that the 12/23/60 issue or "Workers
World", as s:.1i;gested in re NY letter, 12/30/60, and
approved by re B..ireau lette::-, 1 '9:61, shou.i now be mailed;
This :i.ssue will be m.'!.iled ty 2 ·'8 '6J. to six leading
mer.bers or the Nrl'R. The B'.:reau will be ad'liS ed when
the issue has been na.iled,the recipients or s~e,and also
the effects or tne ne\'l3p.per article on the NPPR when
the~· become known.
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!I·he NYO is presently working on another plan
in support of the mailings of the flyers and newspapers
and it will be su'bmitted to the Bureau in the ronn or a
suggestion, as soon as it has been completed •
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
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MEMORANDUM
TO
:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
FROM. . :
SAC, NEW YORK (105;32872)
DATE: 1/31/61
.
.
.
SUBJECT:riGROUPSSEEKING INDEPENDENCE F~R PUERTO ~I~~c(CO'l!NTER-INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
.. ·· ·
SUBVERSIVE CO~'TROL SECTION
(00: SAN JUAN)
l2/30/6o.
ReBulet dated li/29/6o, and NY letter dated
Tne flyer which was approved by reBulet was
malled on 1/6/61, to the following indlvlduals:
'
The above individuals were selected because
it is felt that they 1•ep1•esent a cross section of the
independence movement 1n NYC.
Every precaution was
taken during the preparationand the mailing of this
flyer in order that it could not be traced back to the
FBI. lt was mimeographed on cheap commercial p~per and
mulled out in a plain white envelope. They were ~e1led
from the Bronx recause of the number of pro-independence
adherents who reside in the Bronx. In the preparation,
the sten-::11 was intentionally typed L"l an off··
center manner on an older type~ri~er with deliberate
strikeovers in order that it would not look professional.
In addition, an attempt was made wnile the flyer was being
run off on the machine to vary the intensity of the ink.
(2·)2 -
1~ P.·
Bureau (105-93124) (Encgj 2)
San Juan
( tfch. 2
New York
New York
New York
New .. York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York·
New York
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The NYC is continuing its efforts to obtain·
material UPon which it can base further counter-intelligence
action.
The Bureau will be kept advised of any I'eact1on
to the flyer.
';
Two copies of the above-described flyer are
enclosed herewith for the Bureau and San Juan.
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ATENCION A USTEDES QUE QUIE.REN A liUESTA PAffirA
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Ahora,.---ent1"f., T,011otors- IJ1ene una persona que sne dice que
el t1ene el :t'uturo de nuestro pa1a en las roanos. El ae
m1ra co~o el "G-an Librador"• pero en verdad es 11U11aturo
7 estup1d0·, 7 las acc!ones de el han retrocedidaa el
movl!lliento pro 1ndependenc1a mas de 20 anos.
Esta es una lla.~ada a los part1dar1os
pr1nc1p1os de nuestros antecesores en
a no hacer caso a este advined1zo
-MoV1m1ento 21 de Marzo.
de
~luestren por acetones cuando La Hora es Madura pare La
Indeoendencia, 7 esten 11stos para iuchar bajo la direction
de un groupo de los p/ltr1otes de madurez.
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ATZNCION A UST.EDES «.:UE <,tUIERE.N A IrutSTA PATRIA :··
·>:
Hace muchos afios que nosotros luchrunos por la 11bertad
de nuestra patr1a, Puerto Rico. ~uestras lucha. .
1m::iortelizad
de Diego, perpetuaeas p
y continuadas por el rnartirio e
sus vidas en Ponce.
·
ae
Ahora, entre nosotors ~1en~...una p~rsona que 111e dice que
el tiene el :rutur.o--de -nuestro pals en las uenos. El se
mire n_p:io el· 11 Gran Li brador" • pero en verdad es iru:ia turo
y estupido~, y las acetones de el ban retrocedidas el
movimiento ~~o independencia mas de 20 afios.
Esta es una lla~.ade a los part1dar1os verdaderos de
principios de nuestros sntecesores
~ o hacer caso a este adv1ned1z
•
hovimiento 21 de Marzo.
''-'ii.estren por acciones cuando La Hora es Medure. pi1N1 La
Indeoendenc1a,·y esten 11stos para iuchar bajo la direction
de un gr-oupo de los patriotes de madurez.
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llNITED. STATES Gt 'jijj~MENT ..
A-1emorandu,h .
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TO
DATE:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
1/30/61
C
SAC, SAN .lUAN (105-3353-sub l)
- ··•·· .-.
:.':~~.<~-~--· ·.,
t:)
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR POEl!l'O RICO
-( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM) . . . . .. . ..
SUBVERSIVE COl'lrROL SECTION
.
Re
San
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Juan letter to Bureau 12/21/60.
Whe
on 1/27/61,
apologized
yet appeared 1n editions
th another matter
or "El Mundo,"
ropose editorial had not
"El Mundo" subsequent to 12/21/60.
· . . . . . . _ explained that he has numerous other
a d m i n i s t r ~ handle 1n connection with the
·
operation or "El Mundo," and that due to the fact that he
desires to personally prepare the proposed edtorial he had
not yet had the opportunity to do so, but that same would
appear 1n "El Mundo" during the week or 1/30/61.
·
called attention to an article which
had appeared 1n "El Mundo" or 12/26/60 which had pointed out·
the ract· that "El Vigia," newspaper ct' the Catholic University
Center at the University or Puerto Rico, had pointed out the
recent affiliation or the FUPI with the IUS and previously
described the IUS as a camnun1st-controlled organization.
The article referred to by - - - - - stated
that the FUPI had ronnerly enjoyed t h ~ o m e .
University students and the respect of many professors, but
that recent affiliation with the IUS was detrimental to the
FUPI and ailed attention to the lack of camnent by the IUS
during the university student riots 1n Hungary during 1956.
I
Since the appearance or the above-mentioned·article,
considerable dissension has resulted in the FUPI as is
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by the recent resignat
Organization, and FUPI
snot Jmown at this time whether
e aboveen oned resignations were affected in any way by this
article~ ~t appears that the proposed editorial will be
even more effective at this time 1n disrupting FUPI
activities.
·
Reference is made to BUlet to San Juan 11/14/60
wherein it was suggested that the San Juan Oi'fice prepare
a brief article which would be 1n the nature or alerting
Puerto JU.cans to the dangerousness or various segments or
the independence movement without using confidential infonnation received rran our sources.
careful review or San Juan files has failed to
develop the existence or such material.
A
In addition; the following series or events makes
it appear that such an article at thj.s time would be inop-
portune:·
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During December, 1960, leaders or the MPIPR,
Bufile 105-75715, traveled to New York, where they a·ttempted
to have the United Nations General Assembly, then in session,
have the "colonial status" or Puerto Rico reconsidered by
that organization. They issued statements which appeared in
local press to the effect that the United Nations resolution
for the abolishment or colonialism throughout the world made
it imperative that the United states grant immediate independence
to Puerto Rico.
Subsequently, Dr. ARTURO J.toRALES CARRION, Commonwealth
Undersecretary or state, issued a public statement to the effect
that, in his opinion, the interpretation by MPIPR members or the
u~ted.,.Nations resolution was entirely in error.
/r the MPIP,
een a lowed space n local press o
2~tack the opinion or MORALES CARRION as well as statements,
made by him to both stateside and Puerto Rican press services.
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From the above it lfOuld appear that the article
proposed in Bulet of llfi4/60 would possibly be detrimental
to the ultimate objective which it 1s hoped will be achieved
" through this program.
All Agents assigned to security work 1n the San
Juan Off'ice are aware of this program, and continued ef'f'orts
will be made to f'ully e:xploit it in connection with the investigation or the various organizations seeld.ng independence
for Puerto Rico.
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During Novernl>er, 1960, we began a Counterintelligence . · .
· ~·
.Prograiil directed against the fuerto Rico nationalists with
particular emphasis on the Federacion Universitarios i'ro lnde- .. \
pendencia (flJi:'l), a student organization in Puerto l(ico whic~.,.)
·.
bas become increasingly procolllluunist.
·,..-~..
•
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one of the countenneasures directed against tlJFI was
editorial prepared by the San Juan Office for rintin in
·
lan""Ua .e
·
h • ;·
a
empllas1ze the .coi;u,1w11st 1n1·11tration of
in an editorial which ap.r,earecl in the
4
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San Juan advises the editorial has had the following
results to date:
l.
flJl·I leaders have planned to discontinue
pro-Castro demonstrations.
i.
A well~known communist prepared a cablegram
in support of the Cuhan Government and ...sked .
FUPI to add its name. flJYl leaders declined
in an attempt to show noncommunist members
they are not under communist control.
\\·,...-
A fonner 1:-lJl'I member came to the San Juan Office
5-1-61 and said he had read the editorial and
desired to furnish infonnation ai>out flJi'I in
order to fight conununism.
/.'1. _.
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4.
ACTlN:
REC- 96 /(.. 1, -
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J. present flJl·I mAftoet, who had pa°'rficipated ·-
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in the picket of the San Juan Office on
4-13-61, came to the San Juan office ..nd
.
_
· ---'----- furnished information. His cooperation i s - attributed to the editorial.
MAY l8 l96l
16
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In view of the results being obtained, continued
empimsis w~~~- be placed on this phase of ~u invest!gations •.··
· 105-93124 ;:ft/\···
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TO
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
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FR.oii
:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub
lf,QNF:
0 aBOUPS
SEEKING.INDEPENDENCE FOR
_PUERTo··ru:co (COUNTER INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM).·
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
.
Re San Juan letter to Eureau 1/30/61 concerni,n~-.~... -~.--••llil)
publishing of editorial in "El Mundo." 7'Lt.tm-r.a. ' .,, ~····
1•• •2!11 !S 1-:;:!o!'.SS!~ l ~ ·
:i:;,:r~r 1,.,!..~ sm;~ • ·.
Enclosed are two copies to Bureau and one to New York
.,r translation of an editorial which appeared in "El Kundo"
dated 4/'27/61, actually published and released on afternoon
of 4/26/61. Translation was made by San Juan Office
Translato~
.
·
It is noted this editorial is essentiallv the same
al previously furnished to
of "El Mundo", with appropr·ia i:.e c a g
ments in the FUPI.
·
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For the information of the Bureau and New York the
following series or events transpired just prior to the
publish1n.;,; of this editoriai and are believed to have created
the proper atmosphere for w h i c i - . . . . w a s waiting
prior to issuance of this e d i t o ~
April 13, 1961:
it~h
· f] g: ;::i"
·
April l9, l96l,
FUPI picketed the San Juan Office of the
~:~~;;~::~;·;~;;~;::;::;;.:,dra,
,-
.1·
(section of Metropolitan San Juan) when
·1 L' ~ ~ - " "
news received that FIDEL CASTRO had wiped
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ou t i nva di ng f orces. Demons t ra ti on en d e d i n
~ 0 ,., ' " I(
r' •. •• violence as a result of clash when anti-CASTRO
:~ ~ ~ :'..1.i
, , · ,:·.~'//' students and 12 FUPI members were arrested.
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A three day counter p eke was begun by ari :;:' · ·
estimated 300 to 400 anti- UPI, anti-Communist· · -.
students in front or the University or Puerto -_
Rico (UPR). According to press releases, the ·
members of this picket were from variou_s political
and religious groups and were organized under
the name "committee for Suppor.t of the True
Cuban Revolution", to show that the FUPI 1 s proCASTRO and pro-Communist views do not represent
the views of the majority or the UPR student
body.
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April 24, 1961:
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On 5/1/61
, a former member or the FUPI,
entered the San Juan o
an a vised he had read the above
editorial in "El Mundo" and desired to furnish all information
1n his possession to assist in the fight against communist
orientation or UPR Students.
.,
On 5/2/61
, a current member or ·
the FUPI and one o
uals who participated in the
4/13/61 FUPI picket of the San Juan Office, entered the San
Juan Office and furnished information in his possession
concerning FUPI activities. indicated he had "broken
with" the FUPI as a result o ~ a c t that CANT
had recently
conr.irmed hie connection with Russia. Althoug
did not
mention the editorial it is felt the appearance o
s editorial wa
one or the prime .motives for his defection from the FUPI.
Any additional reaction to this editorial will be furnished.
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TRANSLATION FROM THE SPANISH
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EL MUNDO.
EDITORIAL
San Juan, Puerto Rico
.Aprn: 27, 1961
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A WORD OF WARNING
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The true feelings or tbe University student body were
fully manifested this week in a greet anti-CASTRO and antiCol!!Blllniat demonstration staged by the students of O'LI' primary
educational institution. The activity was essentielly a ory
against Communist. infiltration in America and against the
tyranny, which hurts Puerto Rico's rlesh and sou1, of FIDEL
CASTRO, the man whom we ell thought a hero and a redeelll8r end
who ended by showing his true colors as a traitor and one or
the moat abo:ininable despots.
In view or the events which are jolting the awareness
of the tree world et the present time, there is an urgent need
for more citizen demonstrations such as the one staged by the
students of the University of Puerto Rico. We are not dealing·
here ~~th a political activity and much lease partisan one.
lie are dealing with a manifestation of the natural repulsion
that we,·those 'Who love freedom end buman rights, feel in Tiew
of the mockery or that freedom and ot those rights which ls
being demonstrated at the present time in Cuba. It le e questioQ
of deciding to stand firm end or facing the horrifying threat
banging over the Universe or the gradual suppression of the
freedom of the world, man by man, oountry by country, stifled
by Soviet Machiavelliam.
We b~ve kept silent tor a long time concerning the
young men who belong to the Federation of University Students
for Independence (PUPI). In Puerto Rico, we have always felt
a deep respect !or those who favor independence as the !'inal
political solution for the Island. But with the aeme oons!stency
with which we have !elt respect for those who defend that ideal
honorably, we condemn and repudiate those who want to achieve
independence throiagh violent 1118thoda.
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[ENCLOSURE
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~bfr b • oountrJ •••t beliom
totalitarianism; that believes in persuasion, not coercion •. 'l'hat ·
is why'Mondsy's anti-CASTRO demonstration signities a repudiation
or tbe impression the FUPI wanted to create that the UPR student -,
body favored Cuba' E frigtening tragedy.
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We know there are in the FUPI a number of young . . n
who really believe its goal is to favor Puerto Rico's independence
and do not realize they are precisely working against 'that ideal.
~e feel obliged to warn those young men that the FUPI has been
infiltrated by Moscow. It is not a secret that aome or its·
leaders have spent a great deal or time in countries behind the
Iron Curtain, receiving training in the subversive tactics or
Communism, in order to oome to Puerto Rico and create restlessness
ard trouble in the name or independence. Russia does not oare
one bit about Puerto Rico's independence. Bow oan a power that
bolds ao many millions or human beings enslaved bave a 00111110n
cause with those who favor that ideal for Puerto Rico. Bussie
is interested in taking advantage not ot the independence
iiiovement, but or any movement that serves to bide their ainister
purposes until the opportunity arises_ to give a coup de grace
to sovereignty ard to selt-determination.
All Puerto Ricans, not only University students, bave
the responsibility of recognizing ard energetically repudiating
those organizations that \Be ·independence as a pretext to
play into the bands or Moscow. And everyone must be on guard
against the infiltration or Kremlin's soldiers or fortune who
go from country to country promoting tbe black cause or communism.
There are also aome here under orders to agitate ana provoke
disturbances, to divide in order to conquer.
Our country is democratic and that is why even the.
enemies or our freedom and our rights have the privilege to move
and express themselves freely. The tact that even they have their
rights protected under the cloak or democracy, against 'Which
they per~doxically conspire, is one or the reasons we must be
doubly and· constantly vigilant.
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GROUPS SEEKING INIEPE1'£ENCE FUR
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rrERTO RICO (COL'?\TERil\TEU..IGENCE rROGR.\M)
SUll\'ERSIVE COl\TRIJL SECTlOti
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Reurlet December 30, 1960.
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In the recent past, lenders of the l\ationalist · ·
Party of Puerto Rico (NPPR) have indicated a desire to
be kn?wn ~s the lending pro-l•uerto Rican independence
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organ1zat1on.
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It appears that the article in the Dccecber 23,
1960, issue of the •workers World• 'l'hich designated the·
f.\ovi1dento Pro lndependencia O~PI} and the Z.lovimiento
21 de f.larzo (21st of 1r:arch) as the two principal
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indepen·jence groups and n:ade no mention of the l\PPR. . .
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could widen the breach which already exists bet\\'een the
anu the 21 de z.:arzo.
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l\PPR
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~ew York should obtain copies of the
issue to be anonycously ir.ailed to only the pr1nc1pal
rs·of the l\PPR in l\ew Yori.:. In the article r~ferred to
above, you should only underline the words •principal inJependence
groups• and •the f.lov,ento 21 de Marzo. • The .only notation
should be, •seel~e
written in ~ a n g u a g e . The
article on page
whic i d e n t i f i e d ~ a ~ o Rican
indepen~cnce lea er and sets out nn interview w i t h - should
be suitably marked to specify it as the article of interest.
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Advise Bureau as soon as the •uorl:crs World•
copies have been lllailed and the identities of the recipients.
111creafter, New York should discreet!~ deteminc any reaction
to the receipt of this anonyl!loUS mailing and advise the
Oureau and San Juan.
All of the usual precautions should be taken in
. the nnonyta.>Us i.,a i lings to prevent thee froc being traced
E,;====l~cl: tu the fDI.
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Letter
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Groups Seeking Independence for
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Puerto Rico (Counterintelligence Program)
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105-93124
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· By letter November 29, 1960, New York was
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authorized. to prepare for anon~ous 11ailin-sb
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e mimeographed flyer which compared
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of the 21 de J i a r z ~
h ·•Puerto 1can martyrs• c,f
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andp,omted out that
immature, unintelligent and
selfish actions were setting t
dependence movement back 20
years. The NPPR was excluded as a recipient of this flyer to
cause the 21 de Marzo to suspect the NPPR as the originator of
the flyer and thus widen the breach between the two groups.
The 21 de Jlarzo office is located...il.L.1!!..e headquarters
of the Workers World Party in New York, an~could be readily
sus~ected byf.lMh
NPPR because he has easy access to.tional
copies of th
· ssue of the •workers World.
has, on
several occasions,
ed actions of violence to be carr ed out in
Puerto Rico to the point that leaders of the NMhave contacted.him
in an attempt to have him desist, stating that
actions
would be harmful to the entire Puerto Rican in epen ence movement.
is an arrogant Puerto Rican braggart and he has rejected all
~requests of the NPPR. A sin~le currently important objectiv~
of the movement is to um:e the efrorts of all independence groups
which seek Puerto Rican independence.liie NPPR desires that it be
known as the. .
·ng group. The page
rticlc in the •workers
World• sho~5
as a Puerto·Rican Uepcndence leader and sets
forth 11anl' o
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anti-United States views.
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DATE:
12/30/60 C : _:
S.,C, NF.\·( YORK (105-32872)
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SUBJECT:
QGRO~PS_ SEEKING INDE?EWDENCE FOR
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P_QErlTQ _RI<;:_Q .TCOuN 'ffirlillTELLIGEJI CE
S\jBIJE~-?SIVE CONTROL SECTION
( 00: SAIi JUAN)
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ReBulet 11/29/60, and w.llet 11/1~/60 •
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· The nye1• which l-:as su·:1;estcd in re:,net and
approved in re.9ulet has been translated into the !,punish
larpu!J.r.-e, prepared for mimeop:ra:_:,htnc::, a!1d individu:i.ls have
been f<elected to receive this flyer. It is anticipated
that these individuals will receive this flyer durinr:: the
week of' January 1, 1961.
In the
issue of "Workers ..:orld", the
of'.ficial r>ilblicatlon oi' ti1e Workers World Party, on par,e
1, colwnn l·, there appears an article entitled "United
Liberation Groups Picket 11or Puerto ,lican Independence".
Infol"!llation is set forth in this article that a demonst:-ati on was held at the United Ila tions on I>e cernber 10, 1960 •
demanding freedom and independence for Puerto Hico.
'Ibis article states 11 'lbe two prii:cioal independence groups, the Hovimiento Pro Independencia (liP) and
the Hovimiento 21 de Ma.rzo (21st of Ha.rch) were present:
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'Ihe NYO feels that this article offers an oppo:::-tuni ty to "needle" the llPPJl by briui;ir:f( to t.heir attention the fact that they a.re not considered to oe one of
the principal independence F,!'ouos. It. ii, su,·:,-:csted that
the 1:-£0 o~tain 5 or 6 copi:s of this is sue or 11 ·fo.:-kers ;forld",
and mail them to prir.cipal rne1,1bers of tbe ;)Fp;~ with a hand-;;/
written_ notation in Spanish, 11 'fue J;pp;i sits on its hands
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wl:ile the independence moveracnt r:rows".
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In
arti~ appearin:: c,n pa[.e
there is a se cur!d ,,,.. ~,
ccl,:n.--i 1, rel a ti!lt;
an int.ervi"w ,-,1th
;,f the 21 de ~.arzo,
vhcrein he sct:s fo:-tb ne nurpoi:cs
the 21 -de ,-.arzo and
his views conccrr:in,; the nresent ,,overrn·.er:t in fue1•to ,:j co.
It is felt that it would oe ~orth~:ule for the
l~eders of the I1PFR to also read this e.!'ticle a:-,d t:,ere
1dll be a handwritten not11.tior: on the fir~ t oai·e directinr
their att.(,ntion to par::~
l:houl<.I this su;··!•es tion be a·,proved it is felt
that s.p;;roximately J weeks should elat1se oetweE.n the tL1e.
the !'lycr is sent oat and the tir:ie tho. t the paper is ,nailed.
'l'he 1-:Yv will a,-:ait the Bureau's observations
concern in, this sugces tion.
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
IIATE:
12/21/60 \
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
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ReBuAirtel 12/14/60.
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On 12/20 60
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I called on J,lr.
He received us i very rien
interested in discussing the
by international corrununism. He appeared happy to receive
the proposed editorial, and promised us that he would give
it his most careful attention. Though he did not promise
any specific date for publication, he seemed to feel that
such an editorial would serve a useful purpose. It ~s
possible that the actual decision concerning the editorial
will be influenced by a current attack upon the newspaper
by co~.munist elements in Puerto Rico.
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Mr.
appeared well oriented 1n
University of Puerto Rico_ affairs, and well aware of the
threat inherent in corrununist·penetration of the student
body. There is every reason to believe that he will desire
to cooperate with us and we will follow thls matter closely,
keeping the Bureau currently advised.
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susJECT:
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<:r.oUPs s:nr.1rm Il':I;:P3l'·!D3riCS FOR Pu..1:10 n1co
( cmm L::!!H:TZLLI GZ:-:cz P~OG!W,I)
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S~VSRSIV~ cor:mOL SZCTION
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. The purpose of this mc~orandum is to auvisc concerninr'
a tc<;Jmiquc Jan Juan desires to utilize in connection with the
capt 1onec; prorra1:1,Attacl1eli San Juan airtel 12-6-60 shows a p ~
ecii orinl S,:n ~'unn ucsires to furnish to s;~c c o n t a c . . . . _
,f • ..::1 i!unoo, • San Juan I s lcnu1~;
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FlJPI is a pro-I-·uerto Rican 1nc.,cpenuence stuc.cnt
i,roup at the University of I·uerto Idco which has both nationalist
ano comr.mnist influences. In October, 1Y60, FJPI bee.inc a r.iembcr
of JTJ!i, .in • interm:tional COI:ll.'1!.mist frontn controlled by the
Soviet Union.
•:21 ,luncio• has previously c.irricu articles showinr:
FUPI is a rnc~ber of Jrys.
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105-9312,;
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·TI1c proposed c<iitorinl points out the Fccerocion de
!Jniversit.irios Pro In<lci)enc.enci.i (FJPI) affili.ition with aml
ciirection by the International TJnion of Stuc..ents (JU.;), Pngue, ·
Czcchosolv.ik.ia, followed by a charoctcrizntion.of the Ill.a as
obtnineci from the !louse Guide to Subversive Crianizations ana
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1-ublications.
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OEC 15 1960
FUPI)
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:t;:.: . GRO'JPS .:i:d:.::~n·:G n-:::EPEND3I!C~ FO?. l>'ERTO RICO
105-0312"f
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FUPI is a perfect meclium throu:rh which the IU5 can
O.i)crate in l-uerto Rico to umlcmine tl1e prestit•e of the ..
Unite<l States in Latin America. In this rcr;arci, San Juan
. .
bas been previously instructed to make every effort to evolve ·, ·
some plan um,er this pror,-ram to combat col!lillnnist influences in .
f1JPI.
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Several F'JPI officers are anticor.l!l!lnist. TI1cy. as
well as the .reneral public in fucrto Rico, may not be aware
of the extent of co!'.lirrunist <ionination of the IUS. TI1e proj>osc<i
editorial woul<l serve the double p!lr.i)osc of crcatin: disruption
in tl1e F':JPI boarll of c.iirectors anci <l.iscourare public support
of FUPI activities.
.
The proposed editorial should be prepared n:, nlain
~ J a r k e u boncl anu confidentially furnisi1ed to
~ who is an S!.C contact, with the su~estion tl!.i
,. ·
tl1e infornation for publication in ·~l i!unc..o.•
shoul~ be advised that the source of the infomation m!lst
in complete confiticnce.
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ACTIO~,.
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If you a:"ree, an airCiis attac~ecl wl1ich cont.iins
instructions
in accoru with the abov1:. observations.
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To: SAC};JSa~ Juan (105-3353)
From: Direc;Jr: llY! \\.05-93124)
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Mr.
Jlr.
Mr.
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l,lr.
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUI,TEIUNTELLIGJ:NCE PROGIWI)
Stm'r'l::i":SIVE CONJROL SECTION
Reurairtel 12-8-60.
The proposed editorial shown in reairtel should
be prepared on elain unwatcrmarked bond pap
personally furnish tbe proposed editorial to
and sur.r.:cst he l!lay desire to utilize the infor;;i
1n Iillo e
or i
nblication in •El Nundo.• In your discussions
with
he should thoroughly understand tl1at
this m
en furnished in co1:1pletc confidence
and that under no circlllJstances should the Bureau be
divulge__d as being the source of the material.
Advise Bureau when editorial is published and
furnish a copy of the editorial as it appears in •n1 1-!undo.•
Thereafter, you should advise the Bureau of anyreaction to
the editorial.
NQll:
See merno ~ . same date, sane
subject, ~
TC:skw/bgc.
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MAILED 27
DEC 14 1960
COMM-FBI
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Date:
12/8/6()- -
ReBuA1rtel 12/6/60;
The following editorial is suggested for
publication 1n "El Mundo":
aFUPI ~ IDstrument or World communism?
•In a recent edition this newspaper reported
resu1ts of the World Congress of the International
Union or Students (IUS); held at Baghdad, Iraq 1n
tendl!WIW:ers
nd
At this congress.
, epresen e
y ne FUPI delegates~
was chosen to form part of the Secretariat
of the IUS Executive Committee and was chosen as
a permanent member of this Executive Committee;
A subsequent article 1n this newspaper revealed
that the FUPI conducted a picket 1n front or the
French Consu1ate 1n Santurce on December l 1n
co trol of
by France~
stated at
was being conducted at
the request or the IUS, a statement clearly
indicating direction or the FUPI by the IUS.
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"The normally articu1ate FUPI officers have
failed to publicise the fact that the IUS, with i.ts
··:)
(3 - Bureau (RM)
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nit 1s apparent that the.FUPI, which has
heretofore concerned 1.tself with its peacefu1
struggle ror the separation or Fuerto Rico f'rom
the United States and has conducted its activities
in a manner becoming the dignity or Un1.versity students,
has now degraded 1.tself to the role or an
·
instrument or the international COlll:Ilunist propaganda
oOa111paign~ Members or the FUPI would do well to
re~appraise their-objectives lest they 1ose the
respect or those who apprec1.ate the democratic
system of government 1n Fuerto Rico.- with or without
af'f1l1.ation with the United. states. n
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headquarters 1n Prague; c:~choslovak1a; . ~s ~
international communist-controlled organization'>_
set up specifically f'or the spreading of' 1ts insidious.
propaganda through organizations having the power
to attract non-commun~ members; 'lhe ~Guide to --.
.
Subversive
and Fublications•-,
- . - prepared and;""Organizations
released by ~e Committee on Un-·_
American Activities~ U~ s. House of' Representatives,
Washington~ D;c., states the IUS is one of the - -- ... •long-established Soviet-controlled international
organizations• which speak identical 1ines or
propaganda and stand together on all phases or
soviet foreign policy;;•
'!his guide also states
the IUS 1.s among international Commun1s~- f'ronts
functioning at the present time~
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GROUPS SE!'l(ING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(C0'.JI','1TJUl\i'ELLIGCNCE PROGIWO
SUD\'ERSIVE cor-rrROL SECTION
'\·· -
:
· The purpose of this memorandum is to advise concerning.
a tc~lmiquc San Juan desires to utilize in connection vitb the
·
captioned program.
.
.
·
·
. .
.. .
Attached San Juan airtel 12-8-60 shows a pr--oDosed
~
ocsires to furnish to SAC contact
of • ~I i!unuo, • San Juan's le.. 1n~,
r•
. The proposed editorial points out tl1c Federccion de
Universitarios Pro lndependencia (FUPI) affiliation witl1 and
uirection by the International Union of Students (IU5), l'ngue,
Czecl1os0Ivakia, followed by a characterization of the !US as
obtained from tl1e House Guide to Subversive Or~anizetions and
l·ublications •
•
onsmVATIQl'{S; .
i
FUPI is a ~ro-Puerto Rican independence student
group at the Univers1 ty of Puerto Rico wl1ich ht!s both nationalist
and communist influences. In October, 1960, .f':JPI beceme a member
of IUS, an •internotional communist front• controlled by the
Soviet Union.
•EI 1:Unuo• has previously carried articles showinr,
FUPI is a member of IUS.
Enc.
L,lef-93124
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ENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
105-03124
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FUPI is a perfect r.iediurn throur.h which the 1qs can
operate in Fuerto tico to undermine the prestige of the .
Qnited States in Latin America. In this re~ard, San Juan
·
bas been previously instructed to make every effort to evolve
some plan under this program to combat communist influences in
.
I'
FUPI.
Several FUPI officers are antico!ll!:l11nist. 111cy, as
well as tl1c reneral public in-1-'uerto lUco, mny not be aware
of the extent of cor.i:aunist <iomin:::tion of the IUS. The proposed
editorial would serve the double purpose of creating disruption
in the FUPI board of directors and discouraze public support
of FUPI activities.
·
The proposed editorial should be p r e p a r e~in
~··
11m·:atcmarkeu bontl and confidentially furnisl1ed to
· - w h o is an SAC contact, with the su::r;estion thnt 1c , •. ·
~ e information for publication in •El num.lo.• . . . . . . .
~ o u l t l be allvised that tbe source of the infol1!Ult1on t1'.1St
be held in co1:1plete confiucnce.
.
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If you ar.ree, an airtel is attached which contains
instructions in accord with the above observntions.
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During 1960 FUPI members have traveled or received "'.:.; · .
invitations to travel to Collllllunist China Czechoslovakia, Poland.
~irj tr~rland 1 I1·aq 1 Cuba, Mexico. Venezuela. and other Latin- · t>:· American countries. Much of the travel expenses were reporteclly ·•·
:ti~ed "by the organization which extended the invitation to . ,_:+;~--
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The potential influence of FUPI is apparent when·· ··
it is considered there are 16 1 000 students at the University.
Although, FUPI numbers its members as only •several .hundred.•.
on October 20 1 1960 1 1,500 students participated in the .
· demonstration,_planned and led by FVPI leaders, against food
prices at the University cafeteria. This indicates how
FVPI can extend its influence among the student body and
increase its adherents.
•
'·
In view of the above you should make every effort
to evolve some plan under the Counterintelligence Progam to .
combat the communist influence in FUPI. In accord vitb
established procedures under this Program, you should submit
your observations and reco11JDendations to the Bureau prior to
the implementation of the plans by your office.
With
-t
nny counterintelligence 11;easures to
you sliould bear in 11,ind tl1at
he University law school •.
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Reurairtel 12-J-60.
The Bureau desires that you promptly prepare .
proposed editorial along the linessuggested in rcairtel
for submission to the Bureau.
