469 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f41dc9a1afaea5018191e14a40d6061b.jpg 6cdb1059e149138227c2a7b93081201f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Heuchan_2018_09_24_11_36_27_001 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1918/1920 Title A name given to the resource Lakeshore Sumer Gang Description An account of the resource A group of 11 children seated on the grass. It is captioned “Lakeshore Summer Gang c. 1918-20.” In a box below that, it reads, “Heuchen Lakeshore kids. 1918-20.” Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of History as part of the Stories of Summer Project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f482289f41412491511f6803efc19d8b.jpg 672e48c4498fc8738b0ba501912aa9f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fore-Edge Paintings Subject The topic of the resource Fore-edge painting Painting Description An account of the resource A fore-edge painting is a miniature watercolor executed on the fanned edge or edges of a book; when the book is closed the art disappears, now hidden by the edge gilding. This genre of painting dates from the 1500s, flourished in the 1800s, and is still practiced today. Anonymous and undated paintings include landscapes, scenes and characters from literature, and portraits of authors. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Book Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-07-17 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV-02 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV-02_FE_014 Title A name given to the resource Lakeside Scene of a Walled Town from the Water Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Retsof (artist) Description An account of the resource Painting on the fore-edge of "Les enfants de l'amour" by Eugene Sue of a lakeside scene of a walled town from the water with several boats resting on shore at low tide. Artist Retsof or Foster is unknown. Subject The topic of the resource Fore-edge painting Painting Cityscapes Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. ND2370.S84 E54 1850 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/11fe2e61f6e8bcd3822fbf44431dd1d9.m4v 7df1cb0de0e30b3afe2964a574867b07 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2bf4b607f64982516e8124fc01667fd3.pdf 71583053503407aee2afe9b4e4b10194 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Bernard Lakowicz World War II 1 hour 5 minutes 5 seconds (00:00:27) Start of World War II & Getting Drafted -Young when Pearl Harbor was attacked -Remembers playing pool with his friends when he heard the news -He was eighteen, or nineteen, when the attack happened -He and other young men decided that they needed to serve their country -There was a freeze on enlistment immediately after the attack -Got drafted in February 1943 -Sent to Kalamazoo, Michigan for processing -Most likely Fort Custer -Sad about the attack on Pearl Harbor, but didn't know what it was -Happy to go fight, initially, but then hesitant after hearing about the fighting -Took his Army physical in Kalamazoo (00:02:54) Basic Training -Took a train to Camp Grant, Illinois -Stayed there for two days -From Camp Grant went to Fort Lewis, Washington for basic training -Joined the 44th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis -Stationed at Fort Lewis for nine months (00:03:31) Joining the Army Air Force -In November 1943 he volunteered for the Army Air Force -Sent to Sheppard Field, Texas -Took exams to see if you'd be good as a pilot, co-pilot, navigator, or bombardier -Stayed there for a few weeks -Sent to Kansas State College in Manhattan, Kansas -Taking courses pertaining to be an airman -Received four months of pre-flight training (00:04:36) Infantry Training -Removed from the Army Air Force and placed back in the infantry just before D-Day -Sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri -Received some more training at Fort Leonard Wood -Placed in a division with men from the Army Air Force and Army Specialized Training Program -Some of the smartest men in the Army -Men were disgusted about being placed in the infantry and made it known -Called to formation and addressed by a man named Sergeant Duck -One man said, "Quack, quack" as a joke -The sergeant looked irritated, but didn't react to it -The infantrymen initially looked down on the former airmen and former ASTP men -That is until he and the other airmen proved that they could be infantrymen �-Received four months of training at Fort Leonard Wood -Note: He was assigned to K Company, 386th Infantry Regiment, 97th Infantry Division (00:07:11) Amphibious Training -Sent to Camp San Luis Obispo, California for amphibious training -Their first phase of amphibious training was in rubber rafts -Sent to Camp Callan, California for additional amphibious training -Learned how to launch invasions from regular ships with LCIs (Landing Craft, Infantry) -Didn't like going from the relative safety of being in an aircraft to being an infantryman -Realized after the war that airmen were in equal danger -Additionally, only 78 men were killed in division, and 400 were wounded -This was out of 15,000 men -Note: The 97th sustained 178 Killed in Action; 669 wounded in action (00:09:46) Deployment to the European Theatre -From Camp Callan he was sent to Camp Cooke, California -Preparing to deploy to the Pacific Theatre of Operations -Got issued winter uniforms and new orders for the European Theatre of Operations -Sent to Fort Dix, New Jersey around New Year's Eve 1944 -Boarded troopships bound for Europe -Took ten days to cross the Atlantic Ocean -Placed in a camp for two weeks then moved to the frontlines -Note: Most likely at Camp Lucky Strike in France -Arrived at Le Havre, France -Note: 97th arrived on March 2, 1945 (00:11:22) Advancing into Germany -Crossed the Rhine River at Bonn, Germany -This would have been on April 3, 1945 -Their objective was to close the Ruhr Pocket in the Ruhr Valley -Neutralized the remaining Germans in the area -After the fighting in the Ruhr Pocket they advanced on Czechoslovakia -They were on the frontlines, shooting and being shot at by German troops -One day they were surrounded and ordered to dig in -He was called up to be a message runner -Left his foxhole and gave it to another soldier -He was only 25 feet away and a shell hit the foxhole killing the other man -Initially counted himself lucky, then the survivor guilt set in -The day after the foxhole incident they encountered German anti-aircraft batteries -The batteries were being used as anti-personnel positions -A tracer missed him by only six inches -So close that he felt the heat from the round -Two days later they started to move on Dusseldorf, Germany -This would have been in late April 1945 -Encountered huge factories and found mass quantities of hidden gold -There were huge wooden pallets of gold in the basement of factories -Most likely worth millions of dollars -Also found stolen art �-Had no idea what the Nazis were planning to do with the gold and art -Took German prisoners of war in Dusseldorf -Germans knew that they had lost the war -There were hordes of prisoners and they didn't know what to do with them -Passed them onto another unit that could handle the Germans -He personally took German soldiers into custody NOTE: From 00:17:40 - 00:18:15 the tape skips (00:18:16) Reflections on Service Pt. 1 -One of the men from his unit wrote about his experiences -Mentioned the soldier killed in Bernard's foxhole -Forty years after the fact and it still caused him to lose sleep thinking about that event -Thought about how it could have been him (00:19:03) End of the War in Europe -On April 12, 1945 President Roosevelt died -They were in a little town that they had just taken over -Soldiers had fled so quickly that they left their dinner on the table -Everyone was shocked about the President's death, no one knew that he had been sick -Always remembers April 12 as the anniversary of President Roosevelt's death -Moved on to Solingen on April 17, 1945 -Near the end of the war they started taking a lot of prisoners of war -Moved into Czechoslovakia near the end of the war -This would have been on April 25, 1945 -Took more German prisoners -Had so many that they didn't know what to do with them -Found a brewery and got a keg of beer after a soldier threatened to shoot the brewery owner -Didn't personally see a concentration camp -Headquarters Company found one though -Talked to one soldier that said it was terrible and the stench was unbearable -Aware of the German atrocities -Made him, and other soldiers, want to kill more German soldiers -Did not kill any German prisoners out of anger though -Validated their being in Europe -Stationed in Czechoslovakia for only five days -Knew that the soviets were going to take over Czechoslovakia later on -The 78th and 69th Infantry Divisions were scheduled to move into Czechoslovakia -Had seen heavy fighting and were given that duty as a relief (00:26:04) Redeployment & End of the War with Japan �-His division received orders to return to the United States to be redeployed to the Pacific -Moved to a town in Germany on the border of Czechoslovakia -Stayed there for two days -Went back to Le Havre, France -Left Le Havre on June 16, 1945 -Sailed back to the U.S. and landed in Boston -This would have been on June 24, 1945 -Nobody liked the prospect of being redeployed for the invasion of Japan -His division would have been one of the first units to land -Given thirty days of leave before reporting to Fort Bragg, North Carolina -Realized that they needed to finish the war -He thought about being redeployed -Focused more on being back in Grand Rapids, Michigan -Visited his sister, brother-in-law, and parents in Grand Haven, Michigan -Reported to Fort Bragg and went to Fort Lawton, Washigton -Crossing the Pacific Ocean when they heard the news that the war was over -Remembers all of the soldiers being happy that the war was over (00:29:54) Post-War Occupation Duties -Spent 30 days on the ship while docked in the Philippines -Only got off the ship once for four or five hours -Sailed up to Yokohama, Japan -Had heard about the atomic bombs, but didn't know much about them -Learned more about the bombs after he came home -There were some Japanese civilians that would talk to him -Majority of them were friendly -Realized that the Japanese to blame were the militaristic fanatics -Placed in a camp for a month and a half -Selected for Military Police (MP) training -After completing that training he was assigned to a vehicle checkpoint in a small town -Checked trucks that passed through the town -At night he would make sure that none of the GIs went to the local brothel -Did that for two months before being sent home (00:32:15) End of Service & Coming Home Pt. 1 -Sent home after two months of MP duty -Arrived in Fort Lawton, Washington and took a train to Camp McCoy, Wisconsin -Got discharged there (00:32:41) Japanese Civilians -While he was in Japan one of his jobs was to guard a fuel depot -Japanese civilians would try to sneak in and steal some gas out of desperation -He took pity on them and would give them a few gallons of gasoline -Befriended one teenage Japanese boy -He brought Bernard a homemade English-Japanese phrase sheet -Some civilians would try to speak English and strike up conversation with U.S. troops -He believes that most of them were fine with surrendering -They knew that resistance to an Allied invasion would have meant certain death -Most civilians would have only been armed with basic, wooden tools �(00:34:55) End of Service & Coming Home Pt. 2 -Received his discharge papers at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin -Told that if he waited another day the Army would pay for a ticket home -He was anxious to get home and decided to hitchhike back to Grand Rapids -Parents were really happy to see him -They didn't know that he had been discharged -His two other brothers had served in the military during the war -One brother had awful survivor's guilt after the war -Had allowed another man to take his place on the frontline and was killed -Younger brother had served on a landing craft in the Navy -Served near the end of the war -Volunteered despite not being able to be drafted due to being the yongest (00:37:41) Life after the War -He was treated normally by civilians -Didn't get asked questions about his service, and didn't get special treatment -Atributes this to the fact that so many other young men also served -Just came home and started his life again -Enjoyed seeing other men in his neighborhood that had served in the war -Only one man from his neighborhood had been killed in action -Went back to work at the factory that he worked at before the war -Took a test to get into the Postal Service as a mailman -Passed the test and worked as a mailman for twenty seven years -Got married on June 21, 1947 -Wife was already engaged, but she ultimately chose Bernard -Married for sixty seven years -She died on July 4, 2014 -All of his other relatives have since died -There are only twenty two men left from his unit -144 have since passed away -He was able to find seventy five of the men that he served with, after the war -Excited to go on the Talons Out Honor Flight to Washington D.C. in May 2015 -Brother-in-law will escort him to Washington D.C. -He served in the Navy during the war -Note: At the time of this outline being written the May 2015 Honor Flight has taken place (00:46:23) Reflections on Service -Doesn't believe that people care about things that happened "a long time ago" -Troubled by the lack of belief that things like the Holocaust happened -There are some things that he would rather forget and not talk about even 75 years later (00:48:17) Photographs and Medals -Photograph of K Company, 386th Infantry Regiment, 97th Infantry Division -Taken at Camp Cooke, California sometime in 1944 -Photograph of Bernard while he was in the Army �-Collection of medals that he was awarded during his time in the service -Seen and identified: Bronze star, Army of Occupation Medal, American Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with Two Battle Stars, 97th Infantry Division patch, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, Sharpshooter Badge, World War II Victory Medal, and the Good Conduct Medal -Can opener used to open C Ration cans -Romanized Japanese-English common phrases translation sheet given to him by the Japanese boy � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_LakowiczB1784V Title A name given to the resource Lakowicz, Bernard (Interview outline and video), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-15 Description An account of the resource Bernard Lakowicz was drafted in February 1943. He went to Kalamazoo, Michigan (most likely Fort Custer) for processing, and from there went on to Camp Grant, Illinois and then on to Fort Lewis, Washington for basic training. Joined the 44th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis and was stationed there for nine months. In November 1943 he volunteered for the Army Air Force and trained at Sheppard Field, Texas and Kansas State College, Kansas. Prior to D-Day he was removed from the Army Air Force and was sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri for infantry training where he joined K Company, 386th Infantry Regiment, 97th Infantry Division. He received amphibious training at Camp San Luis Obispo, California and Camp Callan, California. He and the rest of the 97th deployed to the European Theatre out of New Jersey in early 1945 and landed at Le Havre, France in March 1945. The 97th moved up to the frontline and crossed the Rhine River at Bonn, Germany in April 1945 and advanced steadily through Germany closing the Ruhr Pocket and taking thousands of German prisoners of war. The unit stayed briefly in Czechoslovakia and then got redeployed to Japan for occupation duty. He was sent home in early 1946 and got discharged at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakowicz, Bernard Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Childress, Jim (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/363406e063f7d09d3614e0d25fc30b97.mp4 0135f29d4915e6be5464fd7e5bf7cb48 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/69d6ce8ca29a61e5260e8a05b5cdf276.pdf 641d347cd1c7cf334ffd2643344a20be PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project William Lalley (01:14:12) (00:20) Background Information • • • • • • William was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1922 and later moved to Lowell, Michigan where he attended high school William’s father had owned a haberdashery shop, but died when William was only six months old His mother took him and his three other siblings to Lowell to live with their grandparents William graduated from high school in 1940 and began going to school at the University of Michigan He later transferred to Michigan State University and signed up for an Army Air Corps program in 1942 that was supposed to defer service until he graduated The government was short on troops and he was pulled out for the Air Corps before graduating in 1943 (3:45) Training • William went through pre-flight training at the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center in Texas • They were testing for aptitude, reflexes, depth perception, and also basic drilling with physical exercises • William was in Texas for 5 months and was then classified for pilot training • He began basic flight training in a small town in Texas working with PT-19s and a civilian instructor • After basic flight training William was assigned to work with heavy bombers (12:05) Advanced Flight Training • William had already been training for about a year before he went through advanced flight training • He graduated and got his wings, was commissioned, and went home on furlough • He was then assigned to a flight crew that had already been working together • They were training in B-17s and William worked as the co-pilot in Oklahoma �• In April of 1944 they received their orders to leave the US (15:35) Britain • They took a troop transport ship across the ocean and traveled with a convoy and air escort • They experienced nice weather and had good food on the ship, though it was completely crowded • The ship landed in Britain and they traveled to a small town near Northampton • They were part of the replacement crew because there was a very high turnover when they arrived • William was part of a bomb group stationed near the an airfield and they received orders for their first mission within a month after arrival (19:15) Berlin Mission • William and his crew were like a “filler” on the mission; they were to fly behind newer planes and more experienced crews in an old beat up plane • Berlin was very heavily defended and everyone was nervous about the mission • The air was filled with flak, the background was black, and it was almost as through you could walk across air on all the flak • William’s plane got hit and they had to turn around after dropping their bombs • They were quickly losing altitude and decided to abort • William landed near a plane that was just passing, which may have helped to cover him from the enemy; he later found out that the rest of his crew was captured • He detached his chute, buried it, and began running through the woods in his bright blue suit • William wandered through the woods for a long time through the night without a light or compass • He eventually found an abandoned house and slept in a haystack and ate raw eggs in the morning (28:10) Dutch Underground �• William left the house and wondered through a small town in which many people were watching him, but not saying a thing • He was finally approached by a nice couple that told him they could help him • He stayed outside their house in the woods and was later picked up by another man on a bike • They left on the bike and went to a different house in another small town, where they stayed for a few months, hiding with other soldiers and Jewish hideaways (36:00) Moving through the Netherlands • William had arrived in the house in April of 1944 and left that August • He left with a British officer and continued to move on and avoid Germans • They were eventually caught by some Germans, who at first pretended to just be asking them some questions, but continued to intensify their interrogation • William went through further interrogation for about a week and was then sent to a prison camp in Germany (43:50) Prison Camp • William was sent to a prison camp near Berlin; they traveled in box cars from WWI that could fit 70 men each, jam packed, for two days • There were many wounded men and disfigured in the camp • It was specifically for officers and surrounded by barb wire, light towers, and gun emplacements • Before his arrival about 50 Canadians had tried to escape and they were all executed • Camp was boring and strict; there was barely any food to eat and some men had to work outside in fields (52:35) Switching Camps • They found out that Russians were nearing and could actually hear the artillery through the woods • They left in the middle of the night and were told they were being moved to evade the Russians • They marched for 48 hours through cold woods and many men died on the way �• They arrived in a small town and stayed for a while in a pottery factory that was very warm and felt great • They then traveled to Nuremburg where most of the Germans were in pretty bad shape and they could tell they did not have time to keep track of POWs • They were staying in another prison camp where they were separated from the British and Russians (59:50) Rescue from Camp • The prisoners were told that they had to move again and there were about 15,000 of them marching in the road • They arrived at yet another camp and the prisoners caught on to the Germans’ low spirits and could see that they were now losing the war • They began to hear artillery from far away and could eventually see tanks coming • The camp was liberated in April and all the men were evacuated onto planes within 3 days • William stayed in France or one week, where many of the other prisoners ate too much food and died • He took a troop ship back to New York and was sent to a hospital in Chicago for check up (1:07:20) Back in Michigan • William had some time on leave and was not sure if he would get called back up for service • He signed up for the reserves, but eventually found that he no longer had time for it • William received his degree in business administration for Michigan State University, got married, and eventually began working for Donnelly in Michigan until he retired � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LalleyW Title A name given to the resource Lalley, William (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lalley, William Description An account of the resource William Lalley was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1922. While in college in 1942 he signed up for an Army Air Corps program that was supposed to defer his service until he graduated, but he was pulled out of school early in 1943. He then trained as a B-17 pilot, was sent to England as a replacement, and was shot down on his first mission. With the aid of the Dutch resistance, William was able to evade the Germans for about 4 months before being captured. William was sent to three different prison camps while in Germany before the prisoners were finally liberated and he was sent home. