473 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4fa777eaecaee78ac3072cbda68381c4.pdf effd17fd8a781d75ed3d0945da611d2c PDF Text Text ER and WATER · FACILITIES �I COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR SEWER AND WATER FACILITIES Emmet County, Michigan APRIL, 1971 PART I-A: Population, Economic Conditions, Public Utilities, Resources, Agriculture, Land Patterns, Trends and Water Resources. PART II-A: Maps of the Planning Area, Soils, Topography, Land Use, Sewer and Water Systems. B: Financing Plan C: Plan Updating Proposal PART III: Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan PREPARED FOR: THE EMMET COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION PREPARED BY: VILICAN-LEMAN & ASSOCIATES, INC. COMMUNITY PLANNING CONSULTANTS 29621 NORTHWESTERN HIGHWAY SOUTHFIELD, MICHIGAN 48076 and McNAMEE, PORTER & SEELEY CONSULTING ENGINEERS ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN The preparation of this report was financially aided through a Comprehensive Sewer and Water Planning Grant fro~ the Farmers Horne Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. �COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION WARD H. WALSTROM, Chairman DONALD HODGKISS, Vice Chairman CHARLES WILLS, Secretary ROBERT CILKE, JR. JAMES Co ESTERLINE THOMAS FAIRBAIRN SEBERON LITZENBURGER HARRY PINTARELLI ROBERT TRACY COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSTONERS HUGH HEYNIG, Chairman HUBERT BACHELOR ROBERT CILKE, JR. AL FOSTER ROBERT J. GREENWELL ERNEST KUEBLER DONALD D. JARDINE ERNST MANTHEI FRANK SCHMALZRIED J o H. WEBSTER Eo So WIXSON �C O N T E N T S FOREWARD l POPULATION 1 TRENDS AGE GROUPS PROJECTIONS OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 1 2 4 6 AREA ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 8 FINANCIAL CONDITIONS 9 EXISTING PUBLIC UTILITIES AREA-WIDE TRANSPORTATION WATER AND SEWER UTILITIES SANITARY LAND FILLS (Solid Waste Disposal) CENTERS OF TRADE AND COMMUNICATION NATURAL RESOURCES SOILS TOPOGRAPHY DRAINAGE PATTERNS WATER RESOURCES AGRICULTURE, LAND PATTERNS AND TRENDS LA.T\JD PATTERNS POTENTIAL FOR RECREATION AND TOURISM TRENDS IN COMMERCIAL USES TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL USES EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION TRENDS IN RESIDENTIAL USES 13 13 15 17 19 23 24 27 29 30 32 35 39 40 47 47 51 WATER RESOURCES 59 LONG RANGE FINANCING PLAN 60 PUBLIC ACT 185 GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS ACT 94 REVENUE BONDS STATE AND FEDERAL AID ACT 188 SPECIAL ASSESSMENT BONDS 60 61 62 62 63 PLAN UPDATING PROPOSAL 64 COMPREHENSIVE SEWER AND WATER PLAN 66 WASTE WATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS FUTURE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 66 72 79 �T A B L E S • 1. HISTORY OF POPULATION GROWTH - 1900-1970 1 2. POPULATION TRENDS: 3 3. SUMMARY OF COUNTY POPULATION PROJECTIONS 4 4. PROJECTIONS FOR COUNTY CIVIL DIVISIONS 5 5. RESIDENTIAL DENSITY IN SELECTED AREAS 6 6. HOUSEHOLD SIZE - 1960 7 7. STATE EQUALIZED VALUATIONS BY COMMUNITY 11 8. TYPICAL TOWNSHIP - SCHOOL PROPERTY TAX 12 9. RESIDENTIAL WATER AND SEWER SERVICES 16 10. INVENTORY OF COMMUNITY SERVICES 22 11. COUNTY SOIL RESOURCES 25 12 . SELECTED FARM CHARACTERISTICS 33 1 3. VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS SOLD 34 14. EXISTING LAND USE 36 15. RETAIL SALES BY YEAR 42 16. 1960 OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 48 17. EMPLOYEES BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP 50 18 . PETOSKEY, MICHIGAN - COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER 74 A.W.W . A. WATER QUALITY GOALS U.S.P,H . S. DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 74 HARBOR SPRINGS, MICHIGAN - COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER 75 MACKINAW CITY, MICHIGAN - COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER 76 WELLS DRILLED IN EMMET COUNTY IN 1970 78 1930 to 1970 • 19. 20 . 210 22 . �I L L U S T RA T I 0 N S J J EXISTING SANITARY SEWER SERVICE 22A EXISTING COMMUNITY WATER SERVICE 22B GENERALIZED SOIL RESOURCES 24A TOPOGRAPHY 27A EX I STING LAND USE 35A RESIDENTIAL AREAS PLAN 53A FUTURE COMMUNITY WATER SERVICE 69A FUTURE SANITARY SEWER SERVICE 79A �A P P E N D I X T A B L E S J J J 1. --;--- EXISTING LAND USE - SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 1 A-1 2. EXISTING LAND USE - SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 2 A-2 3. EXISTING LAND USE - SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 3 A-3 4o EXISTING LAND USE - SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 4 A-4 5 EXISTING LAND USE - SUPERVISOR DISTRICTS NO'S. 5 - 11 A-5 0 �FOREWORD J J This report is titled the "Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan", for Emmet County, Michigan, and was funded by a planning grant from the Farmers Home Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. When application was made for the Farmers Home Administration planning grant, a supplemental planning program was funded by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to prepare a County-wide Comprehensive Land Use Plan. The operation of this two phase planning program resulted in a more comprehensive approach to County planning. The Water and Sewer Plan is more complete because it benefited from detailed land use plans developed under the "70ltr work. Conversely, the Comprehensive County Land Use Plan will be more complete because of the research completed for this plan. The two programs dovetailed well from a technical point of view, and both were coordinated under the auspices of the Emmet County Planning Commission . This Plan was accepted and approved by a formal resolution of the Planning Commission on April 21, 1971. It is cautioned that much of the basic statistical analysis work was completed before any 1970 census data was available. Hence, persons using this report should consider this unavoidable limitation. For some data, however, census data recently available has been trinserted" to give a more accurate trend picture. J l - �COMPREHENSIVE SEWER AND WATER PLAN: PART I and PART II �POPULATION !Eart I Ao 1 . ) In November of 1969, a Comprehensive Analysis and Report of Population in Emmet County was prepared with FHA Planning Assistance Funds. The conclusions from that report are summarized and updated herein so that the finds will be current for this Comprehensive Water and Sewer Plan. TRENDS Emmet County's population in 1960 was lower than it was in 1950. Also, the County's population in 1930 was only slightly lower than the 1960 total. However, the 1970 Census reports show a 15.3% increase over 1960. Despite this recent gain, the County reached its peak population in 1910. The history of County population change since 1900 is summarized in TABLE 1. TABLE 1 HISTORY OF POPULATION GROWTH - 1900 to 1970 Emmet County County Population Census Year 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 15,931 18,561 15,639 15,109 15,791 16,534 15,904 18,337 Emmet County's past growth represents a long period of population stability, despite two World Wars, a major depression and other volitile national growth influences. In the decades from 1930 to 1970, the population increased 14.6%, yet the 1910 population was 230 persons higher than in 1970. Emmet County is composed of 16 Townships ranging in size from 185 citizens to a population of 2,450. The past growth pattern of these communities varied from one another, some increasing gradually while others lost population. - l - �TABLE 2 illustrates the recent history of population growth among the communities of the County. Only four Townships have increased in population in each Census year between 1930 and 1970. These are the Townships of Little Traverse, Littlefield, Resort and Springvale. Bear Creek Township and West Traverse Township have experienced consistent growth since 1940. Between 1950 and 1960, eight Townships reported population decreases . Since 1960, six Townships reported declines . Population losses since 1960 occurred in the Townships of Bliss, Carp Lake, Friendship, McKinley, Pleasantview and Readmond. Those that experienced increases, exceeded the growth rates of the Cities and Villages . Little Traverse and Center Townships increased by a rate ov~r 60%. WaWatam Township had the lowest percent increase at 17.1% which exceeded the County average of 15.3%. In the order of importance, the largest numerical population gains occurred in Bear Creek Township, Little Traverse Townsnip, Littlefield Township, Resort Township, Harbor Springs, Petoskey, Springvale Township and Center Township. AGE GROUPS ,Some of the population age group data which characterized Emmet County in 1960 is described below. This data should be re-evaluated when the results of the 1970 Census become available. 1. Pre-School Age (Under 5 years) In 1960, 12.4% of Michigan's population was under five years of age . West Traverse Township had 16%. In the order of highest percentage, Springvale, Bear Creek, Wawatam, Resort and Friendship Townships also exceeded the State average. Pleasantview, Center and Cross Village Townships reported fewer than 6% of the population in this age group. 2. School Age to young Adults (5 to 24 years) Both the County and State have 33.7% of their population in the school age - young adult group. Eleven of the 16 Townships have higher than average proportions, with Readmond, Friendship, West Traverse, Bliss, Center and Resort Township's exceeding 36% ~ 3. Family Forming or Young Labor Force (25 - 44 years) A consistent population disparity with State averages in northern communities is the family forming or young labor force population group. The State reported 26.5% of the 1960 population in this group, while Emmet County reported 21.8%. Only Pleasantview Township exceeds the State average, with 53% of the population aged 25 to 44 years. In contrast, Cross Village and Center Townships have less than 16% of their population in this age group. - 2 - �\---4 L.J TABLE 2 POPULATION TRENDS: 1930 to 1970 Emmet County & Civil Divisions Township_s_: w Bear Creek Bliss Carp Lake Center Cross Village Friendship Little Traverse Littlefield McKinley Maple River Pleasantview Readmond Resort Springvale Wawatam West Traverse 1930 __ 1940, 1950 - 1960 - 1,227 399 374 442 323 336 4-40 691 1,121 53 8 165 362 656 298 298 270 7,94-0 1,204 421 431 425 290 428 481 835 980 540 207 4-40 708 371 343 245 8,349 1,756 355 524 307 228 297 575 842 845 415 114 352 727 387 397 319 8 , 4- 4-_0 1,859 298 464 215 14-0 318 602 906 8 4-3 335 198 246 74- 8 467 368 326 8,333 287 1, 4-2 9 '283 810 5,740 7,169 330 1,4-23 326 562 6,019 7, 44-2 319 1,626 365 4- 4-2 6, 4-6 8 8,094- 290 1,433 336 429 6,138 7,571 15, rog 15,791 16,534- 15,904 60 to 70 Chan~e Number Percent 591 31. 8 - 16 - 5.4 - 5.4 - 25 134 62.3 45 32.1 78 -24.5 63,6 383 39.7 360 - 0.9 8 23,9 80 _ 3 7. 4 - 74 - 12 - 4.9 · 2 51 34.9 4 2. 0 196 17.1 63 28.8 9 41,98423.8% 1970 2,450 282 439 349 185 2 4-0 985 1,266 835 415 1242 3 41,009 663 431 4-2 0 10,327 Cities & Villages: ~':Alanson Harbor Springs *Mackinaw City (pt) ~•:Pellston Petoskey City County NOTE: - 72 229 6 40 204 4-3 3 2--;1+21 2 4-. 8 16.0 - 1.8 9.3 3. 3 s-:r 15. 3% 362 1,662 330 469 6,342 8,004 18, 3 jl Villages indicated with* are included with their respectiv e Townships and not added under the category 11 cities and villagesir, �4. Mature Family Group (45 to 64 years) Nearly 21% of the County population is aged 45 to 64 years, which compares closely with the State's proportion of 19.2%. Township proportions range from the low 11.6% in Pleasantview to the high of 26.5% in Center. In general, Northern Michigan communities have higher proportions of mature family aged groups and Emmet County reflects this pattern. 5. Retirement Age Group (65 and over) Emmet County has a significantly higher proportion of retirement age citizens than the State (12.1% compared with 8.1%). Only two Townships have percentages lower than the State average: Pleasantview 3% and Friendship 7.9%. Cross Village has the highest proportion with 27.1%. A large proportion of retirement age citizens is also typical of northern area communities. PROJECTIONS For the purposes of the Emmet County Comprehensive Plan, four population projections to 1990 were completed for a 22 year projection period, beginning with 1968 . These were done before 1970 Census data was available. The results of the various methods are summarized on TABLE 3. I I TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF COUNTY POPULATION PROJECTIONS Emmet County Projection Method 1960 Population 1990 Projection Long Term Arithmetic 15,904 18,331 16,700 Long Term (Dept. of Commerce) 15,904 18,331 18,180 Short Term Arithmetic 15,904 18,331 21,890 Short Term Ratio Apportionment 15,904 18,331 22,000 Average J 1970 Population 19,9 4 0 - 4 - �If the four projection methods are averaged, the 1990 population would total 19,940 persons . As a general conclusion, the short range projection techniques appear to be the most accurate in view of the 1970 total population. If the current pace of growth continues, the 1990 "average" projection figure will be reached by 1980. It was assumed that the Michigan Department of Commerce projections for the Civil Divisions of Emmet County would be reasonable working estimates of future population. These are presented along with the adjusted population for communities in the Petoskey Area on TABLE 4, "Projections for County Civil Divisions". The 1970 population Census strongly indicates that many Civil Divisions are growing more rapidly than the Department of Commerce figures indicate. In any event, it should be recognized that projections for smaller community areas, are tenuous and more subject to inaccurate results. Also, the process of apportioning a total County population of less than 20,000 persons among 18 communities is always a questionable procedure. TABLE 4 PROJECTIONS FOR COUNTY CIVIL DIVISIONS Emmet County County Civil Divisions 1960 Population Bear Creek Township Bliss Township Carp Lake Township Center Township Cross Village Township Friendship Township Little Traverse Township Littlefield Township (Alanson) McKinley Township Maple River Township Pleasantview Township Readmond Township Resort Township Springvale Township WaWatam Township West Traverse Township Harbor Springs (City) Petoskey (City) Total County 1 2 - 1 1990 Projection 1990 Projection Adjusted for Petoskey Area Projections 1,859 298 464 215 140 318 602 906 843 335 198 246 748 467 368 326 1,433 6,138 2,63Q 247 582 94 65 238 770 1,040 810 226 165 150 860 565 450 400 1,750 7,138 2,380 Low 3,165 Low Low 7,520 15,904 18,180 22,502 5,050 Low Low 4,387 Low Low Michigan Department of Commerce Projections. The 1970 U.S. Census provides a basis for re-evaluating the projection results for Civil Divisions. Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc., Projection for the Petoskey Area Planning Commission, and comments based on 1970 Census findings. - 5 - 2 �With t he adjustments made for Petoskey, Bear Creek Township and Resort Township, the total projected 1990 County Population is 22,500 . This f i gure will be used for the purposes of the Comprehensive Plan. It is r easonable, but slightly conservative in view of the 242.7 person per year growth experienced since 1960. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 1. Commuting Patterns Ac cording to t he 1960 U. S . Census of Population, 262 workers commut ed to jobs outside of Emmet County (5.5% of the employed workers ). Comparat i ve commuting rates in adjoining Counties are: 6 . 0% in Ot sego, 7. 5% in Cheboygan and 11 . 3% in Charlevoix o It may be conclu ded that a comparatively high rate of persons who work in the County live in the County . Hence, a new employment source in Emme t Cou nty will attract employees and families into the County as well . 2. Dens i ty For each resident in Emmet County there is 16.2 acres of land . Considerably less per capita area is available when the influx of tourists are included . The results of an analysis of density for selected residential blocks in the County are presented on TABLE 5 . TABLE 5 RESIDENTIAL DENSITY IN SELECTED AREAS Emmet County Select ed Commu nity Land Eer Dwelling Alanson Brutu s Conway Cross Village Pells t on Lev ering Oden Pon-she-wa-ing (Oden) Paradise Lake Van 1 0,000 12,500 7,650 15,000 6,600 9,720 12,860 6,000 12,500 15,000 square square square square square square square square square square feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet feet Dwellings :12er acre 4 o3 3. 5 5. 7 2. 9 6.6 4. 5 3. 4 7.3 3. 5 2. 9 The fo r ego i ng density l ist i s based on sample blocks in areas where the r e a r e no community water or sewer systems . Within each community area individual homes may be sited on either smaller or larger sites . - 6 - �Households & Family Size In 1960 there were 4,696 households in Emmet County as reported in the U. S o Census of Population. Dividing the population in households by the number of households gives an average population per household of 3 . 33 persons. This is compared with other communities in TABLE 6 . TABLE 6 HOUSEHOLD SIZE - 1960 Community The State of Michigan Emme t County Charlevoix County Cheboygan County Grand Traverse County Average Number of Persons per Household in 1960 3 . 42 3.33 3.35 3.49 3.31 1950 to 1960 Percent Change + 24 . 9 % 2 . 1% 0 . 3% + 6 . 5% + 21. 3% Comparatively, the County has a low po~ulation per household, and had been decreasing through 1960 . This trend may or may not be continuing through 1970, but is probably influenced by: fewer young people livi ng on farms, increased retirement age population, high proportion of retirement age citizens, and the in-migration of students at North Central Michigan College. J - 7 - �AREA ECONOMIC CONDITIONS !PART I A. 2.) Emmet County's location in the northwest regi0n of the State has a direct relationship on economic conditions in the area . From sev eral indices, the regi0n including the County is economically behind the State of Michigan, recogn i zing that the State economy is heav ily influenced by rapidly growing and industrialized metr opolitan areas . In general, the northern and nonmetropolitan areas of the State are i nfluenced by resource industries (agriculture, forestry, fishing, min- ·. ing, etc.) rather than manufacturing. Moreover, retail services a r e highly dependent upon seasonal trade fr0m tourist recreation act iv i ty. The result of these regional conditions are manifested by seasonal employment fluctuations, lower wage scales, and limited job oppor t un i ties . There tends to be a predominance of older citizens of retirement age, community services . '.are generally inadequate - especially water and sewer utilities, and housing has a higher incidence of substandardness . As there are broad differences in the economic characteristics of the State, there are economic differences among communities withi n a r egie2m . For example, Emmet County has economic resour-ces and economic activ ities that differ from other Counties in the Northwest Region. Following is a summary of economic indicators that reflect on the char acter and status of Emmet County's economy. Data sources reflect Comprehensive Plan finding, census reports, assessors records, sales tax reports and data published for the Northwest Economic Development District . 1. Slightly less than the region average in acreage of commercial forest (182,700 acres) . This suggests that the County has a forestry economy that is t yp i ca l of other Counties in the region . 2. Based upon 1967 M, E . S.C . data Emmet County had a February unemployment rate of 9.5%. This dropped to 4.5% in August (av erage 8.0 % for 1967) . The County has a high rate of unemployment in comparison with Stat eNational averages . Peak seasonal employment gains br i ng the Cou nty up to the State average for a brief period in the summer . 3. Agriculture is a _good basic economic activity, with high spec i a l ization in livestock (dairy, poultry, and other) . The average agric ultural employment was 300 jobs according to 1 967 M. E . S . C. U. S . Census findings reflect a declining trend in farm employment , bu t an increasing v alue of farm products are sold . - 8 - �4. Population trends are a general index of overall economic conditions. Emmet County has maintained a fairly stable population level for several decades, with the 1990 population being almost equal to the 1960 level. Since 1960, however, growth has been taking place and if the trend continues the 1990 population will approximate 22,500 persons. Urban influenced areas will absorb most of this impact. So Tax collections on retail sales give a strong indication of growth in the retail community. Between 1962 and 1969, sales taxes collected in Emmet County increased by 68%. 6. Real Estate values in Emmet County are also increasing at a high rate. From Farm Census data, it was reported that the average value of farms has increased 136% between 1954 and 1964. This high change results in part from farm consolidation and in part from increased demands for land on a state wide scale. County assessment records also indicate strong upward trends in the value of Real Estate. In 1968, the County's State Equalized Valuation was $62.9 million. The 1970 S.E.V. stands at $98,0 million. 7. Other indices of economic vitality in Emmet County show growth trends in: wholesale trade sales, retail sales, value added by manufacturing and bank deposits. FINANCIAL CONDITIONS Tpe financial ability of every community must be viewed in terms of a particular project or community facility. There are usually two basic determinants of financial ability: 1. Legal permissives or limitations on local financing. 2. Community acceptance of policies of programs to utilize available financing. Legal financing limitations are determined by State Statute, and as a rule there are fewer financing alternatives available to townships than to cities. However, townships are permitted to provide and maintain various acilities, including water mains and sewage collection systems. 1 1 With a County Department of Public Works, Emmet County could lend its credit for up to $9.8 million worth of public works (water, sewage and solid wastes.) - 9 - �A significant finding irom TABLE 7 shows that the Township communities are accounting for an increasingly larger share of the total County valuation . In 1968, townships accounted for 63.3% of the total and by 1970, the proportion increased to 68.9%. Two townships with the largest valuations are Bear Creek and Resort, and both of these communities are within the urbanizing influence of the City of Petoskey. Also, both Resort and Bear Creek have substantial lake frontages for cottage and seasonal home development in locations farther removed from Petoskey. · Five (5) townships which are experiencing pressures from urbanization and tourism-recreation development are Wawatam, Little Traverse, Littlefield, West Traverse and Springvale. The equalized valuations of these communities range from 3.3% to 7.5% of the County total . These Townships also increased their share of the County total valuation (except West Traverse). Even though Pleasantview Township houses major ski resorts and seasonal home developments, the proportion of total County valuation is only 2.5%. The remaining Township communities each account for less than 3.3% of the County's total valuation. As a general observation, the tax base of the major urban and tourist influenced townships is broadening and therefore a corresponding legal ability to finance public improvements for water and sewage facilities. Each Township in Emmet County has a different tax rate. This is because the local population varies, some Townships support services which others do not (as a cemetery), local assessments of true cash value vary, and different school district taxes are involved. TABLE 8 was prepared to illustrate the combined affect of the variables affecting local tax levies. The TABLE shows the theoretical situation of a $20,000 home, and how it would be valued and assessed in each Township. The basis of most local financial ability is the valuation of all property in the community . This data is used to determine overall bond debt ability, which can be exceeded by extra voted millage authorized by the citizenry. Of itself, however, the assessed valuation does not; (a) reflect the ability of individual families to afford a given tax levy, (b) show the need for a given project, (c) indicate citizen desires to have the service. TABLE 7 gives a comparative list of assessed valuations as equalized for each community in the County since 1968. Through property reevaluation and some new development, there was a dramatic rise in the valuations between 1968 and 1969 . However, the $4.28 million increase between 1969 and 1970 is due largely to new development. - 10 - �TABLE 7 STATE EQUALIZED VALUATIONS BY COMMUNITY Emmet County 1968 Bear Creek Bliss Carp Lake Center Cross Village Friendship Littlefield Little Traverse Maple River McKinley f-' f-' $ 5,570,465 468,150 1,439,470 492,415 635,295 613,121 2,354,045 3,980,654 786,256 1,386,190 1968 Percent 8.86% .74 2.29 1969 1970 1.01 $10,165,720 720,779 2,803,304 670,454 1,066,485 $10,727,362 726,588 3,050,153 681,558 1,079,342 .98 3.74 6.33 1.25 2.20 1,132,554 4,368,430 6,871,040 1,474,623 2,185,315 1,152,416 4,621,860 6,674,502 1,745,664 2,590,696 •78 1970 Percent 10.94% . 74 3.11 •70 1.10 1.18 4.71 6.95 1. 7 8 2.64 Pleasantview Readmond Resort Springvale Wa\Jatam West Traverse Total 1,374,852 1,021,384 13,269,882 1,149,967 2,476,770 2,751,859 $39,770,775 2.19 1.62 21.11 L 83 3. 94 4.38 63.25% 2,070,259 1,374,687 16,447,410 3,006,618 5,894,248 3,313,252 $63,564,908 2,426,763 1,447,417 16,602,352 3,284,069 7,366,710 3,405,011 $67,582,463 2.48 1. 48 16.93 3.35 7.51 3. 47 68.97% Petoskey Harbor Springs Total $19,050,075 4,055,546 $23,105,621 30.30% 6.45% 36.75% $23,509,704 6,645,088 $30,154,792 $23,758,147 6,661,350 $30,419,497 24.23% 6.80% 31. 13 % Emmet County $62,876,396 $93,719,700 $98,001,960 SOURCE: 100.0% Mr. Alan F. Behan, Director Emmet County Equalization Department 100.0% �TABLE 8 TYPICAL TOWNSHIP - SCHOOL PROPERTY TAX Emmet County $20,000 HOME AS A BASE S.E.V. Assess.:::. ment, 50% of True Cash Value Bear Creek Bliss Carp Lake Center Cross Village Friendship Littlefield Little Traverse Maple River McKinley Pleasantview Readmond Resort Springvale Wawatam West Traverse $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 Totals for Averaging County Average (Townships) SOURCE FOR TAX RATES: Book Value for Tax purposes by Township $ 6,940 6,250 9,520 5,340 7,750 5,780 6,620 5,980 9,610 8,260 7,630 4,460 9,350 4,440 8,060 6,490 Typical Tax Bill for 1969 $ 33 7 .4 2 302 . 25 355 000 307 . 58 286 . 90 342 . 11 399 , 38 349 . 90 343.27 302.65 348 . 46 342.93 326 . 03 391.83 323.32 345 098 $112,480 $5,405.01 $ $ 7,030 337 . 81 Mr. Alan F. Behan, Director Emmet County Equalization Department The overall differential between the high and low township amounted to $112.48 in 1969, ranging from $286.90 to $399.38. Altogether, the township's averaged $337,81. This illustration of a typical tax on a $20,000 home is only theoretical. There are other costs related to home ownership that are not included, such as special service fees and other private contractual fees that may include well drilling, septic tank cleaning, garbage collection and non-county snow plowing. - 12 - �EXISTING PUBLIC UTILITIES (PART I A . 3.) AREA-WIDE TRANSPORTATION Emmet County has access to several major area-wide transportation services. These relate to the economy of the County in terms of tourismrecreation, industrial development and retail services. 1. Highways The most dominant highway feature serving the County is the I-75 Freeway. Although only a small portion of the freeway actually enters the County, it is accessible from several major State roads serving the northwest region of the Lower Peninsula, as well as County roads. I-75 is a key transportation facility for truckers who are moving increased volumes of highway freight and tourists from metropolitan areas who can now visit the County more often on two day weekends. A second freeway route (US-131) is planned in future years to enter Emmet County . US-31 is a major State trunkline passing through the entire length of the County. This highway links the Mackinaw Bridge (and I-75) with the County Airport, and the urban areas of Petoskey. It is expected that Highway US-31 will continue as a major local facility to serve business, industry and tourism-recreation. Future freeways will supplement the functions of this roadway. US-131 is a major State trunkline entering the County from the south, and is a major regional access route from the south. North of Petoskey, US-131 is a scenic road along Lake Michigan and it links the Harbor Springs service center with Petoskey. 2. Airports Emmet County has three public airports, the County Airport at Pellston, the Harbor Springs Airport east of Harbor Springs and the Mackinaw City Airport north of Carp Lake. a. Pellston The County Airport at Pellston is the only scheduled commercial air service facility in the County, and it serves a fi v e Co u nty area including Cheboygan . Existing terminal facilities are inadequate to serve the increased passenger traffic generated by the larger fan jet aircraft and increasing numbers of peop l e who use air travel service. Runway extensions are underway and a new east-west runway may be necessary in the next 20 years. A conservative projection of traffic shows a 1,000 daily passenger load by 1973 . This is a volume comparable to existing loads at the Bay City-Midland-Saginaw Airport, some 160 mi l es to the south. Once the runway extensions have been completed a major air terminal expansion will be made, - 13 - �The Pellston Airport will expand as the area's major air traffic facility. It is important, therefore, that residential, industrial and recreation developments recognize the impact of jet aircraft and runway approach zones when locating in the area. Homes, schools and industries must be planned around the basic needs of the operating airport and new demands for community water and sewage services may evolv e in the area . b. Harbor Springs The City of Harbor Springs owns the County's seco nd largest air traffic facility in the County. It is primarily a chartered flying service facility, handling executive type aircraft, but no scheduled airline service. The Harbor Springs Airport is well located near Little Traverse Bay, major ski resorts, and concentrated areas of recreation homes. This produces a year-round market for private-recreational air service between Emmet County and metropolitan centers in the Midwest. In the recent five year period, aircraft movements have increased by more than 65%. The combination of features that make the airport attractive to air traffic also attract development. Hence, industries, homes and seasonal-resort dwellings are attracted to the Bay area and are clustering near to the airport lands. Some industry has located adjacent to the airport. The growing use of this airport and the development of surrounding lands has created the need to provide community water-sewage facilities. c. Mackinaw City The Village of Mackinaw City owns some 320 acres of land north of Paradise Lake (also Carp Lake) that has been used for private-recreation air traffic. Having sod runways and no improvements, this landing field receives very minimum use. The future of this land for airfield development is not optimistic and casual private use may be the extent of demand . Increased demands for use would be greater if an Industrial Park area were feasible to develop in Mackinaw City or the lands intervening the City and the Airport. Until then this airport will have little or no impact on the area in terms of land use or public facility requirements. - 14 - �3. Lake Ports With over seventy (70) miles of Lake Michigan shoreline, Emmet County has access to the shipping lanes of the Great Lakes . At present, there is only one major industrial port in the County and this is owned and operated by the Penn-Dixie Cement Company in Resort Township. Penn-Dixie is a major County employer involved with mining limestone reserves along the Lake Michigan shoreline. Another deep-water port is accessable t hrough Mackinaw City in nearby Cheboygan County. Recreation boating is the most dominant uses of local harbors and marinas. This generates demands for docking facilities and a need for facilities to handle sanitary wastes from both pleasure and commercial boating activities. The day has passed when direct dumping of sanitary wastes in any Great Lake can be permitted, Recreation craft, lake carriers and foreign freighters must be required to dump wastes in approved land based community disposal systems. Natural water ways (rivers, lakes and oceans) can no longer be considered the "final stage 11 in the sewage treatment process. WATER AND SEWER UTILITIES At the present time, complete water and sewerage utilities serve the developed portions of the Cities of Petoskey, Harbor Springs, and the Village of Mackinaw City. The Bay View Association in Bear Creek Township has a water and sewage system connected with Petoskey, but service is now provided only in the summer months, The Bay View water mains are above the frost level and therefore cannot be used in winter months. For this reason, the Bay View dwellings are not occupied during the winter skiing season . There are a few other water and sewer service extensions near the City of Petoskey, but these are close to the City limits. In the past, Petoskey maintained a policy that services would not be extended unless accompanied by annexation. However, broader area-wide services from the City's system are now feasible. The City of Harbor Springs ~xtends water services westerly to serv e the Tamarack Trails subdivisions and easterly into the Wequetonsing . Sewage collection services closely follow areas within the City limits . A more complete in-depth review of water and sewer services in Emmet County will be prepared in the engineering sections of this County Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan. - 15 - �The 1960 Census of Population and Housing provided some basic data on how County families are being served by sanitary disposal facilities and community water supplies. TABLE 9 summarizes the significant comparisons between the State and County, including a breakdown for rural Emmet County. This data should be re-evaluated when the 1970 Census findings are made available. TABLE 9 RESIDENTIAL WATER AND SEWER SERVICES Emmet County Dwelling Service by Number and Percent Rural NonFarm Rural State of Emmet County Emmet County Michigan To t a l Emmet -Count y Source of Water Community System 1,547 29.5% 12 2 . 2% NIA NIA Individual Well 3,318 63.4% 460 82.7% NIA NIA Other or None 372 7.1% 5,237 84 15.1% 556 NIA NIA 3,746 71.4% 388 71. 2% 85.7% 6,155 77.4% 812 15.5% 64 11. 7% 8.5% 955 12 . 5% 690 13.1% 5,248 93 17.1% 545 5.8% 100 . 0% Public-Community System 1,038 19 . 8% None Septic Tank 3,272 62.5% 418 75.1% Other or None 927 17. 7% 5,237 138 24 . 9% 556 7 ~1 Water Service Hot and Cold Water in Dwelling Cold Water Only in Dwelling No Piped Water in Dwelling 801 10 .1 % 7 ,951 Sewa~e Dis;eosal SOURCE: U.S. Census of Housing, 1860 - 16 - 94.0% 6,689 84 .1% 6 . 0% 100.0% 1,262 15 . 9% 7,951 100 . 0% �The conclusions from TABLE 9 indicate the following: 22.5% of the County's dwelling units have only cold water piped in the structure or have no domestic water in the dwelling (10 . 1% none). This condition affects 1,796 dwellings. Assuming half of these to be seasonal homes, some 2,900 County residents are without adequate water service (900 d.u. x 3,22 per household= 2,880 persons). 801 dwellings (perhaps 400 permanent) have no water service inside the structure. 456 dwellings (perhaps 230 permanent) do not have a private well or community water supply. Nearly 16% of all dwellings have no community sewer system or septic tank, hence, either there is no sewage facility or the dwelling has a privy. This affects an estimated 2,000 residents in the County. As may be reasonable to assume, most of the inadequately served units are in rural nonfarm and rural farm areas, because community services were not available in 1960. Overall, from 15 to 22 percent of all dwellings have inadequate utility services, even though up to half of these may be seasonal . However, both seasonal and permanent residences have minimum adequate facilities for sanitary health reasons as well as to avoid resource pollution. SANITARY LAND FILLS (Solid Waste Disposal) Land fill sites are indicated on the ncommunity Facilities" map. When needed, additional land fill sites can probably be developed with relative ease, because of the rural nature of the County. However, it may prove effective to operate land fills in areas where land reclamation could prove beneficial to recreation developments or other extensive use adaptations. Not withstanding these objectives, care should be exercised to ensure that land fill sites have minimum nuisance affects to home areas, tourist facilities and scenic resources o Other methods of solid waste disposal, such as incineration, probably would not be considered unless serious pollution and nuisance hazards occur from existing methods, or unless technological developments render other methods more feasible, In any system of waste disposal, all communities of the County should seriously consider jointly operated disposal areas . This will reduce the number of active disposal sites operating at a given time and will facilitate the cost of maintaining lands and equipment . . ] - 17 - �Bliss, Center, Pleasantview and Readmond Townships have no sanitary land fills operating at the present time. However, these communities may be cooperating with an adjacent Township. The Cross Village site is currently unlicensed . Because of operating costs, several Townships may have to cooperate in the operation of sanitary fill areas . Another feasible method would be to operate a County-wide system through a County Department of Public Works, Existing sanitary fill sites are located as follows: Carp Lake Township, Section - 2 Wawatam Township, Section - 13 in Mackinaw City Cross Village Township, Section - 34 West Traverse Township, Section - 3 Little Traverse Township, Section 10 Littlefield Township, Section - 17 Springvale Township, Section - 2 Bear Creek Township, Section - 8 Resort Township, served by Bear Creek Center Township, None Readmond Township - None Maple River Township, Section - 3 in Pellston McKinley Township, Section - 1 Pleasantview Township - None Bliss Township - None Friendship Township, served by West Traverse As evident from the County's Land Use Inventory, there appears to be a need for disposal areas for used automobiles and major appliances . It would be most desirable if these waste items could be delivered to an industry involved with converting the scrap to usable industrial metals . Future solid waste disposal demands will increase as a result of increasing tourist visitation and local population growth. Some items that will pose serious disposal problems in the future are: depreciated mobile homes (permanent and travel vehicles). discarded automobiles, farm implements and other vehicles. junked appliances, sporting equipment, etc. Based on national averages, each 1 U. S. citizen discards about 1,500 pounds of solid waste each year. At this rate, Emmet County produces over 12,000 tons of solid waste each year . By 1990, the rate will be 15,200 tons plus discarded waste from tourists who v isit the County . • ] 1 More recent national averages indicate that each citizen discards from six to se v en pounds of solid waste every day . This yields more than a ton of waste per year (2,300 pounds). - 18 - �CENTERS OF TRADE AND COMMUNICATION Persons who live in rural and unincorporated areas generally depend upon nearby urban centers (Cities and Villages) for various community services. Hence, it is important for the service center communities to recognize their area-wide roles. For the most part, the urban centers would have fewer or less adequate serv i ces to offer were it not for the support of more or less dependent rural areas " In Emmet County there are several centers of trade and communication and these vary from one another in terms of size, types of services and potential for future growth or development. Many of these rural centers are smaller today than in previous years because of population out-migration and improved highway access to larger centers such as Petoskey, Harbor Springs and Cheboygan . Some basic services include: active recreation, retailing and business services, nonfarm employment, health, education and other services of a social or cultural nature. It is not feasible for every Township in Emmet County to provide all of these services, hence, a natural pattern of urbanrural communication evolves. A key index to the size and influence of one center over another is the retail base. As~ rule, those communities which have the highest volume of retail 1ctivity will also be larger and offer more diverse community wide services o Although retailing is not the only service of regional importance, it is a fact that commercial activity is a direct reflection of the frequency and volume of visits that people in a region make to the community. Therefore, if people visit the retail center for shopping purposes, they are likely to patronize such other services as the post office, library, hospital or a medical office, bank and related facilities. In Emmet County, the City of Petoskey has the largest retail-service influence, and competes effectively on a regional level with centers as distant as Traverse City and Alpena. The second most influential County center is the City of Harbor Springs. Of near equal importance, but influencing the northern portions of the County most is the City of Cheboygan in adjacent Cheboygan County. In March, 1969, Emmet County's Commercial Economic Base Analysis was published under the contract terms of a 11 701 11 Urban Planning Assistance Granto This report delineated the major retail trade patterns as they influence Emmet County and communities within the County. Following is a summary of findings from the Commercial Base Analysis . Emmet County has two regional trade areas based upon the retail potential of Petoskey's downtown shopping area o The primary trade area was determined to be coterminus with the County boundaries while the secondary trade area encompasses the County plus the areas of Charlevoix, East Jordan, Vanderbuilt, Onaway, Mullett Lake, and Mackinaw City . The larger secondary trade area is based upon Petoskey's drawing power for major comparison shopping goods (apparel, furniture, specialty shops, etc.). - 19 - �Of the three Counties, Emmet, Charlevoix and Cheboygan, Emmet County holds a dominant retail position. Some 43% of the 1963 retail sales in this region occurred in Emmet . Within Emmet County nearly 76% of the retail sales volume occurred in the City of Petoskey. County areas outside of Petoskey which includes Harbor Springs, increased their share of the total sales between 1958 and 1963. Using 1963 constant dollar figures, Emmet County's 1958 retail sales totaled $25.6 million. This increased nearly 1 7% by 1963, for a total retail sales volume of $29.9 million . During this same period, the County population increased by less than five (5) percent. This is a strong reflection of tourist drawing power and regional trade area influence. Population and retail sales trends suggest the high impact of tourist sales in Emmet County. From an estimate of "maximumtt tourist spending, it was concluded that retail sales and services expenditures attributed to nonpermanent households total some $13.7 million in 1962. This increased to $22.9 million by 1966 for an overall gain of 67%. Regardless of the methods employed, the tourist retail sector of the economy is strong and increasing at a far greater rate than permanent household spending, Detailed development plans for Petoskey's downtown shopping area are published in a separate report on the City's retail economic base. The details for Harbor Springs are also presented in a separate 1r701n planning program. Plans for improving the outlying retail areas of Emmet County are contained in the Emmet County Economic Base report, under the section "Minimum Convenience Centers" . These pertain to the retail areas of Alanson, Carp Lake, Cross Village, Levering and Pellston . Retail sales in Emmet County will be distributed among the various local centers, each serving a slightly different level of retail activity, For planning retail service improvements and enlargements, the County's retail centers were classified as follows: Major Comparison Shopping Center City of Petoskey Major Convenience Shopping Centers Petoskey Harbor Springs Mackinaw City - 20 - �Minimum Convenience Shopping Centers Alanson Carp Lake Cross Village Levering Pellston Minimum Retail Services (General Store or Larger) Boyne Highlands - Nubs Nob Wilderness Park Larks Lake Bliss Center Resort Township Good Hart West County Line Brutus Epsilon Stutsmanville The list of retail centers classified by type is an accurate reflection of the relative importance of one community over another as a center for trade, communication and community services, For the most part, these services are available to the residents of the community center as well as persons who live in the surrounding Township units of government . TABLE 10 briefly lists the distribution of various community services among selected communities of Emmet County. Because the data on the TABLE is derived from several sources, each employing slightly different criteria and prepared at different times, column totals are not too meaningful. However, the 1963 U. S. Census of Business reports are based upon consistent data and indicates that 69% of the County's retail establishments are in the City of Petoskey, 17% in Harbor Springs and 14% in the Townships and Villages. Tourist lodging facilities present a near opposite picture. Some 62% of the County's lodging places are in the Townships and Villages, and 38% in the two Cities , Among the smaller Villages in the County, Alanson, Pellston, Levering, and Cross Village offer a wider variety of community services, According to area population projections, Alanson has the greatest potential for improving and expanding retail-community services in the noncity areas of the County. J 7 For those communities and County areas that have a projected population loss, and should a future loss become a reality, it is reasonable to expect future reductions in the quantity and quality of existing service levels. Except for Petoskey, Harbor Springs and Mackinaw City, none of the rural communities and villages provide public water and sewer services (refer to map "Existing Water and Sewer Systems"). - 21 - �TABLE 10 INVENTORY OF COMMUNITY SERVICES Emmet County (l) (l) 0 cu (/) (l) rl (/) P-< :::> 4-i rl 0 •rl Selected Communities Petoskey cu • +' 0 (l) :z; P::: bl) 4-i i:: 0 •rl bl) • 'D 0 0 .....:I :z; 0 (/) (/) rl •rl 0 0 H H H +' :s:(l) ..c: !3 (/) (/) (l) (l) cu > 0 :>, 0 H i:: (l) 0 0 •rl •rl +' (l) (/) rl 4-i 4--i cu cu +' 0 0 •rl rl .Q ;:::l •rl rl .Q ;:::l •rl rl .Q ;:::l H ·rl .Q •rl P-< P-< P-< .....:I ::s P-< J:y cu 0 'D (l) 0 +' (/) 0 (/) (l) H •rl 218 16 1 1 6 1 4 1 1 Harbor Springs 55 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Alanson 25 1 1 1 1 1 Brutus 4 1 1 Carp Lake 6 5 1 Conway 3 2 1 Cross Village 6 2 Levering 9 5 1 Oden 4 5 1 Pellston 12 2 Mackinaw City (Emmet Sci.de1:) 15 ~•: 18 1: Emmet County SOURCE: (a) (b) (c) 316 58 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 13 5 11 6 1 3 Emmet County Land Use Inventory, 1968 U.S. Census of Business, 1963 Harbor Springs Comprehensive Plan, 1969 - 22 - 1 5 �I ~ ~ ' \~' ' , , \ \ 1' , I ~ l '''' ' ' ' ' 1 I I ' ~ 1 1 i C £CI L --c · ... 8 A Y ~•*• •- --····-···· ,.o•T T. 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I I ;' _ .. . • , " " " • • ow .nl:rl · . ~ ~· : 1 --~,:1 'IT""" : ~ • or TOIi$ " " " tOlt TH( CO tilllll /SSION .. T,1[ rAIINt:ll 'li ·•- - ~ - EXISTING WELLS EXISTING STORAGE WITH CAPACITY (t,l lll (T ,1.0JIIIIMISUt4Tl0W • or ,_,l1111C1,1UUNt: ltl0 •11 ..... l ( A\.( I ll ,c1n vilicon · lemon a ossoc. inc. planning con,ultonts MCNAMEE PORTER & SEELEY CONSULTING ENGINEERS • .. I I, • ll -" :----1,7 I . • • ,s n1t1o1o1cto ., " " 01,U. : tr 'r ! I .;::' _.!_ "'-""'"''"o :· r. • LEGEND l'IUl'•IIIIAIIO"' ) ~ ~□,o· ~..-. MAJOR WATER MAINS EXISTING SERVICE AREAS TN( ~•1 ,o • I ~ ~ .~ // [ .. ~-,... ·I-cr:£1-~ L~b .... 1,;----, UNIUO IT&TII OIP.,.IITNINT l, SPRINGVALE I I " CHARLE VOIX G U1N T JltO .. , • ~ COUtHT .,-. ~1ttJ-lJ f0 ~I ~((_ ~ ~ •··-·· [ .......,.~.... . ·--. .. _j ..l ·•t • -!~ • - I ~ 1 • I " L_=.__-E .