·
After consideration at the Bur-:-eu
~ v i s e d relative to contacting
. 1 - New. York· (105-32872)
concerning
nacpendencia ·
;; 2? iii
with the International Union of Students (IUS),
§ ~ i a Soviet controlled international front located at Prague,
< 0 ~ Czechoslovakia. FUPI is a pro-independence student group at
:. w 8 the University o_ f Puerto Rico, wli:h has both nationalist and
o
communist inf.J,ucnces. FUPI in 10-60 became member of IUS. Some
.,
Q;f-FUP.I officers are anticommunist m<l San Juan feels these
i.
<iffice:rs:-and the general public in l'uerto Rico are not fully
i
aware-Of the extent of conuuunist domination of IUS. f t ·
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hat
FUl'I
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member
of
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roll the House uide to Subversive Organizations
• ~':, _ _ and-PUblications would serve the double purpose of creating a
R . . . . _-_-:_-:_-:_rift within. tb
.FUPI Board and discouraging pu~lic support of
Tom• _ _ FUPI, s acJ! ~ . ~s.
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DIRECTOR. FBI (105-93124) .
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FROM:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 sub 1)
SUBJECT: 0moUP,S_SEEJWlG INDEPENDENCE FOB
PUERfQ iri:co...(coUNTE-RINTELLioENCE
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL"""SECTION
PROGRAM)
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Re Bureau letter to San Juan, 11/14/60.
/(.
A situation has recently developed within the
\ •
Federacion de Universitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI) which \
appears to present an excellent opportunity for the employment
of a disruptive tactic by using public source material for an
editorial in nEl Mundon. This concerns the recent affiliation
of the FUPI with the International Union or Students (IUS) •
. Prague. Czechoslovakia.
It is Jmown that several officers of the FUPI are
anti-Communist. It is felt these individuals. as well as the
. general p~blic 1 may not be fully aware of the extent of Communist
domination of the IUS. Recent press releases by the FUPI to
"El Mundon. revealed that Puerto Rico. represented by the FUPI1
had been made a member of the IUS Executive Committee and had bean
chosen to fonn part of the Secretariat and that the FUPI, 1n
response to a request or the IUS1 had conducted a picket of the
French Consulate in San Juan in protest to Freech control or
Algeria. It is felt an editorial pointing out the rtn'.I~s
affiliation wit;h__and direction::by-the~ros;-rollowed by a brief
characterization of the IUS as obtained from the House Olide to
Subversive Organizations and Publications. would serve the doubl
purpoae of creating a rift within the FUPI Board and discouragi
public support or FUPI activities •
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Special A11ent in Cbarqe
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_i-lfillITO RICO (COUhTERil\'TaLIGENCE PROORMi)
SUI3Y~SIVE CONTROL SXfION
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November 28, 1960.. :
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The purpose of this memorand
nioue ._
New York desires to utilize against
.Movimiento 21 de ~larzo, in the Burea s co
e 1gence progr
against Puerto Rican nationalists to attempt to diminish his influence
among Puerto Rican nationalists in New York.
A Spanish-language mimeographed flyer will be prepared
by the New York Office on Wllllarked collllllercial paper, enclosed
in plain white envelopes, and mailed anonymously to selected
individuals
in other Puerto Rican nationalist groups in New York
\ with the exception
of the Nationalist Party of hlerto Rico (NPPR).
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The flyer will briefly compare
·· h "Puerto
martyrs" of the past and state that
,!lllature, unintelligent,
and selfish actions are setting the indepen ence movement b a c ~
The flyer will call upon other nationalists to ignore \ years.
and his organization.
I Rican
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Ex.eluding the 'J\PFR as a recipient of the flyer could cause
the 21 de J.larzo to suspect tl1e NPl'R originated the flyer thus widening
the breach which already exists between these two groups •
•'
Observations:
....-ais a selfish unintelligent, Puerto Rican braggart
who loo~imself as a leader. He has planned violence and has
influencej others to go to Puerto~to
carry out his plans but as
yet he has not led his followers.
the type of leader who
sends oti1ers to accomplish violenc
e remains safely in
New York making proclamations.
105-93124
Enclosure-·
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DEC 2 1960
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MemoranJ
Re: (;rou
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105-93124
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(Cow1terintelligence Program)
•1
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lVe should make every reasonable effort to eliminate bis
influence among .hlerto Rican independence groups.
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ACTION:
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If you agree, there is attached a letter~pproving ·.
the preparation and distribution of anonymous flyer suggested
by New York, with precautionary instructions included.
.
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<mJ!.iTS S!:'.J.H:G lND'.il'f.Nl>-:NCE FOR
l'U'-l!TO Rl CO ( CtlUNT~cl!ITEU..l G:NCE l'RC•GRJ..M) .
SIIDV'J:51 VE CoUfROL SEt,'TlON
Re New York letter 11-15-60.
"'
,
Thi? Durenu ,:pprov<!s the prepnr.ation tmd
Jistribution of th,:: r.rwrjT!Ol.L~ fly~r StJi::;.::stc:l. in
rcl.!t.
The fly::r eJ1ould be t1iii:eo.'.!l'a1•!?:.:.J o'.'l j1l:-!r:
coi:.:::~rcir.l 11111,er in the ty,,c of l~11~e nor..i11IJ.y
us::j by l't:crto ticmi netionnlists. The plnin
CllY<!lo;>::s sl1ould be l'.ddrcsscd to recipients in the
liRnncr they or<Unarily receive Dail. Distribution
of the flyer should be linite! to no n:orc thv11 three
k::y incliviuua1s ir. ea ch Puerto Ric:m nc>tior.clist
p-oUf '11'1::> wo!!ld W1ucrsta11..i the siJ;nific<"nce of
tltc f.tycr ~n-1 co-:rld be e~cc~cc! to ,liscl':.i; 'the
rccci;,t of the flyer r.i-:h others. t,s s'hown iu
rcl~t. key indiviuuals in the Nationalist t<r.rty
of Puerto Rico should be onitted as reci1,icnt~ of
tlic flyer.
·
•
Advise Bur.:?en RS soon as the 1'lyer:l have
bcl!n EcilcJ mid send two copies to the &urenu.
r-:cw York. should discreetly dctcrcir.c ar.y
rce~tior:. to t:ie rcc.::i;,t of t:1is fly1.r nr:1 R lvi!'ic the
Uur~au &nd S.:."1 Juan.
NOV 3 fl 1960
All of t:1-:· i1su.:l r-recs1ttio:1z s'!lould be
t:il;c:~ ii. t\e a;.,o;.;.JJ;;ol!S reallin.;s to fr.!Vent t:tc fly-:rs
t·ro1:. be ir~ tr::c.::J h.:.ck to t::e mI.
COMM-F81
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c:ff...-ctiv~ i~!:.L our ,:;ff".lrts cor:::l~t,:ly Jt:stificd onl.r
-.brj-,;ir.g ~1,out the Jisru_,tion o:f P.ctiv1 ties oi" notioi::i ist
P-vU..'lS \l'J,L:~ _s~ek r·.. crto J::icar1 s~r,:-rc11·i ·· f"ror.; the
llnitell Stotes throuth force md viol· cl! ·
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YELL.o1,:
SUbject;
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DIRECTOR., FBI (105-66754)
SAC, -
YORK
DATE:
(105-32872)
ll/l.5/60 ~'-'~' .·.
..
~1E
6'~ROUPS- SEEKING ..INDEPENDENCE
'\··:-- •
.!"()R PUERTO RICO ( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM) . SUBVERSIVE CONTROL5r -· 7·, ,, •1
-
coo=---san-Juaril--
-·
Re Bureau letter dated 9/13/60.
A revi.ew of the riles or the NYO has been
made concerning the activities of Puerto Rican pro-independence groups which seek independence by other than peaceful
means, as well as the files on the counterintelligence
program as it relates to the Communist Party. It is believed
that upon instituting a counterintelligence program in this
field, ef£orts should be directed with the following aims in
mind:
·
I.
Disrupj;ion and discord.
II.
Creating doubts as to the wisdom of remaining in the independence movement.
III.
Causing def.ections rrom the in~endence
movement.
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The suggested means of obtaining these desired·'-*'
ends are as follows:
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· '
Exploiting factionalism Within an
organization.
Factionalism is a common fault within proindependence groups and it is believed that this existing
element can be developed, enlarged and exploited. As an
example, after the demise of the Accion Patr1ot1ca
- p -
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(105-66754) (RM)
2 1 San Juan (105-3353) (RM}
~-: New York (105-32872) (#413)
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17 105-32872
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subsequent formation oft~~
there existed
...
'-·, .... -.
1ith his AFR J:o.;.2.o:·1ln;.;,
the Marzo 21. Friction,
n these two at that time, can be
exploited throu6 h the use of an informant to point out
to one, the inefficiency of ·the other. and in general
conversation "fan the fire" of existing friction thereby
helpin5 to bring about a factional split •.
,,
Secomlly, the use ot handwritten, ano~lllous
letter:; directed to one ;,;roup in uhich the ::;eed or·
suspicien· is planted concernin.; the real motivation and
seal of -the other :;roup.
2) Promoting friction betl'leen various pro. _independence groups.
·
The Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico considers
its~l? tho true and only pro-independence group ca~able
of c.::rry.,:~.:; forth an effective pro:;ram for obtainin::; Fu~rto
Rican inclo::,:-endencc. It lool:s upon other pro-:iLJcr•cnjence ;;rovp::;
as s::>m:?ti,iP.; that ic inferior and in some im; t;;.nce:: has a
definite h a ~ t h e r pro-independence Group. For example,
at the :t;irne ._.....,.-ms or:;anizing his APR memcers for
departure to Puerto Rico to conduct a revolution (late 1959) the
NPF:: ar.a other pro-independence groups were c::tremely critical
orlllll::.nd his orJanization.
.'i.
•
In this instance the use of informants and anonymous
letter:; couJd i:;c used, as set forth ir. number l above, and in
addition a mirneo;;raphed flyer could be utiliz~d in conSt.mcticr:
with the anonymous letters, crit:icizini; the leadership of the
or.:;.?r.i::atlon ar.d givin_; the im::>ression that it ha,.l been prepared
by another !1ro-independence croup •
.
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.
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NY 105-32872
.,''
3) Questioning the indiscriminate
an organization's money.
Puerto Rican pro-independence group members
__ are requ1red to pay money into the organizations' treasuries
but, as far as can be detennlned, some of this money is used '
for the personal convenience of t h e ~ example of
this occurred in January, 196o, wile
was arrested
as a scofflaw in NYC, and he used money rom
e APR treasury
_to pay his fine, which was to_ be used to promote t~lut1on
in Puert~, where APR members were waiting f o r - AB
a r e s u l t - never did go to Puerto Rico • .
In instances such as this, friction between the
members and the leaders can be developed through the use of
infonnants and anonymous letters.
4) Questioning the wisdom of allowing nonPuerto .Rican groups to be influential in the independence
, movement.
In this respect it is noted that for the most
part the Puerto Rican movement has been made up of individuals
of Puer~o Rican ancestry.
·
}}\::;)
/c.:;,~1.:)
(jji]!l
.
'
In NYC at present, however, - . . . , , , _ n d his
follg>ters are associating with, and u s i n g ~ e s of,
toe-.'.'Workers World Party. The WWP is a splinter group of the
Socialist Workers Party and are known a~arcyites. In an
iOstance such as this, it is felt that an-opportunity is
presented whereby mimeographed flyers could be directed to
various individuals of the different pro-independence groups
pointing out the "intrusion" of the WWP and worded in such a
way as to indicate that the SWP was the originator or the
flyelln".
·
f
The above items are submitted as suggestions as
a beginning. They in no way cover the vast field of possibilities
tne' counterintelligence program as numerous instances will
doubtedly arise from time to time whereby new ideas can be
nnulated which can further promote such a program.
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In an ini tia 1 effort ir, this pro;,;ram tl1e HYO ·
su.;gests the preparation of the followin - :!
".•;1.:r,:7.s
1
mimeographed flyer concernin
·:--2'
nd his followers. The actua . repar.;. ·:..o.: 01
-~
~ r will be held in abeyance pendinG receipt of
the observations of the Bureau concerning this su;gestion.
:1
!
Attention Those of You -~'/ho Love the Fatherland
For years \'le have :;tr-..i;;3led to brin:; freedom to
Puerto Rico. our strug::;les arc irmn
alized ln _:;t.;.ch as
JOSE de DIEGO, carried on by
and in the ;:;reat
efforts displayed by the martyr
gladly gave their
lives at Ponce.
Hol'I in our midst rises one who con:;tar:tJ.y claims
tl~a t the fut:ure of Puerto Rico is in hi:; han:i::. He looks
upon himsc!f as the "Great Liberator·', but l"lho::;c actlor.:;
reveal hi::: true colors. H::.s inu:1att.re, uninte:.ii;::ent and
self.::.:;h a ctlons are set tin.:; the independence movemcr:t tack
20 year::..
i
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'.ve call upon all true followers of t ~
lad down by our great predece:isors to i g n o r e ~
111111:-iovimlento 21 de Marzo. Sho·,1 by your act:.or;s .;1,at a_ far
::;reater, more experienced anJ mature .;roup of patriots is
ready to uhow the way WHEN THE TIME IS RIPE FOR INDEPENDENCE.
'I
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A limited number of individuals in
pro-independence ~roups in NYC, exclusive cf
be :;clccte:i to receive this flyer which will
unrnarlce..1 1.>aper and enclosed in a plain white
the various
the NPPR, will
be p1·ir.ted on
cn•:elope.
In rcGard to the preparatior: o.f a timely article as
requested in reBureau letter, the revie1-1 of the files o.f tl,e
NYO 1•eflccts that little publ.i.c source materla::. ::.s av2ilublc
which can be cless:i.i'ied as timc,.y ar,d which 1·cflccts that ti:e
µpo-::.1'<ie::,endencc .:;roup:; are actui:lly anti PucI·to ?>ico. uowever,
forts "to obtain the necessary information for the prep2ratior. of tl.
sired article are continulnJ.
·
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SAC, San Juan (105-3353)
November 14~ 1960
.
/o.r'-<j'3/.:1.,Sf.-
Direct,OP;~'li'BI ~5-6675'1)
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,,
~
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE ?ROORAM)
'
.,'
Reurep 10-26-60.
After careful review or the proposed article, .it is
believed that it would not achieve the results desired; namely,
to cause animosity between Juan Mari Bras and Juan Antonio
CorretJer, nor would it convey to the readers of the article
the dangerousness or the Puerto Rican independence groups.
The question or voting or not voting in the general elections
1n Puerto Rico is not now the type of issue which is sufficiently
divisive to accomplish the purpose or this program.
As an alternative, it is suggested San Juan prepare
a brief article which would be in the nature of alerting
Puerto Ricans to the dangerousness of the various segments of·
the independence movement in Puerto Rico. Such an article
would, of course, have to be interesting enough to interest a
newspaper contact to utilize the same and sufficiently informative to ~evelop hostility in the minds of readers towards the
elements-engaged in the independence movement. The article
should be self-sustaining in interest and informative without
using confidential information received from our sources, and
it should .not embarras. the Bureau.
i
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.
;iiDGI
With regard to your request for information relating
to counterintelligence tactics and techniques employed against
the Communist Party, USA, (CPUSA) for possible use against
the Puerto Rican independence groups, it appears that the exact
same tactics would not be applicable.
~i8~:l
~ill
·,;":;.;; ,;,!
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Some varied forms ~r the same tactics
be applied; for example;
i
Tol&g
1 - Ne11
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.
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COMM-FBI
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,.,01ter _ _ _
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NOV 1,1 195%0,
~oas
Belmont
Callahan
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MAILlD 27
TELCTYPE UNfT
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Letter to San Juan
:s-6iit":~~~~~g/NDEPENDBNC.
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(1) Security informants operating 1nside the groups"·· ·.
could, under certain circumstances, raise controversial issues""'.""' ..
•t meetings, raise justifiable criticiams against leaders and
take other steps which would weaken the organization.· In the
proposed article you:·furnished, the question or voting or
=- abstaining from voting, aa it waa related by two of the top ...
· leaders of the Movimiento Pro Independencia de Puerto Rico
· {MPIPR), appears to be an issue which would be controversial
within the MP IPR.
·
In connection With our counterintelligence program.,
any informant operating thereunder must be first approved by
the Bureau for such operation and then carefully briefed by
the Ae;ent handling him before he engages in controversial
discus~ions or criticisms inside the particular group. If you
desire to initiate this type of action through selected informants,
you should furnish the identities of informants selected, basis
for selection and the proposed manner you plan to use them.
Our informants operating in the CPUSA have caused disruption
_
without jeopardizing their informant status and, in fact, some
have advanced inside the Party primarily because of their forceful
acts in criticizing poor leaders and other weaknesses in the
Party organization.
(2) The San Juan Office should be constantly alert·: ..
tor articles extolling the virtues or Puerto Rico's relationship'
with the United States as opposed to complete separation from
the United States, for use in anonymous mailings to selected
subjects in the independence movement who may be psychologically
affected by such information.
(3) It appears the nationalist elements could be
pitted against the communist elements to effectively disrupt
some of the organizations, particularly the MPIPR and the
Feaeracion de Universitarios Pro Independencia (FUPI), where
we have determined there is corrununist influence. The nationalist
elemenb3in Puerto Rico prior to the time Castro obtained power
in CUba have indicated they were anticommunist. The CP in
Puerto Rico has never been strong, and today it appears that
1hrluence or 1nte=•t1on,1 ·-unism "'' a greater 1nr.;uence
re
...
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�Lttter to San Juan
.
Rt::r GROUPS SEEKING DIDEPENDENCE
FOR PUER'l'O RICO
10.5-66754
.
.
~
on the radical elements within Puerto Rico. In re~ard to the
MPIPR and FUPI, it is noted that these two organizations
apparently have the largest membership or any or the 1ndependence groups 1n Puerto Rico.
In the future, San Juan and New York should furnish
the identity or the newspaper eontact to whom you desire to
furnish such articles at the time or the submission or the
articles to the Bureau.
Because or the large number or Puerto Ricans
residing in New York, and the fact that a number or Puerto Rican
independence organizations are active in New York, New York and
San Juan should exchange ideas relative to tactics and techniques
which may be effective in your divisions.
•
The nationalists in Puerto Rico within themselves
are a threat to the internal security of the United States,
and nationalists influenced by international communism can be·
an even greater threat. The Bureau believes this program can
be effective, and continuous attention must be given to it •
i
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. Office
• uN1iEn st'Oi·;io~;R'.~~;;i
Ji~ Menz!l)dum
.
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-66754)
OATE:
10/26/60
l
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'
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
__.,.
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suaJBCT<~OUPS_ ~.~§~G _INDEPE@ENCE
FOR P~_lJI'<LRICO
(CO~lillfl'ELLIGENQE_l"ROO~)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL.SE(;.,.-,r.v
00:
.·. ;·,
. _:_
---
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SAN JUAN
ReD.ilet to San Juan 9/13/60.
Transm1 tted herewith f'or the D.ireau and
New York Off'ice are two copies of a proposed article,
prepared 1n accoroance with instructions in relet. ·
//
:
The D.ireau 1a requested to f'umish the San Juan
Office with material already available to the New York
Off'ice which deals with techniques and tactics employed 1n
a similar program against the CP,USA.
Continued attention 1a being given to this
matter to develop additional articles along the lines
set f'orth 1n relet.
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2-New York (!!.Ff. 2) (RM) ll
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Secretar,y General or the Puerto
Rican Independence Movement (MPI), &peaking to
-·--·
..
-
newsmen 1n New York City during July, 1960, on the ~
eubJect of electoral abstinence 1n connection with the
-·struggle to secure ':zldependence ror Puerto Rico: , €_./{._!
'l'o abstain t'rom voting is equivalent
-
.
-
-
L~ _
ti
electoral suic~de and n1t is_unJust to subJect
independence to this suicide.•·
{2)
JUAN
.
-
ANTONI~RRETJE~NTES; Member of the MPI
Board or Directors, speaking at an MPI meeting 1n R1~_
Piedras, Puerto,.JUco, on September 13, 1960 on the topic
.
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11A New Era, A New strategy".
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nNow is the time to assume an offensive position
which will hinder the electionsn, (electoral
abstinence)._
1".ARI BRAS has apparently allowed himself to be
influenced by CORRETJER., ronner member of the Communist
---~ ( :::;:.~;::.:·~~: ;::;r~:: :: ::~::·:·::::~:~r_____ _
I
i
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t'or his connections with NPPR acts or violenc;J or by
.
.
(3) /t,J-93/..z.c/-yhis observat_ions fl, the< Re'?;>'~~a~ <;,{rernment
- 7CZ'''5~,
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(So,urce st:1
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during KARI's Jul71
1960
•
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.
visit to Cuba; a countr.r where-~ .
-
-·..
.
the group_ which overthrew a govemment al~eged by them
to be tyrannical baa. itself. refused to allow ~ree ___ _
lr .
elections after over a :year and a half 1n power.
(2}
After COR&.""'TJER complete~ his spe~ch. __1n wh1~h
;,,,,)
Juetified
his. proposal relative
to electoral
abstinence
. . .
.
.
.
. .
. .
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,~:il1
.··.·-_-:_
.;-•
as t~e only method. of rox:ining an effi~~~nt offensive
f_'II_,
·_'
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•aga1net the decadent Yankee . imperialism•.
. - MARI BRAS
!
i
pointed out that the MPI General Assembl:y to be held
.
·-·· ·.
..
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·-····-····
1n Jiovember1 1960 1 at cagu~s. Puerto Rico. would consider.
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CORRE'l'JER's •new . strategy";
a. . ·.pseudo . name
for electoral
. .
. . .. .
.. .. .
abat1nence during the !lovember1 19601 General Elections
'
;': . i ..
1n Puerto Rico.
Nri
(3)
:!Sioj
Coincidentally• CORRETJER was with l".ARI BRAS 1n
~
Cuba during JUly. 1950 1 where both attended festiV1tiea
collllDl!moratins the ann1versacy of the JUl:y_26th Revolu~ionar;y
Movement and meet1nga of the Latin American Youth Congress.
.
. (4)
.
.
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which RAtJL CASTRO chracterized on June 191 195o as a meeting
.... ---...--.:::.:;..--
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wtJ.ch would ahow that "Cuban youth have de~troyed the ~
(
or I.he 1nv1nc1b111 ty or Yankee imperialism.•
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:·-,zf1~1r •·
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JUA~ANTO~RA. President ot theJuerto Rican·
I
-~omn.n,m1st~t7, who recentl7 authored a pamphlet
entitled •people's Forces_Toward unity• where1n·
SANTOS sets forth his beliefs that unity or the
)
various forces advocating_1ndependence to~ Puerto Rico
1s a 111atter ot prime importance and that _unity can onl7
be achieved through mass voting b7 .1ndependent1sts.
questioned
CORRETJER about
his "new . strategy•.
SANTOS.
.
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who was present at the September 13, 1960 111eeting or the
•
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MPI, asked CORRETJER 1r. it would be pos~1ble t? _Join ~he ..
tactics
ot abstention with
or electoral ~articipation
..
.. those
.
. . .
. .
.
to whic~ CORRETJER replied be was unable to conceive
er
such a union.
The world is well ·aware or the electoral procedures
imposed u,pon peopl1:1 living under a communist fol'III or.
government. the type ot election to which SANTOS
undoubtedly referred 1n his pamphlet and 1n his question
to CORRETJER.
'
{ - - ~ - ·111though operating under the cloak or securing
independence tor Puerto R1co as a matter or patriotism
------·._ I
_
i
-- and espousing the advantages which would accrue to the·_..,_ __
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Puerto Rican people under auch a etatus. both MARI BRAS
and CORRETJER., as evidenced by their statements. create
the suspicion that the7 are really clandestine despots
who desire a new torm or government tor their own
personal gain; a govemment where the citizens would be
de_nied the right to express their desire, by reason or the
tact that the right to elect of1'ic1als or their government
would be denied them.
•
•
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SA~, S.:11 Ju:-11 (105-335.3-Snb l)
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GRIJUl'S s:atn,G HIDEPffiH>ENCZ FuR l'llml'U Rl\l.l
( C.:Oui'1'L":U !'.Trill GC."iC:! l'r-C!iP.Nl)
SUf.\''.l!SIV;; et!rn~oL
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8-24-60.
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T;1.: o•,crntion of n count~rint1: l ligcnce pro~rn:i
ng.iinst 1·u~rto i!ican or··imi.c::::tious ,,.hicl1 s.:~k J'u~r~o ~ic()' s
inJc 1~r.J~11c:? through otht•r than J,,'7."f:il, re::c:-i'ul lt:.:.:1:s
is r. very ilnportar.t emkinvor.
Sue.ii .: ;,ro.;rua must be
most tliscr..:-.:t to pr.:cJ11 1 c w!!b::ar.issrJ.:nt .\.Q, tha .Jwrcml ·iri:l ...•
. JCUSt _bl! C~ll:1lh.. \t;,I'l,~ ,.fl,~i!zy'\:r ,tO'~il:surc".'t 1i;..t .t,cme <Jf our·.:'~;~
conf1d~nt!al~ so~s !:1.f.~. Jcopur.J1~e:f;"':·r,.,0 .:ic~i?u shoulJ~~
tck:.m to J.Jr.pl~cnt' "t1u~;p..n1gr,c.r wi'thou't .§.Pi:of1c nurew ..
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:"C\·; York shcil_llJ co,?.Si~cr-;ttic sugg::steJ _t~i:ti,:s ':o b,:,. tml]··.l_oJ.;;:
S·.!t out h-·rc1n v.-hcr.: 1 .. -~i.'~·~~s .t.:1e·tt•C't~c _,.llllLi Le , · ·_ ~ · ... ,
•.... succcssfully"wplo~'l!:~rl_ ,1,\~.,l.ocJll.c. ~··: ; ... :- , ·. ,, , .. _,_ .... ·. -·,,
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~ · statemc.:nts m:i_dc, bJ,'. ,i.lU..-rt(} 'lticnQ ·~i.iojuc::s <.-ithct'" in New York
,., or in i-ut:rtu -;tiG'o.,11'1ae'l"C<-ti1t:· ind1v1.!i.ial:~CS incor.sistcnt
~ statCJ11cnts in two different loc~litic·s. l\'!lcrc you hnv.: n
Ric11n n11tion.ilist or COl'll:IUnist 1-:rJ,:r cr.goging in
.-,, 1'11.:rto
~ctivirics or cnki~ stntcr.icnts iu Ol'.? location nr.J
subscqu.::nt ly J:1.ikint, n r.!port in m1othcr }('(.ali ty;, ,rhicli is
or v;:ri:mcc with his originnl activity or statcmcr.t, "th.:
r--=-~~~-op Jct:!ils shoal.! l,:: f1~rni slieJ 0.111: 1'11rc:n: wi t:a your r..:ctllrnic.:n;1~MM®. ill
tion 1:s to how it m.'.!y b.! uscJ to ,iisr-.i:1t the activi tics. <Jf.
SE;-> 131960 the iu.iiviJual.
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Uo!h th<.: S,111 Junr, :m~l r;cw York lffic-.:s shC\ 1.1lJ 1,r.il'tirc, ···
fr0111 public source ii1formution, e 1>roposeJ tilllcly 11rticlc ..-lucl1 ·
vould not jcoparJf.;t;c nny infon:iant or Bureau teclmiquc shwing .
th.: nationalist onJ/or cOll!l!lunist l'uerto Rican fmkpentlcncc · · · · · ·
organi.i:atious to b:.: basically anti-Puerto J:ico. Tiles.: articles
\.'111 b.:: consi.icr;:J for ;.1ublicntion ti1rough eith1:r n,,r,;:nu contncts
or contacts of the San Juan anJ lien· Yori~ l;ffic1.:s.
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l\'.: shoulJ ,pnrtic11l~rly Jir.:ct our ;:ffor:.s ,,.;ainst t11::
}1,!;:iJ.:rs of t;1c: ,·ucrtt' ·,Ucc.n or~t:niztttio11s \thich :1:.!vi;cat.i ~.o 1:.r.y
degree the use of force or violence to obtain J'ucrto l-'.ico• s
ii!JepcnJcnce. ConsiJcr the use of . .inon)'tlous letters whcr-.:
dispt1r.;J;in.; st.:tcn1ents -arc_1.1ad.: by one le:nJcr agninst another.
Th~ ,\;;cuts: conccrnc:J ,d th t1tis matt..:r ii: ·t:J1c r:c..: York
t,ffic.: silo'Jlj r ... v1cw for iJ.:ns, tcc!mir,u,;:s £u"IJ. t.,c1.ics cm:-h,ycJ in
ti1.: cuuntc!ri:it.:lliJ:cncc p:-c,gra1 .ni;ainst t!1.: ~or.J .. Ul~ist ,•urty, t.'.S,,. 1 t .:;,p\:ars t!tat in h1.:rto l:ico th.: zi10st ir.r.-.;Ji .. t..: .ttr.;.;:t
of international co1rui:,Jnism is to influence th..: t\:u1:rnciou ;.i,:
t:uivcr.si t,.irios l'ro lnJcpen"iencfa (FUPl). Sc:1 Juun stoul-1, th.:r.,forc,
. consiJer tnc tics dcsis;nc;l to l~sscn communist influence in th.: fl'l"l
..·nl to lessen FUl'I 's influence nnong 'the stuJcnt bo:.Jy at the
t:uiversity of Puerto Rico.
l..uturc COlill!lunicntions should be cnptionc.1 as abov..:.
S1:.a Juan is being consiJ~rcJ offic\: of orir,in in this
m11tter anJ co,1i..:s of cora::unicvtions prcpcr.-: J by :;nn Juen shoulj, be
f:irnisbe,1 the i\..:w York (,fficc. 1,e-..· York shoul,l fnrr.ish Sm: Ju.,;i
co;d C5 of co:m;:llliicntions pr,:JH\r~d by .ricu· York •
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GlWi..1l'S s.:~;.u,G IND~·END:NCE FOR runrro RICO
. ' . (Cotrrrr~R!l\T:.J.LIGr.J'\CE PRUGP-Aril)
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NUTE -ON YELLOW:
~
· There has been an increasing boldness apparent in the
:- activities of organi.t:ations which seek independence for 1'11erto Rico
th.rough other than lawful peaceful 11:enns. Because of their
utter disrcgar-J of the will of _the majority, the nationalist,
communist m1J/or Sovic.:t desire to embarrass tl1e Uni1ed States,
nnJ th.? courage given to the cause by Castro's f'uba, a r.:orc positive effort JJ;ust b:: 11,ade, not only to curtai 1, but to disrupt, the
activities of these organizations. Bulet 8-4-6U instructed
San Jum1 unJ !'\cw York to furnish the nurcau their obscrv.itions
- and suggestions. San Juan nnd New York have furnished general
observations anJ have indicated that such a progrom 11.a~· b.!
fcnsible. This is not a progrmxi of hnrrassment, and d1sn:ptivc ·
tactics will be employed only after specifically approvcJ by t-hc
Dnr.:!aU.
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l'NITED STATES GOVE\ · 1,:ENT
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;lfemorandum
· ·--DIRECTOll, FBI { l05-GG754)
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DATE:
SAC, :IEW YORK (105-32872)
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Rel3ulet, 8/4/60~
In connection with proposed o1srupt1ve tactics,
· the follollin[; observations would seem appropriate.
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Experience has sho\m that the ra!11~ ana file me1:1bers
or J:e,·1 Yorl~ Groups seeJr..inG independence for Puerto Rico are ,
vacillatlnG and indeclsi ve. T;1elr loyalties \·,aver, dependltll; ·
..:pon many e;:traneous factors far recoved from their alleged
oedieatlon to the cause of independence. Ir these subo1>cllnate
r.iembers are isolated from t;,e1r leadership for any length
of time, they tend to lose oirection and interest. This
was evidenced by the inability of Acclon Patriotica
·
'Revolucionaria (APR) members to operate
to
Rico .,, ~i,r: early January, 1960 after
\"las delayed in l:YC and was unable to ~
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..:,us 1;as again true during the past monti1 \·rhenl!IIIIIIIIIIIII
returned to l:YC,after an absence of several ,recl:s, to i:uw
that his present organization had held no meetinGS and the
members had not carried out simple tasks. assigned to ti1em.
It would appear from this that any disruptive tactics oecided
upon uould be more effectc're if directed at ti1e leadership of
the sub::.;crsive pro-independence groups.
