470 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f979fa44e017fcbbabe009b2fb70acd2.pdf 0e029a119aa863d49af7b92c839b8aa2 PDF Text Text lEGENO AMENDED MAY 23, 2000 LANO USE PLAN I AMENDED TO MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL C=:J C=:J C=:J c=:J AMENDED TO MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AND OFFICE SERVICE E9 lllllllllllllll NON URBAN LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL CONVENIENCE COMMERCIAL DOWNTOWN COMMERCIAL GENERAL COMMERCIAL ---------- . 1 C=:J OFFICE SERVICE C=:J LlGHT INDUSTRIAL C=:J INDUSTRIAL C=:J LIMITED INDUSTRIAL C=:J PUBL IC/OUAS I PUBL IC C=:J PARK/OPEN SPACE/SCHOOL - •CI TY BOUNDARY ••• • MIDLAND URBAN GROWTH AREA IMUGAl SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA BOUNDARY -------- ········-............ I ~ I '' ' I!! II ~ i. ...... .L. I I, n AMENDED TO - GENERAL COMMERCIAL I I I I I I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Midland_Land-Use-Plan-Map_2000 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000-05-23 Title A name given to the resource Land Use Plan Description An account of the resource The Land Use Plan Map for the City of Midland was amended on May 23, 2000. Subject The topic of the resource Land Use--planning Midland (Mich.)--Maps Midland County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a22d8b42d8ae603b4300b2ea08827c76.pdf b1e82a39b51059d390f7db398997d1ba PDF Text Text COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROGRAM KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION PLAN ELEMENTS • 1970 • 1990 LAND USE SCHELLIE ASSOCIATES, INC. A DIVISION OF CLYDE E. WILLIAMS INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA & ASSOCIATES, �J .FROM THE LIBRARY Of P};1_nntf1~ & Zcning C~n~sr, ' TITLE: LAND USE PLAN, KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN AUTHOR: SCHELLIE ASSOCIATES, INC., A DIVISION OF CLYDE E. ~ILLIAMS & ASSOCIATES, INC. SUBJECT: URBAN AREA REQUIREMENTS RESIDENTIAL USE COMMERCIAL USE INDUSTRIAL USE PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC USE OPEN SPACE AND PARKS I DATE: MAY, 1970 PLANNING AGENCY: SOURCE OF COPIES: KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN .. COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUijTY PLANNING COMMISSION HUD PROJECT NO: MICH. P-124 SERIES NO: 1 of 3 NO. OF PAGES: 67 ABSTRACT: A determination of the distributional patterns for the major land uses was completed. The factors used in the analysis include space needs, physical resources, existing land use, previously prepared comprehensive plans, community facilities and transportation plans. An analysis is made of patterns concerning the assignment of land. The patterns of economic . activity, population, and transportation is studied relative to their influence on the assignment of land. A series of three plans are developed which include ~he sprawl, satellite and corridor development concepts. A description of the steps necessary to meet the goals and objectives of the land use plan are presented. A county-wide land use plan is presented in the report which indicates the generalized land use patterns for the entire county. �■ I LAND USE PLAN FOR KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN May, 1970 Prepared For: THE KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION Prepared By: SCHELLIE ASSOCIATES, INC. A Division of CLYDE E. WILLIAMS & ASSOCIATES, INC. Indianapolis, Indiana I The preparation of this report was financially aided through a Federal grant from the Urban Renewal Administration of the Department of Housing and Urban Development under the Urban Planning Assistance Program authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954 as amended. �FOREWORD The preparation of the Comprehensive Plan for Kalamazoo County was undertaken in two phases. The first phase, completed in 1966, produced a series of Planning Studies Reports concerned with inventory, analysis and projections of existing conditions in the County to serve as a foundation for the plan for the future. The subjects reported upon in the first phase were: Population, Economics, Community Facilities~ Existing Land Use, Physical Resources and Organization for Planning. The second phase of the planning program is concerned with the · preparation of the Comprehensive Plan and plan implementation. It is being presented as a series of reports dealing with each of the basic elements of the Comprehensive Plan - Land Use, Community Facilities and Transportation - plus a report on Plan Implementation and finally, a Comprehensive Plan Report summarizing the entire planning program. Because of the many interrelationships between the three basic plan elements, they were prepared concurrently. This report on the Land Use Plan is the first of the plan elements to be completed and will be followed shortly by similar reports on the Community Facility and Transportation Plans to complete this series. MAY, J - 1970 �TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page No. THE LAND USE PLAN INTRODUCTION. . . . 1 BACKGROUND • • • 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION • • 2 GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES. • 7 GOALS . • 7 GENERAL GOALS • Environmental Goals . • . . • . Social Goals • . • . • • • . Economic Goals • . . • . • . • Political Goals . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 • • • • • • • 7 • 8 • • • • • 9 • 9 SPECIFIC GOALS. 10 LAND USE • • • • • . 10 Agricultural Goals. . •.. Residential Goals . • . • • • • . • • • • Commercial Goals • . . . • . • • • . • • • • Industrial Goals . • •••.•• 10 11 11 12 OBJECTIVES • • . 12 POLICIES. 13 . General. • • . • • . Residential Land Use Policies • . . • . Commercial Land Use Policies • . Industrial Land Use Policies • . Open Space Land Use Pol1 cies • • • • • . • • • • • • • . 13 14 17 20 22 THE LAND USE PLAN - GENERAL J J URBAN AREA REQUIREMENTS • 25 RESIDENTIAL LANDS • 25 COMMERCIAL LANDS . . 25 INDUSTRIAL LANDS. 27 i �- .,... TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED Subject Page No. . . . . . . . . . . OPEN SPACE, PARKS, PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC LANDS . . . . . . . . . THE LAND USE PLAN - LOCALIZED 28 28 THE LAND USE PLAN - RESIDENTIAL USE INTRODUCTION • • . . . . . . . . . • • • • DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES • . . . . . . . LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS . . . . . . . . . SITE CHARACTERISTICS. . . . . . . . .. . . . . UNIT DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGN QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . HOUSING TYPES • • IMPROVEMENTS AND SERVICES • . . . . . . RESIDENTIAL LAND DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Cities . . . . . . . . . . Summary. • . • • • • . • . . . The Villages • • • . . . The Unincorporated Area . • • URBAN AREA. RURAL AREA • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 .. . . . . . . 29 29 31 31 . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . 33 . 33 . 33 . 33 . 34 34 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 THE LAND USE PLAN - COMMERCIAL .USE . . . . . . . . . . . DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES . . . . . COMMERCIAL TYPES • . • • . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. SITE CHARACTERISTICS • . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMPROVEMENTS AND SERVICES • . . . . . . . .... ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGN QUALITY • • • • COMMERCIAL LAND DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . 37 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 ,- �J TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Subject URBAN AREA. Pa9:e No. . . The Cities Kalamazoo. Parchment. Portage. Galesburg. Summary. . . . • . . . . ..• . . . .• . . The Villages Au~usta. Climax. Richland Schoolcraft. Vicksbur9:. • The Unincorporated Area. 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 THE LAND USE PLAN INDUSTRIAL USE INTRODUCTION. 45 DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES. 45 INDUSTRIAL TYPES. 45 SITE CHARACTERISTICS. 46 . UNIT DEVELOPMENT. 46 DESIGN QUALITY. 46 INDUSTRIAL LAND DISTRIBUTION. 49 URBAN AREA. 49 The Cities Kalamazoo. Parchment. Portage. Galesburg. J 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 RURAL AREA. J 40 50 50 50 50 50 . The Villages Augusta. Climax Richland Schoolcraft. Vicksburg. . . The Unincorporated Area. 50 51 51 51 51 51 51 iii �JI TABLE OF CONTENTS ---- CONTINUED Page No. Subject RURAL AREA. 52 SUMMARY 52 PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC THE LAND USE PLAN INTRODUCTION. 55 DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES. 55 TYPES 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 Administrative Police Fire scti"ools. Health and Welfare Libraries. Other Cultural Facilities. LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. 56 SITE CHARACTERISTICS. 56. UNIT DEVELOPMENT. 57 DESIGN QUALITY. 57 IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED 57 PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC LAND DISTRIBUTION. 57 URBAN AREA. 58 The Ci ties The Villages The Unincorporated Area. 58 58 58 RURAL AREA. 58 THE LAND USE PLAN OPEN SPACE AND PARKS INTRODUCTION. 59 TYPES • Parks. Playgrounds. Open Space . . . -. DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES. 59 59 59 59 59 iv ,. ..... �TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONCLUDED Subject Page No. LOCATlONAL RELATIONSHIP • 59 SITE CHARACTERISTICS . • 60 .. OTHER FEATURES . • . • . . . . . ' 60 OPEN SPACE AND PARK LAND DISTRIBUTION 60 URBAN AREA • • . 60 The Cities .•..•• The Villages ...•••..•.•. The Unincorporated Area • . • • . . . • • RURAL AREA . . . • • . . 60 60 60 61 J ) V �--....... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure No. Subject 1 Page No. Features of a Planned Community • • • • • • • • Features of a Planned Neighborhood • • • • • . Features of a Planned Industrial Park • • • • . 2 3 30 32 47 Map No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 1990 Sprawl Concept, Kalamazoo County, Michigan.... 4 1990 Satellite Concept, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan.... 5 1990 Corridor Concept, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan..... 6 Selected Sites for Commercial Centers, Kalamazoo County, Michigan ••••••••••.•••••••••••• 41 Selected Industrial Lands, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan. 53 1990 Land Use Plan ..•••..•...••.•.•..•.. INSIDE BACK COVER 1975 1975 1975 1990 Sprawl Concept, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan ••.•••. Satellite Concept, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan •••. Corridor Concept, Kalamazoo County, Michigan •. Population Density, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan ••. 63 64 65 66 Projection of Land Use Needs By Residential, Commercial and Industrial for 1965, 1975, and 1990, Kalamazoo County, Michigan . • • • . . • 26 Table No. 1 j vi �THE LAND USE PLAN ] �THE LAND USE PLAN 'INTRODUCTION A Comprehensiv~ Plan for community growth and development is essential if the ill effects of unorganized and haphazard development are to be avoided. Such a plan consists of several components; namely, the Land Use Plan, the Community Facilities Plan and the Transportation Plan. This report discusses the Land Use Plan which proposes a generalized pattern of primary land uses for the urban and urbanizing portions of Kalamazoo County (residential, commercial, industrial and public use) along with suggested open space and the very substantial areas of the County which are expected to remain rural in character through the planning period of 1990. The Land Use Plan provides the basic framework on which the other plan elements were developed--the latter subjects being covered by separate reports. The 1965 study of existing land use in Kalamazoo County revealed that slightly less than 20,000 acres, about 5.6 per cent of the County's 366,000 acres were devoted to urban (residential, commercial and industrial) uses. Anticipated needs to the target year of 1990, based on expected population increases from today's estimated 200,000, to nearly 234,000 in 1975 and 319,000 in 1990, indicate that lands to be occupied by urban uses will increase by about 80 per cent over the 1965 figure to almost 36,000 acres. It is the distribution of the 16,000 acres of land to be added for urban uses, its placement and relationships between uses, throughout the County with which the Land Use Plan is primarily concerned. It should be noted that the Land Use Plan is not a rigid blueprint for the future, but rather represents the most appropriate and fitting arrangement of land use throughout the County to accommodate anticipated land development needs, to the year 1990. With the passage _of time, it would be highly desirable to reassess today's determinations as to the most fitting guidelines for the future use of land in the County and make such adjustments as may be indicated as being desirable. ] The Plan identifies an Urban Area for those sections of the County which are now and are expected to be urban in character in response to growth and development by 1990, when the population of the County is expected to exceed 318,000 persons as compared to today's 200,000. The procedure used in arriving at the configuration of the Urban Area is described below. While the boundaries of the Urban Area are indicated as more or less precise lines of demarcation, in actual practice they can be no more than an approximation of such limits, and should be so considered. - 1 - �BACKGROUND The pattern of use proposed by this Plan is based upon a number of factors and studies. Foremost among them were the findings of the Planning Studies phase of the planning program which providE;d much significant data concerning the manner and the extent to which land is currently being used in the County; the physical characteristics and their influence upon development patterns; a study of the County's population, present and projected to 1990; the effect of economic development in the future, and an inventory of community facility (including utility) installations and the transportation facilities serving the County. That data, in combination with the comprehensive plans for the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage, made it possible to arrive at preliminary determinations of the distributional pattern of major land uses throughout the County for a base year of 1975 with an estimated population of 233,810, and projected to 1990 when the population is estimated at 318,696. Space needs for the various uses as originally estimated in the first phase of this program* were adjusted in response to more definitive existing use data developed in connection with the Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study and additional consideration of the effects of population and economic changes occurring in the County during the planning period. Considerably larger areas have been set aside for the various land use activities than could be expected to develop by 1990. This has been done deliberately so that a wider choice for the location of land uses during the next twenty years may be made. Consideration of the foregoing information by the County Planning Commission (largely through its Land Use Committee) led to the formulation of a series of Land Use Goals, designed to serve as guidelines for the preparation of the Land Use Plan. GENERAL DESCRIPTION J The Land Use Plan presented here is a graphic illustration of the general development pattern of Kalamazoo County as i t is expected to appear by 1990 if the goals and objectives are to be achieved. The basic concept evidenced by the Plan is that urban uses ide~tifie~ as residential, commercial, industrial, public ~nd semi-public, open space and parks, will be directed to Urban Areas designed to accommodate that type of development. Rural Areas a~so incl~ding public and s~mi-public, lands and "open space",' will continue to play a dominant role in the socio-economic life of the County, but it is expected to be keyed primarily to activities and uses of a rural nature. * Existing Land Use - Kalamazoo County, December, 1965. - 2 - , �The determination of the extent of the Urban Area, and subsequently the distribution of-urban uses, resulted from a series of considerations--land area required to meet the space needs of the 1990 population for the full range of uses, the capability of sanitary sewer and water supply systems to provide those services; the nature of the land; the existing and programmed community facilities · and transportation network~ The Urban Area form was derived from the study of a series of preliminary sketch plans illustrating three approaches to urban design form--urban sprawl, central city with satellite communities and corridor development. The 1975 sketch plans are shown in Appendix A, Maps A-1, A-2 and A-3. Maps 1, 2 and 3 which follow show the sketched 1990 configurations of the three concepts. The form displayed in the Land Use Plan (see Map 6, inside back cover) is somewhat of a combination of the three alternatives studies as being particularly appropriate in view of existing and trend development patterns, and the physical characteristics of the County. The major portion of the Urban Area represents outward movement from the central cities of Kalamazoo, Parchment and Portage, extending east and south to include Galesburg and Vicksburg, respectively, with an extension to the southwest in response to the establishment of the Community College in Texas Township. Other urban centers, the villages of Augusta, Climax, Schoolcraft and Richland, as well as emerging urban concentrations in the vicinity of Gull Lake, ,a.djoining Barton Lake in Schoolcraft Township and at central loca-, tions in the Alamo and Wakeshma Townships complete the Urban Area as defined in the Plan. Certain significant physical features, major lakes and marshalands, are shown to illustrate their impact on development patterns and as an aid to orientation. - 3 - �MAP #1 - if' ~ r ·... /. 'i: '-" , / -, , ,-,~-_, ,,1- .• --- # . , ,,iJ; ,r ,-0·,j',~ .-~ / l~ISU~l~HI l,.,F~-,+---~1 / - J" ,-,..--,-i-+--~------< ,/'· ' ; ST J EPH C NTV KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1990 SPRAWL CONCE'PT .,,. ,. .........,......,, ... •••••••••·• .. ••••••••••••••••• .. ••Cl•••• ••- .. ••••• .. ·•••••••....•••• U•h• D• •••••u•••••••• .. •U••••"•••••o ................. ,.,... ....... ....... ..... . .. u . ................... , ., Prop o rool l,y , SCHfUII A$$0C \ ATU, IMC ., A l>l t1 h le11 ol CLTOI f , WUUAMS & AS$0C ., IMC ., INMI.J , KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY 4 PLANNING COMMISSION �MAP ~ 2 l-, 17 .,. ._.___., ~L - ~ \ 1· I t - - ~f---~ I- / 1 I ·" ,;\!AhJ '><,C> \,/ \ 1 i'l j Ir l '" 1-- . s , ( _~:I · ( --~--+---- r I . fr. -- I , I,,. l:~. S7 , 't~ II d', ' - ~-+=-,-,-F-+-'4---+- -~ -- //~• I _I r ..,•, ) I- .. ., ,, ,. t---.--'--+----,--'-------- l ~ -. / I - -01r -~ 4 ., . . ,.-.,-. ._n~: ,' I__..~ " ~~f;fc~fti ' ' ' ' • i --~---1--t---~-- --< //. ~ ' l!PH COUNTV KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1990 SATELLITE CONCEPT J __ ...................... ,,............................... ... ........................................ , .... ,.... ....... , ., .....,. . ... w, .. . o.. . ....... , ........ w,, • • ., ..... . .................... 1o., ••••••• ,nporo,I KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN 5 COUNTY i.,. , SCHH LI I AS$0 CIAT U, INC ., A Di wh l H of CLYOI t . WHUAMS & AS SO C., IMC ., INDl'lS , PLANNING COMMISSION �MAP #3 -~-~-(-.,-, ' - ( -_ I , r-'~ .' ,,J_. , V ~,,...,., , , ~ ' } 0 /\I rfl ., ' ·t' , XA§ !, pil J I ;1 J£ J ':' ' --f - ~-- i J; g ~ KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1990 CORRIDOR CONCEPT ....................... . ................, ._..., ... ~···· ..............,...····-···· ., ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 0, •• , . ....... ............ u,, .. ........ ol,.,M,.,1.. ......,,,. .,,,,, 0,4 ,,opo nil l,'I' , SCl-lllllf AS$0C1AUS, IMC ,. A Dl•l ■ l o. of CL'l'Of f . WllLIAMS & ASSOC ., IMC. , INDN.S, KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY 6 PLANNING COMMISSION �GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES The establishment of planning goals for Kalamazoo County represents a first step in the formulation of public policies concerning the growth and development of the County. Such policies underlie the determinations used in the preparation of the Comprehensive Plan, and serve as guidelines for implementing the Plan. The setting of planning objectives is an intermediate step which defines the specific proposals made in the Plan which should be carried out and become realities within the planning period, in this case by 1990, if significant progress in meeting the planning goals is to be achieved. GOALS Following consideration of appropriate goals for Kalamazoo County, the County Planning Commission adopted a series of Genera_l and . Spe_c ific Goals for the Comprehensive Planning Program. Reproduced below are the General Goals and the Specific Goals for Land Use. The reports dealing with Community Facilities and Transportation will contain only the specific goals for those elements of the Plan. " GENERAL GOALS Physical development, with which the Comprehensive Plan deals, is essentially concerned with environmental goals, but it is also in-. fluenced by the county's social, economic, and political goals. These general categortes are discussed below: Environmental Goals e THE ATTAINMENT OF CONDITIONS OF SAFETY THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY With so many new problems receiving attention, it is sometimes easy to overlook the more basic and traditional goals. Safety is one of these. Planning has always been concerned with making the planning area a safer place inwhich to live. It pursues this goal in a variety of ways including isolating dangerous activities, requiring inherently safer urban design, and regulating development in areas of unsafe topography. • THE ATTAINMENT OF CONDITIONS CONDUCTIVE TO HEALTH THOO,UGHOUT THE COUNTY ... ~ ,,,1 Health is another traditional and frequently overlooked goal. Planning's contributions to this goal range from relating development through setback requirements and yard sizes to natural sources of water, light and air, requiring adequate pollution controls and accommodating health facilities, hospitals, etc. in the proposed development pattern. - 7 - �L] • THE ATTAINMENT OF CONDITIONS OF AMENITY THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY The County has always been concerned with what its people see, hear, and smell, but increasing emphasis is being placed on amenities as their economic and psychological values become known. Since planning deals with the physical and functional patterns of the county, its contribution to the making of a more attractive ·area can be very substantial. • THE ATTAINMENT OF THE BEST USE OF THE NATURAL SURFACE RESOURCES ,. The natural landscape contains elements of opportunity and restraint. Relating development to the landscape can effect public and private economics, contribute to county appearance, and prevent unsafe conditions. e THE ATTAINMENT OF BALANCED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND FACILITIES Both efficiency and liveability are provided when development, largely private, and facilities, often public, are balanced. For example, housing must be considered in relationship to utilities, parks, schools and streets. Planning provides several of the instruments by which coordination is achieved. Social Goals • THE ATTAINMENT OF A MAXIMUM RANGE OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHOICE FOR ALL RESIDENTS OF THE COUNTY The responsible county today is one which provides ample opportunities and range of choice for the personal development of its citizens commensurate with its resources. The citizens include persons of different abilities, ages, tastes, and aspirations, and the opportunities include education, housing, recreation and employment. Both public and private services are considered. Planning's contributions include the designation of needed facilities in appropriate locations and recommended programing for their provision. · - 8 - ' , �J Economic Goals • THE ATTAINMENT OF A GROWING AND MORE DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY It is judged that the citizens of the County are interested in economic growth by means of a more productive economy, as well as a more diversified economy capable of providing a greater rate of employment, both of which would provide for a more stable tax base. Planning can accommodate this goal by providing for a greater variety of locations and environments for economic activities. • THE ATTAINMENT OF THE BEST LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT FOR THE LABOR FORCE OF THE COUNTY The County is interested in enabling all citizens seeking an occupation to be able to find employment. Through providing a physical framework conducive to the retention of existing "industries" and the attraction of new economic activities, planning can play a major role in obtaining desired -levels of employment. • THE ATTAINMENT OF A TAX BASE TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE PUBLIC SERVICES With "public overhead" increasing in range and cost as a result of changes in technology and the economy, communities are being forced to enlarge their tax bases. Planning seeks to improve the tax base indirectly by encouraging higher quality and longer lasting development, and by promoting conditions which should make the County attractive to economic enterprises. Political Goals • -i ,,. THE ATTAINMENT OF THE MOST DESIRABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE COUNTY The responsibilities of the civil County, and the planning area of its comprehensive plan, extend throughout the entire geographic area of the County. This widespread coverage means that the County's comprehensive plan can deal with more relationships than the plans of its individual local units of government. The comprehensive plan can, therefore, aid the local units of government in the preparation of their own plans as well as serving the County as an instrument of county-local cooperation. - 9 - I '' �I • THE ATTAINMENT OF WORKABLE RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GOVERNMENTS: LOCAL, COUNTY, STATE AND FEDERAL The growing complexity of government activities is forcing closer relationships among municipal, county, state and federal governments, particularly in the economic sphere. Workable arrangements between these levels often require the kind of firm local development decisions which are embodied in a comprehensive plan. e THE ATTAINMENT OF STATURE IN THE COMMUNITY OF COUNTIES A pride in the County is important to most citizens. Its reputation among other counties is a test of stature. By encouraging a better and distinctive physical image, planning contributes to the County's reputation. SPECIFIC GOALS The general planning goals may be extended, or supplemented, by the statement of goals relative to the major elements of the Comprehensive Plan with respect to the following: • Land Use • • Community Facilities Transportation Ll LAND USE The Land Use Goals are given below. r Agricultural Goals Although the County is urbanizing, agriculture plays an important role in the county's economy and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. The Comprehensive Plan must recognize the particular needs . of agriculture and the characteristics of agricultural land just as it recognizes urban forms of land use. The following goals are proposed: • PROVIDE FOR THE RETENTION OF PRIME AGRICULTURAL LANDS FOR FARMING THAT ARE NOT ESSENTIAL TO MEET THE NEEDS OF URBAN GROWTH DURING THE PLANNING PERIOD. • PROTECT THOSE AGRICULTURAL AREAS TO BE RETAINED FROM THE INTRUSION OF SMALL LOT RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT, AND FROM OTHER NON-FARM RELATED USES AND ACTIVITIES. • PROVIDE THOSE COMMUNITY SERVICES NEEDED BY RURAL RESIDENTS. - 10 - '1 Ill r �POLICIES The more significant of the policies applying to land use in Kalamazoo County are listed below; further elaboration of this subject is referred to under the heading "Development Guidelines" appearing if_f the discussions of the maJor land use categories in this report. General • The use of land to meet the needs of urban growth should be confined to the Urban Area delineated in the Plan, where transportation and community facilities can be provided through the planning period. New development should adjoin presently developed areas to prevent the costly and undesirable consequences of scattered subdivisions. • Lands to be used for urban uses are dependent upon a broad range of urban services and improvements (streets, utilities, schools, parks, health and welfare, libraries, police and fire protection, etc.) and should not be so used unless a satisfactory level of such services and improvements can be made available. • Lands in natural drainage courses, floodplains, marshes and otherwise unsuitable because of topographic or geologic characteristics should remain undeveloped as an accommodation to their natural purpose, to avoid the problems arising from development and to provide areas for needed open space. • Lands not well suited to development because of natural characteristics should be permanently reserved as open space through action by public agencies--ownership in fee, by establishing scenic easements or through land use regulation. In addition to retaining such lands to satisfy natural functions, open space can serve as a determinent of urban form, be utilized for casual recreation and the study of nature and can make a valuable contribution to the quality of urban life. • The intrusion of "plat" development into the Rural Area should be discouraged as being inefficient in terms of needed public services and improvements and as interferring with the socio-economic structure of the agricultural community; however, recognition of a vaiid interest in "country living" on the part of some of the County's residents indicates that such use of non-agricultural lands in the Rural Area may be appropriate on large parcels of several acres or more. • The integrity of the Land Use Plan, as a guide to establishing the most fitting pattern of land use, must be 13 �maintained if the basic goals of the comprehensive planning program are to be achieved. • Strip development bordering existing roads! whether for residential or commercial use, should be discouraged as it adds to traffic hazards, is costly in terms of providing community services and facilities and frequently produces "dead" interior land areas. f • Planned unit developments, for residential or even an appropriate mix of residential and other uses shou~d be encouraged as a means of achieving good quality neighborhoods and creativity in urban design. • Land development standards should be designed to encourage the rehabilitation and upgrading of older neighborhoods and to prevent the conditions which lead to blight and deterioration. ,.. Residential Land Use Policies Kalamazoo County has grown according to the pattern of most counties under the influence