~ L.1 u I EXISTING COMMUNITY WATER SERVICE EMMET COUNTY ~ .I \ COUNTY ~ T 34N �, - NATURAL RESOURCES (PART I A. 4.) Emmet County has a diverse resource base that is well adapted to yearround recreation attractions. This fact, plus the increasing accessibility of the County to tourists from metropolitan centers will cause accelerated development pressures on the existing resource base. The momentum of rising tourism, crowded metropolitan centers, new highways, and improved air service may well precipitate local development related to industrialization and factors other than tourism recreation. The cumulative impact of the County's latent growth potential will be accompanied by an urbanization process that will be paralleled by resource depletion . Hence, community water and sewer systems must be provided to minimize the negative aspects of development . Wood lots will be converted to building sites, farm lands to neighborhoods, and lake, river, and stream frontages subdivided in lots . The character of the County is under pressure to change and as a minimum it will take community water-sewer systems, good zoning and subdivision control ordinances to assure the most satisfactory patterns of use and development. Generally, the processes of urban growth and development results in the displacement of an area's natural environment. Game habitates, fishing streams, wooded areas, and farms are displaced by highways, housing developments, commercial uses and industry. Whether or not it is feasible to accommodate urban growth and still retain the basic natural environment remains a challenge to society. It is known, however, that the continuing pressures of urban growth are placing even greater demands upon resources which are within commuting distance of metropolitan centers. Emmet County's natural resource base must be viewed as an important element of the ecological structure of Michigan and the Upper Midwest. Deer hunting, fishing, natural scenery, other outdoor recreation, and clean waters represent major factors in the local economy and are attractions which account for the increasing demands upon the rural environment. As more freeways develop north from Chicago and Detroit, the impact of urban growth on the County can be expected to increase substantially. While it will not be possible to resolve all the County's ecological and environmental questions in a planning study, it is an objective of the plan to suggest development patterns that will recognize the mutual needs of urban uses and the natural resource base. Implementating the development patterns will be an evolving long-term program necessitating strong cooperation among citizens of the County, resource specialists, land developers and government. - 23 - �Some selected natural resources of concern in Emmet County are deer yards, trout streams, warm water fish streams, canoeable rivers and principal drainage basins. As a general observation, deer yarding areas, canoeable waters and the quality trout streams are concentrated in nearly the same County locations. These resource areas also provide habitat for other game species native to Northern Michigan. Hence, efforts to preserve these areas in their natural state will fulfill numerous conservation objectives including a quality outdoor recreational environment for future generations. The drainage patterns on the map relate rivers and streams to their principal watershed areas . It is important that land users in the County recognize these drainage patterns as certain activities may contribute to stream pollution or resource depletion. The County cannot afford these losses if it is to retain the Northern image so attractive to urban populations which tour the United States. SOILS The accompanying 11 Soil Resources 11 map illustrates a refinement of the County's Land Type map, and presents ten (10) relatively homogenous soil groups. These soil classifications are based upon their general physical similarity. Soils in a group have similar capacity to sustain urban uses and resources development. This map gives a broad picture of the distribution and comparative quantity of County soil resources. Because of the generalized nature of the mapped information, it is applicable to County planning as an overall development guide or reference, More detailed soils surveys and/or on-site investigations are needed for specific uses and site planning. In determin~ng the general suitability of soils in their natural state for various uses, the following criterion are applied by soil scientists of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service: 1. 2, 3. 4. Adaptability Adaptability Adaptability Adaptability for for for for Agriculture Housing (subdivision type) Woodland and Forest Use Recreation A summary rating of the ten (10) generalized Soil Resource Areas is presented on TABLE 11. It is pertinent that about 70% of the area of Emmet County has soil conditions that are suited to urban development uses. This also implies a general suitability for forestry, agriculture and recreation. - 24 - �' ' ~ 1 . 1 ~ ... "I 'I 1 1J 1 i i • i ' i ' , i i ' ,1 1 i I 1 1 1 C E CI L STURGEON 8 A r ~ 'l(:, t (, t l i• ~ l . ;: . [Ju.L__j ----- -----J~s>----- • 71. . . \, . "' " " L I TT l. £ TRAVERSE 8 A r rl tr ~f~ ·rt, . ~-:... r . , ~ • If • I.I ·- 11 . 1 ~~~~L_ ltLJ, ,~ ~ GR OU PS I 'TH( •11•11 ... TlOOI 0, 1..1 WU ''"'""°°'4U •10tllllMCk>ONAUOfUl.OU... l!fO,ooTOfl'l>IPIIIIMl! .. I Of H0USttl0AHOIIUAHl>t¥!10,,._l,.I. 1/l'fOU TH( Ill ilfr:E::rf::::::·:~:~f2!;~::::. ..... Generalized vilicon · lemon a ouoc. inc . plonn l nQ con sultonta ISOIL EMMET RESOURCES COUNTY COUNTY EMMET SANDY L OAM a LOAMY SAND 2 3 4 5 6 ST. IGNACE· LON GR IE - ALPENA 7 DUNE 8 9 IQ BLUE LAKE - LEELANAU EA S T LAKE - BLUE LAKE - KALKASKA RUBICON SANO EAST LAKE - AU GRES LANO - DEER PARK BRIMLE Y- BRUCE -WAI NOLA IOSCO - THOMAS BREVORT CARBONDALE - TAWAS - ROSCOMMON SOURCE : U. S . SOtL CONSERVATION SERVICE �TABLE 11 COUNTY SOIL RESOURCES Emmet County Agriculture Good Subdividing L Sandy Loam 2. Loamy Sand Fair-Good Good 3. Deep Loamy Sand Fair-Good Good 4. Deep Acid Sands Poor 5. Sand and Gravel 6. Use Rating or Adaptability Recreation-Woodland Drainage Good Good Hardwoods and Pine Good Good Hardwoods and Pine Good Good Good-Fair Poor Good Poor Fair-Good Poor Fair-Poor Fair Sand Gravel over Bedrock Poor Fair-Poor Poor Fair-Poor Poor 7. Sand Dunes Poor Poor Poor 8. Silts, Clays, Sand Poor Poor Fair Fair-Good Poor 9• Silty Clay Loam Poor Poor Poor Fair-Good Poor Organic Soil Poor Poor Poor Game Habitat Poor Good Hardwoods Fair-Good N u, 10. SOURCE: U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Boyne City, Michigan Good Good �Resort and Bear Creek Townships have from 85% to 90% of their lands in soils suited to urban development. This is important because these communities are expected to absorb most of the projected urban development in the County. It · is unfortunate that soils rated very good for farming and forestry may be displaced by development in the Petoskey area. Vast land areas in the central and west central portions of Emmet County are well suited for urban and recreation development. This means that ski chalets and summer home development can proceed with few soil limitations. However, there are other planning considerations necessary to assure that new developments do not destroy the quality of the natural environment which generates demands for use~and development. Deer yarding areas and sport fishing streams will need protection. Crooked Lake, Pickerel Lake and the Crooked River Valley through Alanson are positioned among wet soils rated fair to poor for urban use. Since this is an intensive resort-cottage area, pollution control measures will become increasingly necessary and a strong need is already apparent. The Cross Village area is divided among several soil types: sandy loams, loose sand and organic soils. The organic soils are generally in State ownership and hence, may not be a development problem. However, the loose sands, which occur in dunes and ridges have many development limitations in terms of drifting sand (wind, erosi~n) and difficulty in establishing and maintaining cover. Development of these soils will reduce the high scenic value of the area, as many dunes will be leveled and existing tree stands will be gradually reduced. The Mackinaw City area and Wawatam Township are on limeston~ formations and cobbly soils. These are generally unsuitable for urban•development in their natural state. Careful and detailed soils analysis can reveal the nature of development limitations on particular sites. A large proportion of the soils unsuited for development are in the north areas of the County. Also, much of this land is currently in State of Michigan ownership, as part of the Hardwood State Forest. - 26 - �TOPOGRAPHY The accompanying topography map illustrates the slope characteristics of Emmet County's natural landscape. From a County-wide view, there is a great deal of variety in land formations, which include: flat lands, gently rolling, rolling to steep, and very steep slopes. Elevation gradually increases from north to south, with some of the highest hilltops in Pleasantview and Springvale Townships. The discussion which follows describes the topographic characteristics of each Township in the County. As a general statement, there are a number of areas that have limitations to development in terms of urban density development. However, these limitations become scenic attractions in communities that cater to tourism-recreation activities. Resort Topography in Resort Township is gently rolling with picturesque contrasts between cultivated farm land and patches of wooded area. Some steep landscape follows the Lake Michigan Shoreline, mostly in the Penn-Dixie mining area. Bear Creek - Land forms in Bear Creek Township tend to be more severe than in Resort. From a development point of view, it is well that the incidence of steep topography lies well south and southeast of Petosk~y and can be avoided by expanding urban development. Some 10 sections of land are affected by steep topography. Springvale - Except for areas generally within two miles of Crooked Lake, Pickerel Lake, and the Minihaha Creek Valley, Springvale Township is influenced by steep slopes. Not all of this area can be considered prohibitive to development, but it does present some severe limitations. The flat areas around the lakes are separated from rolling lands by a large band of steep slope area, Littlefield - Topography has almost no development limitation on this community. Some moderate to steep slopes exist in the extreme northwest area. Little Traverse - The southern tiers of sections in this Township are generally flat or gently rolling, although incidences of steep slope are present. A large area of steep · topography affects the eight sections in the northeast area, West Traverse - Topography in West Traverse Township varies from rolling to steep and is steep in most sections. The rolling and gently rolling land is found north of Harbor Springs and east to the Township line. - 27 - �Friendship - Except for some areas near Stutsmanville and Middle Village, Friendship is characterized by moderately steep to steep topography. Other incidences of flat and gently rolling land is scattered among the steeper slope lands. Pleasantview - A band of flat land extends north-south through this community. Steep to very steep topography is found in the southwest and southeast areas, where the Boyne Highlands and Nubs Nob ski resorts are located. Moderate to steep slopes are found in the northwest and northeast sections. Maple River The west one-third of this community has moderate to moderately steep topography but few steep areas. The land character in the east sections is flat with some incidence of swamp. McKinley - McKinley Township has a varied land character. Extensive swamp land is positioned along the east line and flat but drier sections extend along the south. Some nine sections in the northwest portion are moderately rolling, with very little incidence of steep, Center - Rolling to moderate slope areas are found in the extreme northeast sections, while moderately steep to steep topography influences a large area in the southwest. A wide band of flat land (high incidence of swamp) traverses the community from southeast to northwest. Readmond - Readmond Township's physiography resembles Friendship. Most of the landscape is characterized by moderately steep slopes and there are incidences of steep. Gently rolling and moderate slopes are found in the north and west areas and in the sections near Good Hart. There is considerably more developable land along Lake Michigan in Readmond than in Friendship. Cross Village - Steep topography is limited to the Mccort Hill area in Section 5 and in portions of Sections 2 and 3. A steep ridge parallels the shore of Lake Michigan from the south to the Wycamp Lake area, Rolling sand dunes are found in the northern sections. - 28 - �Bliss - Bliss Township is predominantly flat with incidences of swamp. Some moderately steep landscape is located in the central, south and southeast area. Incidences of steep slope can be found near Bliss Center and among the sand dunes along Lake Michigan. Carp Lake - Gently rolling to moderately rolling topography is present in the southwesterly seven and one-half (7 1/2) sections. The remainder of the community is relatively flat and there are swamp lands to the southwest and northwest. Wawatam · - Overall, Wawatam Township has the flattest topography in Emmet County. The topography map reveals only a gradual fall in elevation from the southeast to north Township Line. The foregoing analysis of the County's physiography is limited in respect to detail. U.S.G,S. data on a County-wide scale at the 20 foot contour interval is effective as a general reference for slope data, but cannot illustrate the variety of slope change that can occur within a given 20 foot interval. DRAINAGE PATTERNS In addition to indicating slope, topography defines the surface drainage pattern of the County. This information is useful in water-sewer system planning, because the drainage pattern influences the extension of sanitary sewer mains. Whenever a topographic barrier is encountered, there are specific construction costs related to the following: excess pipe to circumvent the barrier. lift stations, force mains and booster pumps to overcome a change in elevation. costly excavations to maintain satisfactory grades on the collector mains. possible need for duplicate treatment facilities (lagoons, plants, etc.). additional time needed for installation of the system. Following are some general observations relative to sanitary sewer service areas based upon the County's principal drainage pattern: A sewage system in Pellston would have the physical capacity to serve a large regional area. Pellston is also a potential industrial area. - 29 - �, Alanson is reasonably well situated to serve a large·drainage area. Although new industry may be limited, recreation, tourists, and year-round home demands will be significant. Poor soils and flat terrain suggest a serious need for urban services in the Alanson, Oden, Crooked Lake area. Large areas of Bear Creek Township fall within the natural drainage pattern of Petoskey's sewage collection and treatment system . However, east Pickerel Lake and East Mitchell Roads lie in another drainage basin . Most of Resort Township's drainage pattern lies in basins which do not run toward Petoskey. Natural drainage is in the direction of Walloon Lake . Harbor Springs has a large drainage area, Hence, the City can be analyzed as a source of sewage treatment for surrounding Township areas that are urbanizing. Cross Village is positioned just south of the dividing line of two drainage basins. The northernmost areas of Emmet County lie in two principal basins; Bliss Township is in the westerly basin and WaWatam Township is easterly. Carp Lake and Wawatam Townships are largely in the Carp River basin. The Village of Mackinaw City is in a sub-basin. All of the drainage basins on the map reflect large overall drainage patterns . Within each there are small sub-basins that would affect the detailed engineering of specific community sewage collection systems. WATER RESOURCES In Emmet County, a prime use of water resources is for recreation, mainly in terms of swimming, boating, fishing and wildlife management. Howev er, water resources are necessary for municipal water systems, individual wells for domestic water and irrigation . Hence, it is essential that the County's water resources are protected from pollution and depletion. Lake Michigan is a major water reserve for recrea~ion as well as municipal water supplies in the Petoskey area. Municipal water in Harbor Springs is obtained from ground sources via four wells . For the most part, the r emaining County areas rely on individual wells . On the basis of general state-wide data prepared by the Water Resources Commission of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, most of the area of Emmet County is in glacial deposit areas with fairly high yields of ground water. The lower yield areas are found mostly in Resort Township, Wawatam Township and northern Bliss Township . However, individual wells in specific locations may have high or low yields depending on local geologic conditions. - 30 - �In addition to Lake Michigan and ground water resources, community water systems may be developed from rivers and smaller lakes. Emmet County has seven (7) inland lakes, of which three are positioned in urban growth areas (Round Lake, Crooked Lake and Pickerel Lake). Also, the U. S. Soil Conservation Service has identified nine (9) potential water impoundment locations on the rivers of the County. For the most part, surface water resources other than Lake Michigan, would only be of use in recreation-resort locations, and detailed engineering feasibility will be necessary to determine the suitability of any surface water for domestic consumption. Some discussion of the quality of domestic water resources is contained in Part III of this "Sewer and Water Plan'' report . - 31 - �AGRICULTURE, LAND PATTERNS, AND TRENDS : (PART I A. 5.) Farming and agricultural activities have two major influences on each community. First is the income derived for rural families and other services that are supported by farming. Second is the value of farms as a resource for open space, wildlife support, and environmental breaks with developed urban areas. Farming has become a highly complex operation requiring skilled operators and huge investments in mechanical equipment and land. This is evidenced by the fact that the average value of farms in Emmet County increased 135% between 1954 and 1964. Also, the character of farming i s moving in two directions, one of increasing farm acreage and the other toward intensive farming where crops are scientifically managed to include complete climate control. Over and above this is the influx of artificial foods; items developed through laboratory chemistry. Part of the national trend in agriculture can be observed from TABLE 12, which summarizes selected farm data for Emmet County. In the 10 years between 1954 and 1964, the average size of a farm increased by nearly 50 acres or 32% , Overall, there was a 51% decrease in the number of farms in the County. Employment also decreased markedly . In 1950, the U.S . Census listed 632 persons employed as farmers and -farm managers. By 1960, this occupation group declined to 228 for a percentage loss of 64% . While farm size has been increasing and the number of farms and total acreage has been decreasing, farm production has been increasing along with the average value per farm. This is a good index of the economic advantages of the large scale farm and why this trend is taking place. Better and more productive yields are taking place. TABLE 13 shows the value of farm products 1959, the value has increased nearly 38%, State of Michigan. The trend since 1954, as there was a decline from 1954 to 1959, and 1964. sold in Emmet County . Since compared with 23% for the however, is not as optimistic and an increase between 1959 Of the two categories, livestock and corps, it is evident that livestock farms are most valuable. Between 1959 and 1964, livestock farm product sales increased $528,000 compared with $208,000 for crops. Dairy and poultry were the most important growth factors, as other livestock increased slightly. Field crops accounted for over 60% of the sales increase among crops. Forest products and vegetables gained some, while fruits and nuts experienced sales decreases, - 32 - �TABLE 12 SELECTED FARM CHARACTERISTICS Emmet County Farms by Size 1 - 99 acres 100 - 499 acres 500 - 999 acres 1,000 acres and over Totals Land in Farms % of County Land in Farms Average size of Farms Average Value of Farms Farm Operators residing on farm Farm Census 1964 1954 382 439 13 3 145 247 17 4 -237 -192 + 4 + 1 - 837 413 -424 - 51% 123,478 80,841 - 35% 42% 27% 148 acres 196 acres + 32% acres +136% $ 16,698 +$9,680 512 389 -123 1,682 U.S. Census of Agriculture - 33 - 62% 44% + 31% + 33% + 48 acres $ 7,019 Persons in Farm Operator households SOURCE: 1954 to 1964 Change No. % - 24~ �TABLE 13 VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS SOLD Emmet County All Products Sold Farm Average Crops 1954 1959 1964 $1,715,495 $1,311,707 $2,071,272 1,943 2,484 5,015 834,220 451,066 659,119 338,828 243,963 381,121 a. Field Crops b. Vegetables 25,848 33,390 55,832 c. Fruits and Nuts 28,744 30,376 15,751 d. Forest Products 440,800 143,337 206,415 881,275 860,641 1,389,415 61,540 34,715 261,994 Livestock a. Poultry b. Dairy 561,606 390,355 651,230 c. Livestock 258,129 435,571 476,191 SOURCE: 1964 and 1959 United States Census of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Vol . 1, Part 13, Michigan. - 34 - �A final assessment of the value of agriculture to Emmet County can be established from a general rule of thumb, that each dollar earned in farming turns over about 2.3 times. Hence, the $2.07 million produced from farm sales in the County has an estimated multiplied impact of some $4,761,000. This is a significant local economic factor that should be retained to the fullest extent possible . In Emmet County, owner occupied farm trends may be estimated from data on farm operators residing on farms. The 1964 Census of Agriculture showed that 94% of the County's farm operators resided on the farm. Also, the average farm supports a resident population of 4.07 persons, well above the average County household size of 3 , 33 persons. The fu ture of agriculture in Emmet County is uncertain, because of national events and local pressures for land that may or may not occur. The trend, however, shows farm acreage declining, and farm population declining. However, the value and size of a farm is increasing. It is reasonable to conclude that the value of farm land will increase as a result of tourist demands for rural land. This will cause farm acreage to decline further, lessening the impact of agriculture as an economic activity (employer). Farm productivity may decline as well . On the other hand, national-international demands for farm products may give new economic incentives for preserving and expanding vital agricultural activity. In terms of the relative importance of agriculture, Emmet County ranked 57th among the 82 counties in farm product sales. Hence, 57 counties are agriculturally more significant. Another index shows that Emmet County has a high percentage of nonfarm income to supplement farm product sales (17th of 82). This is an index showing decreasing reliance upon farming activity for basic income. LAND PATTERNS The a c companying map illustrates the generalized existing land use pattern in Emmet County. TABLE 14 summarizes the acreages and proportions of uses by Township areas and City-Village areas. APPENDIX TABLES 1 and 5 present the detailed land use acreages for each community with totals for the principal Supervisory Districts. It is noted that whenever City-Village data is statistically portrayed, only that portion of Mackinaw City, which lies in Emme t County, is included . No land use data for the Cheboygan side has been tabulated, however, it was inventoried and mapped. Also, data for Petoskey and Harbor Springs were taken from land use studies prepared for those communities under separate planning programs. - 35 - �- - -' 0 0 " u ~ " ... ► .. .... " ..;:;i ... .. -' .."' +' ,r, ::, ~ "' ! .." .. -' 0 ~ .J z 0 ... .. " "'"' .,.!. z .., : :, " " 0 4iif" ., ID :, ~ :, 0 :,: ~ .., .J ;:: +' ~ ¥" z 2 ~ I- "'a: w .,0 "'ua:" .. a: 0 "'u :::; .. ID :, . QII <.., 0 0 0 '-I ,- 4 2 ◄ j ;: .." ... .. 4 z " @) ::, .... " 0 ...► ► 2 ::, 0 "z :; u ., 0 z <( .J u .J .. ID :, ., "'a: "'..,a: IIll 0 IL .. .J <( ;:; a: .J ::! a: u I"' :::; "" ., ., "' ::,0 :, "'2 ;!, ., I<( I- .. □~II~ ~ ¥' ,- - w en +" :::) ~ r ¥" ... 0 z ~ <t _J ~ "'"' ¥"' "' J ,_ "'... ., .."' ,._ ¥"' "' .... .. >(!)~ .. z~ i=u "' l.:w" ' ".... Cf)t- ... ·: □ -1&.1 X::E -11--.11-- tr , ~=: .. +' ,,... ... . co. ~ /;;,:·:~)\ ~ .... - cl. :)rr Q-,, z-"" J : . • I . ~= . . W C ~ L •' :IE: a "" ~(~ ~ ·"'>r--i ~d___j • ,.:J "" w! ~ ~ / . , ....i / ,. -► --'fl" 3 )I 7 • § ~ . " C �TABLE 14 EXISTING LAND USE Emmet County All To'wnshiE..§_ Residential 703 acres To·t al Counti 2,094 acres Percent DeveloEed Total 9.1% 778 37 815 3. 6% Public 2,357 154 2,511 10.9% Quasi-Public 2,754 301 3,055 13.4% Recreation 7,372 206 7,578 33.1% Commercial 203 129 332 1.5% Industrial 429 114 543 2.4% Railroads 374 102 476 2.1% 4,830 635 5,465 23.9% Seasonal Homes w 1,391 acres · Cities g Villa~es 0) Roads Total Uses Vacant, Farm g Forest Surface Water GRAND TOTAL 20,488 acres 2,381 acres 22,869 acres 100.0% 7 . 8% 2 58,932 3,453 262,415 88.9% 9,485 301 9,756 3 . 3% 2 88,905 acres 6,135 acres 295,040 acres 100 . 0 % �Inventory Techniques The study of land use in the Comprehensive Plan has several objectives related to understanding the County's present development and guiding future planning decisions. Foremost, the land use inventory provides both a graphic and statistical picture of the County, emphasing the impact of man-made features. The inventory of existing land use was accomplished by field inspections, conducted during the summer of 1968. Each use of land was recorded on field maps and later transcribed to base maps. The field inspection technique is not 100% accurate since all uses in buildings are not apparent from the street and there may be uses in wooded areas and on large private properties generally inaccessible by vehicle. Common limitations are accurate counts of apartments within multiple family dwellings and seasonal homes in forested areas. Overall, however, the field inspection technique is a valuable means of assessing the character of uses, and it consumes less time and cost than other inventory systems (such as reviewing all tax records or photographic interpretation). Nevertheless, aerial photographs, U. S.G.S . maps, and interviews of local officials were used to resolve questions on property usage. It should also be noted that the use of land changes continually in all communities, hence, the data must be v iewed in terms of the date inventoried. Use Classifications Because there are many and varied uses of property in Emmet County, it is necessary to calssify them into meaningful groups. This is essential to assist in analyzing the information as well as to simplify understanding the total picture . Following is a list of how the County land uses were classified: Residential - Includes three separate categories: One-family dwellings, two-family dwellings, and dwellings with three or more units. Cottages and seasonal homes were also inventoried. Commercial - For ease of statistical analysis, all retail and business uses are grouped into one category. However, each use was inventoried and it is possible to show shopping center uses, tourist lodging and general commercial activities . Industrial - Identifies manufacturing industries, welding services, machine shops, cabinet shops, saw mills and similar uses primarily involving the production, processing and fabrication of goods . Also, warehouses, truck terminals, enclosed and open storage, junk yards, bulk fuel depots, gravel pits, contractor yards, lumber yards and similar activities . - 37 - �Public Quasi-Public - All governmental uses and buildings including schools. Includes municipal offices, hospitals, D.P.W. garages and yards, fire stations, community buildings, libraries, post offices, the County Airport, public cemeteries and similar uses. Includes uses which are semipublic in nature, such as: churches, parochial schools, fraternal lodges, utility substations, private cemeteries, Country Clubs, Ski Resorts, private parks, radio and TV Towers, etc. Parks - Public recreation uses, including parks, public access sites, playgrounds, roadside parks, campgrounds and related. Includes the Petoskey and Wilderness State Parks, but not State Forest Land. Streets and Railroads - Includes alleys, streets, roads, highways and railroads in use as of the summer of 1968. Water - All principal bodies of surface water including the measurable waters of the Crooked River. Lake Michigan harbor waters are not included. Vacant, Farm and Forest - Encompasses unused open land in tracts or lots, farm land except dwelling areas, and forested areas. Emmet County's total area is 461 square miles, which is equivalent to 295,040 acres. Of this area, less than eight percent is used for housing, business, industry, community services, recreation and transportation. Another three percent is in major surface water area, including inland lakes and the Crooked River. Some 88.9% of the County is land classified as vacant, farm and forest, Lands in vacant, farm and forest are most apt to be consumed by other uses as the County grows. Soils, topography, land ownership and the economic strength of farming will determine those lands that will be consumed first. As an illustration of existing County development, all of the County's roads, highways, railroads, parks, airports, and other land uses, except farmed or forested land could roughly fit into the area of one Township (McKinley for example). That is if all of the urban uses and services were concentrated. However, every community has varying amounts of development and uses are widely scattered throughout . At the present time, the Cities and Villages of the County have over 3,453 acres of undeveloped land. If future permanent housing were to concentrate in Village-City areas where central utility services may be available or could be provided, the County could absorb nearly 8,000 new families without losing one acre of farm land. The Township's of course have vast areas of open land that could be developed. - 38 - �POTENTIAL FOR RECREATION AND TOURISM The potentials for recreation and tour•ism in Emmet County must be viewed in terms of the position of the County in Michigan, and the availability of quality resources and existing recreation developments designed to accommodate tourists . Situated in the northern most portion of the Lower Peninsula, Emmet County has landscape features and environmental characteristics which differ significantly from down state areas. This of itself is a major attraction force, as people from crowded metropolitan areas travel northward to benefit from cooler climatic conditions, cleaner outdoor air and unpolluted waters. To the extent that these resources can be protected from despoliation, the transient tourist economy will continue to grow at a rapid pace. Regional Potentials Millions of people live within a days drive from Emmet County, and the trip becomes easier and safer as freeway construction continues northward. Tourists in Emmet County travel from many states and foreign countries, but are primarily from Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Regional access is provided by freeways, highways, airports and the Great Lakes waterways. Resource Potential The resources of Emmet County were described in previous sections of this report. However, the greatest potential for tourism-recreation is related to the waters of Lake Michigan. Winter tourist visitation is enhanced by major ski resorts developed among prominent topographic features. Hence, topography, climate and water oriented recreation combine favorably in the County and improved regional access (I-75) permits increased patronage. At this writing, some undeveloped shoreline remains along Lake Michigan and on some inland lakes o If these areas are "walled off" by development, the general potential for tourism-recreation will be more restricted. It is recommended that the sand dune areas north of Cross Village be included in a public recreation area. This will prevent an outstanding resource area from the ravages of soil erosion and septic tank pollution . The inherent recreation values of resources in the County reflect the continued losses and depletion of resources in metr' opoli tan areas. Strong efforts will be needed to establish water and sewer serv ices in resource areas where recreation home development may threaten the quality of lakes, streams and ground water. - 39 - �Cultural Potential Emmet County has a history rich with cultural interest . The history of the Indian community is colorful and relates closely with miss'ionary activities in the region. This is substantiated by the numerous monuments and historical markers throughout the County . Fort Michilmackinac is another major historical-cultural feature that attracts thousands of visitors annually. Efforts are now underway to establish an Indian Cultural Center north of Petoskey. If effectively implemented, this center could become a major attraction feature for tourists and at the same tj~e provide cultural educational services, Economic Potential If tourism-recreation is to have its full potential realized, there must be provision for private investment. A major investment in yearround tourism development is Boyne Highlands. Some other significant private investments in tourism-recreation include: Nubs Nob Ski Resort; Country Clubs; Bay View Association; Harbor Point Association; Wequetonsing Association; Hidden Hamlet and similar recreation home developments; marinas; campgrounds; fee fishing ponds; and numerous motel-hotel accommodations throughout the County. Based on the Commercial Economic Base Analysis for Emmet County, total tourist spending in fiscal 1962 - 1963 was estimated at about $13 . 7 million . This increased by about 50% through 1966-1967, for a total volume of about $20.0 million. As long as metropolitan growth continues as in the past, increases of this magnitude can be expected to continue . Using established rates, tourist spending has been increasing at about 16% annually . If the trend continues, tourist spending may reach some $140,000,000 by 1990. This reflects strong and continuing gains in the tourist economy of Emmet County. TRENDS IN COMMERCIAL USES As a general land use standard commercial uses in urban communities make up about three (3) percent of the developed land area, In Emmet County, the percentage of commercial land is 1.5%, However, these two figures are not fully comparable because of the large acreages of County land in roads, highways, regional community services and large recreation sites tend to distort percentage relationships. - 40 - �On the basis of the land use inventory several physical trends were discernible among commercial land uses. These are summarized: 1. The City of Petoskey provides region-wide retail services and has the largest concentration of commercial land use . Of some 272 retail establishments in the County, 143 are in Petoskey (53%). Remodeling, expansion and the development of new centers in and near Petoskey reflect the strength of this retail community. The tourist impact is noted from numerous retail establishments that close during the winter months . 2. Harbor Springs is another important retail center, that reflects strong tourist activity in the summer season. Resort homes and harbor facilities reflect seasonal trends to a high degree. New and remodeled stores indicate good trade area drawing power. 3. Alanson is in a growing market area reflected by the fair to good condition of stores as well as traffic activity in th€ retail center . Some market may be lost to competing centers because of congestion and lack of convenient parking. 4. Mackinaw City has a high tourist impact that is evident from seasonally operated stores and numerous tourist services (motels, restaurants, gifts, etc.). Several new establishments reflect a steady tourist market. In the smaller community areas, particularly the rural townships, commercial uses are operating on a more marginal basis. Some stores have been abandoned and there are fewer retail services because of a decline in the year-round population. However, several quality tourist services are established in rural areas. In the urban influenced townships, new commercial uses are locating along County roads and Sta~e Highway's. This is a reflection of broader market areas, scarcity of land in established centers, and the need for larger business sites . Retail Sales One of the more accurate indices of retail-commercial trends are sales statistics o Based on the data published in the U. S. Census of Business Reports, Emmet County has attained a consistent record of retail growth . - 41 - �TABLE 15 RETAIL SALES BY YEAR Emmet County Year Reported Sales 1958 1963 1967 $24,930,000 $29,977,000 $38,109,000 SOURCE: U. S. Census of Business It is significant that total retail sales in Emmet County increased by $13.2 million since 1958 . Not counting the impact of inflation this is a gross sales increase of 52.9%. Some other significant trends show the following: Emmet County is holding its relative position in terms of percent of sales retained in the three County Regi0n of Charlevoix, Cheboygan and Emmet. The County share of retail services increased in the three County Region of Charlevoix, Cheboygan and Emmet. County areas outside of the City of Petoskey attained a larger share of the total County sales . Retail Center Plans Future retailing in Emmet County cannot be measured with· the same accuracy as past and existing trends. However, all of the projection indices of metropolitan growth, local population increases, and tour..i.st business projections established a sound economic basis upon which to plan retail center improvements. The actual impact of future development within the major trade areas of the County will determine which centers can be improved or expanded to the greatest degree. - 42 - �Retailing in Emmet County has a bright future in terms of the following: The County is a geographic terminus for tourist travel in the northern Lower Peninsula. It is a major destination area. Interstate freeways link the region with growing metropolitan centers . There is excellent access from Detroit and Chicago oriented routes are improving. The County is centrally located within a complex of major ski resorts and benefits from year-round tourist business on a high level. Local population growth is progressing at a reasonable rate, and gains have occurred in diversified manufacturing. Although the County has experienced growth, much of the development has concentrated in the Petoskey-Harbor Springs area. Several northern Townships are expected to hold a stable permanent population, with some slight growth. If past trends continue, a few rural Townships may lose population. Following is a summary of retail center plans for Emmet County: 1. Petoskey CBD Plan The long range development plan of Petoskey's Central Business District is described and illustrated in detail in the report and plan of Petoskey's Central Business District a separate report funded by the HUD "701" Program, The overall objective of Petoskey's CBD Plan is to create a central community area that is attractive and can function as the comparison shopping and governmental focal point of a wide regional area; including rural Emmet County. 2. Harbor Springs The City of Harbor Springs has a sound base upon which to plan future retail center improvements. These relate to the high value investments in seasonal homes in and adjacent to the City, large marine facilities and services, and the increasing popularity of winter sports activities in nearby areas . In the County Plan, Harbor Springs is classified as a major convenience center and has a large convenience trade area. It is expected that the City will expand as a major retail center in the County and probably will progress to include more comparison shopping facilities. Specific plans for Harbor Springs retail center have not been prepared as a part of this report, since the City is engaged in a separate comprehensive planning program . - 43 - �3. Mackinaw City Although the central retail area of Mackinaw City is not in Emmet County, this community and the City of Cheboygan exert a strong trade influence in the northern Townships of Emmet County . For the purposes of Emmet County's retail center plan, it is assumed that Mackinaw City will pursue programs to plan and improve retail areas . Hence, the City will retain or increase its share of the trad e area's retail market . Being positioned out of the County, no specific retail center plans for Mackinaw City have been prepared . 4. Minimum Convenience Centers In addition to the larger City retail trade centers, there are. several villages and unincorporated places that provide minimum retail facilities. These minimum retail centers provide services ranging from a general store to several shopping center uses, as in the Village of Alanson. In addition to a general store, however, the minimum convenience centers are supported by tourist lodging facilities and perhaps some general commercial activity as well. Following is a description of the six Minimum Convenience Centers in Emmet County. The basic design principles expressed in these plans relate to: Consolidation of scattered retail uses into expanded retail shopping centers. Provision for off-street parking to increase retail sales capacity. The addition of landscaped areas and street trees to make the centers more attractive. a. Alanson Center Behind Petoskey and Harbor Springs, the Village of Alanson is the third largest retail center in Emmet County. Alanson's retail activity should be concentrated on US-3 1 with parking behind the stores. If possible, a large community park should be developed aiong the Crooked River. This would attract tourists, boating enthusiasts and fishermen who use the River at Alanson. A large central park i ng lot would be able to serve the retail stores as well as the park facility. - 44 - �b. Carp Lake Center Retail services in Carp Lake are largely tourist oriented, and there are numerous tourist lodging facilities situated around the Lake (Paradise Lake), Existing center uses include: two gasoline stations, one marina and boat livery, one sporting goods and hardware store, a grocery store and several motels and cabin courts. The existing pattern of development is crowded, there being little room for expansion and very limited parking. Future expansion at the Carp Lake Center will be difficult and expensive to achieve because of existing development . However, if an expanded market is desired, two critical objectives must be reached. First, the retail area must be enlarged to provide room for building expansion and off-street parking. Second, some landscaped open space should be provided to develop open views of Paradise Lake. c. Cross Village Center The retail potential of Cross Village is strongly oriented to the summer tourist season. However, it is reasonable to expect some lake lot subdivisions to result in year-round resort dwellings. Also, there are a number of farms located in the surrounding area to support basic services. Cross Village's retail inventory includes: two gasoline stations, two gift shops, one grocery store, a large inn, and small snack bar. The plan for future development illustrates a gradual "filling in" of retail uses between these basic uses . Offstreet parking is located so as to serve the retail stores and act as scenic turnouts for views over Lake Michigan. Landscaped setbacks are sugges~ed for State Road to evolve into a scenic route to the sand beaches and boat landing, which may be expanded into a larger marina or harbor. d. Levering Center Retail services in Levering are limited to one hardware store, although several other commercial services are located on US31, out of the Village's former retail center . Levering's plan is based on the potential attraction force of a "County Ghost Town". The original retail shops are mostly vacant, as former retail enterprises have ceased or moved to US-31. Another possibility is the development of a pre-1900 retail street. Under this possibility, the existing buildings would be restored to their original design. The main street could be cobblestoned and made to function like a pedestrian mall. All parking would then be provided behind the stores (east side). The restored buildings could then be used for actual retail services (groceries, drugs, gifts, etc.). - 45 - �If the Ghost Town or Old Town theme does not evolve, retail services will probably continue to develop on US-31 since there would be little attraction to pull travelers off the highway. e. Pellston Center Pellston is the largest Village in the County and has the largest concentration of permanent homes outside of the Petoskey-Harbor Springs area. The future plan for retail development is relatively uncomplicated emphasizing basic retail concepts. These relate to retail use concentrations, off-street parking, and a beautification plaza or mall to act as a focal point. Added to this would be architectural improvements and pleasing center appearance. 5. Other Minimum Shopping Facilities The previous paragraphs described various shopping areas in Emmet County . In addition to these, there are other locations that may develop commercially and these may include shopping center type uses. Based upon the distribution and compositi0n of competing retail areas in the County, ten (10) other locations have possible longterm future retail center development. The location of the ten potential retail centers are listed below, roughly in the order of their development importance: 1. Boyne Highlands - Nubs Nob Area 2. Wilderness Park 3. Larks Lake 4. Bliss Center 5. Resort Township (Intertown and Resort Roads) 6. Good Hart 7. West County Line on US-31 8. Brutus 9. Epsilon 10. Stutsmanville The actual priority and timing at which these centers may develop, will be dependent upon the rate of future County growth and the distribution of that growth among the sixteen Townships. - 46 - �TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL USES The generalized Existing Land Use Map of Emmet County illustrates the location of industrial uses. However, the term industry encompasses many different types of land uses with industrial characteristics, and is not restricted to manufacturing operations. In addition to the manufacturing and fabrication operations, the industrial use classification includes enclosed storage, open storage, private gravel e x traction areas, junk yards and related uses. It is important to recognize the inclusion of uses that are by nature nonmanufacturing. The typical urban community has about nine percent of its developed land area in industrial type use . In Emmet County, all City and Village communities average about five percent and the Ccunty 2.4 percent . It is to be expected that the County and its constituent communities would have a below average proportion because of the County's regional location. Nearly half of the County's developed industrial land is in the communities of Petoskey, Resort Township and Bear Creek Township. The Penn-Dixie Cement Company in Resort Township is the largest industrial use in the County and it supports the largest employment. Several smaller industrial plants have located in the urbanized area of Petoskey, near the Harbor Springs Airport and in Pellston. For the most part, manufacturing uses are limited in size and number . Moreover, their locational pattern reflects the attraction forces of transportation media (airports, railroads, highways and harbors), concentrated labor markets, housing areas and access to other urban services such as water and sewer facilities. EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION In terms of employed labor force, TABLE 16 on the following page indicates the breakdown by occupation within the County . These figures are converted to percentages and compared with the State of Michigan. Some general observations can be drawn from the table. Those occupations contingent to farming are somewhat higher than the state average . Craftsmen and operatives are lower than the State . This was also found to be true in xhe City of Petoskey . (See Petoskey Industrial Study, March, 1969). The Managers and than that of the tourist trade in similar to State Officials group and Service Workers groups are higher State . This reflects in part on the motel and the region. The remaining categories are relatively averages. As noted on the TABLE, the categories most oriented to manufacturing industries (craftsmen, operatives, laborers) hav e a smaller percentage of the employed labor force than the State average . This is partly attributed to the dominance of retail employment to serve recreationtourist services, as well as the general lack of industrial activity in all rural regi0ns of the State. - 47 - �TABLE 16 1960 0CCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Emmet County Major Occupational Group Emmet County Number Perc·ent Michigan Percent Relation to State Professional, Technical and Kindred 550 10.6% 11. 5% Farms and Farm Managers 228 4.4% 2.2% Higher Managers, Officials and Proprietors 632 12.2% 7.3% Higher Clerical and Kindred 581 11.2% 13.9% Sales Workers 411 7.9% 7 . 4% Same Craftsmen, Foremen and Kindred 666 12.9% 15.4% Same Operatives and Kindred 681 13.2% 22.2% Much Lower Pvt. Household Workers 254 4.9% 2 . 2% Higher Service Workers 635 12.3% 8.7% Higher 78 1.5% 0 . 9% Higher Laborers 326 6.3% 4.0% Higher Not Reported 132 2. 6% 4 . 3% 5,174 100.0% 100 . 