It l/ould appear that thro;i,sh our confidential
lnforMant·s, several tactics could be ·ecployed to ueaken these
organizations:
1. There has been in New Yorlc evidence of ellssatisfaction amoTll; members of such groups. A rn..L"llber of them
2 - Bureau (105-66754.) (RM)
REC- 68 / 4 ~ - 9-3 /.:e.yC~ -3
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l - Ci1icaco (105-5581-} (Info) (m1)
Sa1Y...Juan (105-3353) (Info) (RN)
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Hew Yer!: (105-32872)
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satisfactions and. personal animosities, thereby causing"···..·- :... · · ·
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clisturbances within the groups ancl sapping their strength. · · ··· · · . ·
.·-):;,,; .. · .In the past, dissiaent members have .organized groups ·of._.,. ..:: .. _..
. ,·,. ~.. ,.their own whl,ch we~ken:ti:i~··.~1,ty,9f'. the17:1dependen~e. :,·.. c_;_'/.:.\,::,,:--~-'
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2.· The clisagreements among Nationalist.Party
of Puerto Rico members in San Juan might be exploited in
the same fashion.
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,. _., "n ~»·'.,..ic"';; adherents have been
clissatisfied with
~clictatorial manner".·· ..
Perhaps, through in ormants,· this situation coulcl be provoked
to' caus·e .further dissension.
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4. · The accusations made by members of the J·Jew
York or;;c,1:'..zations against each other, as ret;ards furnishing ·
infcr::1::!tio:1 to the FBI, mic;ht present an area 1:1 1-faich
infori:iar.t::; could aid in p1•omotir.g suspicions ai;ainst
specific individuals •
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In.formants have" been instructed to report·.
:even the.: slightest bits .of information concerning the :
personal lives of the New York subjects. The NYO's knowledge
f' ~ 1 n nt:":cr .u
,., f'fic violations outstanding against
resulted in.his timely arrest by the
o ~ce Department in January, 1960 and upset
the APR plans .for violence in Puerto Rico. Other troubles
these individuals might have t·dth wives, welfare boaras,
uner:iployr.ient. :boards, etc. r.iic;ht be cffecti vely turned to
the Bureat: 1 s advantage witha.t.::r.~"31. harrassment beinc; employed.
The NYO is of the Opinion that agcrei;sive intervie~1s, as embarked upon on 7/2/59,have only limited effectiveness.
On several occasions these same subjects have been cautioned
tiwt the US Government would take inunediate :forceful lei;al
ac io.J....a.:;ainst them if they engaged in activity directed
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toward.violence. Yet, these individuals continue to be
bold 1n their actions. It would seem that the FBI's
authority 1·1ould appear to become weakened if similar
interviews 1·1ere instituted.
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'I'he NYO will continue to be alert f'or those
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_, ..,,-:,. '·:"opportunities which, by certain Bureau action, will inhibit_.. ·. the criminal intent or certain groups in their enthusiasm ··
to achieve independence for Puerto Rico. Any-additional
suggestions in this regard will be immediately presented
to the Bureau.for consideration.
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DIRECIDR, FBI
DATE,·
' ; ; ' . SAH JUAH (105-3353-SUb 1)
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: : : : : d ~;~:: that a program on dis~~tion might ·
have beneficial results and it is felt that the Bureau, based ·:J
upon experience with subversive groups in the Continental
• ·
United States, might have in mind certain disruptive techniques s ,,,,
which would be ap.plicable to the situation in Puerto Rico.
;~ . ·
Experience thus far in Puerto Rico has demonstrated
that a certain amount of travel control at the San Juan International Airport, usually on the part of Customs and/or
Immigration officials, has appeared to be useful in connection
with disrupting travel between Puerto Rico and Cuba. The
seiz:!.ng of propaganda likewise appears to have been a useful
technique from the standpoint of disruption.
k
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The suggestion has been made in this office that the .
Bureau might capitalize upon the issue of whether or not
affiliates of local subversive groups should vote 1ri forthcoming island elections. It will be recalled that there is a
divergenee of opinions on·the part of members of these groups
concerning the use of the vote..
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Another suggestion has been made that it might be l Li
possible to capitalize upon declarations made by subversives ' either in New York City or in Puerto Rico where the individual
appears to be making inconsistent statements 1n two different
localities. It has'occurred that an individual while in
Puerto Rico would engage in certain activities and statements,
and thereafter in New York give a report which was at variance.
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The suggestion has also been made that through
tested local newspaper sources we might give greater circulation
and publicity to data pertaining to local affiliates of subversive
gr~ups.,_wh::re such data would be embarrassing to_ the individual
a1i well as the group.
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,-,.// · l - Newhtork !l~-ta872)(Info)
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PERSONAL
Director. FBI
SECURITY INVESTIGATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS
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ReBulet August 15. 1960. end Bulet captioned
\ll(iroups ~~ek.105Jr:i<!!:P.endenc.a. r.or_r_~~t~S.~.1~Q~ dated · •
--~A"'ug:-=7uacc:t-zr. 1960. ('ou,.,r£,t~.v-r1u.,.·11,.,cc f'K<>4:./(AM .. :__ .
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Bulet August 15. 1960. instructed that
specific emphasis be given security matter investigations of your subjects who reside in or frequently
travel to Cuba.
.Because of the problem t:hich JU8Y
result in the routing or communications at the
Bureau. the character "Internal Security - Cuba•
should not be adtSed to. the •security Matter" character.
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~he Bureau appreciates that the situation
in .Puerto Rico is unique because of conditions in
Cuba, its accessibility to Puerto Rico, and the
see::-,ingly unrestricted travel of s~~e of your subjects
to Cuba. Despite the obstacles present in this
situation, our responsibilities are even greater. In
line with the instruct.ions in Bulet 8-4-60. you
should seriously consider highly placed Puerto Rican
subjects who have access to Cuba for development as
security informants. Ho action 1n this rc~ard should
be undertaken without prior Bureau authority.
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l - New York (For information)
l - 62-7721 (NPPR)
1 - lOj-66754 (GSIPR)
NOO'E ON YELLOW: Puerto Rican subjects who have frequently
traveled to Cuba are primarily concerned -..1th seckin~
independence for Puerto Rico. Bulet Au~ust 4, 1960•
advised that the more positive effort must be made not.
,__only to curtail but to disrupt the activities of
.
· Puerto Rican nationalists. San Juan and Ne,1 York were·
· · requested to furnish their observations. suggestions·and
.( .
::::;:endations concernin3 this.
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The Jlure:iu is considering the feasibility~ ~~ ~- -..
of instituting n progrll!I of disruption to be directed ·
egoinst organizations v.'hich seek independence 'for.· · ·. ·
Puerto Rico through other tl1an lmrful, peaceful means. ·
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Because of the incrcnsing boldness a:;,pnrent
in t!:~ n::tivities of such organizt.tions, their utter.
Jisr~gar.l of the will of t.h:.: m.l!jority, 'tl>e inevit&:,le
. ,<:OI"..!l',unist NW/or Soviet effort to embarrass the
. - .
/UniTel States, and the courz,.ge given to their cause
/ by Csstro's Cuba, we must &alee a more positive effort, not only to curtail, but to disrupt their activities.- ,, .·
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San Juan amJ 1'ew York sl1oulJ giv;! this I.latter
stu.acd consijcration and thercnf'ter furnish the Ji:.irci\l!
ol>s;;rv~tions, suggestions e.nJ r.:Coo:Llcn:Jotious rclfltiv~
to tfo: institution of such n progrw to Nnch the
.
Dur.:nu no later than 8-:25-60.
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In considering this matt.:r, you should bear
in Linj th~ Durcau desir~s to disnipt the activities
·..
of th~sc organizations and is not intercst~J in ncr~
hnri!Ssmcnt. l'\o action should be taken in this progan
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A copy of this COl!llilunict'tion is ~esi.;nntcJ
,:
· l'or tlic Chicago Office and a copy f'or the l;ash1~ton
:r!'ie,lJ Office for infonnntion.
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(105-32872l,
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
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video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_002
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1960/1961
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 1 (1-86) 105-93124, part 2
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 1 (1-86) 105-93124, part 2. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
-
https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a4cfbcaca4c41d417a8eb3a223dc49e2.pdf
19c3adbdbfa00cfc76903cb0c18cbda4
PDF Text
Text
FOIPA COVER SHEET
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
AND
PRIVACY ACTS
SUBJECT: (COINTELPRO)
PUERTO RICAN GROUPS
SECTION 1 ( 1-86)
105-93124
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
�NOTICE
I
THE BEST COPIES OBTAINABLE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE REPRODUCTIQN
OF THE FILE. PAGES INCLUDED
THAT ARE BLURRED, LIGHT OR
OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO READ
ARE THE RESULT OF THE CONDITION
AND OR COLOR OF THE ORIGINALS
PROVIDED. THESE ARE THE BEST
COPIES AVAILABLE.
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( - GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO ..
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Enclosed herewith are two copies of a .
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of ~Boheraia Libre Puertorriquenan and one copy or the
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.TRANSLATION FRCM SPANISH
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aBOHEMIA LIBRE PUERToRRIQUENA 11
July 22, 1962
Pages A2 and A3
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'l'HE
D'IDEPENDENTISTS FIGHT AGAIN•••••••••••••••••Ja1me ValldeJul1
After several months of uncertainty, when 1t
seemed the indepandentist ideal had fallen into the haods
of certain leftist groups which operate quite openly 1n
Pueru., Rico, the Independentist Party has risen once
again to take its place in the democratic battlefield
of the electoral urns.
During an tssernbly which was held recently,
GILBERTO CONCEPCION DE'\QRACIA exhorted all independent1sta
to join
e ranks of the party and return to battle.
The President of the PIP said that all liberating
movements must be adequately channelized and t~erto
Rican Independentist Party has the hon0r, at the present
m0ment., of_chanl')elizing _the __fee;l.ings _an_d_~~-w~_sh 1'o'-=r'---------independence of the Puerto Rican people.
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It was announced that the Puerto Rican Independent1st Party will launch a camPaign throughout
Puerto
Rico., to deliver its message to the people. 11 The Puerto
Rican Independentist Party must be restored to the leading
position which is its due in the lives of our people.
The Party must forget its policy of waiting - which to
the present moment has been justified - and return to
the fight. T'nis is the way pointed out by the new factors
which have appeared in Puerto Rican politics and which
indicate the need for the mobilization of the PIP as
an instrument of the people in their fight for freedom
and justice"., said CONCEPCION DE GRACIA.
Since the last general elections, PIP activities
had been relegated to an inferior level, since there were
a few opportunists who were benefitting from the aftermath
of that political strife. In November, 1950, the PIP obtained
~only 24,047 votes and was thus automatically el~inated.
----·..·;
Translated by:
7/26/62
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'lhere are some who assure that the disappearance,:-·:. · ·
ot the PIP was planned by certain elements advocating armed ~etc·· . ·
revolution es the only way to achieve 1ndependence for . ·., .. ·-~ _.
Puerto Rico. 'lhey say that these subversive currents _..
undermined the PIP's leadership until it was destroyed ·
and then, 1ts members were used to increase the ranks-ot
terrorism. In this way, people would come to think of
bullets as the only road to 1ndependence.
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On the other hand,· there are some who say
that the crisis in the independentist sector was due mainly
to FIDEL CASTR0 1 s betrayal. Many of the partisans ot
independentism fear that another Communist revolution
will rise 1n Puerto Rico with the cry or a.tong Live a
Free Puerto R1col"
But the truth or the matter is that those men who
had true 1ndependentist ideals were sadly disillusioned
when they found themselves without a Political party.
-During the past twenty months, the independentist forces
have 6ivided and some or its members have temporarily
joined the Popular Democratic Party waiting to see 1t
the fight for independence was to be taken up again.
And now, Dr. On.BERTO CONCEPCION DE GRACIA·
has infused life into the Puerto Rican Independentist
Party once more. The party's directive will be reorganized
and the necessary Political structures will be approved
to achieve the unirication of all PIP leaders.
In order to consider and approve the plans
adopted by the Soard of Directors, an extraordinary general
assembly has been convoked to be held on SUnday, August 5.
'lhis assembly will be highly significant in the story
of our fight for independence.
·
..... ,,,·\
.. Today, independence is perhaps.closer than
ever. The future of Puerto Rico is in our hands. Only
we, the independentists, can answer the quesion, what
will become of Puerto R1coT If we cower and stop fighting
for our fNedom, then Puerto Rico's future will be
uncertain", said CONCEPCION DE GRACIA.
The PIP president further added:
-···-·--
·---
a'Ihe Puerto Rican Independentist Party represents
the will of the people of Puerto Rico who want to be !'ree
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and break loose from the chains of
must bring to an end our policy of
of freedom must take the offensive
go their fighting instrument: the
Party.•
Later on. he said:
colonialism. We
waiting •. The forces
and at their head must
Puerto Rican Independent1st
n'lhis is a historical assembly in which.the
PIP is reaffirming its idellls -of Justice and liberty.
We are gathered here to embark upon a new voyage in the
fight for liberty. A new life and the same ideal: the
ideal of freedom, the ideal of independence ••••• we are
Puerto Ricans and we will be Puerto Ricans.•
'.Ih1s courageous attitude taken by the Puerto
Rican Independentist Party is a hard blow to those who
advocate violence as a means to achieve indepeydenoe._ 'j ,,.·,. ·;,._
Cc
As will be recalled, JUAN ANTONI0;60RRETJER
called to electoral abstention in 1960 as "1:J'le only offensive
method against Yankee imperialism" because the "elections
have produced a crisis within the liberating movement
of Puerto Rico". Precisely on that occasion, 782,205
electors voted, setting a record of 8~ of 1:J'le total
voters registered. CORRETJER had to keep silent f'or
a long while.
However, in spite of the slap on the face which
he received from the Puerto Rican people, CORREI'JER
continues to plot subversively in Puerto Rico. As the
leader of Patriotic unitarian Action. this gentleman
still dreams of ·realizing what he has said on nU::ierous
occasions: "'lhe liberating revolution of Puerto Rico will
be, in its day, the image of the Cuban revolution.n
The.object of his organization. APU, is "to achieve independence without-electoral parties and without colonial
elections.•
•
In its program, CORRETJER's movement clearly
states that "APU is not, nor does it aspire to constitute
itself into a political party, because it believes that ·
political parties in an intervened nation such as ours,
become cause for strife in the Puerto Rican family which
is at the service of Yankee imperialism•.
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On the other hatt_q(tq_e\l'ro Independence Movement,
' under the leadership of JUAW~R~RAS, had catalogued
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1962 as the Year of Organization~ organM~~;-..!:"'..~( .
brigades to indoctrinate the people politically. Some
·~ ··· . · .
say that these brigades are taking advantage of the occasion·.. · ·
to show the·naive how to handle weapons. make bombs. etc.
'
;
Contrary to these clandestine activities.·
the MPI appears as a group of Puerto Ricans who are united
to claim the lbdependence of Puerto Rico before the
United Nations. Should they be successful - hopes
of this are very low - Puerto Rico would achieve the
independence it has now shewn it does not want. which
would make questionable the motto of self-determination
of countries. so loudly proclaimed by the MPI leaders.
JUAN MARI BRAS, the same as his names:3ice 6 •
CORRETJER, is a fait~ful admirer of FlDEL CASTRO, who
.
on more than one occasion he has praised with such phrases
as "the great leader who had led the Cuban people to the
rescue of their sovereigntyu. The people fear that MARI
· BR4S might achieve for Puerto Rico a "sovereignty" ·similar
to the one under which CUba-suffers today.
Finally, the Puerto Rican Natipnalist Parcy
writhes 1n agony after its leaders have engaged 1n the .
worst 1ntern~i battle waged since AIJ3IZ~.AMPOS disap;.>eared
1'rom the po -1. tical scene. All of this j,s ,.due mainl¥.:C
the stup
ssociation which Mrs. LAUAA~ES DE':-.,ABIZU
and JUA '
ARBE made with the Communist regime 1n CUba.
And to ne vengeful attitude taken 1n Puerto Rico by
LUIS M 0 1 h'En.L when he ~~:ply fought'~uch well-loved
Nation 11st leaders as 01.A.nf VISCAL·and .R~IKER.
In order to complete the present panorama,
we have only to speak of the Puerto Rican Communist Party.
but 1t i.s not necessary do to so because. the same as
1n other countries, the Reds do not take over power with
their methods or using their own names. They always take
cover l,U'>d .... f'oloc l.dea~ of f're-ed0111, bread.. land •• • •
peaoel
On several occasions, these groups have tried
to Join forces to give each other support. But all their
·--·-·-·-. attem,pts have been in vain. The amb1t1ons of some and --------the misunderstandings of others, have forced them to take
different ways, although, apparently, they ell pursue the
same end. It has ell been due to differences of opinion
regarding the name of this new organization and the 1nd1v1dual who should occupy its presidency.-- - - - - - --
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tha~
.ANTONIO CORRETJER as president;
e Pro Independence • • •. _--.-_:-="'~···:
· movement made the sa~ request,
ntion1ng JUAN MARI · :·- ·.
BF.l.S as secretar-~ general; the Nationalist Party or
Puerto Rico d!c the same th1 ; and even FUPI, the student
organizati?n wh1~h has since com;ktely disappeared1 tr1ecS
to Join 1n tht! !)0:0.it1cal enterprise.
No:~, ~t long last, ·the Independentist Party
is awakening rron its lethergy • .Apparently it will be
able to unite unuer its flag, all the sympathizars of
independence, This 1s a supl'eme effort ~,hich is being
made by Dr. Cl!LBJ::-"ITO CON~EPCION DP. GF.,\CIA de revive
an ideal which w1:1s almost trampled bt those who are ignorant
of our people's idiosyncrasy and who wAnt to impose
through violence what they have not been able to achieve,
to the present moment, through the legitimate means made
av41labie by democracy to all men who wish to live under
its doctrine, with God, in love and Justice.
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El c,oofl;ctc, originaclo ...., ra-
peclo • Q1X en l'uerto Rko ckbe
suspcoderse el idioma inJ:)es a, lu
e>cuela, pm-.das como mt'dio t1e
e-ru..rii.anu., m J'Wdtado, como es
Abide,. disimiles comentario. BO- .
HE.\IIA LIBRE Pl'ERTORRIQUE1.A, que de nini:una n,anerl puNlc
pcmantttt ajc-na • lcn problcmas
-cteJ pai~ ha ueido eorred.o inl_eno-
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GLORIA CRUZ DE
• .. . debt ensefi.arw incla••••
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momento en que IC &Uscite eJl. cual•
quiera de sus manifes.t.acione&.
"'Creemos hoy lo que creimos en
el pasado. Nuestra politica lingillstica
·
liene triple face!&:
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--
gar • distintot ciudadanos repraeo..,
lamas de clh-..-.as c:lases oocWcs
para que cq,oni;an L"b~ ,- cspoutineamenlC' 1\1 ailerio a,. aTlacioo COG
el cleb1tido tema. J>rolesiooale,,
obrero,, «tudianlN, de., (onnan el
CWl>ufo de capintOnes captado em la
propia entraiia del purblo. C.On nta
actitul BOIIBIIA LIBRE PL'ER·
TORRIQl"l:.'-A eoticude que motnou~~ a ,ubiJir.ar la soluciOD IMS
atlDada frrote a uo ca.so· a todas
1..... t..asc-.oclmto. He aqul, pues,
lo que clii<n>o algunos pucrtorriquciios <'Uando inespnadanwntr
fueron
l .~gun::5::.-~ ,eport:"'" -_
L El espanol ,kberi, ouiiMu ""
~Ira, escuJas etni ,na,cima
eficod4.
2. El inglb clebera ~ r u con
,al eficocia quc cl J>U"blo ob1a1-
ga su kminio• .
S. El espaiiol cl~beri ur cl s,eluai.
lo t!t e ~ fk rot!o olrO
blcma del jdioma. en nucstras es.cue-,
las des.3e el momenlo en que surgio
como organiz.aciCm profesional en el
aiio 1911 hasta el presentc y aeguiri
Ju palpitaciones del mismo, en todo
J\.'A."( B.\RR!LLACA:
•.. •cs un.a escatera· .•.
conocimienlD.
"Esto, naturalmcote, seiial1 hacia
el hecho de que el .-erniiculo, c:omo
,·ehiculo trasmis,or, es bueno para la
cscuela publica y para lu cscuelas
prh·acla!- que esten en la misma situacion de b escuela piiblica.
wEn general el problcaa <k la en·
&ciianza en espaiiol esti rc,;paldada
-en Puerto Rico por ruooco psicologicas ,- p,-dagogicas. .
"'Como profesionales de la docencia, sosten~mos nue5-tra posidOn sin
que ltlffiiCD otros factore\i que los
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diariamenlc por Carlos Salas, profesional
clol Hotel Condado, qu~ re.aliz.a la labor
~ Carma dc-sjnteresada por el bondo puerlorriQueilO qu, le iru,pin.." acabl de ser
seJC'rtionado en las IWtim~ dias.
A pesar cie quc el c.omu,; Olimpioo de
Puerto Rico le autoriz.6 a Cormu una ffpr~taciOn dt 35 atletas.. la A."0Cilci6D
dC" Kataciim s e l ~ 50laznmtc- ::S. ~~
f"O son 2S qut intcpan una rep~tacioo
talrntosa ,- qur R ,·an a lajar de ,.eras...
~na1a d doctor Marcial Roju.
Enabcz.an<lo la del<1:aciim f;gun,, el
corone,l Hanl "Brewcrton. como ;e-re de la
mi!'ffla; JW Luis CarriOO. del«-tado; doctor Raw Man:ial Rojas, ~dor-jclc;
Carlos Salas. enbenador, )' la ~OOn Do•otl)("a Sch"'·•rz.. chapcroaa dcl g-rupo
La mayor oportunidad de las muchacha.s la l~en en el .f por 100 combll\ado. pan
__________el_OJal K_e)C'rcila.D_ esta.s lindas cbieu._____________ _
- ----·---
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-
ric:anas infantiles )' juvcnnes, lli:nificativo
de lo quc .pucde cspcranc de ellos en el
futuro.
.
£sc futuro g1orioso·quiili 1)0 e-sti en
Jamaica.. pero tampoco ~ muy kjano.
Al res:pN."io promt'lc firmemcntc d doctor
Rojas, •d.iestrad_or-jefe dcl rQUipo
,.,a.rcial
de Puerto Rico: ~ promt'to un triunfo
derinili'"o a .Puerto Rico dentro de 4 aiim,
en los prthimos JuC'gos Olimpioos Centro-americanos. Por ahora., lo mis quc puc-do
promC'tcr Ci que- echarcmos el resto en
Jamaa·.
El conjunto boricua. que c. eobenado
rl"m<"nino.
La ddt"&aciOn atli-tica consta & 13 ,-aronf/'S y I!! much•cbat. indu)-cndo trcs
da"-adims muculinos y dos fcmeniuas.
£!-lo-,
Wtimos
50n:
doctor )e-m· APdencm.
Dori Eni,ign.. Jo.J, Lui~ ,.firanda. ·\"olanda
F •liciano )' Bazbara FaD011. ·
A prop0"ito de Bir-ban, la u1tima chica
a la qu'" nos hemos rderido, esta ai;nciada adol=t• d, 14 afios, e> hii_a de
9
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..
wtud
f: -~~ ~·...,..,.....,.,"''"'··,-..,."'-'::•'"·"·...C!!.C'_!,-.-.- ,
El Dr. ADcJu. ·
-,D es la mbima tHpcr an z.a
clc Puerto Rico
en Jo5 ~·entos
r
;
.
de da,·1d~
donde Ii
c:omo
(ina ·m
... los 1~100
Paname-ric an o s
cit- Cbica10.
Wlo aqui m
acciou..
..,n.,
..
. . . . '? ..
l
- ·~
para·--··..., ·a.r~
= •
Pero.,. ecb.n de
mrnos las oporhmi-cbdes de fflAS mu•
clachas (d• u.qu;.,..
da • derttha): M.i•
lap-os ).foralr~ Ani•
ta Lallande. \'i,ian
Carrion, Chm ~
lee,, Amy ).!art1ott
" Jud, Cuzunli.
-
Jamaica. £mJ)<'JO. aas paetocialidacles incalc:ulables. En ana ,ecimte elimlnatoria olimpica,. por ej,mplo, clestrouroa clooe
mareas estatalco. 'J'ito Perez rompi6 el
riu,,d centroameric:ano para los l)j()O
ID<'lros con un ,x,rnpo do 19,35.3.
.
Ahon bien, tquE polencialidacles tieDen
estos j<l.coes para los J - do Jamaica?
De~mos quo el doctor llolatdal llojas
110> ... e,.pl;que.
--C.00 eJ e,quipo qut teneinos•, .empieu.
cliclendo el di,'!inguido galeno, - ~
knninar tercero o aaarto. ~UNtra aiayor
u.tisf'aocion 5ffia que la Ulmtn5a ma,'Ol\a
de- e-Tios entrara ea lina1es.. Pero pcdriamos
ocasionar ,·arias to0rprnas.. Julie )li)otz
puf'de ganar una mNia1b. en b 400 me,.,
tros estilo libre, al ipial QUt' Anita J..a.
11anc1. m los 100 ....tn>s mariposa e ea
el combinado iocli,idual do 400 mmos.•
-i· obs.enen a Tito Perez ,. EllK>tt Cbt,.
ftlUl,., que son b
dos ases del grupo de
nadadores. Esto~, wi;uro qu, Tito ,,. ~ a
d ...
en los 1 .SOO ,. 400 mmos, al
i~a1 Qu, Elliott en eJ rombinado indiri-,
~ual de lo5 COO metros.•
. -Por otT& partc, si biNI es c:im:o QOt
estas est~llas indi•idual<S pu,,1... , " nos laweles, el enraw dcl entrmamimto
lo estamos c,onc,entrando en los ~ o s
def conjuntb, qut es ·nuestro fue-r1e. Puerto Rico c1,be estar pendtente de- nut'Slra
«tuacion en Im rt1C\-m maw:u.1inos de 4
por 200 rs,;Jo libn, y 4 por 100 combiaado ,. en lo qu, hai;:an nuntras mocha.
c,ha, en 1os 4 por JOO "5100 libn, ,. 4 por
100 combinado. En ffle ultimo ~'"fflto es
dondr mis oportuni'dades. tenrtn0$ de- coo..
quistar ""1!.a1la cl, on>...
-Pero npito J" promrlo que- el triunfo
seri complrtament, nut'Sb'o ftl 1966"".
1Que .# yo, pero m• par,cc qu< el
doclor ~ haciendo un bu.-n diagnl><tioo!
f,
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VUELVE N .A LA LUC HA-·:~,-.... _
_
.. ·, ·~--- por ..laime Vallclefuli ,-
-
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.,._..-
~
, ,. --· ·
--fotos de FeGciano-
·'
v.,pu.;. .i. .-ano, -ck·~
a, la lucba. Asi lo s,nalan los nu"'""
dumbre. cuaodo d ideaJ indcr,cndisl4 pa- factOl'c ~ue ttinan ea la politica pucrt~
· n-da b&b.r caido en mano. de alguno,, niqurna· )' qur inclican la n<tt>Mlad de
crupos izquicrdb1a,, qur operan abierta- ·mo,·mz.acion dd PIP eomo indrumaato
.....,,, en Puerto Rico, d Pulido 1nde- de! pueblo en A1 lucha por la Locrtad .,
.a,endisu Pu.rttorriqurno ha ....dto a re- la_ ju,tiria", clijo Coooopciim ck Grad&.
""'SU para lucbar nlK'\·.,.,...te en el amo..& i.,. wlirna>
c.....-.les
po d.mo<rltico ck las umos.
la. acthidade,, del PIP habi:m qucdado
En una awmblc.a celebrad.t reciente- Ide;~ •· un pJano inferior, )·• quc
mcnte. Gilberto ConcepcOin de Cracia. lla- al&uncb -pe,t.,dorc• a11ban ucando pm6 • la ludu • todcr,. b ind<."pendenth,· . nancia en e1 rio revuelto qur dej6 d
tm. pln QUt' R l"eir>corpm-en a las filti ecrutinio &, ltf.lUC'lla' cont:ienda politica.
de! !'ffliclo. Al manile>-W que tod0> Jo. £,, "°'i<mbre d• l!lGO lo, pipiolo, Milo
mo,imiMJtos libertadoro. prN.isan 1,er ade- habian locn,do 2(,017 votos ,. por lo tanto
cuadamente canahado.-, d prc.-sidente del d Partido lnJt'pcndC'lltii.1a Puertorriqueiio
PIP c-:...1>res6 que e!> et Partido lndepcn· habi~ qUN:lado duninado autom.itic:adt-oti!tU PuertorriqueDO quien fient el homente.
.
nor de- canalizar en n1a hora el M.."PtiHa)· q n ~ a""guran que ~1• &-sapamiento ,. 1• "'OlunlAd ck indcpendt-ncia dr ricion <kl PlP f~ planca<la por clc.."ll'lt."D"b puertorriqueiios..
to,. _partidari°" de la rMoluclon annada
SegUD fue anunciado. el PlP inicianl- c.umu awdio par• lo:rar l• imk•pc."lltleocia
d.pid.mente una •m:i:,Jia campan.t de tJi. · clc J>uc..rto Rit.o. E!o-1~ ~ l > ~ qu" eslA!<i
bun& por todo P.Jt:rtc iUt.'O • fin dt- U"var ,oorricnl~ suln~·b fueron millando cl
su mensaje- a) pue-blo. ""Ei nt"t"('UOO · d~ lkleralo dcl Pll' ha!<iU cJ~ruirlo aJmO bl
woh-"erle aJ Partido lndependentista Puer• y poder apro~t-ehar a RI!' miembrm. ram
torriqueDO la poriclOo rfflora qur le per- engros.ar }a,;; fila,. del terror. De- n<' modo,
tenca em la ,ida de nuPStro pueblo. El la: a:iente pen'8ria en Ja .. bala, c:omo llnic:l
.Partido debe abandr,nar la po1itica de rnancra ck Decar a ,er indt"pt-ndientc.
c:ompis d. r . espe:ra que ha estadet Justififor otra parte. ali:uno:- aHrman que la
a_da ba.sta abora ,. eotrar resueltamenle ui"111o en eJ ir'C'lor indt'J)COON1ti!ila tie' debiO
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-Es DN.-es&rio dC\·Oh·erle aJ Partido IDdepcndmtista Puertorriquriio la posicion
ffdora Que .k pertcoecr co la ,id.a de
DUCSlro pueblo·.
eJ doctm Cilberu, Concepcion de Gracia.
~~reso
•
pri...,;paJm.n, •• ,. traicion de FJCJel ea..
~ru. Much~ part.iJario) dcl iuclt"()e'l,dc:u-
ti..mo lc..'J'Ddl ~· qlH:' surja aqui otfi\ ll!'\-o-
lucion c.omuni'1.11 bajo cl grilo ·c1e j\·n,
Puerto Riu> librcl
l'ero lo derto e qu. Jo, hombre> de
...no,· id.ale-, u.&.-pendt'uti,t.b q....J.n,,,
ck,.ilu!r.ionadm, I.in partido politico doode
a,dutina.n.e. _Durante e.ith wintc ~
)b
bUC'!o.1e,
clido )" Ni}·
R
ban di\-j.
quk"DC"l, lomaron
el Pid"tido
ind~t"Dti,:W
Po1,ular Democs.i.tico como
rt'fugiu
~
liitorio ha~ ,,'ff Ii ,'Dhia a ffDprender2
la loc'N d,ica por la iudt'pendffiaa.
1· c: ahora que cl doctor CiJbc-rto Con.
~pci6o de Crac:ia ,'U~l,-e' • di.rl~ ,ida al
Partido lncli.'p.-ndentu.1.a Puc-rtorriQueDO.
Todo!r, lo~ cuad~ din-'Cth'.()!11 Jd partido
llit'roUI n:ori;anir.ados ,. R aprobar.in la)
e,,tmd.ura) polilica~ que fucr .il mencslcr
p,ro lograr la unidad dr todo- lo, lid.ff'>
de! PIP.
.
Para considerar y aprobar k,.. plantos
•OOf11aOO!<i pnr la Junta d" Dih'<ior"', _.
ha COD\ocaJo a una a11oamhll"a , ~
C":...1raordina.ria • celebra""" cl dominJ?O S
. tk e:o:i.10 dr es:tc aiio. E~ u.a.mhlC"a snar·car.i qtOCa ffl la hh.1oria de Ja lucha por
nue,,,.tra ind..·Jlt'nd..·ncia.