of a large city--from the city out, with a clustering of development at village centers. There are residential sections throughout the county which vary in quality--some indicate an instability that leads to eventual blight; some are well planned and stable; others are poorly planned and already showing characteristics of instability. Growth has occurred with additions here and there of subdivisions of various sizes, with a broad range of quality as to layout and relationship to adjacent developments and street patterns. A primary purpose in the guidance of land development is the creation of stable residential areas which -contain pleasant homes served by a circulation system, and which are properly related to commercial areas, employment centers and open space. In developing an interrelated system of land uses, residential areas are generally best formed in elementary school neighborhood units; which are bounded by prominent physical land features, major elements of the circulation system, and other more intensive land uses. Within the residential neighborhood there should be adequate provision for an elementary school, church sites, local shopping facilities, and ~ecreation facilities for both children and adults. Within the area of Kalamazoo County subject to urban development, cert~in types.of land are suitable f?r residential purposes. The rolling and higher areas are more suitable for residences than for industrial or agricultural use. Many of the higher areas have the additional amenity of view, and are less subject to flooding conditions and drainage problems. - 14 - Ll .Ll �J Following are the Residential Land Use Policies for Kalamazoo County. • Residential areas should be encouraged to develop primarily in the gently rolling areas rather than in the valley bottoms or on the very level lands better suited agricultural or industrial use. • The development of a variety of housing types and locations should be encouraged within each major segment of the Urban Area by: (a) Fostering and retaining the natural variety inherent in the landscape by reason of topographic variation, views, water areas, etc. (b) Allowing for the use of housing types ranging from single family homes to multi-family apartments and providing for variations in the design of these areas and their related facilities. Residential Density While residential density is merely a measure of number of persons residing within a unit area of land, it also has implications of housing forms and considerable impact on surrounding land uses. Residential density affects the size and spacing of arterial streets, schools and parks, and commercial areas. It is a determinant of the size of water mains and other utilities. Residential density is a significant factor in the plan for Kalamazoo county. • Residential areas should have varying densities dependent upon the type of development, location, and degree of improvements. • A maximum density of one housing unit per five gross acres should be employed in the Rural Areas. • Single family residential areas should have a maximum allowed density of four housing units per gross acre. • Multiple family residential areas should always be located functionally convenient to a regional or local arterial street. Adequate arterial and collector streets should exist prior to or be developed concurrently with the development of multiple family uses. • Since multiple residential areas are complementary to shopping areas and other primary service facilities, they may logically be developed adjacent to such uses. - 15 - �0 • In order that a maximum number of persons can take advantage of the amentiies of view and permanen~ open space, multiple residential ~se may be loc~ted in or adjacent to such areas, provided that multi-story structures are so located and designed as to not destroy such amenities for adjoining existing or potential residential areas. • The high densities of multiple residential use · should be located: ( a) (b) • Adjoining or convenient to regional arterials with preference given those routes which provide the most convenient and direct access (in terms of travel time) to the major trade and employment centers of the area. Adjoining major shopping, cultural or civic centers (at urban or multi-community level). The lower density of multiple residential use should be located: (a) Adjoining or convenient to regional or local arterial streets. (b) Adjoining the smaller business, cultural or commercial centers (at community or neighborhood level) • (c) As a transitional use between higher density multiples and single family residential densities. Mobile home parks, in terms of density; are predominately a multiple residential use and should be treated and located as such. However, mobile homes are a rather unique form of residential use. The home is designed to be moved, and as the size of the mobile home increases, so must the equipment used to move them. Although mobile home parks are similar in density to multi-family residences, especially in terms of space alloted to each unit, the park spreads out horizontally over the land and, thus, usually break the area into many small open spaces. Since such parks create certain specialized problems, recognition should be given the following: • Because of the heavy equipment required to move the larger mobile homes, because they are subject to ' and capable of being moved periodically, and because they should not be moved through adjacent residential neighborhoods, locations for such homes should be functionally convenient to a regional arterial. - 16 - ,. ,,,. �J • Adequate protection should be afforded the residents of mobile home parks from the adverse influence of adjoining streets and non-residential uses through proper landscaping, screening, or setbacks from such streets or uses. • Although some mobile home parks may be occupied by families without children, not all necessarily are. Therefore, such parks should be located so that they may be served adequately by such normal residential services as schools, playgrounds and commercial centers. • In order that mobile home parks may blend with the urban landscape, particular care and attention should be given to proper site location and design. Attractive natural features should be utilized to full advantage. Commercial Land Use Policies Conveniently located business areas of sufficient size to offer an adequate range of goods and services are as important to good community development as schools, parks and utilities. The need for a full range of business and commercial development is recognized and should include neighborhood, community and central business centers and other general commercial concentrations performing special functions in order to insure sound, balanced development of new commercial areas and the improvement of existing ones. The total amount of land allocated for all business and commercial uses should be scaled to demonstrated demand and need. As most businesses serve the population within a given area, the businesses increase in area with the population, although at different rates of growth. Because of the impact business has on other land uses, its scale and location should be coordinated with the other uses. In the otpimum location of business areas, access to potential customers is an essential requirement. Following are the Commercial Land Use Policies for Kalamazoo County: • Commercial areas should locate on properly sized traffic distributors centrally within or at a po~nt best serving the trade area. • In order to assure traffic safety, commercial areas should be located and designed for convenient access, provide off-street parking for automotive vehicles and separate vehicular from pedestrian traffic. - 17 - �0 • In order to improve the traffic vo~ume cap~ci~y o~ . streets designed for through traffic, the indiscriminate stripping of commercial uses along their frontages should not be allowed. • Business should be permitted only after sufficient right-of-way, improvements, and special control of access points have been assured to accommodate the added traffic generated. • In all cases, no access to abutting commercial property should be allowed within 35 feet of the intersection. Where possible, as in the case of larger ownerships or combined parking areas, the distance should be increased to 150 feet. Business areas should be located centrally within a trade area containing an adequate supporting population. Within such a trade area, two principles are involved in the location of business areas: (1) they should be related to the capacity of the street system, and (2) similar uses should be grouped. • A business area should be at a location which is conducive to convenient access by numerous shoppers. To be avoided are intersections which have existing congestion problems, abrupt changes of grade, intersections formed by acute angled streets, and other situations where additional traffic generated would impair the safety of motorists. • As additional traffic is generated by a business area, congestion should be minimized by provision for proper entrance and exits, and by provision for internal traffic circulation and ,parking. • As retail and personal services are business uses dependent on walking traffic, they should be encouraged to group together, preferably within planned centers, to maximize business potential and pedestrian movement within the concentration. • As the success and vitality of a shopping area is dependent in part on the maximum movement of pedestrians, the location of non-shopping establishments should be discouraged_within the core which create "dead-s:pots" such as offices, and large general commercial uses. • In general, retail businesses should locate on one quadrant of an intersection with other quadrant_s_ occupied by comp~tible use~ such as properly oriented or I?rotecte~ ~esidenc~s (either single or multi::- .'. family), clinics, offices, or other commercial uses which do not generate significant cross-shopping pedestrian or vehicular traffic. - 18 - r r r J �J J • Neighborhood business areas should consist of neighborhood shopping only. Intensive and heavier general commercial uses, large space users, an_d residential uses are not considered compatible within neighborhood business areas. • The size of a neighborhood shopping center district should be designed to serve the potential population within its trade area and range in size up r.. .. to a maximum of 10 acres. • Neighborhood business areas should be located from l½ to 2 miles apart in order to encourage stable commercial areas. • A neighborhood business area should locate at the junction of two local arterials or a local and a regional arterial, which should be central within its trade area and at a point best serving two or more elementary school neighborhoods or parts thereof. • Neighborhood business areas should be located at the junction of elementary school neighborhoods rather than within them. • A- neighborhood business area should be functionally separated from an existing or planned school in order to aid in the control of students during school hours as well as provide for greater safety. • As an exception to normal neighborhood business areas, limited retail or convenience centers or districts (containing up to 8 stores) may locate at the intersection of two local arterials, at the junction of a local arterial and a collector street, and serving only isolated residential areas. • The isolated residential areas should be outside the normal service area of the nearest existing or potential neighborhood business area. • Neighborhood business should be restricted to one quadrant of an intersection. • A community shopping center or district should range in size from 10 to 30 acres with 100,000 to 200,000 building square footage. • In order to encourage stable commercial areas, community centers should be located from 2 to 3 miles apart; and, as community business also serves the function of neighborhood business, a community business area should be located about one mile from neighborhood business areas. or - 19 - �• A community center should locate at the junction of a local arterial and regional arterial or the intersection of two regional arterials. • In order to minimize conflicts between shopping traffic and pedestrians, community business areas should locate at the boundary of elementary school neighborhood. • A community shopping center should be functionally separate from an existing or planned school in urder to aid in the control of students during school hours as well as provide for greater safety. • Community business should be restricted to one quadrant of an intersection, except when locational criteria specifically encourages a general commercial use to locate as part of a community business area. • The size of a regional center or district should be designed to serve the potential population within its trade area and range from 40 to 100 acres in size. • A regional center should be designed to serve a potential population of 30,000 to 150,000 persons residing in an area within 4 to 20 miles radius, depending on density, physical features, and circulation system. • In order to encourage stable commercial areas, regional centers should be located from 4 to 8 miles apart; and, as these centers also serve the function of community business, it should be located from 2 to 3 miles from community business areas. • A regional center should locate at the intersection of two regional arterials. Industrial Land Use Policies Industrial activities may involve the processing, handling and manufacturing of products, and research and technological processes. Heavier industries may include manufacturing, assembling, fabrication and processing, bulk handling of products, storage, warehousing and heavy trucking. All should be related in terms of intensity of use. They should be operated to · minimize external effects of traffic congestion, noise glare air and water pollution, fire and safety hazards. ' ' - 20 - Ll �Enough land, whether for an individual establishment or for a planned industrial park, should be provided with adequate space for industrial operations, future expansion, off-street parking for employees and visitors, loading and docking facilities, storage, landscaping, utilities, separation of buildings, and other space requirements. Because of their considerable investment in specifically designed facilities, most industries want to be assured of having enough room for future growth, and purchase or reserve area larger than necessary for immediate needs, however, space for industrial uses should be scaled to the demonstrated demand and need. Following are the Industrial Land Use Policies for Kalamazoo County: • Industrial areas should be encouraged to develop primarily on large level sites except prime level agricultural land, which should be subject to special analysis to determine proper timing of use change in order to avoid premature curtailment of agricultural production and loss of permanent open space. • Industrial areas should be functionally convenient to major transportation routes which include regional arterials, expressways, freeways and major railroad lines. • Industrial areas should be located where adequately served by major utility lines electric power stations and transmission trunk sewer lines, tru·nk water lines and lines. • Whereas collector and local arterial streets serving residential areas are designed primarily for passenger automobile traffic service, industries should be located with access provided only to expressway or major truck routes so that traffic will not pass through residential areas. • Land use types other than industrial or industrially related uses should be discouraged from industrial areas, with the exception of such convenience uses as banks, post offices and restaurants. • Certain industrial uses generate heavy traffic, noise, smoke, or other nusiances, and should be located . where it is feasible to provide an adequate transition, such as light industrial areas, commercial areas, or open space, to adjoining land use types. J - 21 - they can be which include lines, trunk _ gas �Certain areas of the County, both in and out of the Urban Areas, are rich in natural resources which, if not reserved, may be forever lost by prior development of the land for other purposes. Two principles should be applied; one, the natural resources should be allowed to be utilized, and two, the land should be reconditioned for other uses following resource utilization. • In order to insure continued development of natural resources prior to development of the land for other purposes, extractive industries should be allowed to locate in areas known to have deposits of minerals and materials. • After the industry has depleted the raw material, the land should be reconditioned in such a fashion that i t can be used by some other type of land use. • Because of the heavy equipment necessary to remove raw material from the site, extractive functions should operate only when the site is located on or has direct access to at least a local arterial in urban are as • Open Space Land Use Policies "Open Space" is area in public ownership or control which is open in character to permit visual or physical access. Open space may be intended for a specific purpose, or may just be "there". Open space may be miles of wild area or acres of farm land. It may be a small landscaped open area among the narrow canyons of the Central Business District. On the other hand, it may provide a view of the city, country-side, or any other feature as long as the outlook is a relief from the urban environment. Open space includes, but is not limited to, parks, recreation areas, water bodies, historical sites, sites of unusual scenic quality, scenic routes, flood plains, drainage ways, wildlife refuges, and land used for agriculture, forest, fisheries, water sheds, and extraction of mineral deposits. The following are the Open Space Land Use Policies for Kalamazoo County: • Open space should be distributed throughout the Urban Area to insure a relief within the urban environment provide sufficient space for passive and active ' recreation, and help curb the spread of urban blight and deterioration. - 22 - �In the modern day metropolitan area, as in Kalamazoo County, urban development is spreading over the country side. Communities are formed, many having the population of full-fledged cities, and all blending into one. Large expanses of open space are necessary to separate these communities from one another, and to provide a breathing place for urban development. • Where possible, open space elements should be combined to form a visual and sometimes physical separation between major sectors of the Urban Area in order to discourage continuous urban sprawl, and to preserve many of the natural features of the land. • Where feasible, areas or strips of open land such as drainage ways, marshes, scenic routes, trunk utility lines, hiking or nature trails, and bridle trails, should be reserved between residential neighborhoods or communities and between residential and adjacent areas. In the development of a total open space system, the functions of the various open space elements should be related to the distribution of population, other land uses, and the transportation system. , • Adequate open space land should be readily available to all classes or users. • The function and size of open space areas and facilities should be related to the density and total population of the area served. • Open space areas and facilities should be coordinated within the County and wi-th adjoining counties. • Multiple uses of open space land should be- encouraged, provided that the uses are compatible and adequate area is provided for each specific function. • Areas designated for open space purposes should be held inviolate against diversion to non-open space uses, and should not be considered as a reserve for such uses. If an overriding public purpose by another governmental agency requires the taking of open space land, compensation should be made for the area taken by the provision of an equal or better area and facilities. - 23 - �THE LAND USE PLAN - GENERAL URBAN 'AREA 'REQUIREMENTS The Land Use Plan shows the lands proposed to be used in the several use categories by the year 1990. The amount of land indicated for each of the uses was determined in accordance with accepted planning procedures as modified by the characteristics peculiar to Kalamazoo County. The following comments and Table 1 describe the basis for making these determinations. Current trends in residential development point to an increasing number of dwelling units being provided in multiple family structures which could result in a somewhat higher density of use and· require less land area than if the present mix of housing types were to be continued. Counteracting that effect is another current trend toward the incorporation of larger areas of open space into residential developments of all types. It appears, therefore, that the previously described indicators of space needs represents a reasonable estimate for planning purposes. That estimate is about 67 per cent greater than the 1965 residential land figure and at the density of use reported in the 1960 Census (3.9 units per acre) would accommodate 40,157 additional housing units. The projected population increase between 1965 and 1990, related to the 1960 average number of persons per housing unit (3.2), would indicate a need for some 40,000 new housing units between 1965 and 1990.* RESIDENTIAL LANDS Nearly 15,000 acres of land in the County were used for residential purposes in 1965, about 79 acres per 1000 residents. The Existing Land Use Report for Kalamazoo County projected a need for about 25,000 acres of residential land by the end of the planning period. The projected acreage figure given was "net" and did not include lands in streets which in the contemporary residential development will add about 20 to 25 per cent. In this instance the total gross area required would range from 30,000 to 31,250 acres. Applying the 79 acres per 1000 persons to the estimated population in 1975 indicates a total need in that year of 18,470 net acres and for the 1990 population a total of 25,177 net acres, or 30,000 gross areas. COMMERCIAL LANDS The number of acres of commercial land needed to provide appropriate service to the people of Kalamazoo County in the future can be estimated on the basis of prevailing standards of service with some adjustment in the light of current experience and trends. The 1965 survey of existing land use disclosed that 1,153 acres of land were * For background information see Appendix A, Map A-4. - 25 - �TABLE 1 PROJECTION OF LAND USE NEEDS BY RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL FOR 1965, 1975, 1990 KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN Gross Acres RESIDENTIAL LANDS 1965 Residential Lands Estimate Acres per 1,000 Population 1975 Projected Residential Land Needs 1990 Projected Residential Land Needs 15,000 79.0 18,470 30,000 ,, COMMERCIAL LANDS 1965 Commercial Land Estimate Acres per 1,000 Population 1975 Projected Commercial Land Needs 1990 Projected Commercial Land Needs 1,153 6.1 1,426 1,944 INDUSTRIAL LANDS ,,,. ,, 1965 Industrial Land Estimate Acres per 1,000 Population* 1975 Projected Industrial Land Needs 1990 Projected Industrial Land Needs 3,440 18.1 4,080 5,040 TOTAL 1975 NEEDS 23,976 TOTAL 1990 NEEDS 36,984 ~ ,,.. ~, ,,,. * Ratio decreased to 15.7 by 1990. - 26 - ., �used for commercial purposes, or about 6.1 acres per 1000 population. This ratio is probably the result of Kalamazoo's drawing power as a commercial center. It is expected that the need for commercial land in this County will remain at the higher level, although a slightly lower ratio may be experienced by 1990. By applying the current Kalamazoo County ratio of 6.1 acres per 1,000, there is an indicated demand in response to expected population growth for 1,426 acres by the year 1975 and 1,944 acres by 1990, some 273 more acres than presently used by 1975 and an additional 518 acres by 1990, a total of 791 acres over the 1965 figure. In terms of providing for future commercial development, somewhat more area than indicated above will be required. Modern shopping facilities require substantial tracts of land to accommodate retail and service buildings, the provision of off-street parking space and landscaped areas. Normally, some three to four times the space in structures is required for parking and amenity treatment. Another factor influencing the need for commercial land is the outward movement of business establishments, offices and distribution centers, to outlying locations where larger tracts of land for parking and open space can be assembled more readily than at in town locations. It is frequently observed that strip and scattered commercial development in the older sections of the community are being abandoned and the properties are being converted to other uses. All of these influences indicate that a realistic view of the future need for commercial land would total some 1900 acres by 1975 and 2800 acres by 1990, representing increases over the 1965 commercial acreage of about 750 acres and 1650 acres respectively, for the two planning target dates, somewhat more than double the increases derived by the ratio method. INDUSTRIAL LANDS Industry is a relatively small user of urban land. On the average, an urban community can be expected to have between five and seven per cent of its gross area devoted to industrial uses. In 1965 9.1 per cent of the City of Kalamazoo area was used industrially while only 0.9 per cent of the total County area (or 3,440 acres) was being so used which illustrates the range to be expected between developed and relatively undeveloped territory. In 1965, the Kalamazoo County Existing Land Use survey indicated a ratio of 18.1 acres of industrial land per 1000 persons. The planning study report on Economics . (1965) indicated a need for 1,500 to 2,000 additional acres to accommodate the industrial ewployment in new establishments to the end of the planning period. Since that estimate was based on an earlier and somewhat higher projection of population related to projected economic growth than the currently accepted projection derived by demographic methods, it appears that somewhat fewer than 2000 new industrial acres may be required. - 27 - �. Nevertheless i t appears expedient for planning purposes to accept the 2000 acre figure from the Economics Report, minus the 4 0 0 acre General Motors tract in Comstock Township (which had not been considered as existing in that Report) leaving a net need of 1600 new industrial acres by 1990. This gain between 1965 and 1990 would result in the 1990 ratio for all lands in industrial use of 15.7 acres per 1000 persons, somewhat lower than the 1965 level of 18.1 acres per 1000. 7 OPEN SPACE, PARKS AND PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC LANDS I I I 1 The principal determinants of area required to meet most of these needs as represented by the Land Use Plan are developed in detail in the Community Facilities Report. However, much of the area indicated as Open Space in the Plan represents a designation of major tracts of land which, by reason of their natural characteristics are unsuitable for most intensive urban uses but have much to offer as permanent and unencumbered green space. While such space will be used for outdoor recreation, their main function will be that of providing for periodic flood flows, to give form and definition to the pattern of urban development and to serve as an antidote to other elements of urban life. ,..,, THE LAND USE PLAN--LOCALIZED The scale of the Land Use Plan requires that the presentation be quite generalized in indicating the distribution of uses proposed throughout the County. As an aid to the interpretation of the Plan on the part of the cities, villages and townships in their planning implementation programs, individual land use plans for each such jurisdiction (excepting the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage, for which comparable plans have been prepared by their respective planning officials) have been prepared. Where appropriate there has been some refinement of the use categories; for example residential use in the Land Use Plan does not suggest resid~ntial use densities, whereas the local land use plans divide the residential classification into two density groups--low and medium to high--and lands subject to extractive operations are so designated. Rural lands are shown in these plans in the open space grouping. The individual local land use plans are on file in the offices of the Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission. ,- - 28 - �THE LAND USE PLAN--RESIDENTIAL USE INTRODUCTION Residential uses occupy the largest single share of a community's developed land. Although the precise figure for any given community may vary greatly, the average urban entity has about 40 per cent of its developed area devoted to housing. The area in housing and the variety of dwelling unit types depends on a set of variables which include the economic base, size and age of the community, topographic considerations, and individual housing preferences. Typical trends in Kalamazoo County affecting residential land use include a highly mobile population, movement towards suburban and countryside living and the increased use of multi-family housing. These are all important factors that must be considered in planning residential land use. DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Residential development can, and does, take a great variety of forms and styles as to arrangement, location, density and housing types. There can be no precise specifications to be applied uniformly to produce "ideal" residential areas throughout Kalamazoo County. Experience with urban development does, however, indicate that when certain guidelines are applied to the development of residential areas, they do produce a setting and a degree of accommodation for the use tha~ is convenient and economical with an amenity value that makes urban living desirable. The Land Use Plan indicates extensive areas (in acreage two or three times as much as may be needed at current average densities by 1990) for residential use. The character of the utilization of that undeveloped land in the next 20 years for residential purposes, will be largely determined by the manner in which the development of that land takes place. Consideration of certain key factors applied to residential development proposals will assist in creating a higher level of satisfaction on the part of Kalamazoo County residents and provide some assurance that the objectives of the Land Use Plan will be achieved. Figure 1 illustrates some of the desirable principals of the Land Use Plan in respect to a Community. Some of the significant items to be considered are: LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS While there is an interdependence between all land uses, more are dependent upon a close relationship to residential use than the reverse. Major considerations are accessibility by uncongested roads and highways within reach of utility systems and a location not likely to be adversely affected by external influences. J J - 29 - �FIGURE 1 -- -- ~~ ....... ------- . . ~-><....