0% Farm Laborers and Foremen TOTAL EMPLOYED SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population, 1960 - 48 - Same Lower �TABLE 17 shows the County's employed labor force by industry group, ranked in terms of importance in a 12 County Region. It is significant that Emmet County had the second highest employment base for major service industries including retail trade. Manufacturing ranked fourth and agriculture fifth. Industrial Pl·an Elements Based on the existing employment characteristics of the County and general economic conditions related to manufacturing industry it can be concluded that: The area's economy is premised on a retail-service trade, based primarily on tourist spending and will probably continue as such in the future. The labor force of Emmet County is oriented to service-retail occupations and is lacking in the manufacturing skilled labor. The region is removed from the major metropolitan centers of the State and thereby removed from large labor markets, major triansport systems and market areas. Labor diversity is a limiting factor in attracting industries that are able to function in this economic area of the State. Future industrial development may occur on isolated parcels until some basic changes in transportation systems of the area are completed. Future population growth will be affected by future industrial development as well as increased tourist recreation services. Emmet County is a major recreation service center in one of the most impressive resort areas of the Midwest, which extends along the entire Lake Michigan shoreline. The smaller and more northerly centers that dot this shoreline rely to a heavy extent on tourist spending. It- may be possible to see small scale machine shops, fabricating plants, circuit production and similar industries come to Emmet County at a gradual pace as in the past. The diversity and pace of future industrial development will be affected by The following: There may be a natural trend toward industrialization in the smaller urban areas as an answer to problems of overcrowding in major metropolitan areas. Open lands suitable for industrial development near the Pellston Airport may spur substantial economic growth in this central region of the County. This will generate both industrial and domestic demands for community sewer and water services. - 49 - �TABLE 17 EMPLOYEES BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP Emmet County '19'50 Agriculture Rank in 12 · co·u nty_ Ar·ea_ 844 7th 24 5th 3 Construction 1960 Rank in 12 COU!l,_!y Area 366 5th 10th 0 12th 420 1st 468 3rd Manufacturing 924 2nd 681 4th Utilities 337 2nd 336 3rd 1,195 2nd 1,447 2nd Business & Personal Services 795 1st 568 2nd Other Services 579 1st 891 2nd Public Administration 189 -2nd - 183 - 2nd 5,387 2nd 5,174 2nd 16,534 2nd 15,904 2nd Forestry & Fishing Mining (J"1 G) Wholesale and Retail Trade Total Employed Total Population SOURCE: U.S . Census of Population Twelv e Counties in the Northern Region o f the Lower Peninsula. �Other significant industrial growth areas may evolve at Mackinaw City, and near the Harbor Springs Airport. Again sewer and water demands will be generated. The provision of new community water-sewer systems as well as the expansion of existing systems. Although not underway at this writing, a detailed Industrial Economic Base Analysis and Plan will be prepared for Emmet County under the 11 701" Urban Planning Assistance Program. When completed, a more precise analysis of industrial locations in the County will be available . TRENDS IN RESIDENTIAL USES Residential development in Emmet County assumes three basic forms. First, is the urban density development in City-Village communities, second, is the rural farm and rural nonfarm dwellings scattered among the Township communities, and thirdly, the resort-vacation homes occupied on a seasonal basis, largely by families from distant metropolitan centers. Each of these housing types exert basic pressures for development and each type has a slightly different impact on the lands and resources of Emmet County. From the viewpoint of sewer and water utility services, the higher density urban development in City-Village areas requires complete water-sewer utilities. Competing for second priority needs are low density housing areas close to City-Village areas and the higher density seasonal home areas (as the one-hundred foot lots along lakes and rivers). Rural farm and rural nonfarm homes exert lower priority demands because of large individual building sites . The need to promote concentrated residential development in Emmet County is dramatized by the land to population ratio . Emmet County's total surface area (land and water) is 295,040 acres. Assumimg all of this was available for use and equally divided among the County's 1970 population, there would only be some 16 acres of land per resident. By addition in tourist demands and deducting land in forests and nonresidential purposes, the available acreage would be much less . In 1960, Emmet County's population was 15,904 persons occupying 4,696 households (3.33 persons per household). Of this total, 48% of the population lived in the urban communities of Petoskey and Harbor Springs. Seventy-three (73) percent of the population lived in the County area encompassing the Townships of Bear Creek, Little Traverse, Littlefield and Resort; and the Cities of Petoskey and Harbor Springs . Hence, the remaining twenty-seven (27) percent of the population was divided among the twelve remaining Townships. This is an a v erage 350 persons per Township. - 51 - �Population projections for Emmet County show a possible 22,500 persons by 1990. Of this total, some 18,510 persons are expected to live in the six (6) urban oriented communities listed in the preceding paragraph (82% of the 1990 total). The 1990 projection suggests an, increase of 2,060 permanent dwellings over the 1960 total . Of these added units, only 370 are projected to impact the Township's away from urban communities . This is an average growth rate of about sixty permanent dwellings per year plus the repair and replacement of older depreciated units. In 1960, Emmet County reported 2,560 seasonal housing units. This represented some 32% of all housing in the County, both occupied and 1 The rural nonfarm areas had over forty-seven (47) perunoccupied , cent of their housing classified as seasonal . Comparable data on seasonal dwelling constructed since 1860 is not readily available, however, a substantial number of seasonal homes were constructed in "Chalet Villages" near the ski resorts, on inland lakes, and on Lake Michigan. Adding in trailers used for seasonal occupancy, it is probable that more than half of the current rural nonfarm hou sing is seasonal. For residential planning purposes, it can be expected that urban resi_,dential demands will be greatest in and near Petoskey, moderate in the Community areas of Harbor Springs, Alanson and Mackinaw City, and slight in the outlying rural service communities . The type of home most in demand is for three bedrooms and ov er (80% to 90% of the market). Only ten (10) percent of the market is for efficiency, one bedroom and/or two bedroom units. 2 There is a strong demand for three and four bedroom homes for families with incomes under $6,000 per year. Seasonal or recreation home demands will be strongest in those areas that have multiple recreation use potential . Hence, a vacation home that can offer ready access to skiing facilities, swimming beaches, scenic views, forests, hunting and fishing will be in greatest demand, Residential Planni~oncepts for Emmet County Based on the analysis of County housing demands and population trends, the following planning concepts should be used to guide future residential development in Emmet County: 1 2 According to the Emmet County Equalization Department, the proportion of seasonal homes to permanent homes is still about one-third in 1969. Mr. Ken Peterson, Realtor and Mr. Cy Jordan, from questionnaire interviews assessing the real estate market in the five year period prior to January, 1969 . - 52 - �1. Recognize the fact that all land in the County will not and should not be developed. That which is developed for residential use should fit into logical service areas for schools, parks, shopping and related. 2, Scenic resources are integral elements of the County's economy . These should be protected so that the character of the County remains attractive and desirable for both permanent residents and visitors. 3. Wildlife is important to Emmet County as are forest and vegetative resources. Development patterns must recognize ecological factors in the environment. Hence, swamp lands, wooded areas, streams and related resources must be protected from pollution and depletion . If present in the area, natural resource areas can extend into urbanizing areas as open space wedges and recreation sites. 4. Access to lakes and streams becomes more scarce each year . View existing undeveloped lake-river frontages as resources to be protected, Encourage water oriented development to form in cluster development patterns, rather than parcel off the frontage on a 100% individual access basis, Cluster patterns can provide more recreation home sites per foot of water frontage than the traditional subdividing method. Moreover, the scenic shore or river bank will be protected. 5, County roads normally provide access to farms and nonfarm homes in rural areas, Traditional developments follow the existing road patterns until the frontage is gone and large internal vacant areas remain. Preferably, small service roads and cluster developments should extend from the County road rather than serve individual unit frontage. This will keep the roadway safer for abutting developments and more efficient for traffic needs. 6. Organize communities t~ promote and establish housing for low income families and retirement age citizens. A review of housing needs among Indian families should also be initiated . The approach to the Residential Plan for Emmet County considers the foregoing as concepts to guide the overall design of the Plan . Residential Areas Plan The "Residential Areas Plan" map illustrates several factors that will influence the configurations of future housing areas in the County, These are: Resource areas that should remain in a natural condition to support broad scale resource management programs and ecological balance. - 53 - �..."' z z "' I .... ~~iJ.,......--c==#==4==r==mr-=jt=·-;:n= - ., ::, 0 .. ., .. .."' .."" 1' "' ~ ~ L ~ ~ <> .. "' 3 .,.. "' .. .. •. "' .~ I- ! ► ► z 0 0 ::, Q ~ - C - I I I I 0 .•• • .. J -- z 1- z "'l- .. o - .."'" .." '-> <( _J a... ► "''-> !:: CJ) - <( w 0::: <( ,,.. ~r;·~-:--:-··· · t _J ;: <( :: ~ ~ :: (/) 0.. ::. 11 4 0 : ,( ~ ~ ...J }:_ :,'.,• C .. ,, w ii1 z . i!i:' !l - -t---- "' •• "' ~1 n 1,l ~' t: E I ~ ; ~ Q -I-~ "' "'<t ll. ~ o i . --}r _r zz w~ "',. " "' ~~==-,i'-=~""1n11 "' ",._ "' o<-> - -❖:•:•:•:•.: • "' ,._ (/)~ ,._ I '~r.i==!' W:E z a::~ 0 ... ~ ..., -~-;; .o .,_ .~Ii ~ ,- ..., ............ r •- ... -.., r ............. ~ I -1,, t>/ .::, / >I/ 3 )( t,' 7 ...... o -::, o c ., 0 u C 0 E ~ o .c c::·c ]; ·; Q. �A highly tentative flignment for a future express type highway through the County. The basic County road - State Highway network which interconnects the functional land use areas of the County . Some suggested route changes have been included. Key resort attractions and facilities wherein seasonal home construction is likely to continue. Existing urban communities and concentrated housing areas. The above factors were mapped and evaluated in terms of the pattern of soil resources, topography, deer yard areas, quality fish streams and existing land use. These topics were discussed in previous report sections. On the basis of the above, a generalized pattern of logical future housing areas evolved. In the communities of Petoskey, Bear Creek Township and Resort Township, the Residential Plan is bas d on neighborhood and residential plans for those communities. 2 These Petoskey Area findings are considered to be a part of the Emmet County Residential Plan, including any modifications and amendments that may be made from time to time. The methods used to delineate the urban residential areas near Petoskey are the same as the methods used to determine urban residential areas in other County areas. Major highways, railroads, public lands, steep topography, soils poorly suited to development and related features were used as boundary references for residential areas. On the 11 County Residential Plan 11 map, long-range urban neighborhood areas were combined to form larger community areas. Each of the community areas may be further divided into one or more neighborhood units. The number of neighborhoods will ultimately be determined by the density of population within each unit and the geographic size of the community. 1 • J 2 The mapped expressway is an interpretation of a general State Highway Department proposal. The route, however, is in an alignment which appears to support basic planning conclusions for the County. The final alignment may vary substantially from the tentativ e routing illustrated. Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc., Residential Areas, Petoskey Area Planning Commission, January, 1969. - 54 - �ii Following is a discussion of the general community areas mapped on the irResidential Areas Plan": 1. Petoskey Area Area 1 Altogether there are nine residential areas in and near the City of Petoskey and the Townships of Bear Creek and Resort. These vary in size, some containing several planned neighborhood units. The neighborhood units, however, are not delineated in expectation that they will be fully developed within 20 years. It may be appropriate to view the neighborhoods as basic "planning units" or simply as residential areas. Persons who build homes and purchase lots in the neighborhood areas have the knowledge that they are in logical home areas. On a long term basis, they can expect to be within a reasonable distance from planned elementary schools, local recreation areas, and community water-sewer-utility services. 2. Harbor Springs Area Areas 2, 3, 4 and 5 The Harbor Springs Area Residential Plan is presented in four (4) basic areas. Area 2 can probably be divided into two neighborhood units, centered on a large resource area for open space recreation. Area 3 has the potential of being divided into four neighborhoods. The exact number will depend on actual growth, the ratio of seasonal homes to permanent residences, and the acreage devoted to recreation-community uses. Area 4 encompasses most of the existing developed lands in Harbor Springs. Area 5 is positioned along Little Traverse Bay and is predominantly a recreation home area at this time. Development will be attracted to this area by the scenic qualities of Little Traverse Bay. Some negative aspects relate to the flight path of the Harbor Springs Airport and the rather narrow shape of the area. Overall, Areas 2 thru 5 indicate the probable impact areas for future high density residential development. As in the Petoskey area, the capacity population of these areas exceeds the projected growth. 3. Round Lake Area Areas 6, 7 and 9 The Round Lake Area of Emmet County is a sort of development crossroads where the urbanizing influence of Petoskey, Harbor Springs and Alanson come together. Round Lak~ also generates development influences by virtue of water oriented recreation, home sites, the Petoskey State Park, the Harbor Springs Airport, Conway and Highway interchanges. - 55 - �• Planning and arranging land uses in the Round Lake area is complicated by the narrow highway corridors (US-31 and M-131) created by Lake Michigan, Round Lake and Crooked Lake. Added to this is a general mix of existing land uses, an incidence of poorly drained soils, and absence of urban utility services. The potential routing of a north-south freeway through this area, will result in accelerated pressures and demands for land . Hence, the Townships and communities involved must allocate land resources to housing, industry, tourist lodging and general commercial before it is too late to decide the best growth pattern. Zoning will then be necessary to enforce decisions on the best uses of land . 4. Crooked Lake Area Areas 8, 10 and 11 Crooked Lake is an established tourist housing area . The most concentrated recreation home areas are found along the north shore in and near Oden. Pickerel Lake to the east is also developed with seasonal homes and new units are being constructed along undeveloped shore area. The entire Crooked-Pickerel Lake area is limited for development by poorly drained soils. The problem is particularly acute along the shoreline where the demand for lake front home sites is greatest. As a result, quantities of sewage effluent on the surface of the ground and in the lake have reached a point of serious pollution hazard. This is an area which clearly demonstrates planning deficiencies in terms of : (a) carrying capacity of soils and land resources . (b) substandard and out-moded development standards . (c) inadequate traffic routes to serv e local and regional traffic , (d) disregard for land use relationships (mix ed uses) , (e) failure to implement central utility services prior to intensive use of land. The above points underscore some major problems affecting the Oden-Crooked Lake area and it will likely result in expens iv e community improvements to correct past mistakes , • - 56 - �5, Alanson Area Area 12 Alanson is an incorporated Village and is the County's third largest retail service center , Retail services, the Crooked River, and a new school will attract additional development in and near Alanson. School enrollment increases since 1960 are factual evidence of continued growth. The Valley of the Crooked River in Alanson is characterized with soil and drainage conditions similar to areas near Crooked Lake. Poor drainage and swamp conditions establish unstable building conditions that will become more acute unless community sewer and water systems are installed. 6. Pellston Area Areas 13 and 14 The community of Pellston is an incorporated Village located in portions 6f two Townships. This community is important because it is adjacent to the Emmet County Airport, hence, a potential source of added economic development for the County as well as a major transportation terminal in the northern Lower Peninsula . One manufacturing plant has located adjacent to the airport, and others may be possible in the future . A problem in accommodating residential growth is relating to existing community service facilities, while avoiding the flight ~aths of major runways. There is also a land squeeze in Pellston, because the existing Village is surrounded by public lands, some poor soil areas, a major highway, and airport approach zones. It is difficult to cluster new housing because of the factors listed above. 7. Mackinaw City Area Area 15 Mackinaw City supports a relatively low year-round population because of the seasonal nature of the economy . Moreover, the community is situated in two County's: Emmet and Cheboygan . Most of the retail services, shopping and tourist lodging facilities are in Cheboygan County, while many of the seasonal and year-round dwellings are on the Emmet side. l The demand for residential land in Mackinaw City will be determined by successes in developing industrial land, especially_ those activities that require access to Great Lakes shipping lanes . Also, the extent of tourist services will bear on added employment to sustain a larger year-round population . Potential industrial areas are located in Emmet County and these are linked by rail to port areas and are readily accessible from the I-75 Freeway. - 57 - �"' 8• Cross Village Area Areas 16 and 17 Cross Village is located in a highly scenic area of Emmet County . Developed on a high bluff, there are commanding panoramic views over Lake Michigan, views which are especially dramatic during sunset periods. Cross Village is also an historic Indian Mission site. Significant year-round employment opportunities in Cross Village may be difficult to realize. Highway access is limited, there are no railroads and existing community serv ices are oriented to rural and tourist markets. Additional seasonal home development is the most likely economic impact that can add to the Community. Cross Village has excellent Lake Michigan orientation and it lies between the attraction forces of Wilderness State Park and the ski resort areas to the south. Since rleasure boating on Lake Michigan is a highly attractive tourist activity, harbor, beach and lake front park developments at Cross Village could enhance community development potentials. 9. Other Residential Areas Even though the Residential Plan outlines a wide number of potential residential areas that can be planned and serviced to house concentrated patterns of development, a large proportion of new homes (seasonal and nonseasonal) will locate on tracts of land throughout farm and nonfarm areas. Although this scattering development should not be promoted as a planning principle, it can be less of a problem with careful attention to ground water resources, soils and overcrowding. The problems of overcrowding and the mixed use character of developments on Crooked Lake and Paradise Lake must be avoided on the other inland water resources of the County . If developers anticipate high density subdivision activity, then immediate concern must be given for community water supplies and sewage treatment services. - 58 - �WATER RESOURCES (PART I A . 6.) The general discussion of water resources is included in the report section covering Natural Resources. Specific information on the quality of ground water supplies, well logs and community water resources is contained in PART III of this Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan. PART III contains the conclusions and recommendations of the consulting engineers who participated in the preparation of this report, McNamee, Porter and Seeley, - 59 - �LONG RANGE FINANCING PLAN (PART II B 0 ) There are various bonding approaches and financial methods that local units of government in the State of Michigan employ for the financing of major water system and/or sewer disposal and collection facilities . The following are the most commonly used in Michigan: 1. Contract Bonds sold on the provisions of Act 185, P . A. of Michigan, 1957 as amended, commonly known as the Department of Public Works Act. 2. General Obligation Bonds sold under the prov isions of City and Village Charters and Act 202, P.A. of Michigan, 1943 as amended, commonly referred tQ as the Municipal Finance Act . 3o Revenue Bonds sold pursuant to the provisions of Act 94, P.A . of Michigan, 1933 as amended, commonly known as the Revenue Bond Act. 4. Special Assessment Bonds sold under the provisions of Act 188, P.A. of Michigan, 1954 as amended, and/or the Municipal Finance Act. PUBLIC ACT 185 Each of the above mentioned financial arrangements has certain advantages to the issuing municipality o The one that seems to combine all the advantages and the one that is enjoying the greatest use, at this time in Michigan, for the financing of major capi t al improvement water and sewer programs, is the Department of Pubic Works Legislation, Act 185 . Under this legislation, local units of government may enter into a contract with the County Board of Commissioners . The contract between the County and the contracting municipality, provides, among other things, that the local unit has the right to pay contractual commitments for debt service charges from many and varied sources. Contractual obligations incurred in behalf of the local unit of government are exempt from any charter or statutory tax or debt limitations. This is a key advantage from the standpoint of the small community that finds itself facing the problem of financing several new public facilities at the same time . In many instances where communities with a low tax base are confronted with the major capital improvement programs, it is often advisable for that community to save its local bonding capacity for those projects that cannot be financed through the County Department of Public Works. Article 9 of the 1963 Michigan Constitution, provides that the local unit would have an unlimited taxing power to meet the contractual commitment to the County. - 60 - �The unit of government requiring water and / or sewer serv ice may contract with the Emmet County Board of Commissioners for the acquisition and construction of said facilities. A contract would prov ide for semi-annual principal and interest payments to be made by the local unit of government to the County for the liquidation of County Bonds sold to finance the improvement. Under the provisions of Act 185, the local unit has numerous financial alternatives whereby it can meet the contract payments to the County. Mainly these are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ad valorem taxation water and/or sewer user charges connection charges debt service charges general fund allocations. From the foregoing, it can be readily determined that the local unit of government has many options available to it. These options combine the advantages of both the general obligation bond issue and the revenue bond issue as well as the special assessment financing arrangements . Many communities in Michigan are financing water and sewer programs through the Department of Public Works and liquidating the contractual obligations by both connection charges and water/sewer user charges. Such an approach eliminates the need to tax residents in the community that may not be served by the proposed facility and places the utility on a self-sustaining user pay basis . GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS If the local units in Emmet County were to elect to finance water and sewer projects within their own statutory limitations, the general obligation bond, from the marketing standpoint, is the most attractive. However, the provisions of the Municipal Finance Act (Act 202), limits the amount of general obligation bonds that may be outstanding at any one time, to ten percent of the local unit's latest state equalized valuation . Local charters may provide for a lesser bonding capacity than the ten percent as provided by state statute . General obligation bonds must be submitted to a vote of the people. Even though a local unit may offer general obligation bonds, and pledge the full faith and credit of the municipality, they could, nonetheless, employ water and / or sewer user charges as a means of liquidating the debt and possibly eliminate the need for an ad valorem tax spread , - 61 - �J ACT 94. REVENUE BONDS Many communities in the State of Michigan, because they found themselves faced with the problem of bonding capacity, turned to the provisions of Act 94 and offered revenue bonds for the acquisition of water and sewer facilities. The revenue bond, under the provision of Act 94, does not require a vote of the people but is authorized solely and only by the adoption of the bond ordinance by the looal units of governing body. The marketing problems inherent to the issuance of Act 94 bonds are somewhat more rigid and consequently, interest charges are somewhat higher than normally experienced on general obligation bonds or Act 185 bonds. STATE AND FEDERAL AID As a result of the favorable "Clean Waters Bond Issue" election held State-wide in November of 1968, the State of Michigan has monies available with which to fund a new grant program for water pollution control facilities. Under the provisions of enabling legislation, cities, villages, townships and counties may receive up to 55% of the total project cost in the form of State and Federal Aid. Four Federal agencies presently have grant-in-aid programs available to municipalities for the construction of water distribution systems and sewage disposal facilities. These agencies are: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Farmers Horne Administration (FHA) Economic Development Administration (EDA) Federal Water Pollution Control Adrninistration.(FWPCA) Much news is being generated by the Congress, regarding inadequate funding of the foregoing Federal programs in the past few years and every effort is being made to remedy that situation4 At the present time, Congress is considering substantial increases in the appropriations to once again fund the Federal programs for basic water and sewer construction grants. The proper procedure for applying to these agencies for financial assistance is to secure Form SF-101 of any of the regional offices of the above mentioned Federal Agencies and process them . Once the form has been prepared and signed by the local unit, it should be returned to that agency, from which it came, where it will be reviewed and assigned to the appropriate Federal Agency having jurisdiction over the applying municipality . - 62 - �ACT 188 . SPECIAL ASSESSMENT BONDS Public Act 188 of 1954 stipulates that a township with a State Equalized Valuation of at least $7,500,000 may issue special assessment bonds on petition signed by not less than 51% o f the district requiring improvements, pledging full faith and credit of the township. Only Bear Creek and Resort Townships now qualify in Emmet County. Act 188 Bonds may be issued in an amount not to exceed 3 % of the assessed valuation per year without a vote of the electors and with a maximum of outstanding bonds at any time of 12% of the assessed v aluat i on . With an affirmative of the electors, the maximum 12% may be issued in one year. These bonds are retired by special assessments against the benefiting property. The assessments may be spread over a maximum period of 30 years and if any assessments default, they revert to the Township at large. Therefore, in order to sell the bonds, it is necessary to have a vote of the electors to prov ide for the necessary millage should a default arise. If the equalized valuation of the Township is less than $7,500,000, then the Township must use Act 116 of 1923 which requires a petition signed by 65% of the district requiring improvements and prov ides that no annual installment of the assessment may exceed 15% of the assessed valuation of the property. - 63 - �j PLAN UPDATING PROPOSAL (PART II C . ) It is recommended that consideration be given to the formation of a County Department of Public Works or similar department (as outlined in Part II B) for the purpose of keeping the Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan up-to-date. This department would: 1, Be responsible to the County Board of Commissioners, yet relieve the Board of working on time consuming details. 2. Be in a position to determine project priorities which may change in response to the demands of any given future date. 3. Keep abreast of current methods of financing and federal assistance programs. In rural areas, the Farmers Home Administration Programs will be important. 4. Work with the local and state health departments in order to establish programs for achieving and maintaining the increasingly more stringent water quality standards as established by the Department of Natural Resources, 5. Insure the best utilization of existing and future resources within the County for the planning and construction of public works projects. 6. Provide overall technical leadership for sewer and water planning, including assurances that facilities are competently operated and maintained by a qualified staff. 7. Be flexible to assist smaller units of government with system development, especially in terms of extending financial abilities through full faith and credit backing of County valuation . As a particular project is planned, the services of a competent bonding attorney and bonding consultant should be obtained to assist in the financial planning of the project. The determination of sewer and water needs is directly related to land use . Hence, the County Board of Commissioners should establish procedures whereby the Department of Public Works or any other responsible committee, works in close coordination with the County Planning Commission. If there is County-wide zoning, then the County Zoning Commission will be brought into the water and sewer planning process also . Perhaps the single most important responsibility of the DPW, outside of its financial objectives, is to determine project priorities . To best perform this, the County must plan and execute individual projects within the framework of the overall County Sewer and Water Plan. Township Boards, the County Board of Commissioners, priv ate land developers, the Health Department, and various other planning groups will initiate many of the project proposals. - 64 - �l Because of the importance of the Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan, efforts must be made from time to time to reappraise the Plan and update the proposals outlined therein. The frequency with which the updating process occurs will depend on the pace of future land development, major new directives on pollution control, an~/or unforeseen changes in the quality of existing water supplies. The Plan should probably be given a thorough review every ten (10) years; sooner if major new land developments impact the County. - 65 - �COMPREHENSIVE SEWER AND WATER PLAN: PART III �COMPREHENSIVE SEWER & WATER PLAN This section of the report encompasses PART III of the Comprehensive Sewer and Water Plan, and describes the salient features of existing systems and proposed improvements. WASTE WATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT Due to the importance of the water resources in Emmet County, it is vital that they remain of the highest quality. To insure this quality, improved waste water treatment facilities are required . As a result of the Federal Water Quality Act of 1964, a number of communities in the County have already taken steps to provide new or improve existing waste water treatment and collection facilities. The Federal Water Quality Act required all states to establish upto-date water quality standards, The Michigan Water Resources Commission has complied with this act and has obtained approval from the Federal Water Quality Administration of the standards it has established. J Early in 1969, communities in the State, including some in Emmet County, received stipulations from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. These stipulations stated that these communities would provide secondary waste water treatment, if they were not already doing so, and would provide facilities for the removal of a minimum of 80 percent of the total phosphates from the waste water influent to their treatment facilities. The stipulations also provided for consideration of a lesser degree of treatment than would be accomplished with a secondary process. However, the Water Resources Commission had stated that if the treatment method employed did not achieve a minimum 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand removal, Federal grant monies would not be available. The Cities of Petoskey, Harbor Springs and Mackinaw City have made every effort to comply with these stipulations and each has plans and specifications for waste water treatment improvements completed or being prepared. A large portion of the present population will be served by these improv ements . Following is a discussion of the existing waste water collection and treatment facilities, existing problem areas, and proposed improvements within Emmet County. -66 - �Existing Facilities At the present time, the Cities of Petoskey, Harbor Springs and Mackinaw City have collection and treatment facilities. The resort communities of Harbor Point and Wequetonsing also have sewers and treatment facilities and the Bay View Association has sewers only, with treatment being provided by the City of Petoskey. Boyne Highlands provides waste water treatment also. It is estimated that approximately fifty-three percent of the year-round residents of Emmet County are served by these collection systems. 1. Petoskey The City of Petoskey is served by a separate sewer system; that is, a sewer system for waste water and a storm sewer system for surface water runoff. The City's waste water is given primary treatment at a plant located at the mouth of the Bear River. It's location is shown on the map, "Existing Sanitary Sewer Service." The plant was originally constructed to use a chemical precipitation process . However, as the degree of treatment was not appreciably increased by the addition of chemicals, this process was abandoned and the waste water had been given primary treatment only since November, 1969. The area presently served by the Petoskey treatment plant is shown on the map "Existing Sanitary Sewer Service." Harbor Springs The City of Harbor Springs also has existing storm and sanitary sewer systems. There is some ground water infiltration into the sanitary sewer system and possibly some storm water connections. Fine screening and disinfection of the waste water is prov ided and it is then discharged into Little Traverse Bay without further treatment. Discharge was originally at the shore line but around 1960 the outfall sewer was extended out into the bay . The Harbor Springs service area is shown on the "Existing Sanitary Sewer Service 11 map. ,1 3• Mackinaw City Mackinaw City is served by separate sewer systems . The service area for the sanitary system is shown on the existing service area map, as ls the location of the City's existing treatment plant. The existing plant is similar to an Imhoff Tank and provides the equivalent of primary treatment. Primary sedimentation is accomplished in the upper part of the tank and solids digestion in the lower sections. - 67 - �4o Harbor Point The community of Harbor Point provides its own waste water collection and treatment system. An Imhoff Tank followed by disinfection is the treatment process used. So Wequetonsing Wequetonsing has a sanitary sewer system with treatment by means of an Imhoff Tank. 6. Bay View Bay View also has a sanitary sewer system. The waste Water is pumped to the Petoskey Plant for treatment. 7. Boyne Highlands Boyne Highlands provides for its own waste water treatment with 2 1/2 acres of lagoons. Effluent from the lagoons is by infiltration into the ground through the bottom of the lagoons. Existing Problem Areas The existing treatment facilities discussed above, with the exception of Boyne Highlands, are not adequate and will not meet present water quality standards. Problems also exist in areas of the County not served by the above sewer systems. As previously mentioned, the areas around Crooked and Pickerel Lakes and along the Crooked River have poorly drained soils and high ground water levels. These conditions will prevent the proper operation of septic tanks and drain fields. A sewer system and treatment plant to serve this area is required . However, sewer systems of this type, around lakes, are characteristically expensive. A greater length of sewer is required to serve any given number of dwellings and ground water is normally high around lakes requiring costly dewatering or trenches prior to the installation of sewers. A potential problem exists in Pellston. The majority of the lots within the Village are small, 50 feet wide by 160 feet deep, particularly in the Business District where they are 25 feet wide by 150 feet deep o These sizes do not provide sufficient area to operate both private wells and septic tanks on the same lot without potential health hazards. J • - 68 - �Planned Sewer Facility Improvements A number of waste water treatment improvements in the County are being planned at the present time. They are as follows: Petoskey The City of Petoskey recently awarded contracts for the construction of a new 2 . 5 million gallons per day, design flow, waste water treatment plant which is to be located in Magnus Park in the City. The existing treatment plan is to be abandoned and the waste water will be pumped to the new treatment plant by means of a pumping station to be constructed near the existing plant site. The new facility will provide primary treatment, secondary treatment utilizing the activated sludge process and tertiary treatment by microstraining. The treatment effluent from the new plant which will be of a very high quality, will be discharged into Little Traverse Bay approximately 1,100 feet from the shore line. It is anticipated that phosphate removal will be well ov er the 80 percent minimum requirement. The new treatment plant, which was designed by McNamee, Porter and Seeley, Consulting Engineers for the City, has a design capacity to serve nineteen thousand people in the design year 2000. This design population includes both permanent and seasonal residents in the City of Petoskey and adjacent areas in Resort and Bear Creek Townships . The 1990 and year 2000 service area boundaries and the location of the new treatment plant is shown on the Future Water and Sewer Service map . These boundaries are based on anticipated future development and their location may vary from that shown depending on where this development occurs" McNamee, Porter and Seeley have developed a General Sewer Plan for the City of Petoskey in which provisions were made for conducting the waste water from the townships to the new treatment plant. However, no sewers as yet have been designed in the Townships . Plans are to continue to treat the waste water from the Bay View Association at the Petoskey Treatment Plant. Bear Creek Township has obtained the serv ices of Williams and Works, Consulting Engineers, to study waste water collection and treatment in the Township. Harbor Springs and Little Traverse Township The City of Harbor Springs and Little Traverse Township have joined together in the formation of a waste water treatmen t authority . The authority has recently received bids on a new treatment facility which was designed for them by Williams and Works . Treatment will be aerated lagoons followed by disinfection and spray irrigation. The phosphates are utilized by the vegetation growth on the area on which the lagoon effluent is sprayed . Therefore, no separate phosphate remov al facilities are required . Spraying will be done during the summer months with storage provided for the waste water during the winter months. The location of the treatment facility, which is to be constructed on a 320-acre site, is shown on the ''future Water and Sewer Service Area" map. - 69 - �' l I ,' \ ' 1' ,~. ~ , '{ ' ' ' { J J J J 1 ,{ 1 1 1~_, l~,- ~-' 1 1 1 l ~ l - J -1 _J 7 -1 C E C I l -~·c r B A A s r T .M A --~,, ---- u R G EON •• • •• ~ r B A ~ □ TI-·1'1G\ I i ~~·1-------- : ~ ,~ " ' ' ~ C:Jl-6~ lo_~"C]\ il ~~ . _i. ,£_.__j v . G • ~=~-- • toOO!UillT i , ' ii I ~ ,. \, " .--· • . ' . 'r . 1o --ll .. 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GII.UtT l1'4[ fAlt !ij [lt's HOii[ &OMINlSTR.t.TION ' UN11'(0 SlAT[S DEPIIIIHHlrlT .t.GIIICULfUR[ •ll70 ·11 ,~o• l(& L [ or ~ PROBABLE fU T URE SERV I CE AREAS PROPOSED fUTURE WELLS TENTATIVE FUTURE SERVICE AREAS ·IASED ON PROJECTED LAND USE . ( ENGINEERING FEASIIILITY NECESSARY TO DETERMINE SPECIFIC SERVICE AREA 80UNDARIESJ Ill f l:l t vilicon · lemon a assoc. inc. planninQ con1ullants MCNAMEE PORTER & SEELEY CONSULTING ENG INEERS I FUTURE COMMUNITY WATER SERVICE EMMET T 3 ~N COUNTY T S4N �Harbor Point and Wequetonsing have contracted with the City of Harbor Springs for waste water treatment. Waste water from the Conway area will a l so be treated at the authority's facility . The area to be served by the authority is shown on the map "Future Water and Sewer Serv ic e Area''. The treatment facility is designed to serve a population of 2,500 in the winter and 4,500 in the summer to the 1990 des i gn year o Prior t o the design of both the Petoskey and Harbor Springs - Little Trav er se Township Projects, McNamee, Porter and Seeley, acting f8r t he City of Petoskey, and Williams and Works, acting for the Authority, worked jointly on a study of the feasibility of incorporating the two proposed t reatment facilities into one larger facility which would serv e t he entire area. A number of possibilities were studies, but due to the distance between Harbor Springs and Petoskey and the relatively little development between the two Cities, it was found to be more economical to proceed independently as planned. Alanson and Littlefield Township Due to the problems previously discussed around Crooked Lake and along the Cr ooked River, the Village of Alanson and Littlefield Township hav e jointly obtained the services of Williams and Works for the purpose of making a study for waste water collection and treatment. Wor k on this study was begun just recently and no recommendations have been presented to date. Some of the possibilities being considered by the engineers are: ., J J l o Alanson and Littlefield Township joining the Harbor Springs Littl e Trav erse Authority with the waste water from this area being treated at the Authority's proposed facility. 2o Alan s on and Littlefield Township contracting with the Authority for waste water treatment at the Authority's facility. 3o Al anson and Littlefield Township either joining or contracting with the Authority and the Authority treating the waste water fr om this area at a second treatment facility to be cons t r u cted in Littlefield Township. 4o Alanson and Littlefield Township remaining independent from the Harbor Springs - Little Traverse Authority and constructing the i r own waste water treatment facility . Regar dless of the results of the engineer's study as to the most feasib l e and economical method, it is encouraging that the Village of Al ans on and Littlefield Township recognize the present problems and are taking steps to eliminate them . - 70 - �Mackinaw City The firm of Johnson and Anderson, Consulting Engineers for Mackinaw City, are preparing plans and specifications for a new waste water treatment facility which is to be constructed in the near future. Current plans are to abandon the existing treatment_ plant and pump the waste wat er to a new treatment facility to be located on a 60 a cre s ite southwest of the City . Treatment will be by lagoons with d isinfection and spray irrigation. Storage will be provided for the waste water for 6 months during the winter . The facility will serv e the area within Mackinaw City only . The design is based on serving a population of 6,000 people in the year 1985 . J J The proposed facilities for Petoskey, Harbor Springs - Little Traverse Township and Mackinaw City will have a design capacity to serve a t otal of 29,500 people, which is nearly 50% greater than the 1990 projected year-round population of Emmet County . Should Alanson and Littlefield Township provide waste water collection and treatment, the abov e total capacity of treatment facilities will be even greater. A very high percentage of the present population will be provided with waste wat er collection services and the areas most likely to experi ence t he majority of the future population growth will already hav e been provided with this utility. Although the Village of Pellston is not planning sewer improvements at the present time, it is recommended that they be considered in the near future, should financial assistance be available. It is dou b tful t hat the Village could fund such a project without assistance . 1 There a r e many programs available, both Federal and State, which would pay a substantial portion of the project cost. Even with assistance it is often d ifficult, if not impossible, for small communities to finance ~he remaining portion . J Was t e wat er treatment facilities are becoming increasingly more expens iv e as more stringent treatment requirements are adopted by the gov ernmental agencies. For example, treatment by lagooning has been a common ly used method for small communities, as construction cost was relatively low and very little maintenance or operations was requir ed . But then it became a requirement that lagoons could discharge into t he r eceivi ng body of water but twice each year, once in the spring and once in the fall . Thus, it was necessary to design lago0ns larger t o pr ovi de for six months storage. It then became a 1 ] - A l a r ge pr ivat e recreati on and housing development (approximately 200 unit s ) is being planned in an area south of Pellston . If the dev e lopment materializes, it would be desirable to consider the feasibility of a joint community sewage treatment serv ice. - 71 - �- requirement that all effluent from lagoons would be chlorinated for disinfection and this increased the initial cost and required more attention to operation. It is now a requirement that 80 percent of the total phosphates in the incoming waste water be removed by the treatment. The lagoon type treatment process is not adaptable to phosphate removal so that the method most commonly used is to follow the lagoon treatment with spray irrigationo A large amount of additional land is required, an extensive network of spray piping increases the maintenance required, and additional fencing, tree planting and other requirements of the Health Department make this type of treatment much more expensive than in the past. It would be desirable to have all the dwellings in the County provided with waste water collection and treatment. But it is not economically feasible even with substantial financial aid. It is recommended that the remainder of the County continue with private septic tanks and drain fields at the present. As further development occurs or as potential problems arise, additional sewer systems should be studied. Some rural areas that may require sewage services because of increasing development and therefore increasing volumes of sewage effluent include: Walloon Lake, Paradise Lake, Larks Lake, Mackinaw Shores, Cross Village and the Ski Resort areas in Pleasantview Township . Demands in the rural Townships of West Traverse, Friendship, Readmond, Cross Village, Bliss and Wawatam would probably arise in areas along the Lake Michigan shore. The other Townships may remain more rural, and services may never be feasible except in a few instances where concentrated development may occur or increase. Levering, Carp Lake, Brutus and Van may be affected under these conditions . Springv ale Township could have some potential utility service area near Crooked Lake and Pickerel Lake. COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS Safe and abundant drinking water is a most fundamental requirement to our existence. There are two sources available for obtaining this water. These are surface water sources such as lakes and river, and ground water sources such as artesian and drilled wells. Although there is an abundance of high quality surface water sources in Emmet County all domestic water is obtained from wells. Petoskey, Harbor Springs, Mackinaw City, Hidden Hamlet and Boyne Highlands all have existing distribution systems. Pellston does not have a public water system but does have wells and a cistern for fire protection. Alanson has cisterns for fire protection also. The following is a discussion of water s u pply and distribution in the County. J -, .J - 72 - �Petoskey Water System The present area served by the City of Petoskey water system is shown on the "Existing C0mrnunity Water Service" map. The water is supplied by an infiltration well, 17 feet deep, and a pumping station located on the shore of Little Traverse Bay within the City. The water is chlorinated and fluoridated prior to entering the distribution system. Storage is provided by one new 300,000 gallon steel elevated storage tank, two 150,000 gallon concrete ground storage reservoirs and one 110,000 gallon steel standpipe, 40 feet tall. The new 300,000 gallon elevated tank is supplied by three high level pumps at the pumping station on the lake shore . These three pumps each have a capacity of 600 gallons per minute at 500 feet total head. Also at the pumping station are located three 600 gallons per minute low level pumps which serve the main part of the City and also supply the two 150,000 gallon ground storage reservoirs. The water is pumped again from the ground storage reservoirs to maintain the level in the standpipe which supplies a second high level district , The location of the pumping station and storage facilities are also shown on the "Existing Community Water Service" map . J J ., It is believed that the infiltration well is recharged from ground water flowing from the south, rather than from Little Traverse Bay, as the level in this well is normally above that in the Bay. This is somewhat substantiated by the complete chemical analysis of the City's water which is presented in TABLE 18. A surface water supply would not be expected to have a total hardness as high as 170 parts per million. The Petoskey water supply is of a good quality as can be seen from a comparison of TABLE 18 with the Water Quality Goals and Drinking Water Standards listed in TABLE 19. The Water Quality Goals were established in 1967 by the American Water Works Association (A.W.W . A. ) as an outline of the characteristics of a treated water of a high quality. The Drinking Water Standards were established by the United States Public Health Service (U.S.P.H.S.) in 1962 and are endorsed by the A.W.W.A. as minimum standards for all public water supplies , The water is fairly hard but not so much as to warrant a softening plant at the present time . J ., ] J ,,,, :-, J - 73 - �~ I j TABLE 18 PETOSKEY, MICHIGAN COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER (parts per million) Determination Resu l t Determination Color units Odor Turbidity units Total solids Silica-SIO 2 Manganese-Mn Iron as Fe Magnesium-MG Sodium-Na Calcium-Ca 0 None Potassium-K Nitrate-NO 3 Chloride-CI Sulphate-SO 4 Bicarbonate-HCO3 Carbonate-CO 3 Fluoride-F Hardness-CaCO3 Hydrogen ion-pH Conductance-Micromhos 0 216 4 0 0.1 11 8.1 so Result 1. 