-u indt·pend<"n<'ia rsti quiz.is ho)· tnis
c:rrca qut nun ca. El fut uro d,· PuC'r\o Rico
e-st.i n1 nut-dras manos. Solo ~trm los - ·
inde[k"fldcnti,-1as podr~ responder • b
prt",::unla CQU~ srd dt ~r1o Rit"O? Si
los ind,·pcndt•ntistas. nos fi.a:u~OIAmO!o .1
dejamOi de luchar por b liht-rtad~ cl (u..
turo de Puc-rto Rit'O w-ri inderto·. snanife-st:6 C.011cc1ici6ri df' Gracia.
Sc.-i:oidank"ntc. d prr,,,.idt."111e dc.·l PIP
As,t-1!6:
Al cx,menz.ar h hist Orica asamblca dt:1 PJF• los lidctt1. al1i reunidos .cnlonatoo -,,..
-aonoquena·.
..El Partido lndcpt'ndt-ntida ruertoniqucOO ttprhC'DI& la voluntad deJ puc-blo
II
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•
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En ,·aria> oca,,;ones, clistmto. po, bu, tntaclo de f u ~ em UDO mlo
para lortaleoer~ asi ~ a obm,. Pero
todos los inteDto. ban siclo en """"'· IA>
arnhicionh d" unos y las incompr~
cle otroi,, les ban obligado a continuar pm
cammo) distinl<A. auoque apardllcmente
peri.igueo eJ mi)oll)O fin. T odo R ha dc-
bido • dUercncw de- aitcriO!o en ai.anto
al n..wnbre qlle- de-be ~·ar esa Due'\"a agn,..
pacion )' el indi,iduo qu• debt f>CUJ>U 1a
~ de la mbma.
A>i, los de Accioo Patriotica Unltuia
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A w enlrad1 a b asamhlca, . Gilberto
Conc:cpcioa de Gracia reclbici •plawos 7
felicitaciooes de los lidcre,s de lodos los
_pueblo, cl, la bla.
... ~t
mcnte al pueblo. Dicr-n algun~ Que" est.as
bri:;adti e-1~ .aprovc,chando el momt"nto
para e"n!ot'i1ar a las inc.autos el manejo de
·:c1
arm~. la fabricaciOn de bombas.. etc.•
Coutraria a o1as act.h-idad~ dandestina~ el MPl ofrt'(:(' el u-Jfflo de un nllcleo
de put'r1orriquef)()s qut- permanecrn unido!. para rt"Clamar ante las J\acioOM Unidas la ind~pendencia dt Puerto Rico. ·Si
esto tu,ie'ra li.:ito al&Un• Ye?.- aunque
~~ -~;;~~~~$.~};;;,~~~
Duranlc la reunM>n se r-caJiz.l, una coled.a
para sufr11;u los cutn!o de la. nut"·• eampw quc inicia el PIP.· ,
•
netjer 1lam6 al retnimienlo electoral en
1960 como ·unko 1'.Mlodo de ofemh..
contra el imperialismo J-anqui", )"a que
1~ o.pt"ranza~
son rrmotas--. Put-rtto Rico
Joi;ral'la la independencia quc ahora no ha
dt"tnoc.t.ndo qucrcr. lo cual por.dria en
c-ntrt:."Oicho la con'1gna de autodeterminadOI, de Im pueblOS,. tan cacaretada por Sos
lid=, clcl MPL
--
pidieroo que- fuera ~a la a&nJpaciOII a
la qu• cleb!an unin< las clemas y que
Juan Antonio Conetjer fuera el presidente
ck la inhma; eJ ).lo\imienlo Pro lndepende-ncia hizo una IOlicitud w::me-jante a la
vcz que proponia • Jun ~lari Bras pan
el cargo de WUP!ario gcntral; el Partido
Kaciomliu Puertorriqueno hizo otro
tanto; )' ha.ta la f"llPl, la ya cx,mpl,tatnenlt' de,,.apuedda agrupaciOO ~1udian,.
til. m<'tiO 5U candidatura para ta1 C"lllpl'QI.
politic&.
Ahora, al fin )' al cabo, el Partido IDd,pend.nti>11 ha rewello salir del kt11J1:o
~n que e,.1aba hundido. Al part"OCl. trae
nuC'\o-m briO!t )' todo haoe suponer que
podra volvcr • ca.plat b,ajo Al "1\lblema •
tod~ los 1'impalizanto de, la indcpe~
cia. E., un rJ'ut"no supremo q~ re-a'ltu
el doctor CiJl.ll·rto Com.,:·pciOD d" Gracia
para R\ivir un ;deal QUt' ~uvo a punto
dt- w.-r atror-.-11ado por qui<'~ dnconocen
la idio!.incra!-ia de nue-!-1ro puc-hlo )" quicf't.1'1 imJ)OnCf ror la ,iol!!ncia lo qu" ha...ta
ho)· no Mn po<liJo kt~rar por lo~ mc-dios
L-gltimO'- quc- pont la ,d<'mocracia al
alcance cl< todos los hombre> 'l"" quieren
,·hir bajo 5U doctrina. con D.as,. con
&mor )' COD justkia.. ,
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gtC~~-·---·--·· .. YEHTODASPARTES._
i
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PUERTO
- - por Bobby QUINTERO
.
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co:-TIDENCIAL ••• Sohre el Cnm SOIi -candic1a,...- de! pueblo .•• 'f el pue- . tt,,paldo c1e1 ~ · Labor l'arty'Ma- .
'-.-·--- Evontt>. El Desfilo Puortorriquono es..,. ·blo, iiueoo ··el pueblo es el pwl,lo·,a;--·,,a£l'<""ano. do to. &·a ,-...!.a_Canio Iii-··
· ·1
tualldad .., lodo ,moment,, y ahora. ~
~ vino a J\:ueva )"mi mu)" jowen, .,._
,....._._.,:..
cisamente. coo do~le mayor ~Oti"'!_. El.
• • •
duandose de abogado ea la Vniversid.ad
:('i\··.'•1,.·.,,.>j
Esp,daculo tiono sus satislacaones
do Saini Jolur en 1926 .•• En 1957,.esto
,:.t,o<(i
yCran
sus ·aolorosas". No es lo mismo, Di
\"a quo se habla do b "1iquidacicin• de ,.. 20 .... cle,pues, el Alcalc!, Bob ""•s·
· ·
'
le escn"\,o igual .•• Para b pon comu•
b Cran Parada l'u,rtolrriquei\a, DO pocle.i
mdad de habla hispana do '.11:ue>·a )"on;, mo, olvid.u quo los Alcalde, do lo hlo
muy especiam,ente- ~ los borioQueAOS.: que \ini~ron epecialmente a participar en
. ·. ..
eJ Desf'ile Puertorrique-00, ~nto con_ la el maj~1u()W) ~ento deJ rwado 10 de
Cran Fio1a de San Juan Bautista. SOD iunio, tlLfflhieD fueron ~ilados por la •c1olos dos eventos _principalcs de los puer- .lorosa .. a causa de- b ·con~jos- que lei
lorriqueiios en lo Cran Mets6poli. M
dio el "\'ate" don Lui> Munoz Marin.
es. Abora bien. lo que la gran comUIU- 10brc- quieD o quif'fl~ de-bia pagar b
dad no conooe es que la preparad6n._ or- gast~ qur oca'\lonaha el trasJado a S'utganiucioo. ). escenificaci6o del Cran Des- va lorL: ~ cada uno de los -.Mayorcs.. de
rile es una obra de pro1>9rcione!- gi~an- Puerto Rico .•• Pero es W"rdad. e1 Cran
tescas. De una labor aidua, dificultosa Desfil• ocasiono grondes dolore, de .,..
)': de mu cha re$p()ns&bilidad antes del bez.a. JkFO igualmente )' coo enorme ·can•'
Gran Dia >-. lo que e5 mis ~noso alm ~n~'i6n. ~ motivo ck graodes utisfac,.
que, aUD despues de, est" Cran Dia, CUAD--. cionn. 1o0bre- todo. cuando por la (amou
do todo al particull.J" debe 1er placido. Quinta A"·enida de J\up\·a 1'ork. marcha
feli.z,, jubiloso Y. de gran satiqacci6n., en--: orguUMa ,- triunfanlr la genuina ~
toooes es qu.e llc-.p
:dolorosa• • • •
niquc-iiada de la -Gran MetrOpoli respa].
Eo estos momentos se est& dando el d'ada con la rrprC"!loMltac.iOn dE- ahas cligcaso de qut toda\.ia fa)ta por c:obrar an natarios dr Puerto Rico, del Estado y Ja
crecido por ciento de $$$$, por 000,_...._ Ciudad de 1'ue,·a \"orl... AqW ~ ~ e
. 1'
,._-_I
I
'--" - Y e,c.arnar: ,l'uortorriqueiios IOD biunlos! El lnsidaito John F. l:enncd, estrecba
tos ~e uu elo!- para e runtu~ ~ e ~
le mano amip del AsamblristJI Felipe
i
•
Desfile -oelf'hrado el 8 de Juruo en _el
• • •
J\. Torres., qu~ sen, nombrado Jucz de
;
Manhattan Center- y _como contn"buo~
LOS "l'R"l[ROS" Pl'[RTORRIQUE- b Corte do Rolariooes Domestic:as, siezt.
I
oes en pago do lo, .,.....Li"bro
,,, qu•de..JoipubL•
. dr un Reporte- do iol pruner
•
----~ • . • a:i. ~d.e~mpe-.___
·caJJ en el ·Journal"
Re- ~-os
ra. . .. (en Ia:- "temona.,
.,..._.,ornqueDO
'
rd d 1 De r" d0 196" r
,o). Cuando · R e.c..Tiba la bi'4oria de]
6ar un car&o de- tao ele,·ada postOOD ai ·
;
cue os e
s ue e
-· ~nas son
.
f-;:
l" l Cuand
la judicatura de la ciudaC: dt- SIIP\-. Tork.
i
las entradas con que cuenta. el Comile pue-~o""!queno en
Ur\'a . '?r:.
o
.
•
..
del Desfi1e para enfrent.rse a )M gran- lo~ 11hari1oi; bu!iQueo en la!i ~gmas de los
,
des ga~O$ que ocasiona el Cran Evento_ ~c~ivos la gra.n obra ttal_izada en la
ner nombra aJ Uc. J.lanueJ Gomez. t.fa- Estos deudores morosos _tienCQ_ep "'.'~--'~~~~_de-_ la -~mumdad h1~1!0-pue-_rt_om· ~~rad9_Qf_l,.-Q1.td11.d. de .Xuen...l:orl..~
pen50"' -)a liQuid8ci6D &t'neraJ -oomp)e- QUt"III ae ~UC\a)~il,Jo~ nom"bres act · es.. Gomez seJa eJ primer juez. puertonib- del Des!ilo Puertorriqueiio ~ est,
Lie. O= C~roa Rive!" )' de! HoDC1rablo quon<> .., b historia do b Cron .t.letroafio, lo que tiene a un grupito -asi, s6lo 'Manuel A. G6me.z. scran rolocado5 runt~ poli...
.
)
a un grupito- ·de· la Dirrctl\.-a dando ~ ob"os.. en let!u de oro. 0;..car Cuaa
• • •
.. ·!.
carreras ea peJo ... Y lo curioso del caso Ri.\·era. fut e1 pnmer As~mblr1sta p~erto.!
no es solamente la cuesti6n de ciobrar tt1queno eledo en la cmdad ck 1'0"8
. Siguimdo mn los "'prirnen,s•, - ,·arios miles de $$SSS con ·pagos a Ju. 1'orL Aspire en la" elecciones deJ ~o mo!- que el JO de ma,"O del rorriente &no
gos ptaz.os·. s:ino que la mayor acthidad 1937 ,. en .em:ro dt- 1~ tomaba poc.es16o d, 1962, el Gob.mador Nelson Roel.cl..
qoe R vicne desarroDando T'1, entre al- de liU eM:ano en la U-r:tsl.atura en Alban)·. lier, nomhar al ingeniero Rupe,rto Ruiz,
gunos dir~vos, junto a la dolorosa·, Carcia R.i\<era. Republicano. c:ont6 CXJD el
es ]a campaiia en favor de mul:.iplc-s aspirantes a la presidencia del Des:filr, de
)963 .•• JTanlos sinsabores, ta.ntos dolo-res de cabeza que da la presidencia del
Comitt de! Dc-sfile y c6mo tiene pre.ten·
d;enles la -Cran Senora., ....
Desi!• b guapa Lie. Irma \'idal San·
taeTia -la primen muier abos;ada P.,Uer·
toniquefi.a graduada en Nue,·a 1'ork )'
admi1id1 al Col,gio do Aoosados, e11 su
primera intencl6n. en e1.imenes oe ~
sici6n· el seDor Mon~rrate nores, Pres:i·
denle • de la OUB; Gilberto Cf'rcna Va•
Jeotin. Presidente del Congre50 dr ).tunicif
oaal idades Puertorriqueiias de ?i:ue1,•a
)'or·; Johnny Ortiz., Jde "' lnfonnaeiOn
dr -El Diario dr r.=ueva '\'orl"'; Carlos
- ---- J\ios, lid'-"r Dt>mbcrata rn el -Barrio...;
Chuito Caba11rro, Coordinador dr ~
•0o5- Desfiles·. ---cl que .no ~ «1c·hr6 )' I.AK -Priiouos•: Hon. lfanuel Cornn.,
el q~ tuvo efc-cto. el •autC'ntico.. y P1 primer Jucz put'rtorriquc6o ftl la biS1oria
•otro.. i Paul S3nrot!'z.. el repre-llol.·nlante dr la Ciudad de _!'iur,·a l'orl, nombrado
obrcro puer1orriQUt'fio dr mi~ inOuc-ncia en 1957, f eJ Lie. Oscai Carda Rivera,
el _primer A~mbldsta purrtorriqurDO en dr Aruada. Comiskmado a~ la ComiQOn
~D el AFL-CJO, ha'1a Manuel 'Mar1int-~
actual PT<'<.identc, todo~ e110!- son c.andi- la historia dr la Ciudad de- ~ur\'a Tork, E"1.alal M>hrc n,.....,.t"ChO!- Hum.a.no~ nombra·
datos a la kj!:Pncia dc-1 Comilt de1 Dr:1Jilr eJccto en lu e1N:CK>nes de 19372 c-omcn- mienlo quc- coloca a Ruperto Ruiz _coff!D.
de 1963. E!-10 no qui!'re d,'Cir que los lan sobrc los ..Prime-rm... coo Babby Quiz>.. e-J .primer purrlorriqucOO N'.I la h1"1ona
c ..rur••. ,. ,. .,..,;•• A..JZ /
tcro. ttdactor de estos C:Omnltarios.
antes mcncionados ·a5I1irm... lino qur
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-- ---------···· J:EG~ESO £"Tl
-- -~ A EOl?DO DE UNA CANCION
.
I
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ut;;)j
g_~j-,. . I -
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I
por Guillermo Yillarronda
fotos:
a.,..,i.
BorinQu.m: 1'egreso a 1i
a bo,do ,u """ cancian.
AqueUa 1>ez que me fui
~ me queclo el alma aqui:
110 la lleoe G t,• WVG Y orJc. .
Vuetvo a snati,u 10fl4f'.
Vuetvo a aentirte latir
en ht monu.ia v t11 ffl4f",
Joh. rio de mi canta.f',
pal.om.a. estrella v ja.zmin!
Ya misericordia en flor
que •• et•cu!e de la luz
esta inventando un COior
pan, tu limpio ca,uior
I/ tu refulpencia czut.
i
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!
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I
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!
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i
"",~'
,netiin.dose e-n tu f'G~
volviindose cicatriz
en tu epidennis de cunor.
POT todo lo que le di
11 por lo que al fin no fue ••.
aunque le lo pro1'Mti,
cuando ci'1ora vu.elvo a ti
tM acue,-do de L1'is Pales.
Y, cu.and.a e? Vie;o San Juan.
se me i.n$ta la e-n 1G emoci6n
con n Mura?la., I' mi afcin
besa tu piet de azafrd.n.
crezco como un Tesp:a.ndof-.
;BU.Sc-cimt en tu cor4Z6n.!
;Hcitla.me en tu aonreif'!
Vengo d.t la. ainr4Z6n
a bordo de t.i.na canci6n.
;Piensa qu.e TlU n.c<l m.e fui!
I
···1
La Primaoeni es fetiz
• a rdiendo bcjo tu so?.
Y. a.si, el jiborilo aquet,
et que .1ait..di a: morch.ar,
m.e -da n J-.or,esto clavet
para que descanse en i1
oliendo la e1emidad.
I
i
HOI/, Borinqurn, porque 1fC1
m.i hu.milde aurOf'C de mi.el
lobre tu son.risa va.,
si que qu.e tu cariii.o estd.
Alli donde lo en<:ontre!
;Amdrrame la inquietud
a tu al.egria. insular!
;Siembram.e ~ la juventud
· de f\L frogante oirtud
w no me deje$ ir mds!
Qw el pescr que no sen.ti
me clo?i6 cu.an.do ma.rch.i
para abo.ndona.nt' a.ri
Y. cuando se 1.,ueke a ti,
;se vu.eh.~ un.a 10la ou!
San Juan. Puerto Rico, 1962.
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:~;t\\1IEN ~&T_OCRI~1 .. ~~' -
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rti~..~E:d:1Jn'l~.t"'~ ·:'°a~£~-.,,,.~~-':.· --:~··r
.
•"' •Nn"- ~ R mencion6 a }.IOJlknat c:,omo el
.
. .
· a..ua ~as uc •
!de1 E.~1ado de Sue"\·a \"ork en a>'llmir una candidato dt> mayores posJbilidade!- <X>IDO
ruca loss,: ajustan • los informes Qae
.' ; posicion t&D elt"·•d.a. • . AJlora IOlo R . ~el primer Coo~ista puer1orriqueD0 y
reoeroo
testigos preseocieles ml a._ ! pen el npeso • 1'u"'·• \orl. de- su viaJe
~ conve.rsaciones vueJven a surgir en s61ito SU0el0.. · ·,i d,,·acacione> al \"iejo J.!undo, dd Alcalde el borizonte. Sin embargo Momerrat
. : Bob \\'agner pan q~ oombre Corn~
afirma que •ffii muy coot~to o::,a la JELLOS ME EXPULSARON~-~_:_:- _ .·
, t nado del nut'\'O Ot-part.aroe-nto de 1'.r-ub1labor ~ reahz.a )' que- no tieDe ambi-,
C•ldiatMi.
-:·, ~-~~----.~ .,,
· i cadim aJ Lie. Hrrmin Badillo. natural ciones politicas..... ..;,'ai:DO$., Joe. no seasltio solitario donde pud;e,amos ....,.. .
·.Ide C.guu, qwen con ta! nombram~to.
mos w, in&eooosl...
·
• J sera el prime,. Comi~ionado puertorrique-,
,esos manejos todeceotes 1' De ah!
SU Rnuocia J' mi apulsicln, pue$ 6 al,ia
. . j DO en la historia de la Ciudad de NU<Ya
que de no scr destituido yo hubien l,o''·, ·,, ,, 1·o,1. .•• Tambien, al rei;,eso de las , .. ca. DENTRO
SUCE:SO
dones dd senor Alcalde. es casi ~
tado a la J.!encses, a Juarbe Jnube, •
•olf th< rtt0rd", qu, el aC'tllal Asambleir
C,a1ia..dh .
Julio Pinto Gaoclia )' a la leiorera J • ,
..
ta, el Bro,u, Lie. Felipe 1'. T Onti,
Y pese a su amor - el juego, l\&61 OjedL
'"' I, pc,,nbr, Juez de la Corte de l\ola- no aa,ptaba b apuesta en equea · Dias antes de mi paJtida 1iada N c:ionn Domkticas, lo qut !lfflala a T~ mento.
·
1·or\ habia estado aqul eo Puerto llioo
. ·'-'.'(' m:s a,mo el primer pu•rtorriquei>o eD
-No, hoy DO si<Dto bien, ~ eD el seoor Pancho Medina, president• de la
. 1
, desempeiw un cargo judicial de w, ele- . ClWlto K qw't• la •monga •• lo Junta ~n esa ciudad. c,omo deki:ado de la
· · i ,-.da importancia; • •• •
a p ~ Hemindez Sul.iez. no estaba en . .fiora J.!eoeses J' de los oeiiofes Jua,bo
Juarbe )' Pinto Gaodia para iuformar a
1· ya qut .. habla de lo, Forjadores de racl>L Haba ~rdido beinta d61.,.. ell la diloctiva del Partido de la opos;ci6a
- · ComulUdad -la pucr1orriqucna en los saDosJ ocbo en la loteria. Por eso por partt de e-Dos a una RuniOll conjunta
--nia
dewio de Sal,-.dor.
de las partes en cli.<cordia. Una "" cxmo- •
: .. -: ·; J\·ue,-a l'orl:- no purde oh-ida.rse el oom·
Pero B de<:ia a todos:·
•
•
: l,,e de '\'ictor Fiol llamas, d, Sao Jwm.
-D<ien, deieo que )'O me oienta 1,,..._ c:ido el mensaje de estos sei,ores_ )es COD-.. · 1 que vino a Nuf',·a \"orl: en 1909, y en Me tomo. DO digo yo u.n litro, me tomo tc->1amos que coosiderando la i;,avedad de
los problemas aeados alli eDos al
-..;~_._:_: ._, 1~12 junto ~o el H~oorable ~fartin 'In- dos litTos •••
..
:. -::.:.:.;-:·:,:·1 ,uso, 011;aniz.6 la pnmcra Soc1tdad fuerEn realidad, SUP-Crsticioso c:omo la 1118· ii;:norar a uo grao oumen> de. oac:iona!istas
torriquei\a en la Gran Ciudad, la cual yoria de los jugadores, l\aul Hornandez tan oacnfieado, como eDos, era pues de
-fu~ij int~raban 90 miembros. Mas tarde. por el Suarez espera.ba porque le entrara la bue- improscindJ'l,le necesidad una ,eunil>o de
la, part.. 000 la clire<:o6o .de · la Junta
}lmm:t; 1926, fue el propio \")dor Fiol Ramos eJ D& suerte..
·t;>?' P'!"><! puerlorriq_ue~ candidato a Con·
Ya llevaba varlos dias sin fu&ar a nada 1'acional ·
Coo ese motivo le mandamos coa .,
))_,,_._._"·."! ..la! 1W>to con el LJ:c. l\alael B;o>d>, de
absolutamente, pe,o en su dia 1,1,ro a>
,.,,'"·•"; Ad1unla>, qweo com6 en la m1sma pa· el coffe shop, se Iba al 1,;p6dromo 1' mismo delegado una onleo eK:lilD
para que COD\locaran a las partes en
· pcleta como el primer pucrtorriqueDO c.an- atinaba b primen ca.rttrL
· ·, didato a t. Asamblea en Albany. Fiol
Con el c!Mdendo obteoido cootinuaba na para una asamblea en la que estana
;u,ando r ac:rrta.ba otros cabaDos. Cana- pres.cote Ah·aro R.i\lcra \\"all.er. , ~
1 Ramm ,. Bo~h fueroo candidatos por el
/ Partido Jlepublicano.-ba mas de 300 d6la.res y, eo la DOCbe. ment, del Partido Kociooalista >' delegado cl, la Junta Kaciooal para presidirla.
j·
•
•
•
·
5e iba a jutar a la ruleta. La suertc. lo
Cuando U,i;ue a l'>U<\·a \'od. estos oe:Tambien, eobe los Forjadores de la ><r,i• la•oreclendo. Salia de! casino COD
r10res no habian C'Wilplido la ordeo porComunidad R eocuentn. enttt los -Pri- mas de 500 pesos.
mcnH,"._ el Dr. Josi ~- Cesteros primer
Sonriendo, com1lacido., deda • su ami- que ~llm; 51: -opo,niao & que tal COS& R
:
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f
f,:
oa
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pu,-,-
lider nacional (Dem6crata); Tou:r )tCnde~
el primer lider -de Distrito A;ambleista;
Hiria.m Bithom, el primer jut;ador de
beisbol puertDrrique.Do eo vestir UD mu-
forme de un equipo de las Grande, Ligas; Suto Escobar, el primer bo•eador
puertorriquen0 en tmentar un campeona,
to mundial... Jgualmente eotrc Jo~ Forjadores d• la Comurudad, DO podemos
pa.sar por alto que fue el Hooorable
Emilio Jl;ui>e.t el primer Juez de habla
hispana (Lc:oeodeocia ,·asca. espa5ola),
1>0mbrado el Alcalde Vincent Jmpellitteri, el gra.o amigo de Im pucrtorriq:ue-DOS )' de los ~ O S en genenl. ••
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• • •
US GRA..,._ Pl:ERTORII.IQt'ESO DEL
SIGLO PAS.U>O, Jorge Quintana, notablc periodista cubano, es,cudriiiador de la
historia en la ·America.: \'idas ,. Episodios" (lmportanlliima 50CC:ion de BOHEJ.!!A LIBRE Pl'ERTO!\JUQUES.~") ba
encontrado y ff'\,"clado una _grao f i ~
puertorriquen& dcl siglo pasado, casi desc:ooocida eo Puerto Rico. Se trata del
CtoeraJ Antonio \'aJero Bernabe (162.31863) natural de Fajazdo, Coronel de!
Eiercito 7.aool que estuvo eo las gue· •1 · ·
,.
-"
nas d e
spai\a, ~ eDCO,
enezu= f
Peni. coo grado de General otori;t11do por
e) Libertador Sim6n Bolh,a.r. Lm rcstos
del ,-aleroso (ajardcfio se encuentran eo
Bogoti,. C.Olombia. Ahora QuinUn&. amjuntameote COD el sefior Lu~ Quero Che·
A, diroDguido intelectuaJ puertorriquefio,
Pres:ideote dcl lnslituto IU: Fuerto Rioo
en ~uC"·a 1"orl.... quiel'e'D lograr el tras·
lado cl, lo, restos de! Ge,,•ral \'alero de
'--' ,_ Bo '
F · ,_
Berna.__. ue
g•otit,• ~ aiaruu. • •
EntTe las figuras ;6veoe"S del liderazgo
pu~rtorriqueDO en Nueva York. toma ma·
yor auge cada du la de Josi OocJ Mon---• 1... r. A. 1. ~hisi6n de ).fie:rad6n
go Joaquin Can:u Malaonado: •
•
-'Estor en bueoa racha • .. \ • IIWIII•
na por el oorr~ shop, que le vor a hac:er la apoe-sta a Salvador.
•
-Te ad,ierto, Jlaul, meter,o as!, •..!,t
co de botella un litro de ron, es ....-pose, • .. •
· •
-Cuando )'O esto)· eo. racha me JUego
ham la ,idL Ademis, a UD ...erdaden>
i_updor c:omo yo no se le puede desa•
fiar, Ik>de que Sal,·ador me propuso la
apuesta., no hago m~ que pensa.r ..a ~ ·
Si me par- que l•o.go un puiial .,...
,·ado ftl el corn.On por DO habcr podido
;u,ar ron ese- atorranle de Sah·ador.
. \" al dia siguieote, a las onoe de la
noche d,:~ues que se cemba el coffee
shop, '!law r Sal"ador, acompa~dos de
UD grupo de amis:o¾. Que hab1a SJdo avisado. SC' di.rigiao al bar Doo Alfonso. eo
la
botella de ion -deda ~.ut al dependiente.
•
.--.
9 .r~
-iU)mo lo ,·an a tomar. G"""o cm&er.
COD Coe.a.COia o s61o • • ~
-So, el imico que Vii a lomar aqul
oor 1" -e,-presaba llaul.
o,b\' la botella era desoon:bada )'
cada oob~ el moruodor.
Jlaul la atarraba, limpiaba el horde
la maora d•_ Ii camisa ,...
se la lle000
1
co
~
vaba a la boa. Bebia c:omo el 5-e'dieoto
que en el desicrtc ha ~noontrado uo
oasis. sin parar. hart. la mita.d del J'CCipi;!'!eh.-'aba •. 0 .r.,.,...iro, --!"iraba profuna..
iu
..
• ....,...
·--~·,.·
~a.meote, 1 ante la mirada at0njta de todos, volvia a bcbez, pen,, de,Graciada,
mente, l\aul iba a perder la apucsta,
porque, unos instantes despues_ cuando
ya '6lo Jc fa1taba por in/ierir unos sorbos para t.erminar la bote a. caia. mucr
to, al piso.
.
· Era, pucs, la ultima apuesta de Jla(,l
~o::'~p!;/.:.;,;_
I_. hu,.na suertie:
lo abandonaba
co est&:
hicitra. A1 consultartes personalmer,~ · so,.
hie SU conduct> en el cwnplimiento de
sw d,bcres eo lo, J>Ueslos para los que
IC' les: habia oombrado me cooltStarcm que
prtse-ntaban sus tenuncia5 antes que teDel"
que ohedeoer tales Ordt-oes. En o.wato a
la otra parte, e,.i,til, eo 1odo momenta la
buena voluntad de asi,tir a la m,ni(m
para b~ de! nacionalismo, como pocld
comproban.e con la_ opini6n. entre otras.
df" la sciion Lydia Qillaz.o --hija del mis
sac·rilicado Oscar Collazo-, del se6m
Carlos \'ll,z, otro pan ,-alor de] nacionalismo )' los distinguidos esposos Quinones E,cute, que podrin desm,otirme
si otro hub~ sido el caso.
En mi encomienda a cumplir no llevaba ninguna otra tspeeificaei6n W'rbal o
~ t a Que b CM' arttglar los .probkmas
creados en ~UC\"I \"ark.
·
Es bucno hacrr saber Que s.eguD la comtituci6o de) Partido Nacionli~a C'U&lquier
miembro puf'de creu )" or{!aniz.ar i_unt&s
donde no las exista. Con ese derr'C'ho. y
romo deletado ck la dirf'ClC.iOD dcl Partido )" "il.-epresidC"nte del miQf)O, fut, que
al qucdar desierta la Junta ea tii:ue"'\'a
\"or\: mt" df'diquf a la ardua ta~.a de GI'•
ganiz.ar una nue,.·a. s.e-~ mi buena fe y
~nkuder para an?glar el chma eDstmte.
Me t1:puh.aron dt- la \'krpresidt"nci&.
pero mi.< IC$ hubif"ra agradt"Cido QUf" me
eJ..1'lul...a.ran del Partido. pucs Inf" ar.quea
lc,ner Que relador.arme con indignos pan
dirigir nuHbo nadon~i,;mo.
\" para tf"rminar, 'loOlo ine ~ a dl"Cine
al t,eilor Cil df" Lamadrid, quien tseribi,ra en BOHEMIA LlBRE Pl'Ell'J'O.
JlRIQl?E.<,:A uo artin~o tih,bdo "tOu•
~ lo que s,e traC"n a,n Olea \'i-.eal?"". que
estor a sus 6rdem-s para •cuando quien
u.lx-r &lJ!o de uf. J\("rsona.. r,.ara q,'tf' f:nlonttS puc-da 9.*J::urarlo de buf"na fuente y
de, buena ~e ..
15
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TO
: Mr. W. C. Sullivan
FRO!\I
: Mr. J. F. Bland#v
. c>GRvUPS SEEKING .1NDEPEN1>ENCE
._ FGR PUERTO RICO
(CUUNTEIUNTELLlGEr,CE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CON'ffiOL SECflON
SUBJECT:
The purpose of this memorandum is to obtain approval ~or
utilization of t1 tl?chnique unJer ·this 1-rogram which could cause
some disruptio1, among those who seek fuerto Rico's independence
by violence.
.
a Puerto Rican and Security ImJex subject.
ha~ been active in fuerto Rican independence ~roups in New York
since around 1960. He has been instrumental 1n ohtaining firearms .
and giving instructions in their use with the hope of causing
-- · ·
· violence in Puerto Rico to effect its indetoendence. He is very
pro-Castro.and has been affiliated with a uban effort in
l\ew York C1 ty.
•
i'
I
ac 1vely operates
pe
s work on teeth ra
m~chanical .J'unctions of
·also
harm to
because of his aggressive RCtions to control
the Accion Patriotica Unitaria (APU) in New York City, R
ruerto Rican organization made up of both national1]'. ts and communists,
has caused some APU members to resent him.
- vBSERVAT 1 0NS·
DTC-.:..!,SSIF!!!lBY
!
C!.l.l!.-•
· -tAI\Y 7 · 12, 7
;
.
Some disru1;>ti" J· could issue if the New York State '
Department of Education, .uivision of l'rofessional Conduct,
on Avenue, New York City, made an inquiry concerning
alle-enal practice. This is particularly true at
when
may feel that some of h~s fellow \\'OUld-be
revolutionists av a grudge against him.