~ Ju . < ~ ,.-,-< --'-><- - -·· H'I '-s ---- £ '>- Busi J): / r I AN ORGANIZED URBAN COMMUNITY, BALANCED IN TERMS OF LAND USE, AFFORDING · COMPLETE SERVICE AND EMP LOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES TO RES IDENTS feat Ure S Of a pL A N N E D e ALL PARTS OF THE COMMUNITY INTERCONNECTED BY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM e INDIVIDUAL NEIGHBORHOODS PROTECTED FROM HEAVY TRAFFIC e JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL SERVES TWO NEIGHBORHOODS e SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SERVES FOUR NEIGHBORHOODS e DIRECT ACCESS TO THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT FROM ALL PARTS OF THE COMMUNITY COMMUNITY " • 'I r 'I - 30 - �J ,. SITE CHARACTERISTICS Basic considerations are good sur£ace and internal drainage. Areas of poor drainage and subject to even short term flooding are to be avoided. Subsurface soils of poor structural quality are also to be avoided. Rolling lands are usually best suited to the purpose and can produce most interesting areas. Very steep slopes also create areas of interest but are less economical in terms of units to be accommodated and the cost of installing improvements. Tree cover adds to the attractiveness of a site as do views from ridges and high points. UNIT DEVELOPMENT Residential areas should be organized into neighborhoods whose size is largely dependent on easy access (1/2 to 3/4 mile) to a centrally located elementary school, recreation area and convenience goods shopping center. The unit should be contained within a system of major thoroughfares (or possibly other natural or cultural barriers) and internal circulation should be limited to traffic serving or generated by the unit. These principals are illustrated in Figure 2, Features of a Planned Neighborhood. DESIGN QUALITY Contemporary design techniques applied to residential areas recognize the desirability of obtaining maximum amenity value while reducing development costs. Fitting the local street system to harmonize with the topography and other natural features adds interest and greatly reduces the need for extensive grading and drainage ways. The clustering of housing structures reduces street and utility costs and provides more usable open space for the residents of the area. HOUSING TYPES Currently the strong affinity for single family housing characterizing Kalamazoo County is being challenged. While the Existing Land Use _ study indicated only 8.3 per cent of the County's housing units were in multi-family structures in 1965, 48 per cent of the permits issued for new units between 1960 and 1968 were for multi-family buildings. Single family units will undoubtedly continue to be the dominant housing type throughout the County but with the current trend forward more multi-family housing, a more nearly balanced mix of housing types may result. In larger scale residential projects the combination of a variety of housing types and densities creates more efficient neighborhoods and offer a broader choice to the residents of the area in terms of geographic location within the community and type of accommodations. Appropriate arrangement of such installations in a completely compatible manner has been accomplished in many instances. -, - 31 - �""I ,.. ..., ,.. "'1 .... ,.. ""II A SELF-CONTAINED AREA DESIGNED FOR RESIDENTIAL ANO COMPATIBLE USES, USUALLY ABOUT ONE MILE SQUARE, WITH SAFE ANO READY ACCESS TO A NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER PROVIDING SHOPPING SERVICES, SCHOOLS, RECREATION PLACES AND CHURCHES features of a ·p L A N N E D NEIGHBORHOOD e 1700 e STREETS TRAFFIC e 10 ACRE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL GENTRALL Y LOCATED TO SERVE NEIGHBORHOOD (Maximum radius of served area, 1/2 to 3/4 mile) e 8 ACRE PLAYGROUND FOR NEIGHBORHOOD IN CONJUNCTION WITH ELEMENTARY SC HOOL e NEIGHBORHOOD SHOPPING ON COLLECTOR AND CLOSE TO NEIGHBOR HOOD GENTER FOR CONVENIENCE BY FOOT OR AUTO FAMILIES DESIGNED FOR DIFFERENT TYPES AND VOLUMES Figure 2 ... �IMPROVEMENTS AND SERVICES The livability of a residential neighborhood is due, in good measure, to the availability of a wide range of urban services. These include physical improvements such as streets, utility systems, parfs, and schools; protection such as provided by police and fire departments; and intangibles such as the quality of zoning and code administration. New residential development should be supplied with these services. Of greatest immediate need in a residential development is the installation of all-weather roads in accordance with County standards and the provision of sanitary sewer and water supply systems. Individual sanitary waste disposal and water supply is an unsatisfactory way of meeting those requirements in the modern urban community and should only be permitted at remote locations in the rural area on multi-acre tracts. RESIDENTIAL LAND DISTRIBUTION J Of the 30,000 acres Kalamazoo County by Urban Area with the description of that anticipated to be used for residential purposes in 1990, about 90 per cent is expected to lie in the balance occurring in the Rural Area. A generalized distribution pattern follows. URBAN AREA The major long term residential development in Kalamazoo County is £xpected to grow outward in all directions from the presently developed central urban core, with some areas being affected more than others. Movement generally following the highway corridors to the north, east, and to some degreee to the southeast and southwest, will be more extensive than growth to the south and northwest. The Cities The City of Kalamazoo will continue to absorb a significant amount of the County's residential growth through the planning period. J The City of Parchment will not experience a great amount of residential development as lands available for that purpose are limited in area and should be largely occupied by 1990. Portage, which now has a dispersed residential pattern will have much of its land available for residential development converted to that use by 1990. It is possible that the land area to be developed for residential purposes during the planning period in the Cities of Kalamazoo and Portage will be about equal although the density of use in Kalamazoo may be somewhat higher. The City of Galesburg, being the eastern terminus of the developing Urban Area will experience greater increases in residential development than it has in the past. Generally, residential development in Galesburg will expand in all directions except south where it is bordered by the Kalamazoo River. - 33 - �Summary As a group, the four cities will contain some 20,400 acres of residential development, 73 per cent of County - total, in 1990, as compared to only 43 per cent in 1965. In terms of area occupied residentially, this will mean a more than three-fold increase in the cities from the 6,417 acres reported as being used for residential purposes by the 1965 land use survey. The Villages The villages of Kalamazoo County are included in the "Urban Area" designated in the Plan but, only Vicksburg is considered an integral part of the central core. However, each of them is expected to experience growth through the planning period with residential development occurring contiguous to existing residential areas. The villages of Richland, Climax and Schoolcraft can expand residential development in almost all directions. Augusta is bounded by the Kalamazoo River on the south but most other areas are open to new development. Vicksburg will probably experience continued residential development to the west and southeast as well as to the north along 24th Street toward Portage. In total, the villages will account for slightly more than 3 of the County's residential lands in 1990 as compared to 3.7 in 1965. However, the area so utilized in the villages will increase by 55 per cent during the planning period, from 553 in 1965 to about 854 acres in 1990. per cent per cent possibly acres ,,.. I ~ The Unincorporated Area Substantial areas of unincorporated territory in the vicinity of the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage, which have not yet been impacted by urban development, will become a part of the central urban core of the County by 1990. Residential spillover from the central developed portion of the County will continue into southern Cooper Township; the development corridor from Kalamazoo to Galesburg will produce increased residential development in Comstock Township; a continuation of the movement into the Austin Lake area will cause further residential development to take place in the corridor extending to Vicksburg. Perhaps the most significant new residential development, other than in the cities of Portage and Kalamazoo, will occur west of those cities in Texas and Oshtemo Townships, the latter having already shown strong evidence of this trend. There appears to be good prospects for the expansion of residential growth in the north and east sections of Texas Township in response to the establishment of the new Community College, the natural attractiveness of the lakes and an interesting terrain. The unincorporated sections of the Urban Area are primarily made up of lands in Kalamazoo, Cooper, Comstock and Pavilion Townships and to a r ""r T r ,,.. r - 34 - �lesser degree in Schoolcraft, Texas, Oshtemo, Brady and Richland Townships. It is anticipated that by 1990 some 5,306 acres of those townships, will be used for residential purposes or about 19 per cent of the County land so used. Because of the lack of existing use ( 19 65) _ &a.ta separated out for the unincorporated territory of the County lying within the Urban Area, no precise measurement of increase in 1990 residential use over 1965 can be given. By inspection, it appears that the 1990 use will be approximately twice that of 1965. RURAL AREA J J For the purposes of this report, the Rural Areas of Kalamazoo County include all those lands which lie outside of the Urban Area shown on the 1990 Plan. The residential lands in Rural Areas are, of course, dispersed rather than nucleated and the density of use is almost always lower than that of the Urban Areas. It seems clear that residential development will occur in the Rural Area at a somewhat slower pace and should differ in character from the past. The natural characteristics of some of those lands--marshes, lowlands, woodlands, steep slopes and the like--make them difficult and in most cases unsuitable for concentrated residential use. Those same characteristics create highly attractive locations for individual countryside living on a comparatively large tracts of land. Even though the Rural Areas will continue to be primarily agricultural in character through the planning period it is expected that some 10 percent of the County's residential land, about 3000 acres will be so used in the Rural Area by 1990. However, it is recommended that small lot development in the Rural Area and strip development along rural roads be discouraged through the use of improved zoning and subdivision regulations. J - 35 - �THE LAND USE PLAN--COMMERCIAL USE INTRODUCTION Commercial land use includes all land used for retail and wholesale trade, small or large, except the industrial trade of manufactured products or raw materials. The commercial land use category also includes service centers or facilities for rendering personal, professional and financial services or the rental, repair or maintenance of products or equipment. Privately owned recreational facilities, primarily indoor, such as theaters and sports facilities are also classified as commercial. 0 , Commercial centers have experienced a substantial change during the last generation. The latest commercial center concepts indicate larger and more concentrated areas with a more comprehensive range of commercial facilities, conveniently located and readily accessible by automobile, with ample parking space. Such commercial centers would range in size from 5 to 40 or more acres, serving a neighborhood, a community or an entire region. Consequently, a smaller number of such facilities would be needed to satisfy the requirements of the growing Urban Area. The neighborhood and convenience shopping facilities, as well as central business areas in the cities and villages, will constitute the basic commercial center pattern in the Land Use Plan. However, certain larger areas designed to accommodate the full spectrum of commercial activities will be of major consideration in planning new commercial centers to serve the developing areas of Kalamazoo County. It is expected that the emerging larger commercial centers will have considerable impact on the use of land in their vicinity by accelerating residential development in the area in which they are located. Many such centers in metropolitan -areas that were located on the urban fringe 5 or 10 years ago are now in the center of a fully developed territory. DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Several factors should be considered in the development of commercial lands as illustrated in the Land Use Plan. These factors include the following: COMMERCIAL TYPES In addition to the more traditional commercial forms, several types of new commercial centers may be developed. The three types occurring most frequently are generally referred to in terms of the territory served--Neighborhood, Community or Region. - 37 - �The Neighborhood Center functions mainly to sat~sfy local needs for the sale of convenience goods and the offering of personal services. This type of center usually contains 5 to 15 shops on a 4 to 8 acre site at or near the intersection of major or secondary roads. Its leading tenants include a supermarket and drugstore, with a one-half to one mile service radius (or a population of about 4000 persons). A Community Center usually provides the same services as a neighborhood center, plus a wider range of specialty shops and services. Its leading tenants are a variety store or small department store. This center is often located at the intersection of two major roads. Its service radius is 2 to 4 miles and can serve 35,000 people on a 10 to 30 acre site which may contain 15 to 40 shops. The Regional Center serves the functions of those previously described plus offering shops for furniture, restaurants, and most general merchandise. Its leading tenants are large department stores, and it is usually located at an intersection of a major road at an expressway. such a regional commercial center will serve a 4 to 20 mile radius and a population of 150,000 people in its 40 to 80 shops on a 40 to 100 acre site. "' ~ J J A more recent development is the emergence of the popularly termed Discount Store. Its characteristics are much like those of the community center. J. LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS The optimum relationship between commercial centers and growing metropolitan areas should be something of a hierarchy arranged to satisfy total area needs most conveniently, with the "downtown" and regional centers serving the entire area, community centers providing service to major segments of the area, and neighborhood centers serving subsequent needs. While this ideal arrangement will seldom be achieved, the suggested pattern can serve to identify the necessary elements to provide appropriate commercial service throughout the County. Access to and from the various commercial centers is important. The community and regional centers should be readily accessible py means of major traffic carriers since they are generators of high traffic volumes. The access problem with respect to the neighborhood center is at a somewhat reduced scale. Spacing is most important, particularly with respect to the large community and reg~ona~ centers. When improperly located, they may either add to congestion if too close or fail to give proper service if spaced too far apart. - 38 - , LJ r-i ~ r �SITE CHARACTERISTICS The most important factors relating to the site for commercial development are those concerning its size, shape and relationship to abutting or nearby highways. Additionally, the physical characteristics of the site, drainage, soils, topography and other natural features are significant. While size, in terms of land area required for improvements, parking and internal circulation, is obviously an important consideration, the shape of the land may be equally significant in terms of orientation of development features, visibility at entrances and exits, and relationship to adjoining land uses. J Moreover, the ability to remove storm water from the site rapidly without creating problems for adjacent lands, the fitness of the topography and soil structure to serve the proposed use and beneficial or detrimental effects of landscape features are factors to be considered. Sites including lowlands, marshy areas, high slopes and woodlands may create problems for the development of a commercial center, or, with careful handling could become outstanding features. DESIGN QUALITY There are three characteristics of successful commercial centers--they offer convenience to those using the facility; they are readily . accessible; and they are attractive. Each of these characteristics is the product of intensive design efforts to achieve high levels of acceptance and performance. The widely known downtown Kalamazoo Mall is representative of the design quality which attracts and retains the interest of the buying public. Site layout, structural installations and landscape treatment are the elements requiring the attention ~nd design capabilities of qualified professionals. More specific to public concern are the following items: J J • sufficient space to accommodate buildings and off-street parking • vehicular entrys and exits controlled to facilitate traffic movement and spaced to minimize hazards and congestion on the access roads • separation between service and customer vehicular routes within the site • internal circulation for pedestrians that is not in conflict with that of vehicles • adequate illumination of parking and other public places • placement and size of identification signs - 39 - �Additional features that serve to establish design quality are style of architecture, use of construction materials producing interesting textures, tones and color, attractive street furniture and aesthetic appointments--pools, fountains, sculpture, gardens and the like. The above principles, while more readily applied to new commercial centers, are equally applicable to the upgrading of existing commercial development through a coordinated improvement program. [_J IMPROVEMENTS AND SERVICES LJ The commercial center requires the full range of utility services--water, storm and sanitary sewers, electric power, telephone, etc--along with a higher than average level of protection services. Access routes should have sufficient traffic carrying capacity to handle the volume of movements generated by the center and be capable of accommodating acceleration, deceleration and turning lanes as needed. Access and interior roads, as well as parking areas, should be, hard surfaced for all-weather use and designed for expected weight loads. u u COMMERCIAL LAND DISTRIBUTION In 1965, the existing commercial land in Kalamazoo County was recorded as occupying 1,153 acres. Projections show an expected increase to 1,426 acres by 1975, and 1,944 acres by 1990, some 69 percent more than in 1965. The commercial development proposed in the Land Use Plan, follows generally the existing commercial pattern except that several new large centers have been added to meet anticipated needs. The new commercial center facilities are located well within the projected periphery of the 1990 Urban Area; several are located in unincorporated territory and two are proposed for the City of Portage. Most of the additional commercial acreage is accounted for by the expansion, or consolidation of existing commercial areas. A generalized description of the distribution pattern follows. URBAN AREA Mo&t of the need for commercial acreage in Kalamazoo County will be in the Urban Area. As a result of the expansion and development of the Urban Area, most large new commercial centers are planned for sites outside the existing incorporated city boundaries, yet within the 1990 Urban Area boundary~ It is expected that many of the existing large commercial sites within the cities will be expanded and redeveloped by 1990. * Existing and projected acreages are based on land use data and population growth. - 40 - �MAP #4 BARRY COUNTY Al.UBAN COUNTY "~ a~ ' ; .. ... J iJ i:! . ~i :I - . ...... "' J ... J J KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN SELECTED COMMERCIAL SITES IECTIONI 0 ..................... ,.. ......... ,... , ...................... ,.. , SELECTED o, KATI AREA SITES FOR COMMERCIAL CENTERS ·.::::_:::-:.:··.:-~:,:·.:·;~::-·,::-::,:.;·:_~·-·'" '••P<>r•d b KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY 41 SCHElLU .o.SSOO>,.US ll',IC PLANNING Ao,~, .... "., ClYDE f WllllAMS ANO ASSOCIATES INC ~ INOtlS COMMISSION �The Cities Kalamazoo -- Commercial development in the city of Kalamazoo will increase during the planning period, however, there will be a tendency for larger commercial shopping centers to locate outside of the city's boundaries. The downtown mall and C.B.D. are expected to continue to function as the major commercial center for the entire county. The existing commercial strip along Westnedge in the southern part of the city and along West Main Street, as well as several smaller strips, are expected to continue and may expand to a minor degree. In 1965, there were 570 acres developed commercially. Projections indicate that the city will need 690 acres and 915 acres, respectively, for the years 1975 and 1990. Most of this acreage will very likely be adjacent to and an expansion of existing commercial sites. Percentage increases by 1975 and 1990 are slightly over 121% and 160%, respectively. Parchment -- There is not expected to be a great expansion of commercial land from the small neighborhood shopping areas that currently exist in Parchment. Approximately 14 acres of commercial land existed in 1965. Projections show that 15 acres and 20 acres will be needed for the years 1975 and 1990, respectively. Portage -- Except for a few small commercial sites, almost all of the commercial land in the city of Portage is strip commercial land located along South Westnedge Avenue with a few strips along Portage Road. There are also commercial facilities at Austin and Long Lakes. Thoµgh the commercial use pattern has been traditionally of a strip nature, it is recommended that the future commercial needs be concentrated in two planned centers. In 1965, there was approximately 209 acres of commercially used land in Portage. Projections show that 250 acres, a 20% increase, will be needed by 1975; and 310 acres, a 48% increase, will be needed by 1990. Galesburg -- The city of Galesburg~ located at the eastern edge of the urban core, will also need additional commercial land by 1990. One method of accommodating this additional acreage would be to expand the existing C.B.D.; the other is to utilize the commercially zoned and . planned areas near the intersection of East Michigan Avenue and I-94 which includes land beyond the city boundary. Within the city limits, there is expected to be an increase from the 1965 commercial acreage of 6 acres to 10 acres in 1975, and 20 acres in 1990. These figures represent increases of approximately 67% and 233%, respectively. Summary By 1990 the total commercial acreage for the four cities is expected to be 1,265 acres, an increase of 466 over the 799 acres recorded in 1965. This is an increase of more than 58%. - 42 - �The Villages The need . for additional commercial acreage is anticipated in each of the villages in Kalamazoo County. Most of the commercial acreage for the villages should be concentrated in the central business district of each village. Some development could logically occur in commercially zoned areas adjacent to several of the villages. In 1965, there was about 65 acres of commercial acreage in the villages. By 1990 this total is expected to reach 108 acres. This is an increase of slightly more than 66%. J J J J J J J Augusta -- The Village of Augusta is not expected to experience an appreciable change in commercial acreage. This is due mainly to the fact that shopping, other than the convenience shopping, is usually done in the cities of Battle Creek or Kalamazoo. The 1965 commercial acreage of 8 acres is expected to expand to 9 acres by 1975 and 10 acres by 1990. Climax -- Very little commercial development is expected in the Village of Climax during the planning period unless a large facility would be constructed in the vicinity of the village. From an estimated maximum of 7 acres in 1965, projections for the 1975 and 1990 show increases to 8 acres and 9 acres, respectively. Richland -- Richland has some potential need for more commercial development. In 1965, the total commercial acreage was less than 20 • acres. By 1975, commercial acreage is projected at 23 acres, and by 1990 indicate 29 acres. Sch.oolcraft -- The Village of Schoolcraft is expected to grow to some extent; and commercial acreage will increase along U.S. 131. From the estimated 15 acres in 1965, the commercial acreage is projected to increase to 17 acres in 1975 and 21 acres in 1990 by extending north to Shaver Road. Vicksbur~ -- Vicksburg is expected to experience commercial growth. In addition to the C.B.D. of Vicksburg, commercial acreage north of the village along 24th Street is expected to develop. Vicksburg's estimated commercial land in 1965 was 15 acres. By 1975 and 1990, commercial acreage is projected to be 16 acres and 18 acres, respectively. The Unincorporated Area Several large commercial centers are expected to be developed in unincorporated areas which are now urban or will be a part of the Urban Area by 1990. Two commercial center sites are located near the U.S. 131 interchanges in Oshtemo Township. In Texas Township commercial acreage is expected to develop near Kalamazoo Valley Community College, probably at the I-94 and 9th Street interchange. A large new com·mercial development is proposed in Kalamazoo Township at the intersection of Douglas Avenue and Mosel Road. Two new commercial centers - 43 - �are indicated for Comstock Township. One site is along Gull Road at "G" Avenue; the other is near Miller Road and 28th Street. Other commercial sites are also indicated in the urban portion of Cooper and Pavilion Townships. There does not appear to be any need for large commercial areas in these two townships as the urban residents will be adequately served by nearby shopping centers in adjacent . cities or townships. r The six areas described above at an assumed average size of 40 acres per unit, would total 240 acres. If completed by 1975, this would represent more than 88% of the total 272 acres needed for the Urban Area, and approximately 31% of the 738 acres estimated to be needed for the County by 1990. RURAL AREA Several areas have been illustrated on the plan as excellent potential commercial areas in Rural Areas. In almost all cases the areas are located either in lands adjacent to an incorporated village or other small urban core. One site is located in Charleston Township to serve the city of Galesburg and the surrounding Rural Area. A second commercial site is located about one mile north of Vicksburg to serve the surrounding community. Near the center of Oshtemo Township is a commercial site which could serve the rural community. Small commercial sites at the centers of Alamo, Scotts and Fulton could be expanded to a small degree. The southern tip of Gull Lake in Ross. Township may be expanded to 20 or more acres by 1990. In addition, a number of individual commercial establishments are expected to be constructed, particularly around the lake areas of Kalamazoo County. In 1965, the Rural Area contained approximately 26 acres of commercial acreage; but based on commercial land use projections, by 1990 the commercial acreage in these areas will reach 92 acres or more. These figures represent 2.25 % of the county's commercial acreage in 1965, and 4.60% of the county's commercial acreage in 1990. - 44 J . . �THE LAND USE PLAN - INDUSTRIAL USE INTRODUCTION Industrial land is commonly divided into two or three categories. These are usually defined as light industry, medium industry and heavy industry. Light industry is usually a small industrial operation that is not offensive to nearby residents and one in which all operations are conducted within a building. The term medium industry is less frequently used since this degree of diversity of industrial classification is not always needed. Generally speaking, medium industry would have some manufacturing or storage in the open. Heavy industry is usually a large industry and quite often produces harmful or distasteful odors, and loud or irritating sounds. J In this study, due to the nature and scope of the area being planned, industrial land uses of all kinds are grouped together under one classification called "industrial land use." The industrial uses within this section include all industry, which may be defined as the manufacture of whole products or component parts or the processing of physical or chemical elements. DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Several guidelines should be considered in the development of the industrial lands as illustrated in the Land Use Plan. These development guidelines include Industrial Types, Locational Relationships, Site Characteristics, Unit Development, Design Quality and Improvements Needed. ] J J J INDUSTRIAL TYPES Of the industrial types briefly defined in the introduction, two of these are further defined here. When heavy and medium industry are grouped into one category they are often termed "general industrral use." General industrial uses include manufacturing, processing, extraction, heavy repair, dismantling, storage, disposal of equipment, raw materials, manufactured products or wastes. Further, railroad and/or air facilities, though of a communication and transportation nature, are sometimes classified with general industry. All operations may be performed in open or closed areas. Light industrial uses include manufacturing, processing, repair and storage, provided the activities are conducted entirely within enclosed buildings for which loading and unloading facilities are enclosed. - 45 - �In this report all types of industrial uses are grouped together providing a total picture of existing and planned areas for industrial development. It is not the purpose of the report to delineate the different types of industrial uses because we are dealing with large areas of industrial land and are primarily concerned with the spatial relationship of industrial lands to residential, commercial and other land uses. SITE CHARACTERISTICS Some of the primary considerations when planning the industrial lands for an area as large as Kalamazoo County are the site characteristics. There is more than enough land in the county suitable for industrial development. Some of the site characteristics taken into consideration were topography, soils, drainage, high slope, marsh, lakes and wooded areas. Medium slopes and wooded areas are acceptable in some residential subdivision development but are not usually practicable for industry. Industry should be situated on lands which have some slope for natural drainage and on soils which are suitable for construction of large buildings. New industrial develop ment should be excluded from marshes, wetlands and floodplains. □ 0 UNIT DEVELOPMENT Many cities,in recent years,have provided one or more industrial parks and have designed research triangles where industry and/or research can live, grow and develop together in a pleasant enuironment. A diagrammatic example of a planned industrial unit may be found on the subsequent page. The importance of planned industrial units is to provide a special place for light industry and research facilities to function near or wit~in a large residential community. Usually such sites are located on the periphery of residential development. Many well planned industrial units are located adjacent to residential lands, and are sometimes more attractive than the local residential neighborhood. DESIGN QUALITY Generally, the quality of the design of an industrial area is dependent upon the type of industry occupying the area. There are some types of industrial uses which, by their nature, defy most attempts _at design control regardless of their location. Most of the successful attempts 7egulat~ng quality o~ design_of industrial uses are in planned in?us~rial parks. Figure 4 illustrates some of the desirable principals of a Planned Industrial Park. - 46 - □ r �,, J J J J J features of a PL A N N E D INDUSTRIAL J J ' SCHELLIE ASSOCIATES, INDIANAP0LIS I A PLANNED INDUSTRIAL AREA OFFERING A VARIETY OF PLANT SITE SITUATIONS FOR MODERN INDUSTRY e RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS FOR PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS e LANDSCAPED AREAS e GENEROUS OPEN SPACES e ROOM FOR EXPANSION e LOWER UTILITY COSTS THROUGH GROUPING OF INDUSTRIES e SUFFICIENT OFF-STREET EMPLOYEE AND VISlTOR PARKING e IMPROVED EMPLOYEE MORALE AND EFFICIENCY BECAUSE OF ATTRACTIVE PLANT LAYOUT AND OTHER AMENITIES e CONTROLLED USE OF LAND e OPTIMUM PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ACCEPTANCE ( A GOOD NEIGHBOR) FIGURE 3 - 47 - �Industrial parks,by their very nature,are conducive to quality control. They are so designed as to include not only functional, but esthetic considerations as well. Basically, an industrial park contains the following features: .,...,,,..