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Prisoners of war Prisoners of war--Germany Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-10-30 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/43175377d934b4e509bee6a8c7e0da4e.jpg e33db151ec8ddedba8a2bdb278bb2517 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PR4971.M68 L35 1899 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0392 Title A name given to the resource Lally of the Brigade: A Romance Description An account of the resource Binding of Lally of the Brigade: A Romance, by L. McManus, published by L.C. Page & Company, 1899. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1899 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/62fb14c995ad0e60f1cab3cce5909145.mp4 390a31da20c7dfe2fe3dd73226f8e320 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6fb58910a682f9926acc14bec026cc79.pdf 0323515700cbf0ce7b200ce954d3514c PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Lawrence “Bill” Lamb (01:02:30) (00:04) Background • (00:04) Bill Lamb lives in Saugatuck, MI. The interviewer is James Smither of Grand Valley State University. • (00:16) Bill was born in South Haven, MI. South Haven is between Saugatuck, Ganges, and Glenn MI. His grandparents were from the area. In 1937 his family moved to Holland, which is where he attended school. • (00:44) He turned eighteen in 1942. After graduating from high school he went to college. He remembers a “war atmosphere” and many of his friends enlisted. It was in this atmosphere that he decided to enlist. • (01:09) His father was a highway contractor, and he worked all over the state. His father went to MSU, and his mother went to Western Michigan University. She was a teacher for a while. Both of Bill’s brothers were born in Jackson, MI. One of his brothers is still alive, the other passed away from cancer at the age of fifty-seven. • (02:12) His father had a good job during the Depression. He helped build roads in Detroit to help with businesses in the area. • (03:16) Bill did not pay attention to the war while he was in high school. He was a junior and worried mostly about his classes. His history teacher predicted they would all be in the service before the end of the war. His teacher later enlisted in the Navy. • (04:17) Bill heard about the attack on Pearl Harbor while he was in the house, listening to the radio. The attacks changed things for many people in his area. The most pronounced change was the rationing which was implemented shortly afterward. (06:27) Enlistment/Training • (06:27) He decided to enlist after he dropped out of college. He had had a hard time concentrating on his classes with the war going on in a more dramatic way. Many of his friends enlisted. He had initially attended at MSU, but later transferred to Hope College in Holland, MI. • (07:22) He and twenty-four others from Holland went to Chicago by train. He didn’t really understand much of what was going on, and was not informed much of the process. After going to Chicago, they were sent to Fresno and lived in paper shacks which had previously been used for prisoners of the Japanese internment. • (08:33) Newcomers to the base were quarantined for six to eight weeks, because of health concerns. During this period he went through basic training. Next he was sent to Grand Forks, North Dakota. As part of his military training, he attended classes at a college for three months, but he wasn’t sure why although it did help the colleges. He flew an hour or forty-five minutes a day. �(09:35) He flew in a Piper Cub to learn the basics of flying. Next they were shipped to Santa Ana, California. He had classes in airplane identification, meteorology. He was also kept on a constant exercise regimen to stay in shape. • (10:23) He was homesick, but was otherwise fine in the military. During his training, everyone had to take a class on Morse Code, despite the fact that a very small minority (he estimates a tenth of a percent) would ever use it. He failed the test by one word, and worried that he would be flushed out of the Army. Instead, they had him take the class again, which distressed him because his friends would continue on and he would not. • (11:35) He had run races in the Army, and performed well. His Lieutenant had gained some prestige from this and wanted to help him out. He sent him out on a trip to a couple in the area. The couple had two daughters, one of whom was married. Bill returned for three more weekends later, and continued correspondence with them throughout the war and after. He visited them when they came to Battle Creek, and again in California. They have since passed away. • (13:17) In January he was sent to King City, which was north. The base was a civilian airfield. At the time, the Air Corps was not significant enough to have its own bases. He flew on an “Orion,” a PT-22, an open airplane with a sixty to eighty horsepower engine. During this time he flew for about half the day with a group, and took classes the other half of the time. These classes included navigation, meteorology, cross-country, and others. • (14:37) One day he forgot to tighten his seat belt properly, and that was the day the pilot decided to fly the plane upside down. Bill had to use a pedal during the flight, but was unable to reach the pedal because he was falling out his seat. • (15:10) He was in King City for about two months. At the time, he was lower than a PFC, and was not allowed furlough during the nights or weekends. He thinks the Army may have been trying to “break” the recruits to find out what they could or could not handle. He was given frequent psychological interviews, and was among the first group of recruits where this was used. • (16:07) He flew up and down the valley frequently. He was next sent to Mariana, Arizona, about thirty minutes past Tucson. It had blacktop runways. He practiced landings, and solo flights here. The Lieutenants training him were actually military pilots instead of civilians this time. He flew a BT-6, which was a single-engine plane with a six hundred and fifty horsepower engine. It was “a terrific plane” (17:37) Discussion of accidents • (17:37) He was always worried about the planes falling out of the sky. Pilots were frequently killed as a result of errors. One day a trainer asked him if he knew how to get out of an inverted spin. The pilot showed him how to get out of it, but Bill is thankful he never encountered it afterwards. • (18:57) Bill had few opportunities to get off the base, and when he did so do the other ten thousand or so recruits. His mother once visited him in Arizona, which was especially significant because she had been burned in the kitchen recently. • (19:38) The weather at the bases was usually very good, which was probably why the bases were built where they were. He was next sent to Fort Sumner, New Mexico Years later, he visited the base with his wife. The base was still in the • �middle of nowhere. At this time he was flying “twin-breasted Cubs” and he learned to fly multi-engine planes. This time they didn’t use acrobatics as they had earlier. • He had a cross-country overnight trip one night. He was very worried about the gas, as he was low. He was very apprehensive about landing in the dark. He was so worried about the gas level that he forgot to put the wheels down, and the plane was ordered to circle around so he could put them down. He worried about being washed out, but instead was yelled at and given a “slap on the wrist.” • (22:46) Usually, he only heard of accidents, and didn’t see them. The incident with the wheels was the closest he ever came to an accident himself. • (23:15) At the end of his training, he received his wings. He was made a Lieutenant, but not a Flight Officer. Later on, he learned it was because was not old enough. He was only twenty, and had to be twenty-one. He was somewhat hurt, but otherwise is not that big a deal as he received many of the benefits of being an officer without as much responsibly. He had two weeks of leave, but didn’t have much to do as most of the other people were either enlisted in the military, or depressed at being rejected. • (25:25) His father bought a new car, and lent it to him when he was in Advanced Training. He went to Lincoln, Nebraska with some of his Army friends. The base at Lincoln was closed down, and he was ordered to go to Lawrenceville, Indiana. He didn’t have enough gas to get their, so the Army gave him some gas. Another man asked him to drive his wife to Lawrenceville, which he protested because he didn’t think it was proper. The man advised him “I know my wife, I’m not worried about anything.” • (26:52) At the time, there were no motels, so they stayed overnight at houses that were used for a similar purpose. They usually rented two units, and people assumed they were a married couple with marital problems. They arrived in Lawrenceville in the fall of 1944. They didn’t have many navigational aids at the time. • (20:49) Once in Lawrenceville, he was put on a night flight. There was freezing rain during the night which is terrible flying weather. Freezing rain made it hard to work the flaps and aerials. The “boots” could be used to help somewhat, but ice formed over the boots and it was not help. At one point, they had to open the window and scrape ice off the windshield with a screwdriver. That night, the woman’s husband was killed in an accident. (29:15) Active Duty • (29:15) He left Lawrenceville in December, and was sent to Bear Field, Indiana. Next he went by train to Camp Kilmer in New Jersey. He boarded the Aquitania, a British ship. They set out without an escort. On the ship, there were twelve men to a room. It was so crowded they had to take turns getting into bed. They had two meals a day on the ship. They arriveded in Firth of Clyde, Scotland. • (30:34) Next they took a train to a small village outside London. The pilots were to be replacements. During this time, the Battle of the Bulge was raging in Germany. Eisenhower and his staff decided to attempt a glider invasion. Each glider was to have two pilots, in case on was killed. They used “power pilots” who had been trained on planes, not gliders. �• • • • • • • • (32:17) They were sent to Chartres, France. Five or men were waiting for a plane to pick them up, they plane came in from the 442nd troop transport and called for “Lamb and Lang.” The two of them were sent to St .André, a temporary city near Paris. The other men there were more seasoned glider pilots, who had been trained in gliders. (33:33) The men were eager to fly; they were linked with trainers and then flew over to England on supply missions. (34:12) One of the other men volunteered to be a glider pilot, and Bill decided to as well. He had forgotten at the time that he had promised his father, a WWI vet, that he would not volunteer for anything. The glider invasion was to be a huge undertaking, and the British also had gliders. His group was the furthest away from Rhine. The British General Montgomery had set up smoke machines to cover the glider offensive. The Germans were aware of the attack however, and had anti-aircraft guns set up. The smoke was supposed to stay low, and the gliders were to go in at five hundred feet. (36:18) The gliders were supposed to be supplemented by a paratrooper force that would take care of the anti-aircraft guns. The paratroopers managed to eliminate some of the guns, but not all of them. Flying the glider was very rough that day because of the slipstream of one hundred miles of airplanes. Bill’s glider was being used to drop off a jeep and some men. As they crossed the Rhine, Bill looked down and saw flak, but didn’t know it was flak at the time. The smoke went too high, and the glider was at one thousand two hundred feet. (39:05) The glider was attached to the plane by a rope of about five hundred feet. When they released from the plane they had to save the rope so it could be reused. The other man was piloted when another plane released, and their glider was nearly cut in half by the other glider’s rope. He made three left turns for the descent. During the first they saw a C-47 coming out of the smoke, but managed to avoid it. The glider had to take a dive to avoid the plane. The glider fell 180 mph, and they weren’t supposed to go faster than 150 mph, but managed to make a terrific landing near a barn. Once the landed the men in the jeep, which included a colonel, left. (41:37) Bill and some other men were to guard a road. During this period they did not see any German troops, except for dead ones. There were about fifty to one hundred Allied troops gathered in the area. Seven of them were co-pilots, two of which were wounded. All the men were “power pilots” The group was heavily damaged as many of the men had wounds. (43:11) The gliders were made out of canvas and pipe. Overall, they were of shoddy quality. They were used “in a day gone by, like the cavalry.” Bill met a paratrooper who had landed alone, and was proud of killing a German. Bill didn’t understand why the man was proud of killing. (44:50) A German plane flew over them and shot a little, but not much. Later on, Bill saw a GI taking an elderly couple and a four year old captive for the POW camp. They continued to collect Germans, in the hundreds or thousands within the three or four miles from the Rhine. �(46:11) They were helped by ground troops, mostly from the British Army. They continued to capture German soldiers, most of whom had the look of defeat. The Germans were brought to the Rhine where they were taken by other forces. • (46:54) The Germans were of all ages. They knew they had been beaten and looked like it. Many of them had had a rough time. The British had a nearby camp where Bill slept in a tent. He had hot British tea for the first time, and liked it very much despite not liking tea. • (47:58) He was picked up on a plane the next day, and from then on flew gas and other supplies to Patton. They landed in captured German airfields. They followed Patton all over Europe, bringing supplies to him and bringing back wounded Americans and rescued POWs. • (49:02) They once took a professor from the Netherlands. The man gave Bill the Star of David the Nazis had forced him to wear. Bill later gave it to Seymour and Stu Padnos, and it is now located in the Grand Rapids Temple. They also took a GI who had a “beautiful mustache” along with them. The GI had been a POW for eighteen months. Bill took a picture of him. They also took Russians who had been German prisoners closer to Russia despite their protests. The Russians did not want to return because they would probably be shot as “collaborators.” (51:15) Occupation • (51:15) Some of the American troops went home and were trained to invade Japan. The war ended before these men had to go to Japan. He was sent to Munich until May 1946, they set up airline in the area and he flew passengers. He did not fly very often. • (52:16) He did not talk to the Germans, because they were still seen as “the enemy.” Additionally, he did not speak German. He went to Harr, Germany and they put up a compound, which included a hospital. He spent much of his time playing ping pong. They had an officer’s building in the compound. During the Christmas of 1945 he went to Garmsich, which had hosted the 1936 Olympics. • (53:43) While in Munich, he heard beautiful string music. He and other Americans came across a church, and looked inside. They were greeted by angry stares of elderly Germans, who probably assumed they had bombed the area. • (54:30) He enjoyed Europe, and once went to Berlin. He had an interesting experience that taught him not to judge people. He had to fly to Vienna with another man who would be evaluating his performance. They stayed the night in Vienna, and some of the other men wanted to drink and carouse. He went with them but didn’t drink. He went to bed early. Later on, the other two men came back with some women who spent the night. The next morning the two women had stolen everything from them, but nothing from Bill. • (56:57) The war ended in May, and he was in Munich. His father had been near Munich during the end of WWI. (57:33) Post-War • (57:33) He was sent to Camp McCoy, in Wisconsin. When he came home he arrived at Camp Kilmer. He came home by train. He spent the summer playing golf with a new set of clubs his father had purchased for him. • (58:06) He decided to go back to Hope College, and later met a woman and married her. He has been married for sixty years. He worked construction with • �• • • his father and brothers until 1983 when his brother died, and the business was split up. (58:53) He once met Jackie Coogan while training in Lawrenceville. Jackie was flying a glider, and he and some other men were invited to fly with him. The glider was a very smooth ride that time. (01:00:13) He would not recommend gliders to anyone. (01:00:26) He was glad to have served his country, and was glad of the experience, but he is also glad he finished it. The military is plagued with some problems, bureaucratic inefficiency, mistakes, and incompetent superiors can all be problematic. The war also taught him about people, and he saw Europe. �------ STATION cZ;H lr. O R "'1lII1"'~ ENGINE!!:" P F. n.s~ . C LA SS AIRCRAJFT MODG. 1'. IRCRAfT S En UIl. No. -PRiNT Pu\INLY­ NAME-ASN.-GRADE-ORGANIZATION FLIGHT DATA � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LambL Title A name given to the resource Lamb Jr., Lawrence (Bill) (Interview outline, video, and papers), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lamb Jr., Lawrence (Bill) Description An account of the resource Bill Lamb served in the Army Air Corps during World War II. He served as a glider pilot, despite being trained on powered airplanes, in the European theater during the later part of World War II. He participated in the Rhine crossing in 1945, and later on he flew supplies to Patton and transported wounded men and rescued POWs. Flight report appended to outline. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-05-11 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/64f7d5fcda5679a8b82c019be876e641.mp4 025c954aff07cfac348c0e34c5841fef https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c2f5ea5430cf9a2b1f191bbde79aa144.pdf fc547e43c29d4d26923eb21eb37632e2 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Edgar Lamm World War II 50 minutes (00:00:22) Early Life -Born in Chicago, Illinois on October 14, 1925 -Specifically on the South Side in Beverly neighborhood -His father was from Chicago -His mother was from Fulton, Illinois -She went to a business college in Dixon, Illinois -Wanted to move to a big city, so she moved to Chicago and worked in a bank -Met Edgar’s father in Chicago -His father was a coffee salesman -He was his mother and father’s first child -He had a step brother from his mother’s previous marriage -Didn’t learn about that until he was twenty two though -He had a biological sister -He attended Morgan Park High School in Chicago -Almost graduated, but that was interrupted by getting drafted (00:03:27) Getting Drafted -He was drafted in 1944 four months before he graduated -He was excited to go into the service -His high school diploma was eventually mailed to him -Drafted in February 1944 (00:05:00) Basic Training and Military Police Training -First stop was at Fort Sheridan, Illinois for a couple weeks for processing -From Fort Sheridan he took a train to Fort Custer near Battle Creek, Michigan for basic training -Received basic training and Military Police training while at Fort Custer -Lasted sixteen weeks -Days started at 5AM with getting dressed and having breakfast -Went on hikes around August and Galesburg, Michigan -Had no trouble adjusting to the physical demands of the Army due to being eighteen -Remembers that some of the older men had more trouble and would pass out -Had no trouble adjusting psychologically to the Army -There was a train that ran from Fort Custer to Chicago every Saturday morning -Meant that he was able to visit his parents almost every weekend while at Fort Custer -Men that couldn’t adjust to the Army were discharged -He was assigned to the Military Police -Did not take a test, or request it, the position was just randomly assigned to him -There was nothing too unusual about Military Police training -Sent to Fort Jackson, South Carolina for further training (00:10:17) Transfer to the Infantry -When he got overseas he requested a transfer out of the Military Police �-He served with the Military Police in England and didn’t enjoy the duty -Remembers having to arrest soldiers that didn’t salute officers -Didn’t feel like he was doing anything of great importance -His request to be transferred was accepted and he was transferred to the infantry (00:11:13) Deployment and Arrival in England -From Fort Jackson he was sent up to Camp Shanks, New York -Boarded a troopship, the SS Ile de France -It took nine days to sail from New York to Greenock, Scotland -In Greenock they boarded a train and were taken to Hereford, England -By the time he got to England D-Day had already happened (00:12:34) Arrival in France -Sailed from Portsmouth, England to Le Havre, France at the end of January 1945 -When he got to France he had already been transferred to the infantry (00:13:16) Stationed in England -They lived in Quonset huts in Hereford -He was still in the Military Police while he was in Hereford -Carrying out patrols and arresting anyone who violated military protocol -They were considered to be a reserve unit -Just waiting to be assigned a destination in Europe -They were allowed to go to pubs at night and have a few beers -Just had to be back by midnight -There were a couple times that he was out late and had to sneak back to camp -Hereford was a small town and a nice town, but there wasn’t much to do -Had gotten to Scotland on November 9, 1944 -So he was stationed in England for the fall and winter of 1944 (00:15:55) Advancing into Germany -From Le Havre, France the moved into Germany -As they advanced into Germany they had some small skirmishes -Remembers one particular skirmish in Saarlautern (now Saarlouis), Germany -He was camped out in the basement of a destroyed home -Would stand guard in the bombed out living room for three hours at a time -It was usually quiet, but one night Germans began to bombard their position -Got down on his knees and prayed -Bombardment lasted roughly four or five hours -The day after the attack about a dozen German soldiers came and surrendered -Remembers that the town was completely destroyed -German soldiers would hide in the sewers and take shots at GIs trying to get water -Also remembers that the Germans would booby trap their dead -The Germans that surrendered in Saarlautern were just a distraction -Allowed for the larger group of Germans to escape -Skirmish in Saarlautern was most likely sometime in March 1945 -Travelled from France to Germany in trucks and in “40 and 8” box cars -40 and 8 box car: capable of carrying forty men or eight horses -Had made it to Linz, Austria by time the war ended on May 8, 1945 -As the Allies advanced across Europe they mopped up any remaining German forces -Remembers an encounter in Germany while walking along a road �-Heard some shots and everyone found cover -One man was hit and the medic that went to help was shot too -The captain called up a tank to root out the German forces in the woods -The German soldiers surrendered and came out, but were not wearing uniforms -They were all executed site on scene for killing the medic in cold blood -He was part of E Company 2nd Battalion 260th Infantry Regiment 65th Infantry Division (00:25:47) End of the War in Europe -The war ended on May 8, 1945 when they were in Linz, Austria -Remembers when the surrender of Germany was announced -Remembers General Patton and a Soviet general coming to inspect them -Remembers Patton having a high pitched voice -Had respect for Patton because he was a man that took action -Didn’t learn about character flaws until later (00:28:50) Post-War Duties -Stayed in Austria after the war ended and moved into the countryside -A lot of civilians had been displaced and were trying to make their way back home -Soviets were on one side of the railroad tracks and the Americans were on the other side -Americans slept in barns so as not to kick any civilians out of their homes -The Soviets would take over houses even if they were still occupied -He did befriend some Soviet soldiers and got along well with them -The civilians would follow the Americans as territories changed hands after the war -Didn’t want to get stuck in an area that was controlled by the Soviets -Fear of reprisals from the Soviet soldiers -Remembers a lot of people were just trying to find a stable place to live (00:31:17) Living Conditions -Slept in sleeping bags on the ground or in abandoned houses if they were available -Lived off of rations -When they got more rations they were also given fresh underwear and fresh socks -He always made sure to keep an extra pair of socks in his pants pocket -The rations weren’t bad, especially when you were hungry (00:33:38) Morale, Downtime, and Discipline Problems -Morale was pretty good in his unit -One man had a nervous breakdown, but everyone else calmly accepted the situation -Doesn’t remember his unit taking any other casualties besides the soldier and the medic -He would write letters home to his parents when he got a chance -Letters were censored -Received mail every two or three weeks -Pretty much everyone smoked cigarettes during the war -Something to do to unwind -Men could go into abandoned shops and get bottles of alcohol -Never became a problem in his unit though (00:36:45) Interactions with Civilians -Remembers befriending an Austrian farmer -Traded American white bread for Austrian brown bread -Enjoyed the brown bread more because it was more filling -The farmer enjoyed the white bread because it was a luxury �-The civilians that he encountered were friendly towards American soldiers -Majority of civilians that he encountered were farmers (00:38:56) Coming Home -When they got back to Le Havre Bob Hope was performing nearby -He wasn’t able to go see him though due to a lack of transportation -They occasionally got to see movies when he was back in Le Havre -Had to wait in Le Havre for six months before a ship came to take them home -While in Le Havre he would drive a truck to the docks to collect mail -Did it just to keep himself occupied since there was nothing to do -He was able to take a few trips to Paris -Got to take an Army organized trip to Switzerland -Got to go skiing -Treated to chocolate and ice cream -Trip lasted two weeks -Came home aboard the SS Ernie Pyle -Arrived in the United States and was taken to Fort Dix, New Jersey for a few days -Allowed to eat whatever he wanted -Sent to Camp McCoy, Wisconsin and was discharged from there in June 1946 -Took a train back to Chicago and then took a streetcar to his home -It was a quiet homecoming, but he was just glad to be back home (00:43:18) Reflections on Service Pt. 1 -Feels that it was a wonderful experience -Gave him a chance to see the world and take part in the Second World War -Believes that he has a positive outlook on it because he wasn’t wounded -Proud to have been able to serve his country -Afforded him the opportunity to go to college on the GI Bill -Appreciates the fact that he got to serve -Probably had some depression after the war -Wasn’t severe and his parents were able to help him through it (00:45:07) Life after the War -He went to college for four years at Eureka College in Illinois -Graduated from there in 1950 with a bachelor’s degree in psychology -Wound up getting into sales -Worked for United Airlines after graduating from college -Worked all over the country: -Rockford, Illinois -Walla Walla, Washington -Pendleton, Oregon -Toledo, Ohio -Worked for them for a year -Loaded airplanes and collected tickets from passengers -Quit United Airlines and got a job as a salesman for Mars Candy Company -Worked as a salesman for them for thirty five years (00:47:41) Reflections on Service Pt. 2 -Helped him to mature -Taught him to accept things in life even if you don’t like them �-Feels that he was treated fairly by his superiors -Gave two years and four months of his life to the Army -Readjusted well to being a civilian again � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LammE1754V Title A name given to the resource Lamm, Edgar (Interview outline and video), 2015 Description An account of the resource Edgar Lamm was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 14, 1925. He grew up in Chicago and was drafted into the Army in February 1944. He received basic training at Fort Custer, Michigan and then Military Police training at Fort Custer and Fort Jackson, South Carolina. He was sent to the European Theatre and arrived in Scotland on November 9, 1944. He was stationed in Hereford, England with the Military Police for the rest of 1944 and was sent to France in late January 1945 as an infantryman. He was assigned to E Company 2nd Battalion 260th Infantry Regiment 65th Infantry Division. He took part in the advance into Germany and was in Linz, Austria when the war ended on May 8, 1945. He was stationed in Austria until he was sent back to Le Havre, France waiting to be sent home. In the late spring of 1945 he was sent back to the United States and was discharged from Camp McCoy, Wisconsin in June 1946. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lamm, Edgar Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moore, Debra (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-04 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ffa30c17df824940b74b6381991f8bef.jpg 26952db4bd22e417d16d710dfbbf8d1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_Films_B_012 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1936-09-20 Title A name given to the resource Lamont artifacts Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Lamont artifacts including part of a skull. Subject The topic of the resource Archaeology Hopkins (Mich.) Mammoths Allegan County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/136866f29fb260412a0dee7aaa6be88a.jpg aea2702f0eb907d7448725845548d87e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LampeDonna Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lampe, Donna Description An account of the resource Donna Lampe Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/28b1253af5b40e0b27dccb1de5fb9a1c.m4v 0c643db7e2974fbda9019d16b2cf352c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8d7b9bdcf93f5eaed72d536b6920365a.pdf eca6290744b281e5bdae9616bdfc0760 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Tim Lamphere Cold War, Gulf War, & Iraq War 27 minutes 35 seconds (00:00:08) Early Life -Born on February 14, 1967 -Attended Ionia High School in Ionia, Michigan -Lived in a small town named Muir in Ionia County (00:01:02) Enlisting in the Army -Enlisted in the Army after he graduated from high school -Chose the Army because he knew he could get specialized training in the Army (00:01:32) Training Pt. 1 -Basic training came as a culture shock after growing up in a rural, Michigan town -Different people and different treatment than he was used to (00:02:00) Iraq War -He was still in the Army when the Iraq War began in March 2003 -First time in Iraq he served at Camp Anaconda (Balad Air Base) -Logistical supply hub -30,000 to 40,000 American troops -Base of operations for missions in the area -On another deployment he was stationed at Al-Mahmoudiyah -Rural town south of Baghdad -Last tour in Iraq was at Camp Liberty -Approximately 40,000 troops stationed there (00:03:14) Duty in the Army -Started as an infantryman -Attended and completed Ranger School -Spent three years with a Ranger battalion out of Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia -Transferred to the 82nd Airborne Division as a Ranger -Served with them for 11 years (00:04:04) Panama & the Gulf War -Fought in Operation Just Cause in Panama -Invasion of Panama in late 1989 to depose Manuel Noriega -Fought in the Gulf War (August 1990-February 1991) (00:04:17) Combat Experiences Pt. 1 -One of his most memorable combat experiences was getting wounded in Iraq -Most shocking combat experience happened in Ramadi, Iraq -Went through a doorway and an enemy soldier fired at him -His rifle jammed and he charged the combatant, tackling and suppressing him -Initially afraid, but once you go into combat you have to react without fear -A lot of realistic training and good leaders prepared him for combat (00:06:19) Process to Become a Ranger -Start out with Army basic training -Complete Advanced Individual Training as an infantryman -Signed up for and completed Airborne (paratrooper) School -Upon completion of Airborne School he was interviewed by Ranger recruiters �-Did the Ranger Induction Program -Three week program -Proving your mental and physical skills -Courses, scenarios, and field exercises -All forms of training were difficult at times -Being deprived of things you're used to having -Even in basic training you're not on your own schedule -Adapted after a first few weeks (00:08:30) Reflections on Service Pt. 1 -Army provided him with structure he may not have had without it -Allowed him to become more mature and have focus (00:08:58) Length of Deployments -Operation Just Cause (Panama) lasted 30 days for him -Gulf War lasted seven and a half months with 30 days of actual combat -First tour in Iraq lasted one year -Second tour in Iraq lasted seven months -Supposed to be a year, but he got wounded -Third tour in Iraq lasted 11 months (00:09:49) Conditions in Iraq -Gulf War prepared him for his tours in Iraq -Introduced him to Arabic culture and the Middle Eastern environment -Heat was unpleasant, but adaptable -Had to constantly stay hydrated to replenish water lost from sweat (00:10:53) Contact with Family -Periodically communicated with his family while on deployments -Always in a leadership position which limited his time available to communicate with home -Army provided soldiers with good means to communicate with family -Contacted home once a week, or at least a few times a month -Sometimes it was better not to tell family everything -Would worry them too much if they knew as much as he could tell them (00:11:40) Friendships in the Army -Being a leader meant he couldn't make friends as much as lower ranking soldiers -Had a responsibility to be impartial and functional as a leader (00:12:19) Downtime -Most soldiers spent their downtime playing sports -Football and soccer were popular choices for the men -Had to play soccer on hard, rocky fields -Usually kicked rocks more than the actual soccer ball -Able to celebrate holidays if they weren't on a mission -Remembers making sure they celebrated one holiday on one tour -Did it to boost the morale of younger soldiers on their first deployment -If they weren't on a mission they still didn't have downtime -Spent the days doing training and recovery -Preparing equipment for future missions -Cleaning and maintaining weapons, vehicles, and equipment -If you weren't busy with training and recovery you got extra sleep -Extremely difficult to find time to sleep -Had to spend most of his time preparing for missions -Usually got four hours of sleep each night �(00:15:50) Combat Experiences Pt. 2 -Combat operations varied depending on circumstances -A routine patrol or an escort mission could turn into a combat situation -If a convoy got attacked they would have to engage the enemy -Usually lasted 30 minutes to an hour -If they encountered Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) that took more time -Had to call in Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technicians to deal with the IED -The more time they spent in an area the more likely they would get attacked -Remembers being awake for three days on one mission -Most combat situations were close quarters combat -Had only one experience with hand-hand combat -Enemy was usually 50 to 100 yards away (00:18:20) Reflections on Service Pt. 2 -Army helped develop his core values as a person -Courage, honor, duty, loyalty, respect and integrity -Molded his approach to situations (00:19:00) Casualties in Iraq -Took casualties at the start of the Iraq War -Had fellow soldiers die in his arms -Survived the total destruction of vehicles where he was the sole survivor -Struggled a little with civilian life after experiencing combat and death -Long deployments, combat, and death made him emotionally numb (00:20:25) Coming Home Pt. 1 -Always happy to see his family when he came home -Slept a lot when he came home -Spent the months between deployments trying to enjoy himself (00:20:51) Reflections on Service Pt. 3 -If he served again he would pursue a higher rank -Had promotion opportunities and he didn't pursue them -Enjoyed working with smaller units as a result of having a lower rank -More focus on the soldiers under your command (00:21:39) End of Service Pt. 1 -Retired from the Army after 26 years -Periodically reaches out to friends he made in the Army -Not as much as he thought he would have -Life as a civilian has improved -Amazed by how easy it is to get a job if you have experience in the Army (00:23:00) Coming Home Pt. 2 -Had a good experience being welcomed home by the community -It takes a while to decompress after seeing combat -Each day is better than the last -After a few months he felt more like a civilian again (00:23:55) Veterans' Organizations -Does a little work with the American Legion -Helping veterans get compensation and medical care through the American Legion (00:24:11) End of Service Pt. 2 -Body was getting too old for service -Wanted to retire of his own accord rather than be forcibly retired for health reasons �(00:24:36) Awards & Commendations -Received two Bronze Stars with Valor ('V') devices -Means being awarded a Bronze Star for valor as opposed to merit in a combat zone -Received a Purple Heart for getting wounded in Iraq -Received various Army commendations -One Bronze Star was awarded for his actions in Ramadi -Sometimes feels guilty for receiving a Bronze Star -Just doing his job -Took over in the absence of his commander and directed flight guard over Ramadi (00:25:55) Opinion of Government -Feels that Congressional policy doesn't always reflect reality -Policy limits what soldiers can/cannot do in combat -Unrealistic because enemy doesn't abide by the Rules of Engagement (00:26:50) Reflections on Service Pt. 4 -Would do it again -Wanted to be a soldier since he was a child -Service in the Army worked out like he thought it would -Army treated him well -Paid for his college and allowed him to have an early retirement � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LamphereT1844V Title A name given to the resource Lamphere, Timothy Patrick (Interview outline and video), 2014 Description An account of the resource Tim Lamphere was born on February 14, 1967 and grew up in Muir, Michigan. He enlisted in the Army after graduating from the high school (c. 1985). He went through basic training, advanced infantry training, Airborne School, and Ranger School. He served in Panama during Operation Just Cause, in Iraq during the Gulf War, and did three tours in Iraq during the Iraq War. On his first tour he served at Camp Anaconda, on his second tour he served at Al-Mahmoudiyah and was wounded, and his third tour was at Camp Liberty. For 11 years he served as a Ranger attached to the 82nd Airborne Division. After 26 years he retired from the Army (c. 2011). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lamphere, Timothy Patrick Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Canine, Vicente (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-11-07 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/80d36a7d633b0b1eee59ac3622501713.pdf 14a9b6442b2057081527e91e84027878 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_LGBTQ_2014_Toward-a-new-Trans-Aesthetic-Cael-Keegan.pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-11-20 Title A name given to the resource Lana Wachowski's The Matrix: Toward a new Trans Aesthetic Description An account of the resource Poster with a synopsis on the topic and speaker, as well as the information of the event, including the date, time and place. Subject The topic of the resource Sexual minorities Community centers Transgender Day of Remembrance Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Rainbow Resource Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/69f97a8d7ea078cddb643e9080d00913.jpg 65e676907239d823cf7e795457f40707 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1088 Title A name given to the resource Lancaster bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Lancaster British B (bomber), October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e1978d8769bc557b92eacd3b06ce210.jpg a59bbd3fb73c406632bdc846739bb575 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1089 Title A name given to the resource Lancaster bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Lancaster British B (bomber), October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/55902256bb79f3c2f5ed8f3a2e395176.jpg a68c3eec14b3ef125c1ba6bf6127542c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1444 Title A name given to the resource Lancaster British heavy bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource British-RAF-H/B, Lancaster, May 27, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Great Britain World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-05-27 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/061bd86c8d80073cbae3011aff122908.jpg e9d87200a077062c6f0f103644a2f2ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1443 Title A name given to the resource Lancaster four-engine heavy bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Avro Lancaster is a British four-engine WWII heavy bomber made initially for the royal Air Force. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Great Britain Military education World War, 1939-1945 Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/689747848164da0f646d1c4db4d68c53.jpg 61a50943e9adeabdc32d4e85686f31ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1650 Title A name given to the resource Lancaster I M British heavy bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Lancaster British I M heavy bomber, circa 1945. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9f8a053dcb3033e63dc002248b5ed960.mp4 b60f7aff1e7663c4810e72d82377da04 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/de2e47e62c93f6893544c1d9fc8b26f4.pdf e906777f8aa44b76dc56811358a9bfbe PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Dale Lancaster Cold War-Post Korean War 45 minutes 41 seconds (00:00:39) Early Life -Born in Wyoming, Michigan on June 6, 1931 -Grew up there -Father worked for Nash-Kelvinator as a sprayer -Sprayed the enamel on the boxes of refrigerators -Never went hungry during the Great Depression -Mother stayed at home -Had four siblings (00:02:00) World War Two -Remembers hearing about Pearl Harbor from his neighbors -Collected scrap metal for the war effort -Tin cans were especially wanted -Had air raid drills -Got under your desk at school -Paid a lot of attention to the war -Kept track of where the troops were in the world -Got most of his information via the radio -Remembers hearing about the invasion of France on June 6, 1944 (00:04:08) Pre-Army Life -Graduated from high school in 1949 -Went to Grand Rapids Junior College (now Grand Rapids Community College) -Transferred to Western Michigan University -Majored in secondary education with a focus on social studies -Government, history, geography, economics, and psychology -Started the psychology department at East Grand Rapids High School -Graduated from Western Michigan University in 1954 -Got married in June 1954 (00:06:08) Getting Drafted -Got drafted in December 1954 -First he had ever heard about getting drafted -December 8, 1954 he reported for duty -Went to Detroit for his draft physical (00:07:27) Basic Training -Sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri for basic training -Buildings at Fort Leonard Wood were wooden -Had to have a fire watch because the buildings were heated by a coal stove -Men were a variety of ages and from all over the country -Remembers one recruit from Louisiana that had never taken a shower in his �entire life -Received rifle training -He had never shot a gun in his life -Some men from Minnesota helped him learn how to shoot -Wound up getting the Sharpshooter Qualification Badge -Second highest marksmanship badge -Days started early with physical training -Went on long marches -Recruits were punished with extra physical training -It was difficult for him to adjust to the Army -Missed his wife -Had no trouble adjusting to the discipline aspect though -Basic training lasted six weeks (00:12:58) Advanced Training -Had advanced training that was another six weeks -More physical training -Received combat engineer training -Putting together Bailey bridges -Portable, temporary bridges that could be quickly assembled and disassembled -Some men would go to Waynesville, Missouri to buy prostitutes -He would just spend his downtime in the library -Wife stayed in Michigan during his training -Got to visit his wife on leave after his training was complete -Only given a week of leave though (00:15:33) Deployment to Europe -Volunteered to go overseas because he didn't want to be stuck on a base in the U.S. -Volunteered specifically for service in Europe -Got assigned to a duty station in West Germany -Took a Victory Ship to Europe -Got seasick -Left out of New York City -Took twelve days to cross the Atlantic Ocean (00:17:16) Arrival in West Germany -Went to Heidelberg, West Germany -At the time it was headquarters for the Army in Europe -Got interviewed by a drunken sergeant -Assigned to the historical division in Karlsruhe -Working with former German generals -Writing military history and teach them English -He went to Karlsruhe and showed up at the historical division, completely unexpected (00:19:53) Stationed at Karlsruhe -Mostly college graduates in the historical division -More officers than enlisted men -About twenty five men in the outfit -They were in Smiley Barrakcs �-Old SS barracks -Not part of a larger base -Had to get security clearance to work in the historical division -Background check conducted by the FBI -Mostly just talking with relatives to see if he was a security threat -While waiting to get security clearance he would go on mail runs to Heidelberg -Had a German driver and a staff car -Looked official, so he got saluted a lot -Only about fifty miles from Heidelberg -There was still a lot of evidence of the war -Giant rubble heaps covered in grass -Hope was to create manmade hills that were more asthetically pleasing -German civilians had to cooperate with the Americans -Rented an apartment with his wife -Neither he, nor his wife, could speak German -She spent a lot of time cooking meals -Went to a park in Karlsruhe together -Socialized with other American military couples living in the apartment complex -German economy was weak, so the U.S. dollar was still strong -Made buying things easy -Could travel Western Europe on a private's salary (00:26:17) Working in the U.S. Army Historical Division -Handling top secret documents -They were relatively close to the East German border -There was a level of tension -Would have been overrun if the Soviets had attacked -Collecting information from German officers on how to fight the Russians -Using their information to create effective strategies -Learning from the Germans mistakes in World War Two -He worked with Hitler's chief of staff, Franz Halder -Seemed to be a nice man -Thought that Hitler was an idiot that didn't know anything about strategy -Most of the generals on the base blamed Hitler for everything that happened -Also tried to distance themselves from any former allegiance to the Nazi Party -Franz Halder had been placed under arrest during the war for contesting Hitler -This allowed him to escape prosecution during the Nuremburg Trials -He would work with a detachment of officers on projects -Preparing strategies to deal with a possible war with the Soviet Union -Learned that Soviet troops were considered highly expendable -Ex. Soviet troops would be sent in human waves to attack a machine gun nest -Learned that Soviet troops were not good soldiers -Most of them were conscripts with very little training -Worked with a Jewish private that was a good man -Had a colonel that insisted that the men in the historical division got exercise �-One afternoon, once a week, they all had to do something physical -He would play tennis -It was great because it basically meant having the afternoon off (00:35:07) Cold War Events -Remembers the 1956 Hungarian Revolution -There was talk that their time would be extended -Did not come to fruition because the U.S. did not get involved -Bases were placed on a higher state of alert -President Eisenhower alluded that there might have been American intervention -Aware of the U2 flights -Received monthly intelligence reports -Consisted of detailed aerial photographs of the Soviet Union -Remembers the Gary Powers U2 Incident in 1960 -Gary Powers was shot down over Russia and captured -Later exchanged for a Soviet spy in 1962 (00:38:02) Chronologist Duty -His other duty at Karlsruhe was as a U.S. Army Europe chronologist -Keeping a daily record of troop movements in Europe -It was dull work, but it was vital -Officers would routinely come in to see where a unit was in Europe -Tracked troops in West Germany and France (00:40:13) End of Service Pt. 1 -Had an offer to be a civilian worker for the Army in Algeria -Turned it down because he wanted to go back to the United States -Would have done the same type of clerical work in Algeria, just as a civilian (00:41:00) Black Market -There was a booming cigarette black market in West Germany at the time -Another GI approached him and asked if he wanted to take over his black market -Turned it down because he didn't want to risk getting arrested (00:42:00) Coming Home & End of Service Pt. 2 -Left Germany in November 1956 -Got discharged from the Army at Fort Hamilton, New York -Got to see the Statue of Liberty when he returned to the U.S. (00:42:32) Life after Service -He was in the inactive reserves for six years -Got a job at East Grand Rapids High School -Had sent an application letter to the school while he was still in Germany -Got hired while he was still in Germany -Started teaching there in January 1957 -Taught there for twenty five years -After teaching at East Grand Rapids he taught World War Two classes at Aquinas College -Got paid a small amount, but mostly did it for fun (00:44:17) Reflections on Service -Learned to take care of himself -Worthwhile experience for him �-Especially considering that he got to handle an historical aspect of the Army � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_LancasterD1730V Title A name given to the resource Lancaster, Dale G (Interview outline and video), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-02-12 Description An account of the resource Dale Lancaster was born in Wyoming, Michigan on June 6, 1931. After graduating from college with a degree in social studies and getting married in 1954, he was drafted in December of that year. He was sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri for basic training and engineering training. Upon completing those twelve weeks of training he volunteered for a deployment in Europe. He was assigned to a duty station in West Germany, and after reporting for duty in Heidelberg, he was sent to Karlsruhe to work with the U.S. Army Historical Division due to his college education in history. His primary duty there was to work with former German generals to prepare a strategy to deal with the Soviet Union in case it ever attacked Western Europe. In November 1956 he left West Germany and was discharged from the Army at Fort Hamilton, New York. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lancaster, Dale G. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dfcfc8bda9440cca8696d46f532004c9.mp4 6b77546bb7d90055cfa7522d37c97ec8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3dc88f5604c8937bf9f3a7ae3a3adb0d.pdf aa433c65a7ca456f1f48f13ac275deb9 PDF Text Text Lancaster, Duane Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Vietnam War Interviewee’s Name: Duane Lancaster Length of Interview: (56:22) Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Lyndsay Curatolo Interviewer: “We’re talking today with Duane Lancaster of Fort Lauderdale, Florida and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay Duane, start us off with some background on yourself and to begin with, where and when were you born?” Okay. I was born on Burlingame on August 16th, 1942. Interviewer: “Okay. That’s Burlingame Avenue as in Grand Rapids?” Yeah. Yeah. It was known as Grand Rapids and it used to be a hill there and now it’s–– Interviewer: “Well how far south on Burlingame were you?” Well it was–– we were at the top of that, what used to be the hill. You see, it was 28th so it was probably around 36th or something. Interviewer: “Okay, alright.” Rogers Plaza [on 28th St. SW] is there now. Interviewer: “Alright.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Okay, so a whole lot less there then. So that was largely still farms at that point for the area?” Yeah. �Interviewer: “Okay. Alright, and then did you grow up in Grand Rapids?” I grew up in Grand Rapids. I went to Michigan State and then I–– my first job was as a sports writer in Saginaw. Interviewer: “Okay, so let’s back up here a little bit. What did your family do for a living when you were a kid?” Well my dad was a–– he worked at Kelvinator and he sprayed enamel on refrigerators. And the poor guy did that for 34 years. Then they, I guess, his last couple years there somebody thought it’d be a good idea if they wore masks. So he died of emphysema. He had in–– 34 years he was there. My mom was a housewife. She never did have a formal job. (2:14). Interviewer: “Okay. Alright, and so you’re born during World War II?” Yes. Interviewer: “Okay, and so you would’ve been too young to really remember any of that probably.” That’s correct. I don’t remember the surrender or anything, and I missed Pearl Harbor. That’s a big history event that I missed. I also missed the Magna Carta but–– Interviewer: “Okay, alright. So when did you graduate from high school?” I graduated from high school–– and as a matter of fact I’m up here for our 60th class reunion–– but I graduated in 1961 from Wyoming Park High School. Interviewer: “Okay, alright. You went to Michigan State from there––” Well no, I went to Grand Rapids Junior College Center and then I graduated from Michigan State in 1965. When they were actually good in football. Interviewer: “They have been periodically, even in more recent years. Alright, okay. So you do that and then you got your job as a journalist in––” Saginaw, Michigan. Interviewer: “–– Saginaw, Michigan. Now, have you registered for the draft by then?” �No I hadn’t. No I hadn’t. In fact it all started, it was July of–– about a month after I graduated and I got a notice from my draft board that asks, “How come we no longer have a 2-S deferment for you?” And I, being quite gullible, wrote back, “Because I graduated.” Within three days I got a notice that said to report for my physical at Fort Wayne. Interviewer: “Okay, and that’s in Detroit?” In Detroit there. Canada was right across–– I remember looking at it and thinking about it and I finally was more scared to do that than I was to face whatever would come down. (4:05). Interviewer: “Alright. Well that’s still 1965, so––” Yeah. Yeah. This was the June of ‘65 so–– Interviewer: “–– so Vietnam has only just really started to heat up in terms of the ground war. We don’t––” Correct, yeah. Interviewer: “–– and we don’t have a lot of casualties coming back or things like that. It’s just something in the news. Okay? Alright––” And when I was at [Michigan] State I was never a big, vocal protester of the war. I did my best to ignore it as a matter of fact. So I never like laid across the street in protest of all that. Interviewer: “Well there wasn’t too much. Most of that stuff, at least what is famous, came later.” Yeah. Yeah. Right. Interviewer: “So at the time you were there–– I mean while you were still in school were you aware that, what was going on?” I was aware of Vietnam but like I said, my biggest concern was just to ignore it. I tried to pretend it didn’t happen, and I didn’t have any great political feelings about it. The only thing was I don’t want my butt to get involved in it. I didn’t have any strong feelings one way or the other about how the government should be run or anything like that. It just–– just count me out. Interviewer: “Didn’t really want to be bothered with it?” �That’s correct. Interviewer: “Alright. Okay, so now when they did the physical at Fort Wayne, how seriously did they take that?” Well, I remember telling them that I had a lot of things wrong with me. I told them that I had a criminal record–– that I bought beer for my little brother once. I told ‘em I had a really bad knee and I got to do an extra knee bend before he said, “You’re alright.” And I told ‘em I wet the bed, which nobody believed. The funny thing about that was that when I got out, all these things had cleared up. I said, “No. The Army must’ve really fixed me up” because I don’t have any of that problem anymore but–– (6:08). Interviewer: “Okay, so they passed you just fine.” Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah, sure. Interviewer: “Alright. So you’re going to get the okay, but you have the physical, then you just go home?” Yeah. Yeah. Interviewer: “Now did you get a draft notice?” Yes I actually did. I did have the greetings. Interviewer: “Okay. Now when did you get that?” That was probably in maybe September of that year. Interviewer: “Okay, and then what did you do after you got that notice?” That, then I says, “Hey, I better find a Reserve unit somewhere.” That’s the first time I started thinking about it. And I was really fortunate because I was a sports writer, and they still do it–– newspapers have a football tabloid where they prepare stuff for the high schools and all that. And it just so happened that one of the stories I did was with the Midland High School Coach Greer, who happened to be the Captain of the local reserve unit. And he–– he’s obviously the one who got me in. But the basic training logs were so backed up that I didn’t–– I was in the Reserves for about six months before I had to go to basic training. �Interviewer: “Okay, so once you enlist in the Reserves, now are you–– do you not do anything until after basic training?” No I–– no. I got the six months and it counted towards my six years. Interviewer: “Okay, but did you go to the local Reserve meetings?” Yes. Yes. I had to go to the drills and I guess I was a private which is a non-rank. I wasn’t–– (8:01). Interviewer: “Yeah. It’s sort of–– you have, you know, the Buck Privates or whatever, well you’re not even first class.” No. No. That’s right. Yeah. Yeah. You had to get out of basic I think to be given PFC. Interviewer: “At least. If not, something like that.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Usually, you know, but by the time anyone who went to Vietnam was at least a PFC, but anyway, yeah. You’re not really–– so what did you do at the drills and stuff there in those first six months?” Well we would drill. We would go out into parking lots and drill. And that was another thing I wasn’t very proficient at, was drilling. I remember in basic a drill that–– it was something like first Squads to the Rear March and second, and you’re supposed to end up all together at the end, and we ended up streaming all. Yeah. So, no I didn’t like to drill but that’s what we did. I don’t– – I don’t think we had any particular classes or anything. It was mostly drill and what you had to do was two days a month or we could go four days at a four-hour drill at night. They were usually on Saturday and Sunday and–– or Thursday nights for four hours. Interviewer: “Okay, and what kind of mix of people were in your unit in terms of how old they were, their backgrounds?” Well, there weren’t very many Blacks I remember. In fact, I remember no Blacks. They were all from the Saginaw area. Interviewer: “And did you have people who had been active duty veterans who were back or were these––” �I ran across those only when we went to summer camp. And we’d have attachees, which I always thought was unfair because these guys had actually been in the real game. And they would always get the crap jobs of barracks or KP detail or something. And wear the yellow berets–– and the captain or whoever the head of the unit was, knew we had to go back and drill with these guys. So they always took care of us and he crapped on the real ones. And I always thought that was a really lousy thing that a guy who had actually been in and would have to go back and mess with us candlestick makers. (10:55). Interviewer: “Right. Okay, now what kind of unit was the one at Saginaw?” It was a military police unit. So after basic I had to go to Fort Gordon to military police school. Interviewer: “Okay. Alright, so you’re military police now, did you–– but you’re only–– so when you were doing those drills, before you went off to basic or to your advanced training, did you do anything with your unit that actually related to what MPs did?” Well during summer camp we would act as the police force for the–– we could give a speeding ticket and all such things. Interviewer: “But you hadn’t gone to summer camp yet, before you went to basic because you went––” No. No. I’d gone to basic before. Interviewer: “So when did you go to basic?” Finally–– I know it was in the winter so it must’ve been like January of that year, and I went to Fort Leonard Wood. And probably the thing I remember most about that was that the only thing that they seemed to spend much time on was the rifle range. We went out for three of our eight weeks on the rifle range and again I was pretty horrible at that. We had M14s and I got a black eye because I’d flinch every time, when I would shoot. True story: we had to qualify, I think 35 was a marksman out of maybe 120 shots. And the targets we shot at were pop-up targets, anywhere from 50 to 350 and they’d stay up for ten seconds. Interviewer: “That’s 50 feet away?” Yeah 50. Maybe–– no it was yards. It was either 50 yards away or 350. And the first time I went out there, I looked down at my barrel and I crossed and I got a 12, which might set a record for the lowest number of–– a 12. And they obviously wanted to know what was wrong and I told ‘em about seeing two barrels. So the next day I go out and they put a patch on my eye so now �I’m like John Wayne in True Grit, hunting for these dumb things, and I got a 17. And I just imagined this now, they’re saying “Hey! The basic training units are all backed up and we got this clown from the reserves who can’t hit the broad side of anything. We got to do something.” So the third day I go out there and I don’t think I fired 30 times. I got a 49. So I got the rifle with the little sling on it and everything and I was a sharpshooter. So when I went back to my unit and couldn’t hit the broad side of anything I just said, “It’s gotta be the weapon because it says here I’m a sharpshooter.” (14:04). Interviewer: “Now when you were in basic were you in a group that was all reservists?” Yes. 80 percent of my unit was–– were–– reservists, and so we won the mule for the next cycle by being the worst unit. Like I said, about 80 percent of us were ERs and NGs. “ER 7748074 Sir.” Yeah, we won Zeke the mule for the next unit that goes there. And, we were all pretty good on the written test, but the PT test and the drill tests were just horrible. Interviewer: “Okay. Now were–– had a lot of these guys been to college?” Yeah. Most of ‘em were. I–– almost, you almost had to be in college to get into the Reserves. So yeah. And then–– and most of us were a bit older, in our 20’s, so I didn’t have the big thing of missing home and things like that, but I wasn’t in shape like these 17 year old guys and everything, so that was really hard for me. I think you had to run a mile in six minutes or something and I did it in eight or something. Yeah. So I was not very physically up on- and I smoked then, so. Interviewer: “Okay, and how did the drill instructors treat you?” The biggest thing I remember about our particular Sergeant Fada was he could not say a sentence without using the “F-word.” Everything was “Effing outstanding” and there was one I, for some reason, I really feared. His name was Sergeant Purcell and he was–– he must’ve been a Native Indian or something but I was really afraid of him. When he spoke, I listened. The other ones kind of went in one ear and out the other, but. Purcell I was quite–– yeah. (16:15). Interviewer: “Alright. How much of an emphasis was there on discipline there?” Well, there was quite a bit of emphasis. I didn’t take it that seriously, but yeah there was–– well there was–– they didn’t put up with too much back talk or mouthing off. Yeah. Interviewer: “As far as you could tell, did they treat the people who were actual draftees or ones going onto active duty–– do they treat them any differently from you or––” �Well, we thought so. We thought we were picked on because they always ask your service number and if you were regular Army it was RA something, and I’d say ER and right away that was ten push-ups. Interviewer: “And were, I think, draftees maybe U.S. or they had something––” Yeah.Yeah. Interviewer: “–– but a draftee is still going in for, you know, real action.” Yeah. Interviewer: “But the enlisted–– but ERs, Enlisted Reserve, and so that’s––” Oh yeah. I thought we were picked on anyway. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you get disciplined in different ways yourself?” No, not personally I don’t remember getting–– no. I had my regular tour at KP and watching a brick building–– a fire watch–– at two in the morning but everybody did that. Interviewer: “There’s the regular rotation of duties and things everybody does. Now with the whole platoon or group you were training with sometimes be punished for something doing extra push-ups or whatever?” I don’t really remember that happening. The whole unit was–– Interviewer: “Yeah. And were there men in your unit who were–– who screwed up in a way that they got attention from the drill instructors or was it all fairly––” It was all fairly. Yeah, you know. (18:08). Interviewer: “Okay because I think that experience varies a lot just depending on what unit you’re trying––” Oh yeah, and if I had taken it seriously I guess it would’ve been kind of bad. But, one of the reasons I just couldn’t take it seriously is we would have classes–– probably up to 50 people–– and I remember our instructor one time saying, “Alright, you’re sitting in a rice paddy and a Viet Cong comes up. Charlie comes up behind you and puts a weapon on you. What are you going to do?” Well, geez. I’m going to surrender and tell them whatever they want. And he said, “No. �You go ‘Ha!’ and you carry his rifle with this hand.” Are you kidding me? Are you serious? So I just couldn’t take that and that was an introduction to hand-to-hand combat–– which we spent an afternoon on. And that was the thing that–– I think that if they’re going to send me to Vietnam, I would have demanded to go through it again. And I’ll pay attention this time because the rifle range was the only thing we spent any amount of time on. A half-day on hand-to-hand combat, a half-day on throwing a grenade, and just brushing over things. And I said, “They really sent people with this kind of training to [Vietnam].” Yeah it was–– Interviewer: “Well the Infantryman would have had at least advanced individuals––” Yeah, right. This, of course, was going on before I went to military police school. Interviewer: “This is just general for everybody.” Yeah. Yeah. Interviewer: “And at that point they didn’t have that many people back yet from Vietnam who actually knew what was going to happen.” No, that’s true. Yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, so how long did basic training last?” Eight weeks. Actually ours was nine because we got started a week late because there was a snowstorm in Michigan and our plane didn’t take off. But I was there nine weeks and then they sent me to Fort Garden for another eight weeks. So a total of 17 weeks, and the week that we didn’t train they just sent us around the camp and we had to pick up litter and things like that. But I was–– I guess it was alright. (20:32). Interviewer: “Yeah. So you were late, so you missed the start of your regular training.” Yeah. And then they had to start with the next third cycle to start. Interviewer: “But they’re starting every week––” Yeah. Interviewer: “So what was Fort Leonard Wood like? What do you remember about the place?” �Well, I went there in February. I remember it was cold, very cold. And I remember before breakfast we had to swing on the monkey bars and I couldn’t do that. I’d have to go in and hang there and I got blisters from doing that. So I thought I could get out of it by not going to breakfast but they made me do it anyway, to go to breakfast. The only thing I heard a lot of gripes about that I didn’t think was so bad was the food. The food wasn’t that bad. It was–– called it Shit on a Shingle and that was pretty good, I thought. Yeah, but everything else they said about it was true. Interviewer: “How did they get you from Fort Leonard Wood to Fort Gordon?” We flew. Interviewer: “Okay, and were you flying on commercial planes or?” Yeah. We were on commercial planes. Interviewer: “Because I guess your class would have split-up and gone in different directions from basics so you’re not going as a group somewhere.” Yeah. Most of us had been–– because we were in the Reserves–– were predestined to where we’d go after that anyway. Interviewer: “Now, did you pick MP or did they pick that for you?” No, that just happened to be the Reserve Unit. And I never did get out on police duty. I was a clerk typist. They had enough sense to keep me in from that, and the cruddy thing about that I always thought was patrol, you had to learn when an officer’s car was going by so you could salute it. And I wouldn’t know that, I’d look around and look for a blue sticker on that foot. No, I was just a clerk typist, so I didn’t have to–– (22:35). Interviewer: “So describe the training at Fort Gordon.” The main thing I remember about Fort Gordon’s training was we practiced with a .45 and for some reason I wasn’t that bad with a .45. I actually, legitimately, qualified with that. And–– now let’s see, what was–– the classes. The classes on the Uniform Code of Military Justice. They were so boring and I remember there was a guy that stood in the back with a big, long stick and he’d bonk you on the head with it if you’d dozed off. And that got to be so bad that–– and then by then I had not totally gotten over, but I wasn’t as scared then as I was when I first went in. So us and maybe another five or six of us decided we weren’t going to those classes anymore. So when the column went around the corner, we went to these woods and slept the afternoon away. �I know we finally got caught doing that and we had to spend a day chopping down the wood and chopping down the woods in there, so that others wouldn’t do it. But yeah. I remember those classes just being just horribly dull. (24:03). Interviewer: “How did you do on the test?” Again, on the written test it was–– I did okay, but on the PT and of course, the answers wasn’t quite so much on PT there as it was in basic. Though, one of the things it reminded me of–– when I was in basic we were going to have an inspection general, where a general comes through, and I can remember it. Two in the morning, lying on my back under my bunk, straightening the wires on there. And of course when he came through he didn’t even look at us. He just drove by without–– and that’s the only time I ever saw a general, so I don’t know what they’re like. Interviewer: “Alright. What were the instructors at Fort Gordon like? Were they any different from the ones you had at Leonard Wood?” Well again, most of the instruction I had in AIT, Advanced Individual Training, was lectures in classrooms. Yeah. Whereas the one in basic was–– Interviewer: “More physical––” ––yeah. More physical stuff and–– Interviewer: “–– and that kind of stuff.” –– one of the things I remember about AIT was I did a lot of things with a Black kid named Percy–– what was his name? Percy Lam. We threw the grenades together and did hand-to-hand combat together. And I can remember at graduation they said his name and they said, “Percy Lamb–Saigon.” And he said, “Duane Lancaster–Saginaw.” And I don’t know if Saginaw sounded like Saigon or what but I could just feel that kid when we went back in line, staring at me and saying, “How come I’m going to Saigon and this white dude is going to go back to Saginaw. I always kind of wondered about Percy. I went to the Vietnam Wall and I didn’t find his name on it so hopefully Percy got through–– Interviewer: “If he went as an MP, odds are pretty high that he came through in one piece. A lot of the combat casualties––” Yeah, that’s true. That’s true. Yeah. Yeah. �Interviewer: “Yeah. And that early–– if he had gone that soon, gone in ‘66 then it wasn’t–– might not have been as bad as it would’ve been later. But yeah. Okay, yeah. He got through. Of course, he would’ve been a draftee or a regular enlistee though.” Yeah. Yeah, that’s right. He was one of the few that was–– yeah. (26:38). Interviewer: “Yeah, well now when you were at AIT did you still have a lot of reservists or did you have more guys who were going full-time?” Not as much as–– it wasn’t basic but yeah, there was maybe about half of us were ERs and NGs. Interviewer: “At AIT did they treat the reservists and others differently?” No, I actually–– not. Well I–– I sure thought they did in basic but I–– yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah. AIT could be a different set up there. Now, did you get to go off base at all when you were at Fort Gordon?” No. And that’s one of the reasons I always felt sorry for the squad leader, because we were so bad we–– they took away the privilege. So the poor squad leader would have to go to the thing and buy stuff for us, and keep track of the money, and go there and get toothpaste and have to bring your 79 cents back from your dollar. Interviewer: “So you couldn’t even go to the PX to buy stuff?” No. No, we were–– they considered that a privilege. Interviewer: “So even in AIT you were with a unit that was messing up badly enough––” Yeah. Yeah. We were not–– Interviewer: “Asking that in part because before Gordon, you’re down in Georgia and that’s still mid-60s and there’s a lot of racial tension or issues going on. A lot of the Civil Rights Acts have passed but places still segregated but I mean–– did you notice any of that at all with the segregation or racial issues or were you so isolated––” Again, most of our–– both in basic and AIT, most of them were whites anyway. So it really wasn’t–– Percy was one of the few Blacks that I knew there. �Interviewer: “And you weren’t out in the community, so you couldn’t see what that was like.” No. No, I got to Augusta once and went to a brothel there, but I never got to see wrong. I never got to see the Masters Tournament but–– and I was only once I remember. I think it was eight weeks, I had one and I’m not–– I must have spent overnight there because that was about 20 miles from Fort Gordon, so I must’ve spent overnight there. And in basic I did not leave our barracks at all. (29:12). Interviewer: “That was fairly common. Okay, so when did you finish AIT?” It was in April sometime, and then they flew me home. And I went back to my Reserve Unit in– – was it Saginaw? No. By the time I got out of AIT I had–– no. I was–– I went back to Saginaw and got credit for the six months that I had waited to get in and the 17 weeks. So, I went back to Saginaw with–– I think I was a PFC by then. Interviewer: “And then with your unit at Saginaw, did you get a regular assignment or were you just a guy?” I was. Yeah. Even though we’re an MP unit we obviously didn’t do anything in this–– in the town. The only time we did that was in summer camp. Interviewer: “Okay, so talk about summer camp. Where do you go, what do you do?” Well, I was in two different units, like I said, and no matter what I ended up at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. I guess it’s a Fort now. Like I said, when I went as a military police unit, we were the MPs for like two weeks. When I went with the transportation unit, I don’t really think we served a function except our own training that we went there [for]. (30:52). Interviewer: “Alright. So then,with the MP unit–– I mean–– what do you remember about the first camp you went to?” I remember we took a caravan from Saginaw around Lake Michigan, and we stayed overnight in some little town in Indiana, I remember. We were supposed to pitch our pup-tents and–– but–– I didn’t want to do that, so I crawled on top of the truck to try to sleep. And it rained at night and I rolled around and I was just a filthy mess when I–– by that morning. I had grease all over my face and hands. Interviewer: “So were you in the back of the truck or were you up––” �No, I was on the top of that. Well if I had enough sense to sleep in the cab I would have probably been alright. When I went on top of that–– maybe somebody else was already in the cab. Interviewer: “Alright. It starts to rain, you don’t go to find a place where you can––” Well by then–– but I was shafted by then. Yeah I just gutted it out. Interviewer: “Then once you got there what was it like?” Well, there are two things I remember–– and for some reason all of the things we went through [in] basic training I hated, the gas chamber was not one of them. I didn’t mind that. You took your mask off and said your service number in the gas room. Interviewer: “And that’s when they’re sending–– putting–– tear gas in?” Yeah. Yeah. Either it didn’t bother me or they had a weak thing but it didn’t–– it really didn’t bother me, but we were going to do it and we did again, a couple other conspiracies and I decided we didn’t want to do that. So again, when they went around the corner we broke off and went back to the bus and told the bus driver that we were through. So we got on the bus and took off and we look out the back and there’s Captain Clipboard. He was an ROTC guy from Central Michigan. He’s running after us and when we got back to camp finally, he was gonna tear us up. We said, “You mean you’re going to tell your superiors that you let this whole group of men–– lost track of them?” So he signed our things that we had gone through anyway. Captain Clipboard. By then I was, like I said, not quite as afraid. I was scared to death in basic, I’ll be real honest with you. The worst time of my life was when we crawled the infiltration course. I remember it was about six o’clock when we started, and there were these big rumors about whether the bullets were real or not. And they said the machine guns were cemented in place, but I swear I saw something go by at night. So I started with group B and I ended up with group G. I found a hole and just stayed there. That was the most terrifying thing I ever went through was that, and I–– to this day–– don’t know if they really–– but it sure looked real to me. I saw some kind–– and it was quite dark out by the time I finished it, so I think it was an hour-and-a-half from the time I started and finished. (34:38). Interviewer: “Well they would have at least had tracers, so you could see little streaks of light go past.” Yeah. Interviewer: “Yeah. Whether they were otherwise blank rounds or not, who knows, but yeah.” �And then I wanted to tell you this. This is–– this now maybe I’ve been in for five years, this is at a drill. When we had an all-day drill they had to feed us and we decided, a few of us, that we were going to skip lunch and play basketball. But while they were setting up for lunch, I went by this table that had these little pies on it. I thought “We’ll, I’ll have one of those before we play and I won’t be quite so hungry.” So I started eating it and I got juice running down the side of my face and everything, and I guess it was a sergeant who came over and saw that I was eating this pie. He said, “What’s the name soldier?” And in a moment of brilliance I said, “Apple, sir.” That was my best line ever. And I think I got an Article 15 for that–– Article 14 or 15 or something. I know I again–– Interviewer: “You got written up for it basically.” Yeah. I had to go in and type it myself, but it was worth it. That was the best line I ever had. (36:08). Interviewer: “So about how long did you spend with the Saginaw unit?” About a year-and-a-half and the only reason I transferred was I transferred jobs. I went from Saginaw to Ferris. Ferris State College as a–– as their Sports Information Director. Interviewer: “How did you wind up with that job?” It’s funny how when you’re young, you don’t like to get pushed around. But there was a guy that was on the sports staff who announced that he wanted to be a city side reporter and so for summer he went over there and I was told that I would take his place. Which meant instead of covering Central Michigan and Alma, I’d get to cover Michigan State and Michigan and that. So I got quite excited about that, and then he decided near the end of the summer that he wanted to go back to sports. And they told me I was back on the Alma and–– so I started looking around. It could have been for another newspaper job, but I saw that there was an opening at Central Michigan, so I went over there and applied for that job. In the meantime, I guess Ferris must’ve contacted different people to see and they said, “Oh there’s this guy from Saginaw who interviewed with us.” And they came and actually recruited me, which is an uncomfortable thing to be in. When they want you and you don’t care whether you get the job or not too much. But, I went over there for $9,100 a year, a 12 year contract. Which is better than $125 I was making at Saginaw. But, I guess one of the neat things about that [was] this was in 1968 and Ferris had it’s only undefeated football season. I took credit for that. But that’s how I ended up there and then my other thing wasn’t–– then I had to find a unit and I found one in Grand Rapids. And that was kind of a pain because every–– well at least one weekend a month–– I had to drive down to Grand Rapids and–– (38:44). �Interviewer: “Well was US-131 a proper highway then?” Yeah. It’s not like it was now. It was only two lanes. But my folks lived in Wyoming so I stayed overnight with them when I came down, but. Interviewer: “Then so the transportation unit, I mean what kind of work did that involve or what did they do?” I really don’t know. It was a transportation unit–– I guess we hauled stuff, equipment to different places but again, I was in the office most of the time. They had enough sense there to not make me drive a truck or something silly like that. Interviewer: “Now when you’re with these units, did you get to know some people well or make some friends in the group or just kind of hang out by yourself?” I can’t say any of this. Oh, there was one kid–– what was his name? Kipnis I think. He and I were supposed to be partners. He had one half of the pup-tent and I had the other. And he was pretty–– Wendell. That was his name. He was pretty good, I never did learn how to put up a puptent. So if we ever did camp, he’s the one that put it up. Yeah. Joe Wendell. Interviewer: “And then how long did you actually stay in the Reserves?” Your obligation is six years. So from 1966 to 1972. And I can remember my last drill. The government said I owed the $350 because I lost a pup-tent and maybe some boots or something. But I didn’t quibble, and I told ‘em that all those problems I had, my bad knee and bed wetting, were all cleared up thanks to the Army. So I paid ‘em $350 right on the spot and got out of there. (40:53). Interviewer: “Now, you’re in during i–– because you’re in basically the whole time when Vietnam was kind of a large scale––” Oh, yes. Interviewer: “–– in any way did kind of that atmosphere at home or the anti-war movement or the rest. I mean did that affect you or your unit in any way or were you totally disconnected?” Well, the only thing that I got really serious about–– as much as I made fun and disliked the meetings, I made sure I went to them because if you missed two unexcused, you could be activated. So, I was very serious about that. I would–– I never missed a drill. �Interviewer: “And did you have to keep your hair short?” Yes, yes we did. Interviewer: “Okay, so people could look at you and figure you were military or were there enough people with short hair in Big Rapids––” Well, when we went to–– obviously taught drill, they knew. Up in Big Rapids they didn’t know that I was and I never made too much bones about it. I wasn’t terribly proud of anything. (42:04). Interviewer: “Now did you do all of your field stuff at Camp McCoy or did you ever go to Camp Grayling or––” No. No, like I said no matter what it was always Camp McCoy. And I can remember it was about 70 miles from La Crosse, Wisconsin and I recall skipping out a few afternoons to go to La Crosse and spending that–– because I did finally come to the conclusion that the punishment never equaled the crime. You were always better off doing something because they never–– they threatened you with an Article 15 and I guess that would have been an issue if you were looking for a job, but you’ve already had employment. I didn’t care if it followed me the rest of