/
't/u/
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,
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. I
Enclosure
:-
105-93124
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f!c1P•>nmdum to Mr. Sullivan
RE: -6l!l.1UPS SEEKING INi>EPEl\u~CE
" ''.·--- ··~
FUR PUERTU RICO
..
.. · ·- .......· .
.. ·~·.:·~~~ ;~: •...
(CVUNTERliiTEI.LlG.ENCE PROGRAM)
105-93124
:- - · · : . - - . . operating._.. is a viol11tion of · ·
-New Y ~ a n d the p r o ~ i e s should be so
advised. Official notification should not emanate from the
Bureau but should be by an anonymous letter to the Division of_
Professional Conduct. The proposed letter would be 11·ritten on
plain unmarked paper enclosed in a plain envelope so thnt the
letter could in no way be traced back to the Bureau.
·
'
,,,,_, •• ,··~,<-
- ACTION:
.
If vou agree, there is attached a lettef to the ·
New York Office 11pprov1ng the utilization of this technique
in accordance with the above observations.
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REC-125 ·
.
Director, FBI (105-93124)-~S
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- Mr.
- Mr.
<iROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDS,CE
FUR PUERTO RICO
(COUi'iTflUNl'EU.IGENCE PROGRAM) , ..
. SVDVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION ... . ·.,. .,
.
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Reurlet 7/3V62. : ,·:
The Bureau approves the utilization of
the suggested technique set forth in relet. The
suggested letter should be prepared on plain llnmarted
paper and mailed in a plain envelope in a manner
so that it coald in no way be traced back to the
Bureau. The letter should be anonymoas.
•
Furnish the Bureau the text of the
anony::ions letter prepared by your office, the d~tP
mailed aml, thereafter, advise of any reaction
to the letter.
.
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NOTE
....
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YELLOW:
ON
See memorandum Bland to Sullivan same
caption, dated 8/7/62, TC:cad.
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
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7/31'62 -~·.... ,...·.-:.
DATE:
:AC, NEW YORK (105-32872) {P)
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FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
~''.>
(00:
San Ju·an)
!
ReNYlet 5/23/62.
an SI subject of the NYO, formerly
e ovi ento 21 de Marzo and most recently
Patriotica Unitaria (APU) 1s presently reBronx, NY, and 1s self-employed
residence.
Informants have.
ome degree,
rather than
unctions of
also been received that ;or
individuals has caused harm
actually
int a he perfonns
elf to the
Information has
e as p formed on certain
mouths of these people.
0
· , - s another llup-start" wh~ 1s obviously a
vain indlvidual and one who envisions himself as a great
leader and a very intelligent person.
recently caused the APU in NYC, some concern because of his apparent desire to be the controlling
force in this organization and his attitude caused some
DEC~SSIF.IZD EY.--'::'~C)~~~-~r.c;;::;_
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resen1tment Within the organization.
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It is felt that some disruption•can be accomplished
quiry was
roper agency concerning
alleged
Particularly so at this
wh n he may w
feel that someone Within the independence
·· movement has a grudge against him.
It is not felt that .any action taken in this respect
would be personal harassment because if he is acting as a
such is a violation of the law and the proper officials
~ e notified. However, it is also felt that no official
action should stem from this Bureau in this matter, but rather,
an anonymous communication, or one signed With a fictitious
Spanish name, should be directed to the New York State Department of Education, Di~ision of Professional Conduct, 261·
Madison Ave., NYC, informing them of the alleged illegal
activity.
The proposed conununication would be written on
plain, unmarked paper, mailed in a plain envelope, so that the·
communication could, in no way, be traced to this Bureau.
The Bureau is requested to furnish its observations
concern~ng the above suggestion to the NYO •
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
DATE:
7/23/62 :;;>:/;.,c,
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FROM
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UoRoUPs SEEJCTNG INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO
(COUNTERIIITELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
..... --- .·....
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
Re San Jua., airtel to the Bureau 5/10/62
captioned "LUIS MUNOZ SULLIVAN, IS-N".
· ·1formation
.,ecurity·
Protec idenu u , to the effect
had recently been associating
group 01 young 1.1en in the area of his residence.
"iescribed the youths as hoodlum types and informed.
:1d this group had been breaking aid entering ·
vario
ores in the surrounding area and stealing
merchandise.
. The Division or Intelligence, :Police or Fuerte
Rico (DI, POPR) was appropriately advised or the ·foregahg
infoI'll}ation for any action they deemed advisable.
I
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arresteci ti.
,revious
.
nign by the POPR and ci1arged with burglary.
was unable to furnish any further details at ·11a
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Fueri;o .ttico, aa\u3eu. ;;; ·
e men ioid individuals 11ere arreste
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in the area of their residence Barrio Beatriz, Ca.a,--uas, · -·
Puerto Rico on July 12, 1962. He stated they were incar- · ·
cerated in the District Jail in Caguas, Puerto Rico.
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stated that tlrl.s arrest --~ ·was the resu
o in orQation received several m .
reviouslv from the DI, POPR, to the effect that
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ras responsible for a number of ro er es
ea. He stated that a foot patrol had
been initiated and a nur.iber of uvenile ouths who
had been associating with
were
identified. They were su
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... ioned end r u ~
sworn statements implicating
!:is :--brother_._,
and rather - . i a s t,1e ones e p n:;;.i.ble for planning
.
and c o n d u c ~ i e s of l'Obberies in the area.
.
It is noted that the
etu1•ned to
·· ·
J>uerto Ric·o durinG the past year from Hew Yorlc. - has been the leader or a.,d controlled va1•iou:; p r ~ n - ·
dence groups in Ne1·1 Yor!: and in this capacity has advocated the use of force and violence to achieve independence
for Puerto Rico. His rather and brother ,1ave supported
him .in this regard.
·
·
conviction and ·imorisonment or t h e - - at
this time would severely disrupt their r u t u ~ t
pro-independence activities.
San Juan will continue to follow the prosecutive
action pendinc; asainst the subjects and pertinent information concerning same will be reported under individual
case capt.ins.
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UNITED STATES l
/EJUiMENT ·
Memorandum
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SAN JmN (105-3353 Sub l)
DATE;
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7 /ll/62
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GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO · · · · · · · ·· ·
PROGRAM)
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(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
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·(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
ReBulet 6/l/62.
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Enclosed here,-ii th are tuo copies or an article
... ~ L e t t e r s to Bohemia Libre" section or the .
, · , : - - - - i s s u e or Bohemia Libre Puertorriquena
distributed in Puerto Rico and'Ne\-1 York City.
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APPROPRIATE AGENCIES
AI,D FE!.D OFFICES
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(1 - 3-1 PEDRO AIBIZU CAMPOS)
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'l'RANSLATION FROM SPANISH
BOHEHIA LIBRE PUERTORRIQUENA
San Juan., Puerto Rico
June 24., 1962
Page 84
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AND
WHAT
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DO THEY SAY ABOUl' ALBIZU?•
Gentlemen: On several occasions J: have heard
that the magazine Bohemia always speaks up; 1t does not
mince its words. But ! ask myself'., why do you attack the
1ndependentist ideal and why do you never speak or our
leader., ALBIZU? Is this Journalism with no strings
attached?
·
/s/ LUIS M. LOPEZ
Villa Palmeras., San Juan
not ~Sa ins1°~n~~e"~gsis -er~~~ao~!~~a t1~r~~~~i~ --- ---- -- who respects our Christian traditions. We are here to
reflect., on our pages., the ways of thinking or one and
all, but the Magazine 1tse~r does not necessarily identify
itself with one or another~ We have never attacked the
independentist ideal. We believe that it is fair and
honest. However, we are not 1n favor., and neither is the
Puerto Rican people, or ti1e independentism presented to
us by those who have their leaders in Russia and who applaud
FIDEL CASTRO'S "nationalism". We wish the Independent1st
Party qad leaders who were conscious or the d~ger presented
by its disappearance from the· electoral polls. To exchange
the polls for violence is an attempt against our idiosyncrasy.
We respect Don PEDRO ALBIZU CAMPOS. - History will Judge
.
whether he has done right or Wl'Ong. We do indeed speak or
ALBIZU. And if he could speak, we would publish his message.,
so t:,at those who use him as a front would have to run for
cover. Because we are certain that ALBIZU's nationalism ~s
not that or the sickle and the hammer. All free men or
America are against Red penetration 1n our hemisphere, and
he would stand with them. Just as the Puerto Ricans who
are 1ndependentists at heart and through their ideals., stand
by them.
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Translated by:
6/25/62
(5)
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�: DIP.ECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
To.
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sueJre£··~ROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
::-,__
FOR PUERTO· RICO
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(COUiJTERDfl'ELLIGENCE PROGRAU)
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(SlU3VERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
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Re NY let to San Juan dated May 8, 1962 and
captioned nNPPR, LS-N'' • (Interoffice).
.
'
6/14/62 ),:f/i,;/, '\• ·
DATE:
'
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Attached to each copy or instant coTJr.1unicaL
·translation of an article appearing in th
b ~ ~
issue of "El Diario de Nueva York" which c
..r. s
1e 7-~~
•
urnn of JOHN I. ORTIZ, JR., entitled nchats around the
New York Field." The column on that date appeared over
the.name of RAFAEL GIL DE IAMADRID, as Guest Col~nnist.
In this article, DE IAHADRID discusses the schisms t1hich
have appeared -within the NPPR.
,t'l/1. , ,: /.//. ~
Attached enclosure to the Bureau is the~te>"IJ.
- · . s s u e or.:"Bohemia L1b1•e Puertorriquena~ 1·1hich on
~ A 4 and"A5 carries th~ sane article as T)!'cv1ously
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It is believed this article with the 1·1ide
circulation it is receiving in "Bohemia Lib!'C Puertoi•riquenan
will further serve as a dis1•upti¥e ta::tic in the activities
or the HPPR both in Puerto Rico and New Yoi·l~ City.
A copy of this communication is being furnished
New York for Information.
IJ ; ..:
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2 - Bureau (Encl. 1) (Rf.I)
·1 - New York {105-32812)
.
3 - San Juan 1-105-1014)
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TRANSIA TION FROM THE SPANISH
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EL DIARIO
Final Edition
April 20, 1962
Page 17
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Clib.TS AROUND THE NEW YORK FIELD
BY
.
JOHN :I. ORTIZ, JR.;
The opinions expressed 1n this· column are not necessarily
those of El Diario.
RAFAEL GIL DE IAMADRID
(Guest Columnist) .
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.:·.)
The press wire informs us that for several days
there. has been some difficulty in the bosom or the Nationalist
Party {NPPR). And mentioned as the principal figure in this
new drama or the followers or DON PEDRO ALBIZU.CAMPOS is
young OLGA 'VISCAL. I have never been a Nationalist although
I respect the ideals of any organization that functions 1n
a climate or austerity, democracy, liberty and humanitarianism.
But what has bothered me about this affair is the fact that
OLGA VISCAL has been mentioned as an enemy of the postulates
and the plan or action or the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
***
OLGA VISCAL has declared, according to the cable
wires, that the present-leaders or her party are living
like contented bourgeois without doing anything to bring
about the independence or Puerto Rico and ninstead live
off the ideal!.
***
T'ne truth of the matter is that those persons
who accuse VISCAL have not bothered to think of the sacrifices
or this young woman who grew old prematurely in prison.
They oo not remember, either, (as I remember during the
1950 Revolution in Puerto Rico) that she remained at the
sloe or the President of the Nationalist Party, DON PEDRO
ALBIZU CAMPOS, whom she called "!·laster", until the latter
was arrested by policemen and membe~s or the National Guard
. f
Translated by:
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at the headquarters or the organization on Sol Street,
corner or Cruz Street, which was under siege for sei,,eral' '"• ·
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- OLGA VISCAL was on the verge or insanity while ::
she was 1mprmned. :rt was almost impossible to visit her~: ·
But let us go on to the human side or the matter. No one
can forget this girl's attitude when she was tried. Perhaps
she is wrong, but the principles of each individual must
be respected.
•••
But ••• let us return to the trouble. '.ltle
.
Nationalist trouble, or to be more exact the difficulties
within the Nationalist Party, has increased •. How, the
QUINONES ESCUTES accuse Mrs. LAURA MENESES DE ALBIZU
CAMPOS'of maneuvering to "maintain the Nationalists 1n
the United states disunited and in constant confusion".
On that matter, I can say absolutely nothing.
I am new in this city of New York. But what has bothered
me are the accusations that are made, now, not against young
VISCAL, but against JULIO PINTO GANDIA. PINTO GANDIA is not
a new Nationalist. He is one or the veterans. He lost his
title of lawyer ithen he was convicted, together with the top
Puerto Rican Nationalist leader, for trying to overthrow
the_goverrunent of the United States in Puerto Rico by force
and violence. He was confined to a Federal Prison and then
released, together with Jt.tn.N ANTONIO CORRETJER and others,
to try .to earn the daily bread having lost his college title
which he acquired aft~r a great deal of sacrifices.
***
..
/
I
The wire has also informed us that ALVARO RIVERA
WALKER came to New York to reorganize the Nationalist Junta
but that DONA LAURA and FIDEL CASTR0 1 s assistant, JUA.N .
JW.RBE Jt.tn.RBE, stopped him from doing so.
***
•
·I
In the·opinion of those of us who know the
Nationalist Movement of Puerto Rico, who were exposed
death while trying to dodge bullets in order to cover the
story for the newspapers of the Island, ALVARO RIVERA WALKER
cannot reorganize any Junta, as it is alleged. RIVERA WALKER
distinguished himself within the Puerto Rican I~tionalist
I
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Movement for only one thing. lie remained at the side or , :'
ALBIZU CAMPOS during the siege or the leader 1 s house like-,
a_ cowboy• __shooting _1 t _ou1;__ wi th_the agents _posted around :, :
Sol Street •
·
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About DONA IA URA. with all due respect ror the ·-·- lady. we can only say that although she does believe 1n
the independence or countries. shf' also believes in her
own independence since for many years now. she has stayed
eway from her husband, DON PEDRO, whom I respect. when the
latter most needed. the care or a loved one. T'oat care
was given to him by someone whom he loved as a daughter:
that same OLGA VISCAL who 1s now accused or 1ndisc1plin~.
·-
As for JAURBE JUARBE all the Puerto Ricans
know him already. When the Nationalist leaders were tried
before a Federal Court or Puerto Rico, being the prosecuting
attorneys Mr. A. CECIL SNYDER {deceased) and the Puerto
F.ican, M~RCELINO 'ROMANI, the only one or the accused who ---- --did not appear in court was JUARBE Jtxt.RBE. He fled and
•
s~ught refuge in Argentina for r;;any years.
,·
***
And to conclude. the QUINONES ESClJl'ES lire saying
the truth and nothing but the truth when they affirm that
"the present Nationalist Party.is not the party or love and
spiritual grandeur that PEDRO ALBIZU CAMPOS presided."
***
What are they trying to do to OLGA VISCAL? llhat
are they trying to do to JULIO Pil\'TO GA?-.'DIA? W'nat we -can
smell {and it isn't perfume) is that there a~e inexperienced
people within the.Nationalist Party who want to kick out
those members who risked their lives, property and reputation
for an ideal. And I repeat:, I am not a Nationalist. But
those cases arise a protest from the deepest corner of the
heart and makes us tell this new generation what has
·
occurred in the past and who is who. And as for the cases
of VISCAL and PINTO, all that remains for us to say 1s:
----
--------
"Thus Satan repays those who serve him."
-- ---- -- 3 -
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GROUPS_SEEKING ll';DEPENDENCE.FOR .PUERTO RICO ------.
(C.Oill\TER.11\TElll GENCE. PROGRAM)_
· ·
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(SUil\'ERSIVE CO!\TROL SI:X:TION)
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Reurlet dated )lay 18, 1962, and Bulet dated
~v-) .
June 1, 1962.
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Bohemia Libren an,; anticommunist an
1 ation illld has indicated a
·
desire to cooperate wi~h the San Juan Office in publishing
articles which can expose Cuban and- communist influence on
tl1e Puerto Rican Independence Movement.(..,_) .
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MAILED 19 ·
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lllDHELDQFFICES
/,l'VI_:::.ro tl'J!OUrIBG
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JUN- 61962
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,llNllE~ STATES G O V ~ T •
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The above information is Leing directed to the attention
of the Int;rm::.l Security Section. ( IA)
SJP: uan / / ; ,
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·J---:,ir;-·Dell.illgardner
I - Mr. Troy Cole;nan
I - Liaison
I - /.Ir. i'apich
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IUS is a Soviet controlled international student
organization which has noticeably increased its efforts to ·
influence Latin and South American students agains:the United States.
-
· ·.
In January, 1962, we obtained an article and fhotograph
which had been published in a Cuban publication and in Pravdaa
which showed Niki ta I~hrushchev and other .soviets surrounded by a
grouJ_> of students in ;,1oscov.· during August 1961. TI1e most
prominent s.tudent in the photograph was FUPI reprcsentativcallllll9
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.
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l'/e prepared n leaflet for anonymous distribution whi'ch
incorporated the photograph and article and a paragraph in the .
3panish language to call attention to ~abcll and explain his
presence in i1oscow. Three thousand copies were anonymously mailed
to three pro-United States organizations and individuals in
Puerto Rico and subsequently received wide distribution on the campus.
FUPI considers the appearance of the anonymous leaflet and article
.:is a near catastrophe.
~.: •: .'
·
105-93124
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Nemorandum to )Ir. lV. C. Sullivan
.- .
nc: GltOUPS ~Er..ING INDEPB\DENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
IU0-93124
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OBSERVATIONS: On 2/20/62 one .student organization reprinted-~: ':· ·'
the anonymous leaflet in its University paper and distributed six
thousand copies in Puerto Rico.
. . . ··-·
On 4/11/62 the United States Army Antilles Conunand .. · _
{which is not aware of the source of the anonymous leaflet).
.
prepared an intelligence report of dissemination within the · · ·
Department of the Army relative -to FUPl's great concern over the
anonymous leaflet.
.
The 5/6/62 edition of •Bohemia Libre Puertorriquena,•
a pro-United States, anti-Cuba and anticommunist weekly carried
the anonymous leaflet noting it as •indisputable evidence of the
'comradeship' existing between FUPI leaders and the Kremlin.•
Sixty thousand copies of the 5/6/62 edition were circulated in
Puerto Rico and New York City.
As a resul.t of the three thousand copies of 1:he leaflet
prepared at the Bureau, sixty-nine thousand copies of the photograph
and article have been placed in circulation.
·
:,
FUPI leaders and San Juan informants have pointed out
that the results of the anonymous leaflet-'having been "extremely
1 detriment~! to the FUPI cause in Puerto Rico.•
.
.
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The appearance of the anonymous leaflet has curtailed
FUPI membership, decreased attendance at meetings, decrease amounts
obtained in fund drives, placed FUPI leaders on tne defensive,
has caused FUPI members to be scorned and ridiculed and has given
pro-United States factions at the University propaganda advantages
never before available to them.
ACTION: For information. We will continue with utmost
discretion to further exercise the purpose of this Program.
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
DATE:
.5/28/62
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SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 sub l)
SUBJ!!CT:
0
ig:~i~~I~~E~:~~!OR PUERTO RICO · ..· :_
{SUBVERSDIE CONTROL SECTION) .
· -
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Re San Juan letter to Bureau, 5/8/62.
Attached to each copy ot instant cornmun1cat1on 1s
a translation or the second article publisi1ed by "Bohemia
Libre Puertorriquena" 1n 1ts edition or 5/22/62. This
article is based upon the second anonymous leaflet distributed. at. the University or Puerto Rico,. captioned, as
translated, "What the ·FUEI Did Not Say'. The article 1s
!;S~in a~£E!Jip~nied
J2otog~pl;l or ...F.~I
.
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L reoresentative.
wi th_NIKITA •.KHRUSHCHE\t
\,: rA~'overihe-captf .
not lie out or it ••••
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It 1s noted that "Bohemia Libre Puertorriquena"
~- t 1s one of the leading Spanish-language mai;azines 1n Puerto
Rico, with a circu1ation or 40,000 in Puerto Rico and
..... 20,000 1n New York City.
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2 - San Juan
(5) l - 105-3079 (FUPI)
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~RANSLATION PROM SPANISH
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. BOHEMIA LIBRE PUERTORRIQUEJlA
M?Y 20, 1962
· Pases · A8a A9, AlO
FUPI
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WrrH MOSCOW MONEY
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During the last two years the Federation ot
Ur..1versity Students-~6r Independence has lost 1ts hold
.over the Puerto Rican student masses as a result or having .
publicly announced its rela:1.ons with Communist agents.
Ever since its leaders openly sided with the Cuban regime
nd
~~~o~!f~:i ~r~~~a;f
~ ;he!r~~a!n;~~; enalong with their leftist leaders. 'Therefore, there has
been -a -considerable decline in the organization's ranks . - · and today, there are no more than 30 FUPI followers.
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In previous years, when the democratic student
masses were characterized by their apathy, FUPI called
itself the representative or all the flenslaved"Puerto
Rican students. In this way, while Puerto Rican youths
were dedicated to their studles, never giving a thought
to politics, FUPI delegations were travelling from one
end of the Continent to another, telling our brother eountties
of "the terrible tragedy the Puerto Ricans are living under the· burden of Yankee imper1aliama.
...
.
.•
•
Now, weakened by 1ts constant screams 1n favor
or Conununist ideals, FUPiirithES in agony. The finish!Jlg
blow was delivered by~r up of\students who disseminatea,
throu,snout the universitie of P~erto Ric~ handbills with
the photograph of NARCISO': JJ3EfJ?,r:ARTDIEZ, FUPI ambassador - - in Moscow, s tand1ng next to-KlfRtJ~CHEV. (A copy of this
lncfisputable evidence was published by Bohemia Libre Puerta;.-- .
rri~uena in its edition or two weeks ago.)
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Translated by:
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5/22/62
2 -- Bureau
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2 - San Juan
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FUPI COMES BACK
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At this activity it was tia1d that NARCISO RABELL···
MARTINEZ represented FUPI at a congrees 1n Moscow. · 'l'his
admission was made when they_were confronted with the
irreruta"b~e photo6!:~rih"lcJroor--i-fiattnePUPI is at the
service or"""!ovletJ'.mper'lallsm and receives orders 1'rom
:the Kremlin. Neverbefo:re-n~_d-£he-FUP~_h-ubl1czy·recogiifi~ed
its'1diplomatic relations" with the Soviet bloc. But.,
.
on t ~co
e trary, nothins was said about the fact that
Comrade . J.RCISO RABELL continues to represent the FUPI
.at th
ternational Union of Students (IUS) with headquarters
.,in P ague. It is well known that IUS is an organization
··., . ,,,,,.,,,. subsic51zed by the Communists for the purpose of seekl.ng - · .-· ·/
.followers among students and 1nflitrating the universities
/
or the democratic world.
Another manifest which circulated among the university students as a supplement to the things FUPI didn!t
say at its public meet~, stated that RABELL's appointment
is for two years which he must spend iri Europe or 1n any-other part of the world at the service of IlJS:;&nd':: .:-:.:..!
Co=un1s111. Proof or this was obtained dur1ng January __
at the College of Social Sciences of UPE; when FUPI members
commented that RABELL had been 1n the Dominican Republic
-during the Christmas holidays for the purpose of making
a study of the political situation th~ to be.· sul!mitted
to the strate6ists of Communist International policies.
·- ...
;,
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At present FUPI 1 s Foreign Relations Secretary
!s touring the Soviet satellites behind the Iron Curtain Russian colonies - in a trip~ which is entirely subsidized
by the Red empire. Who else, 1f not, pays for his stay.
his expenses and his services?
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COMMUNIST AID
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In an attempt to disprove the categorical state.;.
ment that they are working tor international Communism., :-; :
the remaining members or FUPI held a meeting recently -,:< · ·.
at the public square 1n Rio Piedras. But all the "ant1----- ·
imperialist" speeches delivered by them on that occasion.,·_ could not hide· the truth which everyone knows.
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On the other hand, FUPI leaders are t;cying to
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convince the Slldedt body that they receive no aid what- -~;;rt~ . .
soever rrom the Communist bloc. Bow thep, the students :::.:~.,.,< ~< themselves, do they explain the fact that every year-:'~>!?··~
many or their members make trips abroad which last from ,;j .
three to ten months, during which time they travel
·"-: 3':0 :.·
throughout the •colll!Dunist paradise•,
.. . . . ..:._..:::·:,,,,_.,__ ..
.
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On many occasions. FUPI has stated that 1t does ··
not receive orders from the Communists by way or :rus •
However, it has ~.sever explained the tact that when
the Communists are conducting campaigns and subversive
demonstrations 1n the rest o_f the world~ 1n ?uerto Rico,
at the same time, FUPI conducts the same campaigns,
toll owing the same ideology. An example or· this was when
the FUPI members picketed the French consulate in San
Juan to protestsaga1nst the death sentence or an Algerian
youth. They have never protested against the Communist
regirae 1n Cuba, in spite· or the fact that is has shot,
imprisoned and murdered thousands or persons.
••- · : · C ·:.·.·:::._-; •-.:--,
~---.
To express their "gratitude", the Communists help
FUPI organize:its activities against "Yankee imperialism•
internationally, as they did with the world march 1n
honor ot ALBIZU CAMPOS on his 70th birthday.
All this only sarves to reafriJ"l!I the ract that
the ideals and the money come trom Moscow. But the Puerto
Rican student tiody - which has awakened 1n the nick or time
cannot be fooled by the demagogic idetls or these indoctrinated
leaders.
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This 1s the price which must be paid by the
liberal and nationalist causes which could previously
thrive ir; our world and w~ich · today, have bee,. des trpyed
by the erilsvof Co11UUunism.
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�Date:
Transmit the following in
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AIRTEL
5/25/62
_ __c_P.:...LA_.::IN::..:.._TE.::.....:XT:.::.,.::-,--,----;--:---,---c----.-:--------J
fTrP< ;. plaia _ , or co4.J
AIR MAIL
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(Prioritr
lledot of lloil~J ·
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TO:
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124) ....
FROM:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub l)(P)
..
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OoRoUPs
SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERro RICO
{COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
···-
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Re Bureau airtel 5/2/62 and Bureau letter 5/4/62 •
. I
Regarding distribution of the general leaflet pointing to co
111t influence within independence organizations, the SJO feels
•
un-
the present time would be inappropriate for distribution of such
leaflet. While the proposed -leaflet is well prepared and to the
point, the NPPR at present is in such a state of internal
dissention that the impact of the leaflet would be considerably
lessened by its distribution at this time •
. ..!
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rea ened w
f he does
s conv nc
cer1ty of
his resignation under these circumstances wou
cowardice. This situation is very embarrassing fo
personally as well as to the NPPR National Board.
has no support on the NPPR National Board and it as een agree
that the NPPR will discontinue all meetings and activities
until its next Annual Assembly 1n October when the NPPR Board 'Ifill
be reorganized.-himself plans to 16ave the island as
soon as he r e c u ~ o m a spinal operation. In the words of
c-: - r,/. ;,/ · ·/-rJ, '.,.
(3-~Bureau (RM)
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(Info)(RM)(105-32872) ·_ · 1/{/'v ·
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'-::~-,~the party by;,:,t~:---..• -- _ I "~- ·
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as a force for Puerto Rico• s independence.
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· 'l'he proposed leaflet 1s aimed princ~;a-11;-~~--~~~ -~;;:---~--~~ _-_ :·~:.
~e to the NPPR's r•p.i,d:I;r changing internal conditions, .. 7 • --~-- •
·. ·· ·. :.1t 1s felt distribution of the leanet should be withheld .,:·;_~:... _,_:,:_
(-.;t' - fintil after October or until some definite leadership emerges · .;
·
·;; · from the J>rese~t. in~ernal struggl~--.
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'l'he SJO is attempting to take advantage of all opportunities
to keep the issue alive and 1n this connection, a.recent article
in a New Yor newsoaoer which was extremely critical of the NPPR• s
treatment o
long-time member, and which pointed up
R's co
h Cuban communism, was furnished to
Bohemia Libre Puertorri
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recently :ave Owfde public~ tar to Ca~ -~t!~r!~ : c
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sed NPPR leaders
f deserting the
r
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Concerning the anti-FUPI leaflet proposed in Bureau letter
SJO feels this leaflet would be ineffective.
5/4/62, the
,
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'l'he FUPI 1 s answer in •Infonnacion Estudiantil• 1s
.undoubtedly recognized by the student body as a weak cover for
1ts inability to answer the
the leaflets
and its inability to explain
presenc~ with
KHRUSHCHEV. The leaflet proposed 1n relet emphasizes the
· anon1m1ty of the previous leaflets and otherwise lldcfs_nothing
to their con.tent. The original leaflets are still receiving
wide publicity, the photograph and second leaflet having been
published in last week's issue of •Bohemia Libre Puertorriquena,•
with emphasis upon the fact the leaflet was distributed by
UPR atucents and t ~ t hFUPI
e has been unable to answer the .
questions concern!
status within the communist o~U.
It is felt the shock o
e original leaflets will continue
to have a damaging effect upon the FUPI for-some time and that
further distribution of anonymous leaflets at present might
point up their anonim1ty and endanger the present success
of this campaign.
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'l'he SJO will continue to be alert for opportunities ~ _'. :"!c""-· _.
to disrupt activities or the FUPI and other Nationalist
and communist organizations in Puerto Rico.
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111enzora1zdum
TO
DL,J;C'1'0H ( 105-93124)
SAC, mM YOJK (10$-32872) (P)
¼~OUPS S1'UIIJG INDEPEl~NCE
FOH PUERTO .HICO
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S/9/62.
The ~ticle conce1•ning
_ which -wss enclosed with relet for New York, has b ·n PVi wed by the
liYO. The difficulties encountered by
elong with
her d:i.ssa tis!'action with the Puerto liican .. e" onalis t
movement, have been the subject of articles recently appearing ~·
in ~ew York Spanish lansuace newspapers under San Juan datelines.
. ··I •V
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·
Re San Juan letter dated
"
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----.--:-:.. - .
{ CO:JllTERii:'JELLIGEl1CB P.nOGf'.AM)
(SUBVE1!SI\E Q)tiTrlOL SECTION)
(OO:
- - - __ : -
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I
·
Althou[h all of the statements attributed to
oncerning Kationalist functionaries were not printed
in
ese papers, the 1/YO !'eels that in order to attempt to ·
cet such articles publicized ~ d have to be newsworthy
as of tbis time. Inasmuch a s - statements have been
the si.:.bje_ct of previous articles it is !'elt that to bring
this matter up again would merely be a "rehash of old newe"
in the eyes of newspapermen.
-
The NYO bas made tt>Js article a part of the file
for !'uture reference when ~ r t u n i t y presents itself
wherein statements ma.de- b y - - c a n be best utilized.
•
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The IiYO appreciates San Juan•s consideration in
forwerdin3 this &rtiele for possible utilization by New York •
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(5)
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June 1,
REC-135 · -~-- .•-• :,· -.- · ' :- '.': il: - .
Director, FBI (l~~-93124) ~ · l/· · · · .
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f.ROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
........ :I
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(COUl\'TERINTEU.IGENCE PROGRAM)
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(SUBVERSIVE COl\"IROL SECTION)
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PI.IERT0° RICO,'
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Reurlet 5/18/62 ~ • -.·. ·
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granted you-to allow ~.:.~-'"''"'u:.·'.~·ce, ; · ·
to utilize San Juan Office < .
copies o pu 1cat1ons printed by various Puerto Rican · ·
inaependence organizations for the purpose of extracting
material which can be utilized by hi• to refute the
l numerous anti-United States stateaents,
·
., . --· -··~
"Bohemia
-~ Libre l'uertorriquena" makes 111 a source who could ·· .·
greatl:y contribute to the purposes of this Counter- .. __
intelligence Program. You should furnish the Bureau
information concerning any anticommunist and proUnited States articles published by the PSI.
-
-
i
NOTE ON YELLOW:
••
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- •Bohemia Libre" is an anticommunist and anti·
Cuben pQblication...~hich has a ieekly.circulation of 60,000
copies 1n ~uerto Rico and New ,ork C1ty. The P~I 1s
interested in publishing antico11111unist articles particularly
those which could expose pro-Cuban and co111111unist.influences
in the various independence organizations in Puerto Rico.
t,jqi:]
The 5/5/62 issue published an interview with a nationalist
'
SI subject which was very critical of procommunist individuals
within the NPPR. The purposes of this program are to disrupt
the activities and lessen the influence of nationalists and
i .,__ _ . C«?mmunists who seek to separate Puerto Rico from tl\e U.S. by
violence.