-- • • • • • A variety of lot sizes for different types of industry Controlled ingress and egress from nearby thoroughfares Adequate room for expansion without conflict with other uses Architectural controls Site landscaping Many existing industrial areas could be upgraded by the expenditure of reasonable amounts of money for landscaping, paving of parking areas and other similar improvements. ~ u [J .U ~ u - 48 - �INDUSTRIAL LAND DISTRIBUTION Industrial land in Kalamazoo County is located for the most part in the Kalamazoo and Portage areas. The proposed industrial land is located within the 1990 Urban Area illustrated on the · Land Use Plan. It is the objective, in this section of the report, to generally describe the areas of industrial land and the distribution of industrial acreage for Kalamazoo County. J J J J J J URBAN AREA By far, the majority of existing industrial land in Kalamazoo County lies within the projected 1990 urban boundary. Many of the major manufacturers, General Motors, Upjohn and others, have plants located within the urban boundary. The major portion of the existing industrial development is located along the Kalamazoo River in the City of Kalamazoo and southward to the Upjohn Plant in Portage and southeastward beyond the G.M. plant. One can say that industry in the urban core has been somewhat consolidated to particular areas following a south and southeasterly growth pattern from the center of the city of Kalamazoo. Few people probably realize how fortunate they are that industry has not spread haphazardly in all directions. Perhaps this pattern developed by chance; but much of the existing industrial pattern, whether by plan or by chance, will be an excellent base for the County to continue to plan for its most suitable. industrial areas. The 1990 plan illustrates the proposed industrial areas. Almost all of the existing industrial areas, particularly in the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage, are retained in the plan. Areas planned for new industrial development are contiguous to the existing industrial land. These areas "fill in the gaps" of non-industrial land to form a contiguous corridor (or corridors) of industrial use following the same pattern as now exists, but making the pattern more complete and consolidated. One of the chief reasons for planning new industrial land as a continuous development of the existing pattern is to keep industry consolidated. Consideration has also been given to the soils, landscape, and other physical features which are found to be conducive to industrial development. There is ample access to the areas, and plans are being made to extend utility services to the newly proposed industrial areas. Generally, achieving 12 acres of industrial land for each 1,000 persons of the population is a desirable goal. In Kalamazoo County, the current ratio is 18.1 acres of industrial land to each 1,000 population. A continuation of this existing ratio is not anticipated in the future. A gain of 1,550 acres between 1965 and 1990 expresses a growth ratio at the sound figure of 12 acres per 1,000 population, which would result in the 1990 ratio being 15.7 acres per 1,000. - 49 - �Kalamazoo County's existing industrial acreage in 1965 was 3,440 acres; and, by 1990 should be 4,990 acres using the above 15.7 acres per 1,000 of projected population. ~ The Cities "--'T' " In the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage, expansion of existing industrialr lands into adjacent areas will account for most of the industrial development. Kalamazoo -- In the city of Kalamazoo, 449 acres of industrial development will probably occur between 1965 and 1990. This growth will, for the most part, be expansion or relocation of existing industries. New growth will probably take place in the northcentral and southeasternr portion of the city. Of the total growth, 189 acres is anticipated by 1975. Parchment -- Minimal industrial development is anticipated in the city of Parchment because of its already highly industrialized character and dense development. Ten acres of additional industrial land will probably be the maximum amount of growth, with little of this, if any, occuring until 1975 or later. Portage -- It is anticipated that the area surrounding the Kalamazoo Municipal Airport in Portage will be of an industrial character. Another area just east of the U.S. 131 and Centre Avenue Interchange may also become industrial. Between these two areas and other scattered sites, the city of Portage may gain 104 acres by 1975 and a total of 354 by 1990. Galesburg -- The city of Galesburg, in 1965, had the smallest ratio of industrial land to population in the County with only 1.3 acres per 1,000 population. Thirty (30) acres of industrial land is projected for Galesburg by 1990. This goal should easily be attained because of Galesburg's proximity to an Interstate interchange and the amount of vacant, buildable land scheduled for full utility service in the near future. The Villages Each of the villages in Kalamazoo County are expected to experience growth, and thus, industrial development. Some will experience a greater industrial impact than others. Each of the villages have lands within their incorporated boundaries or in neighboring township lands which can be converted to industrial use. Also, each village contains both rail and highway facilities for easy accessibility. In 1965, there were 89 acres of industrial land recorded in the villages of Kalamazoo County. By 1990 the industrial acreage in the villages is expected to reach 108 acres--a 19 acre increase. There will also be an increase in industry in some township areas adjacent to the villages. - 50 - r 1 i....,..-1 �Augusta -- In the village of Augusta the plan indicates industrial uses in the area east of the Central Business District in the vicinity of the Penn-Central Railroad and State Highway. ~ J J J J J J J J J Climax -- The plan for the village of Climax indicates one block of industrial land northwest of the village core and north of the Grand Trunk Railroad. This industrial area extends from the West Maple Street crossing of the Grand Trunk Railroad northeast to a point about one block beyond the north Main Street crossing of the same railroad. Richland -- A large industrial site is proposed just east of the Richland village boundary and north of East D Avenue. This area should receive primary consideration for industrial development allowing the remainder of the village to be free from industrial development. Schoolcraft -- Industry is planned for areas south and southeast of the village of Schoolcraft. One area is located namely along the north side of, and adjacent to the Grand Trunk Railroad. The other industrial area is planned for the area east of, and adjacent to the Penn-Central Railroad between Eliza Street and the southern village boundary. At one point the two areas are adjacent and, therefore, flow together as one industrial unit. Vicksburg -- Two large industrial areas are planned for Vicksburg. One is located to the northeast of the existing village boundary to either side of the Grand Trunk Western Railroad. The other is planned for, the southwest corner of the village and extending beyond the village boundary entirely south of the Grand Trunk Western Railroad. The Unincorporated Area A considerable portion of the potential industrial growth will be taking place outside incorporated communities. Comstock Township will continue to draw the greatest amount of industrial development-approximately 450 acres by 1990. Currently, 75 percent of the increase of industrial land is taking place in the area of the relatively new General Motors plant. This trend is expected to continue in the future; while other growth takes place along Interstate 94, Michigan 96,and Michigan 43 and the routes that connect them. A total of approximately 100 acres of development is anticipated in the northwestern corner of the township. Oshtemo Township, west of the urban core, is expected to gain 40 acres or more of industrial development along west Michigan Avenue and the interchange with U.S. 131, mainly due to the presence of Interstate 94. Texas Township is expected to increase its industrial land by ten or more acres by 1990. The unincorporated areas of Kalamazoo Township are expected to attract some 80 new acres of industrial development. Richland Township's Gull Road .area is also expected to attract about t~n acres of industrial use by 1990. - 51 - �RURAL AREA Almost all of the areas expected to develop industrially are found in the Urban Area. There will be a few small industrial plants scattered about on isolated spots of industrially zoned lands in the 15 townships of the County. It was noted earlier that industrial areas are planned for township lands adjacent to, or in the vicinity of some of the villages. In most cases these areas are also located in the 1990 Urban Area surrounding the particular villages. Nevertheless, some of these proposed industrial sites are extended to areas beyond the delineated 1990 Urban Area boundary. The only example of industry extending into a Rural Area is at Schoolcraft where a long narrow strip of industrial development is proposed running from north to south. Other examples of industrial land lying in rural township areas are near the villages and located in Charleston, Richland, Brady, Schoolcraft and Ross Township. The other probability of industrial land extending into Rural Areas is at or near Gull Lake in Ross Township. There is also the possibility that a large facility of great impact may increase the potential for industrial land in Rural Areas which is, so far, unpredictable. The total industrial acreage in Rural Areas is not expected to exceed 40 acres by 1990. SUMMARY (See Map 5) The following is a summary of the three large industrial areas proposed for new development by 1990: Area #1 - This area is generally located east of the City of Kalamazoo. Within Area #1, General Motors, several smaller industries and a number of new commercial enterprises are located. Most of the land is undeveloped, however, and is choice industrial land. The whole area, excluding the Genera·1 Motors property, consists of approximately 1,480 acres; however, only about 290 of these acres are available for new industrial use. The difference is caused by existence of other smaller industries, motels and other commercial developments in the area. Area #2 - This area lies east of and within the eastern portion of the City of Portage. It includes the Kalamazoo Airport and some lands lying to the east thereof. This area contains 2,600 acres of which 1,650 acres are readily available for new industrial la.nd use. It presently includes some good industrially zoned land and some Upjohn property. - 52 - ,. J �MAP #5 ALU!:GAN COUNTY I I I • I i '--'t--t---'+ i ·l+- ~ ... i- 1: I 1• .J . . j J J i J J J ' ' _o_ \ ' \ ---\ I - ' , I I ~ ~-tl I ! ,,,._-P..,, I I !? ! c5> I t I ! I ~ ! I ~ ~ ST JOSl!PH O NTV KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN SELECTED INDUSTRIAL LANDS .......... ..., ........ , , ... ., ........ , .......... , . . .. ..... 0,,,, :::,:::::::·-::::. ·: ,~~. ::."::1::.... ,o, ......... ,.................... ,, . po,.cl IY KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN C OUNTY 53 SCHHllE ASSOCIATU INC PLANNING A o,,, ..o~ of ClYOf E WllLIAMS ANO .-.ssOC IATU COMMISSION INC ~ 11,10 , lS . �I . Area #3 - The location of industrial area #3 is north of Morrow Lake and follows the high slope ridge north of Morrow Lake east to Galesburg. T Of the entire approximate 2,480-acre area, about 2,200 acres can be classified usable for industrial use. Almost 280 acres are used for residential, commercial or public semi-public uses. The three areas described for industrial use contain a maximum of 4,140 acres of land capable of being developed industrially. This is more new industrial land than- will be needed by 1990 for the entire County. It is wise to indicate more land than is needed in order to allow the industrial developer several choices. There have been 460 additional industrial acres projected as the 1975 needs within the study area. The 1990 projection shows that 1490 additional acres will be needed for industrial use by that point in time. Certainly, Area #2 or Area #3 as described could easily accommodate all the new industry by 1975; but in fact, Areas #1 and #2 will probably be utilized by 90% of all large new industry between now and 1975. Within the next two decades industry will locate in all three of the selected areas. ~ r u - 54 - �THE LAND USE PLAN - PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC -- INTRODUCTION The major public and semi-public uses of land are described in this section as an element of the Land Use Plan to illustrate the relationship of such uses to the other categories of land use. The facilities included are administrative, police, fire, school, health and welfare, libraries and similar public installations. More detailed descriptions of these facilities are given in the Kalamazoo County Community Facilities Plan Report. DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES J As a matter of consistency, this section sets forth some of the more pertinent considerations dealing with the placement and development characteristics of public installations. Additional information concerning these matters is contained in the Cornnunity Facilities Plan for the County. · J TYPES Administrative J Each of the incorporated cities and villages in an urbanizing county should have administrative facilities. A city or village hall is not only important for the administrative function, but may also be used as a place of public assembly. Police Several municipalities have police facilities, and all townships are served by the county sheriff's department. The State Police generally patrols the Interstate highways and other major State and U.S. highways. Fire Although many fire stations exist in the Urban Areas of the county, many outlying areas are not well served. A fire station in the center of a village or township usually is trying to serve an area far greater than is practicable. The need for many new fire stations are the result. Schools Elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools plus the colleges and universities in Kalamazoo County are included in this category. Jr. and Sr. high schools have been consolidated in the 1990 plan proposals. 1 - 55 - �Health and Welfare There are a number of good hospitals and other health and welfare institutions in the metropolitan area. Nevertheless, with the increased population growth, consideration must be given to new hospitals as well as other health and welfare needs. Libraries In Kalamazoo County, which is becoming quite urban, there is a need to expand the existing library system. It would appear practical to combine all the libraries in the County into a consolidated system. Other Cultural Facilities Art museums, zoos, botanical gardens, comprise the items facilities in this public nature. amphi-theatres, science and technology museums, and cultural schools, as well as other facilities in the cultural facilities category. Most of the category are public, although some may be of a semi- LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS Each of the various types of public and semi-public land uses (and facilities) have a somewhat different relationship to the surrounding lands than the other. Examples are probably the best means to portray the importance of the locational relationships. Therefore, the few following examples are given: Each fire service area boundary (usually l½ to 3 miles radius) delineates the area served by the particular station which is a different area from police, etc. The density of such fire station areas will be greater in urban areas than rural. Elementary schools should be located in residential areas, preferably at least one school per neighborhood in order to allow the pupils to walk safely to school. Most of the other public and semi-public uses should be located on primary or secondary roads and close to, or within urban areas. Many of the miscellaneous public and semi-public uses are large in size and serve a large area. SITE CHARACTERISTICS The site characteristics for the development of most public and semipublic uses should meet certain general crit2ria. Good buildable soils are important. Level or gently rolling land is usable for most public and semi-public uses. Steep slope lands, and marsh lands should be avoided. - 56 - ,. ...,.... �Open space and major parks, on the other hand, should be developed on land that is partially hilly,river-floodplain and densely wooded areas. UNIT DEVELOPMENT Some types of public and semi-public lands should be seriously considered for unit development. • Combination elementary school, playground, and neighborhood parks should be considered. • Jr. and Sr. high schools could be combined with a stadium, a community park and perhaps even a golf course for recreation and physical education purposes. • The contemporary trend in hospitals for urban areas is to combine and consolidate facilities. A health and welfare complex may be developed as a unit. • Combinations of college and university lands with adjacent wooded or lake areas, as well as agricultural open space should be considered for unit development. DESIGN QUALITY J J The quality of design for a planned unit can vary dramatically fro~ one development to another. Some factors, particularly within large areas of public and semi-public land use will not change materially. The general topography and other landscape features will help guide the plan for development. An example of a Planned Neighborhood Center is given in this report. Similar, and more closely tailored, plans should be produced for all major public and semi-public development sites in Kalamazoo County as the need arises. IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED The Community Facilities Report for Kalamazoo County covers the needs for the improvement of public and semi-public lands and facilities. Special consideration should be given to the importance of coordinating the needed improvements into planned units for whatever requirements are to be met. Accessibility and a full range of utility services and installations are basic needs if the public facilities are to render adequate service. PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC LAND DISTRIBUTION The general distribution pattern of these uses throughout the County is given on the following pages. - 57 - �( -, ~ I URBAN AREA The Cities The large tracts of "public" lands, located in the cities, are principally educational and medical institutions. Public lands of lesser size include administrative, police and fire facilities, schools, libraries and other public facilities. These smaller facilities are dispersed throughout the cities while the larger facilities are nucleated on fewer but larger sites. The Villages In most of the villages, the majority of public land is used for elementary and high school facilities. Other public uses in the villages include administrative, libraries, police and fire facilities, plus a hospital in Vicksburg. The Unincorporated Area Public uses of land will begin to expand more rapidly from the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage to the unincorporated portion of the Urban Area in response to the growth pattern. The two predominant examples are new schools and fire stations. RURAL AREA The primary public and semi-public land designated in the rural area are indicated as fire stations, elementary schools, administrative and police facilities. These public lands are dispersed at wide intervals throughout the County to provide service as needed. - 58 - �THE LAND USE PLAN - OPEN SPACE AND PARKS - INTRODUCTION The open space and park lands are included in this section to indicate their relationship to the other major land uses. For the purposes of this report, open space lands and park lands have been combined into one category. More detailed descriptions of these facilities are given in the Kalamazoo Coµnty Comm1,m ity Facilities Plan report. TYPES Parks Several different types of parks are considered in this plan. The major or county parks, are planned to serve all of the county residents. Community or township parks are designed to serve large urban communities or rural townships as the case may be. Neighborhood parks, which are usually the smallest of the three classifications serve mainly the urban neighborhoods. Playgrounds Each of the elementary, junior and/or senior high school should have adequate play area. General public use playgrounds may be found in conjunction with the school facilities. Open Space Lands along the edge of the Kalamazoo River and most of the major streams plus the state conservation areas, hav~ been included in the planned open space category. DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES I Some of the more important considerations which were the guides in establishing the location and scope of open space and park lands are set forth herein. Additional information in regard to these considerations is contained in the Corrµnunity Facilj,.ties Plan for the County. LOCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS Although open space lands and parks are treated as one typ~ of use on the Land Use Plan they have different relationships to other land uses. Examples of these relationships are probably the best means to portray the importance of the locational relationships. Therefore, the following examples are g.iven: Neighborhood parks should be located near the center of neighborhoods and preferrably clo$e, or contiguous, to the elementary school which will satisfy combined educationrecreation n eeds. - . 59 - �Most of the other park uses should be located on primary or secondary roads and close to or within urpan areas. Many of the open space lands are quite large and serve a wider area. SITE CHARACTERISTICS Open space and large par~s should be developed on land that is partially hilly, steep slopes, floodplains, marshland and densely wooded areas. Smaller parks and playgrounds should be situated on level or gently rolling land. Steep slope lands and marsp lands should be avoided. OTHER FEATURES The criteria that were established in the Puplic and Semi-Public Facilities section of this report f~r; Site Characteristics Unit Development Design Quality Improvements Needed with minor modifications, apply to Open Space Lands and Parks. OPEN SPACE AND PARK LAND DISTRIBUTION These land use types are described in some detail in the community facilities report. The general distribution pattern of these uses, follows. URBAN AREA The Cities Large tracts of "public" lands c;1.re located in the cities of Kalamazoo and Portage. These larger areas in9lude the Kalamazoo River Open Space area, the university and college Cruµpuses in the cities, golf courses, hospitals, and large parks. The Villages All of the villages have sqme park land~ however, public park land should be increased in the villages. As population needs increase more land will be developed in the park-open space category. The Unincorporated Area The large 400 acre state hospital facility in southwestern Kalamazoo will be converted to park use. The county rest home in Comstock Township is located in the qrban corrido~ between the cities of Kalamazoo - 60 - �-- and Galesburg. This area will be converte<il, for the most ·part, to open space and recreation use by 1990. (It eould serve as a d~veloped node for the Kalam~zoo River planned open spac~ area.) Other examples of "public" use in the 1990 Urban Area include the Eastern Hills golf course in Richland Township, tfle Elks Country Cl~b and golf course in Oshtemo Township (which is private, but can ~e used for semi-public play) and tne Park and Open Space areas in So,ioolcraft Township which are contiguous with those in Portage, and the Park-Open Space in Oshtemo Township. RURAL AREA Several conservation areas, most o+ which are located in Ross, Charleston, Schoolcraft and Wakeshma Township a~e planned to be open space ahd developed park land. Several new lprge parks phould be developed and located in Alamo, Comstock, Charleston, Schoolcraft and Wakeshma Townships. In addition, each t9wnship 9hould be provided a township park as shown on the Community Facilities Pla!}. One of the most important open space and r~creation fqcilities fo~ the county should be the Kalamazoo River opep space area. J 1 I - 61 - �APPEND;tX A MAPS 1 �MAP A-1 ALLl!GAN COUNTV I ; I ,.....~-~-(--;'/ ,, ) f---+--~-L,.. . I "•_:_~ ~ ~/-1,---L---'----'---l__ l---+-+---n----+-----'c1~---------,----- I I ;i;J.JUil 12 ), ( r f f !-,- - A ,i ;; KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1975 SPRAWL CONCEPT ..•.... ......, ....... , , .................................. c.,,., •... ,.....................,.....• ...,............. ....................., f,h,.o0 oO•"• ••Oo0 Ho,.too ••· U•Ooo ot,o, o- ,,.,,,.,,.,U,o,uooo , O '••t>•••O ..., , 5CMfLLIE ASSOCIATES, INC ., A Olvl ■ lu el CLYDf 1 . WIHIA/dt.ASSOC ., IMC ., INDf'l.S, KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY 63 PLANNING COMMISSION �0 ' . . ALLZC3AN COUNTY ; 0 . \~ !~i. ] $: r--::~-· -___,____( ,,,- . - . I I I ' ; _ T'-., ' /~.~: jr::f _i. ,✓- I /· ~Jta~S/t$ 1},) ~t¼ f •• - - ' _, .;l >_,, , , ~___:: ~~\ J. / / . - ~► ~ ,,.~ p ..0: -'-------- t ~ & i= i ::.I ST "" OS'l!PH C ~- lf.: UNTV KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1975 SATELLITE CONCEPT . ............, . . ... ..... .................... ..........,., , , ... . . . 0 . . . ...... . . .. .. , • • • •••••• • •••••••u••·••••• .. • ..•••• "•••I•• •• •••••• ..••••••• .... •••ew••••• ,,eporod l,7 , KHflllf ASSOCIATES, INC ~ A 01•1 • 1•~ ol CLVO( t . WIUIAMS & ASSOC., IWC ., IHDP'I.$, KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY 64,.. PLANNING COMMISSION �MAP A-3 '\_~' . G . . • , , ;.,, . , ~ > , ... , ~ r· __,, •-+---I----· ' I .nl I----'---+---,-,- lill.E / - ;;( ::;;, ----;- .;:_. .....,--~H-+----,---~--<(( l:L- ! - ~i ,. g g ~ !!PH COUNTY TTf KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN 1975 CORRIDOR CONCEPT ,.............., ....... .................................. ..................,............_,., ........... .. . ......... . . . . .. ... . . c, ... , •••• ..•D••• .. •• .. •••-•NO•••Y•h• ....... ............ u,, •• "··~-, Pr•p11nol KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY 65 ,.. llr , SCHlllll ASSOCIAf l5, INC ., A Dl vl ol• ~ •' CLYDE l . Wlll1AMS&A550C ., IM C. , INOl'U , PLANNING COMMISSION �MAP A-4 • •• ., .,__""~~~-~:~'l:::i:-:.2t9:• :~,:,;:,::,L ~ ~~~~-----...· -::::/:.,. --------! .• 277 · 276 e • • .- • _2 89 278 • 2B7 .... ✓• 279 286 306 I i . -• _._ (,/-· • 2113 .I • 8• -.• • I KALAMAZOO MICHIGAN 1990 POPULATION DENSITY LEGEND II•• prepo r,u ion of lhh ,..,P woo l i n•n do ll y o i d•d lh.,, uth c, fede,o l G ,anl f<o• the Deporh•••• o l Hou, l n11 ond Urbon Do •elopfflont,un d u lhoUrbon ,i.,,.., 1n11 Auitloncr,,ov,o,.. outhoriud by Sutlon 70 1 of rho Hou, i nt 4<1 ol 195~ , 1969 • at .,.., • .,,1 . .1, n 0 P,e,-,..r ,o, , I THf K-"lA"'-"100 II\I TltOP'OLtT,\N COU N TY PU.NNING l 0.0 TOO.• PfRSONS/ACRE f :::;:;:;;:::;;:::: 0.5 TO 1.5 PERSot,15/ ACRE ·,:;.~~:::.::.:_:_:..~ 1.6 TO 4.0 PER~ON.S/ACRE ::::::::::::: 4 .1 TO 9. 9 PERSONS/ ACRE ;::::::::::::::::: 10.0 & OVER PfRSONS/ ACRE 2 3 Mi le s ,.._,.,,-1 C0MM15510N 66 ~ 1 ly • SCHHLIE A$$0C., IMC., A DJvhl"" Of CLYDE E, W i lli"°"'$ I, ASSOC., INC., INDl'l.S . �II u 0 u 0 IIJ 0 IIJ IL IIJ IL (!) IL (!) r (!) :c ., :c ., .J :,:: .J :!: .J z :!: z 0 z Cl. 0 0 Cl. O' Cl. en II'. O' O' II'. II'. f- en U) f- :J > :J > > X X N > > N H.1 817 Hl. L17 H.1 L17 Hl. 917 H.1 917 H.1917 I H.1917 --...__ I __;1-~ ,- ...,- ,,,,.-' - H.11717 -;,_J O!oJ 817 ON Z:17 I ON Z:17 r.f I ) i .1S I I .1S ,17 =,-_ H.1 017 ,17 11 I\ ---t\"" I I H.1 Qt, I I I H.168 H.168 > I2 :J 0 () , H.188 i '- - ~ H.1 LE: > 0:: 0:: ■I H.188 \~ I' Hl. --l i }, -1;'=7_:._ H.198 ~ Ill /'; ./ i H.198 ■ I I \ \ 1 \_ LE: l_ I II -1 H.198 I - ~ • \ : H.198 \ -j H.1 178 H.1 178 ~ 1 j \ I o~ cc O!oJ 88 - ON Z:8 7 ~ (\,,,/1 "© .1S ,8 I}=, l.S '8 (jJ I >.r"'t}· ... _ ....,-1~')· I :r. ' ~ H.1 08 ■ - "' 5'!,.f,_W"-l:~j H.1 08 ~~ci4 1,:,.,I ~ I Hl. H.1 6Z: 6Z: i "-----+ H.1 8Z: H.1 8Z: Hl. LC: > t2 H.1 gz; Hl. gz; :J 0 () ;,;;;;;;i,-._..;::;__1-~.,...--,I.