my life or not, yeah. Yeah that was the one lesson I learned. “Don’t play it by the book cause you’re a lot better off” and that’s why I said I was probably one of the worst soldiers that ever went to–– because I didn’t take it seriously except for the infiltration course. That was the only thing I took there–– well all the basic training I guess I took pretty seriously because I was afraid of what–– Interviewer: “You were afraid of it, although you had said earlier––” Oh yeah. Interviewer: “–– you wish you would learn more while you were there.” Oh, I would have demanded to go through it again, and like I said, this time I’ll pay attention to what you’re saying but how they could send people over there with that little training, I–– oh–– wow. Like three weeks on the rival range and everything else was like a half-day of something, right? Straight over. Interviewer: “If you think over your six years in the service are there other particular memories that stand out for you that you haven’t brought into the story yet?” �No I can’t say. I can’t–– Interviewer: “Is she nodding okay or–” She’s not even there now. Interviewer: “So as far as you know that––” Oh, there she is. Interviewer: “So then, what’s the process when your time comes to an end? I mean do you just stop showing up or what happens at the end, when you’re discharged?” I’m not sure what you mean by that. Interviewer: “Well, okay. You get to the end, I mean, is there paperwork to fill out?” Oh yeah. You had to fill out this form, I guess because the government doesn’t want you to come back and sue them for anything. So yeah, I just signed. I had to sign this form saying all these problems I had cleared up miraculously. It was a tough army life. (44:39). Interviewer: “Now, are there any benefits to being in the Reserves?” No. As a matter of fact, I’m trying to find that out. Like I said, I really don’t know if I am a veteran or not. If I am supposed to— and I asked a Reserve unit once, and if I wanna get a loan to go to college or buy a house they said I could. But I don’t know the medical thing, I don’t know if I got really all of the government— Interviewer: “Could you get VA benefits?” Yeah. I actually don’t know that yet. I don’t think I deserve them. Interviewer: “You’ve already been to college—” Yeah. Going to college they wouldn’t— well I went to Michigan State, I don’t know if that’s considered going to college or not. Interviewer: “Now did you continue with a career in media or public relations, or did you go onto other stuff from there?” �Yeah, I finally got really sick of the winters, so when I finally got out of the Reserves, and I can remember around October saying, “Oh jeez, here it comes again.” And I finally decided that I can’t live like this, this is awful. So I applied for jobs nowhere north of Atlanta. I kept it on the East Coast but nowhere— and I was lucky enough that there was a job opening in Fort Lauderdale with the Sun Sentinel. I thought the worst that I can get or the least I can get out of this is a free trip to Florida, but they hired me over the phone. And so I moved down there and I worked for that newspaper for about five years. And then I took a job with another, smaller, paper called The Hollywood Sun Tattler, and I worked there about seven years and it went out of business. And so now here I am about 50 and I had to go get a real job, and I got a job with a roofing company until I spilled some tar on my wrist, and then I quit that and I ended up being a truck driver for an oil company. I lost that job because I wrecked the truck and I ended up being a janitor for the city of North Lauderdale. I spent the last seven years there. I finally found out that a city job is a pretty good job for a loaf because there’s no private motive involved, so if you don’t do it Monday, we can do it Tuesday. The benefits were pretty good— the pay was not that great but— I ended up as a city employee. (47:32). Interviewer: “Now, when you were a sports writer in Florida, did you cover things like, sort of, major league type events?” Yeah. The best thing I got to do was I covered the Dolphins for about six years, that was way before Marina was even there. And the best thing I got to do was I covered the AFC Championship game when the Dolphins beat the Jets, and then went to play the 49ers in the Superbowl. When I say I covered them, I got to go to the practices in the hot afternoon and get a story. I got to cover the home games but the boss, the sports editor, made the trips and I usually had a game. Would have to go to the losing locker room because he always wanted to go to the winning locker room. Which means I didn’t interview Shula that often except at practices. I’d usually have to go interview the Bills coach or something. I like that, that’s what I really wanted to do all my life, but it went out of business. Here we are, little Hollywood, with a Miami Herald south of us in the Fort Lauderdale paper and north of us. I tried to argue once that the only way we could stay in business is to be a ma-pop people report. The little league scores and don’t worry about the dolphins, but they went the other way and they went out of business. Then I had to go find a real job. (49:07). Interviewer: “All right.” I still am a sports writer at heart, only because I am a frustrated jock. I would not have been a police reporter or court reporter or anything like that. It’s just because when I was about 11 I got cut from the little league team [and] I realized I wasn’t gonna be the center fielder for the Tigers. I thought that might — and I found out I could put a word in front of the other without messing it up too badly, so I was a sports writer for about a total of 20 years. �Interviewer: “Think back a little bit to your service experience— what was your view of the whole anti-war movement and the stuff going on during that time when you were in the service?” I didn’t have any strong feelings either. Like I said, as long as it didn’t involve me I don’t— Interviewer: “Just kind of minded your own business?” Yeah. Just keep me out of it. I mean, what was it? All these things— I had no quarrel with no kong? Kind of how I was. Interviewer: “Except you went in and he didn’t want to.” Yeah. Interviewer: “But I guess he was drafted, they were going to take him and make him— because he did not get in the Reserves. Then I guess, finally, to think back in that time in the service, what do you think you learned from that or took out of it?” Learn as far as? Interviewer: “Anything. Life, practical skills, people skills.” Well, it made me real— how should I say? Self-preserving. That I really wanted to look out for old number-one. It made me see the futility of war, I thought that was the dumbest thing mankind has ever attempted. Because it doesn’t seem to change things. If you look back to World War II, and I’m not trying to pretend I’m a history major or anything, but Japan who was our enemy is now our— not friends, certainly not— (51:33). Interviewer: “They’re our friends pretty much.” I never thought war ever solved anything, including the Civil War. That’s one thing I fancy myself, I really like the Civil War. But I think things would have worked out anyway, we didn’t have to have a war. Just as I think we would have— didn’t have to fight the Revolutionary War/ I think eventually England would have to let us go. Whatever was solved in Vietnam, I don’t know. Interviewer: “Not a whole-heck-of-a-lot.” �It’s funny because the closer the wars are to us in years, the less I know about them. Desert storm, I don’t know what that was supposed to solve or anything. Interviewer: “Now we’re just finishing up 20 years in Afghanistan having accomplished basically nothing.” Yeah. Interviewer: “The whole thing makes for an interesting story in its own way and a good counterpoint to ‘Oh, this is what happens to the people.’ The Vietnam veterans will often talk about those guys who went into the Reserves.” I’ll bet you they hold us in a little bit of contempt. I think I would have. Interviewer: “Well, some of them are envious and some of them are envious, and some of them would hold you in contempt.” The one thing that most of them have said is that they do consider me a veteran and that means a lot to me because like I said, I still don’t know. If we have Veteran’s Day services or something and they say, “Veterans stand” or something, I don’t know if I should or not. I have on sometimes and other times I haven’t. Interviewer: “Well, my measure in part is: did you go to basic training?” I went to basic training, and I do have a— maybe it’s gone now— but I do have a hunk of paper that’s an honorable discharge. (53:14). Interviewer: “There you go. But I mean even that experience by itself, that learning something of the military life is something that 99 percent of Americans under the age of 70 don’t have.” Oh yeah. Interviewer: “So you’re in that kind of select group that’s right—” Yeah. My little brother never went in because he became a school teacher, just to avoid it. Interviewer: “That trick didn’t always work.” Yeah, it didn’t. �Interviewer: “It depends a little bit on local draft boards at that point, I suppose. Because I’ve known school teacher people who got jobs as school teachers who got taken anyway.” I sometimes wonder if, and I doubt it seriously, if any of my ancestors were very military like and I don’t think so. My dad was not in the service because he was too young for World War I and had three kids, four kids, by the time World War II came around, so he missed it. Interviewer: “Your brother was in?” Yeah. Dale was in. And it’s kind of funny because I didn’t really talk to him much about it. I don’t— until I saw his tape that you did with him. Didn’t really know how and what he thought about it. Even though he didn’t see combat, at least he was in the real game. Interviewer: “He was in it. He went overseas and he had interesting—” Yeah. The best I did was the Battle of Camp McCoy. Interviewer: “There we are.” I can remember once, and it must have been during a summer camp, that they didn’t give us weapons or something. I remember standing guard with a big stick once thinking, “What are you— are your tax dollars at work? What are you training me for? To be a forest ranger? I guess I can ask, were you in the service there? No. Interviewer: “I grew up with Vietnam on television.” So how did you become kind of interested in veterans? Interviewer: “I always was interested in military history and I have no idea why except maybe it was so foreign to my own experience. But then as you start to read it and you learn more about it, then it all just kind of keeps going.” (55:32). I’ve always kind of wondered what kind of man it would take to be a General. To have that many lives and make decisions. I just— I think you gotta have an ego that just won’t quit. So I have become kind of interested in that. I like Patton, I have been to his museum a few times, and I do wonder “What made him tick?” Interviewer: “Well I can recommend a very good biography for you, but that’s probably getting a little bit off course.” �Oh yeah. Interviewer: “So now as you think further again, are there any other stories that ought to be on record here that we do—” I don’t think so. Interviewer: “Okay. Well, very good. Thank you very much.” Well thanks for your time. (56:22). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LancasterD2369V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lancaster, Duane A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-08 Title A name given to the resource Lancaster, Duane (Interview transcript and video), 2021 Description An account of the resource Duane Lancaster was born August 16, 1942 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Lancaster grew up in the Grand Rapids area and lived there until for most of his adolescent life. He graduated from Wyoming Park High School in 1961, and from there he attended Grand Rapids Junior College Center. Later he transferred to Michigan State University, where he graduated in 1965. Upon graduation, Lancaster began his first job as a sportswriter in Saginaw Michigan. However, in July of 1965 Lancaster was called for the draft and in September of that same year received his draft notice. This is when Lancaster decided to begin looking for a Reserve unit somewhere. He was able to find one locally and eventually began the process of basic training in Fort Gordon. Within the Reserve Unit, Lancaster was assigned the job of MP or military police, within the Saginaw, Michigan area. Lancaster had an obligation of six years in the Reserves, serving officially from 1966 to 1972. After his service ended with an honorable discharge, Lancaster moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida where he began working as a sportswriter at a local newspaper. In more recent years, Lancaster has spent his time working for the city as a janitor. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5175c8e4348f9e61253df9f3691432d2.jpg 87d6002ee7911c8f1708af2a8c5ba9be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1073 Title A name given to the resource Lancastrain transport Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Lancastrain British transport, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4d50b896529872640c0768937a7c4ddc.jpg 7a95270fd161c7fc667c2238fe238b31 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1074 Title A name given to the resource Lancastrain transport Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Lancastrain British transport, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0e6886893536c4da5a710eb7ae34d439.jpg 3521c3a4e2d0e3c7358d856e7510983b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1075 Title A name given to the resource Lancastrain transport Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Lancastrain British transport, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0af0527e421f10b2e7ea753910d7c8d7.mp4 0562173539c4fa0dd5b6710833511c89 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/05ede121339cff1f60241d7b11b60fc4.pdf 90de3536df8f5176615f327ba24dee6d PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Lance Climie Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: May 14, 2021 DD: I’m Dani DeVasto, and today, May 14th, I have the pleasure of chatting with Lance Climie. Lance, can you tell me about where you’re from and where you currently live? LC: I currently live in Plainfield Township, in Plainfield Township water system. Northeast set of Deenly, in that area. I have lived probably within 5 miles of that location the majority of my life. My family has been in 4 Mile and Beltline area since the 1870’s. So, long time in the area. DD: And how long have you been in Plainfield Township, specific? LC: Since I was born? DD: Okay, so yeah. LC: I have lived– I have worked away from Plainfield Township, but I’ve always said you got us working– but our primary residence was here, so. DD: Okay, alright. Lance, can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? LC: Well, it’s kind of interesting ‘cause our family, we were fruit farmers, and I remember my grandfather talking about Wolverine’s offer to come spread “sludge,” free fertilizer, on your fields. Come to find out, this is how they are disposing a lot of the PFAS residue, was by offering to spread it free as fertilizer on farmer’s fields. They offered it in a sincere manner. A lot of people took them up on that, and my grandfather thought they were quite out of their minds, not knowing what they’re putting into the ground. So, little flashbacks like that, it’s- Or the fact that my father was- is a retired Plainfield Township employee. He was the original Parks Department person there. He’s been deceased, here, about 8 years but– being at the dinner table with him, and he starts just kinda huffing and, you know, upset with people at work because they’re going to let people build houses up on House Street dump. They were going to change the zoning, and a lot of people would go build up there on the ravines and the dump around the dump. Why would you let people do that? So, those are- I guess I got a couple of different recollections of that year. It’s been around a long time, and there’s always been whispers of it, and you’ve seen signs of it. Then you see things like a dump at the old Bell dump on the Beltline, and there were precursors of PFAS that should have been warning signs, but sometimes it costs governments and businesses too much 1 �money to really look at what’s really happening with what might happen, versus what they just got paid for. DD: And with your family’s history with being fruit farmers, were you- did you- did your family take up the offer for the sludge or anything like that? LC: No. As a matter of fact, I remember my grandfather talking to some of the other farmers, and said, “don’t you let them put that stuff on your ground.” Just not– but he did. He was against- I remember he was railing against DDT [Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane] when it first came out, think it was just [?]. He was an advocate of using very little in the way of chemicals, natural fertilizers– Organic farmer before his time, just because it was the common sense way to do it. It was a good environment. He was- So we were definitely connected to the land, andAnd again, long ago, the county tried to take some of the farm to expand the dump that existed on the East Beltline a long time, too. That was a family fight, as well, too, that went through courts before we kept them away from taking the farm. So it was a– Some different stories, I guess. I kind of come at it from a different perspective. More of a family history perspective than- you know, a lot of people moved into Plainfield township and they moved into area, and had they known, they probably would not have done that. But, like I said, something was building for a long time. You know, I want to say that it’s unfortunate, and hopefully we’re able to rectify the situation, but this is a bad deal what’s happening right now, and it’s not going to get better unfortunately. DD: Is your connection with PFAS, then, mostly kinda through your family history and just being in the area for a long time? LC: I’ve also fished the Rogue River in 6 different decades now. So I’m a very– I’m an avid trout fisher and I’ve been involved with trying to limit it for a long time. We put- We are sorta affiliated with an organization that’s put close to 3 million dollars in working the watershed, just in the Rogue River, here, in the last 7 years. So we’ve been very aggressive in working to maintain that river and to improve it, not only for the common sense environmental aspects of it. It’s an economic engine, as well. So having a clean, chemical free trout stream [mumbling] within 10 miles of the major metropolitan area is a rare jewel in itself. DD: What concerns do you have about PFAS contamination moving forward? LC: That it’s going to continue to spread, and we have no idea where it’s going to go. We do not have detailed mapping [of] the geomorphology in layers below us. We don’t know where it’s going to end up. All we know is it’s going to keep spreading. We got plumes, now that we have an idea of where they’re coming from, but we don’t really have a specific idea- you know, a specific detail or facts to back any of that up, and the will to drill all those wells in all those locations at all those depths is– it’s an economic obstacle. So I don’t really find a way to address it. We are just trying to remediate the best we can at multiple spots. And the rest is just going 2 �to continue to evolve, and in a way, we don’t know what’s going to happen, nor do we really have the power to stop it at this point. Unfortunately. DD: (chuckles) Yeah. It doesn’t feel really good. LC: Well, but things like this have been occurring at different levels for a long time. That’s- You know, like I said, our family has been fighting ground water pollution since the early 60’s without much success. ButDD: How does that- I was going to say, how does that impact your perspective? [laughs] LC: Well, first off, I think it taught me that an individual does have some power in the world to try to effect change, and it’s our obligation to take that responsibility. I mean, it’s our world. Got generations coming after me and I don’t want it to be a worse place, I want it to be a better place. So, it’s really pretty simple. Make the place better for my kids and their kids and their kids. DD: Yeah. LC: Basic premises. DD: You make it sound simple. [laughs] LC: Well, sometimes it is. The problem is the real world is not simple. It’s not black and white. It’s all shades of gray and it’s a jumbled mess. DD: Well, seems like if you can hold on to that simple truth it might help a little bit. LC: Well, it- Yeah- When I get to hold onto my grandkids it makes it pretty clear. SoDD: Yeah, absolutely. I bet it does. Before we wrap up, is there anything else that you would want to add to that we haven’t touched on today, or anything you would want to go back to expand on. LC: Well, yeah, I’m not going to go into any hindsight at this point, but I think that it’s important for us as a community action group to try to make sure that Wolverine stays on their toes regarding their mediation that was promised at the tannery site, and to properly make sure that the House Street location is secured as best we can at this point, and that doesn’t include planting 10,000 trees on top. DD: You’re not a fan of the current proposal. [laughs] 3 �LC: No, actually. I read science. I understand science and I can read it and understand that- No, the hocus pocus doesn’t work, so– ‘Cause trees, they will actually accelerate movement of materials not slow it down. DD: And aren’t there currently quite a few trees on the site? LC: Yes, it is. Look at it right now. So, [laughter] I listen. You know, we weigh in. We want