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SAC• SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub l.} . --·
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GROUPS SEEKING DIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RIC~- :;::.•
. {COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
.
. . ·. ·.:.1,~,'.::i .·. ·
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTIO~)
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and
c~~!ri~:q~~;a~~e
Rico edition 01' !'.'Bohemia Lib~~ .. an anti-CASTRO magazine -:·, .... eo
p~b]._ishe_?_in New Y_ork City •... · . • ['-7-~· ·--~---·:-- .. ~? ,~l
, ·[ ··
~2 01' th!s
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time Nationalist ·
criticizes the
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ue~to Rico {NPPR) •• , /'
e endenc- l h
and
;
ion o the n e · . • I , .
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This article is beins furnished in the event New York
desires to utilize sane in a counter-intelligence technique;·.;. ~
such as having this. article published 1n one 01' New York's:•;
·spanish newspapers.
,.,
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· A translation
01' this 'article is attached hereto. {\~
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Bureau (RM) (Enc. 3)
2 - New York (105-32872}.{RM) (Enc.3)
l ·- San Juan
JU3:arnb
REC. 91./
(5)
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.: . DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
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SAC, SAN .TUAlf (105-3353 Sub 1)
Ci
GROUPS SEEKING INJEPENDENCE FOR POEl:cOO RIOO
( OOUN'l'ERINTELLIOENCE PROGRAM) . ·
(SUBVERSIVE CCffl'ROL SECTION) .
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Re San Juan letter. 4/24/62..
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The March, 1962. issue of "Vigia•. University of'
Puerto Rico (UPR) Catholic newspaper. devoted 1ts front ·
page to an editorial and photo§raph 1n answer
to FOPI 1 s
denunciation of •1rresponsible actions of 8 Vig1a• 1n
reprinting the photograph contained 1n the anonymous leaflet
distr1,biited at the UPR on 1/26/62. The distribution of this
leattet"'bas thus sparked a running battle between the FOPI and
"Vigia" in spite of FOPI 1 s efforts to avoid such a clash.
FOPI recognizes that since the vast majority of UPR students
are of the Catholic.faith, FUPI can only lose by criticizing
.
"Vigia", thus indirectly criticizing the policies of the Catholic
Church. A translation or the "Vig1a" editorial 1s attached
to each copy of' this communication.
· Also attached to each copy is a translation of an
article-in the 5/6/62 edition or •.Bohemia Libre Puertorriquena".
Puerto Rico counterpart of' "Bohemia Libre", published in Miami
and New York. ~ r ~ i c l e 1s accompanied by a reprint of the
photograph o f ~th KHBOSHCHEV.
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1-New York {Enc 2)(105-32872){RM)
2-San Juan
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TRANSLATION FROM SPANISH
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Puerto R1co
.. • EDl:TORIAL
~OARE THE
#IA:cPE).ONES?
The handbill entitled "Student In!'onnation'!
which was dis1ributed by FUPI on February 26 throughout
the University campus, denounces "irresponsibility on
the part or Vigia" and at the same time showers us with
scorn and tenoer phrases.such as: "being miserable, cowardly
and immoral"~ Thank you. We never scorn anyone, neither
do we· 1nsult.
·
·
According to them, our "irresponsibility" lies
in the ract that we have accepted, what they term "ideologic association through photography".
hex-University or P.R.
student
FUPI Secretary or Foreign
Relations,
s is picture taKen with NlXITA KRUSHCHEV,
he has.no "ideological association" whatsoever with NIKITA.
KRUSHCHEV.
So the student body can. judge tor itself, we
e. This little sample shows that
is no less than a member or the
· The student body should know that the International
Union or Students (IUS), the same as the World Federation
.
or Democratic Youth (WFDY), are communist associations 1n
disguise, used by Moscow 1n their attempt to influence
the students or the world.
Translated by:
.5/7/62
·
l 2 - Bureau
"2 - San Juan
(5)
l -
:~e~~
York
1 - 105-3079 (FUPI)
105-3353 Sub I {Counterintelligence Program)
'
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It seems that there is something more to the _,,,:.:.;;,,~,,.;,_:'"'" ,-nideological associat1on° _than a photograph.
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FUPI recognizes that IU'3 1B nessentially a 1ef't1at Ji,/, _·
orgruuzation" (Bulletin 15). We assure FUPI that IU'3 !
.--___:J · .- :, -leftist tendencies are purely Communistic and FUPI is doing"'". · __
itself' great damage by affirming that IUS "agrees with
.. ,'..':::-·
I
· our policiesn. No catholic can agree_ with IUS policies.
Therefore, we repeat, no Caholic can belong to FUPI while FUPI is under the influence or .IUS., __
Some politician rrom Chile might sustain that
nthere is no religious persecution whatsoever 1n Cuban and
FUPI, under the influence or IUS, might believe this false-_
hood. Unfortunately, the truth is very different.
f·
...
.- - .
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The Declaration or the Committee or Catholic
Cubans 1n Exile, states that Cuba haS nno schools, no
Fress, no means or communication and the majority or its
priests and clergy is exiled or in prison~.
A word to all those Catholic students who are
still active members or FUPI: nDon•t be amiV.a~.n
i.
Included with bove
wing
a photograph or
taken
from l/21/62 issue_ of Bohe1.u.a, puo is ea n cu a, with
follow~ng caption, as It appeared in Bohemia:
11 samplen,
nFRO?>l THE SISTER COUNTRY OF PUERTO RICO
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from Czechoslovakia, a
friendly nation,
Foreign Relations Secretary
or the Federation of Univers ty Students for Independence
of Puerto Rico and a member of the Inter11ational Union
·or Students I Secretariat, visits the e....,
offices
Bohe~ua. He is accompanied by attorney
delegate of the Fuerto Rican students in u
worker ror the cause or tearing the martyr island
ank
lu
s · Also 1n the photograph are our
and Bohemia collaborato
revolutionary. (Photo:
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· SAC., San Juan (105-3353 SUb 1)
< •
: Director, FBI (105-93124) .
aROUPS SEEKING IND!l'ENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
.•.·-:·-1
(COtr.rrl~J1'TaLir.ENCE PROGRAM)
.
...
..
- t
(SUBVERSIVE CO~'TROL SECTION)
.
.-
. .;:-
P.eurlet 4-24-62.
i
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The Federacion Universltarios Pro Independenci;,
(FUPI) is rightfully concerned because of the adverse
publicity received as a result of the anonymous leaflets
distributed on 1-26 and 3-12-62. FUPI cannot andllas
no intention of answering the questions which nre nsked
in the anonymous leaflet distributed
3-12-62.
·
.
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The followi~ is submitted your office as a proposed ..
answer to the information ,mich appeared in the 3-26-62 edition
of the FUPI organ •1nformacion Estudiantil.•
Your observations and recOL'l!llendations r.re requested.
•
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· The Anti-Comunist ·League of Pucno Rico has
no-intention or time to engage in name calling
,rith the FUPI •
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TRlTI1J CAN MAKE YOU FREE
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FUPI in its guilty concern and because of the
recent truthful exposure of FUPI activities includedthe following in its March 26 1 1962 1 edition of
•1nfomacion Estudiantil•:
REC- 40 /vS
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•ne
~uestions the Students are Asking Themselves
:< '1 195z·
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•mio are the cowards whol ·'at•f1rst anonymously,
and now under the ne.me or the 'Anti-Conm,~nist ·
League of Puerto Rico' devote tllemsclves to
J:Ublishing leaflet_s insulting the FUPI? l\'ho
1s the president of that 'League'?
o is
~J
I the secretary? -,;1ly don't they dare to identify ·
/j
. themselves? Are they the &ill!le as the •secret
·
1
r- ;, Fascist Movement'? finally why all this secrecy?"
, . ·,,.·
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Letter to San Juan
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'
GROUPS SEEKING INI)FJ)ENI>mc£
FOR PUEim> RICO
105-93124
· The only students who arc interested in asking
themselves such questions are the few misguided
· · ··. ·· "· •.
. · would-be c011111unists uong the so-called leadershlJ>
.· of the f(l>I. ·. · ; . · :· ·· ·
. ·.
···
.· :.
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. 1\'e are and intend to .remain anonymous for
reasons of effectiveness but there are no cowards
among the members of the League. Cowards are
those who are destitute of courage. The League · ·
with courage and tro1.b and without ,. desiring llD,)'
acclaim or praise will continue anon;rmously to
fight the Godless ideology of co11111un1sm wherever .·
it appears.
.: ·
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· FUPI should know that one of the aain principles
of a fascist movement is the forcible suppression of
its orposi tion. The League has 'l\i th truth only
made known theu:tivities and associations of Furl
to show the student body w:tiat~PUPI is or is trying
to be.
.
· .
·
- l"e kncnr there is no
hope under communism.
tn~~.
·
independence or
· ·
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Anti-Co111111unlst League of Puerto Rico
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May 2, 1962
••
Airtel
To:
From:
EX-1 lf C,
Sar.r.tu~~
(105-3353 Sub 1)
Director, ·FB'Y (105-93124_)- -'7 c1
.
GROUPS SEEKING INIEPENIENCE "
FOR PUERTO RICO
··i..
.
,
./
....
.
.
• !:
(GOUNTERIN'IEctIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
ReBuairtel 3-9-62 and urlet 4-24-62.
;~
Althoogh the Federacion Universitarios Pro
.
Independencia (RIPI) planned to ignore the anonymous
leaflet which was distributed on 3-12-62, the questions·
asked in the 3-26-62 edition of the RIPI publication show
that FUPI is very much concerned with the anonymous
counterintelligence efforts.
•
. i
{2
~
~
Thist too, points up the absolute need to make
certain our efrorts reDain anonymous •
fl1PI leaders'plellito direct their efforts toward
.
su~port of current campaigns at the University of Puerto Rico
which have the sympathy of the student body should be given
,your continuous attention.
~
When possible,·with full security,
offset or detract from RJPI's support.
,re
should
r· ••
'
\
The Bureau believes that consideration sl1ould now
be given to the preparation and dissemination of the proposed
anonymous leaflet suggested in reairtel. Consideration ·
should be given to deleting tl1e paragraph concerning tl1e
Mo,•imiento Pro lndependencia de Puerto Rico OIPIPR) as
previously suggested -~,t9,?011Jtl~:fffce in order to leave the
possible impression tf!3,[Jtlltrffimll may be the autl1or of the
anonymous leaflet.
l - New York (105-32t:/fi)S
,I 28 \,M .fS
-
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Airtel to
Im:
S..11 JUD.D
(;ROtn'S !i':EKING INDFP&'IDENCE
FOR PUERI'O RICO
105-93124
. ~·
.
·'\~ - .
. :t····
. ~ -~,-.
·
The proposed anonymous leaflet in reairtel
ls intended to inijicate the author is •pro-Puerto Rico•
= but yet criticize each of the three natlonalist
.
organizations and even more condemn the comaunist · ·· ·
influences in the lllltionalist aovement.
San Juan sbould promptly subml t for the Bureau's
6pproval a proposed leaflet based on the proposed leaflet
set out in reuirtel. submit also the identities of
individnals and organizations which conldmraally be
expected to give such a leaflet wide distribution.
Bandle promptly.
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Two anonymous leaflets relutiYe to the F _TPI,
the. nr.tion ... list-conu:iunist student organiz.:tion at the
\lni~.crsi ty of r,uerto ~icot were anonymously. s~nt to·
1nt'.1 Y1du;: ls am! organ1zut1ons on 1-26-62 .;n·.1 .. -12-62 for
distribution. Tlic first leaflet showed no source of
ori"in; l10wcvcr th~ second leaflet showed it l1ad ori~inatc·d
wit1~ the ;r.ti-C~m:;1unist League of rucrto ::?.ico. The lc ... f 1 ets
'b,vc serve:.: the pUJTOSes of tl1is rrt>:;ra'll whicla ur; to
disrurt tLc ... ctivitics an,l to '1imiJ,ish c-:Mr.lllnist 1nfluc:1c~s
in the or·,,nizations. -·her;? is m'.1ci; c<>nf:ision ,:s to t\c
it.ientitv of the so!.l!'CCS und the bl;.ra~ 1,, s h::-:::n !' 1.ice:.! 11:,on
sc,·cr.:.!· inJivid•t;_, ls r.n,J orr:«niz~tio.1s, nu;1~ of ,r,,ir.h ;.;re!
cl>nncctetl ,d th tl1c ,Jui t~d '.:t.1tcs or 1·nerto -~ic,.n :,Clvcrn,1-~nts
or law enforcement.
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t·•r\,irsmlt the 1011ow1n11 m-------,.~~-:=c=:.,..--;-e:--==
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FROM:
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SUBJECT:
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GROUPS SEEKmo INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO R1CO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
· (SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
,
Re San Juan urtel to :&reau, 3/27/62.
On 4/6/62
dvised the FUPI had taken no or!'icial
recognition or
e
s ribution or the latest anti-FUPI leaflet
at the University or Puerto Rico (UPR}. Informant stated the
FUPI leaders now plan to ignore this leaflet 1n the hope that
it will soon be forgotten by the UPR students. ~e FUPI
leaders plan to direct their efforts toward support or current
campaigns which have the sympathy or the UPR student body.
~e infonnant said the leaflet had been extremely detrimental
to the FUPI cause .at the UPR and pointed out the following
results:.
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l. - An average or only 12 to 15 persons have attended weekly
FUPI meetings during March, as opposed to an average or 30 or 40.
at previous meetings.
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the_ lo. llowing in
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
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FROM:
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: 'GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
{Counterintelligence Progr8J!l)
(Subversive Control Section)
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ReSJairtel to Bu, 3/12/62.
.,
··On 3/19/62; . . . . . . . . de available a copy
of-the leaflet o b t a i n e ~ the University or
Puerto Rico (UPR). Info:nnant stated these leaflets
had been distributed by the hundreds at the UPR and
had caused considerable comment by the students,
mostly in agreement with the sentiments expressed in
the leaflet. Info:nnant stated the leaflet had been
extremely detrimental to the Federacion de Universitarios
-Pro Independencia (Federation or University Students
for:Independence}(FUPI} at the UPR.
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On 3/23/62, the 471st INTO Detachment, San Juan,
forwarded to the SJO a copy of a translation of the leaflet,
stating the leaflet had been obtained from persons at the
UPR.
.
On 3/26/62: ~ d v 1 s e d the leaflet ha~
received wide d i s t r 1 b u ~ e University. According
to the info:nnant hundreds or copies had been placed at
the entrance of the UPR and in the Student·center.
Info:nnant said the FUPI had not discussed what action
they plan to take, if any, in face of this latest barrage
of criticism and that the matter will probably be taken /
up at the FUPI Executive Co1mnti~ee Meeting on 3/28/62. -Y
~.ECL!SSIFlEDBY
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REC. ~
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Separatists M_ark
1937 Ponce Massacre
PONCE-Nalionalists and •lb•• advo«US •f Puerte lllea
lnde~ndenct yesterday paraded throup lhe · c:1!1 stnets &o coa. memorale lbe 19S7 Ponce :Massac:re.
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for the :n ,ictims or lh• ,booting. -From lhtre lhe croup or abollt
IGI penom marcbNI to the comer .r Marine and Aurora St&,
&be Ktnt of the massacre.
Ther• se,·•ral spulen adclresse« Che
In hitter anti' ... h\erk.. terms· laknni ..4 y.·lth praises for Cuban -<lictalor Fidel
,.,,up
.:7:.:~f J!~1~~~=~, !:".;a:j;:d~~: !:«~!1::1J (-. ~
for ronc:e - mJ:ior in 1960, and Luis ~fan":" O'S till. son-In-law
l';a!ionalisl ehie! Ped.,, Albina Campoi.
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After !be • .,.ecbes th• 1roup patad•d to Ponce c:emele!T,
where some or the Zl rirtims are buritd. The entire affair wu
eondutlri peacefull1.
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· · · fl>• Pol\te llfassatre tool: place •• Palm Suaaay, Marn tl,
19~1. wbtb. police squads. optntft rttt •n • Sationalist pande f~
h>,,.,.,.d,are. Th• •hooting leff.a total .r ZI d,ad and some 19
of the .dead •"'\ policem••
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3/13/62 ·
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
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SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1) ·
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() GROUPS
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SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FQR PUERTO RICO
COUl<TERillTELLIGENCE PROGRAM
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
ReBureu Airtel to San Juan 3/1/62.
·On 3/12/62 approximately 750 copies each of the
leaflet mentio e ~
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anonynously to
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Puerto Rico, Bureau will be advised
these mailings upon receipt,
For information of tte Bureau enclosed are two copies
of a translation of the FUPI· "Student Information" issue of
Februarx 27, 1962, which was concerned entirely with
refutation of the recent article in "Vigia" and the anonymous
l~let at the University of Puerto Rico.
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TRANSLATION FROM SPANISH.
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Bulletin No. 14
STUDENT INFORMATION
For a Democratic
University
----------------------------------------------------------------··1.
AN IRRESPONSIBIE ACT ON THE PART"OIP:."VIOIA!l. Vi~a• "monthly
" publication of the catholic Onlve!slty center" . s published
in its January edition a photograph and a commentary attacking
FUPI and has disseminated it anonymously at the UPR two weeks
ago. An anonymous author. that is one who hides in the
shadows to make accusations against others• accusations
which he dares not make in the open. is a mean and low
individual. a _coward with no morals. And those who pay
attention to him.are no better. Vigia published the phototfraph and the conunentary with the following statement:
.
Vigia has received and has been asked to dil:lribute. among
the students of UPR. the photograph published herein.
This photograph was accompanied by the following comment~·
and by an elaborate article which is of no interest to us.'
(Indeed. the article we saw is the most interesting piece
of all, in spite
of Vigia 1 s statement that "it is or no
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interest to us . ) And then Vigia rept>duces the commentary
attacking FUPI.
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· The Federation of University Students fo~.,Inctependence
rereby states that it is prepared· to discuss the at~~inentioned
commentary with anyone who supports it. We do not fear
a comparison of ideas·. As to the anonymous author and
those who have stood by him in the pages of Vigia, they
deserve .nothing but our utmost contempt.
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FOR "VIGIA" AND·coMPANY-. Puerto Rican independentists and
particularly those of us who are active members or the
Federation of University Students for Independence (FUPI),
can be catholic, Protestant or free-thinkers; can be
Socialists, liberals or Christian democrats. But we are
always, above any religious or ideological dfi'erences,
INDEPENDENTISTS, opposed to foreign guidance for our country.
Translated by:
3/12/62
·
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We can go to Washington, Rome, Moscow or Belgrade; ".
we can talk to KENNEDY:; to Pope JOHN XXIII, to KRUS.HEV
or 'l'l'I'O and we will always be the same men, 1n our own
country, day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute,
facing all those forces which are opposed to Independence,
without giving a thought to the loss or privileges we
might have because of this or the ,persecutions we might
suffer.
'l'herefore, to question FUPI's patriotic integrity
one must be either very cynical or very ignorant. Because
those who today (year 1962) favor and applaud American
colonialism in Puerto Rico and even wear the American military unif'onn, may be called rr.any things, but they will
never be called patriots • .And 1t is.precisely that which
hurts them deep down: the fact that FUPI is a: ~riotic
organization whih faces them as well as acyone else who
attempts to violate our Country's sovereignty, tulf1111ng
its pr1lllary duty of fighting for the independence of Puerto
Rico, unmasking its enemies. Let those hypocrites, traitors
to their Country mark these words: we will fight harder
and harder tor the achievement or our ideals.
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___VE_h:'E_Z_UE
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___X_I_co_,_'I'__ON......,.IS_,_sw_1_1_·ZE_RL_AND_,......IR_A.,.Q.._,_R_u__s_s_I_A.._,_ETC
______.--} _
'!'hanks to FUPI's active participation in youth
and student congresses held 1n the world during the last
3 years, the cause or Puerto Rican Independence has won
the enthusiastic support or ·hundreds or youth organizations,
as well as millions or youths from all over the world
or every possible political ideology. Resolutions, rallies.
protests, solidarity marches, petitions requesting the
liberation or Dr. PEDRO ALBIZU C/¥.POS are some or the
:rewards :reaped by FUPI ror this participat1nn 1n international
events held in more than 20 countries throughout the
Continents. FUPI delegatestave visited Venezuela (3rd
Latin American Congress or students), 'l'unis (Seminar on
Under-Developed Countries), Sweden (Serr.inar on Student
Participation in Society), Switzerland (9th International
Conference of Students - CIE-COSEC), Iraq {6th Congress ot
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Jr{&/ the International Union or students). Moscow (Youth·World
Forum) and many other countries. And no matter how the ·
,
enelllies o! ..independence. be they called what they will,
· ·', try to stop it, FUPI will not abandon its practice or
·_
I participating in 'Whatever youth congress 1s held to
. t'urther the cause or Puerto Rican independence and obta1n·~·
the support of every nation or the •orld.
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tt.VIGIA 1 S11 EVIDENCE. -- V1g1a has published a photograph
wnich was taken In Moscow last August, at the end or
the Youth World Forum which was attended by more than
850 youths from 108 countries including catholics, Communists,
Quakers, Socialists, Nationalists, Moslems, etc. In
order to 'prove" that FUPI is taking orders trom the Communists,
V1~1a points out that the photograph shows NIICITA lCRUSCHEV
ano a FUP! member who attended the Youth World Forum.
'l'he photograph also shows approximately 40 persons, from
a number of countries, who attended the Forum as representatives or youth erganizat1ons. 'l'he photograph 1s of
a public activity and it is available to the AJUer1ean Press
(United Press International, ete.). to the members or
the United States Embassy, to the newsr,apermen of the
world, etc., etc. (¥igia states that 'the communist
domination of the en re worldn was plotted there.)
Well then, U appearing 1n a photograph with
KRUSHEV, at a pub:Hc activity, means that FUPI receives
orders from the Kremlin, we can also "prove" that we ·
receive, by the same token, orders from ROMULO BETANCOUR:r,
President or Venezuela, or from the Prime Minister of
Iraq, KASSEM, or from the Swiss Federal Council or trom
the Prime Mister or Algiers, BEN KHEDA. And 1f we try
hard enough we 1111ght even have a photo taken with KEh'NEDY,
at the White Bouse gardens.
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:Because if we are to accept the thesis sustained
by Vigia, •ideological association through photography",
then every bishop wh6 has ever been photographed with
TRUJILLO 18 his follower and all those Cardinals who have
had their picture taken next to "Generalissimo" FRANCO
are in favor or his regime and those bishops who have been
photographed with MUSSOLINI and HITLER are Fascists and ·-···· -··
Nazis and the Papal Nuncio Monsignor CENTOZ 1s pro-FIDEL
. --- - ------------------.
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seeing that we have photographs or him taken last month
ill whioh he appears having a oordial chat with the .President
of Cuba, Dr. OSVALDO DORTIOOS. Would Vigia have us employ .
their ntacticsn and startp.iblishing interesting photos?
Naturally, we won't do this, 1t wouldn't be 1n good taste.
Especially when 1n those photos they pubi1sh ICRUSHEV is
not pinning medals on anybody. whereas the ones we have
do show medals ••••••••••
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'VIGIAB" TACTICS.- When the attack against FUPI was anonymously
a1ssemina~ed at UPR, 1t contained besides the photograph
and commentary reproduced by Vigia, an article on the
Youth World Rrum. r1g1a then realized that this article
detracted from the mpact produced by the photo and it
therefore eliminated the article, thus admitting to the
'mistake" and the blunder comm:ttted by the anonymous author.
For the student body's infomation we are hereby reproducing
the first two paragra~hs or the article deleted by Vigia•. _. __ _
the one theysa1d was or no interest•:
. .
"over 850 youths from 108 countries, among
wh01lwere catholics, Communists, Christian-democrats,
Moslems and Mohammedans, gathered at the recent Youth
World Forum, agreed 1n those measures which should be
taken to overcome existing prejudices 1n the relationship
among countries and youth organizations.
·
•congresses; assemblies, conferences, festivals#
meetings, discuss1oru., seminars to be held 1n an inter-.
national, national and regional level; exchange of delegations.
or tourists, of athletes. or students, or expositions, of
literature, ot fi~ms; these are the corra:t ronnulas to
iron out any differences among the young ones. stated the
delegates.•
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Now you might understand why Vis1a 1n an
irresponsible attempt to defame FUPI, omitted tbe article
previously published by the anonymous author. Let the
student body Judge tor itself.
--
EDITORIAL .STIJlF - PUPI, De Diego 156, Rio Piedras.
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-·----------·--·--------·-··--w HAVE- NO-'bOUNSELORS" .- ---·
We students who are active members
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of FUPI manage to carry out our student and patriotic
activities without the aid of any "Counselors" to guide us.
Neither Russian Communists nor Spanish Fascists "advise"
FUF.I, officially or non-officially. Some of our enemies
cannot say the same for themselves. For example: Vigia.
OUR NEXT EDITION,- Will contain more information on FUPI
and Its International policy and especially, on its re1lationship with the Coordinating Secrelariat of National
Student Unions (COSEC) with headquarters 1n Holland,
and with the International Union of Students (IUS) with
headquarters in Czechoslovakia. Even though FUPI has
already given detailed reports on these phases of its
activity on previous occasions, we now propose to delve
deeper into this subject and denounce for once and for
good, the continuous stream of slanderous campaigns which
have been launched against FUPI by the enemies of Puerto
Rican Independence, who incidentally, have never stood up
for student rights.
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AN ·UPSIDE DOWN_ WORLD.- Those who fight for Puerto Rican
Independence have sold out to Russia, say the colonialists
now. What a laugh! Those who accept the present rule
of a foreign Congress aid not a sovereign Puerto Rican
people governing our country, those are the ones who are
sold out. And they will sell out tomorrow the same-way
.they have done today. This is the law of inertia. Let's
begin to put things to right!
. ;-:·\·
,.
FUPI MEETING WAS GREAT SUCCESS.- Approximately 500 students
gathered at the Rio Piedras Plaza de Recreo (square) on
the night of Thursday the 15th to listen to NORM.AN PIETRI,
MARCOS RODRIGUEZ, FELIX OJEDA, JUAN ANGEL SIIEN and PEDRO
BAIGES discuss PUPI's views on 1nterna~nal, national
and university· problems. The a Alliance for Progress"
was denounced as another attempt on the part of the United
States to prolongue its rule in.Latin America, using to
this end, the dictators and corporations, such as United
!
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·· · Fruit, which exploit the great natural resources of their----·
countries. The FUPI also denow-iced at this meeting the
so-called "talks" held recently at UPR whichtere directed
mainly at attacking the progressive mcr.enents of Latin
·
America. FUPI speakers also spoke up against the
irresponsible accusations which are being made against
our organization.
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FROM:
3/13/62
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-9312~)
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
CGROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE .FOR PUERTO RICO
( COUllTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRA?:1)
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Rel>aA::":"::::L:::.-
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Regarding the distribution or the leaflet covering the
entire independence field as proposed by the Bureau, the
San Juan Office feels the "Ponce Massacre" comme.-:ioration
on ?-larch 21 next would not be an aporopriate time inasmuch :
as this is primarily an event sponsored by and conducted by/
the NPPR. Inasmuch as the proposed leaflet includes other i
independence groups ~tis believed a more r;eneral.celebrat~on,
such as the De D'lec;o Day commemoration on April 8 or
/
Betances Day commemoration on April J.6, which are conducted
by all independence groups.would be more appropriate.
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It is felt that the proposed anonymous leaflet is excellent
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with the exception of the followinz considerations:
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It is noted the leaflet mentions both the APU nnd the ; .
NPIPR as being con'Tlunist infiltrated. This ract may tend to
unite these organizations against a co=on enemy and thus/
draw them closer torrether. At the present they are at odds
and it is believed desirable to omit the paragraph concel'I1111,'.;
eithe2• the MPIPR or the APU in order to leave the possible
impression the other organization composed the leaflet.
I
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-~ct'l'he San Juan Office will promptJ.y prepare a leaflet in 1the
C • "English lan£Uase and
Spanish lanG')age for approval . of the,I Bureau.
.
3'...Bureau (RM)
l?FC- 4L
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-i:-New York (RM}(Info){105-32872J /0.5"- / .:.·,/_;,, 1-San Juan
. .
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t1AR 20196
.',j'-i22MAR .16 1962
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Spec:ial Agent in Charoe
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Sent
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UNITED STATES COV ,,_RNMENT"-:::f'
A1emorandum
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TO
: DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
~,.\!~oM. ··
DATE:
. I
3/9/62
·-:-;,-_:>:'....
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- -.,;. ··-
SAC, SAN JUAN {105-3353 Sub 1)
:,
:~UBJECT:
dGROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM).
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
--
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As has previously been pointed out to the 1"reau, 1
the two issue:,' within the Federation of University Students I
for Independence (FUPI) which appear to be amenable to
exploitation/under instant prog
are, (1) the Communist i
' 1
he FUP
e rift between FUPI leaders
and
The first point is being
the meci
an anonymous leaflet at the
/
University or Puerto Rico. The second is being handled
:
throu h the use of informants within the
ally;
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nas oeen repeate ly
instructed to tak~opportunity to widen the differences
betweenalllltn..._.,into an open break.
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By way of background, it 1s pointed out that
·
- e c e n t l y organized the MPI Youth to operate on the
~ level, a s - to the FUPI 1 s activity on the ,
Universtty level.
has been unsuccessful in his
,
efforts and attendance a the two national conferences or :
the MPIPR Youth has been very low and confined mostly to 1
the FUPI mern
"in. Infonnant has seized upon this opport;unity;'
to discredit
d the FUPI and . e a d the rumor :
:!
throughout the •u
irectorate that
is trying to 1
destroy the FUPI and to transfer its
ge, both locally
and -112.lly, to his o~m organization. During the past
week
remarked that the FUPI appeared to be through as
an er c :i. e action group at the University and should, 1n :
the f'uture,serve only as an intellectual organization to guide
the activities of the 1ndepcndentist youth on the national/
level This statement, made in the presence or several FUPI
of!'icers, was "played up" by the in.formant to strengthen the
_I
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2 ,_ B.l.reau (RM)
1 - San Juan
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SJ 105-3353 Sub 1
concerned onlY wi.th his
,,.-.
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;;hen ca e
or a vote of
confidence of the PUPI Board by submittinS his resic;nat1on
as Vice-President and, to his surprise., his resignation wa.s·
accepted, his replacement to be named at the next FUPI
meeting.
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The above is being rurnished for the information
of the :sureau as a counterintelligence measure which has
met with some degree of success.
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SAC, San Juan {105-3353)
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!~ i .. .Director, FBI (lOS-93124) •. -~. ·:,::_ ,;.· ,. ;':
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.. I GROUPS
S.EDCIM'.i INDEl'ENDENCE FOR PUERfO RICO
1 (COUNTERINI'.ELLIG!:J\CE PROGRAM)
.·, · StrnVERSIV£ COr.'TROL
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The results of the distribution of the anticotl!l!'~nist
;y:,;/··. leaflet at the University of Puerto Rico have been fnvorable.
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.These leafJets were to disrupt the activities '1nd diminish the i ·
influence of the Federation of University Students for Independence
(FUPI). The FuPI leadership has attributed the Jreparation of the
leaflet to a number of sources, none of which arc connected with
the u. s. Government or to law enforcement. Distribution of tl,e
anonymous leaflet has been directed solely against FUPI.
/
The nure.iu believes that we should consider at this :
time the preparation of another anonymous leaflet for distribution
. · · at an approprlnte time in the future which will not only concern ·
. · · FUPI but include other Puerto Rican inde}'endence group~ which are
,.;
'in ~ay related to communism. The effec~ of this leaflet Sh!)uld
, be not only to exercise the purposes of this program but to add
· .·.-.'.A.·,.n;il· nfusion as to the possible source of this counte. riote}ligence
'""'i'43: tiu ty.
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AS previously pointed out timing in this prog~ ii of
{i/!fti , i;reat itiportance. In thls regurd, It is noted ~at. on March ~l
·) - ~f euch year the ruerto Rican indefendencc factions celebrate the
•· • /
,o-callea •ronce Massncre" by placing wreaths in homar.e to deceased
.· _i
ationa~i~ts ;i,n.d~~ttending ruisses for the dead .at the church in
1
once. i ,f~Jdj.tlor~fq-O.'tAA. ;r:s~~ebrntian./ .I': r - . ; -· . -, . .
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~":"-_-::..::.::.of time bcfo_re Murch 21 when leaflet may pos·sibly lie distributed.