--.....,---+ Hl. t,2'; [ UJ (/) O!oJ 8Z: ', ~ I- C/) ,~~'1./ • ,.,1 0 ~, . /;l4--_5S.!:,JL_ N z;z; ! l.S Hl. OZ: ,z: H.1 OZ: H.1 6, H.1 8, H.1 H ' Hl. 9, " ' i~· ,-------- ------ --------------+ - - - - - - +- > H.1 8, 1-2 - - .1 g, ' z:, :J 0 H.1 2 H.1 ,, () ct (!) UJ j H.1 O, H.1 O, H.1 6 H.1 6 ct Hl. 8 Hl. L L '-1 1 q �ST JOSEPH COUN I Y LEGEND KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN D RURAL - OPEN SPACE AND PARKS I LAND USE PLAN 1990 I RESIDENTIAL - COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL - PUBLIC AND SEMI - PUBLIC SOME PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE EXISTING HIGHWAY SYSTEM SIGNIFICANT PHYSICAL FEATURES MARSH LAKES ant 19~9 701 j 0 ~MAZOO - M E T R O P O L I T A1:N 2 3 Miles COUNTY Prepared By: SCHELLIE ASSOCIATES INC. PLANNING ' -,~' ' A Division of CLYDE E. WILLIAMS AND ASSOCIATES INC., COMMISSION IND � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo-County_Land-Use-Plan_1970 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schellie Associates, Inc., a division of Clyde E. Williams & Associates, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-05 Title A name given to the resource Land Use Plan, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Description An account of the resource The Land Use Plan, Kalamazoo County, Michigan was prepared by Schellie Associates, Inc., a division of Clyde E. Williams & Associates, Inc. with the assistance of the Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission in May 1970. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Land Use--planning Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a6daefb03933feb8c4d0b2a3e27fa116.jpg ec494096c343370825c6a3730b3d982d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M198-0021 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Land's End, Cornwall, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a rocky, coastal cliff view of the headland area known as Land's End in Cornwall, England. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Land's End Peninsula (England) Cornwall (England : County) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/21c6cbc087db985a089d4516a21b7f13.jpg 7f1987bbb1575c28e31378971881c762 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_M198-0027 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-06/1972-08 Title A name given to the resource Land's End, Cornwall, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a rocky, coastal cliff view of the headland area known as Land's End in Cornwall, England. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Land's End Peninsula (England) Cornwall (England : County) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2d64a3246fc83deaebdb70db0eeece28.jpg bf3c72add046617159c52a94879f2ae7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M2223 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US & British LCP Landing Craft Personnel, December 1, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-12-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef70aba652474f0bb9dd6dd3e566b75e.jpg 725906139650759c2511226848149271 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource F. W. Beasecker collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beasecker, Helen Starr, 1912-1994 Beasecker, F.W. (Francis Wallace), 1917-1971 Description An account of the resource Photographs of Lt. (later Capt.) F.W. Beasecker, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Photographs of training at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts; visit to the Gibbon Boat Works in New Orleans, manufacturer of parts for the LCVP; housing in Carabelle, Florida; and Signal Corps and Engineer Amphibian Command photographs taken in Cairns, Australia. Images taken in Australia include construction of the landing craft boat assembly plant, production and testing of the LCVP and snapshots taken by Beasecker during his active duty with the 411th Engineer Battalion during WWII. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/457">F.W. Beasecker papers (RHC-29)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Engineering and construction World War, 1939-1945 -- Pacific Ocean United States Boatbuilding Landing craft Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-29 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-29_Beasecker_12 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft (LCVP) construction at Higgins Boat Works in New Orleans. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military United States. Army Military life Soldiers Photographs Landing Craft--United States Boat building--United States Description An account of the resource Landing craft (LCVP) construction at Higgins Boat Works in New Orleans, 1942. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beasecker F.W. (Francis Wallace), 1917-1971 United States Army. Signal Corps. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived F. W. Beasecker papers, RHC-29 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fd60984d760499d38f15eb202a94417a.jpg 48d2788559c3dacc8bbbc09cdb1ba725 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource F. W. Beasecker collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beasecker, Helen Starr, 1912-1994 Beasecker, F.W. (Francis Wallace), 1917-1971 Description An account of the resource Photographs of Lt. (later Capt.) F.W. Beasecker, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Photographs of training at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts; visit to the Gibbon Boat Works in New Orleans, manufacturer of parts for the LCVP; housing in Carabelle, Florida; and Signal Corps and Engineer Amphibian Command photographs taken in Cairns, Australia. Images taken in Australia include construction of the landing craft boat assembly plant, production and testing of the LCVP and snapshots taken by Beasecker during his active duty with the 411th Engineer Battalion during WWII. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/457">F.W. Beasecker papers (RHC-29)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Engineering and construction World War, 1939-1945 -- Pacific Ocean United States Boatbuilding Landing craft Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-29 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-29_Beasecker_11 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft (LCVP) lowered into water by crane Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military United States. Army Landing Craft--United States Boat building--United States Military life Soldiers Photographs Description An account of the resource Landing craft (LCVP) lowered into water at Higgins Boat Works in New Orleans, 1942. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beasecker F.W. (Francis Wallace), 1917-1971 United States Army. Signal Corps. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived F. W. Beasecker papers, RHC-29 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/35bc1390c77cad24897b7b9ad4a0b6b1.jpg bcd8199ceed7b7879ea2b942aa702b74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_855 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft chart Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Landing craft chart, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9aaff8b617edbf633e01a711d38448a.jpg 07921c83fa37ce8585152fe307e1c158 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M4366 Title A name given to the resource Landing Craft chart Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Landing Craft chart, February 1, 1945. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-02-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/472d940037050b6808247a7c93188345.jpg b118dea4a98a29caaa01168e67014714 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M4367 Title A name given to the resource Landing Craft chart Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Landing Craft chart, February 1, 1945. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-02-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/98bb59b3e040b97626997493063e1719.jpg 0b0f8a6a321f9521b1ce5edb11e3f81f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_874 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft infantry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US LCI (landing class infantry), October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e1c5851d8baf0619114c1b24fcebea5b.jpg 92e0df34831b0e23ada3339ac574f2bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M2230 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft infantry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US & British LCI (landing craft infantry), December 1, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-12-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d5612daa84181b30b2c2b296abe36792.jpg c810d7c546b879a40bbe0140ea7f9e51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M2239 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft tank Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US & British LCT (landing craft tank), December 1, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-12-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/65f7a89d869b560bfa7aca356cc606ea.jpg 08415f5713b7ef536650a5736581245c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M2391 Title A name given to the resource Landing craft vehicle Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US & British LCV (landing craft vehicle), December 1, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-12-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/19ed4bbb3621ecd5ac94fed2d8e2a294.jpg 3475f107ef4b8c92b36483b317cb2f30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3203 Title A name given to the resource Landing ship dock Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US LSD (landing ship dock), June 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-06-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c3251d421c4122cb5aa115dcd97922d3.jpg 7fd5dafa398df5068380fd1e4f54365f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3204 Title A name given to the resource Landing ship dock Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US LSD-landing ship dock, June 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-06-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/14d303f663a97e12ad262b54dacc3cc1.jpg d1288bbfe9263c49d3020521e99c60ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3326 Title A name given to the resource Landing ship medium Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US LSM (landing ship, medium), July 1, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-07-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/598f4b490e36abf9425ce067ad946698.jpg ea067ebae18adcf446d2e83daeda08af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X866 Title A name given to the resource Landing ship medium, rocket Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US LSMR (landing ship medium, rocket), September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f22a5a47dbc5370dffe65e1d1fd2dbb4.jpg 64a561f873f321364265e614a1390f78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3210 Title A name given to the resource Landing ship tank Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource US LST (landing ship tank) with deck load, June 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-06-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7c3d4984ff65a54e4d926da1375e7487.mp4 4d20a8f8ac5dcbac10b8eeff1b901d29 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4f45c6ee3e0fb80351545983f761020c.pdf c4f751c4651f4c1b1041e1a1a72e5551 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW JOE LANGE Born: Grand Rapids, Michigan Resides: Grand Rapids, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, January 13, 2012 Interviewer: Mr. Lange, can you start with some background on yourself? To begin with, where and when were you born? I was born on October 9, 1947, right here in Grand Rapids, Michigan. I was born at St. Mary‘s Hospital. Interviewer: Did you grow up in Grand Rapids? All my life in Grand Rapids, except for my service time. Interviewer: What did your family do for a living while you were growing up? My father worked for Owen-Ames-Kimball Co. as a yardman, loading and unloading trucks, and later for Salhaney Uptown Cleaners, and then as the store manager for the St. Vincent DePaul Society for twenty years. My mother worked for thirty years for General Motors at the inland plant on Alpine and retired through the UAW. Interviewer: How many kids were in your family? I come from a family of three boys. I‘m the oldest, my brother is a dentist in Sparta, Dr. John Lange, 22 months younger, and then a brother eleven years younger, Jeff Lange, who deceased seven years ago, and worked for General Motors and then Bosch after that. 1:08 Interviewer: Did you graduate from high school? 1 �I graduated from Catholic Central in 1965 and went on to Aquinas Collage on a financial aid scholarship and majored in biology. I had a grade point of 4.0 my freshman year. My wife graduated in 1965, Mary Ann Boric, from Catholic Central as well. She started out in banking at Central Bank as a seventeen-year-old high school graduate, and has been in banking ever since. She just retired this January, and is still working part time at Founders Bank and Trust, a lengthy history. Interviewer: When did you get married? We got married in December of 1967. The Vietnam War was going on at full bore and I recognized that was a great opportunity. Aquinas College had a thirty-day break between semesters and it seemed to fit, and we went ahead and got married. 2:02 Interviewer: Did you then complete your college education? No I did not, and shortly before getting married I hired in at Heckman Biscuit on 28th Street and Madison, ostensibly to work my way through school. The financial aid scholarship I had been offered as residual family income, and being what it was didn‘t allow for repeating that scholarship, and I knew the next year my brother would be becoming a freshman. I actually wrote them and asked if the scholarship was available could I see him have it? I found out that working full time, even though it was second shift, did not allow for a science major to keep up with your credit hours, so I fell behind. I had fifteen credit hours my fall term, and dropped to twelve my next semester, and that‘s when the draft took place. I could not get the rest of my credits in before the draft in July of 1968. 3:13 Interviewer: They didn’t regard you as a full time student essentially? 2 �Yes, I lost my student deferment, was married, and my wife was expecting our first son, Tom. She was due in the fall, and that did not preclude them from you from drafting you at that time. Apparently I didn‘t have enough physical defects to fail and I was classified 1A. Interviewer: When did you get the draft notice? I got the draft notice in June or May I can‘t recall which. My draft number was 255, which was pretty high and I felt pretty secure. The reason that didn‘t help was that General Westmoreland had gone to the Secretary of State [Defense] McNamara, who presented to President Johnson the need for another hundred thousand troops after the sixty-eight Tet offensive, and I was one of those hundred thousand that got drafted. 4:04 Interviewer: So, they were reaching farther and farther down into the pool in terms of the lottery numbers and so forth. The interesting part of that, historically, had to do with the area you were in. If you lived in the city of New York, they had a lot larger pool, and with a smaller city like Grand Rapids, they had less to choose from, so having lost my student deferment put me right up as 1A. Probably under other conditions you wouldn‘t have drafted a married person with a child. They had to meet their quota. Interviewer: Right, because a little earlier there had been limits and restrictions on that kind of thing. Yes Interviewer: But, you were coming late enough, so those were gone away by then. 3 �I think they were only drafting up to the age of twenty-eight, and they pushed that out to the age of thirty-three, they were taking so many. More on that later and the fellows that were drafted with me. Interviewer: Take us through the induction process. You get the letter, and do you go for a physical, or what goes on? Well, I got the letter and protested to the draft board that my wife was expecting and that it should be at least postponed until she had the child, and they postponed it until August 13th, but the decision was that was irrelevant and they were going to draft me anyway. 5:08 So, August 13th I, I should back up, my son was born nearly two months early, coincidently, and my wife had my son on the 27th of July and on August 13th I went to the induction center, which was the old city hall downtown, the old building, which I believe either the building is gone, or it‘s the current empty building that had been the art museum. We went down there by bus and from there we went to Fort Wayne in Detroit, and went through a physical process. I have no central vision in my right eye, so they looked up the records that decide what to do. The vision in my right eye was 40/400 and they thought maybe they could defer me there, but 40/600 was the requirement, so I passed the vision test. They kept me there and sent me from there to Fort Knox overnight 6:00 Interviewer: Now, when you were at the induction center, you hear stories about people and the various ways they are trying to get them selves declared unfit or 4F, whether it was drinking too much sugar or trying other things. No, I never tried anything like that Interviewer: Did you see any of that? 4 �I wasn‘t aware of any of that either, but I can‘t say that it didn‘t happen. You were with a smaller group. The put you up in a hotel downtown overnight, you got there late that day, and got up the next morning and took the physical. I am entirely sure that some people did those things, but I didn‘t witness it. Interviewer: You didn’t see it. So, where did they send you then for basic training? From there they sent me to Fort Knox, Kentucky. There were a number of basic training centers, but that was the closest one to Grand Rapids and a large quantity of people were going down there. You have to remember, when you induct that many in a short period of time, it‘s makeshift. They actually opened up new barracks for that training company. The training company was B93, and they had us go into a school building at the end of basic training and do chants. 7:02 All different companies against each other, and ―B93, the best one to be‖, was our chant. It was to pump you up for pride of ―esprit de corps‖ we‘ll call it. Interviewer: How easy or hard was it for you to adjust to life in boot camp? Let me share this story with you. I‘m a pretty big guy now, I was six foot and I weighed about 220 lbs. when I went in. I had gotten heavier with the hours I worked, I worked fifty hours a week, schooling and regular meals. The military tends to trim you down when you‘re a big guy and beef you up when you‘re not. The never restricted my food at all, but there was enough exercise that they saw to it that you lost weight. The drill sergeant, Staff Sergeant Williams, took me aside after the process and said, he called me ―big man‖, and he said, ―you‘re the one I had my eye on and cutting out of basic because you were not in the best shape, and you proved me wrong‖. 8:08 I got down from 220 to 170 in basic training by initiatives on my own, extra exercises, extra running after the 5 �day to make the one mile run that you were required to do, and then the sergeant was kind enough to help me with extra push ups. In the army a push up is up and down twice for one push up and he had a habit of saying, ‖drop and give me fifty‖, whenever he saw me, although he did make me an assistant squad leader, so I know he liked me. Interviewer: Did they also put a lot of emphasis on military discipline? Absolutely, and it wasn‘t unusual to do a lot of cleaning. When we moved into the building it had been unused, and we cleaned it with hand brushes on our hands and knees repeatedly. I don‘t think you want to draw a comparison with what the Marine Corps did. It was a little different than that, but cleanliness was next to godliness in the military. Let it suffice, we had a person that had a problem with cleanliness, but the sergeant left that up to us to resolve, and we did. 9:08 You may have heard of blanket parties? Well, he got a blanket party, and he got cleaned up with brushes and lye soap, so no more problem with that guy. Interviewer: How long was basic training while you were there? Basic training I believe was an extended period of time. It was six weeks, I got there in August, we went through September, and went on to advanced training in October. I think they had and eight week program. It was six weeks originally and pushed to eight weeks I believe, but I may be mistaken. The highlights were a ten-mile march in full pack, you had to do that, and then daily physical training, and then a PT test at the end. Interviewer: You were kind of filling out the basic part. Did you do the advanced training at the same place? No, at the end of basic training, if you passed, and there were only five people out of a company of two hundred that didn‘t, and there were various reasons for that. They 6 �usually got run through a second—I don‘t know what they call it, but they ran them back through a second training. Some was illness related and some was inability to keep up. 10:16 They assigned you your duty, I know the top guy in our company was George Washburn, and he got infantry at Fort Benning, Georgia. They based that on your final PT test, your performance overall and your skill levels. I think they also looked at the fact that I was married with a child and said, ―We‘re not putting you into combat infantry‖. I and, I think, as many as ten or fourteen guys were sent to Fort Bellvoir, Virginia. They selected what types of training based on testing. I tested the weakest in electronics and they made me a generator mechanic. Interviewer: Describe a little bit the facility at Fort Belvoir. Where is it? Fort Bellvoir is in Alexandria, Virginia, just outside of Washington D.C. If you went out toward Arlington Cemetery it would be off the highway on the right, beautiful grounds, a beautiful base, if you will. 11:16 It is the engineers school for the entire United States Army on the east coast, and part of the old guard. Washington D.C. is surrounded by military bases all the way around. Quantico, Virginia for the marines, Fort Meade, and I don‘t remember all of them. You‘re surrounded by military bases, and that goes back to early history. The school for engineers is also the OCS school for engineering. They throw up construction bridges of different types, wooden timber, girder, and learn to command in engineering, but our part of that was to learn how to operate a generator, as a 52B10, and we all scored well in that. They moved us on to 52B30, and gave us a second session in how to assemble and disassemble generators, and actually do major repairs. 12:13 We graduated just before Christmas in 1968, and were given order directly to Vietnam from there. We protested that by law they were required to, the Inspector 7 �General's office was required to allow us a fourteen-day leave before departure to a war zone, so we did that. Interviewer: Ok, that was becoming a kind of normal procedure to protest or argue orders? No, they sent us directly to Vietnam before Christmas of 1968, and the twenty-eight of us in my training company went down to the Inspector General's office, I should clarify. We piled into two cars, went down to the office, and said to him, ‖wait a minute, this is not right‖, and it was not a demonstration, it might have been a show of force, but it was certainly passive. We weren‘t trying to attack anyone. We were all saying as a collective group was what the military law says is that you have to give us fourteen days, so they did that. 13:07 I went home for Christmas and left February 14th to Oakland, California. Interviewer: Now prior to the time that you went over to Vietnam, how much did you know about what was going on over there and what you might have to expect? I hadn‘t really focused on the war in Vietnam much, being married, working full time and trying to go to school full time, I certainly had not protested in any way. I wasn‘t involved in any of that, but I was keenly aware there was a war in Vietnam going on. I had an uncle that served in WWII, so there was a military background in the family. I was very proud of his service. He was in the 105mm Artillery at Leyte, so I have been regaled with stories of his military service, and his nephew was an officer in the Army Reserve or the National Guard, so I have been exposed somewhat to the military. I had gone down after high school to enlist with my friend, Keith Moser, in the Marine Corps. He was eighteen, they took him, and I was seventeen. My mom and dad refused to sign, 8 �and they did not take me. 14:09 I had an interest in being a Marine as a kid growing up, but I was not, say, a hawk type person vs. a dove type person. Interviewer: So what made you interested in enlisting in the Marines at that point? I had always thought that it was important to demonstrate service to the country, and the people in the country, and I always thought that is was important for your own psyche, if you will, if you are going to do that—to do the most difficult part of it. I never looked for the easy way out. You notice in talking about getting drafted, I protested, but I didn‘t continue to push it and it was a difficult decision, but I felt it was my duty, role, and honor to serve my country. I have more opinion now about the war than I did prior to going in and I can explain that later. 15:03 Interviewer: Did you get trained by anybody who had been to Vietnam one way or another? Yes I did, I had Staff Sergeant Williams as my training sergeant. He had had both elbows shot off and he could stand in front in the rest position for hours at the time. He did not tell us good stories about Vietnam, but in generalities, drove us and tried to—he was very good, a strict disciplinarian, a good trainer, had compassion up to a point. If you did what you could he was proud to have you in his unit, and he didn‘t share war stories, although we did ask questions. We had an assistant squad leader who ran one of the other training platoons who was a corporal who had been a door gunner and later a squad leader in Vietnam. 16:03 A very young, couldn‘t have been more than eighteen or twenty himself, but none of the leadership, although they were trying build esprit de corps, really focused on what had happened. We had a Lieutenant, who returned to our training platoon, who had an injury to his right hand from using a magnesium hand 9 �grenade, and he insisted that when you passed him, you would salute him, and part of that was to demonstrate that as hard as it is for his hand to make a salute, he would do that. That was the only other person I know of that had been injured, and he was the only one I knew of at that point. Interviewer: When you were training for the engineers, was there a question as to where you would go, or was the assumption that everybody was going to go to Vietnam? The assumption was, everybody was going to Vietnam, but there was no definitive answer to that. I should explain, and back up. The second training session ended early in December, we went home for our fourteen days leave, back to Fort Belvoir as a holdover until the middle of February. We didn‘t really get our final orders until we came back for the fourteen-day leave. 17:18 There was some question as to when it would be and where you would go. Although I did get to go home in February briefly before going over, we went right from home, right to Oakland. Other guys extended that, they—I won‘t say they were AWOL, but they didn‘t report on time, so that might have been the fact that getting to Oakland was kind of on your own. They didn‘t give you a voucher to pay for your airfare; you had to do that if you went home. They would get you there from the military base, but from your home base you had to do that. Interviewer: So, you get yourself out to Oakland now, it’s February of 1969, now how do they get you then to Vietnam? In Oakland it was a case of you took what gear you were assigned and your personal belongings with you, you were bunked down in a kind of warehouse facility and assigned a cot. 18:21 Then they started grouping people together for duties. I spent twenty-four 10 �straight hours on KP, which was kitchen police, and then was called right off KP to say you‘re leaving now. So, what they were doing was keeping people busy, putting you into a group for a flight to Vietnam. It was the third day, I think actually, now that I think about it that we left. I left with Keith Roelofs, Don Kopareu, and Ted Williams, and Don Schwart from Seattle, and those are the names I can remember. There were a few other people. Interviewer: Did they put you on a military aircraft or a chartered civilian plane? It was a chartered civilian plane, and the plane—we left from Fort Douglas MacArthur Airbase I believe, and they kind of screened you from the crowd because that was in California and there was anti-militarism already at that point. 19:15 They flew us to Hawaii, which was beautiful, I had never seen Hawaii before, and from Hawaii to Guam, which was a military base for the B-52 Bombers, and from Guam directly to Bien Hoa Airbase right outside of Saigon. Interviewer: What was your first impression of Vietnam when you got there? Well, let me explain the flight from Guam. We were on a C-130, a military aircraft, and you‘re in the jump seats, the paratroops would use, with your gear, and as we came over the shoreline we took incoming fire, so we had to circle back out. We landed at Bien Hoa airbase, they dropped the ramp down and you saw a cordon of aluminum caskets about twelve feet high, stacked five high, or six high as I recall. 20:05 They paraded you down that ramp through that cordon. We all noted when we got off that there was a large hole in the wing about that big around, and some smaller bullet holes in the fuselage. I was one of the last to get off, and I asked the guy at the bottom of the ramp if that was incoming fire and he said, ―oh yeah, there, there and there‖, and no one was hurt. The 11 �circled around and took a different route, so you already knew that you were going to get shot at, and seeing all the caskets, a lot of people were dying in Vietnam, so you took it pretty seriously. The heat was oppressive; in the southern part of the country it was very humid and damp. They gave us lectures on behavior, what to watch out for, how to move, they gave us a set of pamphlets, not really flyers, but booklets, part of MacAfee‘s booklet on Vietnam, and an infantryman‘s guide, and a phrases book, which I still have. I know very few phrases, however. 21:05 Interviewer: How much of that orientation turned out to be useful? Quite a bit, and first of all you learned that everyone with you was just as nervous as you were, but it was all for a good cause. Second, it gave you some time before they took you to your holdover company at Bien Hoa, to acclimate a little bit, and thirdly, it set a tenor of seriousness, in what‘s important to do, and there‘s a lot of camaraderie and vibrato as you first arrive. There were a number of people who were draftees and also a number of people who were enlistees, and you tend to see the enlistees looking more for adventure and the draftees looking to do their service, so that kind of explains it, I think. Interviewer: Do you know if there were some people who enlisted to kind of beat the draft? There were some cases of that, and when that happened you saw somebody trying to enlist in the Navy or the Air Force. 