to do the right thing, so. DD: Yeah. LC: It’s best as it was recorded in the settlement. DD: Yeah. LC: So hold them to it. DD: I hope we can. LC: I do too, I do too. But like I said, it’s been– Over the decades, it’s been pretty inspiring to see the work that’s been done within the Rogue River watershed and in Plainfield Township, regarding the improvement of the river itself. I mean, it’s gone slow, but year by year it getsthe river improves and it’s getting better, and there’s more people getting involved in that work. So there’s definitely hope down the road, too. DD: What are some of the improvements that you’ve seen happening? LC: Well, I can tell you one specifically, actually- there’s two things specifically that our [?] limited chapter worked on– was first taking out the Rogue Creek dam, specifically behind the school there in the east side of town. And second where Reds on the River near used to sit, there was little Blakeslee Creek, and it used to run in when it came the river in 2011 and 2012. With all of the developments that were up above it and all the higher elevations, it would be solid mud coming down. And it took us a few years ,but there were 3 small cofferdams that we got taken out and we actually regraded it and actually reseeded it and got a lot of irrigationexcuse me, the erosion takes care of. So it’s no longer a huge mud source in the river. Again, the- what came from the tannery not going into the rivers is a blessing, and what used to come from the papermill in Childsdale not being in the rivers is a blessing as well, so it’s- those are a couple of the major things but it’s get- you know, and it’s individual property owner, you know? Somebody lives on the river and makes sure they got a setback of 20 feet from the river and not mowing all the way to the river. Simple things like that, not using the types- use a chemical that’s natural- use something that’s going to be beneficial to the river, not derogatory. Some– a lot of what people put on their lawns, it all ends up in the watershed. So it’s important for us as individuals to look at what we are doing to our lawns. I mean, you know what? And a 4 �few weeds are okay. You know, it’s not going to– and as a matter of fact a few dandelions are good for the bees really here. DD: Yeah. LC: So, there’s again, from a farming aspect, you can’t- to me, my yard is sterile. It’s a monoculture. It’s negative, it’s contrary to what nature wants to do and it’s artificially manufactured through the use of chemicals in most cases. So, I mean golf courses. Golf courses are highly manicured fields of weeds done in specific manners with specific chemicals. So. DD: Yeah. LC: But I think there’s still hope, let’s just- I would like to say the chemicals are not going to continue to spread but I think we are going to continue to discover that it continues to go wider and wider and hopefully the- we can impact the [?], at least, by knowing about it, we can hopefully prevent some people from tapping into that as they have not done, and past people weren’t so lucky to know what was there. But now at least we know it’s there and can make sure they’re not going to be pulling the drinking water from the groundwater there so that’s an improvement as well. DD: Yeah absolutely. Well, thank you so much Lance for taking the time to shareLC: Thanks. DD: your story todayLC: Good luck with the project. I think I’m- I know I’m [?] the archives in the school because I used to write for the [?] back in the day. DD: OhLC: I’m on record in there someplace. So. DD: Oh that’s great [laughs] LC: But thanks a lot. 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Climie, Lance Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-05-14 Title A name given to the resource Lance Climie, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Lance Climie has lived in Plainfield Township, near Deenly, Michigan for nearly all his life. In his interview, he discusses his family history as fruit farmers and how Wolverien offered to spread free fertilizer, or "sludge" on the fields. Only recenlty have people realized that this sludge contained PFAS residue. Climie shares other stories about his grandfather and other farmers' knowledge of other chemical contaminants in the environment, as well as his own perspective from fishing on the Rogue River. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/753303681081980a28485236173bce77.pdf 3809b82d8309ed9f8245f0ad488922a6 PDF Text Text LAND USE MASTER PLAN REPORT A report prepared to guide the future development of HOMER TOWNSHIP MIDLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN Prepared by the: With the Assistance of: Planning Commission Charter Township of Homer Midland County, Michigan Township Board Members and Robert B. Hotaling, PCP Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Township Planning and Zoning Consllltnnt-.c; Adopted: September 9, 1987 �i TABLE OF CONT!l!TS ..,j Page No. _j f - I. [ r I I - Foreword Introduction Continued Support for the Plan Plan Must Be Flexible for the Future Master Plan - a 20-30 Year Program Plan Must be Comprehensive Plan Will be Influenced by Regional Changes Plan Must be Changed Occasionally Plan Must be Updated Periodically Map No. l Regional ~ap negional Considerations tlap No. 2 UJCal Area !-1.ap Population and Economic Development Characteristics, Trends and Projections Population Trends Population Projections Age Composition Households Table No. l Population Trends, Age Composition and Households Table No. 2 Building Permit Activj.ty Social Characteristics Education Levels EmploJ"lnent and Unemployment Income and Occupational Characteristics Table No. 4 Labor Force Characteristics ':'able r:o. 5 Employment by Occupation and Industry UJCation of Employment Opportunities and the Future ~able No. 6 Per Capita Income in Cities of Comparable Population Size Existing Land Uses and General Analysis of Each Residential ui.nd Use Development Commercial ui.nd Use Development Industrial ui.nd Use Development ?ublic and Semi-Public Land Use Development Agricultural Land Use Development Open Space Hazardous Areas Map No. 3 Existing ui.nd t:se Atlas Key to ui.nd Uses ~~p No. 3A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 3B Northwestern Sections of Township ~p No. 3C Southwestern Sections of Township l<B-p No. 3D Southeastern Sections of Township ~p No. 4 Suitability of Soils for Buildings Map No. 4A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 4B Northwestern Sections of Township ~ap No. 4c Southwestern Sections of Township Map No. 4D Southeastern Sections of Township l 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 7 b 9 lO 10 10 10 lG 11 12 13 13 15 ,_o 15,, 17 lo 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 (separate document ) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 �Soil Resources - their Land Use Adaptability Agriculture _ Woodland-Resource Development Wildlife Habitat Development Water Resource Development Recreation Development Building Sites Development Sanitary (Septic Tank) Facilities On-Site Yap No. 5 Adaptability of Soils for Agriculture Map No. 5A Northeastern Sections of Township Map Iio. 5B North-western Sections of Township ~Rp No. SC Southvestern Sections of Tovnship Map No. SC Southeastern Sections of Tovnship Map No. 6 Adaptability of Soils for Recreation Map No. 6A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 6B Northwestern Sections of Township Map No. 6c Southwestern Sections of Township Ms.p No. 6D Southeastern Sections of Tovnship Map No. 7 Wetlands rap No. 7A Northeastern Sections of Township Map No. 7B Northvestern Sections of Tovnship Map No. 7C Southwestern Sections of Township Map No. 7D Southeastern Sections of Township Development Standards for land Use Categories Map No. 8 - 1985 Land Use Policy Plan (Separate Atlas) Map No. 9 - l9d5 Land Use Plan (Separate Atlas) Rural Land Uses Agricultural land Uses ( Map No. 9) Resource Development land Uses (Map No. 9) Open Space land Uses ( Map No. 9) Urban Uses Low Density Residential Land Uses (Map No. 9) Medium Density Residential land Uses (Map No. 9) High Density Residential Land Uses (Map No. 9) Office Land Uses (Map No. 9) Neighborhood Commerc i.&l Land Uses ( !vap No. 9) Commwiity Services Commercial Land Uses (t-Bp No. 9) Light Industrial Land Uses ( !-ap No. 9) Planned Unit Development (PUD) Land Use Areas Planning Standards for Roads and Highways Table No. 8 Traffic Volume Trends Map No. 10 - 1985 Road Plans Sewer and Water Map No. ll - 1965 Sewer and Water District Plan Map No. 12 - 1985 Most Recent Sever & Water Plans Natural Drainage System Map No. 13 - 1985 Storm Drainage Natural Easement Reservation Plan 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 49 49 49 52 52 53 53 54 55 56 57 56 59 61 62 63 64 65 �Appendix - Information on Soil Characteristics Map No. 14 Soil Types Z...p Map No. l4A Northeastern Sections of Tovnship Map No;- l4B Northwestern Sections of Tovnship Map No. l4C Southvestern Sections of Towship Map No. l4D Southeastern Sections of Tovnship Table No. 8 Acreage and Percent of Each Soil Type Table No. 9 Crop Yields per Acre Table No. 10 Preferred Trees tor Soil Types Table No. ll Trees for Environmental Plantings Table No. 12 Building Site Development Table No. 13 Septic Tanks and Soils Table No. 14 Utility of Soils for Construction and Land sc aping Table No. 15 Water Development and Soils Table No. 16 Recreation Development and Soils Table No. 17 Wildlife Habitat Development and Soils Table No. 18 Problems vith Surface and Ground Water _J ,-- i I - I I • 66 67 "68 69 70 71 72 74 76 81 84 87 89 91 93 95 �l. Foreword by the ':'o"WnsLir,' s Planning and Zoning Consultant . . The formulating of this Master Land Use Plan is a major effort on the part of the Planning Commission of Ho~er Tovnshi~ to more adequately plan for the future orderly use of the Township's valuable land resources and the equipping of these lands through future ~lanning for public improvements. These latter are becoming increasingly nece~sarJ in the Tovnship, and are verj· costly. 'Dierefore, orde:-1~• pat":.erns of land use developr:.ent coordir:o::.ed •.-it:: the provision of these public improven:.ents at the most eccnom:.c costs in a timely anner when needed is a. fundamental purpose back of this :1!.A.ster !:.and Use Plan • ..,, .., The plan has been prepared under the authorit:.,• of Pullie :\c:. lo2. of l ';- 5;' (!,:CL 125.321 and 125.333) and the Homer Townshi:t,, Board P.esolution estallisl:::.ng the Planning Cocreission under the provisions of P.A. 1G8. The provisions of P. A. lb8 have been followed to the extent possible in the preparation of t~is plan so as to make it as legall:r effective as is possible as a basis for its future use. Upon completion, it will be used as the basis for preparing the Zoning ~ap and various specifications to be included in it~ text. At so~e tirr.e in the future, it can also be used as the basis for making engineering, arc~itectural, landscape architectural, environmental and other more srecific studies for roads, i:;ublic utilities, schools, recreation areas, open space and other public and private facilities. The I-Aster Land Use Plan Yill 'cecome the fundamental policy plan for the successful coordination of all of the 1rivate developoent projects and public "Works rrogra.Ir:s. Ctviously, if one or more r,rivate development or public works projects fail to follo"W the plan, tt~ plan for orderly development and the economical provision of necessary public imyrovements becomes increasingly impossible. A ~.a~or conse;uence of this ,.,.o~2.d be to revert to the typical individual land use decision-making which has caused the degree of disorderliness ..,hich exists in the ':°o'.mshiI) toda;,:. ':'r.e !o~n~hip is already confronted ...,ith seeking a solution to the t'rotlem of providing a sanitar; sever system and possibly a Yai:er distribution s::ste."!'. for those areas alrea:iy developed to urban concentrations. Se~tic systems and we2.ls on-site and the lack of fire hydrants for fire fighting will continue to increase the need to overcome these increasing potentially unsafe and unhealthy environ~ental conditions, particularly in Homer Tovnship ..,hich has so =uch Flood Flain and high water table areas. Land (.;se Planning and in:i;lecentat::.on of these r.l.a.r.s a.re the only means for a To"1nship to overcome such problems. 'The ta.x?ayers of P..o~er ~o"1nship deserve to have a plan for the future developeent of the Township; so that their present and other's future investments Yill not only be protected but enhanced. But, more icporta.ntly, so tiat the environment in which they live and vork can be healthy, safe and ,.,.or~ing in behalf of improving everyone's 4uality of living. In the carrying out of this Plan it is most imt:ortant that unilateral decisions by Tovnship, School, County, Regional, State and Federal officials and agencies be discou:-aged ~hen they do not give serious consideration to the Planning Commission's adopted ~aster Land Use Plan. Such unilateral decisions �2. could encourage others to follow and this results in a disorderly pattern of developJ.T.ent. Since under t,~chigan law the Tow-nship Planning Cozratission is the only. public body given the legal responsibility to comprehensi vel:; :;:lan for all asp~~t~ of land use develor,J.T.ent, there is some basis in this for other public officials to respond and coordinate their individual developJ.T.ent planninrr programs with that of the To'W?lship's more comrrehensive and allinclusive l•:S.ste:- Land Use· Plan. Finally, once adopted by the Fla:ming Commission, the >!aster Land Use Plan sets into mot ion :1CL 125. 330. This section of the '!'mmship Planning :..ct, P.A. lbb of 1959 procedurally requires all public agencies ar.d officials to su~rnit their public utility and facility project plans to the Township Planning Commission for review and recommendations as to its compliance with the Land Jse Plan te!ore the agency or official can proceed to iJ.T.~lement their projects. To quote the statute "no street, square, park or other public wa~·, cround or open space, or public building or structure shall be constructed or authorized in the To\ltlship ••••••••• or by the board, cocmission or body having Jurisdiction •••••••• until it shall be submitted to and approved by the Planning Co?!llr.ission." The interpretation that has been placed upon "approved" is that the Planning: Corm:,.ission has the legal procedural power to review, comment upon, and make recommendations to the public agency or official resFonsible for initiating the r,roject; as well as informing the ~eneral public of its findings and conclusions. It therefore seerr.s only reasonable that all public and r,riyate organizations and individuals should be involved botL during the pre~aration of the Plan and then to meaningfully assist in carrying it out. ~oUer-':. B. Ec~alinP., ?CPProfessional Corr.r:iu:::. t:; ~lar.ner f:ta te of !•:ichigar. ?.egistrat:.on Certi:'icate !lo. 2 �.r. INTRODUC'!'ION Homer Tow::.!'lip is dependent upon its Planning Commission, ':'owr.s l.i; Board, and citizens for the success of any plans prepared for the future development of the ~ovnship. The Planning Commission with the assistance of Robert B~Eotaling and Associates, Planning Consultants, are to _study pertinent issues in an effort to determine the most apr,ropriate and effective coordinated solutions to land use and related problems. The Planninb Commission is required to adopt a Master Land Use Plan for t~e future development of the Tovnship, and then use the Land Use Plan as a basis for revising and amending the present Tovnship Zoning Ordinance and planning for public ir.provements. Within the To.mstip numerous da:.,· tc day decisions, me.n:.r .ri th longer range impacts, must be addressed. !t :. s imr,ortant therefore that the To'\lTlship have an overall coordinated "Plan" to provide the basic guidelines for directing this decision-oakir.g process. This "Plan" is the Comprehensive r.aster Plan of which the land Use Plan is the basic part to all other parts of it. It is intended, then, tr.at the Homer Township La.nd Use Plan will provide Township, School, County, P.eg:onal, State and FederaJ. officials a broad framework of reference for making their future land use and public works capital iz:iprovement decisions. Private developers, investors, realtors, businessmen and others seeking to develo~ private land vill also be provided vith this helpful plan in assisting the~ in their development decisions and any requests for future zoning changes the~· may feel would be in their and the col:!Illunit:r' s coi:'cined interests and common eood. ':'he ?lanning Co~ission shall continuall·, strive for Coa:mur.it·; Su-:-~ort. of the Flan. T:ie for::iulation of the :~ster Land Use plan is t:-.e ta.sic essE:nt:.al s:ep in an effort to create a well-balanced, attractive, convenient, desirable To.mshi;: environment for all residents, businesses, institut.'..ons and. oth·er users of land in the Toiroshir,. If this goaJ. is to be realized, there ~ust te communit:,·-.. ide knovledge, understanding, and support for tr,e Plar., includir.r tr.e citizens, Township Planning Commission, Towship 2oard, Zoning =card of Appeals and other governn.ental official.s at the Townshi;::, Ser.col ristr:.ct, Count:,,, Regional, State and Federal levels of government. ~omer ~ovnship has taken steps tovard this end by involvir.g citizens' lroups in the planning proce~s through soliciting their views in the 1)2C Townsr.ip Attitudinal Survey and in workshop and infon:iat:.onal meetinfs conducted b:,· the Planning Commission. Continued public su;:port and involve::ent are essential to insure the success of the planning ~rogram in t!:.e To ..-nshi!,. The ?lan :rust be Flexi:le - Predicting the ~uture is Uncertain The Land Use Plan is not a Plan that can be i:plemented immediately, but rather one that gives positive direction to the future physical development of the Township. Therefore, vhile the Plan indicat~·s the t::pe and character of land uses for various locations in the Towship, until actual develo~mer.t occurs, the possibilit:,, for future change exists. T:iese generalized areas are a "look ahead" to tt.e future. They are intended to be a guide in the preparation of the Zoning Map and Text initiall:,· and changes and a~endn:ents to it in accord with the general direction indicated on the land Use ?lan as the future development pattern unfolds. �. The Master La.nd Use Plan is at least a 20-30 Year Program •me La.nd Use Plan portrays all of the land uses to be included in t::e Township's compr~hensi ve development potentials for approximately the next . 20 to 30 years - from 1985 to the year 2005-2015. This Plan, however, shall be reviewed annually for possible indications of a change in land use planning direction and about everJ 5-lC years the Plan should te revised and updated, and extended for the next 20-30 years into the future. Planning is a constant process designed to accommodate change. . The Flan t-'1s-: ~e Comrrehens ive T~e I.and Use Plan ~ust give adequate consideration to the interrelationsti~: whict exist between and among all ma~or private and public . land use cate~ories, if it is to serve its function as an icportant decision-making tool. This is particularly true in respect to zoning and the equirping of land uses with the necessarJ and costly public utilities, facilities and other services. Tte Land Use Plan i~ the only instrument that gives overall comprehensive direction to all aspects of development nov and in the future. Therefore, it is basic to all land use decisions; public utilit:•, facility and other service :i:,rograit.s, as well as zoning, the platting of land, etc. It becomes the basis for architectural and engineerin~ studies for all private develop~ents and public improveu.ent~. The ~1aster !.and Use Plan sets the policy for conducting ex:.sting development with that of all future changes and additions in the pattern as it emerges in the future. Chan~es and Trends in Develonment Patterns of t~e ~e~ion will Influence ~he ?lan. Romer To..,r.ship is an integral part of the r-liila.nd-Se.gi:1a·.. -P.a: Cii:.J r.eg:.or.; therefore, the Land Use Plan must acknowledge the Township's place geograFhica.lly a.nd developmentally in the region. Recogr.ition of the recional influences upon Homer Tovr.ship's Land Use Flan ~ill i::.ake it more realistic &nd reasonable in terms of guiding the future pattern and 't~·pes of land uses in the To,.-nship. Change has al..,ays been the nature of development in the ~ownship, it is continuing and will do so in the future, and regional or outside-of-the-Township as well as those within cause this cr.ange to happen continually. Change cannot be stopped, but it can be directed through the Plan so as to have a more harmonious a.nd orderly effect upon ever::one in t!:e Township. '!'he Plan Must Be :'lexi ble as Well as C2nged Occasionall:,· The Plan will periodically require revisions to reflect significant changes in local, regional, state, or national conditions which Yill more t~an likely occur, but wb.ich cannot be foreseen at t.:us time. For example, Yithin the past memorJ-filled years several major developoents which have caused major influences upon local land development have been established. l•'.ost significant among these are: (1) the initiation a.nd expansion of the interstate highway and other freeway systems; (2) the introduction of commercial shoppine centers and specialty areas, (3) the relocation of employment centers I, �/ ..J , . from the older, obsolete and blighted central cities and the creation of new ones in the nev and everexpandinf suburbs; (4) expansion in housinb preferences from a predominantly single-family home to also include apartm~nts, towhouses, condominiums, and mobile homes; (5) the concern vith conserving our valuable agricultural and open space lands; and (6) the concern !or conserving fuels used for producing energy for economic as vell as resource conservation needs. All of these vill have significant impact upon fut".J.re land use decisions, plar.s, zoning ordinances and the provision of public improvements. It is, of course, icpossitle to r,redict the kinds of changes which r..ay occur over the years ahead, tut the ?lan can a::.