2 1. 2 16 29 170 0 0.30 170 7.4 375 TABLE 19 A oWoWoAo WATER QUALITY GOALS U. S . P.H oSo DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (parts per million) j , .., ] Determination Color units Odor Turbid i ty units Total solids Iron as Fe Manganese-Mn Nitrate-NO3 Chloride-CI Sulphate SO 4 Hardness Flu oride A . W. W. A. WATER Quality Goals 15 3 None 0.1 200 0 . 05 OoOl 45 250 250 80 0 6-1. 2 0 ] ] U.S . P.HoS, Drinking Water Standards - 74 - 3 5 500 0. 3 0. 0 5 45 250 250 �1 Harbor Spr in~s The Harb or Springs water system is supplied by four wells and one 335,000 gallon ground storage reservoir. The wells are: II j Name Depth Capacity Stadium Well Bu l l Moose Well Peffer Well State Well 160 90 180 160 750 430 330 330 feet feet feet feet gpm gpm gpm gpm In a 1 966 revision of the City's Master Plan by Williams and Works, it was recommended that three additional wells be installed in the future o The locations of the existing and proposed future wells and the ground storage reservoir are shown on the "Existing Community Water Ser•v ice" map o The area served by the system is also shown on t he "Existing Community Water Service" map. 1 1 A complete chemical analysis of the shown in TABLE 20 0 The water is of is quite hard t here is no manganese not chlorinated at the present time Harbor Springs water supply is a good quality and although it or iron present. The water is but fluoride is added. TABLE 20 HARBOR SPRINGS, MICHIGAN COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER (parts per million) Determination Color u nits Odor Turbidity units Total solids Silica-SIO 3 Iron as Fe Manganese-Mn Calcium-Ca Magne s ium-Mg Sodium-Na Result 0 None 0 210 8 o. o 0 0 48 16 0 L4 Determination Result Potassium-K Nitrate-NO Chloride-Ci Sulphate-SO4 Bicarbonate-HCO3 Carbonate-CO3 Hardness-CaCO3 Fluoride-F Hydrogen ion-pH Conductance Micromhos 0. 5 12 0 7 210 0 185 0.30 7. 3 370 J J - 75 - �Mack i naw City One 8- i nch well approximately 200 feet deep and one 10-inch well 296 feet deep supply water to the Mackinaw City system . It is estimated by the City that these wells hav e ov er double the capacity of that being utilized at the present time. Storage is provided by one 100,000 gallon elev ated storage tank . The existing service area, wells and storage tank are shown on the "Existing Community Water Service" map. j There hav e been problems in the past with an odor from the water caused by hydro gen sulfide, but this has been successfully eliminated by c hlori natio n o The water is not fluoridated . TABLE 21 MACKINAW CITY, MICHIGAN COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER (parts per million) Determi nation Color units Odor Turbidity units Total solids Silica-S I O4 Iron as Fe Manganese-Mn Calcium-Ca Magnesium-Mg Sodium-Na Results 5 None 2. 0 290 10 0. 2 0. 0 68 17 4 Determination Potassium-K Nitrate-NO3 Chloride-CI Sulphate-SO4 Bicarbonate-HCO 3 Carbonate-co Hardness-CaC 3 Fluoride-F Hydrogen ion-pH Conductance Micromhos 8 Results 0. 5 o. oo 4 19 220 0 240 0. 3 7.9 460 The complete chemical anal ysis of one of the wells, given in TABLE 21, shows the water to be very hard. When this analysis is compared to TABLE 19, with respect to total solids and iron, the water will not meet A .W.W. A. Water Quality Goals, but it is well within the U. S . P . H.S. Drinking Water Standards. Boyne High l ands Boyne High l ands operates its own private water system which is supplied by one 6-inch wel l and one 8- inch well, each of approximately 250 gallons per minute capacity, and one 10-inch well that i s 650 gallons per minut e c apacity . Storage is provided b y a 2,000 gallon reservoir . The water i s r eport ed t o be of a v ery go0d quality . J - 76 - �,r Hidden Hamlet i ...------- 1 ...------- ...------- -- There is an existing water system in Hidden Hamlet, a development of recreational homes located directly north of the Nubs Nob ski area . The system is privately owned and operated by the Hidden Hamlet property owners. The system has no fire hydrants and fire protection is provided by the City of Harbor Springs. The system is supplied by four 4-inch wells and one 6-inch well. Present pumping capacity is 420 gallons per minute and the total capacity of the existing wells is estimated to be over 700 gallons per minute, A 4,000 gallon ground storage reservoir provides storage for the system . L'Arbre Croche This new development on Little Traverse Bay between Petoskey and Harbor Springs is constructing a private water system which is to be supplied by two 350 feet deep wells. The new system will be hydro-pneumatic. Pellston Although the Village of Pellston does not have a public water supply, the Village does have three wells for fire protection . Two of these wells are approximately 40 feet deep and the third is approximately 125 feet deep. The Village also has a 20,000 gallon cistern which is used for fire protection . Remainder of Emmet County Wequetonsing and Harbor Point have water systems supplied by the City of Harbor Springs. Bay View also has a water system and is included in the Petoskey service area, The remaining area of the County is served by private wells. Logs of the wells drilled in Emmet from the District Health Officer . well logs . All Townships in Emmet TABLE with the exception of Center in 1970 0 County during 1970 were obtained TABLE 22 is a tabulation of these County are represented in the Township which had no new wells J J J - 77 - �- 7 TABLE 22 WELLS DRILLED IN EMMET COUNTY IN 1970 Township ....- Bear Creek Bliss Carp Lake Cross Village Friendship Littlefield Little Trav erse Maple Ri v er McKinley Pleasantvi ew Readmond Reso rt Springv ale Wawatam West Traverse Na o of Wells 7 1 2 4 2 45 2 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 Least Depth(ft o) Greatest Depth(ft .) 29 145 62 57 135 51 51 170 43 169 190 185 13 8 233 206 62 66 140 69 121 9 41 80 148 1 85 Av erage Depth ....- ..J J J - Total Wells Average Depth(ft.) 93 210 116 120 160 91 169 188 53 370 80 164 109 153 225 153 43 Thirty-nine of the wells list ed in TABLE 22 were constructed with 4-inch casings and the remaining four were constructed with 2-inch casings. The varying topography within the County is illustrated by the large range in depths of t he wells . Twenty-four of the new wells were constructed in the six southerly Townships in the Cou nty o The logs for these twenty-four wells indicate a clay layer of v arying thickness and dep t h throughout most of this area . This is a desirable condition as the clay layer acts to seal of and protect the aquifer from possib l e contamination from th e surface. The majority of these wells draw water from a sand or grav el aquifer while a few of the deeper wells were in shale . Fourteen of the wells listed i n TABLE 22 were construct ed in the central seven Townships of the Count y . Clay and clay mixtures of sand and grave l wer e found throughout most of the depth of these wells with the wat er bearing strata be ing sand or gr a v el. No rock was en countered in any of the fourteen wells o The remaining fi v e wells we r e constructed in the three most northerly Townships in Emmet County . Two of the fiv e were drilled to water bearing limestone and the other three to sand or grav el o Clay materials were reported throughou t most of the depth o~ four of th e five wells. - 78 - �A.l though the wells listed in TABLE 22 cover but a small portion of the wells within the County, they do indicate that potable water is readily available from ground water sources in Emmet County. Lake Michigan and Little Traverse Bay are also available as a source for public water supply but, to date, have not been utilized. This is not unusual as the costs of inlet structures and long intake lines in the lake are usually prohibitive to small communities. It is not unlikely that as the City of Petoskey's population grows and as Resort and Bear Creek Townships develop that Little Traverse Bay may be utilized as a rater source for this area in the future. FUTURE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS It is recommended that the existing water distribution systems in Petoskey, Harbor Springs and Mackinaw City be extended as required in the future to serve the areas approximating those to be served by their waste water treatment facilities. However, certain problems will be encountered in expanding the present sys~ems. Due to the varying terrain of the County, booster pumping stations and reservoirs will be required to maintain adequate pressures in the areas at the higher elevations. Due to the previously mentioned potential problems within the Village of Pellston, caused by the small lot sizes, it is recommended that consideration be given to a public water supply for the Village. As safe drinking water is a necessity, it is recommended that a water system be given priority over waste water collection and treatment facilities . Construction of a water system also has the advantage of increased fire protection. It is recommended that a public water system also be considered in Alanson. However, a waste water collection system should have top priority at the present time. As there is an abundance of potable ground water available, the remainder of the County should remain with private wells. As these rural areas develop, a water system, as with a sewer system, should be considered a necessary part of that development. J If community sewage services are not feasible in the more rural County areas, then water services may have to be provided when significant increases in development occur . The need may be prompted at an earlier time if the capacity of the soils to absorb septic tank effluent is exceeded o Areas that may require central wa~er systems first, will likely be in resort locations, particularly water oriented sites . These may include: Walloon Lake, Paradise Lake, Crooked Lake, Larks Lake, Mackinaw Shores, Cross Village and the Townships which have frontage on Lake Michigan. At least some limited need could be experienced in any one of the rural Townships of Bliss, Carp Lake, Center, Cross Village, Friendship, Readmond, Springvale~ McKinley, Maple River, Pleasant View and Wawatam. The communities of Alanson, Pellston, Carp Lake, Levering, Brutus, Van, Oden, Conway, Bay Shore and other locations may develop needs at an earlier time. - 79 - �., { t~ ( i 1 r-= C t i .J ,--: { • ~· -~· ' j ,· ·1990 SERVICE C £C I - ~ ..W ~~ L AREA r B A ~ PRO'l\OSED TREATMENT PLANT T.ltN, :JI ~ A B A T 1' ~f If A ·------r;::::= ",,,,,, ,,,. l\ sTUl?GEON r -.'~:,. -h.J "' ---...< I ---j,r• II II . LJL□ □ ~----□·[] ~ "~~---~ ~ ~ e.J•J ~ ('.) ' H ti • I I 11 C •• T. 51N. l--"~ ,_, ' ,,,,,,, : ' 't ! (., c r• t _llJ : ' I I~ •[L•JiJc.~• !c • □ ·\ ' ~ ✓[ dz::r71 .·s=JpP□----~- - · ~ \ J A D M : N I D I • :- l . \~ · ~ -- ~ \ C . 1· " . · i . I . " . I " ' I. .-. I , . I; N ::t D E S ' ,1 "_J H "I: - ~ p -- [ 11 ' > • ,'I • TI I ' :K MC ~ J~~ ' 1 i .,. , • i ;I"--===-'"-"'~--• • I c" 1J . .., • - ( ,.-· ! ·· ~ ... c __ ____ Jlr==7"b~ .., t ! IL==='---=:!~: • ·Jv . lLJ ]□ 7d'□" • " • IOI ~- . I - + • =-· /'~ ' " I ,= \ - ~ w' E ,·,, i • u □.□[I l=rl -l ' -~-~·------~--T·-----i t--- . ,-· lJ. . . ..i 7 , _:DO! ' . · t · --~-J • ~, -t • : j " • " l 1 » ~I " ~-hi - ---·· n. - ------_.... ' • - ___,, --~---F-----" ' ~~·,, \I L • [L ___: S . \\ - --=:==;,:- ➔ \ 1E : ,:, • I ,,~ t 11 ;::.,,.,,. ,~, ~:..---.,-, I 1I t--- ----t-I --··l,;,a 11\ I . ~ T. MN I ii V E _j, . ::i--- I, T • !;- . . · 1 \ . 1:,i ,. .---, ' f==-, ~~·-·-==1~=~=11• ::--~~~~: . -,,--- _______ _J\ ~ T. 37N, 1 y E L N ' ILJ. ; I " -iii----'-- _ i1· .. ~ ~- ~ - - ,~ . ,: -=~ ~ I ~ " "-L" ~ :i 'I \ I I + . -C cl=-•1•.•"]o••--,~,t t_ __' ,] ' __ _J "L--JI - ----,-- ..: . " l . : -~] --r - O 1, I• - --;=='='•~!'==--~~---: __ _]~ I . '· E .□ u□ • ---- D ¥u,A11' . Ir< ~.-.I-! '. \!• • " ·)c• Jr7-fl - -'-'----\ ---,,---4 • • LlJ . ' -·- i 1\ ~ ' ' ~-~~ I " 1 ~• . 1 ' F \ D . r~ -•··•·.... ~•· r -l~ -; ~~ u.. . · · :· ·' JQ;\1. rh· -· ··r:; . .lf-b.'----' Ml.OIL( I :r,1 11 \L-1'i1 ~ --~-- -·----- ,, ..~, Ill ,111. - - , " :11 . . l,.t,J;;;:,;-1t ..I. B~( ~ I!: ~ --1._ _ _ ! : "''".. ~ c___,,,,.,._J l.., i T 3!5N. ,-----.;( "" ~ LITTLE -.J Tl?AVE l? SE 8 A r ~ J::j\:,,, ~((n•· r==~ . . t[j~----: - -i o•:•:[ ~ ;aa! -r~fi II~ . REA ~-- t~l~J_··_ ~Fl t,-1 ....~ E !t.. ,. - K _ _J1 ·- · I ~ a\ ---7 : 1,1:,,:f" 17\\ :,'( I " U·Gu:J·, -~ !!""' ~I_..../, ' .. ' . G PROPOSEO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT PROPOSED WAJOR SANITARY SEWERS t ·:·':':·:·:·::';:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·::j PROPOSED 1990 SERVICE AREAS PROPOSEO 2000 SERVICE AREAS .. 1•11s ... , ,011 ,Ht [ Mlit tT Wlla COUNT¥ f'LollOIINO C0011 1lllS10N WA$ flN AN ttO · • I. .IIANT flt0 1t TH[ fA ll .. (ll 'S NO•t A0Ml,.IITIUTl0N , u,ollO nuts 01:,.,11, ... c111 c, ..,ucu1.1u1tt • l9l'O · fl S CALI UI TE NTATIVE F UTURE SERVICE AREAS - BA SED ON PROJEC TED LAND US E. ( ENGINEERING FE A SIBILI TY N ECESSARY TO OET ERMINE SPECIFIC SERVICE AR EA BOUNDARIES.) fl('T vilicon · leman a assoc. inc. planninQ consultants MCNAMEE PORTER & SEELEY CON SULTING ENGINEERS I FUTURE SANITARY SEWER SERVICE EMMET COUNTY A \~ - - - - - PROPOSED MAJOR P UMPING MAINS o, V L _1E ~ ____: " ~ ~~ - LEGEND o,t .-11t ....11 .. 1,011 -~~' COUNTY R 4W ----- ~ " ,·••' ',,,? • T. 34N. SW ■ .. �,...... -I A P P E ND I X .....- , j �LJ l_j L:::J ~ ~ l_J l_J I__J Ld \_J l-1 I__J \_J \_J l__J l_J L-1 APPENDIX TABLE 1 EXISTING LAND USE SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 1 Emmet County Bliss Carp Lake Cross Village Readmond TOTAL -- Mackinaw City(Pt) DISTRICT TOTAL Residential 57 95 26 48 226 32 258 Seasonal Homes 14 90 30 30 164 30 194 Public Uses 85 9 2 2 98 39 137 2 97 4 4 107 17 124 Recreation 6,960 53 5 12 7,030 15 Commercial 1 32 2 8 43 20 Industrial 3 12 - - 15 41 Railroads - 8 - - 8 14 422 392 197 458 1,469 -- 145 1,614 17% 7,544 788 266 562 9,160ac . 353 9,513ac. 100% 3% 2% 1% Quasi-Public ► I I-' 1% 7,045 74% 63 1% 56 1% 22 • Roads TOTALS SOURCE: Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc . 9.:0 Land Use Inventory, Summer, 1968, \_J I �~ ~ L..:J L....:::-J l__J l_J l_J L..d l_J l_J l_l LJ LI L.J '-' LI APPENDIX TABLE 2 EXISTING LAND USE SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 2 Emmet County Center I I'-) Maple River TOTAL Pellston DISTRICT TOTAL Residential 55 79 76 210 82 292 Seasonal Homes 32 4 6 42 - 42 Public Uses 63 1,450 9 1,522 16 3 6 7 16 2 Recreation 11 2 1 14 6 Commercial 1 12 28 41 5 Industrial 12 6 30 48 7 - 65 63 128 14 99 351 465 915 16 Quasi-Public ::i> McKinle_z Railroads Roads TOTAL SOURCE: 276 -1,975 685 Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc . -2,936ac. 148 9% 1% 1,538 50% 18 1% 20 1% 46 1% 55 2% 142 5% 931 30% 3,084ac. 100% Land Use Inventory, Summer, 1968 ~ L-1 1 1 �I APPENDIX TABLE 3 EXISTING LAND USE SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO. 3 I:mmet County Friendshi,E_ Little Traverse Pleasantview West Traverse Residential 46 145 12 55 258 173 431 Seasonal Homes 60 105 28 68 261 NIA 261 Public Uses 6 131 27 31 195 16 211 Quasi-Public 9 155 1,984 97 2,245 18 Recreation 1 3 - - 4 47 29 1 32 62 32 TOTAL Harbor SErings DISTRICT TOTAL 9% 6% ::i:,. I w .) 5% 2,263 47% 51 1% 94 2% 207 4% Commercial ( Industrial 10 180 2 15 207 - 447 343 80 246 1,116 144 1,260 26% 579 1,091 2,134 544 4,348ac . 430 4,778ac. 100% Railroads Roads TOTAL SOURCE: Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc. NIA - Not available Land Use Inventory, Summer, 1968 ~ 1 �!___JI l._JJ I_ APPENDIX TABLE 4 EXISTING LAND USE SUPERVISOR DISTRICT NO.4 Emmet County Littlefield Alanson 99 221 81 82 65 147 7 175 14 189 7 92 106 198 - Recreation 7 5 12 10 Commercial 8 1 9 13 Industrial 2 12 14 - 52 - 52 13 378 550 928 51 Seasonal Public Uses Quasi-Public + TOTAL 122 Residential ► I Springvale Railroads Roads DISTRICT TOTAL 302 16% 154 8% 196 10% 198 10% 22 1% 22 1% 14 1% 65 3% 979 50% -- TOTAL SOURCE: 918 Vilican-Leman 853 l,77oac. & Associates, Inc . 182 l,952ac. 100% Land Use Inventory, Summer, 1968 j �I APPENDIX TABLE 5 EXISTING LAND USE SUPERVISOR DISTRICTS NO'S 5-11 Emmet County Bear Creek Residential 0, TOTAL · Peto·skey 335 142 477 335 98 66 164 - Public Uses 333 20 353 76 Quasi-Public 186 2 188 264 Recreation 298 14 312 128 Commercial 64 19 83 59 Industrial 10 150 160 66 Railroads 116 70 186 61 Roads 909 504 1,413 279 2,349 987 3,336ac. Seasonal Homes ► I Resort TOTAL SOURCE : Vi lican-Leman & Associates, Inc . 1,268 DISTRICT TOTAL 812 18% 164 4% 429 9% 452 10% 440 9% 142 3% 226 5% 247 5% 1,692 37% 4,604ac. 100 % Land Use Inventory , Summer, 1968 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Emmet-County_Comprehensive-Plan-for-Sewer-and-Water-Facilities_1971 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc. McNamee, Porter & Seeley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-04 Title A name given to the resource Comprehensive Plan for Sewer and Water Facilities Description An account of the resource The Comprehensive Plan for Sewer and Water Facilities was prepared by Vilican-Leman & Associates, Inc. and McNamee, Porter & Seeley in April 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Emmet County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3afbe3e6ef419f2e226b5beceb23aafc.mp4 2361093f928533ec2fbb112295e11053 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/785983ef6c5962665f9d7ab4455dc1ad.pdf 8788fcee1f211068e8afbd693fd9604b PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Tobyn McNaughton Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 16, 2021 DD: I am Dani DeVasto, and today June 16th I have the pleasure of chatting with Tobyn Mcnaughton, hi Tobyn. TM: Hi. DD: Tobyn, can you tell me about where you’re from and where you currently live? TM: Yeah, I was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan. And currently I reside in Belmont, which is kind of part of Grand Rapids, just a little smaller like sub-town part of Plainfield township. So, I actually grew up in Plainfield township also, and then just moved about 10 min away to Belmont after having some adventures in teaching down in Kansas. I lived there for a year but now I’m here in Belmont, and I’ve been since 2012. DD: You anticipated my next question, which is how long have you been there so thanks for that. Can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS, or with PFAS in your community? TM: Yeah, so I, like I said, I lived in Kansas for a year, and I had been dating my boyfriend, and he lived up here in Michigan, and I said if I’m moving back to Kansas or from Kansas back to Michigan we need to get married and get a house and do all that, you know, living the dream stuff. And he said “okay, you know, let’s do that.” And like okay. So, when we came back up after we started looking at houses, maybe like 3 or 4, and we found the house that we live in now and just fell in love with the space. We have about 3 acres, have plenty of room for the potential of children, and it butts right up to the highway, and were like, oh we can get used to that like the highway noise eventually it’ll turn into white noise. And so, we decided this was our dream house and we were super stoked about it. And then we got married and 2 years after we got married, we had our first son, and his name is Jack, and everything was awesome, and we were just having the good life, like you know things were working out for us really well. Then one day I stayed home sick from work and my son and I both were not feeling so well and I got a knock on the door. And I was like okay what’s going on here and a man had handed me an envelope and said this is from a law office, it’s about your water and we’re having this meeting the next day, a meeting tomorrow if you can attend it would be great for you to come and listen to what we have to say. And I was like, this sounds very bizarre, I feel like he is trying to scam me or something. I was just very untrusting of this I was like this is just strange, and so my husband got home from work, and I was like this guy came earlier today and he gave me this envelope and said it was about our water but he is from a law office so that doesn’t make any sense he is not from the health department or from any other agency like that. So, Seth took a look at it and he’s like this actually sounds legit like this could be an issue for us, I was like okay and so he went to the meeting, and they filled us in on the potential of our well-being contaminated from a dump that is about 1.5 miles south of us across the highway behind us. And I was like this doesn’t make any sense because why would a law office be telling us this and not anybody else. And so he started, he is just the personality where he is like I am going to investigate I need to know more information, so he started calling as many people as he could figure out who to call, the health department at the township, different places, and finally got ahold of someone and she 1 �Living with PFAS Interviewee: Tobyn McNaughton Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 16, 2021 said “ Yeah, you probably shouldn’t be drinking your well water right now.”, and that was a big shock because no one up to that point nobody had said yeah you probably shouldn’t drink your water until we started calling and asking. And that’s where everything kind of began and then after that is just kind of phone call after phone call after making appointments to have people come and check out our well. So, that all started in August of August 2017, and then by October we knew that we had 1,961 parts per trillion of PFAS in our well. And also learned that 70 was kind of the number that they had decided in the EPA was the safe, the safer number. So, that and then our life has been the same ever since then. [laughs] DD: And, and what has that meant for your life moving forward at this point, if you want to expand on that TM: Yeah, so of course your first question. You know, after the initial shock of your well-being that contaminated that you’ve been drinking since you’ve moved here in 2012 and being pregnant, I was like I’m going to do everything right: I’m going to drink 8 glasses of water a day, I’m going to breastfeed, I’m going to do all the things, and then you stop and you’re like what if that was the worst thing I could’ve done. Like what does that mean for our bodies, so the second question was of course, well this is in our drinking water so what’s in our bodies. And so, you know, starting to try to figure out, what do we do? Like will we be getting sick? Who knows like how- who do we talk to? So, it was a lot of our own- like we had to be our own advocates and say we want to be tested, we want to be looked at, we need to know more information, and just hitting a lot of walls. Well, we don’t have a lot of information so, you know, a lot of the time I felt like people were like just, “Oh well you know, we don’t know so just don’t worry about it.”. Well, I’m going to worry about it because that’s a lot, and at the time we ended up we did get our blood tested because a law firm paid for us to do that. They felt concerned enough themselves about our situation that they said we should have this looked into for you which I am eternally grateful for because no one else wanted to. The people that I thought should care didn’t seem to and I ended up going to the health department and kind of doing my, you know, I’m angry, like I want to know- I didn’t put this in my body someone else did. Whether it was 50 years ago they dumped it till, 30 years later till, you know, longer than that, like it doesn’t matter to me, the time frame. It’s just I am ingesting something that I didn’t put in my body and I deserve to know what is in there. And it took about a year for them to kind of do a 180 on whether to blood test or not. So, I guess basically for myself what it meant was- jumping into advocacy when I didn’t want to, or know what that meant, or what that looked like, but just something like you had just-- to me I just had to do it because I needed to know this information, knowledge is power kind of you know the more information we have the better off were going to be. And I had some neighbors that agreed with that too and jumped in on that with me. So, and then for my son at the time it meant a lot of pokes, a lot of blood draws, a lot of measuring trying to see what was going on with him and monitoring what was going on with him, and being worried like every day if, you know, how this is going to affect him in the future. [deep breath] So, it really stresses me out like I can tell I’m just like, [deep breath], you know it just stresses me out all the time, and now that we have more information than we did before, like there is still a lot of unknowns and it's really scary. 2 �Living with PFAS Interviewee: Tobyn McNaughton Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 16, 2021 DD: Yeah, I can imagine. It sounds like you’ve had to do a lot of this work on your own, or kind of self-advocating. TM: Mhm, yeah, I guess one positive thing that’s come out of it is there’s five of us ladies, that are neighbors, we started getting together and like just ground floor like where do we start, who do we talk to first, and just making phone calls reaching out to people and the government mostly because of you know the kind of where we had to direct our attention to, you know, get these laws put into place of like this chemical shouldn’t be dumped, anywhere, and it shouldn’t be these high of amounts that people are, you know, shouldn’t be okay with, we have to figure out a real number not something that is arbitrary like something that will really say how this can affect you and why it’s not good for you. So, yeah, we just kind of started from nothing and just talked to as many people as we could and attended as many meetings and conferences as we could. And we went to DC. Two of my neighbors and I got meetings with our senators, our state senators, and one of our representatives, and we went to DC and we said please listen to us because, and I brought a picture of my son with me and I wrote his PFAS levels on it, and I said if any legislation, like if you’ve been thinking about making a bill about this, or something slides across your desk, I want you to look at this picture of Jack and know that you have to do something because there’s going to be a lot more kids than him and we have to you know try to get ahead of it and stop it from contaminating other communities. And that- we’ve helped other communities too that have, you know, newly contaminated areas just finding out that they’re contaminated now they can look us up and be like “Oh well they’ve dealt with this for a couple of years now so let’s ask them where did they start what did they do.”. So, met lots of people. Unfortunately, like a lot of, you know people, that are also highly contaminated, you know at the time of Jack's blood results he was, as far as we knew, had the highest level of PFAS in his body of any child in the whole United States. I haven’t heard any number higher than him since then, but we need to do more testing and you know more investigating and-- but it was, I was able to reach out to people in New York that had issues, and ask them too like “What is- what is your community doing?” “They’re doing biomonitoring.” “Okay how do we get biomonitoring?”, and then kind of working on it from there and now we're finally starting to get into that space where we’re part of a health study. So, and I might’ve like went off on a tangent a little, sorry [laugh]. But, yeah, that’s kind of- and it’s just we have another son now, and I went through two miscarriages in a row, and it was- that’s very difficult anyway for any woman to go through. It was very hard. We wanted to have a second child; we’ve put our family planning on hold when we heard about everything going on. But then with a lot of the people that we talked to that were like “Well you probably don’t need to be concerned, like we’re- we don’t know.”. So, I was like okay so we kind of started back up again, then to have the two losses, you know, makes you like very concerned and then I found out that if I I was suggested to take progesterone to help with the third pregnancy, I ended up with if I’ve started progesterone right away that maybe it would bring the pregnancy to be viable. And then in my own research online there was a study done over in Europe about the link between PFAS and progesterone. And how the levels are much lower in woman that have PFAS contamination, so of course I bring that information to the people that I had been talking to and to my lawyers and things like that and someone had said, “Well that was done in Europe, that doesn’t matter here.”, and when you hear something like 3 �Living with PFAS Interviewee: Tobyn McNaughton Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 16, 2021 that, I’m like are you nuts? Like why would you even say that to anybody, but especially me going through all this hard time. Like well that was a study in Europe, like that doesn’t, and like how does that not- I don’t -it still boggles my mind. They were like, “Well we have to do our own study here if we want to really find like the links.”. And like, this is insane because yeah, there’s so much more information like Australia’s done, you know they’ve had a lot of issues with it, Italy, other places in Europe have done lots of other studies and things- I’ve actually, I can’t see it, but I have my shirt on that I got from a lady in Italy, she gave this to me when we went to Boston to the national PFAS conference which was really the international conference because there were so many other countries represented there. She has been fighting and stuff over there and they have a lot of information, and it’s like why aren’t we talking, you know, like why can’t we all figure this out and have some kind of, you know, like come to consensus of why this forever chemical is really bad, because we know- we know you shouldn’t eat it or drink it, we know you shouldn’t have it in your body, but if you do get it in your body we should all be figuring out what to do. So, yeah, I took that progesterone, and I can’t prove it, but I now have a 16-month-old boy that’s pretty healthy. Haven’t had any blood draws done on him just yet, but he’s had a lot less issues than my first son so hopefully that’s because we’ve stopped exposure and have been slowly losing some. Because right now really time is our only thing that we can do to get it out of our bodies at this point, so yeah. DD: Well congratulations on baby two. TM: Yeah, Bruce, yeah, he is a spunky little guy. [laugh] DD: He must be. [laughs] TM: Yeah. [Laughs] DD: Well, speaking of time, can you tell me about any concerns that you have about PFAS contamination moving forward? I think you’ve hinted at maybe a few but. TM: Yeah, concerns going forward- thankfully there has been legislation now that’s made its appearance in the US government too. He's upstairs with the babysitter, [laughs], sorry. DD: Being spunky. TM: Yeah, you know, so we do have some you know legislation that’s been coming through in Michigan. We’ve had some things come through, and the state legislator- legislature to get MCLs [maximum contaminant levels] lowered or you know things like that so in the future- I’m hoping that I can start to jump back into more of advocating and attending more meetings and doing more now that I’m over a year postpartum and like covid’s been so crazy. So, I’m hoping that I can get back into more meetings and advocacy stuff. So, yeah, my concern right now is testing our blood, figuring out what it could mean finding those- the links, you know, between health issues that people are experiencing and what their PFAS levels are. Getting the health departments in different areas more on board on- the same page of how important it is to do a health study when you have a highly contaminated group of people. Use that to your advantage of getting that data and, you know, it could help people in the future, and then it has been 4 �Living with PFAS Interviewee: Tobyn McNaughton Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 16, 2021 encouraging to hear in the news like fast food places are phasing out their PFAS wrappers and different places are starting to become more PFAS free, and then the next concern is like whatever they’re replacing the PFAS with, whatever chemical they’ve invented or whatever they are trying to replace it with, how safe is that, and what are really the appropriate ways to use it and dispose of it. So, lots of things like that and it’s just something that I know that we're just going to- it’s a forever chemical and it's going to be a forever thing for me to be thinking about it, talking about it, working on it with other agencies and stuff like that so. DD: How do you feel about that? That it’s going to be a forever thing for you, to be thinking, you know, like it’s never not going to be a part of your world anymore, and it probably was never on your radar I’m assuming before. TM: Nope, yeah, it’s really frustrating, you know, especially when you’re talking to people about it and they’re like “You’re still dealing with that?”. Yeah, it’s going to be like- this is our life now like PFAS life we’re never not going to be dealing with it, so yeah it's not like something that we can just wash out of our bodies and just be done with it and move on, especially just my personality is I feel compelled to warn other people and try to help other people, so as more communities find out that this is their problem too, you know, it’s- but it’s really frustrating and we worry about it a lot. DD: Before we wrap up today, is there anything else that you would like to add that we haven’t touched on or anything that you want to go back to and say more about? TM: [Sighs] I guess- I just- I hope that by me talking about it more people hear about it, because there’s even some people that live like kind of in the Belmont Rockford area that still are like “What are you? What's PFAS? What are you talking about?”, and I’m like you’ve really- like we’ve been dealing with this for almost 4 years now and you're still are not quite sure about it. So, I guess I’m hoping that more people will hear it and be concerned, and not just kind of like shrug it off, you know, realize that it’s in the rivers ,and lakes ,and different water sources and just because we’re in the United States doesn’t mean our water is 100 percent safe, like we really take it for granted that we have clean water sources, but they’re not as clean as we hope. So, we all need to be concerned about it, not just the people that are super contaminated by it, like I’m hoping that other people can be concerned about it too, and that’s why I appreciate you looking into this and deciding to do an archive of it. Because that just gives more people the access to the information. DD: Which seems like that’s been a real challenge for you and your stories. Either finding access to information or helping others get access to that information. TM: Yes, yeah. DD: Well, thank you so much Tobyn for taking the time to share your story today. TM: Yes, you’re welcome. [laughs] DD: Okay, I’m going to stop5 �Living with PFAS Interviewee: Tobyn McNaughton Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 16, 2021 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McNaughton, Tobyn Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-16 Title A name given to the resource Tobyn McNaughton, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Tobyn McNaughton was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan and now lives in Belmont, Michigan. In this interview, Tobyn discusses how the McNaughton family learned about the PFAS present in their home's well water in 2017 and the impact it has had on their daily lives and health. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/160b88c9bea0a0638cb44278f7254f89.m4v 74133f5cacaaaa221b2ceb26331e0b53 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6b2cada618dd641b498ac318b21b3729.pdf 82e4b5bd736a0730956f0951ecdfdb0d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Douglas McVay Vietnam War 1 hour 9 seconds (00:00:11) Early Life -Born in Monticello, Iowa, on December 18, 1949 -Near the Mississippi River -Moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, after grade school -Father worked as a farmer, so Douglas spent his early life on a farm -Got a factory job in Cedar Rapids, then got involved with the Teamsters -Mother got a job with Rockwell International -Graduated from high school in 1968 -Read about the Vietnam War and heard about it in the news -Knew the war existed, but he ignored it -Went to Kirkwood Community College -Stayed for one year then for summer classes (00:01:53) Enlisting in the Army -Dropped out of college because he was bored and decided to enlist in the Army -Didn’t put a lot of thought into it -Enlisted in August 1969 -Sent to Fort Dodge in Des Moines for his enlistment physical -Mix of draftees and enlistees -Didn’t see anyone trying to get out of service (00:03:17) Basic Training -Sent to Fort Polk, Louisiana, for basic training -Flew down to the base in a military transport -Remembers it was a loud and rough ride -When he arrived, he was issued a uniform and a place to sleep -First week was spent doing processing -Waking up at 4:30 a.m. came as a shock -Wanted to go to Pharmacy School, but he didn’t get that assignment -Did marching in the morning and class in the afternoon -Got up at 4:30 a.m., had breakfast, then did physical training -Learned about weapons -Drill sergeants had a lot of control over his life -Part of breaking individuality -They kept the recruits tired to break any rebellious behavior -Strong emphasis on discipline and unit cohesion -Punished with cleaning barracks, cleaning toilets, and marching around the dumpster -Done for accidents or infractions �-Found the Army to be unusual at first, but then he adjusted to it -Once he got over his homesickness he quickly adjusted -Basic training lasted eight weeks (00:07:20) Advanced Infantry Training -Stayed at Fort Polk for his Advanced Infantry Training (AIT) -Lasted another eight weeks -Issued an M16 rifle -Trained with grenades and other infantry weapons -Went on bivouacs and long marches -A lot of the drill sergeants had been to Vietnam -All preparation for fighting in Vietnam -Told to stay alert or, “Charlie could ruin your day” -Trained with white, black, and Hispanic recruits from all over the United States -18 – 21 years old, but had a handful of recruits in their mid to late twenties (00:09:37) Leadership School -Received orders to go to Leadership School -Spent two or three weeks training at Fort Knox, Kentucky -Learned how to drive armored personnel carriers (APCs) -Interesting experience -Got to drive in the hills of Kentucky -Basic training with the APCs -Assumed he’d drive an APC in Vietnam -Treated a little better by the drill sergeants in Leadership School (00:11:15) Deployment to Vietnam -Received orders for Vietnam -Went home for two or three weeks of leave -Went to Fort Lewis, Washington, to fly to Vietnam -Family wasn’t happy about his deployment, or his initial enlistment -Mother and sisters were upset -He saw it as an adventure -Not thinking about going into a warzone -Stopped at Anchorage, Alaska, and either at Okinawa or Japan (00:13:03) Arrival in Vietnam -Landed at Cam Ranh Bay -There were a lot of soldiers -It was foreign territory -Placed in barracks and processed -Did paperwork, issued uniforms, and getting used to the climate -Stayed at Cam Ranh Bay for a week (00:14:35) Assignment to 101st Airborne Division -Assigned to the 101st Airborne Division -Knew nothing about the division -Flown up to Camp Evans located in I Corps (northernmost part of South Vietnam) �-Flew in a military transport -Had barracks, a mess hall, and served as a central hub for the 101st Airborne Division -Stayed for a few days -Did more paperwork and given a rucksack -Pulled guard duty (00:16:20) Joining A Company -Assigned to A Company, 2nd Battalion, of the 506th Infantry Regiment -Sent out by helicopter to join A Company in the field -Dropped off at a landing zone -His platoon received him in the field -Didn’t know where he was, exactly, but knew he was operating near the A Shau Valley -Didn’t know what to do -Platoon leader introduced himself and assigned him to a squad -Squad didn’t explain anything to him other than to follow their lead (00:18:45) Patrols -Stayed in the field for a few weeks before returning to Camp Evans -Patrolled all day then set up camp at night -Used preexisting trails and forged their own trails in the jungle -It was incredibly hot -Given an M79 grenade launcher -Had no enemy contact on his first patrol -Always on alert for ambushes -There were only 20 men in his platoon, far below paper strength of a platoon -He adapted to life in the field after a few days -It was physically and psychologically taxing -Stayed quiet on patrols -Men barely talked, and when they did it was in a whisper -Pulled guard duty at night -Allowed to smoke in the field, but had to cup your hand around the cigarette at night -Patrolled the mountains and the jungle -After patrols they returned to Camp Evans for brief stand downs -Chance to sleep on a cot in a barracks -Chance to get a shower -Chance to drink some beer and relax -Only stayed for a night before heading back out to the field (00:23:50) Leadership in A Company -Doesn’t remember his first company commander -Remembers when Chuck Hawkins took command of A Company -Lee Widjeskog was his platoon leader by early 1970 (00:24:40) Enemy Contact -Remembers his first enemy contact -They were walking on a trail and took enemy fire -He took cover and waited for the firefight to end �-Scary, but survivable since he did what everyone else did -The grenade launcher was worthless in a firefight -He couldn’t pick out targets in the jungle like he could with a rifle -He walked point twice (leading the unit on a patrol) -Given an M16 when he walked point -Level of enemy activity started to increase in April 1970 (00:27:10) Establishing Firebase Ripcord -A Company was selected to lead the charge in establishing Firebase Ripcord in March 1970 -A Company’s mission was aborted before he went to the field -Patrolled the area around Firebase Ripcord after it was established (00:28:05) Firebase Ripcord -Rotated onto Firebase Ripcord for a week of base security after it was established -It was a dirty hill with various bunkers and artillery pieces -Didn’t take any incoming fire when A Company was on Ripcord (00:28:40) Battle of Firebase Ripcord Pt. 1 -Note: Battle of Firebase Ripcord from July 1 – 23, 1970 -Had brief enemy contact around Firebase Ripcord before the battle began -Only lasted five or ten minutes -Didn’t know what was going on with the other units -On July 18th, he witnessed the Chinook helicopter crash landing on Ripcord -Destroyed all the artillery pieces and the artillery ammunition -Started working close together as a full company as the battle progressed -Enemy activity got worse after July 18th -A platoon in A Company found a North Vietnamese communication line near the end -He wasn’t aware of the discovery -Had sporadic firefights and found abandoned North Vietnamese bunkers -A Vietnamese scout worked with his unit during the battle -Never used the grenade launcher during the battle of Ripcord -Couldn’t pick targets with it -Finally got a .45 caliber pistol as a backup weapon (00:34:32) Casualties -Remembers one man in his platoon getting shot in the legs -Bled out and died because a medevac couldn’t get to him in time -Sent out to gather the bodies of four soldiers -One soldier got shot in the buttocks (00:35:34) Getting Wounded the First Time -He took some minor shrapnel in his legs and back from friendly fire -Sent to Da Nang and placed on a Navy hospital ship for about a week to recover -He was considered walking wounded, so he helped on the ship (00:36:53) R&R -Went on R&R to Eagle Beach for a few days -Note: Eagle Beach was the in-country R&R location for the 101st Airborne Division -He never got his R&R because he got wounded before he could take it �(00:37:30) Battle of Firebase Ripcord Pt. 2 -On July 21st, A Company regrouped and set up outposts near their position -Could tell things were going on around Firebase Ripcord -On July 22nd, A Company moved out of its position -His squad walked point for the company, and he was selected to walk point -This meant he was at the front of the entire company -Didn’t get very far before he saw a North Vietnamese soldier -Enemy soldier ran from him -Douglas took cover behind a tree -Something exploded behind the tree and knocked out his hearing -Douglas and the man behind him started working their way back to the company -A Company got hit by satchel charges, grenades, and machine gun fire -His platoon got cut off from the rest of A Company -Leaves fell and the ground shook from all the explosions -His platoon established a perimeter and he kept moving to different positions -A satchel charge landed by him, blew off his helmet and melted his rifle -A Company regained radio contact and started calling in airstrikes -Watched as bombs exploded and vaporized the trees and enemy soldiers -North Vietnamese retreated after the airstrikes -During the battle, he’d been shot in the butt and hip, but didn’t realize it -Didn’t know about it until he got back to Camp Evans after the battle -During the night of July 22nd, they established a perimeter and waited for enemy activity -Enemy didn’t attack on the night of the 22nd (00:45:57) Fall of Firebase Ripcord -On July 23rd, Company D flew into the field and rescued A Company -He didn’t know that Firebase Ripcord had been evacuated and was going to be destroyed -Didn’t know that A Company was the last unit in the field -Didn’t know that A Company had fought off a battalion of North Vietnamese soldiers -Note: On July 23rd, the 101st abandoned Ripcord and had it destroyed by B-52 bombers (00:47:35) Recovery -He developed a severe fever and went to the hospital at Camp Evans and spent a night there -There he realized he’d been shot during the fighting on July 22nd -Taken to the hospital in Da Nang -His fever got worse -Evacuated to a hospital in Japan -Spent two or three weeks at that hospital -Family was notified that he’d been wounded and he also wrote home -Visited the American Club and went to downtown Tokyo -Because he’d been wounded twice, his tour in Vietnam was done (00:50:20) Coming Home -Flew home from Japan -Allowed to go home for a few weeks -Landed at Fort Lewis, Washington, and stayed there for a few days �-Knew about antiwar protesters -Never experienced open hostility, but he knew Vietnam veterans were disliked (00:52:21) End of Service -Placed in an armored unit at Fort Carson, Colorado, for the remainder of his enlistment -Had a medical profile -Meant that he couldn’t life over 20 pounds or be around loud noises -Placed in maintenance and pulled guard duty -Found it be very boring duty, and he spent a lot of time watching TV -Given an early discharge in May 1972 to go back to college (00:53:34) Life after Service Pt. 1 -Attended the University of Iowa for three years -He appreciated things more -Didn’t have any major problems adjusting to civilian life -His friends were against the war, but they weren’t against him -They were amazed he’d gone to Vietnam and survived -Never experienced any antiwar activity at college -Thinks that by 1972 most antiwar activity had tapered off -Note: Last major antiwar activity was in May 1972 due to Operation Linebacker -He didn’t talk about the war, because he didn’t want to sound like he was bragging -Talked with his brother-in-law about the fighting on July 22nd -Knew America was losing the war by 1970 -Didn’t pay attention to the war after he came home (00:56:48) Drugs, Race Relations, & Morale -There was weed at Ripcord, but he didn’t partake -Wanted to stay alert and stay alive -Never saw any racial tensions -There were a few black soldiers that opposed the war, but they still did their job -Morale was okay -Soldiers opposed the war, but they knew they had to work to survive (00:58:40) Life after Service Pt. 2 -After college, he got into the insurance business with his brother-in-law in Nebraska -Did that for a couple years -Worked for another company -He was self-employed after his second job -Worked in accounting and real estate -Part of the Florida Association of Postsecondary Schools (00:59:30) Reflections on Service -Didn’t like the service or Vietnam, but it’s part of who he is as a person -Transformative experience -Taught him to rely on other people and to be reliable -Made him responsible -He wouldn’t send his children to fight in a war like that, but wouldn’t change that he did it � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context McVayD1968V Title A name given to the resource McVay, Douglas (Interview outline and video), 2016 Description An account of the resource Douglas McVay was born in Monticello, Iowa, on December 18, 1949. In August 1969, he enlisted in the Army. He received his basic training and advanced infantry training at Fort Polk, Louisiana, then received armored personnel carrier training at Fort Knox, Kentucky. In late fall of that year, he was deployed to Vietnam where he joined A Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. For the rest of 1969 and into the spring of 1970 he patrolled around Camp Evans, then from April through July he and A Company patrolled around Firebase Ripcord. During the Battle of Firebase Ripcord (July 1 – July 23, 1970), his company fought around Ripcord, and got into a severe firefight on July 22nd in which Douglas was wounded. After being rescued on July 23rd, he was taken out of combat. He recovered in Japan and returned to the United States. He served at Fort Carson, Colorado, for the remainder of his enlistment and was discharged in May 1972. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McVay, Douglas Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-10-21 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fae1e2c06a3e43e12526ebad874b016.pdf 31fb909e16d9b31f48c40c90b84f1dd3 PDF Text Text Speaking Out Western Michigan’s Civil Rights Histories Grand Valley State University Special Collections Interviewee: Raymond McVeigh Interviewers: Saidah Miller and Lauren Biggs Supervising Faculty: Liberal Studies Department Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 11/29/2011 Runtime: 01:25:28 Biography and Description Raymond McVeigh discusses his involvement with the Pro-Life movement as a Catholic. Transcript Saidah: Ok. So could you give us some basic information about yourself? You name? Your place of birth? RJ: Uh…My name is RJ McVey. Raymond. Everybody calls me RJ. I’m…born near Detroit, Michigan. I’m nineteen years old. Saidah: Alright RJ: I’m from Lansing. Where I was raised. Saidah: Ok. Are you apart of any specific religion? RJ: I’m Catholic. Saidah: Ok. And are you currently employed? What profession are you interested in? RJ: Um…Well… I worked part time with Grand Valley tutoring center. But I’m studying premedicine. Hope to be a medical doctor someday. Saidah: Awesome. Are you apart of any political party? RJ: Not officially. Saidah: Alright. And so you are involved in the Pro-Life movement. What exactly is Pro-Life? RJ: Um… the Pro-Life position would be that human life is intrinsically valuable at all stages of development. Um… that we seek to defend life from conception to natural death. Page 1 �Saidah: Ok , and did you grow up in a Pro-Life household? RJ: Not… I grew up in a Christian household. It wasn’t even really predominantly a Catholic household really. My mother was Methodist and my father was raised Catholic. But it never got spoken of in my household really. I’ve really initiated it within my own family. Now I definitely say we’re, my parents and my brother who still lives at home, I would say they’re definitely a Pro-Life household. Bu it never really was an issue that was discussed growing up. Saidah: Ok. So, what got you involved in the Pro-Life movement? RJ: It really was a combination of a few things that all happened simultaneously. I would probably say it was my senior year of high school. Um… I went to a private Catholic high school and we took, I signed up for the honors Philosophy class for my last year of Theology because we were required to take 4 years of Theology. And so, um, the Philosophy class really was an awesome experience, it was like a small class of just some of the more academically advanced students, (Clears throat), who, it was optional, whether to take the honors Philosophy, which was a year long course or take regular Philosophy which was only a semester long and so it was only people there who wanted to be there and I had an awesome teacher and it really turned into an apologetics type course a lot. Um…And just kinda like logical arguments for why we believe the things that we believe. And that really kinda sparked my interest in just the Philosophy aspect in general and being able to defend my beliefs. Cause you know I had always been Catholic, but really learning how to, why we believe what we believe and how to defend things and during that whole process I really started to realize that Pro-Life issue, there is a few Pro-Life issues. I’m assuming that we are talking specifically about the issue of abortion. Is that, the issue with abortion is that I think that the it’s the most easily, to me it’s the most obvious position that is being an injustice in our society right now and that is the most easily defended, logically, of why we should not be able to take the life of unborn human beings. And so seeing that it could be so... effectively defended, the pro-life opinion on abortion, and that there is such injustice being done by that, really that injustice got me emotionally involved in wanting to act out, to become active in that stance. And then the other thing that happened was about the time I started dating my now fiance, who was the founder of her pro-life group at another university and was president there and really involved and so spending more time around her and at the same time realizing, ya know, really kinda starting to have it sink in what an injustice was being done by this. Those two things really combined into making me really want to devote lots of my time and energy towards this. Saidah: Ok. So your girlfriend, excuse me, fiance, is a definite person who makes you stand strong in your pro-life belief? RJ: Mmmmhmm. Yeah. Page 2 �Saidah: Ok. So, do you have any pro-life heros locally? RJ: Um... Yes. I’d say that I’m the president of Grand Valley’s students for life group but really there is a, a circle of people in our group who are all extremely active and awesome at what they do. And um, they’re all really kind of, they keep me going and I hope that I keep them going and they’re pushed to remain active in this. Ya know my fiance is probably one of my prolife heros, there is a lot of things she does, a lot of types of discrimination that she faces for holding the positions that she, ya know, for being active the way that she is. And being so... I don’t know what the word is... I guess charismatic would kinda be the word I’m looking for, and the way that she is so active and courageous in that, there’s a lot of things she does that I don’t think I’d be able to do and that’s an inspiration to me. Saidah: Ok. Do you have any national pro-life heros? RJ: Yes, um, I’ve actually had the privilege to get to know one of them personally recently. I was **six-upped** into a fellowship for students for life of America, which is the national organization. And they, as a part of that fellowship, is they set you up with like a mentor, of a national pro-life leader of your choosing. And so I’d mentioned earlier that I’m really interested, my thing I feel most passionately about is the apologetics of everything, and so I’d requested a pro-life national apologist who’s name is Scott Klusendorf as my mentor and I get, uh, through the organization they asked him if he’d be interested and he said he was, and so I’ve had the privilege of getting to spend time talking to him. Couple hours every couple weeks and so gotten to know him pretty well. He’s one of my national heros. Along with the people who help run students for life of America ‘cause I really think the students, there’s lots of national pro-life groups but I really think that the students for life group is one of the most important because our age group are the ones that have to face this type of decision the most. Both men and women I think. Saidah: Ok, could you explain a little bit more about the apologetics? I’m not really familiar with that. RJ: Like what? What the apologetic argument would be? Saidah: Yes. RJ: Ok, so you could have me talk for more that two hours on this. Saidah: Take your time! RJ: Ok, so the question that it begins with is you have to realize that the question of abortion is whether or not we can kill the unborn. Alright, but before we can ever hope to answer the question, you know, is is morally ok to kill the unborn, we have to address the question, what is the unborn. Alright, just like if you had a five year old boy walk up to you and ask can I kill this, Page 3 �you would ask ok, well what is it? If he’s got a spider then sure. If it’s his brother by the throat, that’s a problem, the answer I hope would be no. So once we realize that we have to identify what is the unborn. We can look to science to answer what it is. Alright, science doesn’t how we can, how we should treat it, ya know, we’re just looking to science to identify what the unborn are. And so I could go, I could pull out of my bag a bunch of sources for this right now but, I mean, indisputably, scientifically from the moment of conception a new human organism um, is created. It’s a, I forget the technical term right now but it’s something along the lines of reproductive genesis, that species only reproduce other species of their same species. Ya know, humans reproduce humans, chimpanzees reproduce chimpanzees, and so it’s really kinda basic biology that two gametes, two haploid cells from a women and a man come together and that forms what, the first cells, called a zygote and that is a new organism. And what species is it? It is a human species. It is a unique human organism. Alright but that doesn’t tell us how we should treat it, that just tells us what it is. And so, now that we know that it is a human organism we, I’ll assume that most people I talk to will agree, that born humans are intrinsically valuable. Ya know, that we shouldn’t kill toddlers, that it’s wrong to kill people. Alright, people generally agree with that when we’re talking about people like you or me. And so the way we address this is ok, well what’s the difference between that first unborn, ya know that first cell that is a human being, what’s the difference between that unborn human being and a born human being that would make it ok to kill the unborn human being but not ok to kill the born human being. And so if you can find one of, a difference between the two that we agree does change their intrinsic value, well then you could conclude that abortion would be ok. But so, I can identify four differences that I think sum up all the differences between an unborn human being and a born human being. And those are size, their level of development, their environment, and their degree of dependancy. Alright. And I could go through each, all four of those in depth to try to explain why those don’t change a human being’s intrinsic value. I think size and environment are the most obvious. Alright. Bigger human beings aren’t more valuable than smaller human beings. I’ve never met a person who would disagree with that. So that’s the size one. Environment, I think is also pretty easy. Ya know, if I’m standing here I’m the same worth as if I were standing over there. Ya know, we don’t generally believe that your location changes how much you’re worth. And the other two differences are the level of development and their degree of dependency. Now these two you’ll sometimes ya know, have some people dispute these. I think the level of development is... pretty, you can get people to understand that that does not change your value when you, because where, we change in our level of development our entire lives. Ya know, five year old girls are much less developed than eighteen year old women. Eighteen year old women have a fully developed reproductive system, they have a more developed brain, they’ve developed life experiences, where as the five year old girls doesn’t have any of these things. Yet we all agree that the five year old is of the same intrinsic value of the eighteen year old. It’s just as bad killing the five year old as it Page 4 �would be killing the eighteen year old. So I, using examples like that I think that we can conclude that the level of development doesn’t change the value of a human being. And then the last difference is the degree of dependency. Now this one you probably will spend the most time discussing with people if you’re talking about the apologetics. People will, most pro-choice people will cling onto this and say the, how much a human being is dependent on other human beings does change their value. I would disagree and I think I can provide examples why. Because, you could use an example of like an infant. An infant is dependent on their parents for just about, as much as an unborn human being. An unborn human being fetus, if you removed all of it’s dependency on it’s parents, it would die. If you removed an infant from all their dependency on their parents, it would die. If parents neglect to feed their infant child, they’ll get convicted of murder or the equivalent thereof. And so if we believe that’s wrong to kill an infant, well then, and it’s wrong to kill a ten year old and the difference between those two are the dependency on their parents, well then I think we can conclude that the dependency doesn’t change how much they’re worth. And also, since this dependency one is usually harder for a lot of people to agree on, I also like to use the example of we’re all dependent on each other on some level. Maybe it’s not the same exact amount, but none of us are perfectly independent. Ya know, just by the nature of the types of beings that we are, we’re social creatures, we’re dependent on each other. And we’re all dependent on each other in different amounts. And so if we were to dictate that our dependency on each other changes our value none of us would be equal because of that fact that we all depend on each other in different amounts and so then we can conclude that you can’t consistently hold a view of human equality if our dependency on each other changes how much we’re worth. And so since most people at least in our country agree that people are equal, I think you can point out that you can’t consistently hold that view if you’re going to say depending on other human beings changes how much you’re worth. And so with those four differences pretty much every objection that people bring up about the differences between an embryo, or a fetus, and a toddler fall into one of those four categories and I think you can show that none of those things change how much a human being is worth. So that’s a kind of quick version for me anyways. Saidah: So how has being pro-life shaped or changed your life? RJ: Um.... a lot of the relationships I have, a lot of the friends that I have, through the pro-life activism that I’ve done, like Lauren here, it’s really gotten, it’s helped me become even firmer in some of my beliefs outside the pro-life issue too, just because you know, I’ve been in debates and things, on abortion and so um, I mean anybody who knows me really well knows that I don’t like to do things unless I know I can succeed at the them , it’s almost a problem that I have, that I don’t like taking risks, so in order to go into a debate, you know when you go into a debate you’re risking a lot, you can be embarrassed, people laugh at you, um, you could fumble over your words, you might just kinda forget what you wanted to say, it’s like I know I had a Page 5 �rebuttal to this, I just can’t think of how to put it together right now! You’re risking a lot, so when I’m like preparing to go into a debate or something, I was in a debate a couple weeks ago and I spent like weeks and hours a day ahead of time going over my stuff, making sure I have all my facts straight, especially when you’re going into a debate arguing the side that is politically incorrect. ‘Cause if you’re going to argue something that’s politically incorrect in front of, ya know, over a hundred people, you better have your stuff together otherwise you’re in trouble. Um, and so just having that almost tediousness of wanting to make sure I have my, that my logic is founded well and that I know how to respond to objections to things, um, having that type of focus on one issue really kinda broadens into my other issues too, like my belief in God, would be an example of one of the biggest ones obviously. Um, and I want to make sure that I understand, ya know, why I believe this and to be able to conclude that it’s not crazy for me to hold this belief, that I have reasons why and that it makes, that it’s better reasons than the counter argument. And so it’s really helped me with that and being founded in all of my beliefs. Saidah: All right, and I know we kinda talked about a little bit about abortion. So, could you give us like just a general overview of what you know about abortion. RJ: Well there is medically two types of abortions, a spontaneous abortion and a induced abortion. Spontaneous abortions obviously you can’t really do much about, they’re spontaneous, nature does ‘em. Ya know, that’s nature doing it. Saidah: Is that also called a miscarriage? RJ: Yes. There’s been some, uh, dispute recently amongst the medical community, some people really want it to, officially change the term from spontaneous abortion to miscarriage because of the bad connotation that comes along with the word abortion now. With, so miscarriage versus abortion, sort of the same thing. One happens spontaneously uh the other one is you’re doing it on purpose. Um, it removes an unborn human being from it’s mother’s womb, except most of the time it really does more that just remove it. People often times like to think, ya know, it’s just like removing life support, but most abortions are done through suction, which tears apart the unborn human being. Or chemicals which burn it, basically dissolve it, and so I mean there are some cases where it is kinda more like simply removing, but the majority are done where it’s more really actively killing and um, so I mean like, the analogy that I have that I think makes a lot of sense, it’s a little bit gruesome but people like to think that it’s like removing life support but its more like removing life support by first shooting the person in the head. Um, really. If you’re going back to this, that argument that human beings are the same, it’s not merely removing life support. It’s actually killing them and then removing them. Which I think is a significant difference. But so, uh, does that answer the question? Saidah: Yeah, definitely. Could you kinda talk about how abortion affects women from what you read and learned in your life? Page 6 �RJ: M hmmm. I know that um having an abortion, this has kinda become a controversial statement, that having an abortion increases your risk of breast cancer. Which to the best of my knowledge, best of my medical knowledge, is true. I’ve tried to become educated on both sides, some scientists and people say that there really isn’t any connection btw the two where as scientists on the pro life side have tried to explain that having an abortion does increase your risk of breast cancer. To the best of my knowledge that’s true. Other side effects is that it increases your risk of having spontaneous abortions in the future, which I think makes a lot of sense. Post abortive stress syndrome is another one that, it’s another thing that’s disputed. It’s not recognized by some organizations. It is recognized by some other organizations. I mean, I know personally I’ve meet women that have had abortions and suffer from the guilt of what they’ve done and that never really seems to go away. Ya know, I’m not going to say that’s going to happen to everybody who has an abortion, I’m sure there are people that have abortions who don’t feel that way afterwards, whether or not you feel that way, I don’t think changes what an abortion is and what it does. So when I’m discussing with people why I believe in that abortion is wrong, that’s not necessarily something that I would bring up because,ya know, I think as a **(inaudible)** it’d be a reason not to, but it doesn’t really come into play when you’re talking about why abortion is wrong. But, I mean, these are a few of the negative side effects, I’m sure there are some women who have abortions, don’t have any side effects but I know there are women who have abortions that do suffer from a lot of side effects. So. Saidah: Ok. Do you see an end to legal abortion? RJ: Like do I perceive one in the future? Saidah: Mmmhmm. RJ: Yes. I believe it’s possible. I wouldn’t be doing this if I didn’t think it were possible. It’s become very close, and ya know, we’ve come very close to it in the past. I mean the real reason of why I don’t think abortion is illegal already is because of the fractions within the pro life movement. If all the organizations that are pro life would all come to agreement and stop vying for kinda like popularity or ownership of the issue and just be able to submit it, ya know like this isn’t about me personally getting acknowledged for anything, I just want to help end this. I mean abortion would have been outlawed like in the eighties, there had been pro life majorities in congress enough for an amendment because at this point that’s basically what it would take. It would take either a judicial review of Roe V. Wade or it would take a constitutional amendment in order to outlaw abortion. If we went the judicial route, or were able to get the judicial route and throw out Roe V. Wade then they would go back to, then it would be a state’s issue on whether or not abortion would be legal. Where as if you went the amendment route, then it would be nationally outlawed. But yes, I think it’s possible. Lauren: Do you see it in your lifetime? Page 7 �RJ: Uh, Yes. I believe it’s possible. But uh, if someone came here in a time machine and told me it’s not going to be in my lifetime I would be any less active. I had some people give the analogy of the abolitionist movement. That push to outlaw slavery. In that it’s kinda like passing on a candle from generation to generation. If any generation down the line drops the ball, and doesn’t pass it on to the next generation, then we’d still have slavery. So I mean whether or not abortion is outlawed in my lifetime, does not change my motive to be pro life and to be actively pro life but obviously that’s the goal. Saidah: Alright. So what do you think women can learn from the pro life struggle? RJ: Um...There...I mean as a man, there’s, I’ve, I can’t help but notice that there’s this... I guess you’d call it a stereotype from the pro choice side, that tries to paint all pro life men as trying to control women. I never quite understood that because I’m not sure what I would gain from it. I mean, I’ve honestly sat down and tried to think, ok what would personally be in this for me by changing this. The only thing I can honestly think of would be that someday down the road when i’m working, not in school any more and my supervisor of boss was a women who becomes pregnant and would otherwise have had an abortion but if abortion were illegal could not and then had to go on maternity leave and then I would maybe have a chance to take their supervisor job or something like that. I mean, other than that I honestly can’t think of anything that I would personally gain from outlawing abortion and frankly I think that’s kinda far fetched and maybe this is me being prideful but IF I wanted to control women i’m pretty sure that I could do something that would be better at controlling women than that, (Chuckling from interviewers) than you know, putting in hours, ya know, into this every week during my college education. I just don’t, that’s the one thing I guess if I could, like send a message for women to learn I guess, it’s just that pro life men aren’t trying to control you. It’s really just because I believe all human life is valuable. But other than that just that, um, what women can learn from the pro life struggle...it’d just be that, I mean one of the most common reasons women cite for having an abortion is that they feel like they have no other choice. Which I think is kinda ironic. And I can see that, ya know, that women are pressured by their boyfriends, by their husbands, by their families, especially young women, teenagers pressured by their families. And I think that something that I’d like them to learn from the pro life struggle is that, ya know, we’re here because we want to support you. We want to support your family. Ya know, when pro life people are, ya know, protests are outside abortion clinics, it’s not to condemn you it’s to show you that, ya know, we support your other option, as to have your child, we want to support you in that way. Saidah: Ok, so if you or a friend was faced with a crisis pregnancy what would your advice be? RJ: Luckily I’ve really only been faced with this situation once and my friend chose to have her child. And I’ll be the first to admit that this probably isn’t my forte, this isn’t what I feel that I’m Page 8 �great at, just kinda general of giving advice, I don’t think I’m the greatest at giving advice. And because it’s much different there because ya know I’ve pointed out I’m really into the apologetics thing, ya know where as when somebody’s actually faced with the situation that’s usually not what you want to do. (chuckles) Is,ya know, provide out logical arguments and things like that because that’s not what it is about anymore, it’s an emotional issue at that point. I think the apologetics stuff I much more suited for an academic level, like debate, conversing amongst people who don’t really have any personal stake in the issue at that point when they’re discussing it, where as when there’s somebody actually facing the crisis of pregnancy, it becomes much more personal and much more emotional and that’s really when, just kinda like emotional issues in general, it’s more important just to be there for that person and support them. So I guess if I had a friend who was faced with that situation I would tell them that I care about them no matter what they do, that their decision doesn’t change their worth, that they’re still a valuable person regardless of what they do but that I do believe that abortion is wrong and that if you’re willing to listen to why, I would be happy to explain to them why I believe it’s wrong. I’d be sure from a medical perspective to point out that, just how, it’s really, like I said, it’s basic biology but people just kinda seem to, it’s almost like a willful negligence or willful ignorance of the facts. Just explain like, ok, scientifically this is a human being who by definition is your, I mean you can use the word offspring, it’s your child, just scientifically say like I know that you believe in that people are valuable , I believe people are valuable and I believe that your unborn child is a person and that I would encourage you to give your child life and i’d love to be willing to support you in making that decision and maybe and find other people who have the means to support them in a more concrete way, ya know, financially or something like that. Lauren: Pro life groups and I know students for life of Grand Valley has been quoted saying “Eliminate the crisis, not the pregnancy.” Could you give some examples of places in western Michigan that you’re aware of that can help women in a crisis pregnancy? Saidah: I mean, the first one that I know of, because we work closely with them is Lakeshore Pregnancy center. Which is right outside, right off Grand Valley campus. Speaking as a catholic, I know that most catholic churches, if somebody went to them and said hey I’m facing this tough situation that they’d have people who’d be more that wiling to help and show support. I mean, outside that just basically any pro life group. In the pro life movement there’s kinda two sects. This isn’t the division that I was talking about before, there’s just kinda two groups that focus on two different aspects. There’s the crisis pregnancy centers which focus on that more personal, emotional aspect I was talking about and those are the groups that I would refer to a friend who was in this situation. And so the local one is the Lakeshore pregnancy center. And then the other group within the pro life movement is the more right to life groups. Which are more about the activism, to people who aren’t necessarily facing this right now but just Page 9 �showing them what abortion is and why we should be against it. That’s more about, along the APOLOGETICS type line, the more, like the legal aspect and things like that, where as the crisis pregnancy centers are the ones who personally work with women who are, and families really, who are faced with this situation. And so those are the types of groups that I would refer people to. Does that answer the question? Saidah: Yes. Yes it does. So we know your involved with students for life, how long have you worked with this organization? RJ: Students for life of Grand Valley, two years, a year and a half now. Well I guess sort of, if we’re talking about students for life in general, I started in high school. ‘Cause I went to a catholic high school and we had group of students who were pro life. We didn’t officially have a group then, I think at my high school they’ve now started an official group but I mean students for life of America, the national organization, a year and a half. Saidah: Alright. So could you give us some of the goals and purposes of this group? RJ: Well, I mean the technical goal, as stated in our constitution is to provide an outlet for students to express the belief that abortion is morally, ethical and socially wrong. To promote values of life that value human life from conception to natural death. So those are kinda like a big picture goals. Some of the more smaller, concrete goals would be, like what we do is we every year have an event to for, like a fundraiser for the local crisis pregnancy center that I was talking about a second ago. We go to the national march for life every January on the anniversary of Roe V. Wade to be active in demonstrating ya know that’s more along the legal lines of protesting, saying that we as a, we as individuals of this country don’t believe that we should be allowing this to happen. We also do things like participate in 40 days for life. Which is a nationally organized event but the way we get involved is through locally, spending time and prayer outside of the local abortion clinic. We try to initiate dialogues between students on this issue, we try to initiate dialogue between our group and the pro choice group on campus, not always successful, but we always try to initiate those conversations. Saidah: Is students for life a religious group? RJ: Students for life is NOT a religious group. While most people in are group are, you could say religious, I don’t really like the word religion in general kind of. I don’t believe in a religion, I believe in the truth. But um, (chuckles) but no, we are not a religious group. We can fully and completely make our case without any sort of religion at all. I think that might be seen in the apologetic argument I put forward earlier, in that faith, religion wasn’t brought into that at all. We simply start with the assumption that we all agree that we shouldn’t kill people, that we shouldn’t kill born human beings so that’s not necessarily a religious claim, that’s kinda just a Page 10 �common agreement amongst people, and then we build our argument from there using science and philosophy. And logic. Saidah: Ok, so what as a student for life organization done in the community to help spread the pro life message? RJ: We regularly bring in speakers, hold events on campus. Typically every year we have at least one cemetery of innocence, which it’s what we call our demonstration where we will set up a certain number, like kinda reserve a space of grass outdoors and we’ll set up a certain number of crosses usually, and then have signs that say ya know, each cross represents blank amount of human beings aborted every day or every year, type thing. To kinda demonstrate the number of abortions that take place and how many human lives are being taken. So that’s one of the things we do to try to publicly get the pro life message out. In addition to the speakers, we do tabling. And a lot of those events are part of what we call fire and ice week. Just kinda like a co-hosted event with our pro life group and the pro choice group on campus. Originally the idea was that both groups would cosponsor each others events to like, student government, to maybe get like more funding for each group’s individual events. And then it kinda becomes like an abortion awareness week where both groups everyday of the week hold extra, like an event every day to advocate their cause. When this first was initiated here on Grand Valley’s campus, it ended with a debate at the end of the week between the two groups. That was the original idea it’s kind of changed since then, so that’s when we do things like the cemetery of innocence, we bring in lots of speakers and a couple other things like we’ll bring in a speaker who has a personal testimony on abortion maybe that they received or that they had type thing. We’ll bring like a pro-life obstetrician slash gynecologist who will speak on medical aspects. So we do a lot of those events during what we call the fire and ice week. But we periodically have these type of events all year round. Saidah: Could you describe an experience that caused you to be pro-life? RJ: You know really, I haven’t had, I have been blessed to not have been personally connected to that many people facing that type of situation to my knowledge anyways. Really, the most personal experience would be the two things I said in the beginnings. One, my philosophy class my senior year of high school. And in particular the personal relationship I had with the teacher, and then my relationship with my fiancee. Saidah: Could you, you had mentioned previously that you had done some type of prayer at an abortion clinic. Were there any experiences within those sessions that you came face to face with talking to a woman facing an abortion and if so how did that affect you? RJ: Yeah, when I’ve spent time praying slashing protesting I guess you could call it at the clinics I personally haven’t really spoken to any of the women going in or coming out. And a big part of Page 11 �the that is just tactically being with other people who are there for the same reason and women who are faced with the situation probably don’t want to be speaking to some stranger college guy. You know, if I was faced with the situation where a woman was going to get an abortion and I was the only one there, like it was a friend of mine, yes I would initiate talk to them about this, try to be compassionate. But you know when I’m there with a group of people, like I’ve done this with my fiancee before. She will try to initiate conversation with the couples, with the women going in and out. She has started communication with people like this. So personally I have not. I’ve seen it happen, i’ve seen couples come out of the clinic because you know sometimes it’s just because me and the group of people were there, just because we were there that we were showing support basically, they changed their minds, they didn’t get an abortion just because they saw people there. And then other times I’ve seen it happen because people have gone to them and talked to them and ya know, kinda been there for them. I think it means a lot to people when they realize that people, when the pro life people are outside the clinic because they care, I think when they realize that, they maybe even if they think we’re wrong in what we believe, just when they realize that we’re there because we care, I think that means a lot regardless of whether or not you think it’s a human being that’s being killed or not. Just to see that somebody feels so strongly about that that they want to be there to show compassion for you. I think that means a lot to people. Saidah: Ok so are there any particular experiences that you’ve had with the pro life movement that have been monuments to you or that has really shaped and defined your belief? Lauren: That’s a good question. RJ: Yeah. The most powerful experience I think I’ve had was the time, the first time I was at the clinic. The one I’ve been at the most is near Flint, Michigan which is where my fiance’s from. And I was with there with her and her student’s for life group and some people from the local right to life group and that clinic, the time that they do abortions are early Saturday morning. And the reason they do this is to discourage people from coming out and being there. And so when I’ve gone with them before it’s kinda gruesome because you literally got to get up at like six o’clock in the morning on Saturday to go out there because they do their abortions between seven a.m. and ten a.m. on Saturday morning. And so sometimes it’s a little gruesome, you usually don’t want, not gruesome but grueling is the word I’m looking for. Ya know, you don’t want to, you want to sleep in. But I’ve dragged myself out there with them a couple times and the first time that we had a couple come out of the clinic and, we hadn’t talked to them beforehand, we had had the people try to talk to them beforehand but they had ignored us and just gone to the clinic and twenty minutes later came out and we didn’t know what was going on, they just went to their car but then they pulled around by us and asked, hey do you have any information, we usually have flyers with information about pregnancy support group flyer type things, came around and asked do you have any information that we could take, and we Page 12 �were like Yeah! Sure! We were excited because we don’t always get people come up and be willing to talk to us. And we asked do you know anybody who’s faced with an abortion and the women was like yeah, I was supposed to have one today. And they said, we’re not having one anymore, and they both just looked so happy and it was the day before mother’s day which was really cool. Saidah: Oh wow. RJ: And honestly they looked, and this isn’t me just being biased, they looked happy. They were both smiling. That was probably the coolest...and everybody, our group was there, there was probably like six to eight of us that were there, we were all so excited. And then my fiance Brianna started crying because she cries whenever she’s happy, that was pretty, that was a powerful, emotional experience that kinda keeps me going sometimes when I don’t, when I’d rather put more effort into something for myself. That keeps me going with giving up that extra time and effort for those couples that are faced with those decisions and those lives that are in the balance. Saidah: Have you had any personal experience like those on campus when you’re having any type of events? RJ: Not from people who were facing this decision or had faced this decision but I have had people come up to me who are just really encouraged to see such support on our campus for the pro life movement. None of them were like, really impacting, they were always encouraging and really appreciated but not like that other experience I was talking about. Those are kinda, ya know, because they mean so much to you they are rare. They wouldn’t mean as much to you if they were common I don’t think. Saidah: That’s true. So have you ever had any type of repeat type experiences like that? Have you ever had any really bad experiences with the abortion clinics? RJ: Uh, yes. (All laugh) I kinda like the bad experiences stuff sometimes. Because I, one of the experiences, it was just like a month or two ago when we were doing 40 days for life we had a few people from our group go, and there’s this guy who was walking towards us to go past us on the sidewalk and he looked like a college aged guy, and so there were probably three or four of us kinda lined up, side to side, in front of the building. And he walked by and as he passed each of us, he turned, about this far from our heads and, what did he say?... He said something pretty vulgar. He had the F word in there and he said like, you’re a f’ing idiot or something like that to each of us as he walked by and just kept walking. Oh and then when he got to me he changed it up a little bit, he said that to like the other three people and then he got to me and he changed it up and threw the f word in there twice or something. To me it’s just so Page 13 �outrageous, I don’t even get angry, I just kinda laugh and, I mean, to be honest, I think i’d rather have everybody respond that way then to have everybody just walk by. Saidah: Mmmhmm. It lets you know that they’re paying attention. RJ: Right. To know that people notice. I don’t know, it doesn’t bother ME if people say that. Doesn’t change the facts, doesn’t change what I think is true. You know, I’m not doing this because I think it’s going to make me popular. So that’s definitely not a factor, when people say negative things toward me. I’m just doing this because I’m following what I honestly believe is true, ya know. I mean, I’m open to anybody showing me reasons and evidence for why what I believe is true isn’t true but until that happens i’m going to follow it. And so when I have those negative experiences it doesn’t really discourage me at all, it kinda Encourages me, to notice that people are noticing and that we’re getting to the people that disagree with us. So. (chuckles) Saidah: So was there, besides that one, any other moments that you had in your life that you remember being treated differently for for your pro life stance? RJ: Oh yeah. I like it when we table. ‘Cause I think one of the things that, when we table, obviously like I said earlier we’re a politically incorrect group basically. Saidah: Could you describe real quick what tabling is? RJ: Ok. Tabling is an event, or is an activity that all student organizations on our campus and on most campuses can do. And they just reserve a time in a big, social building, for us it’s Kirkoff, where you just kinda get a table off to the side of the hallway and you can set up posters and everything for your cause and it’s and opportunity for anybody who sees your group, says hey I might be interested in getting involved with that group, to come over and talk to a couple of people from the group about what they do, what that person would do to get involved, that type of thing. That’s something that we do periodically. Usually once every couple weeks, just for a few hours. Usually it’d be like in the University student union building type thing. Kirkoff is basically Grand Valley’s equivalent. As to being treated differently, when we table we have this box of fetal development models, of lifelike, to scale kinda rubbery models of the development of a fetus every few weeks. And so part of our posters and stuff we put on our table when we table, we have these out there, sitting out and we get so many weird looks. (laughs) Because they basically look like little naked babies. Especially when we’ll just schedule people to table from our group, take like one hour shifts type of thing, and every now and again it’ll end up with just, we usually try to have two people at a table at a time, every now and again we’ll end up having two guys at the table and whenever we have to guys at the table is the best. (chuckles) ‘Cause so many people give us weird looks and i’ve heard people, i’ve seen like a couple girls walk by and one whispers to the other, it’s always a couple of guys. Sometimes it Page 14 �makes me feel a little, it doesn’t make me feel embarrassed or anything because it’s not like I think that people are going to judge me differently by, it’s only fear that it is going to, that people are going to take it as reinforcement of that stereotype that I was talking about earlier of men trying to control women. That’s really my only apprehension when that happens because I honestly, I can say personally that’s not true for me, I guess I can’t speak for the personal attentions of every pro life man out there but it’s not the reason that men are pro life. So, ya know, people see what they want to see though, if somebody’s already pro choice and they think, ya know, they’re telling themselves that and then they see two guys at the pro life table sometimes I worry that we’re just reinforcing that but that’s the time that I’m definitely treated differently. Saidah: Alright, are there any other experiences that stick out in your mind that you’ve had with the pro life movement? Were they good, bad, indifferent? RJ: I mean there’s a lot of frustrating examples. Because, I mean... Saidah: Tell us about ‘em! (chuckles) RJ: Alright, well this kinda goes along with how people tend, there’s another stereotype that all pro life people are just religious nuts. Ya know, that pro life people are pro life because their bible tells them to be, is a stereotype that is completely untrue. Crap, I kinda forget where I was going with this. (chuckles) For example we, I was in a debate a few weeks ago on another university’s campus, on my fiance’s campus and when they met with the pro choice group, it wasn’t purely a pro choice group, but it was like a secular students for free thought group who were going to be arguing the pro choice side.When they met to get together to just kinda discuss how they were going to set up the debate and everything, somewhere amongst the conversations, I wasn’t there, but I was told that somewhere amongst the conversation it got mentioned that we weren’t going to be talking about religion and the other group was shocked, like they couldn’t understand, like what? the pro choice group isn’t arguing about a religion? And they were like, no, we use science and philosophy and they were like, they couldn’t understand that. That’s a time when it’s a little bit frustrating but at the same time satisfying because you’re breaking stereotypes but, I remember where I was going with this originally though, is that there’s this idea amongst pro choice people that I’ve experienced, you know, I’m not going to claim to know what all pro choice people think but there definitely is this general consensus that being pro choice is kinda like the more enlightened, I guess you could say, this is really in the media, that being pro choice is the enlightened, tolerant individual who, and is kinda anti-religion, because there is this idea that being pro life IS religious, and so it’s kinda this idea that it’s the anti-religious, enlightened position that fights the power of the church or something. But the people who tell themselves that, that they’re somehow being kind of rebellious and strong by being pro choice is completely false. There’s nothing more anti- Page 15 �establishment then being pro life. I mean if you want to fight the establishment join the pro life cause. Ya know, especially in the universities and just in the government and the policies it’s all directed towards why abortion should be ok. If you want to have something to be antiestablishment it should be pro life. And so the most obvious example that I’ve had of this personally is right now I’m taking a human genetics course and there was a section basically on genetic and chromosomal abnormalities. And so examples of this would be like down syndrome. Down syndrome is caused by an individual having three copies of the chromosome 21. You’re only supposed to have two. And so during the section we were supposed to study the causes of down syndrome and a part of this was how to detect down syndrome and so it’s common practice for many doctors, for many women that are pregnant, is that they’ll test the fetus before it’s born to see if it has down syndrome. And so, I mean, that in and of itself, testing to see if your unborn child has down syndrome is’t necessarily bad. If you’re doing it with the intention of, ok, if it does I’m gunna kill it, that’s a problem. But there could be legitimate causes, you know, if anything, you just want to know, so that you can prepare so that when it’s time to give birth you’re not all of a sudden shocked to find out that your newborn child has down syndrome, that’s understandable, to be mentally prepared for that. But so a part of this in my genetics course was that we’d have like a sample question that says, ya know, it’s supposed to be like a clinically orientated question, where it’s like, ok, say you’re the doctor and a women comes to you and she’s two months pregnant and she has, say an uncle with down syndrome and she has a two year old son already who has down syndrome. And so what you’re supposed to answer is what should you do as the doctor about this. And so it was a multiple choice question and one of the possible choices for answering was order an immediate induced abortion. And that really upset me. There were a few questions like that on the worksheet that we had. Granted it wasn’t the right answer that you were supposed to get but it was still there. The right answer was to basically, to test to see if it has down syndrome and then that’s almost implying oftentimes that, ya know, well if it does we shouldn’t let it live. So I mean that’s just one of my personal examples of how being pro life is anti-establishment. Other frustrating circumstances... there’s a lot of circumstances like that one I said about the being protesting at the clinic. I mean, I’m usually surprised if we’re there and we don’t have at least one car drive by and honk at us, in a bad way.There’s good honks and there’s bad honks and you start to, after you do it a couple times you figure out the difference. Usually good honks are one or two quick ones, bad honks are “EEEEEEENNNNNHHHHHH” (makes obnoxious honking noise) as they drive by and sometimes they’ll like slow down to like ten miles per hour as they go by so that they can honk at you longer. It’s happened. (Interviewers chuckling) Other frustrating ones are, I’ve had frustrating circumstances when I’ve got on to this topic with like some of my roommates, some of my closer friends that I’ve gotten to know through college. It’s just frustrating because to me it seems so straightforward, but I know that’s because I’ve spent so much time going over why I believe this. And so to me it seems straightforward but, then Page 16 �when other people, like when I say two gametes form a zygote, that’s a new human being, to me that’s a scientific fact. When people are like, ya know, I don’t know if that’s true, I’m like ugh! When we live in a society that’s so dominated by the bias of scientific materialism, basically the belief that science rules all, and yet the one or two times, the one time when that is in our favor people are questionable about it. (chuckles) To me, being a more kinda intellectual, science, philosophy, apologetics orientated guy that that’s really frustrating to me. Saidah: So could you give us some historical events that have happened in your lifetime regarding the pro life movement? RJ: When you say historical events, you mean like nationally historical or like historical in my past? Saidah: Both. The progressions that the pro life movement has made. RJ: Well, I don’t, I’m probably not the best person to talk about that because I’ve only really been active for a few years. Ya know a big part of it takes place on the political stage, since that’s how legal action gets done. And I’ve really only started to follow politics or anything for like maybe a year or so. Now I feel like I follow stuff pretty regularly, like in the news and politically and stuff. But, I mean I know that just a few weeks ago like in the state of Mississippi there was a proposal that they called the personhood amendment or something like that, that would establish in Mississippi’s state constitution that personhood begins at conception, basically saying that all human beings are persons. Because that’s basically what the conversation becomes about is human being versus person, you have to start drawing a line in between there when you, when everybody agrees on the scientific fact that a zygote is a new, unique, human