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Che approp_riate time is being left to the discretion of your ... j": .'· .
office. Tbe Bureau does not desire indiscriminate volume · .· ·.1 ·, ·
.. ,distribution -which aight detract from the effectiveness of this ' ·.
.... /technique.
.
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Each operation of this program must remain anonymous
and be conducted in a manner so that the counterintelligence
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tt:~itl ~c~iv~_tiesy:: :::::::i::c;:1::::et:o::s:~~ution of an
.. !
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anonymous leaflet around the period of the •ponce Massacre•
,,: "i celebrations should be famished to the Bureau. FUrnish also ·
/ the identities of possible sources to 1\'hich such a leaflet
1
·/could be anonymously mailed who would nonnally be expected to 1
give the leaflet wlde distribution. In this regard, you should
/ consider anti-Castro grours in Puerto Rico, the local American
Legion orgnnization and others. If you consider the March 21
celebration. a rropitious occasion and tim!l for distribution, .
::,i .· . you should ~dv se ~e Bure~u ·the nu:mber of copies desired.
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San Juan should promptly furnish the BUrenu its
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:1 proposed ELllODYJ!IOUS leaflet in the English lanJ;Uage and the Spanish
lenguage .exactly as i ~ should be prepared for distribution.
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leafiet .,.~;.~~1!:!¥1\e~tf:::.'!lshe<I as• pn>poscd ..,• .,,....
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supreme leader for many years ,
in the n.lt1ona 1st movcoent In Puerto Rico, often ciis:!vowed
communist influences in the nationalist movem~nt. . ~.
the United States war against collltlunism in Korea
tpecifically stated that the Nationalist Party o
, 1co
. must ~vo.id _being considered in anJ'WAY communistic in its /views.
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!Altt~l to San Juon
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,P.e: r.,·-:,•tps Serki ''f Independence for Puerto Rico
(Counterintelligence Program)
ds;cci
- Subversive Control
·
5fl)t1105-93124
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1\'hatever his relationship IDllY have been with cO!llll11Ullst
individunls and regardless of bow 1PTOng or right be was. i .
vas against Soviet communist ideology.
·. · .
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ld see his ,rife;·.-...../'
oge e ~
wn.l:>11<
like leeches.
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Suppos
nnd so-coll
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Fidel Castro's Soviet-
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suppose - - - k n e w of tlte Federation of Universi~
Students for ~ c e Joining ..-1th international
:
communiSl;I, which! if we areWiiiiiiiifferent, can eventually
destroy -me Amer cas which
loves.
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S~pose
learas that Juan Mari Dras ls
attempting to unit~-, nationalists and co>:::.'lunists under
the banner of the Movimiento rro-Independencla. Always
opposit~ the nationalists desire a republic c.nd tbe
Co!ll!llu.,~ists a socialist state like Soviet RUssia •
~i tf;i;!tf:!~ff!!ca
0
~i ta~~1: ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ e ! t ! t
Party of Puerto Rico, is almost co
nnd controlled by the communist
who directs but never leads.
letel
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dom· ctcd
.
.
. . . - . s being betrared but more i111portant
i s ~ Puerto Rico s teing betrayed.
•
'fhp destiny of Puerto Rico must not include subser.·lcnce to an o.theistic ideology.
Puerto Rico, yes; communislll, not
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AIRTEL
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To:
SAC, San Juan
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(lOS-3353)
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From:
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Director, flJI
(105-93124)
. I
qR<Wt..S....SEEKl~G_l.ffl>EPENDENCE
__FOR PUERTO_.lUCO_
I
ccou;~TER11\T£LLI GEH:E PROGRAM)
· 1
(SUBVERSIVE COJ\TROL SECTION)
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Reurairtel dcted February 21, 1962,
and Bulet dated January 17, 1962.
Three thousand .cor,ies of the reproduction i
of the leaflet suggest~d in reairtel are being
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fqnranled your office separately.
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It is absolutely necessary that this
leaflet be disseminated in Puerto Rico in a
manner so that it cannot be traced back to your
office or.to the Bureau. Packages of the
reproduction should be anonywously n1ailed in
accordance with the instructions in reDulet~
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Advise when mailing completed, out1bcr
MAILfD 31
\of copies furnished each recipient and keep Bureau
·,
MAR _ iS6 2 currently advised concerning the reaction to_ t~;, ,,. , ,/, _
2
leaflet.
/,,;, /,.-. , __..- ~
COMM-FBI
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i\OTE 0.\ YELLOW:
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Authorization to 111aif i~lr1~i'-'anonymously
anticommunist or1.anizatiofl~; at l{n~versi_ty of Puerto Rito ~ .
approved in me aorandum ),r. B11anJI to ll.r.,:;~.Sullivan dated --_i \/):
February 23. 1962. Rellulet ~e_mphasized the necessity
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Airtel to Sara .luan
P..e: GROUPS SCEli.lNG INDEPENDENCE
,·
. .i'.·. FOi< l'l'l:RTO RICO
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.. ,. (Cuutll~Rli~TELLlGENCE PROGRAM) .·.,;. ., .. _,
.105-93124
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YCLLOW: .
CONTl.NUED
................ .
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that counterintelligence techniques must be completely•· ::... ··'.~-:;: :-:·
anonymous so that under no circumstances can the leaf-;~;_;
lets be traced back to the FBl. The leaflets are
.. :
bcin~ mailed under the fictitious name •Anticommunist
League of Puerto Rico.•
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�TO
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
DATE:.
SAC, NEW YORK (105-32872) (P)
{GROUPS SEEK! NG INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
( cmrn 'IERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CON'IROL SECTION
(OO: San Juan)
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ReNYlet 11/29/61 •.
T
N:> activities have.been not.cd in the Puerto I
Rican pro independence field during recent weeks upon
·i
which euitable counterintelligence efforts could be based~
r
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The Nationalist
o (NPPR) :
1s s t i ~ factions,
or. one side
and t h ~ n the other. At present a meeting is contemplated among the Jiationalists in New York City, wherein
an attempt will be made to solve the factional problem and
a determination made as to who actually is the controlling
force in the NPPR in New York City. 'Ibis situation will be
watched for any opportunity to employ coun~erintelligence\
meseures.
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eader of the Movimiento Liber- ,,
tador de Puerto .1Uco HLPR) 1n New York City, 1s presently
in jail and the MLPR is dormant at this tillle.
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'Ibe Accion Patrlotlca Unitaria (APU) 1s a small
group and activity on their part is of a lilllited scope. i
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~ i m i e n t o Pro Independencia de Puerto R:i. co
(MPIPR) in Nel-1 York City continues its attempts to be a ·
I
movini:; force in the independence flel
. t work,
meetines, etc., however its leader,
is !
presently hospitalized and the organization is not too ··: -·
active et this time.
- ~ - Bureau (105-93124) (RM) 1 -~- 2.'l.
~ - San Juan ( 105-3353 Sub 1 )1 ·t'RM)'
1 - New York (105-32872) (413)
(5)
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"'"'..-1:.:r..., vlmiento 24 de Julio de 1898 (M 24), under.1,;~ . :": •.
is crumbling, apparently as the result or . ::<; ... :; ·
one of its members, through the coopers tion or'./:.,... ,
the Ne'W York City Police Department, 1n possession or
, · ·· · ·
firearms. This group, which was organized to risht for.the
. independence of Puerto Rico in a military "Way, lost their:
= one rifle which bad cost the group $81., by this arrest apd
most of the members quit the organization 'When they learned
or the arrest.
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The NYC continues to analyze the independence!
activities of Puerto Rican groups in 1-Ie'W York. City, and Will
afford the Bureau its observations and sugi;cst1ons re[;arding
counterintelligence disruptive measures 'Whenever opportunities
are presented wherein worthwhile counterintelligence steps can
be taken.
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TO
: Mr. W. C. Sullivan
FROM
: Mr. J.
SUBJECT:
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1 - Mr.
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUl\'TERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
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Purpose:
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To obtain approval for anonymous distribution of an / ·
anticommunist leaflet on the campus of the University of Pllerto Rico.
This will be a follow-up to a similar leaflet distributed l-26f-62
which was designed to show the communist control of the Federation
of University Students for Independence (FUPI).
''
Background:
i
The leaflet d i s t r i b u ~ a re~roduction of a
picture of FUPI representative.........,stand1ng with Khrushchev
at a youth function in Moscml'. . The picture first appeared in a Cuban
youth publication. ,The message on the leaflet pointed out tha'.t this·
clearly showed the communist character of FUPI despite the persistent
denials of the organization's leaders.
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San Juan informants advised that the above leaflet had a
"disastrous effect" upon the FUPl at the University of Puerto Rico.
FUPI members are ridiculed and commonly referred to as •comrades."
Attendance at FUPI meetings has dropped off substantially and iits
annual membership drive had little success. FUPI leaders tried to
o v e r c - t of leaflet by holding a public meeting 2-15-62 at
which
appearance in Moscow "'·as passed off as being co'.nnected
merely ,n ,1
e of the many student conferences attended by FUPI
members to call attention to Puerto Rico's •colonial status." : Its
president stressed that FUPI was not a communist organization.
San Juan Office noted that speakers ignored or passed over other facts
clearly showing close and permanent connections of FUPI with /
international communism and suggested it would be timely to issue 1
another anonymous leaflet under the fictitious name "Anticommunist
League of Puerto Rico" to point out the connections which the/FUPI
leaders have concealed. San Juan has submitted the text of a1proposed
leaflet in the Spanish language.
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105-93124
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MAR l 1952
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~lemorandum for Mr. W. c.· Sullivan
Re: Groups Seeking Independence for Puerto Rico
(Counterintelligence Program)
(Subversive Control Section)
105-93124
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ACTION:
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If approved, San Juan will be authorized to mail
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anonymously to known anticommunist organizations at the University
of Puerto Rico copies of the leaflet proposed by the San Ju~ .
Office.
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Informant said
e
with conviction, was gene a
t accepted even by those:
listening in the .audience. The fact that there were no ;
f'avorable comments on the UPR campus during the 1'ol.
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days also indicates a general lack ot._ acceptance ot
eJq>lana~ion by the UPR stude;i:its. ( l,,{J
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- It is noted that
certain key facts, such as
permanent status in i
Prague, which it is felt c
onn the basis for another:
. . t for anonymous distribution. However, inasmuch as',
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dwelled at length on the f'act that the author or I
e original leaflet was afraid to identify himself and stated
1
this tactic was n..9t "honorable", it is sugges.ted the
fictitious name/,Ant1..,..c~st ~a~(;!_.Q.f__Puerto. _Ric~" be !
signed to any f'uture leaflet. '!his will maintain its
anonymity, but give it the appearance or authenticity. &.-\')
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The f'ollow1ng leaflet,.to be distributed in thei'
same manner as the original, is suggested. It is recommended
the heading be printed in large black letters to attract i
attention. In order to be effective, it is felt this leaflet
must be mailed within.the next two weeks. If approved, the
exact Spanish worcµng should be used. [ ~
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F.ecently the FUPI held a 1teeting on tbe public aqua.re j
at Rro Piedr~ !or the Pll-"POSe or defending its public stand ·. :.
that it is not an organir.etion at thE service or inte:rn&tional'
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In an attempt to confuse the issue with demagpguer,y, 1
the !ollD'.nng facts were bidden, or were not revellled: ---:'-:-:· -:[
Fint:
It was &aid that t,&.."'Ciso E&bell. }'.A!"t!nez
represented the FUPI at a congress iD J.:oscow0
This ad!r.ission '
"as made only 1r.ien con!'ronted with irrefutable proo! that t.he
:$'JP! is at the service or the Kremlin.
Never be!'ore had the
FU?I r,,ublicly recognized its ndiplorr,atic relationsn id.th the
Sc-net bloc.
Neither was it 1r.ade kn= that Con:.rade F.arciso i
Rabell not only represented the FUFI at this congress, but that:
he continu~s t-o represent the FUPI at the Internatio!lal Union
Students (nrn ~1.th headquarters in Prague, as a me:,iber or .tbe i .
Executive Cor.-m ttee or this organizatio!l.
The ros is an organir.ation subsidized by the Communists for t~e purpose or seeking
followers aroong students and infiltrating the universities or ~e
world.
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Rabell's appointment is for two years w!-,ich he must i
spend in Europe or in gey ot.'ier pa....-t or the vorld at tbe service;
or Inter:iat;_o!'.Jal Coornunism.
Proof or this ,.-as obtained during 1
Jar.uuy at the College or Social Sciences or the U?R, \o-nen F"J?I i
meitbers co=ented that !'.I.BELL had been in the Doru.nican Republic:
during the Ch!'"isur.as holida;vs !or t.'ie' purpose or rna1<'1ng a study i
or the political situation there to be sub:ni tted to the strate- i
gists or Ccrr.:a:.,'1ist Iot.er'lational policiei,.
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I.et the FUPI reply:
\ne::-e is .F.abeU nCT.t! 'I-no pays :
!or his sernces?
\o.'ho pays his expenses?
Tell us:
\-bat are:
his duties in Prague?
Besides, In addition to nrepre~entir~"
the FUPI, who else does be represent?
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According to its leaders.-the ~ I rec;ives·•~i....·._.._,.._
no aid whatsoever fro.,i the C011111unist bloc.
How, f..'ten, does th$ '"''>" "'
FUPI explain that every year many of its 111enibers make trips :.::-:-'c.-?c-::·c' -~"--·
abroad ~tiich last from three to ten months, ,;luring which time :_ :
the,: travel ~roughout ~ "Communist paradise"?
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IA!t the FUPI answer: ·.. llhere "does the 11oney come frcn'.
· to cover these •activities•? ·
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Third:
FUPI leaders maintain that they receive no
.:,rders from the Cc,:,rnunists through the IUS.
How, then, does
the FUPI explain that when C<X'llllunist c1111:pair:ns are being con-·
d>~ct.ed in the rest of the world, the FUPI, at the same t:ilue,
conducts the same campaign in Fuerte Rico, and follows the same i
ideology?
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To express their "gra-~itude,~- ih~ C=inists ~~lp the
7!TPI fi~ht "Yankee Imperialism" by the international orga'li::ati4n
of such special activities as Pedro 1.lbizu Csmpos Da;y.
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!.et the FUPI answer:
'1-!b,y are the Co=nists so in- i
terested in helpi:ig the FUPI in its carr,paign?
Are they trying i
to roa1ce another CUba out or Puerto Rico?
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LET THE STDD'::NTS ANSWER: 'Why do we pemit the existence
or a cormucnist group in our Allua Hater? .
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ANTI-CC!-!MUNIST LEAGTIE OF PUERTO RI'
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LO QUE NO DIJO LI. FUPI
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Tratando de coni'undir al· est.udiantado con $US discursos
de~agogicos, Se ocult.aron, 0 DO f'ueron revelados. los siguient.eS
hecbos:
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· :l'ri,,,ero: se dijo que W..rciso Rabell J,;art.!nez renre$entaba a la FUPI en un congresc en Moscu.
Est.a adJnisH•1 se
'hizo al verse cc>~rontados con la irrefutable prueba de que la
t J.-I est£ al servicio del Krellllin.
Nunca antes la FUPI babia I
reconocido piiblic~e:ite sus "relaciones di-olO!Tlat.icas" con el
•
bloque sovietico.
Ta,upoco se dio a conocer s1 pub'.!.ico el becb~
de que el camarada r.a."'Ciso ?.abell DO s6lo re;,?"esent.6 a la FUPI I
en este coni:reso, sine que cont.in.Sa representa.'l:io a la Y'UPI ante
la U!li6n Internacional de Est.udiantes (UIE) con sede en Praga, :
come Jlliembro del Cad~ Ejecut.ivo de est.a organir.aci6n. La UIE
es una organir.r.cioo subvencionada por los comunistas cuyo f'il1 es
. ganar adept.cs ent.~ los est.udiantes e in..f'iltrarse en las aniver+
sidades del l!!ll!ldoo
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El nanbrarnient.o de P.abeil es por dos al'los, los cusles:
t.iene que pasar en ~ropa o en cualquier otro punto del globe al
servicio de la un: 7 el ·c011T.miSl!IOo P:n:eba de est.o se obtuvo . i
hace poco durante el 111es de enero en el colegio de Ciencias
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Sociales de la UPR cuando miembros de la Ft!PI comentaban que
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t'!11ra.'lt.e las Navida:ies Rabell bab!a est.ado en la Re,:,iiblica Don:i.nicana haciendo un estudio de la sit.uaci6n ool!tica i>a!'a sundnist.rar
in!'onnaciSn a los estrat.egicos de la pol:ltica internacional
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comunist.a.
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Cont.este la FUPI, Ld6nde est! P..abel aetual.rnente, qui~n
paga SUS gastos 1 SU estad!a y SUS Servicios? Diga, LCUales son
sus obligaciones en Praga?
Ade~£s de "representar" a la FU?I#!
za qu1&n •£s repl"8senta?
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Reciente111ent.e la FUFI celebro una .act.ivid:ld en 1a , ,._.]
plaz.a piiblica de Rio Piedras ccyo proposito principal era
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ciefeniier su t.an conocida ·posicion de que Est.a DO es una orga- : .
nizacion al servicio del comunismo intemacional.
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105-3353 Sub I
ayuda \'?',·-~ ·
Se~do, segun sus l!deres, la FUPI no ·reeibe
alguna_del bloque cammista •. F.htonces, ic6mo explica la.FOP! _s-·:'-'·.·.
el hecho de que cada al'lo muchos de sus miembros salen hacia !el:.''
exterior en viajes que cluran de tres
diez 111eses,·t1enipo durante
el cual recorren el "para!so call\lilista"?
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estas •actividades•?
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Terce:-o, los l{deres de la FUPI sostienen que no reci
6rdenes de los cC'l!!Wlistas a traves de la UIE.
Ahora bien, ~c6mo
explica la FUPI el hecho de que cuando e:i o,l resto del Jlllllldo' los
comunistas celebran campaflas de agitac16n y demostraciones p~r ·
alguna razon particular, en Puerto Rico la FUPI celebra al ndS1110
1
tiempo, la misrna actividad, siguiendo la Jlrl.sma ideolog{a?
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En se!'Ial de •agradecimiento," los comunistas ayud~ a
la FUPI a organizu intemacionalnente eus actividades especiales,
· contra el n1mp.,rialismo yanqui n como por ejemplo, el d!a de fu:iro .
1
Albizu ClllllpOSo
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Conteste la FUPI, ipor que est!n los comunistas i~
interesados en ayudarla en sus c111Upai'las?
iPretenderan hacerI de
Puerto Rico otra CUba?
cmrrESTE EL ESTUDIANTADO:
tPorque penoitimos la
existencia ds un grupo commista en nuei;tro .Al.Illa Mater?
~LIGA A,VTI-COMUNISTA DE PIJER'l'O RfCO
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�Date:
2/21/62 ...
Transmit the foUowino in ----------'P'=LA_IN..c.c-..;c;'lc::Ecc:K'l';.::__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - J
(Type la plaia kJCI or -'cJ
AIRIEL
AIR MAIL
(Pfiori'T or lleiloo4 of llail"VJ
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DIRECTOR., FBI (105-93124)
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SAC., SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
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SUBJECT: ' GROUPS SEEKING INIEPENDENCE FOR PO&rl'O RICO. , ,
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For 1nf'o of' the B.ireau., f'ormer
advised this date that 6.,000 copies of' "E
g a.,
of' Puerto Rico Catholic newspaper., were distributed on February
20., 1962. 'l'he t'irst page or this n e w s ~ the
photograph showing FUPI Representative--wtth
NJXITA KHRUSHCHEV. '!his newspaper i.s being distributed i 1n
all universities 1n Puerto Rico.
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TRANSLATION FROM SPANISH
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~MIA LIBRE PUERTORRIQ~lfA•
San Juan, Puerto Rico
·
-Y.ay .6, ,1.962
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~UPI ANBASSADOR IN MOSCOW •••••••••••••••••••• Jaivie ValldeJul1
A printed sheet with this photograph - published
1n one of the Communist magazines printed 1n Cuba - 1s cir-
I
culating around the universities or Puerto Rico as indisputable evidence or the "comradeship" existing between
FUPI leaders and the Kremlin.
!
It is not news that a foremost FUPI (Federation
or Uni9ersity Students tor Independence?) member flew
behind the Iron Curtain to participate 1n the Assemblies
- or Communists Youths which are held there to unite in evil
those yol.t:!115 who are working as red agents 1n the shadow
or democracy. It is a well known fact that some or its
leaders frequently "get lost" on innocent trips to Mexico
or other countries or the Continent and from there they
join a caravan to Russia where they pay homage to KHRUSHCHEV.
Later, their passports will bear no sign or this because
verbal visas are given to individuals who are so handy.
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· However, this time, the camera has betrayed
h
he F
ambassador in Moscow ••••• There he is:_ NARCISO
e
,;;DIBZ, ronner_i;tµdent or the Un1ve~i~y of _Puer~o
~ x " Secretary of Foreign Relations or FUPI,
attenaing a conference or the high level youth organizations
held 1n the capital of the little world or Communism.
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The aforementioned handbill points out that
the FUPI Ambassador is acting as intermediary between
the Sov~~t Communist regime and.the group of "anti-Imperialist"
UPR students who are forging the "liberation" or Puerto
Rico.
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Translated by
5/7/62
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·-OC S: ·--·-
1-. - Bureau
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The· only question the document does not clea.r · · "l.:.
up ls how many "ambassadors" 1-ioscow has in the FUPI and
in Puerto Rico. For there ls no doubt that the "diplomatlc91 :
gestures of Ambassador RABELL have been imitated by other ....
of his Puerto Rican colleagues. And they are here, with us,
to drive a knife in the back of that democracy which so
..... .
blindly resrects their rights as citizens when they appeal - . -, .
for them. 1
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· Transmit the followlno in---------,;;,==:==-,..::==--,--,-----
AIRT!q,. ·.·
(Priori110,-M~
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.---------------------------------------------- -L--- - !l'O:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
(105-93124)
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353)
DIRECTOR, FBI
/'<
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENlENCE FOR :PUERTO RICO
( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE :PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
Re Bua1rtel, 2/15/62.
'/
, . .. - - - d v 1 s e d the public meeting at Rio l"iedras
.·
by t h e - ~ UNIVERSITARIOS PRO INDEPENDENCIA (Federat1o
ot·Univers1ty Students tor Independence) (FUPI) was held on
.·the night of F
Of1'1cers
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SJ; 10.5-3353
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s00~tK~~,lfift
acting J)
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by the French Youth with the Soviet Union ot.Studerits
as boat.,
KHRUSHCHEV had b;y ch.a.nee showed up at the /~.
meeting. •
said the FUPI and the Communists have a · . ···'
common ene , United States 1mper1al.1sm., and that the POPI · · · ·
will continue t ~ t e With anyone who will aid them 1n
their struggle._.emphasized., however., that this does
not mean the FUPI 1s or ever will be a Commwmt organization.·
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UNITED STATES
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. Memora1idum
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SUBJECT:
. (105-93124)
MIAMI
.
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Feb. 19, 1962" ..,
- .. • (105-SOB6)
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-
(COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION) .·
'*. -..
!"~ .. .-·....
·,. ,~
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. CtROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO R~CO ·t-l
·:F~J;..
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..-
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DATE:
DIRECTOR, F.BI
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Re Miami airtel to '..Bureau~ .l/26/62,.:aod Bureau
routing slip dated 1/29/62. ·. : .· : •. ~-. · · · ... · · · ·
. · .
·:_;._-·
,.
·~_
On Februa~ 11, 1962......£•;:~:T~:~:able a copy
of the September 5, 1961 i s s u e ~ ' • official organ of
the Youth Division of the Armed Forces of the Revolutionary
Government of Cuba printed by .t~.p~~-o~~y-~c~~oal, Ha.Y!1?a,.
Cu~a.. •. . .
. .·. .
.
·· .
. _ _ · .·
· ·.. _... .
t.
~ ~ v i . s e d ·t~e- Impreota Naciooal is the .official
printer for the Communist Party of-Cuba.-He-also advised that
the individuals listed oo the masthead, as follows, are self-.·
admitted _Communists.
APF;;C?;:IATE AGENCIES .
.AllDFIE!DOFFICES
ADVISED BY ROU:fIJ;
SLIP(S) OF •· •
.Board of Directors
'•
'>t-,,
.
l>An:
-FERNANDu·'RAVELO, Director
. :-.\_
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l - San Juan (105-3353)(Iofo)(RM)
3 - Miami (2cc 105-5086; lee 134-44)
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Chief of Information
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Ideas ex,pressed :throughout this magazine are totally
-.·Co1Il11Unistic and against
the u. s. ~~·.•,
.
Referenced routing slip from the Bureau indicated
...
that this copy of "Mella" :w4s no longer needed; however, inasmuch
as the informant has obt.iined same, it is being furnished to the
Bureau for any use the Bureau may desire to make of it.
.
.
'Ihis copy of "Melld" need not be returned to Miami
and may be destroye~ after serving its purpose.
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SA~ San Juan (105-3353)
Froa:, Director, f'Bl·_·. (105-9312~)--~
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-
February ls,· 1962 :, ·
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERI~"IELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE COI,TROL SECTION)
~\l\
.
.,
.
Advise Bureau by return airtel the
offered by Federation of University Students
Independence -(FUPI)
bruary 15,
to the reasons for
resence
with Niki ta Khrushchev
t, 1961.
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ieurairtel dated February 12, ~962.
l
explanation
For
1962, as
in J:oscow
.
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San Juan consider. if practical, the preparation
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..----
!f~:::;!Fa:i!:f!:: !~~:r: ~~::;~;~:~i!:2~~:: fe~:::act
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8 confound FUPI and its leaders.
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a second ~!~:~:t;;a~~:~~d i:e
p!::rJ !i::1;hat
follow the explanations offered by the FUPI leadership.
.Reairtel shows that FUPI officers extremely
concerned over continued distributi~e campus of the
•
'
_- ~..... __ ! leaflet showing FUPI representativdllllllain company with
•
~o;::'c1, _ _ -. K!!rushchev. In a desperate effort to counteract the influence
!'
,:,/I;:;':;·===== of the leaflet, FUPI leaders have called a public meeting for ·
. -~~---_-_-_-_ ~ 15, 1962, for the purpose of attempting to explain
()/
· \;;;:7"'____ - ~ ~ p r e~nf, w_µh Khrushchev. Speakers vd ~I be
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Date:
PLAIN TEXT
1ransml! the following in
~
AIRTEL
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FBI
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=TO:
FROM:
~---
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124}
•
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 SUb 1)
'
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'
..
GROUPS SEEKING nIDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
Re San Juan airtel to Bureau, 2/6/62.
- d v i s e d on· 2/12/62 that the FUPI officers
.
are extremely concerned over t~e cpntinued distribution on
the University or Puerto Ri
leaflet
showing FUPI representativ
~n company
with KHRUSHCHEV. Informan
a
rate effort'
to counteract the influaice of'this leaflet, the FUPI has
adve•rtt 'lul,d a public meeting at the Rio Piedras public
square on
day night, 2/15/62, tor the purpose or
explaining
presence with KHRUSHCHEV. Leaflets
inviting al
students to this public meeting are being
distributed at the UPR. S akers at the meeting will be
~cers
I
,I
Mil.
(3.'_ Bureau (RM)
. .
.
1 - New York (Info) (105-32872) (RM)
. ;c:.Ir-~~-3079) (Fl!1.!_/ittr
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( 6} • 1a::::.:.s:ano 11Y'~.~ ~AY •; - 1977
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·J.PPROPiUA!E AGFNCU:S
}.?.'D FIELD CIP.'ICES
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PUPJ'OSE:
To advise concerning the favorable results obtained tl1rough
· the anonymous dissemination· in Puerto Rico of copies of a two-paged
leaflet prepared at the Bureau which shows tl1e Federation of University
Students for Independence (FUPI) relationship with international
.· · '
coDU11unism,. a relationship FUPI has often denied.
. . .
·· · .
I
B.-',CI{f.RO!J;'ID:
On Vl7/62 we forwarded to San Juan 3,000 copies of a
.
mimeographed reproduction in leaflet fonn an article which appeared
in a Cuban youth publication. The article concerned participants
at the 11·orld. Youth Forum (l\YF) · in Moscow during August, 1961, and
·
carried a pl1oto£raph showing some \\'YF participants being photographed
with Nikita Khrushchev and other top Soviet officials. On the outside
.page of the- leaflet we placed a aragraph in tl1e Spanisl1 lnnsuage ·
explaining the significance f
· 1 and identified University -~
of fuerto Rico (UPR) student
FUPI I s /Jnbassador to
-,
the International Union of S
1 s
:; ,
Soviet controlled
"-.
international communist youth organization located at Prague, struiding~
near Khrusl1cl1ev with other participants.
S
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The IUS has directed FUPI anti-United States activities
in Puerto Rico through Rabell. ·
ft~f51
.
'•
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San Juan on V26/62 mailed anonymously copies of the leaflet
to two student or~anizationsat the UPR and two student leaders wl10
had previously dlstributed pro-United Stat.cs and anti-FUPI literature
on the campus.
/ · r.A
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c.;.' .:> - '/ 5 ,· ,- · .105-93124
c. 1
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l - Dufile 105-53868 (FUPI)
~E.CL!1SSIFIED BY
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FEB 12 1962
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l,l\!morandum to Mr. Sullivan
P-e: f,roups Seeking Independence
For Fuerto ,I?ico ·
(Counterintelligence Program)
1~5-93124
.
"/
- ...
OBSERVATI-ONS:
San Juan airtel 2/6/62 advised tl1at the anonymous leaflet
received wide distribution and -tl1at FUPI officers were thoroughly
confused as to its origin.
·
·
. . . ..
I
- -
..
'
. The 1/31/62 meeting of FUPI officers l\ciS taken up by .their extreme concern due to the appearance of the ,damaging leaflet.
President of Catholic Youth Organization furnished
San Juan Office copies of leaflet and exi;>lained tl1eir anonymous
receipt. He said the photo~rapl1 and anti-Ftfl·I message would be
reprinted in tl1e UPR Catholic Youtl1 organ •EI Vigia" as headline
article, 6,000 copies of •nich are nonnally distributed at
universities in »uerto Rico.
,
.. i
.;
I
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I
I
The-results .obtained from this anonymous mailin~ coincide
with the ~urpose of the program wllich is to disrupt activities
and diminish influences of nationalist and conm!unist or:;anizations
,,hich seek Puerto Rico's separation from tl1e United States by
force and violence.
·
ACTION:
For information. l'ie will continue with utmost discretion
to further exercise the purpose of this program.
'
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. '
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' ' ' " ~ FUPI's m~st Castroi~ed conununist leader,
e~1>resscd deep toncem and stated distribution of leaflet could
completely isolate the FUPI·from UPR student body and destroy
FUPI's future effectiveness on the campus. He said this undoubtedly
is tl1e beginning phase of an effective campaign by UPR aclrainistration
to destroy FUPI.
_,
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39
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body and Puerto Rico generally that the Federacion de
Universitarios pro lndependencia (FUPI) is positively
associated with international collll!lunism.
.
· ··
1..•.'•.'_i_·,:_:·.·.:_.,'.,;_-.••,:.·.,./.
. ·
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l"he Laboratory will attempt to reproduce the
. .
and article ln suffi.cient detail so that · ·.: .,. ..., ;::,
rill be identifiable.
. · .
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The following suggestions are set out for your ~
·
consideration.
. .
,~;:: ! ;.:: w
..........
.. .
lbe article including the photogrnpl1 on }llges 6{~t_Ji·
and 61 of the Septembers. 1961 · issue of •i1c11a• could be
reproduced in its entirety on·cteap commercial pa~r similar
to th~ paper of the original. Coples of the reproduction.. · · ·.
would be folded in the center as a two-p:ige leafle.t. The · . ·
outsi~e of the left ~ge could show the significance of the
pbotogreph and tut of the article. such as •flJPI Ambassador .
and Friends in .MoscO'W. ~
•
..,
r ":
••:
•rhe Federacion de Universitarlos pro Independencia
?". ..,
(FIPI) .denies Russian guidance. However. Narciso Rabell
i ~-c
Jiartinez, former UPR student and Fl.PI Secretary of foreign
. 1
Relations, was photographed at e high-level youth conference
·/
tn Moscow during August, 1961 among those who are plotting
.
Soviet cor.unwiist domination o!'.'fhe' world. FUPI Ambassador
·
I · I•'
Rabell is presently behind tile".' Iron Curtain et the full expense
!.:,.., I'
of the commWlists as the intemedi11n- through which the communist
: :~""' --~~,cime guides; t_I~e Fl.PI I s s~~~led; ~ntf ~t,mpei:ialist I activities •
.·~.c:===if:
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· .,. ··1
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YELLOW PAGE Tl~~fjvf! . .