22:05 And now that you‘ve mentioned that, I did go to both to the National Guard and the Army Reserve to see if there was any opportunity here, locally to do that, so I wouldn‘t have to leave my family, but there were not opportunities. They were all filled up, so that will give you a little flavor—a lot of people were doing that, yes. 12 �Interviewer: How do you find out what your assignment is? They put you in a holdover company and it took about ten days, and then did a lot of military personnel records, did a lot of sorting, and deciding who was going to go where and to what units. Fortunately for me, the group that I came over with, the names I had mentioned, went to the 4th Infantry Division, 124th Signal Battalion, because they needed generator mechanics, and after about ten days of doing various work duties to keep you busy—just before I left I found out you could walk down the street to one of the mess halls and actually get a square meal. 23:08 I sat down with two older sergeants who welcomed you even as an inductee, have coffee with them and get a better flavor of what was going on from those two guys. We turned in our stateside uniforms and were issued new uniforms during those ten days, stateside fatigues for jungle fatigues, and our field jackets were in the way because in the southern part of Vietnam you didn‘t really need them for anything. They were all loaded up and sent to the highlands where I ended up. You weren‘t given your final gear, like helmets, I‘m sorry, you were given a helmet, you didn‘t get your weapon, or bayonet, or ammo, or anything of that nature until you got to your unit. The decision was made for a small group of us to go to the 4th Division once they had arranged a flight again on a C-130 cargo plane. 24:05 We flew from Bien Hoa to Pleiku airbase, and I thought I had landed in the states when I got there. They had green grass, an outdoor movie theater for Jeeps, a swimming pool in the ground, tarmac airstrips, or concrete airstrips, and a walnut with a brass rail, with an etched glass mirror bar for the enlisted men‘s school. A far cry from where I ended up. Interviewer: That part looked civilized, but did they send you off to a base from there? 13 �From there by bus, they loaded up one fairly large school type bus with grates over the window, which told you right away you were going somewhere dangerous. What gear you had, your duffle bag you took with you, and you bussed from the Pleiku Airbase south of—no, north I believe of the city of Pleiku, through Pleiku to the Camp Enari base, which you would liken it to say Missouri where you have the red clay dust. 25:09 It was a large military compound, housed the entire 4th Division, and all of its units, and you were two weeks there as a holdover. There was a final issuance of your gear, canteen, and everything that didn‘t belong to the company you were going to end up in. A little bit about the hold over company, we were there two weeks or so, it was located along the perimeter where the airstrip was. The airstrip was a PSP airstrip, which is perforated matting, it was intended for helicopters because there was the 1st Cavalry helicopters assigned there to support the 4th Division and it could land at what we call the Caribou. I believe it was a C-100 [C-123], I can‘t remember, a short take off and landing vehicle, airplane, two engine cargo plane. 26:05 They weren‘t assigned there, but they brought in supplies, and troop etc. Interviewer: Now, was your battalion based on Camp Enari or did you go somewhere else? Our battalion was based at Signal Hill on, Camp Enari, which would have been maybe five hundred meters away from the hold over company. They actually marched us there and didn‘t have to truck us. We went to battalion headquarter on top of signal hill, and the motor pool. Motor pools, in the 4th Division at least, were around the outside perimeter. 704th Maintenance, 124th Maintenance, a 155 Artillery Unit, and I don‘t know if that was a 14th or 42nd, I can‘t tell you that. Then the airstrip, and then another 14 �maintenance, possibly the 38th Mechanized Infantry, and so on all around the perimeter of the base camp. 27:03 So, from Signal Hill you went down to the motor pool area towards the airstrip where the various companies—C Company first, C company was one half of the company walk, and they did mechanical maintenance for the vehicles, there were four hundred and fourteen vehicles, including generator trailers, and then B Company ran the generators and did generator maintenance, and then A Company was called the line company and they ran the wires for signal communication, and the communication conex trucks. They were like a shipping container on the back of a truck and had radio signal communications in it. They were again A, B, and C Company, and there was also a detachment that did photography and another unit, I can‘t remember what they called it, it was attached, that did surveillance, and I always thought it was spy work, but they tried, for the whole division, what the photographs meant, and things of that nature. 28:12 Interviewer: What specific unit were you in and what were your duties? Originally I was assigned to C Company, I‘m trying to remember if I‘m getting that right, I might have been assigned to B Company as a generator mechanic. There were a number of us that came over there as generator mechanics. The maintenance motor pool was run by a warrant officer, a CW002, a command warrant officer 2, which is equal to about a Captain, and he interviewed each of us in turn, and talked to us as a group, and interviewed us each in turn, and mentioned that he didn‘t need any more generator mechanics, and did anybody know how to work on trucks, and I threw my hand up. I had done maintenance with my uncle I told you about that was in the artillery, and worked for Bryant Chevrolet and later C Bell. 29:03 I had spent a lot of time because I was in the 15 �area of Catholic Central, after school, working with him, and learned mechanics. So, they put me on the job training as a truck mechanic. Then they interviewed two of us, I think it was Keith Roelofs and myself, asking if we could type. I typed about sixty words a minute and he did about thirty, so they drafted me to do all the paper work, and I became the maintenance motor pool clerk, truck mechanic, and inspection NCO, I guess you would call it. They promoted me from PFC, and everyone that went into Vietnam was ranked PFC or higher. Nobody came into the country, in the army, lower than PFC. We all arrived as PFC‘s, even if we were from Private E-2, too. Private E-2 is a single stripe and PFC is a single stripe with a rocker. Very shortly after that Don, Keith, and myself were given specialty support class promotions, which was significant and made a big pay increase. Combat pay at that time was fifty dollars additional a month, so as a Spec. 4 I was getting about $458.00 dollars a month, and sent all of it home for my wife and child. 30:10 Interviewer: Now, did you spend most of your entire tour in that same place? Most of it, and I‘m trying to think back at the sequence. Initially, the first few weeks, we were allowed to acclimate. We were given duties like KP; pardon my language, but shit burning detail, guard duty, we could volunteer for reaction teams if we were attacked or if they wanted a group to volunteer to support you could do that, so after about the first month they started working us into the maintenance work in the area, and I did a lot of that. The generator mechanics, my friend Don Kopareu, and Keith Roelofs, both operated generators, and it wasn‘t unusual for them to go out to a forward firebase. Every forward firebase had to have somebody run the generators. 31:05 There were usually two generators. You ran one so many hours, cycle the other one on, and shut it off 16 �and did maintenance on it, and that was the work Don, Keith and the rest of the generator mechanics did. Because I could type, they kept me closer to the base, but I was assigned to the Montagnard village. Everyone did at least two weeks, and some six or more at the Montagnard village that we were responsible for. Let me explain that. The Montagnard tribes were like the American Indian in the Central Highlands. The Vietnamese did not like them. They would come and take their young men and force them to work with the VC and the NVA. They were brave, but they were primitive, and they were more into farming and gathering, and hunting, much like the American Indian. They took a group of three different tribes. They weren‘t necessarily all cohesive, put them together in a village, we had three Montagnard villages, and the names escape me now, but I can look that up I‘m sure. 32:08 We had one that was assigned to the 124th Signal Battalion, and other units had other villages they were assigned to. We had a team there that did security for them, most of the time you had to escort them to the creeks to draw water because the VC, the Vietnamese would snipe them, shoot them, and we determined that it would be a lot safer to dig them an artesian well, so we did that, and in my photographs there‘s one picture of an artesian well. They had a big celebration for that. Another event, as an aside, and this happened while I was there, one of the guys—we used a ¾ ton truck to transport food etc that we needed, equipment to the village, generators to bring back and take them, and fuel. The water buffalo had decided to station himself on one of the span bridges they use to cross a creek, and wouldn‘t move. 33:02 They ran into him with a ¾ ton truck, but he just bounced off, so the driver got out and shot the water buffalo, it‘s the only thing he could do, you couldn‘t get him to move. There was a big concern about doing that because that was their tractor, you know, so the chief in the 17 �village got three hundred dollars, and a tin roof for his hut, and they cooked the water buffalo and had a big party. [?} which is a rice wine they made, the only rice wine they made was drunk at that time, at the celebration. Interviewer: Now, did the Montagnards have things they could do to support themselves? They’re in this village and they’re kind of surrounded by the sea. Well we helped them set up farming because they were more gatherers and hunters than that. They were very gifted and I wish Don were here to share with you, because he was a teacher in Minnesota, and actually put together a slide presentation for his students showing that they would take a piece of bamboo, 18 inches to 3 feet long, and hollow it out leaving one end closed, and then, and then over an open fire, cook the Water Buffalo, or their meat, whatever that was going to be, stuff it in that tube, and then take rubber plant leaves, close the other end, and heat it in the fire. 34:22 It was just like sealing it with rubber, and they actually had small buildings on stilts that they would store the meat in, and it would last quite a while, so they were pretty much self sufficient in that regard. The same thing with grain, they had pots that they would store their grain in. We just facilitated their self-protection, and provided them with weapons, usually outdated. We didn‘t give them brand new M-16‘s, but 12 gauge shotguns, and what was left of WWII equipment, and they would scout for the infantry, and then protect their village as best they could. It became easier to protect their village when you could group them together with more than one tribe in one area. 35:05 They would make pottery and sell that, and things of that nature. Interviewer: What kind of operations was the division conducting while you were there? Were they kind of going out into the countryside looking for trouble? 18 �Yes, but you have to remember by the time I got there in 1969 the 4th Division had gone over by boat in 1965, and Camp Enari was a new base they had built. A captain, who had been the first to die, was who they named it after, Captain Enari, and prior to that they had been occupying areas chiefly handled by the 101st Airborne, they were supplanted in that. It had been decided, for example, the 69th Armor, which were the tanks from Fort Knox, Kentucky, actually, could not operate in the delta region where they were originally assigned, I believe, to the 7th or 9th Infantry Division. We swapped units, and we took the 35th Infantry, the 14th Artillery, I believe, the 42nd Artillery, and 69th Armor to the highlands, so they made their own bas eventually there. 36:13 By the time I got there it was pretty well established. The barracks were already built, there were concrete floors, incandescent lights, which we replaced with fluorescence when they became available. Captain Hoy was the C Company commander that I first served in, and he had a penchant for wanting a Koi pond, so they actually built a concrete pond in the parade ground area, not that you would hold parades in daylight. It never got filled with water, but it was always a point of humor. He also put fire alarms in the company area for alerts, and that was inverted 105 Howitzer shells painted orange, and wooden walkways. The importance of that was, during monsoon season it was muddy there and very difficult to traverse anything without it. 37:04 Ditches were dug around the individual barracks, and that was to keep the water from washing the buildings away. They would do that during the monsoon season. Part of our duties were to gravel coat a parking lot, when we got there in 1969, and put down prenoprine, which is the same sealant they use on the PSP matting on the airstrip, and then put pea gravel on top of that, so you had an actual substantial area that wouldn‘t wash away. We also took galvanized roofing and made 19 �two by four framework, attaching that, and backfilling that instead of using sandbags for protection around the barracks, so if you had a, mortar round or rocket attack, you had some protection if it came unexpectedly. Interviewer: How much enemy activity was there? I mean how regularly did you get hit with rockets or mortar bombs or whatever? While I was holdover in Bien Hoa they attacked the perimeter, in the night, at least three times during the ten days I was there. 38:09 While I was holdover in Camp Enari, during that two-week span, they attempted to over run the base camp perimeter, and we were mortared and rocketed several times. After moving to C Company, during the first week I was there, they rocketed, Signal Hill was a big target for them, they used one of their 122mm rockets and mortars, and rocketed and mortared the battalion headquarters there and blew up the A Company barracks, and made the national news right after I got there actually. My wife was watching the attack on television and didn‘t know it. Interviewer: When an attack like that came would it just be a few rounds and then nothing, or would it be more intense? Sometimes, during that first year, I believe, an entire NVA battalion attacked the airstrip area in broad daylight, I want to say it could have been nine or ten in the morning, and by that time I was part of a reactionary team, I was actually a rifle squad leader, and we were called out. 39:11 I took my M-16, ammo, a couple grenades, and my flack jacket and helmet. The perimeter was a series of barbed wire in a clearing with some buried explosives and some booby traps, and then a guard tower, if you can envision that, just like you have at prisons now days, with a sandbag bunker around the base, and then two more sandbag bunkers and then another guard tower, all around the base camp. With this 20 �particular attack they used satchel charges, they‘re about a yea square like a canvas bag, and blew up three bunkers, I believe. During the day they were lightly manned by infantry units, two men to a bunker, so there were six men that were disintegrated, and there were no bodies. One guard tower and two small bunkers were blown up and a large area cleared by the NVA to the airfield, airstrip. 40:07 They were after our long-range patrol, snipers, who were bunked in that area, and the helicopters. Don actually has some pictures. Either I didn‘t have my camera at that point or I wasn‘t taking pictures of it, but they blew up a helicopter, they blew up some trucks, and altogether eleven men were killed, six in the bunkers and five in the company area. I ran out, down the perimeter road, on each side is a drainage ditch, so the road doesn‘t wash away, and the last working guard duty area was the signal tower, was the towers and they had an M-60 machine gun in the towers, and other weapons, and I began firing, and at that point began to recognize they were penetrating in a pretty good group, and I turned to look and found I was alone. I started to look for someplace else to go, and I felt somebody grab me out of the drainage ditch and pull me out of the road. 41:06 It was the company sergeant, I won‘t say exactly what he said, but he said, ―Don‘t you want to live to see your wife and son again?‖ Interviewer: Had you been standing up at that point? Yes, but crouched in the drainage ditch, firing. The guy in the signal tower was actually trying to signal like this to quit shooting, he didn‘t want to get blown up, I think. The company sergeant, top sergeant, took my rifle away and put me in the bunker, probably saved my life, so I let it go at that. It was not a heroic act on my part, I thought the whole group of the rifle squad was out there, I didn‘t know I was alone, so that was one of the 21 �few times. It was not unusual to come under fire when you pull guard duty. The 124th Signal Battalion, and other units, provided—I think we had—there were thirteen bunkers on the American side of Dragon Mountain, and different units had different bunkers. The infantry had the ones out at the point; bunker 1, 2, 3 and the other unit rotated the bunkers 4,5,6, and then 7,8,9,10,11,12 and 13 bunkers on the inside. 42:12 The ARVN Army had the other half, they closed the gate at dusk, and locked it, kept the ARVN Army on their own side, and I‘m not really sure if that was for their protection or ours. We manned various bunkers. I remember being in bunker 4, bunker 7, and bunker 13. It wasn‘t unusual to come under fire or even ground attack on occasion. I can remember a case there where bunker 2 and 3 were blown up, probably by B40 rockets or mortar, and I was in bunker 4, and that left a lasting memory. Bunker 13 had a 50caliber machine gun mounted in that one, we came under ground attack, and I actually got to fire the 50caliber gun. I don‘t know if I ever hit anything, it being dark, and that was my memories of that kind of thing. 43:03. Interviewer: One of the sorts of clichés or assumptions about service in Vietnam is, you have the grunts, who were romping in the hills and rice paddies, and then you have the guys in the rear who have a relatively nice life. In Saigon, but in Camp Enari where I was, it was pretty rustic. Interviewer: Where you were, you had—you were coming under fire on a fairly regular basis, there were attacks and things like that, but you were officially in a support position. You were a typist, but you were doing all this stuff too. What that really said was, I did all the maintenance work that had to be done, and I had to do the ordering and typing of parts, which meant more duty, not less duty, but a lot of 22 �times it kept you from having to do kitchen patrol, KP. By the time I had been in Vietnam six months or so, Vietnamsation was taking place and they were actually bringing civilians in to do the laundry, shit burning detail, pardon my language, and the tire repairs, and things of that nature. You were actually trying to occupy them, give them a little bit of money to improve the economy. 44:04 It was a good initiative, but also a dangerous one. We caught one of the papasans that worked in the tire area—at lunch time I—we had a dispatch act, so you could send out trucks and record that and bring them back in, and I volunteered to do that, so the dispatch person could have lunch. While I‘m doing that I noticed this little Vietnamese pacing off the different buildings, and reported that to the company sergeant, top sergeant, and sure enough he was VC, so that sort of thing happened and that‘s why we were attacked as often as we were. A gentleman who was a forward observer in the 42nd Artillery shared with me, at our national reunion meeting, that the reason he volunteered for the fire bases, where they didn‘t get mortared and rocketed like the divisional base camp did, was because we provided a very large, easy to shoot at target, and it wasn‘t unusual every few days to take mortar rounds or rocket rounds. Not necessarily a large scale attack, but harassment. 45:04 I distinctly remember papasan telling me one night after three o‘clock in the morning, ―don‘t be in the barracks tonight‖. How he knew what he knew, I don‘t know, but it was four o‘clock before they actually hit us with mortar rounds. I shared with the rest of the people in the barracks, there were about forty guys in the barracks, and told them, ―don‘t be in the barracks tonight‖, and we were in the bunker. 23 �Interviewer: All right, as far as you could tell, in the area where you were, what sort of relationship or dynamic existed between the VC up there in the hills and the villagers, and the people in the community? There was a case of constant—you have to remember the reason the 4th Division was placed where they were was to be not too far off Hoe Chi Minh trail in Cambodia, so there were a lot of incursions of former NVA groups through the 4th Division area. You can read the history for yourself, I‘ve done that, and we were there to stop that or at least curtail it. The NVA would, in conjunction with the VC, coerce support, rice, for food, whatever they could get from the locals, either voluntarily or by threat, and there was some physical violence that happened there. 46:16 I can‘t say I witnessed it directly a lot of that, but I saw some results of that and the effects of it. The VC and NVA treated their own people worse than anything the Americans could have done to them. We were out there to kind of support them and help them, and the VC and NVA weren‘t necessarily that kind. They were actually executing teachers, leaders and things of that nature. I know that to be a fact. Not much publicity along those lines in the press, but that‘s what really happened. Our vulnerability was that our—some of our forward firebases were over run. A couple of incidences, Plei Duc incident, top sergeant MacInerney, in 1966 I believe, shortly after he had arrived, or 1965, walked into a battalion-sized NVA compound in the jungle looking for two short range patrol or long range patrol people that had disappeared, and his company was pretty well wiped out, and that‘s why he won the Congressional Medal of Honor. 47:24 Then the 12/22 Infantry, that was the 8th Infantry. The 12/22 infantry had the 12th of May incident that took place, and a number of infantrymen were killed. Again by a large size force from the North, 24 �and VC support. Both of those I believe predate the 1968 Tet offensive, so it was dangerous from the beginning and got worse later and never really went away. While we‘re speaking of that, the Tet Offensive everyone remembers in 1968 because of the scope and scale of it. I would like to point out that January, February and March of 1969 was a Tet Offensive and that‘s the attack I mentioned I was involved in later in the month. 48:11 Then in 1970 after the division moved to An Khe we had another attack. I had turned in my weapon, it‘s now March and I‘m getting ready to go home, I think only a day or two left to go, I had no weapon and the VC or NVA, I have no idea because I didn‘t see them, attacked the perimeter. They came through the dog handling compound passed the 124th Signal Battalion, and headed down toward the airstrip, and my memory says that we hadn‘t had our artillery set up yet, and I don‘t know why this comes to mind, but there was a battle cruiser or ship off the coast that actually fired at the VC base camp. I can remember a large roar that sounded like a freight car going overhead, and later questioned the NCOs about what that noise was, and they said artillery from the ships because ours wasn‘t ready to fire yet. 49:05 It was pretty impressive to be that far away and actually support us. Interviewer: So, you’re in a lot of situations where bases are getting attacked and sometimes, substantial forces doing it. What kind of losses would the enemy suffer in those? Would they take a lot? Yes, numerically I would say they did, and I don‘t think the battalion attack in 1969 that I was talking about was very successful for them. We lost eleven people and they probably lost ten times that. There were several other incidents where they were bold enough to make attacks, and I can‘t say that their entire attacking force was wiped out, but quite 25 �frequently the Americans had the best—actually the Americans won every battle. I can‘t say we didn‘t have units where some were decimated, but usually, even that attack I talked about at Plei Duc, they lost many more than we did. It was a case of trying to fight a defensive war instead of an offensive war for us. We had the military might, if you will. 50:09 It wasn‘t unusual to see jet fighters called in, and it wasn‘t unusual to see Cobra gunships called in. I can remember one base camp attack where a Loach helicopter was shot down, he was, and these guys were brave, I‘m telling you I have never seen anything like it. He was drawing enemy fire from the gorge at the base of Dragon Mountain right outside the perimeter opposite 124th Signal Battalion motor pool, flying low at dusk and into the evening to draw that fire. Then two helicopter Cobra gunships were high up, and when he pulled up they would come down and do their rocket and mini-gun attacks on the enemy. I don‘t know how many flights he made over that area, but at one point he got shot down and burst into flame. It‘s just like in the movies, when a helicopter goes down they burst into flame. 51:11 Unlike the Hollywood penchant for showing cars bursting into flame, helicopters do that right now. One of the Cobra gunships continued to call him to get out, get out, get out, and they kept saying that, but his speaker was evidently not on because they were communicating back and forth, and we could hear it. He wasn‘t going to be getting out, of course, the entire helicopter, including him, was engulfed in flames. The Cobra gunship landed, and for some reason we could hear the pilot and the co-pilot talking back and forth. The pilot got out, disconnected his whatever he had, helmet, and ran into the fire and tried to drag the pilot of the Loach out. The co-pilot got out of the Cobra gunship, knocked the pilot of the gunship to the ground, put out the flames, and put him back in the helicopter and flew 26 �away. There was no saving this man. 52:16 That was a memory that came back to me a few years ago that I had forgotten about, and that was a thing I witnessed that I‘ve never seen such bravery, concern, and care from one unit to another as to what went on. It demonstrates the bravery these people had. They later brought in a Spooky gunship; they were low flying like a DC-4 [C-47] and pelted the area with minigun fire, and put an end to the attack. It was pretty impressive to watch that close up. Interviewer: Did you witness any B-52 strikes? Not personal and up close. I happened to be in divisional base camp, and it felt like an earthquake when they were running a B-52 strike ten clicks I believe, ten thousand meters away, and the ground shook. Then on a patrol reactionary sweep, something of that nature, we walked to an area that looked like the moon; it was all craters made from five hundred pounders (from) B-52 raids. 53:05 Again, that was to force the North into negotiations, I believe in Geneva. Interviewer: Paris That‘s right, Paris, so that‘s what that was about. You have to remember we were in Vietnam when they were doing all those negotiations, and we didn‘t know what was going on. Interviewer: Did you have a kind of daily routine while you were there on that base? Absolutely, let me share that with you as well, and then we‘ll get into the specifics of what I did towards the end of my tour. They could not stand daylight formations; they did have a company parade area outside the company headquarters. At 4:00 o‘clock in the morning you got up for reveille, and usually one guy would answer for five or six. 27 �We didn‘t always all get up, but they wanted to be able to account for the soldiers, of course, that were there. You got up at 4:00 o‘clock, went back to your barracks, the mess hall opened around 7:00 o‘clock, by 8:00 o‘clock you had to be done eating and heading back up for duty. 54:05 Usually you showered in the evening, so you would get up and get dressed, go for breakfast if you are in the base camp, for mess at sometime between 7:00 and 8:00 o‘clock, and be up at the motor pool by 8:00. You worked until lunch time, sometime between 11:00 and 12:00, went down to the mess hall to eat, went back to the barracks if you chose not to, we didn‘t always eat meals in the mess hall. It was not unusual to have your own food, take a break and write a letter home, or just relax because you‘re pretty tired. Back up to the motor pool by noon or 1:00 o‘clock and work on vehicles or whatever generators had to be repaired. Sending trucks out, bringing them in, teaching guys how to keep the trucks moving and in condition, repair damaged vehicles, it was not unusual for them to get shot up or rocketed, and again break at 5:00 or 6:00 o‘clock for evening chow or whatever. 55:05 Then go back to the motor pool sometimes until midnight, and continue with whatever projects had to be done. If you had generators ready to send out to a firebase or if you had to load up food or support equipment for a firebase you did that. We had some teams, traveling teams, where they take a ¾ ton truck and a trailer, Larry Ball, I believe, or Albert Ball, he was a buck sergeant, and another specialist would go out and take parts out to various firebases, and stay at one base for a couple of days then go to another, come back and re-supply and that sort of thing. At least once a week, sometimes twice a week you pulled guard duty, it was rotated among the eighty-eight men in the motor pool. We had three or four of the bunkers on Dragon Mountain, so that would be three guys to a bunker, I think about 28 �twelve people, so I think you‘re talking some twelve percent of the group. 