organism. Scientifically the fact is that is a human organism that belongs to the human species. And so the pro choice groups have to start coming up with reasons why that’s a human but why it’s not a person when they start drawing this line between being human and being a person. Which I think prior to this or if you were to ask, like a child who tends to have a simplistic view of things, I think it’s kinda more common sense to say that well that all people are people, all humans are people. So basically what this Mississippian amendment tried to do a few weeks ago was define that saying personhood begins when the human begins. And so this was faced with a lot of controversy and the group who organized this legislation wasn’t actually the politicians, it was one of the right to life groups I talked about earlier who focus on the legal aspects. They purposely went to Mississippi into this because Mississippi is one of the most conservative states. And they tried to push this into their constitution so that could defend, so that they could basically try to outlaw abortion within their state. They were purposely doing this because they knew it would be in contradiction to Roe V. Wade. And so their goal was to pass this law, put it into effect and people will challenge it and then their hope was that it would appeal up to the supreme court and then that would prompt a review of Roe V. Wade Page 17 �was their goal basically by trying to pass this amendment in Mississippi. And so I had been really hoping that that would succeed, it did not succeed. Not for reasons because people thought that unborn human beings should not be valuable, it was because, from what I understand, because people were afraid of how it would affect issues of in vitro fertilization, how it would affect some forms of birth control , because some forms of birth control do have the intention of not allowing an embryo to implant in the womb, which would result in the death of a human being. Ya know, that’s a fact. Whether or not the human being is valuable gets back to the issue of, well, personhood. And so that was the concerns that I heard cited most among the people who were against that Mississippi amendment. That could have been a very historical event. My understanding is that they are going to try again, possibly word the amendment differently so that those concerns won’t apply but that would still have the same effect basically. I feel like there was something else recently... Oh, I know Michigan recently outlawed partial birth abortions, which I think is a very good thing. It’s not enough, but it’s a very good thing. Saidah: Sorry to interrupt. What’s partial abortion? RJ: Partial birth abortion is, I honestly can’t believe anybody thinks this is ok, partial birth abortion is treading the line of what is legal and what is not legal. Legally, a human is born when the head is removed from it’s mother’s body. The head, specifically. Ok, so partial birth abortion is a late term abortion, meaning that it’s done like eight. nine, seven weeks into the pregnancy. And they induce labor, remove the child from the womb, they remove the legs, the torso, the arms, everything except for the head. So they literally hold the baby so that only it’s head is still inside it’s mother and then they’ll take scissors and put it into the child’s neck and pierce it and then put a suction into that incision and literally suck out it’s brain. To kill it. Because it’s not legally protected until the head is removed. So they remove everything except for the head and then they kill it. This happens. In our country. Saidah: Seems more gruesome than just regular abortion. RJ: Yes. And it was legal in the state of Michigan up until a couple weeks ago. It’s legal but there has to be certain circumstances of risk of health to the mother, not necessarily certain death but just risks to their health. And then when they define health, they use the United Nations definition of health which includes like economy and proper food and things like that. So it’s not necessarily a risk to their life, it’s a risk to their health. So like if I have this child i’ll have to spend money on it so I won’t be able to buy proper nutrition, ya know, I won’t be able to buy food that is as nutritious as the food that I have right now so therefore having this child is a risk to my health. So I could decide if I were a women and eight months pregnant that I, and there are doctors who are so pro choice that they’ll say ok, just come up with any reason and I’ll do this for you, ‘cause I don’t really think that there should be any rules against this so just come up with some excuse and I’ll be ok with it. And there are doctors who will preform this. There Page 18 �have been many documented cases, the most recent one was in Philadelphia, with an abortion doctor who , sometimes this partial birth abortion procedure goes wrong where the baby might be too slippery or the head is too small and so they’re trying to remove it up to the head but then it all comes out. And so now, legally, it’s a person. Now it’s protected but they wanted to kill it so nobody’s watching so they’ll just kill it anyway, after it’s been born and nobody knows the difference. And so there’s been documented cases of people getting caught doing this and they get charged with murder. Where as if they did it thirty seconds earlier with the head still inside the mother, then it’s ok. This is still legal in most places in the United States. There’s been push back, they tried to ban it nationally and they actually got it passed I believe, during Bill Clinton’s turn as president but he vetoed it I think. I don’t, i’m not sure if that’s correct, that’s what I think happened. So that’s partial birth abortion, it’s now banned in Michigan, thank god. And the thing about this is, the most common excuse for doing that basically is that usually when you’re delivering you want to remove the head first because the head is usually the largest and so if it doesn’t fit basically there’s not an immediate, urgent problem, you can do other things to try to get it to fit. So if you, but it can cause problems for the mother, it can be a risk. And so they’ll say ya know, well the head might be a little too big so this might be a risk, and so then that’s an excuse to do this. Saidah: Alright. Are there any articles, books, films or speeches that made your pro life stance even stronger? RJ: There’s one book that I read recently, by my mentor who I mentioned earlier, his book, he’s an author, called the case for life. Which basically kind of outlines that same apologetic thing that I was talking about earlier like the size of the home environment, degree of dependency type thing. He didn’t coin that, that’s not his, he cites it for who came up with that way of presenting the argument. That book was very good. It also touched on embryonic stem cell research because embryonic stem cell research kills a human being in the embryo stage of development. And that same book kind of addresses, preemptively addresses a lot of pro choice arguments. I mean, that’s the best way to prepare for trying to persuade somebody is to think about your case, think about how people might object to that and then be prepared to address their objections. You gotta be able to play both sides in order, I think, to fully understand an issue. And then that book’s called The case for life. Read that one recently, really liked that one. That’s probably the only book I think I’ve ever read that is specifically about pro life issues. Saidah: Ok. So what is your stance on pro life and rape victims? RJ: In cases of rape, I do not, it does not change what an abortion is. If who I’m talking to accepts, if my roommate is correct that an unborn human being is of the same value and worth as a born human being then it’s basically like saying the mother was abused in this terrible way Page 19 �and therefore we’re going to kill a third party person in order to relieve her suffering. I don’t think that’s ok. People, ya know, will put it as it’s killing the child for the mistakes of the father. I think that is a true explanation of what you’re doing, I think, if you’re actually trying to explain that to somebody you need to go a little bit more in depth than that. I mean, it’s obviously a terrible situation but it still doesn’t make killing a human being ok. There are very rare cases where killing a human being is ok. I’m not saying that it’s completely impossible. Sometimes it is the lesser of two evils. But I don’t think thats proper justification for killing a human being. Obviously those women need and deserve all of our support, ya know I’m not going to say tough luck, ya know that’s obviously not the response that I give. It’s a gracious no I still don’t think it’s ok, I want to help you type of response. Saidah: And students for life would throw out the option of adoption and things of that nature as well correct? RJ: Yeah, that’s always, I guess I probably should have stated that because that’s always just and assumption in my mind that adoption is always an option. Personally, I’ve been affected by the option of adoption (chuckles) heh, that rhymes, I have a little two year old cousin who was recently adopted into our family. He’s going to be the ring bearer in my wedding next summer. I love him and adoption really is beautiful. So it’s, if you were raped and conceived, it doesn’t mean that you’re being condemned to being responsible for another human being for the rest of your life, ya know, like you would be raising a child. There’s that option to allow another couple who wants them to adopt them. And there are enough couples who want to adopt. There are often, like in the debates I’ve been in, they often cite like there are so many children here who don’t have adopting parents yet. But the main reason for that is adopting parents generally want infants and newborns , where as the children who are in foster care and not being adopted are generally more like five, six, seven, teenagers and those, at those ages there are not usually enough parents who want to adopt teenagers. But I mean for newborn infants there are many parents who want to adopt. Saidah: Alright. How do you feel about pro life when it relates to the mother’s health, whether it’s a rape victim or someone who is actively pursuing pregnancy? RJ: So you’re saying like with risk to the mother’s life right? Ok. So this is where we kinda get more into the, I was talking about earlier, sometimes there could be reasons to take the life of a human being. This kinda gets into the stage where people start to think well maybe it is. So and what, this is more kinda, my understands of the catholic church’s position on abortion, these issues. I think most people agree with them, it’s what I believe makes a lot of sense and is just. Ok so lets say that there’s a pregnancy that is developing complications that is, there is some risk of the mother dying because of it. Alright, so lets say that to the best of our medical knowledge we can say that this pregnancy has a lets say one third chance of taking the Page 20 �mother’s life. Alright, so if the pregnancy were to take the mother’s life it would then take the life of the unborn child because the child can’t survive without the mother. Right. So both the mother and the child have a one third chance of dying in this case. So we can ethically preform a procedure to try to remove the complications as long as the purpose isn’t to just directly kill the unborn human being. The solution can’t be to kill this person to save that person. We can do a procedure that has a chance of helping both of the human beings survive and so if there’s a one third chance you can preform a procedure to try and help the mother that has like up to a one third chance of resulting in the death of the unborn human being because the unborn human being already is at a one third chance of dying. And so any procedure that has the potential of helping it that still has that one third chance of resulting, ya know, might accidentally kill the unborn child hasn’t put the unborn child at any greater injustice, it’s had a, it’s been an effort to try to help both human beings survive. Saidah: Would an example of that be the new medical advances, for example in utero surgery and things of that nature? RJ: Mmmhmm. I guess I kinda jumped right off to the complicated answer. I think the simple answer is I think every effort should be made to save the mother and every effort made to save the child. I believe they are of equal intrinsic value. Because none of the differences between them change how much they’re worth. So they both, so there’s two lives here that we’re trying to save, we should do everything we can to save both of them. And so there’s a difference here between having a risk to the mother’s life and a certainty of taking the mother’s life. If there’s a certainty that the pregnancy is going to end the mother’s life, which is really more kind of a hypothetical situation, then there’s also a certainty that the unborn child is going to die as well. And so if you do a procedure that has almost a certainty of killing the unborn child but that isn’t the goal of it, like if there’s just a minute chance that the procedure may save both lives, even if there’s like a 99.9% chance that it’s going to kill the unborn human being, there’s still that .1% chance that you’re aiming for in doing this, then it would be moral to do that. Basically, it’s as long as the intention isn’t to actively kill the unborn human being then it’s an ethical procedure. Saidah: Ok. And so why do you think abortion is still legal when media and movies are always advocating having the child? Do you think the media will help the pro life cause? RJ: I think that the media does not help the pro life cause overall. Specifically like in the news media and things like that. This kinda goes for all issues that are deemed liberal. I think it’s pretty obvious that most of the media is liberally biased. That’s debatable though. Like in T.V. shows and things like that, your right in that T.V. series that have had pregnancies worked into the plot, they’ve realized that ending the pregnancy with abortion isn’t good for ratings. People don’t like that. The reason I think abortion is still legal is because, well there’s a couple different things. I think one of them, which is a kinda even bigger issue of why things are the way they Page 21 �are is a belief in subjective morality and that people, there’s this pretty dominant belief amongst like the youth in particular that there’s really no such thing as right and wrong, and that it’s up to each individual to determine what’s right and wrong. I would love to have a conversation with somebody about that by itself. That’s another one of those issues I was talking about earlier, where my focus on pro life apologetics has branched out into these other issues and this belief of subjective morality. I really like to have that conversation with people and the apologetics of that and whether or not that really is true. And this is seen in things like you shouldn’t force your beliefs on other people, is something I hear people often say. I think that’s a contradictory statement. I could go into a long schpeel about why that’s a contradictory statement but that’s a very dominant belief and so the problem here is even people who believe abortion is wrong think that it should be a personal issue to everybody. Ya know. I think that’s one of the big reasons people who, and another one of the reasons is because there’s really kind of a spectrum of where peoples believes fall. There’s people who are extremely pro choice and say all nine months of pregnancy shouldn’t have to have any reasons, you can just have an abortion for whatever you want. Versus the very pro life end which says no. You should never have an abortion, it’s never ok. And one of the problems is I think most people, I feel safe saying that most people believe that abortion out of convenience is not ok. Alright. And the fact is that most abortions are out of convenience. Convenience being like social, economical reasons. Well, like, ya know I could support this child but I’d be very poor if I did so I’d rather kill it would be a social economical reason. So most people agree that abortion out of convenience is wrong but they still hold onto well, in cases of incest, rape and threats to the mother’s life, then it’s still ok, is what, I think there’s a pretty good chunk of the American population holds that type of position. And the thing is, is that if you have that type of position you are pro life on 99% of pregnancy cases. Alright. But since they still hold onto those few exceptions they consider themselves pro choice and then therefore when it comes to like a vote or politically, they agree that we should have the choice to have an abortion. So I think one of the problems is that on this big long spectrum, people that are even on the pro life end consider, they call themselves pro choice. I think that’s one of the problems. So that, subjective morality, media bias, I’d probably say those are the three main reasons. Saidah: Ok. Does the pro life movement support or advocate abstinence? RJ: No. We don’t really take a position on abstinence versus... I don’t know, what’s contrary abstinence? Promiscuity? Promiscuity? (all chuckle) We don’t take a stance on that. I think that if we were all to come to the conclusion that having sex results in a new human being we would all take it a lot more seriously. I think it, I think that being pro choice encourages the nonabstinence only lifestyle. Because I mean if reproducing doesn’t really create another human being and you can just get rid of it if you want, well then there’s not much responsibility involved in it. Right, then the only issue becomes not getting a disease. Which I guess if you Page 22 �really, i’m not speaking from experience, but I mean I guess if you were really careful you could avoid that pretty well and so it kinda becomes more of a thing for pleasure. I don’t think it’s just a thing for pleasure. Personally I would encourage abstinence before marriage but i’m not going to argue for that as strongly as I will for the pro life cause because I believe that abortion takes the life of another human being, where as I think that if you have sex outside of marriage without the abortion part related to it, I really just think you’re kind of hurting yourself. I think in the end you’d be happier if you didn’t do that. I mean, you’re only hurting yourself so I’ll defend your right to choose to do that, where as I will NOT defend your right to choose to take the life of another human being. Saidah: Ok. So the pro life movement’s more of a let me help you with the decision you’re faced with right now, not a preventative type of measure. RJ: There are some pro life groups who probably do purposely encompass the more preventative stuff, but we don’t officially take a stand on that. Saidah: Well thank you very much R.J.. We very much appreciate it. RJ: You’re welcome. I enjoyed it. Saidah: Yes, thank you. Are there any other, you know, last minute comments you want to give us? RJ: No, nothing. (chuckles) No, not really into this. Saidah: Well thank you R.J.! END OF INTERVIEW Page 23 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/403d33c69c30ae5983a093494c6d0924.mp3 7f7a1eb95aedae53aec09044a8258be1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Personal narratives Oral histories African Americans--Personal narratives Gays--Personal narratives Lesbians--Personal narratives Bisexual people--Personal narratives Transgender people--Personal narratives Veterans--Personal narratives Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Muslims--United States--Personal narratives Hispanic Americans--Personal narratives Homophobia Discrimination Islamophobia Stereotypes (Social psychology)--Upper Penninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project (GV248-01) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-05-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1930-2011 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01_McVeigh_Raymond Title A name given to the resource Raymond McVeigh audio interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McVeigh, Raymond Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Miller, Saidah Biggs, Lauren Description An account of the resource Raymond McVeigh discusses his involvement with the Pro-Life movement as a Catholic. Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Discrimination Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Relation A related resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-11-29 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/70092d4325db46ad6fdb3cdbb8fe335f.mp4 c35b963da169205345447fdc6898ad24 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a33d4e1cc0def9b6da5c2e862a452c13.pdf c63954d73c73b9c1f6274d7ac9ef996a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project William McViker (00:33:19) Background (00:15) • (:15)Born August 12 1959 in Lewistown Pennsylvania • Graduated from Lewistown Area High School • Currently working for Perrigo in Allegan Michigan-Pharmaceutical Company (2:00) Air Force • Time enlisted during the bombing of Libya-4yr event • 2yrs in Incirlik Air Force Base Turkey • Married with daughter before service-son during service • (2:45) Turkey approximately ’82-88(based on daughter’s age while in Turkey) • Visited Historical Sites • Position: Nuclear Weapon Aircraft Security • Worked with numerous men and officers guarding weapons • (5:10) Family stayed on base • Built close friendships • Numerous cutbacks-lack of promotions • (7:50)Training-South Dakota-proved challenging-matured oneself • Sent to tech school--police training • Reported to Army base-Camp Bullis-Air Base Ground Defense-spent hours in foxholes • (9:50)Impact on the family-phone call status-gone from 8 hours to 4 days • Two brothers in service-navy and marines • (14:00)Service time 5 years 7 months • Exited the service-drifted for few years • (16:20)Williams believes in compulsory military service • Detox from military life was difficult (19:30)Michigan • New wife had family in Michigan • Palisades Nuclear Power Plant offered William job--security • Ran Sporting goods store • Began working for Perrigo • (27:40)Father died at 49 years old when William was 21 years old � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context McVickerW Title A name given to the resource McVicker, William J. (Interview outline and video), 2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McVicker, William J. Description An account of the resource William McViker served his country during the Cold War. He was in the Air Force serving as security of nuclear weapons. During his service, the United States bombed Libya. He states that most of his time in the military was peaceful and that the service matured him as a person. He also states that he felt that the United States should have a compulsory military. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Keeler, Amanda (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army. Air Corps Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-04-16 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c3f2d6de6e0228304703e3a56816b4a3.pdf 63d8cd6af7b13791af21949f96b77216 PDF Text Text 1 Grand Valley State University Special Collections Kent County Oral History collections, RHC-23 Mrs. Richard Meade Interviewed on September 15, 1971 Edited and indexed by Don Bryant, 2010 – bryant@wellswooster.com Tape #7, 8 (1:15:27) Biographical Information Mary Alice Martin was born 27 April 1897 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She died on 20 August 1982 in East Grand Rapids. Her parents were John B. Martin, born January 1867 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Althea Winchester, born March 1867 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. John and Althea were married in Grand Rapids on 11 October 1894. John was the son of Joseph H. Martin and Mary Alice Lantsberry, both born in England. Althea was the daughter of Samuel Alexander Winchester and Rebecca Bailey, both from New Hampshire. Mary Alice Martin married Henry C. Robinson about 1926. As her second husband she married Richard Hardaway Meade on 30 November 1946. Richard was the son of Richard Hardaway Meade, Jr. and Eleanor Prior “Nellie” Atkins and he was born 10 May 1897 in Richmond, Henrico County, Virginia. Richard died 5 February 1993 in Grand Rapids. Mary Alice Martin Meade died 20 August 1982 at her home in East Grand Rapids. A finding aid for the Bartholomew Plan mentioned in this interview can be seen at http://www.grpl.org/wiki/images/c/cd/115.pdf ___________ Interviewer: Mrs. Meade, you just mentioned that your grandfather came here in eighteen fiftytwo. Where did he come from and why did he come to this area? Mrs. Meade: My grandfather Martin came here in eighteen fifty-two. He originally came from England and he came from Southampton, as far as we know. He and another family came over and then went to Elyria, Ohio. We don‟t know exactly why he came to Grand Rapids from Elyria, but he did come and there are many stories about his coming. Apparently he had a horse and a wagon and he went to Chicago and before they came over, the horse fell overboard and my grandfather jumped in after him and pulled him by his tail and got him back on the ship, but anyway, they finally arrived in Grand Rapids. Originally I think he went in to the grocery store business because in old pictures I have seen of Grabs Corners, you could see there was a sign Joseph H. Martin. I think he started out probably as a grocer and then little by little he became interested in real estate and he also had a brother named Uncle Thomas. And he and his brother were very much interested in the Plank Road that went to Kalamazoo. At one point, as you �2 probably know, they thought the railroad was coming to Grand Rapids and then afterwards they decided it was going to Kalamazoo so many people in Grand Rapids sold their land because they thought it was never going to develop. And they developed this road to Kalamazoo where they‟d take, I suppose loads and things to ship and my grandfather helped with the regular freight line I think. And then eventually, the railroad came to Grand Rapids so that road was no longer important. But it was important at that time and then he went into the real estate business and then he became a banker. He was on the first board of, I think you call it the Old National Bank at that time when Harvey Hollister was the president. I can go back that far. Harvey Hollister and my grandfather were great friends and even took a trip abroad and I have some of their letters and diaries from that trip. So he lived here and he married a Mary Alice Lantsberry. The Lantsberry family came over from England with the Martin family then they went to Elyria and the Lantsberry family also came to Grand Rapids. And he married one of the daughters and I‟m not sure but I think his brother married one of the other daughters. But anyway, I am named after my, I am named Mary Alice Martin because of my grandmother‟s name became Mary Alice Martin, she was a Lantsberry. Their graves are out here in the little old cemetery on Fulton Street and my great grandfather is also buried there, Peter Martin and his wife and that‟s where most of the old families are buried over there you‟ll see all of the graves. My grandfather on mother‟s side was Samuel Winchester. And his family, the Winchester family came to this country much earlier way back in the sixteen hundreds. They came to Boston and that family is a very large family, you find the name Winchester throughout the country. Winchester Arms is part of that family, Winchester, Massachusetts was named after one of the Winchesters; and I have the history of that whole family. But my particular branch came, my grandfather‟s father I think was a minister and he went from Boston then to Ashburnham, Massachusetts then to Keene, New Hampshire and they lived up there for some time. They were farming families and they must have been interested in furniture making and my grandfather‟s -this is particularly interesting to Grand Rapids - my grandfather‟s sister Mary married old C.C. Comstock who is very much involved in the history of Grand Rapids. He also came from Keene, New Hampshire or that area and they came out here. She had tuberculosis and for some reason they felt that going west, would help her. So they did come west and they finally ended in Grand Rapids and I should be able to tell you the number of children, but they had two or three children. One was Mrs. [Mary Ella Comstock] Konkle and I‟m sure Fran Russell could tell you all this because she died finally and then Comstock married again and he married Fran Russell‟s grandmother and his mother and Mrs. Boltwood were the children from that marriage so in a way Fran and I are related. Interviewer: Mr. Russell is one of the people we are going to be interviewing. Mrs. Meade: Oh, you must interview him because he has wonderful diaries, written by old C.C. Comstock and the old building, there‟s still a little old office building one that they show when they take people on that tour from museum. That little office building is still down there. Interviewer: Is that supposedly the oldest building still standing in the city? �3 Mrs. Meade: No, not the law office. No, but this is another building. It‟s on lower Monroe, but kind of quite a ways out. The day I went on this tour they pointed that out and I never knew that myself. C.C. Comstock had a lot to do with it. My grandfather Winchester and his brothers started, I think the first furniture factories here but they didn‟t do very well with it and his brother-in-law Comstock had to buy them out and that furniture factory I think originally, or eventually became the factory that‟s called Nelson-Matter which was a famous well known factory in the earlier days. I may be a little mixed up on these facts but this is the way I remember it. Interviewer: When did the Winchester branch of the family come to Grand Rapids? Mrs. Meade: Well, I can‟t really tell you, I ought to be able to but I can‟t really tell you but I think it was after my grandfather Martin came here. Interviewer: Did they come because they were interested in furniture? Mrs. Meade: Well, no they didn‟t, I think partly, but they also came because C.C. Comstock‟s wife Mary was a sister and she wrote back and said this is a fine place to come and would be a good place for making furniture and so forth and that‟s why I think they were interested in coming. I think it was a little bit later and I can find that fact out for you I think if I search back in some of these. Interviewer: Your grandfather Martin, they had some children and your father was who? Mrs. Meade: My father was John B. Martin and they had, I ought to be able to tell you, they had about five children and three little boys, three of their children and one little girl died at a very early age, all of them buried over here in the cemetery. My father and my aunt Martha lived and my Aunt Martha married a clergyman and her name was Mrs. Thorton B. Penfield and she went to live in the East and always lived there and there are great many children. I mean, she had 3 children there was quite a large family from her family and my father and my mother. My father married a Winchester, my mother‟s name was Althea Winchester and there were four of us, three boys and myself. Interviewer: What did your father do, John B. Martin? Mrs. Meade: He went into business with my grandfather. My grandfather worked so hard as young man and as he grew up, also he lost his wife at a very early age and he didn‟t marry again for quite a long time and when my father came back from being away at school, he was sent east to Andover. I‟m mixing this all up, I‟m afraid, but anyway my father because he had no mother they were both sent away to school and my father to Andover and the he was to go to Yale. In the meantime, he went to school in Brooklyn and he met, well his best friend was a boy named Irving Bush. His father was Irving Bush, who built the Bush Terminals in Brooklyn and if you have lived down there and know New York at all, they were the big place where they brought �4 freight in and everything. His father had overworked and they told him he had to take a year off and not do anything. So he built a yacht and the yacht was called the Coronet. I‟ve grown up on these stories. He told his boy of his that he could invite one of his friends to go with him on this trip and they would be gone a year and they were going around the world. My father was invited at the age of eighteen and he asked his father, my grandfather, Joseph Martin, said you may go take this trip or you can go to college but you have to choose one or the other. So naturally he took the trip around the world. I have all the diaries of that trip and it was the most amazing trip. It was the first private yacht that ever as far as anybody knows that had gone around the world. He went around in great fashion. A hundred and twenty foot yacht, a crew of I don‟t know how many. My father had the most marvelous time in the world and we were all brought up on the stories of this trip. Especially about China and Japan and the Far East, that was what interested him the most and many of the things you see in this room, he brought back. The bronzes and things, my father at the age eighteen brought those things back. He had enough sensitivity, I don‟t think he knew a thing about them, but he did buy and bring back these lovely things and we grew up on this trip, so I‟ll show you why this ties in eventually. When he got back, he couldn‟t go to college because he wasn‟t supposed to but my grandfather was almost worn out and so he had to give up business and in the meantime he married again a lovely person, the only one I ever knew as my grandmother, her name was Rose Brooks and he married her. So he was in and out of the business, more or less retired and father just took over. It was, how do I say it, mortgages and loans and things like that. For instance, if somebody came and many, many people like the Dutch and the Italians, people like that who came and needed a little money that has nothing to do with the bank and borrow money you know that had no collateral or anything, they‟d come to father or my grandfather and they would loan them enough to get started. Mr. Russo got started that way, that Italian. A great many of the people that I have met since have said to me “Oh, your grandfather, your father were the ones that helped us.” He loaned them enough to get started and eventually they got into different kinds of business and particularly banking. My father, you know was Vice President of the bank changed names so no longer the old Grand Rapids Savings and it became Peoples Bank, but my grandfather was on the board of the Old National which is now Old Kent Bank and my son Oliver is now in the Union Bank so we‟re all mixed up in banks. Well, I probably have not told you what you wanted to know, branching off here. Interviewer: No. That‟s good I like to find out background about how families arrived in Grand Rapids. Where did you grow up as a child? Mrs. Meade: I grew up, I was born in Grand Rapids; I was born right on Madison Avenue, fivefifteen Madison Avenue. And I grew (up) in that house on Madison. We were all born there and we all grew up there. We loved it, it was a wonderful house. It‟s in the Heritage Hill area and it was a house that was built by I think his name was Stockwell and I think he was related to the Belknaps. I think he was either a son-in-law or something, but he married a Belknap and built that house. And after two or three years he sold it or wanted to sell it and my grandfather bought �5 it for my mother and father and gave it to them, for a wedding present. My mother nearly died, if you could go see it, it‟s a huge house with the ceilings ten and-twelve feet. To just even curtain one window, was expensive to let alone all this. Anyway this was a gift, so they lived there and little by little they furnished it and my grandfather and grandmother would come back part of the year and live with them. They had a room, we had one big living room and then another room and a bath that was my grandfather‟s and grandmother‟s. We all grew up [with] one bathroom upstairs, plenty of bedrooms, but one bathroom. I can see it now, it was all lined with tin and eventually it was very, very sophisticated because we got one of these things called geyser and we got gas finally and you know you could light it then it heated it. You‟re too young to remember this it would [heat] the water and then it was nice hot baths. The house had lots of fireplaces; oh it was a beautiful house to grow up in. We had lovely times and gatherings. Interviewer: What was the neighborhood like? Mrs. Meade: Oh, the neighborhood was a lovely neighborhood; all my friends lived up and down the whole Madison Avenue. We all went to school at Lafayette school down there. Now it has been rebuilt, but that was the school, dandy school. Interviewer: You went to the public schools then? Mrs. Meade: Oh yes, we all went to the public school. There was a private school here, but I don‟t know, I was never sent to it. Some of my friends were, but I thought we had a wonderful education, there were marvelous teachers. Then from there we went up to what we called Central Grammar and that was up, I suppose it was like the Junior High school but it was one year we had in this school and it is no longer there, but it was right back where the old high school is now. Not Central but the other one over there on Ransom or something. I don‟t know what they call it now, a big old building up there and that was the high school and we went to a school right back of that called Central, Central Grammar. From there I went to the new high school which was Central up on Fountain and I don‟t know what other high school [was] but formerly it was that other high school. I‟ll tell you something we used to do. Where we lived, there was a little bit of pavement, in front of our house and from then on there was nothing but dirt roads and we had a great big barn which is now burned down. I haven‟t been down to look at but it‟s burned down. We always had horses, my father was a great horseman; he loved horses. He always had a saddle horse and we always had ponies. Across from us on Madison Avenue, at that point, there was nothing between Madison Avenue and College Avenue, it was all open territory. There was no Morris Avenue at all. We had a big field there that we kept our cow in and our pony and our horse. You won‟t believe this but we did. And my father was very interested in farming till the day he died we had a farm. And every summer the entire Martin family would get into a carriage before we had cars, or eventually when we had cars, and we had our first farm out near Plainfield. If you go out the new Beltline, it was called Peach Ridge or Peach something, but it was where Mr. [O. W.] Braman‟s farm and our farm was [Section 35, Plainfield Township]. We had peaches and fruit and everything else. We built a cottage, a house out there and it is still �6 standing there. We would have these Dutch families come over to work on the farm and my father brought over any number of these families and the children would work, you see for their father. Father never paid them but any way they‟d work on these farms until eventually they got enough money so they could buy the farm. One of these farmers bought that farm from my father. Then we bought another farm which we still own a little bit of land out here near Ada, the Alta Dale farm, which is now called the Holiday farm. Interviewer: Is that the one that is now owned by the Crawfords? Mrs. Meade: Yes, that was our farm; it only had two ownerships before my father got it. One belonged to Rix Robinson; he owned all that land from where our farm began all the way to Ada. Then Philo Fuller, who was one of the former mayors of Grand Rapids, owned it for many years and then my father bought it. It was four or five hundred acres. It went all along the river, very rich bottom land. We had a dairy farm and then we had a grain farm. It was not a fruit farm; the other farm was a fruit farm. I grew up on the farm at Peach Ridge, but that isn‟t quite it, out there [It was called the High Lands (1907)]. When I was about ten we bought this other farm and we all went out there to live. The first year we all lived in tents, we camped on top of this hill we still own. We still own this place. The war came along although they had plans to build a house and you couldn‟t build in those days. They wanted everybody to have War Gardens. You are too young to remember this, but we all thought this was a fine idea to be patriotic. We hired a farmer and I got all these girls, I was in Vassar at that point and I got all these girls from college to come out and some of them from here, ten or twelve of us and we all lived in a big tent out there. Father and Mother put up just a little tiny place where they could sleep and we could have a kitchen and dining room where we could all eat. We had a War Garden and we had a great fun along with the war I guess. Eventually they added on to that and eventually I built a house out there. Father‟s finally burned down many years later and my house is still standing but is slightly going to pieces I think. We still own that hill top. Interviewer: Do you still use that cottage you have out there? Mrs. Meade: I don‟t. My brother Joe, do you know my brother Joe? Interviewer: Yes. Mrs. Meade: Well, he‟s a great naturalist and he‟s always loved country and knows everything about birds and everything else, so he used it as a sanctuary. He has the Audubon Society out and everybody goes out and we go out of course and picnic and things like that. We have a place down by the lake now so that I haven‟t used that cottage. Interviewer: Yes, I grew up right in back of your brother. Mrs. Meade: You did? Interviewer: I used to be over there all the time; we used to be down….. �7 Mrs. Meade: You mean on Cambridge? Interviewer: On Plymouth. Mrs. Meade: He has trouble with his eyes and he hasn‟t been able to do much. It‟s been pitiful because he has such interest in things like that. Interviewer: He‟s a great photographer. Mrs. Meade: He is a great photographer and he has more hobbies and could do more things with his hands; nobody in the else in the family could do anything but he can. He‟s marvelous with children but he has used that a lot. And we still own the hilltop which is by far the nicest part. When we got it, there wasn‟t a thing on it. There had been marvelous trees and marvelous forest there and someone that I talked to one time, remembered when it was forested then they cut it all off so when we got it there were no trees on top. Father had this old Mr. (?) well, he was the first landscape man, hmm; this shows I‟m getting old here. Anyway, we imported, he imported everything. In those days you couldn‟t buy all these shrubs and things in this country so he imported something like twenty thousand shrubs and trees for that place. There are all sort of unusual things on that twenty acres that we had where houses were. They used to come up from Lansing and all over. He was very interested in different kind of conifers and we have a lot of them. The birch trees in there are European Birch and the most beautiful trees. Our birch don‟t last the way these do. Mr. [Mathias] Alten, the painter used to come out and paint those Birch trees. You go in there sometime it‟s really beautiful. Interviewer: I will, I know where that is. Mrs. Meade: I‟m afraid we haven‟t kept it up lately because we haven‟t been able to get anybody to do anything. Interviewer: Did many of the families in your neighborhood and in the Hill District have farms in the country like that? Summer retreats? [Audio gets bad here 26:00] Mrs. Meade: Well, I don‟t know many, I can think of for instance the Wilcox family. This place right over here was the Wilcox farm. Where, do you know which was Mrs. Wilcox‟s house? The original house is one that what‟s his name lives in, you know, the man who owns that motel. Interviewer: You mean the large house that sits in off the road right near the quad where they have the swimming pool? I know the house is for sale but I don‟t know who bought it. He owns a motel? Mrs. Meade: He owned that townhouse thing. He and someone else have an interest in that. I don‟t know why I can‟t think of his name. That‟s the original Wilcox house, farm house they‟ve done a lot to it but it was a farm house and this area was farm land. My family was always �8 interested and I don‟t know why particularly because I don‟t think they came from farming families in England but they were just interested. [For] my father it was a great hobby. Up to the day he died, he was getting up to ride his horse at the age of eighty-nine when he died, he had a stroke. So he was always interested in farming. Interviewer: That sounds like George Welsh. He was riding till he was eighty-five. Mrs. Meade: I knew George; he didn‟t die, did he? Interviewer: No, I said up until he was eighty-five. Mrs. Meade: Oh, I knew George, so did my father. He put me on the Planning Commission in Grand Rapids at one point. If this wasn‟t a tape recording, I‟d tell you the rest of the story. I always had a great deal of admiration for him as well as not approving for some of the things. I think that he was very, never made a nickel out politics. I think he was very honest in that respect and I think he saw what was happening to Grand Rapids and when he went to Boston, he saw the problem of parking that they were having in Boston. He came back to Grand Rapids and he immediately began to push for people having parking lots and buying up areas that weren‟t being used and making parking possible. He was certainly the one that decided that we had to have planning in Grand Rapids and my father had been chairman of the Planning Commission for many years and they had done in the beginning a good job when they had some money. Little by little, they [had] practically no money. He saw the importance of planning and that Ken Welsh became the chairman of it and asked me to be on and some others. We got a good planning commission and he backed us right to the hilt on everything we did. I have very high feelings towards him. He did some things I didn‟t think were right too and I told him that but anyway by in large. Interviewer: Did anybody plan Heritage Hill out? Mrs. Meade: I have the earliest plans here. All of that area was studied; I don‟t think as it developed, how it was developed, that it was planned… I know the first plans were nineteen eight, probably. There was a plan before the Bartholomew plan. And I have that plan. Then there was the Bartholomew Plan which was about [nineteen] twenty-seven. Then when we took in (it?) about nineteen forty-three I think it was, that plan was rolled up in the attic in the city hall. On the other hand, I think if it had been effective in some ways and it was good planning for the period. Interviewer: Was this the plan for the Heritage Hill area? Mrs. Meade: Well, no. Interviewer: Or was this a plan for the city? �9 Mrs. Meade: This was a plan for the city, it wasn‟t just Heritage Hill. Heritage Hill was probably part of it but it wasn‟t. I think they probably have those plans at the library. I don‟t think Heritage Hill was planned as such it just grew up to a certain point. Then there was a great deal of interest of planning in the early days when they saw the way Philadelphia was developing and New York and so forth. I can remember my father got very interested in the fact that we should do something here. They brought in the planners and but the trouble was then no one realized that planning was and everyday process and that couldn‟t just have someone do a plan and then go off. It has to be brought into operation. [32:40 the Audio clears up] Interviewer: Why does Heritage Hill have such a diversity of architectural style? Mrs. Meade: I‟m very interested in domestic architecture because I do think it reveals the history of a city and when it developed and I think for instance if you will notice southern Michigan and Northern Ohio, you find a great many houses that are similar to the houses you find in the east, the early American houses. The reason for that is I think that after the war many of those men were given land out in this area and many of them wanted to build the same type of houses that they were very familiar with and I think that is one reason for many of those early American houses and for Greek Revival there. Up here we were a little bit later in developing, from eighteen thirty-seven on and where as you get a few Greek Revival houses, now the Greek Revival period was from about eighteen twenty till about eighteen fifty. You get such as the Dix House for instance and there are other houses here that were purely Greek Revival. Then Grand Rapids was a little bit later and we went into the Victorian Era and we went into, the house I grew up in was a Victorian house, late Victorian. Which I think called the Gothic Period. It was really covered with little gargoyles and scrolls they developed the scroll saw you that did all this fancy work and our whole house was filled with that sort decoration and it‟s not certainly not the best period of architecture, little cupolas and those things. You found the Gothic Revival; you‟ll see quite a few of those houses here. You also saw quite a few houses built out of river stone for instance that little house next to the Art Gallery is built out of river stone. We had some other lovely houses like that but many of them have been taken down. I think Grand Rapids to me is interesting, because of the variety of architecture. It wasn‟t just one period but it was drawn from all these various periods. Most of it not really the best period, I don‟t think. Interviewer: Was there competition perhaps between people of means in the Hill District in the Heritage Hill area in the design of their houses? I walk down the street and like you say the diversity of styles, they will be a house here of one particular style and right next door is a house just as large but it‟s a completely different style. Do you have any idea of why that [happened] from your knowledge? Mrs. Meade: No, I don‟t think I‟m old enough to have that knowledge. Most of those houses were built when I grew up. For instance, I can remember going to all those houses, where all �10 these friends of mine lived, [and] practically all of them had a ballroom in their attic, all those houses. You‟ll find the old Wilcox house that was given to the