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TO:
FR<:»1:
DIRECTOR# FBI (105-93124)
/t.j:T~ l~Of.:.".tr::n·-·r.~ii!Aill!D. '
SAC# SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub l)
r-~:::':· ;:-: :7.:5!~S41:c:D_
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,;OUPS SEEKillG INDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO · ·.
(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
.
.,.
Re San Juan a1rtel to Bureau# 1/29/62.
i.
•,
c3).. Bureau (RM)
.
·
llc.G- 7. /
Y - New York (Info) (105-32872) (RM)
2 - San Juan
/
(1 - 105-307qj. (FUPI)
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the -~scussion at the meeting,
aid :that- examination or the leaflet
n expensive job and was not prepared
by amateurs. He suggested the photograph was 1'urnished
by some anti-CASTRO exile group in Puerto Rico and the
leaflet itself was prepared by the ROTC stud-nts
w th.
backing of the UPR administration.
tated this was undoubtedly the beginn ng phase
fective campaign by the administration to .. oestroy the FUPI at the
said there was no way
to refute the presence of
nd KHRUSHCHEV in the
photograph and that the FU
ould therefore reprint
the entire article in its next bulletin, emphasizing
the anti-colonialist nature of the meeting and oe-emphas2zing
the photograph. He said the photograph could be explained
:to some extent by stating the particular meeting was
sponsored by the French Youth and that the Soviet Union
of Students had agreed to be the host. It was finally
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agreed the above action would be taken and that close attention
would be paid to the distribution or these leaflets 1n the_ ·,
,. f'uture 1n order to determine its origin.
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ot t~~-Q~~hc;>_l~~- Youth Organ za ion-a , e-u_R, ap ea
atthe San Juan-Office·with-al'ew-·copieso? the leaflet·
and explained their anonymous receipt. He said he was
f'urnishing copies to the FBI for our information and that
the photograph and anti-FUPI message on the .front of the
leaflet would be reprinted as a headline article in the
next issue of 11 Vigia" to issue within the next three
weeks1 6ooo copies or which are normally distributed at the
and othe
rsities in Puerto Rico. He said
Catholic Priest at the UPR, had·
no peI'Ill
e
,
ribution of the leaflet inasmuch
as the leaflet contains pro-communi..,r:: da within .
the body or the reprinted article.
stated"1;hat
possibl¥ after the publication or "Vig
ne leaflet .
will~e-distributed by the members of the catholic fouth
Organization after the body. or
obliterated.
. . . the article. has been
.
:
The above is being f'urnished tor information or
the Bureau and any additional reaction to distribution or
the leaflet will be furnished
upon receipt.
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SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 Sub 1)
°cmoUPs SEEKING INDEPENDENCE FOR
_. POER1'0 RICO
•(COUNTER1NTELLIGENCE PROGFW!)
7 (SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
.
.
-ReBulet to San Juan 1/17/62.
·
On 1/26/62,500 copies each
anonymously to th
.t
of' Puerto Rico,
One thou.sand copies were "P~ .
No copies were sent. to
in"'"" n as no
lQ...~~1 address could be
ca eG or
~~ividual. A return
of'"1!4:,iga Anti-Comunista de Puerto R1c~1~ti-Communist
•
Leagµe oi' Puerto Rico), with no aodf'ess, was used on these ·__j.'.1--r
mailings.
II
Bureau will be advised of reaction to these mailings
uupon receipt.
',
(3-Bureau (JiM) ·
I-New York (105-32872)(RM)
2-San Juan
(1-105-3079-FUPI)
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·•·Transmit the followinc;i in
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:;;7;: Via _AIRTEL
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1/26/62 ..
~EXT
(Type ill pla,n Cut or
AIRMAIL
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-----------------------------------------------~L------~ "' TO:
FROM:
RE:
Director, FBI. (105-93124)
SAC, MiSJDi (105-5086)(P)
QROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOI(°PUERIO-R.IC.Q,
.
(COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION)
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recently from Czechoslovakia, a friendly nation,
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.. . is accompanied by Attorney
. . • delegate in Cuba of the Puerto
-··: and very active; 'just as be is, in the nevertiring cause to get the martyred island out of
the clutches of the Yankees. With them at the
ht of the photograph is our Director
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rec~!~~~nary
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Miami will continue contact with
respect to possibly obtaining copy of 9/5/61, issue
"Mella."
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. £.enrlet December 21. 1961.
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Lettcr to SJ.C. San .Jnall
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r.e: .Grorps ~eeldng Independence
for PUerto Rico
·
-· icoUAterintelligence Prognm)
105.9.,124
. .
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You are agnin cautioned that comterJntelligence
tecbnl9ues can be more. effective ff CO!IPJete anon,yEtity is ..·.
&aintall!ed. This is an absolute nccessl;y it we are to
disrupt the activities IUld diminish the influence of
·
those orgonizations .-hich seek Puerto Rico'$ independence
through force and violence.
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UNITED STATES
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Memorarzau1n~·
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TO
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SUBJECTOGROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO;
. - . ·-·-(COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
(SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION).
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Files of the Miami Office containro copies of
- 1
''Mella."
was contacted on receipt of referenced
communication, and contact has been maintained with him
with regard to obtaining copy of September 5, 1961, issue
of ''Mella. 11
On January 19, 1962,
advised that he
is attempting to obtain the copy through conta.cts in Cuba.
Miami will continue contact w i t ~ re
this matter, and the Bureau a~d San Juan will be Lmmediately
advised on receipt of copy.
One copy of this letter is designated for San
Juan for.information.
....--
·-·
.
l~ - Bureau (RM)
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1977
2 - MLamL
DECLASSIFXED llY~ ~0 ~ ~ •
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UNITED STATES
Afeniorarzdum
DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 SUb l)
'
DATE:
12/21/61 -: ':', ;,• "' 7.
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( COUNTERrnTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL
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ReBulet 12/15/61.
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The San Juan Office agrees it would be desirable
to have the entire article reprintMwever, 1f th1s
makes the photograph ·so small that
would not be
immediately recognizable, it is felt
e authenticity
would hot be lost if a small portion of the article
could be printed on each side of the photograph. It
is also pointed out that the same photograr,h
appeared
.,
in a Russian newspaper, presumably nPRAVDA 1 , shortly \ t )
a f t - orld Youth Forum and was sent to the FUPI
\ ·.-·
by
The photograph accompanied by the arti_cle
.f '
in u:osian may have been more effective for our purpose
but
'snot aware of the location of th1s
'
new~pa::r~s s u g g e s t e d ~
ossible
a small White
cir~le be placed m>un
face in the reproduction
to draw immediate attention to
by the reader.
Regarding distribution, th1s will be effected by
the anonymous mailing of packages
of the leaflets to
the UPR catholic newspaper 11 El Vigia", the Sta
od
You h Grouo at the UPR, and to the UPR s
ts
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It ls recommended that 3,00 copies
leatlet be prepared
b7 the FBI
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Regardl ig_ the message on the leaflet, the
entire wordage must be in the Spanish .language and must
be written in Spanish type. The following ls the exact
translation of the message as set out 1n relet and.
lt ls mggested this wordage be usedl
"EMBAJADOR DE LA FUPI Y SUS AMIGOS
SE REUNEN EN MOSCU"
•
i'
La Federac16n de Un1vers1tarios Pro
Independenola (FUPI) niega estar bajo la tutela ruse.
Sin embargo, la fotograt!a muestra a N:aroiso Rabell
Martinez, ex-alunino de la Unlversidad de Puerto Rico.
quien durante un tiempo ocup6 .el cargo de Secretario
de Relaciones Exteriores de la FUPI., en una
oonferencia de las altas esferas de organizaciones
juvenilefl celebrada en Moscd _durante el mes de agosto
de 1961 para tramar la dominaoi6n oomuniata en el
mundo entero. En estos. mementos, el emba jador de la
FUPI, R/1.BELL., se. encuentra detr_A.a de la Cortina de.,
Hierro, ~on todos sus gasto1t pagos por los comunistas,
actuando de intermediario entre el r~gimen comuni!'lta
7 la FUPI. A travAs de Al, loa oomunistas dir1gen las
llamadas actividades anti-imperialistas de la FUPI. ·
.1,Confrontada con e~tas pruebas irre!'utables,
podrA la FUPI seguir engar.ando al estudlantado de la
u. P. R,t
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C - n cng contacts.with
··~,-it .is noted
was contacted concerning another ma er ··- ... _
by SAC SPEA
on 10/25/61. at which time he expressed · his concern over communist connections or the FUPI
· ··-·: ·c.
and volun,te.er~d~to again publish any article or-editorial , •.· •.
,._ which the-,FBI~.f'elt would serve to counteract the influence ~,,. · .· .
. or this,~orgari~zation. Such an editorial. however. would
...
1
concern: .~ the; clear-cut issue or the FUPI s admitted . -~-'"'" ·"'7c.····
connection with the Soviet-cont-1
d International Union ·.· ·
·
or Students (IUS) and it 1s fel
would be extremely ·..... · ·
hesitant to publish an editorial con
ing communist
. · ·.
infiltration at the UPR. other than the FUPI, in the absence
or strong ev1-··'>ce to the effect that such inf11tration
exists and is,~/danger to the welfare or the people.'lhis 1s .
particularly true since both the Chancellor or the UPR and ·
the Governor of Puerto Rico have publicly opposed an
investigation into the possible communist inmtration at the
-UPR •
."':.:>.·-i .
I
It is believed the type or counter measure referred
to by the Bureau is already being adequately handled by the
general public in Puerto Rico, the vast maJority or whom
are in favor or the democratic process and are decidedly proUnited states. Each public statement by an anti-United
states group, either a group or students or a group or
professors, is countered by an expression of pro-United
states sentiment by responsible citizens in Puerto Rico.
An example :b point, 1n addition to the above mentioned
anti-FUPI demonstration, 1s the publishing or a document
1n support or the United states signed by a large group
or prominent business and profefd.onal men of Puerto Rico.
in repudiation of the so called "Document or EXtermination"
by 19 university professors 1n protest to the United States
bases 1n Puerto Rico. Also, the concern of the public.
as shown by numerous letters to the editor 1n local newspapers.
following the statement by Puerto Rican senators to the
effect that "Communist infiltration could exist" at the
UPR, is another example or sincere public response which
is effective as a counter measure against pro-Communist
propaganda.
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In summation, the following observations are
~~
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:~~made: :::cc.' .. ·
.
A counterintelligence program at the UPR 1s believed '
. wmec:essary inasmuch as effective countenneasures are being . ,
" .taken by the faculty and students, as well as by the general '• '•···
public. Further, in Latin American countries, even more so
than in the United States, university fac\Jty members and . -·· ....
students are considered "a breed apart" and freedoms of · ·. ·
academic thought and expression are highly prized and closely
guarded. It is therefore felt the 1mplement1ng or such a
program 1n Puerto Rico could possibly open the :a.treau to
cr1t1c1Stn for attempt!
to stifle academic freedoms. In
this
t1on w
'l'he San Juan Office has close contacts who have the
respect of the student element. It 1s believed, however,
"letters to the editor" by these contacts would be ineffective
1n the_race of recent public statements by-the UPR Chancellor
and the Governor against an investigation of c01l1111Ull1st
infiltration at the UPR.
·
It is therefore the opinion ot the.San Jruan Office
that this program not be undertaken at the present time.
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Letter to San Juan
~: GROUPS S~EKING INDl:PF.NDENCE
FOR POERrO RICO
(COUNI'ERINI'EU.IGENCE PROGRAM)
105-93124
i
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San Juan should consider whether or not the above
information should be in the Spanish or the English language.
If in the Spanish language, San Juan should furnish the
inforll18tion to the Bureau exactly as it should appear on
the outside of the leaflet.
Advise the Bureau of the number of copies desired
and .the aanner in which you will distribute them..
.
.
.
Consider also the pro
a copy
of the leaflet to SAC Contact
s information received from one of o sources w10
that
the leaflet would be distributed on the campus of the University
in the near future • . . - - . a m a y desire to publish
the leaflet in •El ~ d i s t r i b u t i o n is made
on the cam us •.The information should be furnished him
·suffi · ·
·n advance of the anonymous distribution to
a!low
time to prepare so that its_publication
will be time y.
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' the article must be prepared to appear
In any event
as nonprofessional printing, and it must be distributed
anonymously in a manner so that it cannot be traced back
to the Bureau.
lv determine through its
·
if a copy of the September 5,
files or
a e. If so, furnish a copy
19611 issue o
.
to tne Bureau. .
,
Both offices must give this matter continuous
attention and prompt!~ furnish the Bureau the requested
.
information. Timing 10 this matter will be very significant.
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Re: GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
· FOR PUEffI'O RICO
...... . . ~~¥; ~~~: ~,~: .'. .. ·.
N<1I'E ON YELLOW:
= '. · · · ·
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· •Mella,• published in CubaJ. ts ~rgan of the Association
· of Rebel Youths. The September 5, I,r61, issue contains an·
·
article concerni~ achievements made by !Outh at.the World
Youth Forum held 1n Moscow in August I9lil. A photograph
inclwes, among others Khrushchev, lnnstas Miko,...1-nn
Sergei
Pavlov, along with FUP 1 representative.in May, 1961, departed for Prague, C z e ~ 1 ,
erve
a two-year term as FUPI representative on the International
Union of Students (IUS) Executive Committee and ftccepted
a five-year scholarship at the University in Prag11.e. He
attended the World Youth Forum in Moscow. IUS is an international co111111uniNMNilanizationr which is dominated ·
by the Soviets.
has pub ished two editorials ·
warning Puerto R1
e
mmunist connections of FllPI based _
on information furnished him under this Program. FVPI is a
·
nationalist-comr:amist stwent group at the VPR which is extremely
anti~United States and pro~uba. FUPI has denied on numerous
occasions any communist connection. Bureau investi~ations
showed that IVS hns directed ·aany of the FIPI activities.
The purpose of this Program is to disrupt the activities of
subversive groups in Puerto Rico and is to diminish ·their
influence.
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SUBJECT:
:,
·,· -
GROUPS SEEKING INDEPENDENCE
FOR PUERTO RICO · - · · ·
-(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTROL SECTION
(00: :San Juan)
•
.
•
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APPF.CPRI/. T!: AGFNCIES ... : , .· ..
AND FIITD OFFICES
.
J.l:"JS:EI> BY ROil.I
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ST,IP ( S) OF (!!-/'
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Enclosed for the Bureau is the 9/5/61 issue of
· "Mella" published in Havana., CUba.., self-described as the
organ or the"Asociacion de. Jovenes.Rebeldcs" (Association
.~,,
ouths). This publication was made available by
···
12/5/61. It is noted the cover page and last ·
page 01· his issue are missing.
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It· is believed this photo of.fers the perfect opportunity,·
to graphically prove the FIJPI's often denied connections tlith
;:
the co.m.111.Ulist regime. It is fe:l.t the reproduction and distribution"'.""' ~
.. ·. ~
Uniyer.w-ity or Puerto Rico {UPR) campus of this photo of
former UPR student and FIJPI officer who is well kno,m
· ...
UPR campus, in company with KHRUSHCHEV at a high level
- youth conference in Russia would prove beyond a doubt to the
UPR student that the FIJPI is not only closely connected with
the Commun1st regime, but is also regarded with esteem by the
Communist higher echelon.
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Subject to Bureau approval, it is anticipated that-·· "
copies of this photo will be included in a leaflet to be
i
distributed on the UPR campus and possibly to be mailed anonymously
:
to "Vigia", Catholic newspaper on the campus which has previously
'
attempted to alert the students to the FUPI's Communist
orientation •• The caption under ~!hoto on the leaf~:.t_ wo_uld
,·
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,b,c,las follows;;Ec;..:.~~==~;;:;:i:;. 1,,otp"j~. REC-14 /r ·
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On pages 60 and 61 of this issue appears a photo
of participants in the World Youth Forum held in M:>scow.,
Russia, in August 1961, which photo includes among others
NIICTTA KHRUSHCHEV, ANAS
~OYAN and SERGEI
YJ.JJV. along
with FUPI representativ
:race circled
p1•io1• to receipt) • .
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nro~I AMBASSADOR AND FRIENDS IN J.IOSCO'li.," .
to. be rolloweo by these wordS:
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·
"Although the FIJPI denies Russian guidance:;·e-'ii'::.:'·,::;:4"J;r c,
among those shown above plotting Commun1zation or the -·· ·.··: · ······· · · .. ·
world at a high level youth
f' ~
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recently as August 1961 is
well ·--~~ :___ .
lmown rormer UPR student an
ecre • o
re gn
·· ·
,Relations. - i s presently maintained behind the iron
curtain as ~ a s s a d o r at full expense or the Communists
·· as the 1nt~,rmed1ary through which the Cor.mnmist regi.me
. guides the';!r~-called 'Anti-Dnperallst( 1 actiVities. Not
sho1·m in the photo but \1ho was also receiving instructions
n in Mosco1·1 was UPR student and FUPI officer
Can the FUPI continue to deceive
as to 1ts true purposes 1n the race
evidence?"
.
·
·
The exact system or distr1bution or the above
leaflet·· has not been decided upon., but consideration 1s
being g:i.ven to the anonymous mailing of packages or the learlets to individuals Nho have previously dis ,..
ec antiFUPI
ts on the UPR car.ipus such as
and
authors or the leaL
San ..iuan air-ce
.D...u eau., 11/18/61.
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.•.
Bureau is requested to advise 1f the FBI Lab can
. reproduce photo in sufficient detail. Bureau 1s also requested
to furnish any adaitional suggestions concerning the format
of the above laflet.
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,~ttachec1 is .: copy of a two-pa~e leaflet prepare:} .;.t. the
nurcau whicl1 ci..n grr.p,,ic.illy prove tl1e !Jniversi ty of fu~rto .tico' s
(Ui:!:) Feuerution cie Uni vcrsi tarios fro ln:lepen:iencia !FU1'I) oftendenied
connections with internationnl COiilillWtisr~.
·
•
The purpos:? of tl1is rnernonmc!wn is to request approv.:l for
'61e anonymous dissemination of this le.;.flct in fuerto 1ico.
!
I
The Fill'!, cl.,iming severr.l l1undred adherents among the
nearly 16,0l,O students at the ill':!, from 1956 through l95fl rc111.:ined
primarily .i vocal ;;roup w}1icl1 mouthed demands of f.matic r,uerto
~dean n.:.tionalists. During 1?59, FJ',:-I arplau:lecl the Cuban revolution
\\'i1icl1 it continues to support. In 19.iJ, uncler its thorougl1ly
C.:stroized leader, FU-fl .,.ffiliateu with the lntern.\tionul :Jnion of
Students.(I!J5), rut international communist fOUth organizution
l1e.:douartered 1n l'r.:rrue Czechoslovakia wlnch Iws since that tine
controlled many of Fill'! 1s pro-Castro and anti-:Jni tcd States iiCti vi ties.
~
.
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In .'.ur-ust, l:::1ol, . . . . . . . 'Ji-!~ student .:n<l F:J.:!
officer, arrived in i'ri.gue ~ o years as Fi.JP! ;,mbassador
on the Executive Committee of the !:JS. He h .. s been the intcrmediarv
thr<?u~h. which the IU3 has guided FUFI' s so-called ".,nti-imperialisti•
act1v1t1es.
·
lI
The 9-5-61 issue of "i,lella," organ of the i.ssociation of
~ebe~ Youths I I_!avnn.1, . Cuba, carries .in article and i;l pi1oto!:;ra~h ~oncern1ng part1c1pants 1n the world Youth Forwn held 1n ·r.:osco\·; c:ut1ni · .
;,,ugast, 19ul. The photograph includes, amonr: others, i-:iki tu I~hru1~ichev,
.
t
f.;ikoy,m, and Sergei favlov, along ~itl1 F:kl reprcsent.:t:i,ve, . ~
stand in;; closl? by. · The photo~r.2ph lt.is also up1;e .. red in 11.:,
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ncwspai:,er, preS,1lJ!liibly
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Enclosures~ 1 . / - l?.-i:, ' - · ·•
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Cf:¾/
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(Counterintelligence l'rogra)
lvS-93124 · ·
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I·urpose of this progrmn is to disrupt nctivities and . ,
diminish tl1e influence of organizations whicl1 seek l·U.?rto .:1ico' s
intlcpeniience through violence.
'!'he urticle includin~ the photogr.::.ph 11.::.s been repr1''.1Uced
in its entirety o~""··~
· · c.l mimeo~r.i.ph paper. ,':. v.·hi te .::rrow has
been ph,cecl above
;1ead in tl1e reproduction to cirect ·
immedic.te attention
1~ by the rc.;<ler.
Co1Jics are folrled in
the center ns a two-p::~e leaflet. The outside of the left p:::;e
contrdns a par.:::;raph in the Spe.nish lan~.::;e which sl1ows tl1e
si~nificancc of the photo:;rapl1 wi ti1 the ti tlc "F!J!'I ,"Jnbassucior
.:nc Friends in I-ioscow." .The paragraph describes the occ.:sio!l of
~l1e photo~rar,h. aric conclude:' with tl_1e qucst~on, . "In the fr,.ce o~ this
1rrefut.::.b1.e ev1<..ence, can Furl continue to oece1ve the 'Ji':! stuoent
_
bodv~n
·
.
. ;. r-l
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~
?Lcki..~es of tl,e leaflet ~:ill be mailed anony;no:tsly to
. the 1-'f~ Catholic newsp.r,cr ·"!:1 Vi:;ia, '' the !ft':! Stute11ooc1 Youtl1
f.roup '- ami to, three Ill·?. student 1e·.,oers ·who h.ive liistriLuted 1,roUni tel. St;.tes_ mu anti-F!Jfl .nuteri.:1 on the campus in the past.
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Copies of tliis le,1flet lwve been prepared in .: rn.:nncr
so th&t tl1ey c.:nnot be tr.::ced bnck to the mI.
St.n ~1u ..n will be instructecl that the leaflets must be
anonyr,10:isly uissemia.:teci in .: 1,,~nncr so tii.:t w1oer no circru:ist ..nces
c.::.n the leaflets be traced back to tl1e FDI.
If you ar;ree, there is att.i.ched a letter
accordance with the above oi>servations.
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"EMBAJ'ADOR DE LA FUPI Y SUS AMIGOS
SE REUNEN EN Koscu•
La Federaci6n de Univers1tarios Pro
Independencia (FUPI). niega estar bajo la tutela rusa.
Sin embs.rgo, aa rotogra!'ia muestra a Narciso Rabell
Mart{nez, ex-alumno de la Un.iversidad de Puerto Bico
quien durante un tiempo ocup6 el cargo de Secretario
de Relac1ones Exteriores de la FUPI, en una
conrerencia de las altas esferas de organizaciones
juveniles celebrada en Mose~ durante el mes de agosto
de 1961 para tramar la dominaci6n comun1sta en el
mundo entero. En estos momentos, el embajador de la
FUPI, RABELL, se eneuentra detr&s de la Cortina de
Hierro, eon todos sus gastos pages por los comun~stas,
actuando de 1ntermediar1o entre el r&gimen comun1~ta
y la FUPI. A trav~s de il, los comun1stas d1r1gen laa
llamadas act1v1dades anti-1mper1al1stas de la FUPI.
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iconfrontada con estas pruebas irrefutables,
podrl la FUPl segu1r engar.ando al estudiantado de la
U. P. R • 'l
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Information set out in relet afforded the Bureau ,
a clearer understanding of the existence of a particular-:~·:,. ., ·situation, &ch as exists at the .University of Puerto Rico.; >
.
, ... ,,,:,
ilii!iiiill
.
Even though the Federation of University Studen~s\': ·: ·
for Independence (FOP!) maintains a aembcrship of only 12S ·.. '·
students out of a 16 1 000 student body at the University, ·' ·· ·
because of the positive influence of the Soviet-dominated ·
. International Union of Students fL which RJPI is an affiliate.
,re cannot afford to underestimate the inherent dangers. We _
must tate the initiative and with foresight plan to combat
the influences of international communism, as well as the
influences of Castro's Cuban GoverD.lllent in Puerto Rico. ·
.
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· · Our purpose continues to be disruption of the · · .-.
activities and lessening the influence of those nationalists
and communists who seek to separate Puerto Rico from the . ·
United States by unlawful means. Additionally, we aust
.. ·. ,
bear in mind that some of their activities are for the sole
purpose of fomenting violence in Puerto Rico for the
pro~aganda benefit which nationalists and communists aay
derive from such violence.
•,
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'·
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You are encouraged to continue your enthusiasm
for this program, and whenever appropriate, your observations
and recommendations should be furnished to the Bureau.
1 - New York (105-32872)
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Relet sets out examples of how countermeasures ·:_.,-.-,:'-':~::·:···
· referred to in Bulet to San Juan dated 9-18-61 are being · ·: --· handled in part by the general public in Puerto Rico. i.e.~
public statements by • anti-United States groups are
· "···
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�Date:
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11/15/61
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DIRECTOR, FBI (105-93124)
: TO:
SAC, SAN JUAN (105-3353 sub 1} .
FROM:
.
OOROUPS SEEJa:NGINDEPENDENCE FOR PUERTO RICO
( COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM)
SUBVERSIVE CONTRLSECTION
Re Bureau airtel to San Juan, ll/l/61.
Thre has been no ind1ca1;ion that the FEDERACION DE
UNIVERSITARIOS PRO DIDEPENDENCIA. (FUPI) has acceded to
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS' (IUS) instructions to protest
the continuance of atomic tests by the United states. Further,
inasmuch as this information is presumably known only to
those in. attendance at the FUPI meeting, any reference to
such instructions would possibly reveal the existance or
sources il'ithin the FUPI. Therefore, UACB this editorial Ifill
not be prepared.
I
!
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Attached to each copy or instant airtel is a ·
translation of the lead editorial in the 11/15/61 edition of
"El ~!Undo" a an uan
11
anish lan
e newspaper,
/ ·
"El J,!Undo"
/).,
.-ias contacted t·
on 10/25/61, at
continuing
need to counteracWIIMlthe
ro-communist influence or the FUPI
was emphasized.
at this time agreed to continue
his full ass1stanc
n
s e 1ort and the attached editorial
is believed to be the direct result or _:h;.8 .-~ontact;
/
{3)-Bureau (RM) (Enc. 6) .R[C.9.r;/()·.<
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It 1s also noted that hV1g1a"• a Cath911c student~--~
newspaper at the University of Puerto.Rico (UPR). has .. -.
!-:.;·. ~~· -published various articles since the beginning of the ., · • , ...., -.. . .•.
)·:~<.,;..-.~:·~·~ aohool··.year alerting ·the· students to the 1.ntematlonal'"~- .:..~ ~~- ·· ;. . ~.:;.~·...
!._'; __-":·::· ,c_ollUll)ll1ist connections of the FUPI. 'A leaflet prepared by:-~·:._:~.:;·
-· · ·· "V~. writers was recently distributed on the UPR campus •·. ·:: ·' ·
at the beginning of the school term. A translation or this · '' · · ~
leaflet 1s also attached to each copy of instant communication.
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In addition
athol1c
Priest at the UPR, recently receive cons a
ble publicl;y . . . . .
both a~ the UPR and 1n local newspapers when he .banned FUPI .. · ...,, .
adherenb!from the Catholic youth center at the UPR b ~ ... --~ '.· .
or the·FUPI's onununist. affiliations. Further, rorme~ : .. ·
has recently advised i n ~
·:
.
s attempting to get FUPI - - - - - ....
blicly renounce his Position because or
·
control or the FUPI. There has been no
has had any success
1 nd1cation to date that
1n this regard.
. . . -., - '!'he above publicity has undoubtedly dispelled
any dq1.it~1e\11..c}:l may have ex1a ted 1n the minds or the UPR
students~jq_-the ideological Position of the FUPI and has
gone far,1n halting the spread of the FUPI 1 s influence among
the student body~ It 1s relt by this time all UPR students,
as well as most of the general public 1n Pllerto Rico~ are well
aware or the FUPI 1 e communist connections and motivations. -
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�SJ 105-3079
TRANSLATION FROM SPANISH
EL MUNDO
San Juan, Puerto Rico
November~ 1961
Page 6 Col. l
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WARNING TO PARENTS
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EDITORIAL
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' Puerto Rico is charging
This year the University or
a ten dollar fee to each student who wishes to take the
entrance examination. The reasons given by the University
authorities for this measure are the following: (1) the
high cost or the operation, (2) the waste or time and effort·
1n the process or correcting and evaluating examinations
for individuals who are not truly 1nterested in receiving
a higher education·and (3) the impossibility or determining,
by the previous system, the exact number or candidates to
higher education. This is very important to the establishment or further facilities at the University •..
In view or the ract that many or the poorer students.
cannot afford to pay this fee, the University has arranged
for the examination to be given free of charge to those
students who are not in a good financial position but who
have a good academic record. This is the same method used
for grarit;ng scholarship:..
In spite or this provision which favors those
who truly need it, a group or students from several secondary
schools picketed the University last Friday to protest against the ten dollar fee measure, stating that it is the
Dean's intention to make UPR an educational center for the
privileged classes.
This student movement or protest, which was not
quite as effective as it was intended to be, was inspired
1,y
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Traraated by:
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Federation of University Students f'or Independence, wh1~h·},;/;;>;~:
the same as all other organizations of' its kind in the rree f ;:/_,:.: .
world 1 takes advantage of' every opportunity to create dissensjl.on :.:.
at the University and introduce its political aspirations 'f<" > ·
in student matters. Without a doubt, certain of' the organi- ·- i · :
zation 1 s agents, specially trained f'or intrigue and provocation,,_
visited the schools, deceiving a number of' Senior students
who believed they were serving a Just cause and agreed to ,·, \:
= picket the
University.
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It is a grave injustice to accuse the University ,, ·""~- ·
of' becoming an educational center ror the privileged, when
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every year, more than two million dollars are used f'or
scholarships granted to students who have high averages.
and low economic resources.
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This measure which is being adopted at the University
has been establshed at other universities long since and
it has·been brought on by the cost involved in the processing
of' thousands of' entrance examinations and by the need to
determine the number of students who are truly interested
in acquiring a higher education.
Parents should warn their children of the consequences which activities such as the ones organized by FUPI
can have on the advancement of education and or the danger
involved in participating in"organizations which pursue
political ideals within the educational centers. Above all,
they should tell them to be alert against professional
agitators who try to deceive them.
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E?ttBAJAD0R DE LA FUPI Y SUS AMIGOS
SE REill1EN EN MOScun
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La Federac16n de Un1vers1tar1os Pro
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!ndependencla (FUPI) nlega estar bajo la tutele rusa.
o, la :fotogra1'.!a muestra a . . . . . . . . .
x-alun.no de la U n 1 v e r s 1 d a d ~ ··
quien durante un tiempo ·ocup6 el cargo de Secretar1o
de Relaclones Exter1ores de la FUPI, en una
con:ferencia de las altas esferas de organ1zac1ones
juveniles celebrada en Moscu durante el mes de agosto
de 1961 para tramar. la dom1nac16n comunlsta en el
mundo~En estos momentos, el embajador de la
FUPI,
e encuentra detrls de la Cortina de
Hierro,
dos sus gaatos pagos por los comun!stas,
actuando de 1ntermediar1o entre el r&g1men comun1t!ta
y la FUPI. A trav&s de ~l, los comun1stas d1rigen las
llamadas activ1dades anti-1mperial1stas de la FUPI.
tConfrontada con estas pruebas 1rrefutables,
podr& la FUPI seguir engatiando al estudiantado de la
U. P. R.?
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Young Lords (Organization)
Puerto Ricans--United States
Civil Rights--United States--History
Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.)
Personal narratives
Social justice
Community activists--Illinois--Chicago
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives.
The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jiménez, José, 1948-
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017-04-25
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Moving Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
2012-2017
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RHC-65_COINTELPRO_PRGroups_001
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961/1962
Title
A name given to the resource
COINTELPRO Puerto Rican Groups, Section 1 (1-86) 105-93124, part 1
Description
An account of the resource
FBI Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) files on Puerto Rican Groups, Section 1 (1-86) 105-93124, part 1. Obtained under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cointelpro
Political persecution
Political crimes and offenses--Investigation
Puerto Ricans
Community activists
Civil rights
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)
Relation
A related resource
Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Undetermined
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
eng
spa
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s