56:04 Guard duty started at dusk, after chow, you drive up with your rifle, backpack, drinking water, grenades, ammo, helmet, flack jacket, and go up on the truck along with other units people that were going for guard duty. You would be assigned by the staff up there what bunker you had, you would parcel off into groups of three, a lot of times it was Ricardo Montalban, not the actor, a Cuban, several of us, Don and myself. I‘ll tell you a cute story about Ricardo in a minute. Then you decide how you‘re going to do your shifts. As soon as it got dark one guy would do the first three-hour segment probably 7:00 or 8:00 or 9:00 o‘clock, whenever it got dark, for three hours, the next guys would do the next three-hour segment, midnight until 3:00 in the morning, and the last guys did 3:00 until dawn, around 5:00 or 6:00 or whatever. You‘re on duty from 7:00 PM until 7:00 AM, and got the next day off. The nice thing was, they fed you breakfast up there before you went down, you could shower and just kind of relax the next day. 57:09 That happened once minimum, sometimes twice a week. Interviewer: Were attacks usually at night when they would happen? Almost always, although there were several that one I mentioned was in daylight, that was at Pleiku, and the one at An Khe, was also daylight. There were two of those while I was there and I was only there fourteen days. The whole division had moved, getting ready to pull out, everyone left except the 124th Signal Battalion. I left in March of 1970, the division left by December of 1970, we left behind the 10th Cavalry, one of their attached units, and 124th Signal Battalion for support, and they stayed in the area and continued to function. The final part of the division was through and by 1973 they were all gone. 29 �Interviewer: How would you characterize morale in your unit? I would say morale was ok. There wasn‘t a lot of anti-war sentiment, and the main focus was on getting through this ok, and getting home. 58:13 I would say you have to remember what went on during that era 1966-1970, 1975. I distinctly recall in 1966 or 1967 race riots happening in the city of Grand Rapids. There was some racial tension, and there was some racial tension going on in Vietnam as well, by and large that was minimalized. One of my good friends that I served with, Tom Houston from Houston, Texas, was African American, and we partnered up for a lot of our patrols and things of that nature, guard duty on several occasions, and we became good, fast friends. There was some racial tension, we had a sergeant, staff sergeant, that was African American, and was responsible for security at the enlisted men's club, at the company area, it was just a place to get a can of cold beer, and listen to music when you had off duty time. 59:10 He had set up periodically one night during the week, maybe a Friday night or a Saturday night, where African Americans only could use the club, and we had a buck sergeant who took exception to that, and managed to go over there and incite a near riot. He was attacked by a dozen or so African Americans, and the reason I know is I went out in my underwear and my Ho Chi Minh sandals and rescued him from being beaten near to death. He thanked me for that, but I had some negative words for him for being so stupid. The next time this happened I got dressed and went over because by that point I was running the maintenance motor pool and this staff sergeant was reporting to me, and I‘ll explain that in a minute. I went in an ordered a beer, and they weren‘t going to serve me, and I said they had to serve me, and the security guy, this staff sergeant, told them they better give me a beer because he had to report to me. How that came about was 30 �sergeant first class Dryer was our senior NCO, and was called home in January or so in 1970, the warrant officer, Mr. Harvey Currie, CWO2, called me aside and said, ―Lange, you‘re going to run the motor pool‖, and I looked at him kind of funny and said, ―Sir, I‘m a specialist 4th class and you have three staff sergeants, and five buck sergeants, shouldn‘t you be picking one of them?‖ He said, ―I made my decision, you‘re going to run the motor pool‖, and I said, ― Well, they all outrank me‖, and he said, ―Well, cut yourself some orders, and make yourself a sergeant 1st class‖. I never did that, I always wore my spec four shirt, and they all reported to me. The reason he had me do that was, I had some college education, I had some leadership potential apparently, in his mind, and he had me move the motor pool from Pleiku to An Khe, he knew that was coming, and I didn‘t. We packed up all four hundred and fourteen vehicles, trucks and trailers, transported them through a series of convoys through the Mang Yang pass, you may recognize that name. Besides Dien Bien Phu, that‘s the pass where the division of French was defeated. 60:00 Interviewer: We were basically at the beginning of a point where you were talking about actually having to move the division out of Pleiku on to An Kje. What part of the country was An Khe in or how long of a trip was that? 1:43 Pleiku was on the Cambodian boarder, and An Khe was toward the coast. It was a 101st Airborne base. They weren‘t exactly directly across from each other, and if you look on a map it appears they are. The Mang Yang pass is an area eighty-eight miles long. The convoy was a little bid of a circuitous route, but there are only two major highways, one north south, Highway 1, and one east west. I may have misspoken myself on that, and Highway 1 was east west. 31 �Interviewer: No, Highway 1 was north south. That‘s what I though too. The other roads were not always paved, and what was happening was, negotiations were taking place in Paris, the 4th Division, it was decided, was going to be removed from the country, they brought in, in 1965, they were leaving in 1970, they were there about five years, and my unit had to move from Camp Enari because they were turning Camp Enari over to the ARVN Army. Camp Enari stood very near Ho Chi Min Trail, and the idea was for them to defend themselves. 2:43 Again remember tanks could be used in the highlands, and the 69th Armored was the main tank unit in the American army in the Central Highlands, although they had tanks in other units, so our goal was to move our 415 vehicles from Camp Enari through the Mang Yang pass to An Khe. We would put together as many vehicles as we could that made sense, and get permission for them to leave. There was a jump off point where we met at the main highway. You were held up and waited—you got there at five in the morning and qued up so the whole convoy would be ready to move together, and you may come under fire, and we did. They held us up at a point where there was a bridge over a small river. It had a by-pass with an American two lane steel span, and we waited for them to mine sweep and that area was guarded by, I believe the 3/28th Mechanized Infantry. 3:51 They had an APC station there, and it wasn‘t unusual for them to have a barbed wire perimeter on the Mang Yang Pass, with some sandbagged areas, and a generator mechanic running the generators. The APC‘s would go out during daylight, and be in different areas, securing that area of the Mang Yang pass, and then come back to the base, and I‘ve forgotten the names of the bases. There was LZ English, LZ Mary Lou, Blackhawk, I don‘t remember who was at what bases anymore. This particular APC was 32 �there at 5:00 in the morning and I thought it was curious. There was a guy coming out of the top turret, and he just stayed in that position for a long time. Once they finished minesweeping they let the convoy proceed, and when I looked back there was no backside to the APC. There was a small hole where a B-40 rocket hit and there was no bottom half to that guy. 4:42 The convoy was held up at that point, and that put quite a thought into my mind about what we were going to be going through, this was my first convoy. We proceeded through a couple different areas, made some turns, went through some small villages, sometimes you would speed up and be doing nearly fifty miles an hour, and sometimes we would slow down and be crawling. We got into the Mang Yang Pass, and we came under attack, and the whole convoy stopped. To our right, as we were heading to An Khe, it sloped down to a field, and then up to a treeline area across a creek. The fire was coming from that treeline area onto the convoy, so they had us dismount from the vehicles, and lock and load, and be ready with our weapons. We didn‘t have an attack unit in the area, we had escorts. Every so many vehicles would have twin 50 caliber machine guns, quad 60 caliber [.30 caliber M-60s?], and they had welded PSP matting, sandbags and things for convoy escort. We escorted the convoy either with a 1/4 ton Jeep with a 60 [.30] caliber mounted in it, or a ¾ ton truck, or a deuce and a half might have a 60 caliber mounted on the scarf ring. 5:51 But the other vehicles just had two guys to a vehicle, both armed with an M-16. We dismounted and they called two of the fast flyers, F-4 Phantoms, as I recall, and they napalmed the hillside, and that gave us a real idea what that was like. You could actually feel the heat from that far away. Proceeded on to An Khe, took the vehicles in there to the motor pool area at An Khe, which was—they had Hong Kong Mountain in the middle of there base camp, I always 33 �wondered why they do that in the army, and then the 101st Airborne had a jet strip, and the airstrip was next to that, and again the signal battalion motor maintenance was on the outside perimeter. The dog-handling unit, the K-9 unit, was to our right I‘ll say, in the perimeter behind us. 6:44 We would go park the trucks, take of whatever parts we needed for the remaining vehicles, throw them in the ¾ ton truck that we happened to be using, sleep overnight, get breakfast, and take off at 5:00 in the morning and convoy back the other way. I remember doing that over a period of over two to three weeks. Moved all the vehicles, set up the maintenance motor pool, and by then I was down to my last week or two in the army. My friend Don and I processed out together. They kind of turned us loose. Interviewer: How many convoys did you run, do you think? I couldn‘t tell you how long, it was every other day for about three weeks. We took turns at it, Al, spec five, myself; Don did not partake in the convoys. He was out at the Montagnard village, but some of the other NCOs, Rich Fonger, who led out parts went, he set up his parts area, and I remember going back that last time, I think I was in Headquarter 7, in a ¼ ton Jeep, and the warrant officer said to me, ―you have to the Montagnard village and get Don, he doesn‘t want to come back‖. 7:51 He had what we called ―gone Asiatic‘, and he was going to stay with the Montagnard tribe. That is one of the things that I had to do. I had to go out to the Montagnard village and bring him back to base camp, and then move to An Khe, so we could go home. I had forgotten about doing that until he reminded me a couple of years ago when we met after a 4th Division reunion in Illinois. He said, ―Do you remember why you were here with the Montagnard 34 �village?‖ I said, ―no, I don‘t recall‖, and he proceeded to tell be that, ―you came to get me because I didn‘t want to leave‖, and that was very interesting. Interviewer: You don’t here about very many not wanting to leave. Well, it happened, and at An Khe one officer came to me and said, ―I put you in for the Bronze Star, but circumstances are such that we couldn‘t award that to you because there are only so many allowed‖, and somebody else got it. It was a buck sergeant who did a very heroic thing, so I‘m not criticizing that, and I don‘t thing I merited it, either. They gave me an Army Commendation Medal, and he took me aside, and told me that Don and I were both getting those. 8:58 Then he said the battalion commander wanted to meet with me. He wanted me to re-enlist, he offered me a five or six thousand dollar reenlistment bonus, a promotion from specialist 4th class to staff sergeant, that‘s two grades, and an opportunity for officers candidate school if I would re-enlist for three years. So, they sent me out to battalion headquarters, and I went in and talked to the Lieutenant Colonel, Odeorn, and he was also from Michigan, he was from Detroit, and he said to me, ―Didn‘t you volunteer to pull duty on Christmas day, so everybody could be off?‖ I said, ―yeah‖, and he said, ―You did things like that more than once didn‘t you?‖ I said, ―yeah‖, and he said, ―here‘s what we would like to do, Mr. Currie recommended you for promotion, and we would like you to go before the board of review. It will be more of a summary type thing. It isn‘t going to be a formal thing, it‘s just a case of you being interviewed by myself, the S-l, and a few other people.‖ 10:00 I said, ―Sir, I‘m down to my last fourteen days, I would like to go home to my family, I‘m not going to reenlist, and I wish you would offer this opportunity to somebody else‖, and I left. After I went home there was a specialist 4th class that they brought in, and they offered him the 35 �same thing, Mike Grohouch is his name, and I didn‘t know at the time he was in A company, a line company. They brought him in and they offered him a staff sergeant promotion if he would re-enlist and he did re-enlist. They made him staff sergeant, he got the Bronze Star, and he earned. But, he tells me the story that he went ‗Asiatic‖. He‘s over there the remaining three years, 1970 – 1973, and what they did was, they did convoys with the 124th Signal Battalion, provided generator support for the units that remained, worked with the Vietnamese, the ARVNs, and he really didn‘t want to come home either, I guess, at the end of it. 11:00 But, that did happen occasionally, it didn‘t happen with me, I had a family to come back to. Interviewer: You mentioned the Lieutenant Colonel, was that Odierno? Raymond Odierno? Interviewer: Yes No, that‘s the General, it was Odeorn, and I don‘t know his first name anymore. Interviewer: The General, who became important in Iraq, and so forth, actually had 4th Division connections too. Yes, and I could be mistaken, it might have been that he was the same man, I don‘t remember. His name was—we called him Odeorn, Colonel Odeorn. I would be hard pressed to say that it was the same man because that would have been 1970, but it‘s possible, it‘s very possible. It could have been, he was a great guy, and so was Ray Odierno. [Gen. Odierno was born in 1954 and came from New Jersey, so it was not the same guy. My mistake.] Interviewer: Let’s go back to a few other dimensions of the area out there at Camp Enari. What was the Ricardo Montalban story? 36 �Ricardo was a Cuban immigrant, it wasn‘t unusual for people who had a green card and weren‘t citizens to be drafted. 12:08 A friend of mine at work was of Dutch heritage, never was an American citizen, and served in the war in Vietnam at the same time I was there. I don‘t know whether Ricardo was an American citizen or not. He was definitely Cuban and professed to be, and lived in Florida at the time he was drafted. Frequently he, Don, and I would pull guard duty on Dragon Mountain. During the early stages of monsoon season we were on a bunker in the inner area of the mountain that had a walk through level, it wasn‘t a climb-in bunker, it had a doorway, and it had a poncho liner hanging in it. it got to be dark, and the three of us decided we were all going to stay up that whole night and pull guard duty together because we could all sleep the next day, and we were a little more experienced than the new guys. While we were talking we noticed what looked like a dog stick its head into the bunker, we thought trying to get in out of the rain. 13:04 We noticed the curious thing was the tongue darting in and out of that dog‘s mouth, and it was a forked tongue. The dog was eighteen inches off the ground and had a rather pointy square head, fairly large. Ricardo noticed it was probably a reticulated python, and Don and I both opened up on it with M-16s, and all we did was make it angry, and that was not a good idea. Ricardo on the other hand went for his machete, and now it‘s raining out quite hard, and that snake crawled out of the bunker. What it was doing was looking for rats for dinner in the bunker. It probably wouldn‘t have hurt us any, but I didn‘t want to find that out. Ricardo disappeared, with his machete, after the snake, and Don and I waited, and waited, and Rick didn‘t come back right away, and I said, ―you know I think that snake probably got him‖, and he said, ―we're not going to see him until tomorrow‖. Much later that night he came back and he 37 �took his machete and put it away—not questions asked. 13:59 At breakfast the next morning, in his rucksack, was the snakeskin. He had gotten the snake, he took it back to the base camp, buried it in the ground next to the barracks after hanging it out to dry, and got permission to take it home. It was a pretty big snake, and it made a pile about two feet high and eighteen inches wide of snakeskin, and it was quite valuable. That was one of the kind of humorous memories I have. Interviewer: What was monsoon season like while you were out there? I‘m struggling to remember the time of year, and it seem to me it was in the summer. It was probably late summer... August rings a bell. You were kind of confined to your barracks, you opened the door and it was like somebody—like being under Niagara Falls, it wasn‘t rain, it was just a torrential downpour. 14:59 The reason they dug the ravines or ditches around the barracks was, the rain would wash the barracks, concrete and all, away. It wasn‘t unusual to come back, when you did go up to work, to find your footlocker, or any other belonging, floating in the barracks in three inches of water. One night, a spec 4, Carlson from Minnesota, decided he was going to take a shower, so he‘s got his Ho Chi Minh sandals on, his shaving kit, and his towel, and he walked out the door. They had what looked like a pallet, a shipping pallet, with screen tacked to it over the ditch, and sometimes there would be two of them together because the ditch would be big, it would be four feet deep, three and a half feet wide, and the rain would run like a small river through those trenches. He left and the door banged shut, and he never came back. 15:50 It‘s getting quite late at night, maybe midnight, and here comes Carlson back, he‘s kind of a red faced, shorter, stout guy, and he‘s got some MP‘s shirt on, that‘s all he‘s got, no shaving kit, no sandals, nothing, no towel, and he proceeded to tell us a 38 �story. He stepped off onto that bridge and lost his balance, slipped because it was very muddy, and slipped into the drainage ditch and literally washed all the way out of our company area, and base camp, into the dark outside the base camp, and had to walk back, stark naked to the MP post, at night, and try to get back in, and fortunately they didn‘t fire on him. That was a good story. Interviewer: Another piece of the morale picture. You talked a little bit about certain racial issues, and that sort of thing. Was there much drug use on the base? 16:45 Marijuana was fairly available, and I remember being in the main motor pool area inspecting a truck, and during Vietnamsation they would bring the Vietnamese that were working in our 124th Signal Battalion area to the motor pool through the dispatch station. We had one papasan, we always called them, there were five of them that worked on the tires, and he actually seemed to be ordering the others around, he didn‘t really get dirty, he wore the dark sunglasses, had the starched uniform, and a beret, a very leadership like looking person Shortly after the truck arrived a Vietnamese MP Jeep pulled in behind the truck, and they arrested this papasan, and they weren‘t very nice to him. They pushed him around a little bit. They inspected the truck, and they found at least two big blocks of marijuana pressed into what looked like about the size of a patio stone only three or four times wider, hidden in that truck, so he evidently was a drug lord with the Vietnamese group, so he was supplying marijuana. 17:59 It wasn‘t unusual to find that some of the guys would smoke marijuana, maybe did other things, I wasn‘t aware of. I would say, if there were eighty-eight guys in the motor pool team, maybe half smoked marijuana regularly or occasionally, and very few of them used it that regularly. The 39 �other half, and I fall into that category, drank their share of beer. I distinctly remember a flatbed stacked with four pallets of beer slid off, during monsoon season, into the drainage ditch, and couldn‘t get out of the ditch, and left. Word got back to me that the truck was there, not just me, but I remember getting twelve cases of Budweiser, a God sent gift from him. I didn‘t drink them all at once, but I shared liberally with my friends, so there was definitely some marijuana use. 18:52 I will say this about it, the people that I‘ll say served with never used marijuana regularly. If you were going on guard duty you didn‘t get near it. If you were going in the field, you didn‘t want to be around anybody that did it. Tom Houston, that I mentioned earlier that I partnered with, sought me out because he knew I wouldn‘t do anything like that, and I knew he wouldn‘t. I can‘t say it didn‘t happen. I think the usage of marijuana got more prolific after the division left in the late 70‘s. A lot of people were there that didn‘t want to be there, and that was an escape, I think. Certainly part of it was that it was so readily available. I can‘t recall any incidences of it being abused in any way, but I do distinctly remember there were some gatherings where people were funny in a cloud of smoke and the smell from it, and I still remember that smell, and I‘ll let it go at that. 19:50 Interviewer: To what extent was it possible to sort of go off the base? Would people go into Pleiku? I had one pass into Pleiku. Pleiku was held by the VC most of the time and possibly even the NVA, the small village. I had one pass where I went into town, and at some point in 1969 the 4th Division actually liberated the village of Pleiku from the VC, and our commanding General was given the equivalent of the Vietnamese Congressional Metal of Honor. We‘re all allowed to wear that ribbon, but not the metal its self. I served for two 40 �Generals, and they all did six-month tours. Major General Papkey, and Major General Glen D. Walker. Glen D. Walker was the Major General who was in the movie Patton. He was the Major that was promoted over the Colonel, when he didn‘t get his unit across the river, and I am very proud to say I served for both of those gentlemen. They were both excellent leaders, Papkey and Walker. 20:53 I want to point out that Major General Walker's granddaughter was killed in Iraq or Afghanistan, I can‘t remember which, she was a Lieutenant, a Plebe from West Point, a tragic loss for a great man and his family. They didn‘t afford regular passes into town. Escape from Vietnam, for a vacation, if you will, came down to R&Rs. You were allowed one short R&R, and I never had that, or one long R&R. In the September of 1969 I elected to use my long R&Rs and I can‘t remember if it was six days and five nights or five days and six nights, and having been married, I arranged for my wife to meet me in Hawaii, in Honolulu. I flew to Phu Cat, and from Phu Cat to Cam Ranh, I think, and from there, of course, they made sure you were in a decent, clean uniform. 21:58 I flew from there to Hawaii. It seems to me it was a direct flight, but I don‘t remember now. I landed in Hawaii first, at the airport in Honolulu, and I had no idea where to go or what to do, and I was very much looking forward to meeting my wife after being gone that many months. A guy came up to me from a limo and wanted to know if I needed a ride, and I said, ―I‘m sorry sir, but I have thirty dollars I can‘t afford a limo‖, and he said, ―don‘t worry about it, just get in‖. I kind of argued with him because I was afraid of what might happen, I don‘t know, and he said, ―Since you don‘t have much money, I can show you a nice place right off Waikiki Beach where to stay. He drove me to the beach area, and one block off to a hotel. They arranged a reasonable five-day stay. I think it was only seventy-five dollars a day for 41 �downtown Honolulu in 1969, pretty good. 22:51 He gave me his card, and said, ―when your wife arrives, call me and we‘ll go get her‖, and I tried to pay him, and he wouldn‘t take any money. My wife came in later that day, and I called him. He picked me up, took me to the airport, picked my wife up, and offered to take us on a tour of the island, with a picnic lunch, because he singled out one soldier every time they came in, to make that offer to him. Unfortunately I never got to take advantage of that because my warrant officer was stationed at Schofield Barracks, and his wife and two children lived there, and he had arranged the same thing. He gave me a ring to deliver to his daughter, and asked me to contact his wife as soon as I got there; so that very day my wife and I called his wife. I would point out that Mr. Currie was an African American, and he extended this courtesy to every man in our unit that went there regardless of race, religion or creed. His wife promptly came and picked my wife up, took us to dinner, drove us all around the island, and showed us all the major sites. 23:54 With her son and daughter, I presented the ring that Mr. Currie had picked up in Hong Kong for his daughter, and it was probably on e of the nicest things that could have happened. That was a very rare treat, and it‘s the only time I have been to Hawaii. From there, it was very difficult to leave her and go back after five days of normal civilization. I went back and finished my tour between September and March. Interviewer: Over the course of the time you were in Vietnam, did you have any kind of physical or mental problems? Only—there were three events. During the early part of my tour, I had mentioned we spread gravel in the parking lot, I think there‘s an acclimation that took place—they gave us two types of anti-malaria pills, a large orange pill Monday morning, and a small pill 42 �daily, and I took them faithfully. While we were doing this chore, I don‘t know if it was the weather and the hard work, or a touch of something, I passed out. 25:01 They took me back to my bunk, and I don‘t remember anything. I woke up and I was quite hungry, and I asked one of the guys in the barracks if it was time for chow, and he said, ―yes‖. I told them I was quite hungry and they said, ―you ought to be, you‘ve been out of it for three days‖. They took me up to the med center, and they put down on my record, I think, it was fever of unknown origin, and that‘s what they put for malaria anyway, I believe. So, everybody was exposed to it and I don‘t know if it was malaria or not. On another occasion we went on patrol, and we had always worn our soft hats, and carried our helmets, but in this case there was a new captain that was put in charge of this patrol, and he insisted everybody wear their helmets. I can remember getting out on patrol, sitting down in a bamboo stand next to a creek, and again passing out, probably sun stroke. 25:50 That was the end of wearing your helmets in the field after that, and the concern was head injuries from wounds. That‘s nice, but in a hundred degree weather putting a steel helmet on felt like not the brightest thing you could do. Later in the fall we were on a reactionary, we had been rocketed and mortared, and they took us out in a sweep, and around base camp, and we went parallel to the perimeter. I stepped into a sandy area and turned my foot back, and I broke a bone in my foot. I had stepped into one of these wooden booby traps, but I thought it was really strange because there was nothing to it. It was softer wood, it had the lid on it, and it had been carved where it would break, and it broke and nothing happened. One of the guys got down with his bayonet and was fishing around the box, and was going to dig that out for me, and the NCO in charge of the patrol said, ―don‘t do that, a lot of times they know you are going 43 �to do this, and they booby trap it with a mortar round or artillery shell‖. I suspect it was probably a booby-trapped booby trap. 26:54 I went back and they said, ― Well, you have a broken bone in your foot, we can put it in a cast and you‘re eligible for a Purple Heart‖, it was a combat action, there was no combat, and they said, ―you‘ll go home and you‘ll have to finish your tour‖, and I said, ―What‘s the other option?‖ They said, ―we can wrap it, leave your boot on for a couple of weeks, and stay here and finish you r tour‖, and I said, ―Option two, wrap my foot, and put my boot on‖. I stayed there for the rest of my tour, and went home. Interviewer: What kind of an impression did you have of the Vietnamese soldiers, the ARVNs? I didn‘t spend a lot of time working with the ARVNs directly. My experience was, some of them were very professional and very talented. The actual ARVNs that I saw, I was never comfortable around them. I never knew if I could trust them or not. They were forced into military service much like our draft was, but they weren‘t forced for a year, or two, or three years, they were forced pretty much for life. 27:56 Some were Vietnamese, some of them were NVA and VC sympathizers, and some were not. I don‘t have any personal knowledge of that; I can speak to the Vietnamese civilians that I worked with. I mentioned before one papasan said to me, ―tonight don‘t be in the barracks, you‘re going to have a rocket or mortar attack‖. He was very discreet about how he said it, and we got to be friends. I think he cared about me as a person, thought I was a good guy, and wanted to tell me to be careful. I appreciated that, and I never felt he was a NVA or VC sympathizer, I just felt he knew about it. I knew enough about him to find out he was a Buddhist and had two wives, and he showed me pictures of his 44 �children. I didn‘t know the other Vietnamese that well, did not serve directly with the ARVNs, so I can‘t speak to that. My impression of what I saw then is fortified by what I know now. 28:58 The American soldier was very much more professional, willing to put his life on the line, the value system in Vietnam was different, and the reason I say that is an incident that happened on that bus going from the airbase to Camp Enari. We had stopped for some reason, and on the far side—probably to get orders of some kind from a military compound, and on the far side of the road were a bunch of school children in a mission environment playing with something, and I couldn‘t figure out what they were playing in, and later saw that it was some kind of round, I wasn‘t familiar with the blooper, they call the M-79, but they were using a high explosive round, and that has an arming system where you have a ball bearing in it, and it has to travel so far before it explodes. The bus driver explained to us that what they are doing is, that AG round, when you throw it far enough, that ball bearing type round activates it, and whoever picks it up, it goes off. 29:54 They thought that was funny, a funny game to play, and they could be maimed. It‘s a different environment, and I found that hard to comprehend. Not the kind of game you would see going on here, so their value system was different than ours, that‘s all I can say. Interviewer: Another kind of strange thing to ask here, the set of pictures you have a bunch of some Jeep you were rebuilding or whatever, what was the story behind that? There were some pictures I had hoped to bring, some pictures of some of the things that happened. The attack on the airbase where a 3/4-ton truck and a deuce-and-a- half were blown up with satchel charges. Headquarters 7 Jeep, the motor officer, Mr. Currie, was 45 �not authorized in the vehicle, battalion headquarters were, company commanders were, he needed something for transportation, and in the compound area was a Jeep that had fallen off, some how slid off Dragon Mountain, and the frame was twisted. 