YWCA, has a lovely ballroom. My aunt, Mrs. Walter Winchester‟s house, wasn‟t a very big house down on Madison, they had a ballroom. The Waters‟ house, which is now made into apartments, that had a beautiful ballroom. And our parties as we were little children, we were quite young, they had parties at their houses. We always walked to these things and we‟d dance up in these ballrooms. The Russell house, I don‟t know about the Boltwood‟s, but the Russell is still standing, they had a beautiful ballroom. That‟s where we used to have some of the best parties; there were never anything at school. We had to go to somebody‟s house but everybody, so many people had ballrooms you see that that‟s where we would, and they were big houses. I don‟t think there was any thought of competing with somebody else. I think in those days, things were so much less expensive and there was plenty of help, plenty of help. Even though they were paid only three dollars a week, that was good pay you know. Our house which was a big house, we always had two people; I mean usually a cook and a maid. That was much less than most people had. I mean everybody lived that way, the hired girl you know. Interviewer: What nationality were these hired people? Mrs. Meade: Well, mostly Dutch and mostly they‟d come in from the farms and their family would want the girl to have a job in town and would learn about housekeeping and so forth and they‟d come in and you‟d train them. They wouldn‟t know anything usually when came to most of us I mean some of them got very sophisticated help, but most of us didn‟t. Even when I was first married, I had girl after girl that would come from up north or some little town and they‟d come and you‟d teach them how do everything. To this day, I have any number of these girls living right here in Grand Rapids and every so often they come and now they are now married. And they come and bring their children. I‟ve even had one or two of daughters work for me since then. It was a wonderful relationship, you did all sorts of things for them, but they weren‟t, I wouldn‟t say they were meant to be part of the family, they cooked and wait on the table and do that sort of thing but that‟s all gone now, there‟s nothing to that anymore. I don‟t think that was a bad thing because they all learned and they went on to their own little houses and did things nicely and brought up their children nicely. I‟m just proud of the ones I had. Interviewer: Then it was a socializing process as much as it was a working? Mrs. Meade: Yes I think so. There was no thought of being inferior or anything like that. The same thing I think, my husband comes from Richmond, Virginia. There‟s nothing more “south” then that and he grew up with a mammy that looked after all of them. These families just worshipped these mammies. They took care of them till they died and his mammy couldn‟t read or write, he used to teach her, try to teach her to read and write. There was a wonderful relationship between these people and of course now it‟s all gone. �11 Interviewer: Were there quite a few parties when you were young? Was there more partying than there is today? Mrs. Meade: Many. I don‟t know that there were more parties but I would say that we had a great many parties. At Christmas time, if we were away at school or college and came back and before that, each family gave a little party. They were usually quite early in the evening, and of course we never had anything to drink or smoke or anything like that. I mean they were nice parties and we thought they were absolutely marvelous but we certainly didn‟t know anything about what they are doing today. I‟m sure today they think they, well they ask what you did. It sounds absolutely silly when you tell them. We all thought we had a marvelous time. Interviewer: What did you do at your parties? Mrs. Meade: We mostly danced, I think. Interviewer: Were they pretty formal affairs? Mrs. Meade: Some were quite formal; yes some of them got to be quite formal, in those days. Of course there was a great deal of wealth here in Grand Rapids and there were all these families who I, our family never belong to the country club but I knew a few people who did and once in a while somebody would give a party out there and then it was very formal and we all got dressed up and went. Always chaperoned, in fact all the older people would come out and watch us, dance and everything else. We didn‟t like that very much. Anyway, it was fun. To begin with before that we didn‟t have any cars but after we had cars. For instance we used to have these ponies and one of the things we did that was most fun, we had a sleigh and we had a long, long bob sled and we would all pile on that bob sled . Somebody would drive the ponies and we‟d pull this thing along behind. Eight or ten people or more than that could get on it you see. We‟d go all over town with that or else we‟d take it out and we‟d slide down Washington Street. You know Washington Street was the best one to slide on that there was; you didn‟t run into something at the bottom. We‟d zip down that thing and all around the corner where the museum is now. That‟s where we used to slide. We did that kind of thing. I can‟t remember anyone skiing but we tobogganed and we slid and we skated. We skated out here all the time. I can remember Don Baxter, who you remember Howard Baxter, of Baxter Laundry. Don was his brother and he invented things. He invented something that had a propeller out in front just like an airplane you know and a little box and we‟d sit in this thing behind and this thing would go across Reed‟s Lake. It was terribly fast and we‟d all take turns riding on that. They had those ice sails and we all did that. We did lots of things out of doors. Interviewer: Getting back to those parties, those dances, someone mentioned to me that in one of those houses they had a kind of floating dance floor, it bounced, it moved when you danced on it. Did you ever? Mrs. Meade: No, I don‟t remember that, which house was it? �12 Interviewer: I can‟t remember. There‟s a name for that kind of dance floor. Mrs. Meade: I‟ve been on them in New York, where they whirled, they moved slowly around but I‟ve never been on one…. Interviewer: It was built so there would be a flex to the dance floor. Mrs. Meade: That might be, but I don‟t recognize that, I don‟t remember that. Interviewer: Were the families in your neighborhood when you were growing up quite close? Was there a lot of interaction between the families? Mrs. Meade: Yes, I just knew everybody up and down street. Interviewer: Did your parents? Mrs. Meade: We all did, right where I lived for instance, we knew the May family, and across the street lived the Wallin family, the Van Wallin family. Do you know who Franklin Wallin is? Well, his family was quite a prominent family and his grandfather was. There‟s a Wallin church and so forth. They lived there and my aunt and uncle, Walter Winchester lived near us; the Tietsorts, the Dean family lived on that street. Well, just that whole area. Senator [William Alden] Smith lived up about a block from us. I don‟t think, but the place we thought was the most elegant was Lafayette Street where the Fullers lived there and Mr. O‟Brien who was our Ambassador to Japan and the Holt family. In that area right around there, I would say probably, our most distinguished families or the most socially prominent families that lived there, Lafayette up to Fountain right along there. It‟s all ruined now, more or less. You know that one house, [with] that Jewish thing built out in front of it. I don‟t know, I haven‟t been along there to notice but that was where they lived. Interviewer: Who lived in that house, that the synagogue is built on to? Mrs. Meade: Well, I don‟t know. There was the Fuller family, ones the Fullers and ones the O‟Briens. It‟s the one or the other I can‟t remember which one. I think it was the O‟Brien House. The Holts were a very distinguished family and well the Booths lived out there. They came a little bit later but they were there. Jo Bender would know all that because she was more that group you see. I mean I was a little bit younger, I was scared to death of them but she knew them. They were the kind that looked you up and down you know and you never felt you were properly dressed. They used to come out to country club and watch us dance. The Waters family and the Hollisters and the White family were another very fine interesting family. You should really sometime talk to Rugee White. He‟s caustic, but anyway his family, I mean there‟s Stewart Edward White, who was the writer and there‟s Gilbert who was the artist and there was Rod who was the violinist and they all did things, except Rugee. �13 Interviewer: There‟s a funny story about him. He was at a party one night and a woman came up to him and said, “Oh, you‟re one of the White family” and mentioned his brothers and she said, “But you, what do you do?” And he looked up and said, “Oh, I freckle.” Mrs. Meade: That would be just about what he„d say something like. But, on the other hand, he was probably the best fisherman and hunter in Michigan. I mean he knew more about it, he‟s never written anything, he could of, but he really knew everything, he was very good at that. Interviewer: You mentioned you were scared to death of this older group, why was that? Mrs. Meade: Well, only because people, I don‟t know why I always felt they were of the ultimate socially and I didn‟t probably think, you know there is a certain age where you are terribly shy and you don‟t feel you have any poise and you don‟t feel as though you probably are dressed as you should be if you went to the party or something. Girls I know especially go through a period like that. It makes me laugh as I look back on it but anyway, I can always remember the first time I was invited to the Holt‟s house for lunch and I was so impressed that I got asked. Interviewer: You didn‟t make any blunders, did you? Mrs. Meade: I hope not, but I was afraid I‟d might you know. Well, of course there was the Blodgett family, and the Lowe family; the Blodgetts and the Lowes were the ultimate of the whole thing, they were the wealthiest of all. But they couldn‟t have been nicer families, just wonderful families. They were very nice to all of us, and were the Blodgett family, Katherine Blodgett who is now Katherine Hadley was just my age and she‟s one of my closest friends now, but I didn‟t know her as a little girl. She went to high school along with the rest of us and so I got to know her very well. The Lowe family, there was no one exactly, Jimmie was a little bit younger than I was and others were a little bit older but I knew them all. Mrs. Lowe was a very gracious lovely hostess and so was Mrs. Blodgett. They lived beautifully and we used to always love it, if we were invited there. Interviewer: Was status a very important thing then? Mrs. Meade: As compared to now or what, I don‟t know? Interviewer: Yes, as compared to now? Mrs. Meade: Well, I don‟t know how to answer that. I suppose it was. I was quite aware as I grew up of the people who were in society so to speak. We had a society. It was a real society then, there‟s no society anymore Interviewer: How does that period of time differ from this period of time? When you say there is no society today, what do you mean exactly? �14 Mrs. Meade: I don‟t know every family that I think that was socially prominent was socially prominent for some real reason. I mean the father was a distinguished person that had done something important. It wasn‟t necessarily money. Well, you take the Campau family. I knew them very well. Did you know DuBarry or any of that family? I mean they weren‟t a family of wealth at all, but they were an old, old Grand Rapids family who helped found the city; we all knew that you see. The Butterfield family, all of our families helped start this town and we all had little part in it one way or another, some maybe more than others. Now you take for instance some of the Jewish families that I grew up with here, the Wolf family and the Amberg family and the Mays and the Housemans. We couldn‟t have had nicer Jewish people any place than these families that I grew up with. Budge Hyman, Art Wolf, and Elizabeth Wolf and these people were our close friends and they were part of our little group just as close as could be. In the long run, most of them did marry into the Jewish, but I can remember wondering why in the world people talk about, feel as they did, about the Jews when I never know anybody but the nicest most generous cultured people. We were lucky to have and some of those families are still here. Interviewer: The ethnic groups, for example, Jews and Dutch, I would imagine that Dutch at that time were mostly immigrants, is that correct? Mrs. Meade: Well, no, because for instance the Steketee family certainly I wouldn‟t call them immigrants. I grew up with all of them, knew them very well. I would of, yes I grew up with them. I don‟t think, they maybe were as socially prominent as the Holt family or something like but they were wonderful families. We all knew them well. The Keelers, they weren‟t Dutch were they? There were a great many Dutch families of course that came to this area who were the farming families but then there were some of the others that came too. Interviewer: In other words there was a lot of social interaction between all groups because you were a member of a particular ethnic group, you didn‟t stay in your own group at all? There was mixing? Mrs. Meade: No, I would say maybe the Polish. For instance, we got quite a big Polish group that live on the West side, and we may have some little groups like that because they have Polish Clubs I know and so forth. I don‟t remember knowing any Polish people that I think of. I don‟t know why I didn‟t but I didn‟t. Interviewer: Was there a great division between the west side and the east side? Mrs. Meade: I, perhaps, think so because I grew up on this side for instance we owned a house over on Mt. Vernon Street and [one day] somebody said to me, "What are you doing?" I said “Oh, I am having a wonderful time. I‟m redoing or painting this house that we owned. It must have belonged to some family, wealthy family; it‟s a beautiful house and its lovely old carved stairway.” I was going on in great length and she said, “Where is it?” I said, “It was on a street you never heard of. It‟s called Mt. Vernon Street.” She said, “Let me tell you that I lived on Mt. �15 Vernon St. and all the people you know lived over there. Siegel Judd lived there; then all of the Stewart family lived there.” And then she went on everybody I knew had lived on the west side right in that area. Scribner, Mt. Vernon and all along there see and I didn‟t know that. I think they all moved eventually to this side but many, many of our well known families started right there on the west side. Interviewer: How would you define society today? Today you said that today there is no society, why do you feel that way? Mrs. Meade: I don‟t know if I should have said that. Interviewer: You said the thing that distinguished your society was that your position or entrance into society did not necessarily depend on wealth, but on achievement Mrs. Meade: I think, I just think that the families that we knew, nearly all were families that were a real part of this town. Going all the way back from the Campaus on up to John Ball. Now for instance, John Ball was one of our wonderful people in the early days. I have a marvelous book about him. His children, his family were still living here. I knew some of them, Miss Ball one of them worked down at the library for years and years and years. Another sister married a man named Hopkins. I knew them because I think because they were a part of Grand Rapids. Yet, the people I knew, the very small group compared to whole side of the city. Interviewer: That society that was in existence when you were young, that isn‟t in existence any longer, what can you attribute to the demise of that? Mrs. Meade: Well, a lot of it, I mean should we talk about gracious living and so forth. That takes time, leisure and money. Many of those families did have a great deal of money and they did have the time to travel and they lived nicely because they had servants and so forth. I can remember this time; I don‟t live that way anymore. Oliver says I would like to have the children come in occasionally to see gracious living and all we do is have four candlesticks on the table, and I get it, see. I don‟t call that gracious living. But we did live through a period where you didn‟t talk about, you didn‟t think about, that‟s the way you lived, everybody lived that way, practically. Interviewer: What caused it to end? Mrs. Meade: I don‟t know because they talk about the affluent society, I must say a lot of people have plenty of money. First of all I think one thing that causes a lack of gracious living, is the lack of help. Now nobody wishes to do this sort of work; nobody wishes to come in your house and act as a servant, no matter how nicely you treat them. You can get a young student to come and work so many hours a day or I can get my grand-daughter to come and help me or you know that kind of thing. You can‟t get that kind of thing. If you want to give a lovely dinner, we all of us had silver and the things you could do it with, you can‟t get anybody to come and do it for �16 you. You can‟t do it yourself so you don‟t do it at all. So what you do is have a cocktail party or you have somebody in Sunday night. I have just as much fun Sunday night maybe more, have a casserole dish and everybody sit around the fire and eat on their laps and that kind of thing. Maybe it‟s better; maybe everybody has a better time. I can‟t but I don‟t think when I watch these kids, all of them have to have something, they have to have the television turned on or the radio or all of these things. They don‟t know what to do if they haven‟t got something like that it seems to me. We made up things to do. Interviewer: What about the closeness of these various families that had a long history of achievement in the city, why aren‟t those families still interacting as they did when you were growing up? Mrs. Meade: Many of those families are right here now. The Hutchins family was one of the families that I knew well. They were a bunch of as you know his father was very community minded and his grandfather and his father and that whole family. All those families that lived along there; the Keelers, the [Victor M.] Tuthills, all of them I think have gone on. For instance, Marguerite Inslee who was a Tuthill, she‟s been very interested in the Art Gallery, very generous in music and so forth and all of them have taken jobs on boards of the hospital or Community Chest or you know. I think all of us were brought up to feel if we happen to have a little more than someone else, that you had a responsibility to the community. It made a difference as to what you went into. I mean I happen to be interested in planning and that type of thing. My brother John was interested in politics, my sister-in-law Helen had interests in all sorts of things; everything there was to be. I think all those families had gone on taking their part in the community. Interviewer: Do you think the splitting up of the neighborhood, for example it sounds as if the families were located in a relatively close distance of each other spread of the suburbs and so had an effect on this? Mrs. Meade: I guess an effect on their interest in the city and then what they wanted to do. Interviewer: What about in terms of social interaction just with each other? Mrs. Meade: I know that I‟ve carried on with all the same friends that I‟ve had. I belong to something that a reading club that we started forty, fifty years ago. The same people are there are in it, some have died you know. I think we had very close associations then and I think it is always carried on. I don‟t know that now there‟s the closeness that there was when we grew up. We didn‟t have all the things; we couldn‟t go off and do all the thing that people… these high school kids now think they have to go abroad. Even in high school the tour, my grandchildren have already done that. Why, I never went abroad till I was way out of college. There are so many things that kind seems to shatter closeness now. I think it‟s hard for families to keep close, harder than it was, it seems to me. �17 Interviewer: Why do you think it is? Mrs. Meade: Well, I think it‟s just, maybe restlessness; everybody has it, maybe we all have it, maybe I have it now. We used to be satisfied and happy with things that were simpler. We didn‟t know about these other things; we didn‟t listen to the Today Show every day and know what was going on in the world. I don‟t know; I‟ve always been a person with a lot of adventure. I‟ve had an interesting life because I‟ve had that maybe more so than my friends but that‟s why I lived in China and did different things. We‟ve always liked it but I should ask you some questions, I‟m afraid I‟m giving a terribly bad impression. When I‟m talking about society, you know there are so many misconceptions about the word society. Interviewer: Why don‟t I stop this tape and I‟ll start another. I‟d like to hear what these misconceptions. I don‟t want you to feel like you gave a misconception on this tape. Mrs. Meade: I don‟t know if I did or not. Is this being done just for Heritage Hill? Interviewer: Yes, just for Heritage Hill. Mrs. Meade: You‟re trying to get a picture of just that area there? Interviewer: I think that the farm for example, Alta Dale that you had, what people did in the summer time, where they went is important too, because it gives a picture of the style of living? That‟s what we are trying to get. Mrs. Meade: Well, it wasn‟t so stylish to go live on a farm as it was to go to Ottawa Beach. I always longed to have a cottage at Ottawa Beach but the Martin family never had one. Anyway our friends used to love to come to the farm, but I don‟t think by and large most people did that in the summer. They were much more apt to go to Ottawa Beach. Only one or two friends of mine that I ever remember ever took a trip abroad were sort of set apart if you were, to be able to do that you know because people just didn‟t do that in those days. My mother, when my mother became engaged to my father, my grandfather took her abroad for six months with his daughter. This was before father and mother were married and she had the grand tour and I have her diary about that. That was just a beautiful trip. Imagine going for six months. When people went abroad they stayed that long. My mother‟s family didn‟t have very much: my mother taught school and she would never have had a trip abroad ever, you see, and I think my grandfather wanted her to, you know have all the background possible probably, so he gave her this trip, which of course she just loved. Interviewer: You were mentioning while we were changing tapes about the difference in parties today. You didn‟t have liquor at your parties? �18 Mrs. Meade: I can‟t ever remember anybody having liquor. The first time I remember anyone having anything to drink at anything, even a house party at Ann Arbor. I can remember the boy who had something to drink was taken away, nervously taken out. We were none of us supposed to realize he had anything to drink but he was drunk, I guess. But, we never in the early days ever had anything like that. Interviewer: What about...? Mrs. Meade: I think I‟m trying to think all the way through high school, I can‟t remember; now maybe they did and I didn‟t know it, because I was pretty innocent. But anyway I don‟t remember them. We certainly never had stunts pulled or anything of that kind, of course I remember lots of it since, but not…. Interviewer: What about your parents parties, did they? Mrs. Meade: Well, my parents never had it. I think there were families that did, but my family were very anti, any kind of drinking, so we never had anything in our house, we never had anything to drink. But I „m sure probably people like the O‟Briens and Holts, people like that, they‟d lived abroad a good deal and everything I‟m sure they must have had. I don‟t know if they would have cocktails but I‟m sure they‟d have a wine probably, with dinners. But I was too young to ever go to anything like that, and I don‟t think that, I know my parents didn‟t, but I think there were probably some that did. Interviewer: The parties that were held for the adults, and your parents and so on, the parties that they attended, can you ever remember them going to a cocktail party? Mrs. Meade: I don‟t think they, they didn‟t have things that was such a thing called a cocktail party until within the last number of years. You‟d maybe have a cocktail, I had, the first time I was confronted with cocktails I remember, was when I was twenty-two or three years old. And we went to China, the whole family and we went to the Embassy in Peking and we went to various, we were invited to various places and we were served cocktails, which I took, whether my family liked it or not. But anyway, but what I thought when in Rome do as the Romans… But my father never enjoyed drinking anything, we tried to teach him but we couldn‟t. No, no, it was something, I think probably their friends, maybe some of their friends did but most of them did not drink, and we just weren‟t confronted with it and finally when we were we just had to figure it out, whether we would or we wouldn‟t, I guess. Interviewer: Besides parties that were held at people‟s houses and skating and so on and Reed‟s Lake in the wintertime, or traveling across the ice on a propelled bike, what kind of entertainment did people pursue? Mrs. Meade: You mean did we go to the movies or something like that? Interviewer: Were there movies? �19 Mrs Meade: Well, when I was very little I was not allowed to go, but the first thing was called a vaudette, they cost five cents. You were not supposed, I was never supposed to go in one, but I did. And it was just one of these flickery things you know, somebody playing the piano and… Interviewer: When was that? Mrs. Meade: Oh, I can‟t, I don‟t know how old I was then, and I know just where it was right on Monroe Avenue, but I can‟t, I don‟t know how old I was. Interviewer: What was downtown like in those days? Mrs. Meade: Well, I can‟t say Monroe was like it is now, but that was the main part of the shopping area, was right down what‟s now the mall. And of course we had streetcars; that was the nice part, we could if we didn‟t have a car to drive down, which we didn‟t mostly, we‟d go out and get on the streetcar at corner of Madison and Wealthy and ride downtown and get off and shop and then you‟d get back on. We had mailboxes on the streetcar that was another thing that was wonderful, you could mail your letters there, stop a car there if you wanted to put „em there, a letter. We often rode down on the streetcar and then they took those off and then the era of the bus came. But I loved the streetcar era. Another one of the families that was quite prominent was the Hanchett family. They were the ones, of course, that owned the street railway company. That‟s somebody you ought to talk to is Brownie Hanchett, if you want back history, she‟s very good. Interviewer: I‟ll remember that. When did they do away with the streetcar? Mrs. Meade: Well, I should remember, you know you can‟t remember dates when they did things like that, I can‟t remember when that happened. Interviewer: Was it in the twenties? Mrs. Meade: I wouldn‟t, I‟d hate to tell you. I don‟t really know, they just disappear and then you realize they‟re gone. Interviewer: Did the First World War have an effect on society, the way people lived, and the way people thought? Mrs. Meade: Well, it certainly did while the war was going on, very much so. I mean because so many of the boys that we knew were in it, you see. I mean well, all the Cassard boys and Randy Rogers, and George Hollister and all the sons and my brother and all the people my age were all in that war, and a number of them that were killed, of course. So that we were all working in the Red Cross and doings things like that. No it wasn‟t very gay, we did do that, we did have that War Garden, that one summer. Interviewer: What was it like after the war? Do you remember any kind of a change that you might have noticed in the tempo of living, and so on? �20 Mrs. Meade: That would be twenty… Well, I tell you, I think after the war it was gayer in a different kind of way, the kind of a keyed-up gayness. You hear, they talk about the twenties now and I try to think back and there was a period there when everybody was kind of, you know, terribly keyed up. And I forgot when, I‟m trying to think about when Prohibition came in. I guess that was later, but this was when all the dances, you know, the Charleston and all those different things came; and jazz and we all wore the short skirts and that kind of thing. We hadn‟t realized we were lively through an era, but I guess we were. I don‟t, I think the tempo of life has changed, but maybe that, maybe that‟s when the, that may be when all the big parties that, the really formal parties and things, that may be when they really did stop. I think it was then probably. Interviewer: This is off, away from parties, but what church was your family affiliated with? Mrs. Meade: Park Congregational. My grandfather went there; my father went there, until he was the oldest member of the church. We all went there, sat along in a line…. I guess in those days everybody had a pew, all the families, different families had pews. I can just see us now, the Keeney family sat back of us, and then we sat there and then the Irwin family and everybody, and then afterwards they gave that up too, but in those days that was what you paid for your pew, see. Interviewer: Was the church, was that important at all to, was that an important input factor in the community? Mrs. Meade: I think the church, especially in the era when my mother and father grew up, that was the social center of the town. I think from reading her diaries and letters and things like that, where people went to meet each other and the young people‟s meeting and that kind of thing, which in my era was not as important. I mean we went to church, but our whole social life didn‟t depend upon what was going on at the church. But my mother and father, that was where it was. Now it may not have been with all the families, but my families were very strong Congregationalists and my father was the head of the Sunday school, and I don‟t know, Mother was the head of the United Workers. I always feel guilty now because I‟m not any of those things. In fact, most of the family well, we‟ve had, great changes, around. My brother John became a, went to Fountain Street Church and he was a great worker in that, and my brother Joe doesn‟t go at all, and I‟m the only one that stayed in the Congregational Church. And yet they had such a battle down the old Park Church that I had to move out here to the Mayflower Church. Oh, heavens I, now listen you‟d better take that out… Interviewer: Well, that won‟t be that important. I think that, I think we covered about everything I wanted to cover. One last question though, and you don‟t have to answer this if you don‟t want to, but how old are you? Mrs. Meade: I am seventy-four. I wish I weren‟t, but I am…. �21 INDEX A F Alta Dale farm · 7, 19 Alten, Mr. [Mathias] · 8 Amberg family · 16 Art Gallery · 10, 18 Audubon Society · 7 First World War · 22 Fountain Street Church · 23 Fuller family · 14 Fuller, Philo · 7 B G Bailey, Rebecca · 1 Ball, John · 17 Bartholomew plan · 9 Baxter Laundry · 13 Baxter, Don · 13 Baxter, Howard · 13 Bender, Jo · 14 Blodgett family · 15 Blodgett, Katherine · 15 Blodgett, Mrs. · 15 Boltwood, Mrs. · 3 Booth family · 14 Braman‟s farm · 6 Brooks, Rose · 5 Bush, Irving · 4 Butterfield family · 16 Gilbert, artist · 14 Gilbert, Rod · 14 Grand Rapids Savings bank · 5 H Hanchett, Brownie · 21 Heritage Hill · 5, 9, 10, 11, 19 Holiday farm · 7 Hollister family · 14 Hollister, George · 22 Hollister, Harvey · 2 Holt family · 14, 16 Holt‟s house · 15 Houseman familiy · 16 Hutchins family · 18 Hyman, Budge · 16 C Campau family · 17 Campau, DuBarry · 15 Cassard boys · 22 Central Grammar school · 6 Community Chest · 18 Comstock, C.C. · 2, 3 Crawford family · 7 I Inslee, Marguerite · 18 Irwin family · 22 J Judd, Siegel · 17 D Dean family · 14 Dix House · 10 K Keeler family · 16, 18 Keeney family · 22 Konkle, Mrs. · 3 �22 L Lafayette school · 6 Lantsberry family · 2 Lantsberry, Mary Alice · 1, 2 Lowe family · 15 M Martin, grandfather · 1, 3 Martin, John B. · 1, 4 Martin, Joseph H. · 1, 2 Martin, Mary Alice · 1, 2 Martin, Peter · 2 Martin, Uncle Thomas · 2 May family · 13, 16 Mayflower Congregational church · 23 Meade, Richard Hardaway · 1 N Nelson-Matter Furniture Company · 3 O O‟Brien family · 14, 20 O‟Brien house · 14 O‟Brien, Mr. · 14 Old Kent Bank · 5 Old National Bank · 2, 5 P Park Congregational church · 23 Park Congregational church · 22 Penfield, Mrs. Thorton B. · 4 Peoples Bank · 5 Plank Road · 2 Prior, Eleanor · 1 Prohibition · 22 R Reed‟s Lake · 13, 21 Robinson, Henry C. · 1 Robinson, Rix · 7 Rogers, Randy · 22 Russell house · 11 Russell, Fran · 3 Russo, Mr. · 5 S Smith, Senator [William Alden] · 14 Steketee family · 16 Stewart family · 17 T Tietsort family · 14 Tuthill family [Victor] · 18 U Union Bank · 5 W Wallin church · 13 Wallin family · 13 Wallin, Franklin · 13 War Garden · 7, 22 Waters family · 14 Waters‟ house · 11 Welsh, George · 9 Welsh, Ken · 9 White family · 14 White, Rugee · 14 White, Stewart Edward · 14 Wilcox family · 8 Winchester family · 2, 3 Winchester, Althea · 1, 4 Winchester, grandfather · 3 Winchester, Samuel · 2 Winchester, Samuel Alexander · 1 Winchester, Walter · 11, 13 Wolf family · 16 Wolf, Art · 16 Wolf, Elizabeth · 16 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a8ea3040c939b34b8cec954c312c451e.mp3 99df13c02b98b1a3889c4998f4ac63be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Heritage Hill (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Local histories Memoirs Michigan--History Oral histories (document genre) Description An account of the resource Taped and transcribed interviews conducted in the early 1970s primarily of the children and grandchildren of many of the founders of Grand Rapids, Michigan; many of whom were residents of the Heritage Hill neighborhood. Interviews were collected to develop a significant collection of oral resources that would supplement other primary and secondary local history materials. Initially funded as a private project, Grand Valley State College (now University) assumed responsibility for continuing the project until 1977. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/452">Grand Rapids oral history collection (RHC-23)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; audio/mp3 Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Sound Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-23 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1971 - 1977 Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-23_7-8Meade Title A name given to the resource Meade, Mary Alice Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meade, Mary Alice Description An account of the resource Mary Alice Martin was born in Grand Rapids in 1897. She returned home from Vassar College during WWI to farm. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan--History Local histories Memoirs Oral histories (document genre) Grand Rapids (Mich.) Personal narratives Heritage Hill (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Grand Valley State University Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf audio/mp3 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Rapids oral history collection (RHC-23) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bbb2c3df8c3cb718e575c6a96600183d.jpg fd7decea595116350d6db9796e8d3076 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Seidman House Collegiate Center Meathe, Kessler & Associates 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000006 Title A name given to the resource Seidman House. Architect's drawing of exterior Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing of the exterior of the Collegiate Center of Grand Valley State College, later named Seidman House, among the wooded ravines, circa 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2bae75acd8a7d39273b44835143d5a53.jpg a88229df1e0fa926222fa715d4a3e5f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Seidman House Collegiate Center Meathe, Kessler & Associates 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000007 Title A name given to the resource Seidman House. Architect's drawing of student study lounge Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing of the student study lounge fireplace area of the Collegiate Center, known as The Pit. The Collegiate Center was later named Seidman House, ca. 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9f16afda0ace9a3f7f99c3953e60f7bc.jpg 31d47d7262a69f24b2dbb941f4f9fba4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Field House Dome Meathe, Kessler & Associates 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000018 Title A name given to the resource Field House. Architect's drawing of Field House Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing of proposed Field House. Closeup of one dome and entrances, ca. 1965. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Architectural rendering Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/144443e46ea362bcf361fc1e1b20562e.jpg 2a3a8084d6f88ccaac8b07d5dd9d19fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Field House Dome Meathe, Kessler & Associates 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000019 Title A name given to the resource Field House. Architect's drawing of Field House Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing of proposed Field House showing south elevation and Section AA, ca. 1965. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Architectural rendering Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8d4b970631367597f43066e59606a6aa.jpg 20d633f090cc3ddd6fbcd5082abbae6a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection Meathe, Kessler & Associates Seidman House Lake Superior Hall Lake Huron Hall 1960s Lake Michigan Hall Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000062 Title A name given to the resource Architect's plan of the Great Lakes Group Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Description An account of the resource Architect's plan of the Great Lakes Group with the Collegiate Center (later Seidman House), and Learning Centers (LC1) Lake Superior Hall, (LC2) Lake Michigan Hall, and (LC3) Lake Huron Hall by architects Meathe, Kessler & Associates, 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Architectural rendering Ravines -- Michigan Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/59a1944234a9591ee2e92f0ea6a4d563.jpg ecddfa5809eca1b958503ab4c9eadc58 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UComm_Buildings_Collegiate-Center_Architect-02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Seidman House. Architect's drawing of exterior Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing of the exterior of the Collegiate Center of Grand Valley State College, later named Seidman House, among the wooded ravines, circa 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cdc7164bf0257a0343906778da1f11d4.jpg 008a5f89f40c54288bb2b0c3d1b433f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UComm_Buildings_Collegiate-Center_Architect-03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Seidman House. Architect's plan of building and ravine decks Description An account of the resource Architect's plan of the interior of the Collegiate Center of Grand Valley State College, later named Seidman House, among the wooded ravines, circa 1962. The plan features the interior layout of the building, including the study lounge, pit area, dining room, and faculty lounge, in addition to the outdoor terrace area and the series of cement decks that make up the outdoor seating among the ravines. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f91dd6bcccac5b268c3a74c593885996.jpg 9df976d76c918820e97b4b4d6df53b7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UComm_Buildings_Collegiate-Center_Architect-04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Seidman House. Architect's drawing of study lounge and outdoor terrace Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing of the interior and exterior of the Collegiate Center of Grand Valley State College, later named Seidman House, circa 1962. In the drawing, the study lounge and outdoor terrace of the Collegiate Center are featuredamong the wooded ravines, with people seen inside the windows of the building and outside enjoying the outdoor patio seating. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/451d286ae0cfbaba097644066ddc9282.jpg 09aa49199bba1cdcea8188fa3a2c8ba9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UComm_Buildings_Collegiate-Center_Architect-05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Architect's Plan of the Great Lakes Group Description An account of the resource Architect's plan of the Great Lakes Group with the Collegiate Center (later Seidman House), and Learning Centers (LC1) Lake Superior Hall, (LC2) Lake Michigan Hall, and (LC3) Lake Huron Hall by architects Meathe, Kessler & Associates, 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2df45744e8b31bafb21755adda8decb3.jpg f070ffe70a4bd515149a8a663e4a980d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UComm_Buildings_Great-Lakes-Plaza_Architect-01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Architect's Drawing of the Academic Buildings Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing featuring the exteriors of the academic buildings of Grand Valley State College, as located among the ravines in Great Lakes Plaza circa 1962. In the drawing, the Collegiate Center is featured in the center and framed among the wooded ravines, with people seen inside the windows of the building and outside enjoying the outdoor patio seating. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e56933971729b9c629722a5b21e3eb08.jpg 692640068050276ec8163b6efec1116e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley Ravines Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Krohmer, Stanley Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Institutional Marketing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Ottawa County (Mich.) Grand River (Mich.) Ravines -- Michigan Land use Nature trails Outdoor recreation Architectural rendering Facilities Maps Photographs Publications Description An account of the resource Collection of digitized photographs, graphic materials, and documents related to the physical environment and history of the ravines on GVSU’s Allendale Campus. The items curated for this collection were digitized from the Grand Valley Ravines Natural Area collection and the Stanley Krohmer Photographs collection, in addition to other materials from University Archives that illustrate the significance of this natural feature to the GVSU campus community. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UComm_Buildings_Great-Lakes-Plaza_Architect-02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meathe, Kessler & Associates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Architect's Drawing of Academic Building Description An account of the resource Architect's drawing featuring the exterior of an academic buildings of Grand Valley State College, as located among the ravines in Great Lakes Plaza circa 1962. In the drawing, the academic building (possibly Lake Huron Hall) is featured in the center and on top of a plateau overlooking the wooded ravines, with people seen outside enjoying the outdoor pathways. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Architectural rendering Facilities Ravines -- Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University photographs, GV012-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7427dd29bb79a039bb51c1aefce2d6cf.pdf 0f58095e4cdd1e9333b086d488ebbb41 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Quadragesimale de filio prodigo [folium 92] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_092Meder1497 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meder, Johannes Description An account of the resource One leaf of Quadragesimale de filio prodigo by Johannes Meder. Printed in Basel by Michael Furter in 1497. [GW M22502; ISTC im00422000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Michael Furter Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1497 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c4f0b6906a50546cbd2e4c0ab47d6010.mp4 393c3b012831c9faf054e7c5f99a0ff8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/456ee4d5ea78a67510f37b38df3fea51.pdf fbe60dce181af268ac53cf96079449d2 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Grant Medich Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: December 11, 2025 Dani DeVasto (DD) (00:03): All right. I am Dani DeVasto, and today, December 11th, 2025, I have the pleasure of speaking with Grant Medich. Hi, Grant. Grand Medich (GM) (00:13): Hi, Dani. DD (00:15): Grant, can you tell me about where you're from and where you currently live? GM (00:20): Okay. Well, um, I was born in Indiana, but from a young age, uh, grew up in, uh, the locale of White Pigeon Michigan, which is in St. Joe County, uh, just north of the Indiana border. Um, and I am now living just north of Kalamazoo and, uh, Prairieville Township, which is the Southernmost, actually, I think it's the south southern southwestern-most township in Barry County, uh, just north of Kalamazoo again. DD (00:53): How long have you GM (00:54): For, I think it was 21 years. DD (00:57): Okay. So you were in Rockford 21 years. How long have you been in Prairieville Township? GM (01:02): The past four years. Yeah. DD (01:04): Okay. Um, Grant, can you tell me a story about, uh, PFAS, your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? GM (01:15): Well, it's funny because we concentrate a lot on PFAS now is our, you know, with the whole, uh, issue. Well, not, not in just the Rockford associated community, but, uh, since I'm <laugh>, I'm no longer in Rockford, I'm no longer part of the community. I'm Rockford associated, I'd say. Um, but how we got, uh, concentrated on PFAS is interesting because it wasn't PFAS at the beginning. It was, it was a, uh, collo, uh, factory, which happened to be a tannery, and it was, which, which was closing down. And, uh, 1 �we knew there had been processing chemicals, and our focus was on hexavalent, well, chromium, which we were worried about the hexavalent, uh, uh, chromium. And as we got more into it and certain things are controlled or not, we found PFAS was as big, if not a bigger issue. And so, uh, I guess that's part of the story that our concerns about, um, a cleanup operation or, or a, uh, really it's a factory decommissioning operation. Uh, we wanted to see it done in a, uh, environmentally friendly way, not just for the local community, but as it's on the Rogue River, which runs through Rockford is a tributary to the Grand River. It would affect everybody downstream from that point. So, uh, again, we were focused on one issue and found, uh, PFAS was another issue. And then we found other communities were struggling with the same, same, uh, concerns. DD (03:10): So how did you come to be involved or concerned with the tannery demolition? GM (03:18): Okay. Uh, well, the tannery as is most older, um, installations are, was really a series of buildings. And, uh, the company, Wolverine Worldwide, which, uh, was the name of the company in, in charge of it at that time, they were pretty much, they weren't ever bought out by anybody, but they, that was their, um, the company name they had for quite some time. Um, they had basically, uh, continual ownership of that. And so there wasn't a case where one company bought, you know, another company's assets and liabilities. We thought, well, uh, this was founded in Rockford by people who lived in Rockford and just have a feeling that they kind of had a, an obligation besides providing jobs for so many years, uh, to decommission it you know, in a manner that didn't leave, uh, uh, leave it, um, to be a risk factor. GM (04:28): Um, but we found as they were beginning demolition, um, some of the, uh, issues involved were migratory dust. And, uh, shortly before we addressed this, uh, a couple of our streets in the downtown area started holding little meetings, um, kind of centered around the McIntosh, uh, family. Um, Mike and Lynn oftentimes hosted this, and there were a handful of other families, I think, I think, uh, my former wife and I hosted at least once. But when it became an issue that could be considered a bit more politically involved, which to us it wasn't ever a political issue, it was a, a health and safety issue. Uh, some of the families that have been involved in it all along, um, started being a little, little, uh, more, you know, circumspect and drew back from, from the continued meetings and along with the, uh, neighborhood association kind of spurned off, um, the, uh, uh, concerned citizens Association. GM (05:53): And so we would have separate meetings, basically the same, same core group for the better part. Uh, again, Lynn was instrumental in, in, uh, helping that happen, but she was always, uh, asking for help. And so, uh, we had, uh, Gail Mancewicz and I was involved in and out in various capacities, uh, selfemployed. Um, and so that gave me that freedom of interaction to where some days I was available midday and other people were not. They were at their, at their day jobs. Other times I wasn't, it was, I was in construction, so I wouldn't be available for a couple weeks because I was on a, you know, deep in a job. So that's how I became involved with that. And the more we, I don't know, I understand it. I mean, neighbors are neighbors and part of getting along with your neighborhood is, uh, being concerned for them, but not being too nosy. GM (06:52): 2 �And that is true also with corporate neighbors. So I think corporate neighbors, they like the idea of getting along with their neighbors, but they understand they are a corporation, and, uh, they can't be as chummy or, um, I mean, they, they go to their own homes and they have those neighbors, and so they, they can't really be double-dipping there. But when we get more into issues that they consider operations, um, related issues, uh, that's where it becomes none of our business, where if it's environmental, we do consider it, it is our business. Because at some point, um, Wolverine continues to be in, Wolverine Worldwide, continues to be located in Rockford. But my thought was, 'cause I had family members who worked for large corporations, and you have a change of CEO, and all of a sudden you're located in Denver or Chicago or Arizona. And, uh, even though they were a, had a long history in Rockford, I personally wasn't convinced that they just couldn't just pull up roots and get out of it. So that was kind of nature of my interest. And, and I lived right across the street from, uh, the building that remains, which is their shoe store. Yeah. But basically across the street from the, the factory complex DD (08:23): So was that a concern for you that they could leave? Or was that not a concern? GM (08:29): Uh, more concern of, well, my, you know, being in a small business that the, the, uh, scale of operations is vastly different, but I always figured there's a cost of doing business. And if they had done something that they didn't consider nefarious, but, um, over time was determined to be problematic, that cleaning up the, the residue is a deferred cost since they didn't do it, what we now consider right the first time. Or they didn't take care of, uh, spillage when it became known, but not publicized that they were dealing with hazardous chemicals that shouldn't get into groundwater. That's the time they should have dealt with it. And for it to be brought up to them at a later date, didn't negate the fact that they still had, uh, really an ethical responsibility to, um, have a clean and safe operation, not just for their workers or their consumers, but, uh, the people who worked there and lived nearby and, and their neighbors. DD (09:48): So, as someone who did live nearby, did you have any personal concerns about what was about to go down or what had gone down? GM (09:58): Well, I, I, in my, me and my family were rather blessed because we moved into our home in, uh, February of 1999. And, uh, we had city water, but that's the time when, uh, Rockford, uh, stopped drawing their city water from the river. Uh, and I believe it was downstream from the tannery. Um, and they started the deep well, um, deep well, uh, pumping system. And so my children, my family was never exposed to it, besides what it might have been residually located in the, uh, in the piping. Um, but it's, uh, been somewhat determined that ingesting PFAS is a little less issue than, um, inhaling it. And, uh, I always, I always kind of thought it odd too that, uh, the, when I was young, we always took baths. We didn't do showers, but at some point people started taking showers, and I thought, well, the aeriation of the mist in the water, maybe that became more of a health issue with issues like, or PFAS than, than just sitting in it, which is still not good for you, but seems less of an issue. But, yeah. So I had, uh, almost, oh, just kind of an ethical concern as a neighbor, um, of what, what the situation was there rather than a, a real health risk as we weren't exposed to it in that way. DD (11:46): 3 �You mentioned that, um, kind of as part of the, as someone who was able to stay and to, to be selfemployed, and you were perhaps more available at certain times than others, um, that you were asked for help. GM (12:00): Mm-hmm <affirmative>. DD (12:01): What kinds of things were you helping the, the citizens group, the concerned citizens do? Like, what, what was your role? What kinds of things were you doing? GM (12:11): Okay, well, um, early on, every now and then we would do, oh, maybe a little, a little walkabout, you know, take a look, uh, while during the, uh, demolition process, sometimes it's like, uh, Grant, what do you, you work in construction. What do you think of what's going on there? So I'd walk around and say, well, you know, they're, they're, they're spraying down the debris. This is a modern style of, uh, um, airborne dust containment. Uh, that's good. But, uh, you know, that, that, that definitely is, everything's supposed to be wet. And, and, uh, containable versus just spraying water in the area. One guy in the hose spraying in the corner of a parking lot, and they're working over there. That's not the idea, but they were pretty good about keeping the water on there. But every now and then, since these hoses were, didn't have a guy holding it, you know, it was an automated, uh, kind of a mount, and it was aerating the air while they, you know, migrate the work a little over, it's like, okay, you kind of, kind of keep that up. GM (13:22): But once the, the demolition crews knew the criteria there, and they had air monitors, they, they were able to keep on top of that. Um, other activities just was kind of us all familiarizing ourselves with things in the city that we never noticed before. Um, taking floats down the river in a boat, um, I mean, you walk down the sidewalk and you know, the same houses, but when you look at it with a different thought in your head, why is this this way? Or why is that there? Um, it gets you thinking about the potential problems and opportunities, like even the, the tannery, they, they talked about the, if there was the possibility of groundwater contamination, what were the options? And one of the more vocal, uh, I can't call him a Rockford, uh, resident or citizen because he lived in the townships, and this was a ongoing problem. GM (14:29): We had business owners that identified as being Rockford residents. I hate the term. I like citizen, not because I'm, I don't think-- it's politically charged. It means you live in a city, a citizen. I was a citizen of Rockford because I lived in the city of Rockford that didn't include the owner of the, you know, liquor store, the drug, you know, the drug store, the, the gas station. Unless they lived there, you know, I, I don't go into their townships and tell 'em how to run their, their business there. But, uh, other than weighing in on things that affect their business, I'd say, thank you, but no, thank you. We live here. You don't, we pay the taxes. You don't, so, you know, you take care of yours. We take care of ours. Um, but one of these more vocal people, he had an issue with the Brownfield in a property owned decades previously, and his thought was the only source of containment was that they were gonna pave it all over with asphalt capping it. 4 �GM (15:37): Well, when he used that term, I thought, well, capping it, it was already capped because there was a building there. It kept the rainfall from getting into the ground that was boom below with all the, the concrete pads and, you know, just flowing it into the water, um, to a, to a degree. Um, so removing the building kind of removed that cap and breaking up the found, uh, the, the, uh, paving, interior paving, uh, concrete pads did the same. So it all became an issue there. But as we looked more and more into it, and Lynn would talk, um, primarily Lynn would do a lot of interviews with other people, we found a lot of the sludge had been taken to other areas, which became almost bigger problems than the actual downtown area, which was the source of the pollution. So that was some of it, walking about, uh, taking a look at things, um, keeping an eye out, and meetings, meetings. GM (16:38): When we finally decided to write, uh, the petition to the EPA, um, I always remember the old movie, or not movie, it was a movie, actually, <laugh> after the song, Alice's Restaurant by Arlo Guthrie, where he talks about getting, um, arrested for littering. And this sheriff had a, a photograph with a paragraph with circles and arrows and a paragraph on the back of each one. And he would say this over and over again, explaining what the issue was. And this is Lynn <laugh>, she, these, all these photographs with, you know, arrows and circles and a paragraph <laugh> actually below, below each one. You know, it was so detailed. But, you know, getting it into a communicatable understandable, uh, presentation was a, a bit of, a bit of a challenge. We knew photographs are great if people know what you're photographing. You gotta explain what it is. GM (17:38): You gotta explain why it's important, and that you're not putting in additional photographs just to fill the air and make it seem like, oh, the sky is falling. These are, you know, we're, we're documenting conditions that happened. So, uh, sitting down, and usually the writing would happen by, uh, by, uh, Lynn and Gail. But, uh, I would, I would sit down, we would review what we went, what they had gone through, uh, you know, make some, some comments there. And, uh, those two kind of claim <laugh> that I would, that I'd be referee between the two, because they spent a lot of time together without me <laugh>. And then I would end up there. And so, like, almost like sisters, they would get a little, a little too personal with each other. Not, not, not in a heated way, but it's a little frustration because it was, you know, it's a lot of work. It's a lot of work. Well, you're, you being a writer. Yeah. When you collaborate, it's, it's hard enough to write alone, but collaborate. DD (18:43): It can be a challenge! GM (18:45): Yeah, does have some help. Yeah. There's some of the things I was involved with, though. DD (18:50): When did, so tell me a little bit more about the petition. I know that you, so you were, you just said you were part of helping to write it, review it. Um, tell me about, like, so the petition gets accepted, right? Like, and then tell me about like how that was, what your reaction was to that, um, like kind of the fallout from the petition getting accepted. 5 �GM (19:23): Yeah. So that was a whole, you know, a whole process of course. But as I remember, we had, um, a good number of, uh, names. I mean, there were, to my recollection dozens that, um, subscribed to it. And these are people that were familiar with the issue, uh, both people living, uh, nearby and, uh, people in the general area, um, who were, you know, wanting this to be addressed. But, uh, there were, we, we realized it would be a publicly accessible document, and that, uh, there were perhaps some parts of it that certain people supporting it would not want to, uh, have their name divulged. So we knew there'd have to be some, uh, people name who, who had names on the, on the front of it. And Lynn was fine doing that. I was okay with that because, uh, being self-employed as a, as a, basically a, a remodeling contractor, my territory was larger than Rockford. GM (20:42): And, uh, as much business, uh, work as goes downtown Rockford, I, I got project here and there, but it wasn't, was not a majority of my business. So I had no concern about losing business there. And I thought it was an important issue. And, uh, Gail, of course, was, was, uh, noted there as well. Um, yeah. So, um, had that submitted and, uh, then there's that quiet period, you know, is it still in the mail, <laugh>, what's going on? Like, you know, acknowledge receiving, it's almost like, uh, oh, like a movie with you all, you know, stamp. Okay, now it's official, but it's here, <laugh>, it's not re you know, it's, it's received, but it's, here's your receipt for it's receipt. But it's, it's not. In the process yet. So there's the discovery and, and making it known. And, uh, I can't remember at one point, but it got into the, the local newspaper. GM (21:57): And, uh, it's, I'm not a big spectator sports fan. And the tangent on that is, I remember hearing that intercollegiate sports, I guess college boys would get out and have this big brawl. It was a common thing. And so they started, you know, intramurals and they did intercollegiate. It's basically to turn people's focus towards something different, something constructive. But now it's a whole industry. But I think the side benefit is that, is that the average American thinks us versus them. And so you gotta, you gotta have a team, you gotta pick a side. And there's so few people that will look at both sides and take a, take a moment and not choose a side, but just kind of, kind of percolate. And we had a lot of people charging in, oh, Wolverine, they, you know, they've created so many new jobs. I'm like, well, what does that have to do with them dumping chemicals in the water? GM (22:59): This is what we're talking about. It's just like, and I'm not even saying they meant to do it, but it happened. It's like, you know, whether it's a child, you're in charge of, your neighbor, your neighbor has a dog that jumps the fence and bite your kid. I mean, are they gonna say, well, you should have fixed the fence? It's like, no, it's your dog. It is like, it is an issue of responsibility. So people wanted to end run because that was their team. Uh, I remember one situation where former council people would say, "oh, we never had any problem with anybody getting sick. We even, you know, we drew drinking water from the river." And I was on city council at the time thinking, oh, so you're responsible also, not that we knew that people were actually getting sick at that point, but, uh. Yeah. It just, those things that are said in the heat of the moment, and you think back and say, wow, you really said that out loud. Out loud. DD (24:07): Yeah. 6 �GM (24:08): Makes you pause. DD (24:12): How did it feel then, when the EPA turned the site back over to the DEQ? GM (24:19): Oh ho ho, yeah. I guess we didn't know what happened. Before I lived in Rockford. I lived in Ypsilanti Township down the street from a, a Superfund site. I think it was an old Ford facility or supplier. And as a local, I'm like, all of a sudden there's a chain link fence and a do not enter. And, you know, no trespassing didn't know what was going on. Uh, but that was a big concern that people would say, oh, they're gonna cordon it off and it'll look like, uh, Chernobyl, you know, a big, you know, toxic waste area. It's like, you know, 21st century, you know, I don't think all that's gonna happen. So we, we figured it'd be a guarded approach. Um, really one of the frustrating, um, parts of it being turned over to the Michigan DEQ was that, uh, previous to, uh, petitioning the EPA, uh, uh, local, um, officials in the DEQ, um, some were approached about this, and, uh, basically they had ran to Wolverine and, you know, talked all about it and just made a big, big fluster about it, and then did absolutely nothing. GM (25:53): Um, it was, to my understanding, the efforts of, uh, mostly one, one person in charge there locally, where a lot of the rank and file people did want to get involved. Uh, there were a lot of good people, some of them becoming, you know, approaching retirement age. They'd been there a good while, but they had that experience. They knew it was a bad situation, but they weren't the one politically appointed to the local office, and so they kind of had to basically follow orders. Uh, so yeah, it being turned back to the DEQ was a, was a disappointment. And, um, you know, it's, it's one of those things, sometimes you speak outta turn, but I thought, you know, at this point, point, I'll just, there's nothing I can do. But my expectation is that it would run the full course of doing nothing until, um, the EPA would have to step in again DD (26:56): Mm-hmm <affirmative>. GM (26:58): And, uh, I'm not kept up to date since I moved some four years ago. So, um, I'd still get notices about the meetings, but, uh, um, you know, things move on and my family has other, other needs. So, uh, I'm a little ignorant about what's happened more recently. But, uh, DD (27:22): After the, um, after the EPA turned the site back over to the DEQ, I know there was another kind of quiet lull for a while where a lot of things weren't hap, there was little work happening. I know that certain members in the CCRR were still trying to kind of go underground, if you will, and, um, continue to try to figure out what was going on and what was there. Um, did you remain involved after, like, were you still involved at that point? GM (27:58): 7 �Well, to answer it somewhat indirectly, what I remember of what the was happening on the site is that, um, one far end of the site got paved over into some parking spaces and they started holding farmer markets and the, like, there, um, they opened up the field for families to run across during, you know, um, movie nights. They'd, um, have some fireworks. And, um, although new fresh soil was put there, I didn't have the best, I, you know, feeling that it was necessarily safe for, uh, young people to be there. Um, there are, there are monitoring wells, but, uh, and when they talk about the fact that Rockford has a historic dam that was one point hydroelectric generation, um, and what, what, what should one do with it? Um, what's never said is that they would never wanna do anything with it, because the, the, the backwater area has so much, you know, retained sludge and who knows what, uh, presumed to be not good stuff, that it would just all get released. And again, so much of my focus has been on what was happening downtown, where the, uh, house Street site is one of the primary areas that we rolled into in playing, uh, playing field, uh, township because it's part and parcel of the same problem. Sledge was relocated and then crept into the groundwater. GM (29:54): But, uh, yeah, it just seems, uh, it just seems, uh, that there's a marked degree of irresponsibility. I mean that when we, when we were posting the petition, uh, Wolverine was, um, they were posting this, you know, um, historic gains in, in, uh, profit. Uh, there was some sort of crisis, I can't remember what it was in Texas, and they were sending down, um, you know, large contributions, you know, it was in excess of a million. I thought, well, why don't they do something local? I thought, well, because that's not glamorous, and that's not, you know, you come out and say, we, we just spent this much money cleaning up our own mess. They know that's not gonna help. But, oh, you know, children, you know, children need shoes in some foreign land. Oh, we, well, yeah, we'll cut a check for that. It's like, while that would be nice, how about taking care of what you, you created yourself? It's just, I just, just reminds me the old, the old names. The, the, the, the Rockefeller, the Carnegie, these, you know, captains of industry back in the day that, you know, they bought tooth and nail and there was a lot of blood and guts spilled, but when it comes full circle, they make donations or open libraries, which is a wonderful thing. But how they got the money, I think is sometimes more important than if, if they didn't clean up their mess on the way out. I'm just thinking, just cl if, if sooner or later somebody's gonna acquire wolverine or they're gonna shut down, or who knows what, just clean up your mess before you do. That's what I do, you know, before I go to bed, the house is still a mess, but there's certain things I make nice and tidy. I usually hand wash my dishes. That's what I like to do. I like putting 'em away so I don't come and have to put 'em away in the morning. That's what we do as responsible adults, and there's no reason why a corporate entity can't do the same. DD (32:21): Fair, very fair GM (32:24): Preaching to the choir, I suppose. <laugh>. DD (32:27): That's okay. It's good to put it down on record. GM (32:29): Yeah. Yeah. 8 �DD (32:31): Um, do you think there are any parts of the story that, as far as you're aware, that have been underreported? GM (32:42): I'm sure there are, but you know, with I am sometimes, well, I, I'm plagued with a good memory in some ways and a bad memory in others <laugh>. And one of the things I gets me through life is, uh, trying not to hold grudges. So I, I forget the bad things that happen sometimes, uh, but that, that lets people off the hook a little bit more than they should at times, I suppose. Um, and when it, when it comes to winners and losers, I mean, there were, there were relationships and friendships that were strained. Um, I had an interesting situation because my, uh, my next, so I lived right next to what had been a series of houses until at some point, uh, they were paved over for parking lot, which in Rockford that was allowed, you know, it was residentially zoned, but, uh, you couldn't build a convenience store there, but you could pave it and use it as a commercial parking lot, which seemed contradictory to me. GM (34:02): So anyway, it was nice place to have kids grow up because there wasn't much happening over there usually. Uh, so I only had a neighbor on one side, and, uh, the neighbor was a retiree from Wolverine Worldwide and his wife, and they were, uh, wonderful people. A part of the, I mean, um, the husband grew up there. I don't know if he's actually born there. I think he might've been like in the town, but he, he grew up there and he, he lived in that home after he had, um, well, they moved there in the early fifties eventually bought the home, and he died locally. So he spent his whole life there and, uh, had a lot of respect for him. Um, but, uh, his wife was on city council, and, you know, when you are in a, I always think of communities, when you're a certain community, um, your ears turned, uh, sympathetically toward those, uh, closest to you. GM (35:09): And so we were obviously on different sides of the issue, but it never really strained our relationship because we chose to be good neighbors and not, not really discuss that topic because, um, when, you know, somebody has the opposite point of view, and, uh, there is no real way of convincing them to change their opinion, um, I'm typically of the, of the opinion that, that, um, my best testimonial is just to continue. And if they ever have a question about how I feel I'll do so somebody is undecided about something, I'm more than willing to discuss it. But, uh, I'm not big into, you know, trying to change the world to agree with me. It's just, just not my way. But, uh, a lot of people that, uh, work quite differently in, in that community and other communities, but, uh, that, that strained a lot of relationships. GM (36:14): And, uh, the city manager of the time, he was a very, very energetic fellow. Um, but I think he was much on the wrong side of this issue, and I think he was used by Wolverine Worldwide. Um, which I don't know, it just, I, I, I saw the irony of it because as I said before, my opinion is that Wolverine Worldwide decided to stay in Rockford because they decided to stay in Rockford. And no matter what the city manager did or did not do, he's, he was like a gnat to them. A city of 6,300 people was not gonna do a whit of good or ill to them because they had been there since, I think the 1920s was the founding of Krause and Hurst tannery, and it's, I mean, it was a long, long time ago, and as much as he thought he was doing them favors, I think they would take any favor they gave him, but they were not gonna scratch his back in return. 9 �DD (37:30): Mm-hmm. GM (37:31): So, I, I just think he didn't, he didn't value the, the citizens of Rockford over the corporations of Rockford. DD (37:40): When did you, um, first hear about PFAS? GM (37:47): Oh, probably after we, I mean, I, I suppose I might have heard of it, you know, like in the news here and there, but is where, bang your head on, on hexavalent, chromium, hexavalent, chromium, hexavalent, chromium. All of a sudden somebody's like, well, what about PFAS? So I think, I think it might've even been after the petition was issued, I think it might've been amidst or in the formation of the, uh, community advisory group, Wolverine Community Advisory Group. I was a member, founding member for a while there. And, uh, and I think that that's where the, the focus changed over time. Uh, of course, the challenge there was that both the EPA and the DNR, they didn't have, oh, what, what do you call it? Legislative directives as to what contamination was. So, uh, after being a, uh, uh, remodeling contractor, I became a home inspector. GM (39:07): And so I got more into science, like radon and concentrations of this and that. And so, uh, oh, even some water quality analysis. So I got into a better understanding of what, what, what is, um, contamination, you know, what, what's, uh, the maximum MCL maximum contamination level, which is used with, I can't remember what is the hexavalent chromium, I think that's in, in there someplace. Uh, but, but other things, lead, arsenic, all those, and then the, the lower limits of detection, the LLD, that's where your, um, detection method can't, it might be there, but it's so small that there, it's undetectable. Um, but yeah, I find that there isn't, was no MCL and they, they knew PFAS bad, but they didn't know how much PFAS bad, which we kind of find that any amount is bad if it's, as they like to call it forever chemical. GM (40:14): And that it not only is, uh, pervasive and sticks around, but evidently is, can also accumulate as opposed to be something easily, uh, uh, removed. So, um, I'm just trying to think. The year we submitted the petition, do you recall, I thought it was 2012, DD (40:48): 2011? GM (40:48): 2011, 2012. I thought it was, yeah. 2012 came to mind, but maybe it was 2011 and I moved in 2020, so that was a long time to see not a whole lot done for that. So somewhere in the midst there, we got looking at the PFAS, and strangely enough, uh, where I live now isn't too far from Parchment, which has the, uh, paper mill PFAS issue in the Kalamazoo River. I drive by that every now and that the Kalamazoo 10 �River, I'm like, oh, there's another affected river. Unfortunately, I think it's documented to be, the documentation is more acute down here. I'm not sure that the Rogue River is better. I think it is. It's, it's, it's, it's a smaller river and it's a tributary, and it moves a little faster. So I think we have all that. But, um, yeah. Yeah. Just that an irony there. DD (41:54): So maybe that's a good segue into another question. Um, do you have any concerns about PFAS contamination moving forward? GM (42:06): Yeah. Well, largely like, if I think of, uh, people of Plainfield Township, there's a big bolus of, I can't remember the term. They would use, um, plume plume of, uh, contaminated groundwater that continues to migrate. Now they've tried to stop the wells that would draw from that, but that doesn't mean that's the only, um, vector of contamination. It comes up to the ground source. We have sludge that was there. There's a, there's a subdivision that was built over an area that anecdotally was reported to have surface, um, application over farm fields. Uh, the farmhouse is still there, the fields are gone. They put in a bunch of homes. And there was some reports of kids in the nineties having a strange form of cancer, of the sinuses and such. And it was just an uptick. And it passes and, you know, it's, it's not like a smoking gun. It happened there. How did, how did they get contaminated? Well, could have been private wells, but it was on city water, but it had developed homes with soil kids playing on the ground. GM (43:49): Who knows? Who knows? Um, in my little lake here, uh, I mean, I, I grew up downstream from, um, a paper mill. And every now and then they would have, oh, a little bit too much rain, and the holding pits would overflow, and the White Pigeon River would run a lime green. It's almost this like what they'd do in Chicago for <laugh>, or is this for St. Patrick's Day? Except for this is unintentional. This is a milky lime green. And it was disgusting. Hey, you know, it's poison. They would just go right down the river, which is tributary to the St. Joseph River, and they would get some sort of fine, but I believe it was a business decision that the fine was probably more affordable than cleaning 'em out. I don't know why otherwise they would do this. These weren't, it wasn't a, it was an old plant, but it wasn't an antiquated plant. GM (44:53): So I think that's kind of the way business used to be done quite a bit. So when we get back to the issue of the, the PFAS, um, what came to mind is, I would walk along the river as a little kid, and I'd see this foamy water, I think, oh, it just happens. It just happens. But, uh, Lynn was one who's just saying, what is this foam? I'm like, it just happens at rivers, Lynn. everybody said, it just happens. Well, it doesn't. More often than not, it's some sort of a, PFASis a what do they call it? Anti, it's a surficant. Anti. Surficant. Anyway, DD (45:33): Surfactant? GM (45:34): Surfactant, yeah. So it floats and it's a thing that keeps things from adhering to each other. So it's, it's, it's on the surface. Um, I have a neighbor at my lake here says, do you think anybody would mind if I check the water? 11 �GM (45:50): Because every now and then the wind blows and we get little foam <laugh> of water. I'm like, now don't tell me we got PFOS here. But we might, we don't know. I mean, I'm not near an airport. I understand. I think it was Grayling, the National Guard Airport, that they would use the foam that the firefighters use, and that, that there was a big contamination issue there. It just seems that, I don't know, there's, there's, there's too many things that just don't add up. I mean, we know we have, oh, for lack of a better term, plastic food. I mean, food that just isn't always food. It's just byproducts put in there, or products put in that we ingest. Um, so there's other issues. GM (46:41): But when I look at my generation and my children's generation, seems like we have a lot more problems with, uh, infertility than I remember hearing from prior generations. Um, a lot of people struggling to have children to have, uh, early, early life cancers. And, uh, it could it be the food? Could it be the water? Well, anything we can do to reduce our exposure to, um, carcinogens is, is, is not a bad way to go. And that's my biggest concern about this PFAS, that it's, it's, it's still, it's still out there. Seems like we're still adding to it. And being an old geology student, I know the earth heals itself, but I also <laugh>, like Carl Sagan would say, billions and billions of years <laugh> for the solar system. But like with, with the Earth, it can take a million years to heal something. It will heal, but it might take another species to <laugh> enjoy the benefits and we don't want that. DD (48:02): Well, you're just a jack of all trades, a geology student, construction, remodeling, and home inspection. GM (48:10): I think they, I think they now call that ADHD <laugh>. It wasn't a thing when I was a kid. I was just, I was just, well read <laugh>. DD (48:24): Is there anything before we wrap up that you'd like to add or, um, that we haven't touched on today? Or anything that you wanna go back to say more about? GM (48:38): Well, shame of it all is, uh, you know, I was a little delayed in getting back with you and, uh, by, by months, really as it's just been these weeks. But, uh, and being a little separated from the issue and distracted by other other concerns, it, it does get, it does get a little foggy over time as to And every now, and you have the, oh, yeah. That mo mo type of moment where you're like, okay, yeah, that was a, that was a, a big day or a big event. Um, but, uh, nothing really comes to mind. I, you know, as I age and mature, I, I think I oftentimes try to look at the theme, uh, versus the details. I'm very detail oriented, but I think to understand how details fit into a situation, you have to look at the overarching theme. GM (49:42): It's like, okay, what, why does the puppet move? Well, there's a puppeteer. Why does a puppeteer make that choice? Well, and it goes further and further and further back to, uh, a theme of where are we going with the whole thing. But, uh, yeah, I, I, I think we have a societal problem of not asking why we should, you know, continue to add untested, unproven products of all sorts of all sorts. That, uh, um, 12 �sometimes will have well established, um, methods of introducing, um, new products that we will just push the wayside because all of a sudden we think, oh, this is a crisis. We need to find a solution. Well, solution can be worse than the problem. GM (50:45): And, uh, I think it's important that we don't stop progress, but we start to find better methods to, uh, evaluate what things are progress. Uh, the continued proliferation of pharmaceutical drugs. We have plenty of pharmaceutical drugs that do just the same thing that the new ones will, but they're coming. The old ones are out of patents. So, you know, it's not always the case, but they try to find a, a new wheel, uh, you know, a better, you know, the wheel's been invented, get a better tire, that's fine, but gotta stop. Yeah. I don't know how we do it, but, uh, yeah. You know, fixing the past, I mean, that's an industry in itself. But, uh, trying to do, undo some of the, some of the harm we've done. I think that, you know, puts us in better stead for generations to come and say, well, they, they might have been a little warped, but they, they, they did their best to try to clean things up a bit. DD (51:59): Yeah. Well, Grant, thank you for taking the time to talk with me today. GM (52:05): Oh, gladly, gladly. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0044 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Medich, Grant Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-12-11 Title A name given to the resource Grant Medich, 2025 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Grant Medich recounts how community concerns over a Rockford, Michigan tannery demolition evolved from chromium contamination to the discovery of widespread PFAS risks. As a nearby resident, he helped monitor the site and supported a citizen petition to the EPA, raising questions about corporate responsibility, regulatory inaction, and the long-term health impacts of “forever chemicals." Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bbf26c28458ebf95415b53fec7394d18.pdf 3acb9ca46634bf91ebf70eaae6c9b6a6 PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Francisca Medina Interviewers: José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 3/2/2012 Biography and Description English Francisca Medina lived for many years in Chicago’s Lincoln Park neighborhood. She describes visiting with other Latinas on the streets of Lincoln Park, at laundromats, and in the large variety of Puerto Rican owned shops in the 1950s, a time when the community was thriving and safe. Her memories emphasize how close knit the Puerto Rican community remained in those days. When there was a funeral, wedding, or baptism, Puerto Rican women gathered to pray the rosaries together. Groups of Puerto Ricans went door-to-door singing in parrandas and getting petitions signed to have Spanish mass celebrated at St. Michael’s and at St. Teresa’s, two Catholic churches whose membership was already largely Latino. Ms. Medina recalls her involvement in Council Number 9 at St. Teresa’s, as well as her work with the congregations at St. Vincent De Paul and St. Sebastian. Ms. Medina raised her family in Lincoln Park, moving several times within the neighborhood including homes on Sheffield, Bissell and Fremont Streets. Her experience is representative of the way that many Puerto Rican families moved at that time, pulled slowly, looking for larger and more economical homes that their families could enjoy and live in more comfortably. During the 1960s and 1970s, Puerto Ricans were moving west along North Avenue and Armitage Avenue, from Clark Street to Kedzie, and from �Grand Avenue north to Lawrence. Still, as Ms. Medina recalls, the community stayed connected, separated only by the Chicago River and the I-94 expressway. These memories are essential as they negate attempts by city officials to emphasize geographical neighborhood boundaries and dilute the cohesiveness of Chicago’s Latino community. Spanish Francisca Medina vivió en el vecindario de Lincoln Park en Chicago por muchos años. Describe visitando las calles de Lincoln Park con otras Latinas, las lavanderías, y las tiendas en donde la mayoría de los dueños eran Puertorriqueños en los 1950, un tiempo donde la comunidad era segura. Su memoria aclara que cerca estaba la comunidad puertorriqueña en esos tiempos. Cuando había una funeral, boda, o bautismo la puertorriqueñas se reunían y oraran juntas con sus rosarios. Grupos de Puertorriqueños iban de puerta a puerta cantando en parrandas y adquirían firmas en peticiones para tener una misa en español en las iglesias de St. Michael’s y St. Teresa’s, donde la mayoría de los miembros eran Latinos. Señora Medina recuerdo su parte en Council Number 9 en St. Teresa’s, igual que su trabajo en la congregación en St. Vincent de Paul St. Sabastian. Señora Medina crio su familia en Lincoln Park, se mudo muchas veces dentro del vecindario, incluyendo en Sheffiel, Bissell y Fremont Street. Sus experiencias son representativas de la forma en que familias puertorriqueñas mudaban en ese tiempo, cambiándose a un lugar en que es más grande y donde su familia podía vive más cómodo. Durante los 1960s y los 1970s puertorriqueños so estaban mudando de oeste sobre la calle de North Avenue y Armitage Avenue, de Clark Street hacia Kedzie, y de Grand Avenue hacia el norte a Lawrence. Durante estos cambios la comunidad todavía estaba unida, separad solo por el rio de Chicago y el expressway 1-94. Estas memorias son esencial porque oponen los oficiales de la ciudad que tratan de subrayar fronteras en el vecindario y deshacer la propiedad coherente en la comunidad Latina. � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b3d6ecaaf25ee14d77f4f7e77044e0df.mp4 74e37a1dd4b59b2af64deff261b69a15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Francisca Medina vídeo entrevista y biografía, entrevista 1 Descripción Spanish language Description entry Francisca Medina vivió en el vecindario de Lincoln Park en Chicago por muchos años. Describe visitando las calles de Lincoln Park con otras Latinas, las lavanderías, y las tiendas en donde la mayoría de los dueños eran Puertorriqueños en los 1950, un tiempo donde la comunidad era segura. Su memoria aclara que cerca estaba la comunidad puertorriqueña en esos tiempos. Cuando había una funeral, boda, o bautismo la puertorriqueñas se reunían y oraran juntas con sus rosarios. Grupos de Puertorriqueños iban de puerta a puerta cantando en parrandas y adquirían firmas en peticiones para tener una misa en español en las iglesias de St. Michael’s y St. Teresa’s, donde la mayoría de los miembros eran Latinos. Señora Medina recuerdo su parte en Council Number 9 en St. Teresa’s, igual que su trabajo en la congregación en St. Vincent de Paul St. Sabastian. Señora Medina crio su familia en Lincoln Park, se mudo muchas veces dentro del vecindario, incluyendo en Sheffiel, Bissell y Fremont Street. Sus experiencias son representativas de la forma en que familias puertorriqueñas mudaban en ese tiempo, cambiándose a un lugar en que es más grande y donde su familia podía vive más cómodo. Durante los 1960s y los 1970s puertorriqueños so estaban mudando de oeste sobre la calle de North Avenue y Armitage Avenue, de Clark Street hacia Kedzie, y de Grand Avenue hacia el norte a Lawrence. Durante estos cambios la comunidad todavía estaba unida, separad solo por el rio de Chicago y el expressway 1-94. Estas memorias son esencial porque oponen los oficiales de la ciudad que tratan de subrayar fronteras en el vecindario y deshacer la propiedad coherente en la comunidad Latina. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Puertorriqueños--Relatos personales Idioma español--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Puertorriqueños--Illinois--Chicago--Vida social y costumbres Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Medina_Francisca Title A name given to the resource Francisca Medina video interview and biography, interview 1 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Medina, Francisca Description An account of the resource Francisca Medina lived for many years in Chicago’s Lincoln Park neighborhood. She describes visiting with other Latinas on the streets of Lincoln Park, at laundromats, and in the large variety of Puerto Rican owned shops in the 1950s, a time when the community was thriving and safe. Ms. Medina recalls her involvement in Council Number 9 at St. Teresa’s, as well as her work with the congregations at St. Vincent De Paul and St. Sebastian. Ms. Medina raised her family in Lincoln Park, moving several times within the neighborhood including homes on Sheffield, Bissell and Fremont Streets. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Puerto Ricans--Personal narratives Spanish language--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Puerto Ricans--Illinois--Chicago--Social life and customs Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-03-02 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/613dc18175f52215a93501ee5a75ef01.m4v 78c53f2c5a888af7e453906898e23a72 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e83e7b01d79c1589069708bdccd87636.pdf 509c14ff0de2c716e65426071d23fb6b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of Interviewee: Chris Meeuwenburg Name of War: World War II Length of Interview: (01:31:27) (00:30) Background Information   Chris was born in Fremont, Michigan and drafted into the Army in 1943 when he was 19 years old He was part of the 103rd Infantry Division and worked as a medical technician (2:35) Training  Chris was sent to Camp Claiborne, Louisiana for boot camp  The area was much hotter than Michigan, muggy and had many muddy swamp areas  They went on maneuvers through Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas  Chris was later transferred to a camp in Texas  The food was good, but he remembered just always being tired  They had to hike with 50 pound packs in the hot weather and some of the men passed out from the heat (6:30) Medical Technician School  Chris was sent to an Army/Navy general hospital in Hot Springs, Arkansas  There were about 300 Army students he was training with and they had a very mean general for their instructor  He was allowed to go home on furlough twice while he was training and took a train filled with many other soldiers to get home  Chris had three weeks to visit his family and they also came to Arkansas to visit him  All of the officers he worked with were doctors (14:55) Surgical Technician School  All of the Army ground forces had to go through physical examination tests  Chris had to go through many examinations that were all very hard  Chris’s company won first place in the nation that particular year  There was a local college that the men went to visit on the weekends  They had a book with a picture of every girl that went there, their age, and other information on them  They men could pick them out of the book and ask them to go out on date (17:25) Europe � They all gathered at Camp Shanks, New York to be shipped out  Chris had to help give all the men inoculations before they left  It took them 14 days to cross the Atlantic in a zig zag course in order to avoid German submarines  On the way Chris saw three different ships burning at sea that had been attacked  At 6:00 pm all the men were locked in their compartments for the night and could not get out until the next morning  They landed in La Havre, France and were met with fire from German planes  They abandoned their ship in the dark and many had no idea where they were fleeing to  The men all finally met up at a staging area  His company was supposed to relieve Company C of the Third Battalion  There were MPs all over France and it was very muddy from all of the rain (24:30) Average Days  Most of the time the men never knew where they were going to sleep that night  They preferred to sleep indoors and were usually able to eat well  They started with k-rations, which were terrible, but they began receiving better tasting crations within a few months  They tried to purchase as much French bread and wine as possible  They often had to sleep outside in the French countryside, but it was very cold  One night they decided to avoid sleeping in an abandoned French house because his commander had a funny feeling about it  The next day the house had been completely leveled by Germans (36:10) Close Calls  They had been on an offensive mission in France and the Germans had trapped them and had them surrounded  Chris was able to jump onto a passing tank and just barely missed being shot  He had been selected to go on a reconnaissance mission in Ludwig[shafen] near the Rhine River  The men had been driving and stopped by a MP for the password  A German 88 artillery shell hit the middle of the road right in front of them  If they had not been pulled over by the MP they would have been hit by the shell (41:00) Paris  Paris was very different from the French countryside  Chris had a friend that lived in an apartment in Paris and he went to visit him when he had time on leave  He had a very nice time visiting and touring through the city �(42:10) Germany  They had entered and taken a small town and found an abandoned school house  There was a message on the chalk board that read “ Welcome to Germany”  They came across a warehouse that held 33,000 bottles of champagne  There were 15,000 men in the division and each received two bottles of champagne  They were all very drunk that night and it would have been a good time for the Germans to attack  They moved very rapidly through Germany, making advances and taking cities  They were working with the 614th Tank Destroyer Company  They completely destroyed most of the towns they took and were ordered not to communicate with any German civilians (49:15) Innsbruck  They felt the war was slowing down and many small pockets of German soldiers were surrendering  They entered Innsbruck and there really was not anything for the men to do and they were all very bored  Chris often went swimming and met a young woman named Anna Marie  He liked her a lot and though she was very smart and he was able to communicate with her because she spoke English  Chris had been near a tank that hit a mine and a piece of shrapnel hit him in the head, puncturing his helmet  His leg was also hurt and he was sent to a hospital (57:30) Rome  Chris visited Rome on leave and toured the catacombs of Sainte Christopher at Saint Peter’s Cathedral  It was a very beautiful cathedral with gold walls and ceiling  They were given a tour of Rome by a Russian princess that had fled the country (59:10) Leaving France  Chris had enough points to be sent home, but instead they sent him to various units to take inventory of their medical supplies  He began to get very annoyed because he was still working while most units were being sent home  He finally sent in a complaint and was eventually told he could go home  Chris was brought to the shipping area in La Havre  He had been in Europe for 2 years and had learned to speak German pretty well �(1:03:50) Back in States  Everything had changed while Chris was in Europe, including himself and it was a lot for him to take in  He got his old job back working for Continental Motors in Muskegon, Michigan  He worked there for about 6 months and then decided that he did not work there anymore  Chris applied for pharmacy school at Ferris State University and went there for 4 years (1:10:40) Looking Back  Chris became a pharmacist and met a woman in church that had moved to Michigan from South Dakota  They got married and had 5 children  Chris still finds it hard to believe he made it through the war because there were so many times that he could have been killed  It was very hard being in Europe during the holidays, especially Christmas  Chris had spent 5 Christmases away from his family � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MeeuwenburgC Title A name given to the resource Meeuwenburg, Chris (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meeuwenberg, Chris Description An account of the resource Chris Meeuwenberg was born Fremont, Michigan and drafted into the Army in 1943 when he was 19 years old. He went through training in Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas and eventually became a medical technician. Chris was sent to Europe and landed in La Havre, France where they were immediately shot at by German planes. While in Europe Chris traveled through France, Germany, and Austria. He was eventually discharged near the end of the war and then went to Ferris State University for 4 years of pharmacy school. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Portenga, Aaron (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-05-22 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/403ae4aa43958f95cb113adec5ecc112.pdf b58693fd6935325263b6dea0cf1c706c PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sermones de tempore et de sanctis, sive Hortulus reginae [folium 87] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_087Meffret1488 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meffret Description An account of the resource One leaf from Sermones de tempore et de sanctis, sive Hortulus reginae by Meffret. Printed in Basel by Nicolaus Kesler on May 24, 1488. [GW M22652; ISTC im00444500] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Nicolaus Kesler Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1488 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/37c69a947c4a86de228d4d6bc34122c1.pdf 3d316d5a9e46e4f9495c3941d84590a8 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sermones de tempore et de sanctis, sive Hortulus reginae [folium 89] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_089Meffret1485 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meffret Description An account of the resource One leaf from Sermones de tempore et de sanctis, sive Hortulus reginae by Meffret. Printed in Basel by Nicholaus Kesler not after 1485. Illustrated with blue rubricated initials. [GW M22648; ISTC im00441000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Nicholaus Kesler Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1485 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7cdcc168f1b404183283c1cf8fccd4b4.pdf 54a5a0d10d1a7cca5a1cf112128a0213 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sermones de tempore et de sanctis, sive Hortulus reginae [folium 91] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_091Meffret1488 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meffret Description An account of the resource One leaf from Sermones de tempore et de sanctis, sive Hortulus reginae (Johannes de Lapide, Praemonitio circa sermones de conceptione virginis Mariae) by Meffret. Printed in Basel by Berthold Ruppel after April 21, 1488 [GW M22657; ISTC im00444000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Berthold Ruppel Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1488 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text