30:52 I had some mechanical background, having worked with my uncle, and we had a repair shop, and there was a guy in there that could paint. I showed him how to take chains and a 2 ½ -ton truck, and square the frame up on that Jeep. We stripped it down as best we could, and hand sanded it, and I got a hold of some black lacquer form one of the drivers that I found had black lacquer, mixed it with OD paint that we were authorized, and got him to spray paint that Jeep. Then I found out we had some parts, canvas, rigging, seats, and things like that, put that together, the motor, and transmissions, and drive shafts, transaxles, all that was in good shape, and worked. Once we squared that body up, and painted it, and we put all those parts together. They had written off that Jeep, so I put it together and put a spare tire on it. I made a tire cover for the back of it that said, HEADQUARTERS 7, 124th SIGNAL BATTALION, with our hand painted logo, and put it on that Jeep. It earned me a lot of points with the warrant officer. 31:50 Interviewer: I’ll bet, no wonder they wanted to keep you in the army. That might be, and it turned out that the colonel, he had bragging rights with the colonel over that Jeep, the colonel wanted the Jeep, and he told me very strongly, ―the colonel‘s not getting my Jeep‖, and then pretty soon I found out the colonel wanted me for his driver. His driver was leaving, a buck sergeant, was going home, and so Mr. Currie offered me that position, and I said, ―no sir, I‘m staying with you, I‘ll be leaving as well‖, and driving the colonel around is not the kind of thing I want to end up doing. So, that was kind of my history with the story about the headquarters 7 Jeep. The other vehicles 46 �that were so badly damaged we couldn‘t do anything with them, we stripped them for parts. I should explain, in the army you have different echelons, they call it, and they had five echelons of maintenance at that time. The first one just operates it, fuels and lubes it. The second echelon can change major parts. The third echelon can rebuild some parts. Forth and fifth echelons is high electronics and things of that nature. 32:53 We were a second echelon motor pool. We could change parts, and I have a story about that. Spec five came and got me, and said, ―we burnt out an air compressor‖, which powered the brakes on a truck, and we put a new one on, and it burned up right away. We couldn‘t always get all the parts you need, so what we were doing was taking a cardboard off the back of a note pad, and peening it with a hammer between the air compressor and the mounting, unfortunately after we burnt up the second air compressor, and that was our last one, he couldn‘t figure out why they kept burning up, and I happened to take the cardboard off and noticed the inlet port and the outlet port for the lube oil, and I got an awl and punched holes for both of those. We got another air compressor, put it on, and tightened down, and sure enough it worked. So, what that forced us to do was go on a scouting mission. We couldn‘t get any more parts, so the warrant officer said to me, ―You got anymore of that beer left yet?‖ I took a couple of cases of beer, and we got some long range patrol rations packs, and he brought a couple bottles of whiskey, and we went to the 4th Engineers at Camp Schmidt. 34:04 While I‘m sitting there waiting for him to do the negotiations to get spare parts for air compressors, I had my hat pulled down over my eyes, taking a nap, one of the guys that I worked with, Dirk Kramer, was his name, was in the 4th Engineers, and he came up. Eleven thousand miles away, and I ran into one of my best friends from work, in Vietnam during the war, and that‘s a nice 47 �story. That‘s how you got parts; you swapped parts with somebody else because we weren‘t authorized those parts. We actually had tools that weren‘t authorized. We took a fifty-five gallon drum for inspection, it was buried in the ground, with a lid, put all the tools we weren‘t authorized in the drum, waited until after the inspection, and dug it back up again, took the tools out we needed to rebuild parts. Kind of a funny thing how the army worked at that time. Interviewer: What kind of losses did your unit take over the course of time you were there? Because you were getting attacked periodically. 34:57 Actually, of the eighty-eight guys that were in my unit, the cook in A Company was in the building they blew up, he had a small wound, and got a Purple Heart, two assistants were wounded, I never saw a 124th Signal Battalion soldier wounded, however, some of them were at the four firebases, running generators. They were over run on occasion. Some injuries took place there, but I never personally saw anyone there lost. There was one injury I am aware of—when you went on patrol they had a barracks set up outside of the headquarters company area office for debriefing, and one patrol, they came back, you put your rucksacks on your bunks, open them up, lay out your materials, they inspected everything, and that was always expected. 35:54 I was not on the patrol, but I heard a loud bang, and didn‘t know what was going on. Everybody rushed to the barracks to see what was going on, and one of the guys on the patrol had gotten his hands on a 45-caliber pistol, and the story went that he hit the reject and dropped the magazine out of the pistol, and did one of these John Wayne things with the pistol. His best buddy was at the bunk across the way from him, they were horsing around, and he pointed the pistol, said, ―bang your dead‖, pulled the trigger, and forgot there was a round in the chamber. He went to 48 �Japan, first, we called it LBJ, Long Binh Jail, named it after president LBJ. He went first there, and the other guy went to Japan to the hospital. I don‘t know any detail, I don‘t know who it was that had the pistol, and I don‘t know who it was that got shot. I do know that happened. There was one other incident. 36:49 Larry Algers was our wrecker driver, and occasionally some of our guys, he was a specialist fifth class, some of our guys would volunteer to go on to base camp areas for generators that had to be flown out by helicopter, and in the morning, and I believe it was ten o‘clockish, he was going out on a Huey Slick, and we happened to be in the motor pool and noticed the Huey Slick crash, I believe it was a Huey Slick, it could have been a Chinook, I don‘t remember, between our motor pool, and Dragon Mountain. Larry was on that, wrecker we called him, chopper that crashed, and later at chow I found out, I didn‘t know he was on it at the time we saw it go down. It crashed, and he never came back to the unit. He was injured, but not killed. So, there were a couple of injuries that I‘m personally aware of, but no deaths in our unit. I did see some things that happened at the time of the attack on the perimeter there were three bunkers that were blown up, and there were at least two guys in each bunker, by satchel charges. 37:54 They were not from my unit, but certainly they were killed. On Dragon Mountain the infantry unit had bunker one, two, and three, and all three of them were blown up by B-40 rockets. There were three men to a bunker there, and there were nine guys that were killed. I don‘ know their names, I don‘t know the details, but there were no bunkers left after the attack, and no bodies either. I‘m sure that happened, and that‘s as close to death as I got with our unit, and the helicopter I mentioned. Those are the only ones I‘m aware of during my tour. 49 �Interviewer: Are there any other incidents that stand out in your mind, from your time in Vietnam, that you want to add to the record, that you haven’t thrown in here yet? Well, there are some humorous things. I can remember coming back from guard duty, and of course the first thing you want t do is shower because of the dirt blown in your face, or the monsoon rain. During Vietnamsation they had mamasans come in and do your laundry for you, and unfortunately the only water source was the shower, so it was not unusual for the guys coming back from guard duty to shower while the mamasan was doing the laundry. 38:58 You became inured to that, and they would laugh and talk, and giggle among themselves. That was a humorous thing. I can remember also, as we got ready to pull out that they were getting very nervous, the civilians that worked for us, about us pulling out and leaving them behind. One of the young ladies, and I have a picture of her here, and she wanted me to leave a picture I had of my wife and child with her, and I don‘t know why, but I refused to give her the picture, but I gave her the brass picture frame. I can remember one of the Vietnamese asking me to remember him after I left because he knew I was going home, and that when I got home I should send him some money. I never knew how to reach him, and I never sent him any money. I always remember him because he became a good friend. 39:51 I can remember a duty I had one time—they brought in, during Vietnamsation, some of the Montagnards, who would have been a clan, or family, to work, and because I had taken French in college they thought maybe I could communicate with them, so they put me in charge of the work crew that was cutting the grass that was growing up around the perimeter of the motor pool. It was exciting, none of them spoke French, and my French was pretty lame by that 50 �point, but that was an interesting duty. I can remember at An Khe, the K-9 Corps was kitty corner behind us, and one afternoon, or evening, one of the dog handlers went out to feed the dogs, and we heard a gosh awful racket, and I don‘t know if this proved out to be true or not, but the dogs went bananas, bonkers, and later we were told the dogs attacked the handler and killed him, and that was unnerving. 40:51 We had turned our weapons in, Don and I, and were processing out at An Khe by that point, and on two occasions we were attacked through the perimeter. The barbed wire was the only thing between us, and wherever they wanted to come from. I can remember a buck sergeant, I can‘t remember his name, but he was armed with a 45-caliber pistol, standing in the doorway with his pistol drawn, telling us to lie on the ground, because you could see shadows of guys with AK-47s running by. I was very nervous about that, getting down to my last few days, and knowing that 45 was all that was standing between me and getting shot up, and I never got over that either, it was kind of dramatic. Down towards the airstrip from us was an outfit called the 1st of the 10th Buffalo Soldiers. There was a Huey Slick gunship down there, and I would see the door gunner cleaning it, and the interesting thing was, he was about a six foot four guy, and he had this really curly afro, and for a white American that was unusual, and in the army. 42.00 I would wave and say ―hi‖ to him all the time, but I didn‘t know who he was. I got back to work, and I started to notice, after a couple of months, ―that guy over there kind of looks like that guy I was waving to‖, and it turned out it was. When I got drafted he was my replacement at work, and shortly after he was hired in, he got drafted, and we got to be pretty good friends. Unfortunately he had an aneurism and died at twenty-eight years old. Steve Rolgo was his name, and he was from the 1st of the 10th Buffalo Soldiers, so that‘s kind of a sad 51 �story that played out kind of strange. A lot of people were getting drafted at that point, and he survived the whole war as a door gunner, and went home and had an aneurism in his fiancé‘s swimming pool. Sad, a sad moment, a good guy. 42:56 I can‘t think of too many other things to—long days and a lot of hard work, and it wasn‘t unusual to only have four hours of sleep. It wasn‘t unusual to be frustrated with nothing to take your mind off what was going on. Interviewer: Did they bring in entertainment or USO shows? Only on two occasions, and it‘s interesting that you asked that. I have a picture, I believe, in my group, of a Pilipino group at the enlisted mans club, who came in the fall, shortly before I went, or shortly after I came back from R&R. They would not let Americans perform at the 4th Division base camp, it was too risky, but they allowed Pilipino groups to come, and they did the best they could with rock & roll, but it wasn‘t quite the same, but it was entertainment, and we enjoyed it, and they did a professional job of putting on the show. 43:54 When we got to An Khe, again they would not let Americans perform, although there were some ―donut dollies‖, I‘ll call them, that were kind enough to pass out donuts and share coffee with you, and that‘s the first time I saw an American woman after nearly fourteen months, other than my wife on R & R. It was very pleasant to spend time talking with her and having coffee. About two week, or ten days before I left, they brought in an Australian group, and they performed music in a very small building environment, and went from company to company doing that. It was a group of Australian guys, they played modern music, and I can‘t tell you any more about it, it could have been anybody, but it was a nice diversion from what we were going through, and we thoroughly enjoyed that. I can remember a couple of other things 52 �that happened that are interesting. To get up to the barracks from the company area there was a small three-step step, and kind of a tunnel behind the steps. I went up and down the steps all the time rather than climb up and down the bank, and after about the third day of doing that one of the guys grabbed me and said, ―don‘t walk on those steps‖, and I said, ―Why is that?‖ 45:01 He said, ―Because that‘s a Cobra nest behind the steps‖, and I said, ―well thanks for telling me that‖. I got down to my last three days, and they virtually said, ―you are done, do whatever you want‖, and after chow one day I went back and wrote a letter to my wife, and I thought, ―well, I‘ll take a nap‖, and it‘s nine o‘clock in the morning, and a brand new executive officer came through with his riding stick , and the company clerk, or battalion clerk, and I had my bare feet hanging out of the bunk, and he slapped me with the ridding crop, and of course I said some unsavory things to him, and he put me on report. This was after the incident about the possible promotion. I got called up to company headquarters, and the top sergeant said, ―What are you doing here, Lange?‖ I said, ―well, I‘m on report sarge‖, and he said, ―Well, what‘s that all about?‖ I told him what happened, and he said, ―Well, we‘ll see about that‖, and he went in and talked to Lieutenant Colonel Odeorn. 45:56 Pretty soon he left and Colonel Odeorn called me in, and I came to attention, and he said, ―sit down‖, and he said to me, ―Aren‘t you from Grand Rapids?‖ I said, ―yes sir‖, and he said, ―I‘m from Detroit‖, and then we talked about the incidents where I covered for the guys so many times, and the opportunity for promotion. He said, ―Well, why are you here?‖ I said, ―your X-l put me on report sir‖, and he said, ―we‘ll see about that. Tom, get a hold of that guy‖, so they brought the X-l in, and I‘m in the chair, and I go to get up, and he said, ―no, sit right there‖, and he read the Major off, up one side and down the other, and he said, ―Don‘t 53 �you know this man extended his tour, he should have been home already he‘s done an excellent job of service, and that he‘s getting a medal tomorrow on the parade ground, and you put him on report?‘ The guy could have died, and the next day he had to pin a medal on me. He went down the line of ten or twelve guys that were leaving, the guys got good conduct metals, two Bronze Stars, the sergeant I had mentioned earlier, and the rest of us, Don, myself, and Keith, got Army Commendation medals. 46:57 All of us had been in some duress one way or another. He felt we earned them, and I feel we probably did too. He got to me, and had to pin the metal on. He pinned the medal on, but never congratulated me, and walked away, because he got put on report for putting me on report. It kind of justified itself, and it was good to have somebody from Michigan there at that time, and a colonel who respected who you were. Interviewer: Now, you get back to the states, where do you come back to? I came back—we flew, and I can‘t remember, but probably by helicopter, from An Khe Airbase to Cam Ranh Bay. The biggest piece of tarmac I ever saw, and all you saw when you looked off in the distance was the ocean, and sand, and it was really a strange thing to see after being where I was with all the red clay in the jungle. 47:51 We were there overnight, they inspected our gear and took away—I had a crossbow—things they thought I couldn‘t have, my attire, fatigues, they took all that away, and of course they kept them. I didn‘t care. I was going home. We packed our stuff up, and slept overnight at An Khe, or at Cam Ranh, left from Cam Ranh Bay by—it seems to me it was Flying Tiger Airlines. They had taken an airplane and cut the fuselage, and added a section it, so they could hold about two hundred and twenty-five guys in one airplane. They flew us to Japan, I‘m not sure, but in Japan it started with a Y, and they actually let 54 �us go through—they warned us, ―you know you have to behave‖, but we went to the shops and all, in the airport terminal. I bought a Seiko watch for my wife, I remember that, and she still has it. From Japan we flew to Guam, and from Guam to Hawaii again. I don‘t remember spending any time at either of those airbases, or airports. 48:59 From the airport at Hawaii, it seemed we went to Alaska for a short stop over, but I could be wrong, and flew into SeaTac, Tacoma airport, and they put us in their military barracks there, and again, we went through another inspection, and everything. They woke us up at three o‘clock in the morning for breakfast, anything you wanted, steak, eggs, and everything, and that was a nice treat. We got to the airport terminal, after they inspected our baggage they turned us loose, and now you‘re on your own to get your own flight back, which I booked. Unfortunately they had trucked up a busload of Hare Krishnas in their saffron robes, and they proceeded to attack us for being warmongers. We were called ―baby killers‖, and things of that nature. The one that approached me, started in on me, and I asked him a question, ―How old are you?‖ 49:59 He said, ―twenty-four‖, and I said, ―you‘ll be happy to know that when I went in I was only twenty, and that means I couldn‘t vote, and that means, you, as a voting adult, sent me, to Vietnam, and I got separated from my wife and family‖, and I guess he was taken back by that. I just brushed him aside, I didn‘t touch him, I just walked away, and he was still pondering that. The next group proceeded to come over to attack, and he came running up and said, ―not this guy‖. I felt that was justifiable payback, but I‘m here to tell you—when we came home from Vietnam, we were not well received, but I‘m also here to tell you that many nice things happened. I was flying home to visit my family, from Washington D.C. one day, and I always flew military stand-by because you had a guaranteed seat, but there 55 �were occasions when the plane was full. On this one flight, it was North Central, I think, the local airlines, North Central, and a business man, who had first class tickets, waited to make sure I got on the plane. 51:02 He kept asking the flight attendant, ―Are you going to get this young man on the plane? If not, I‘m going to give him my ticket‖, and I was quite embarrassed by that. She said, ―sir, just be calm, just stand there‖, and when no one came they had some first class seats left, and she gave me a first class seat, and I sat with this gentleman all the way back to Grand Rapids. He actually took me to my home from the airport, and I have never forgotten that. There were a couple of incidents like that, and I was surprised at the kindness people offered you. On the other hand, there were a lot of anti-war protesters, and it was very offensive the way they treated you. As I mentioned to you earlier, I came home, let my hair grow out, went back to work and put it all behind me. Part of the therapy I went through when I went to the VA a couple of years ago was ―wear your 4th Division hat in public and see what happens‖. I was on a walk with my wife one day down Five Mile Road by Plainfield, and I had my hat on, and I saw an SUV go by and the gentleman in the SUV was applauding. 52:07 I asked my wife what that was all about, and she said he was applauding your service. Its kind of emotional for me to talk about because what a far cry it was from what happened. I remember two other things I should share. I got off the airplane in Grand Rapids; my dad was there with my son, my mom, my brothers, my wife, and my sister-in-law. I got down off the--It‘s a cliché, and back then you didn‘t have a ramp, you had a real step, and I got down off the step, and kind of got down to the side, kissed the tarmac, and said I was glad to be home. I never saw my dad cry, but he came up to me, put his arm around me, and he had tears in his eyes, it was very emotional for him. He was dying a thousand deaths 56 �all the time I was gone I guess. 52:59 My family had an in the home service with a minister, a full dinner and everything, I mean it was a mass, I‘m Catholic, and they sang, the choir and everything. In the military there tend to be a lot of using the ―F‖ word, and I turned to my brother and asked him to pass me the f—n salt, and that‘s a memory I‘ll never forget. I was trying so hard not to do that, and it got dead silent. The look from my mother was enough to kill me. The minister—the associate pastor is doing the mass, and just to tell you how infused the ―F‖ word was in the military, we were on a patrol one time, and there was a young minister twenty-four or twenty-five on patrol, and he was walking up and talking to different guys and encouraging us, and sharing our hardships with us, and trying to be one of the guys. He‘s starting to go f this and f that like everyone does, he got to me and I put my arm on his shoulder and said, ―you know reverend, we need you out here, no question about it, we need you to be who you are and not one of the guys, so try not to use that word so often. 54:03 It wasn‘t intentional, it was unintentional, it just happens, and if you go anywhere in the military it‘s probably still that way today. One other incident, and then that‘s all I can think of. We had a small apartment, and the back bedroom in that apartment had a space heater in it. About a week to ten days after I got home, that space heater went off. My wife has told this story, she was sharing it with her mother one day, and she said, ‗the bed shook, and I looked and Joe was gone‖, and she leaned over the bed and looked down on the floor, and I‘m on the floor, and she said, ―What are you doing down there?‖ I said, ―Didn‘t you hear that mortar go off?‖ I‘m home for two weeks and it sounded like a mortar going off, and I looked up and realized, ‗well that can‘t be, that‘s my wife up there, that can‘t be a mortar going off‖, so it never leaves you. She told her mother this story while I‘m having 57 �coffee with her mother and father one Saturday morning, and her mothers name is Marie and her fathers name is Gene, and she said, ―Gene, tell him what happened with you‖, and he didn‘t want to talk about it, and she said, ―we‘re out on a walk one day and a car backfired, and he ducks in a doorway. 55:13 He didn‘t think to take me to safety, he ducked in a doorway, and left me standing there‖, and she asked him, ―Why did you do that?‖ He said, ―Didn‘t you hear that mortar go off?‖ He and I share that in common, he‘s a WWII veteran. Interviewer: To look back over the whole thing, how do you think your time in the service wound up affecting you? I will say two things about it, and almost everybody I‘ve talked to, that served, with tell you the same thing. I am proud to have served the people in this country, I‘m proud of my service, I‘m proud of the unit I served with, and of what we did there. I would do it again, if called upon, and I have to tell you, I was twenty years old when I went in, and although I was married, I was very immature, my marriage has lasted at least forty-five years simply because I grew up a lot. Two things—I‘ve always been a little bit street wise, but it taught me to make judgments, it taught me how to lead, and today I‘m a leader for the company I work with, in my role. 56:14 It made me an adult, cognizant, Christian citizen, and it makes me feel, looking back, a bond with all service men, and makes me understand what they‘ve gone through. I can‘t share it with anyone who hasn‘t done it. I have five sons, and I think that‘s a gift. I was spared, and there were occasions when I was at risk, and I believe God had a role in that. There was a role for me to play, I‘m very proud to be an American, and I promise you this, if you ever leave this country and live somewhere else for a while, you‘ll be glad to be here. So, that‘s what it did for 58 �me, it made me appreciate my country, my countrymen, and women, and I‘m very proud of who we are, and how we are, concerned, aware, citizens, world citizens. 57:09 Interviewer: Well, thank you very much for coming in and telling us your story. 59 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LangeJ Title A name given to the resource Lange, Joesph (Interview transcript and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lange, Joesph Description An account of the resource Joe Lange was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on October 9th, 1947. After graduating high school, Lange married and briefly attended college before getting a full-time job and receiving his draft notice. After receiving his draft noticed, Lange went through basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky and advanced training at Fort Belvoir, Virginia to be a generator mechanic. Once he completed the training at Fort Belvoir, Lange returned home before deploying to Vietnam to serve for a year in the 124th Signal Battalion of the 4th Infantry Division. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-04-19 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0c0d8b5a697cf67bd04fb3fd86be4325.jpg 0e25936290f44ac029a384caef917012 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS 3503.I67 L36 1907 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0461 Title A name given to the resource Langford of the Three Bars Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wyeth, N.C. (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of Langford of the Three Bars, by Kate and Virgil D. Boyles, published by A.C. McClurg & Co., 1907. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/42ede69b4e86178c3bdf8517b26c6e14.jpg 9edc354cb67ce727b08346cb039959af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LannielJean Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lanniel, Jean Description An account of the resource Jean Lanniel, French Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f210a8086ea23dc44ae3c9bf087f8e84.pdf bd47bf848177fd2340916ca435bbdfbe PDF Text Text LANSING INDIAN CENTER PO OW $ 1500 PRIZE PUBLIC ADMISSION ADULTS - $2.00/day TRADERS CAMPING - $3.00/night NO OPEN FIRES! \ SPONSORS: Lansing School District Lansing Indian Center M.S.U . Student Assoc. NO ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES! !: I FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: Jeff Sprague 355·8332 Tom Peters .371-1106 Lans i ng Indian Center 487-S409 �,~, Id. -\ ,,,, "'..... ~ 0 a ct ., "1"" -~...... ci. i, OKetta,s Rb. 7 ,. /It,: �LANSING N,TER . .POW WOW INDI $1500 PlllZE .MONE Y GRANO ENTRY ALL CONTESTANTS MUST BE IN. GRAND ENTRY . 2 P.M. SATURDAY 0 • M• SATUR DAY '.> (.. P.M. SUNDAY 7 .l. FR EE CAMPING NO.OPEN FIRES! ~ 1 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES! -..,ANSING SCHOOL . . JISTRICT AWISSION! ,. ;U·t SING COMMTJNI·l'Y ADULTS $2. 00 COLLEGE CHILDREN.UNDER AllMITTED FREE ·12 All4ITTED FREE WITH I .. D• . 1'RADERS .WILC'OME ;a y .··. 202 ,, . . INDlAN MADS CRAFTS ONLY • . TRAD.ems PE c,. ii. • ·$1 d ,0 . · Cl · PER · , . D11Y • . I NGHAM COUNTY.FAIRGROUNDS MP.SON, MICH~GAN . LANSING INDiiN CENTER L t,NSING SCHOOL ; DISTRICT Lt.J,sing .· Community C.o llege · .....,..._,_,_. ---~· -·.~ ·-· INFORMATI01f: . Bill ~heati~i: 4et~5409 Moua . Parnp $Y1-½,16..66 �1·1 ]~ J.. 1> iYi\ R "l~ J~ Jl WE NEED· VOLUNTEERS TO HELP AT THE POW WOW ON MAY 20th AND 21st, . VOLUNTEERS ARE NEEDED.IN THE FOLL01'ING .l'REAS: Jfl!Q!mt! (cook and help serve food),·GATE AND PARKING CARS (sell tickets, help w.ith parking cars 1, -----------------~--- . 8LEAN UP:{help keep fairgrounds clean, setup Friday May 19th setting --------------- ' UJ) bleachers and arbor for drum), AND WE ALSO NE~D HELP SELLING RAFF.LE rrICKE'I·S ON SA1l'URD.\Y AND SUNDPY. IF YOU CAN IOLU!'./1.f'iER ANY OF' YOVR 'I' Ir,m AND \1ANT TO HEL:P MAKE THIS Pov-: wow N!OF{,i SUCCLSSFt!L '~HAN Lth5r YE.Art, I·1.EA3E CON'l'AC'l.' LINDA RICHARDSON THANKS � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_lansing-indian-center-pow-wow_ Title A name given to the resource Lansing Indian Center Pow Wow, May ???? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ????-05 Description An account of the resource Lansing Indian Center Pow Wow flyer, Mason MI, May 21-22, ????, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lansing Indian Center Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a03c1565466aa612156886da1af82c15.pdf 3aca4ab8d8f45fb91f5ace643450df2f PDF Text Text 15TH ANNUAL LANSING POW WOW TRAD ITI ON AL SAT & SUN JUNE 20 & 21. 1992 SLEEPY HOLLOW STATE PARK-DEWITT.r MICH . .GRAND ENTRY 1 =00 & 7:00 PM SAT 12=00 NOON SUN HEAD DANCERS: TOM & BEA PETERS HEAD VETERAN: FRANK BUSI-I EMCEE: TIC BUSll HUST DRUM= BLUE LAKE SINGERS NEXT 4 DRUMS it no EACH NO OUTSIDE 50-50 RAFFLES IRADERS = 85~ NAIIIJE AMERICAN CRAFTS NAllUE AMERICAN = lHE ORIGINAL PEOPLE OF 1H1S COUNlUY TRADER FEES: i4o PER DAY PER SECTION iGo WEEKEND PER SECTION ARENA AREA SECTIONS LIMITtD TO 12 roo·r FRUNTAGE .FOOD VENDERS WILL BE INSPECTED BY CLINTON COUNTY 1-IEALTH DEPARTMENT Gf.Nf.RA'T10RS. P1 .f.ASf. f;OVf.R OR R1 ,Of;K 'T10 Kf.f.P N01Sf. 1.F.Vf.1, DOWN � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_lansing-pow-wow_1992-06 Title A name given to the resource Lansing Pow Wow Traditional, June 1992 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-06 Description An account of the resource Annual Lansing Pow Wow Traditional flyer, Dewitt MI, June 20-21, 1992, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>