~ at the future b:,· giving develo:pcent a direction that 12i'.es the cost se:1::;e: to follo;; ·..rith :uture changes codif:,·inr that direction a:; required. 'I'terefore, the Land Use Plan will be modified as conditions change. The ~ot of the . Planning Coir.mission is to assure the Tovnship that the planning vill continue to be done to the extent possible, since P. A. 168 of 1959 legally re~uires it to carry out this responsibility, and under l-ti.cr.igan Statutes no otter agency or official has this major land use policy determination re.sronsibility. ':'he Flan Must Be Urdated Periodically A:n annual reviev of the Plan should be made to ~eep aLreast of ~inor or z::a.Jor changes. ~ovever, a com!)rehensive revie'w' of t:1e ?lan sl:ould be ur..dertaken aprroximately ever:,· five to ten years dependi!'-i; upon the intensi t~· of character of the change in order to allov an up-to-date analysis of the changing conditions and trends. Should changes in the land use plan be indicated, then major chanEes in the zoning ordinance, platting and public wOrKs programs would follo;,·. The ~nd Use Plan should also be revie'w'ed and amer.ded to reflect an:,- changes in communit:,· develo:_:.ment goal::; and ::,cl::.cies as determined b:,· the Planning Cor.-..!t.ission. ':he fioi::.er Township Land Use Plan, therefore, as 1;resented herein, de; ::.c:.::; the generalized development pattern for the Tow~ship during the next ~8-3 C :,·ear r:eriod (l:;105 to 2005-2015). '!'he plan :t:rov::.des tl:e necessar:: guidel::.nes for itaking decisions concerning change::; in zoning, sutdivis.:..on re£ulations, and ;uclic work::; capital improvements. It should te noted that the Land ~se ?lan is a generalized docur.ent, while the Zoning Ordinance and Zoning !1:a.p, ?la.tting ?.egulation::; and ?utl.:..c. ~orks Car,ital Improvement Program are more specific in nature. ~he Zoni~r Crdinance and Map, Subdivision Regulations and Carital Irn~rove~ent Profraz: are the basic legal tools for implemen~ing the general goals and intent o~ the ;..a.nd ~se Pl~. The Iand Use plan, is then, the fundaz:iental or basic ele~ent in t!,e total planning proces~, a process ~hich includes the following: l. Having the Planning Con::mission form the focus for the organization. and structure that ,,..ill l;>e necessar:; to carr:r out the Planning Process procedurely. 2. Gat:ier information and analyze it on a continual basis in a comrrehensive manner in terms of population, econo~.:..c, natural resource and environment and land use development chanGe. . �I - c. 3. ?re;are and kee:;: up-to-date a comprehensive '.-~ster lAnd Use F2.an ~hicL g__ives direction to the orderly coordination of public and priVate land use developments for residential, commercial, - ir.dustrial, agricultural and open space, public and semi-public develop~ents and the public and private utilities, facilities and other se:-vices needed to e~uip or serve such land use developments and activitiez. 4. Pret'are, ador,t, use and enforce the necessar:,· zor.ing ordinance, suldivision regulations, capital i~provement programs and ot her lefal, econorr.ic, infon:.::ational tools •.rl:ich will encourage and re r,_ uire implementation of the Com;rehensive Master ~nd Use Plan. 5. Continue and enhance the planning process so as to constantl:,· :::e i r: e. position to meet changing conditions. The Township can be successful in achievinc its planned development goals if each of the above five (5) elements in the planning proces~ are earnestly pursued and gain political and popular support, a.nd is implemented by all concerned 'with public a.nd private developments through ( l) following the plan, (2 ) living '\iith the Zoning Ordinance requirements, ( 3 ) conforr.:ing platted land to the subdivision regulations and (4) supporting the financing of public improvements '\ihen they are needed for efficiency and economy of coordinating private development '\iith public improvements. All of the public 'will sooner or later help pay for the successes as well as the failures in t he carrying out of the planning process. Tax-supported puclic er-ployees are needed to manage, operate and maintain the ~O'liTlship. Private developers neec to be reminded that it will cost them more to do business in tie :o'w?lstip due to poor planning. These costs are passed on to the sucsequent consumers of their developu:.ents. These consumers become the ta.x:pa;,ers that will have to pa;,' the higher price for all aspects of development later, because ignoring planning and ignoring plans that result fron planning wi..:.l result i~ r.igher costs for ever:,·::iody in t:ie ':'ovnship. �I • rownshlps , and Places SOUTHf ASTERN MICHIGAN 13 12 ,e 43• 15 17 . \ . \ \ \ .--,-,_ 1 ' •- ) UUO" , . ., f ' •· "' I ·- '' I I 111\a I Ho~•" TWP• I I I( ·- it,......,,~ _,. . 1·-· \·. .slHiA I ' Ass ,K ' / CANADA Wf,Y'JE COU~lTY l .. l f '~ I ! .IQl•- 1 t()U l "(..I' ' MAP NO. t ,a ,.,,.... ... lO N ,o 20 u S 01101n,,....,, of Com.....,ce 12 MICHIGAN •o l!IUAEAU OF TME CENS l.' S 13 15 83" 16 17 �REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Homer Township may be described as a rural tovnship that it caught up in urbanization of its land and its other components - population, economy and organizational structure. It is located adjacent to the City o! Midland in Midland Count~ where the major concentration of employment, cultural and commercial uses in the local area are to be found. The dominant industry, and the largest employers, are Dow Chemical Company and Dow Corning Corp. with Dow Chemical. having its international office located in the City of Midland. Midland CoWlty is located within the East Central Michigan Planning Region, and is situated in the central portion of Michigan's lower peninsula (See 111p No. l). The City of Midland is considered to be a part of the Tri-City Region comprised of Bay City, Saginaw and Midland. The Dow Chemical Company and Dow Corning Corporation has its major manufacturing facilities within the City of Midland and represents the County's largest employer. Midland County recorded a 1980 population of 73,578 in the final U.S. Census. This represents •a 9 1 809 or 15.4% increase over the b3,769 population recorded in the. 1970 U.S. Census. The City or Midland recorded a more modest increase of 2,959 or 8.6% from 34,291 in 1970, to 37,250 in the final 1980 Census figures. Homer Township grew from 3,959 in 1970, to 4,477 in 1980, a 13.1% increase, which is relatively greater than the City and somewhat comparable to the relative grovth of the County. Homer Township is geographicall:r, socially and economically clos~l:: associated with the City of MicUaud. Fine transrortation routes from the Township to employment centers ;.rit hin the City (!,J-20, Safina .. P.oa.d, Gordonville Road and Poseyville Road) provide dirP.ct access between '!'ownshi:: residents and their jobs. Over 58% of all resrondents to the 1930 Ho~er · Attitudinal Survey indicated their place of P.mplo:,·ment 'Was the City of Midland. The other 42~ 'work in local retail and service e:.tablisii~ent:;, public ernplo:rr.ient by County, To'loT?lshir, f:chools and otht:r institutions and scattered regional employment locations. Homer '!'ownship shares its eastern l.Jounda.r:.- with the Cit/ of '.'.i~la.ud and Midland Township, its northern boundary witl1 Lincoln To·.mshii-' , its westerly boundary \ii th Jerome and Lee Townshi1;s, anri. its southc rl:/ toundary with Mount Haley To .. nship (See ttillp No. 2). Homer Township is situated adjacent to the City of !-'.idland and the t1o.-o municipalities are a part of the same urban a.nci. urcanizinr area. This urban area has been subj e·c ted to significant grorth in recent years. :-iany communities in f,(.ichigan, and throughout the entire country, loco.ted ;.rithin and adjacent to urban centers similarly have been subjected to significant gro1olth. The attractiveness of a newly developing spacious and natural aesthetic atmosphere has attracted numerous urban residents to Homer To.mship. The:,· will more than likely continue to be attracted to the tounship for many years to come because of these characteristics which are a long \lay from being spoiled and unattractive. �J • 0 u T 1&" LEGEND l'.(Y RQl,OS TO CDUlilfTl[S -•110111 -DAICJ..-OROAD :iOl.5'.0lf.lC[J"'llD GRMtOIIS"' .. >oAO l I _J auUIIOQ.5 S<Pfl(U AOlD -DAOID lll'lll(DDVU'.O~WIINFWDIIIJIG( C&A ... RESTUU ROIi) S"ISTEII Cl:SIGNATIOII lllftRSTlT( ~OWl ~ \NTCO STATES ...._...,,. § \Tl!£ - ~ BL llJSINESS L.OCP St RWT( IIJSllj[SS as ltJSoNESS SP\JI AIRPORTS l . . . fWIAl'Tt . . ~ I lllllUT rru, T tS N. 15011( flCll.fT(S ._,.,_(.,:Jil'\r'! f&Q.ITIES --.1 IGIMERC""- c,I J ◊ 0 &#l(LD . t ,IIT[D f.lC(.1Tl(S LAM'.INi ARtl ca T 15 lit. 0 0 -AIIU I STRIP · - - I t -(lDSJ RA.t.ROo\OS 11"-0.C I.IM' lill..M!(lil TRACASi (r(a&r"' - USED BT 51«A1 - ~ lfM 11.1&.a TRAOl:SI ~ !IY IOI! • ..._. !:,,( ?'{All,,c; COMPlM' IJlil S&lrlE ~ AO.IACIPIT -IS <S _, !IC)! IOlGl(lG( IIIGH~ ""-ROAD Slll.QII .... AOlO j6();( ~ ..... IIOll)'L:)r,,u; . - -,~ --=:~ .... ROAD .,__ _ , 8RtOG£S 1:1 "ti nt•T i.J.,_1 l l!IEhL :)1-IOG{ S<.9{"50, ~ .'l\6S OIi _J .,...l. ~ , ;;.uif SEIU&lOt O!lllNAuE ~,tC)t~T .. 11f .U !TJtfu, )l'!a 250FTI NAvlGATIOII .. ,. ~ )Ill Wth(l.'' 8C,,l,j 30\/N0ARl[S ..,°"'- J - ] ~ ~&l[;n.,a,,, =.:..,.,,~ '::YI&.. T~SQ.'liOIRT T 13fl ~~t~"'°' T IJ N S(CTOI t.a.f er, »cl VILLAGE :.:atien su· ....-...cFOOPr~ :·..111.Nt•fS . SAGINAW J J GENERAL HIGHWAY MAP MIDLAND COUNTY GRATIOT • aw •·• co. "' '[ MA... P 1110. 2 LOC~L I\RE.A Ml\f �10. POPULATION & ECOIWMIC DEVELOPMENT CHA:l.ACTE~ISTICS, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS Po~ulation-~rehds [ [ [ The population of Homer Township in 1980 was 4,477, an increase of 13.1% since 1970. Since 1960, the To'Wllship's population has grown by 33%. Tr.is rate of grovth is coiq:arable to the growth or Midland City, and slightly less than ~~dland County, for the Sal'!:e period. Betveen 1~70 and 1960, the Township has growr. at tvice the rate of ~idland City; while in actual nu~bers, the population was 5lo and 2,074 individuals for Hocer Tovnsr.ir and ~idland City, respectively. Population Projections The Midland County Planning Commission, in its 1974 General Development Plan, had projecte4 a 1980 popuJ.&tion ot 5,154 (a 17.1% higher estimate and .a 130~ demographic error). Depressed State and National. economic conditions during the 1970's contributed to a slower growth rate in this area. Projections to 1990 needs to consider the genera..1 economic climate vithin the State and at Dow Chemical and Dow Corning. A reasonable assumption would be that the Township's population will continue to grov but at a slower rate of approximately 8% to 10%. The Township's popuJ.&tion therefore would increase by about 450 people during the l~O•s. For planning purposes, the Township can expect its population to increase approximately 450 to 600 individuals in each decade to the year 2000. The population of 1990 could reach about 4,900 and could reach 5,400 by the year 2000. Age Comtios it ion L L I. I The median age of the Township increased from 23.5 in 1970 to 28.4 in 1980. The percentage of the population in three major age catagories, shovn on Table l, idectify several important changes since 1960. ':'he number of cl.ildrer. and young adults under the age of 18 has declined during the l970's by 175 individuals, or 10~. There has been a large increase in the age group lo to 64 of 29% (613 individuals) and in the age group over 65 o! 42%. While the population is ~ing, 61% of its population is of working ~ge and can contribute to the support and sustinence of those under 18 and over b5. The aging trends of Homer Tovnship a.re similar to trends in Midland County and Midland City. Households The number ot 1970 households in the Township has increased by 31.5~ to l,41~ in 1980. Nearly 99% of the Township's population lives in faltily households. The Township, however, has experienced a sharp decline in the average number ot persona per household; tran 3.66 persona in 1970 to 3.ll persons in 1980. In other words, vhile the number ot households are increasing, the number of children on the average in the households are decreasing. This relationship explains the changes in age distribution of the Township's population discussed above. Houses in Homer Township are slightly larger than throughout the rest of the County and Midland City. This means that the families have more room per family and the houses are on the average mere expensive and of higher quality since a great majority of them are relatively new. �"t, 11. TABLE NO.l I \ Population Trends in Homer Towship and Co!llparisons to Midland City, Midland County, and the State [ 1960-1980 1970 r· r· r ., Total Population r- /9 Change 1960-70 1980 Median Age Change 1960-70 1970 1980 3,959 19.8 4,477 13.l 23.5 2t. 4 Midland City 35,176 26.6 37,250 5.9 24.5 20. 6 Midland County 63,769 23.9 63,769 15.4 24 .o 27.9 8,875,083 13.4 9,262,078 4.4 26.3 28.8 Homer To'W'tlship Michigan ~ Distribution bi Percent Under 18 19 to b4 r ' - 1960 1970 1960 Homer Township 41.8 33.l 53.5 {~ Midland City 40.0 29. 5 lliidland County 4·1 . 2 I. Michigan 36.6 [_ Total Population 'I 1970 Over 65 1960 1970 61.0 4.7 5.9 55.0 62.4 5.0 8.o 32.2 53.4 60.5 5.4 7. 3. 29.7 54.9 60.4 8.5 9. 8 Households 1960 Total Homer Tovnship ' i I l . j Percent l, 0751 Households 1970 Total Percent Persons per Housetc:-::s 3.66 1,419 31.5 3 .11 Midland City 10,177 35.l 3.40 13,056 28.3 2. 75 Midland County 18,013 32.3 3.51 24,4 98 36. 0 2 . 94 3,653~059 18.5 3.27 3,195,213 20.4 2.84 Michigan Source: . Persons per U.S. Census �12. TABLE NO. lI' I - i L l~ !~ I. i 2 Building Permit Activity in Homer Township 1970-1984 . !." - Year (sin1:5ie) ~bile Homes 1970 39 2 NA 1971 46 7 NA 1972 52 5 NA 1973 62 15 NA 1974 46 10 NA 1975 44 11 NA 1976 57 18 NA 1977 57 18 r;A 1978 52 19 NA 1979 30 13 NA 1980 7 5 2 (c,70C sq.ft. ) 1961 10 10 2 (11,650 sq.!t.) 1982 10 11 3 (lC,200 sq.rt.. ) 1983 16 7 3 ( 1984 9 12 5 (15,430 sq. ft. ) Residential Commercial 9,250 sq.ft.) �Social Characteristics Examination or several social characteristics assist in understanding the stability or the Tovnship and the community's ability to adapt to change. There are no d~minant ethnic nor minority groups in the Township. The characteris~ica or concern become those or family stability, educational status and income levels. L r: According to the 1980 Census, 88% of Homer Township's population was native born in Michigan. Thia figure is much higher tha.n the County (75%), Midland (67%) and the State (72%). Since 1975, 42% of the individuals over age five (5) (or 605 households) would live in different ho~es; this accounts for the creation of part of the new households during the 1970' s and implies upward mobility as current residents purchase new homes in the Township. Approximately 70j of the male and female population are or have been married (including those separated). Of the children under the 18 years of age, 851 are living with two parents; a figure comparable throughout Midland County. One-quarter (25%) of the households have children under the age of six (6). An appropriate interpretation ot these statistics suggest that residents of Homer Township have a straig "sense of place" and are strongly committed to the family institution. In Homer Towship, only 6% of the residents ov~r 60 are livinc alone, which is a much lower rate than elsewhere in this County or State. Only a few (about 60) individuals in the Tovuship are housed in group quarters (Pinecrest Home). For the elderly, they are either livinB with family members or are moving to locations in other municipalities that provide support services for them. The decline in the nUJ11ber of persons rer household suggests that many of the elderly may, in fact, be relocating out or the Township. The City of Midland's over sixty (60) population took a noticeable Jump during the 1970's as did the number of people in croup quarters. This evidence suggests that the elderly are probably movine to the City and possibly other urban areas where services are more adequately providert aml convrniently accessible in emergencies. Education Levels ! !_ I I I- Seventy-six (76) percent of Homer Township's porulation has completed high school. This figure is comparable to the County average, but considerably belov the Midland City's 85%. In addition, 12% of the Township's population has four (4) or more years of college which is slightly lo~er than the State average (14%) and considerably lover than the County's college average (23%). This latter, however, is primarily due to the population dominance and attained education level found in Midland City's 35%. The requirements of Dov Chemical and Dov Corning undoubtedly creates the environment which causes the exceptionally large number or college graduates to remain in the area. The most negative educational statistics for Homer Tovnship is the large number ot 16 to 19 year olds vho are not in school or are not high school graduates. This statistic is canparable to the State average; but much higher than the rest of the County. This, again, may be distorted by the higher attainment level in the City, and thus the Township ma.y be ccmparable to the other municipalities in the County. �14. TABLE NO. ..1. Sociai Characteristics of Homer Township Residents and Comparisons to Midland City• Midland County• and Michgian 1980 l-- t.Jnder 5 yrs. % living in different Houses in 1975 Native Born in Michigan ., /f Completed 4 or more College Yrs. 88.3 42.0 75.6 11.7 10.5 Midland City 70.3 53.1 ti4.6 35.0 4 ;9 !IJ.dland County 78.9 47.2 76.9 22.7 7.2 Michigan 75.6 43.6 68.o 14.3 ll.5 % Families w/children under 6 % of children under 18 living 1,,ith two parents • I. Homer Township [_ I 6.2 25.2 84.9 t-1.idland City 25.b 25.l 65.5 rt.idland County 22.9 25. 7 85. 9 !l.ichigan 23.8 23.0 76. 4 Source:· 1980 Census Il . I l' i I I • % of Ages 16-151 Not in school or not F.igh School Grads Homer Township % Over 60 Living Home I % High School Grads �• In summary, Homer Township appears to have a veey stable population which is family oriented. 'l1le population generally is vell educated, except possibly for the current high school age group. The only cause for concern is the high-number of 16 to 19 year olds that are not completing high school. Labor Characteristics - Employment & Unemployment 'l1le strength of the community can be measured by the number of people in the labor force., household income, and dynamics of the economic base. According to the 1980 Census, 79% of the males over age 16 and 49; of the females over 16 vere participants in the labor force. Of the females in tlie work force, 43% have children under the age of six (6). Thus, there is a large number of tvo (2) income households. Each 100 workers in the Township support 118 (1:1.18) nonvorkers. · A disconcerting feature of the Township labor force, is a 10.5% unemployment rate (which may possibly include the retired) which is slightly higher than the County average (9.2%) and noticeably higher than Midland City (7.2%). Ir the retired are included, the 10.5% figure is not out or line. Another poaaibility ia the close relationship between the unemployment rate and the number or individuals 16 to 19 who have not completed high school. This group is chronically plagued by high unemployment rates. Income and Occupational Characteristics L 'l1le median family incane for the Tovnship is $22,948 which is comparable to the County median income of $23,598, but much lover than Midland City's median income of $26,853. On a per capita basis, the mean income is $1 ,641 in the Township which is lower than both the County and Midland City by $4uu and $1,900 respectively. Only 4.8% of the TownGhip's families had incomes below the poverty line. This correlated vith the unemployment rate above and reduces the affect the seemingly high unemployment rate expressed auove. The dominant employers in the area are the Dow Chemical and Low Corning Companies located in the City of Midland. Many of the occupations of Township residents reflect employment at Dow. The maJor occupations are management and professional skills (397 workers), and technical, administrative and sales positions (530 workers). Other ma.Jar categories of occupations are precision production workers (359), operators and fabricators (292) and service positions (201). Only a very fev menbers of the work force are actively engaged full time in agricultur~l operations (56). I . When categorizing workers by the industry in vhich they are employed, the largest number (588) are employed in manufacturing, followed by retail trade (294) and construction (191). Moat ot the remaining workers work in service related industries, such as real estate, insurance, health services and communicationa. Nearly 85% or the work force is employed by the private businesses, with the maJority of publicly supported jobs being that of public education employees. �- TABLE NO. 4 labor Force Characteristics for Homer Tovnship and Comparisons to Midland City, Midland Count, and Michigan % of 1'B.les over 16 in Labor Force Sor Females over 16 in labor Force % of Females in labor Force with Children over 6 % in Percent Unem1:loyed Manufacturin5 I 1· Homer To'wtlship 79.4 48.5 43.2 10.5 32 .o 11.i.dland City 78.6 51.6 40.6 7.2 35.l Midland County 77.7 47.7 37.7 9.2 34. 5 t-'d.chigan 75.3 48.8 41.6 11.0 30.3 % of Median !_ Families Income Per Capita Fair.ily Income Homer Tovnship 22,948 7,641 4.8 Midland City 26,853 9,547 4.o l-'.idland County 23.598 8,052 6.4 Michi.ga.n 22,107 7,b88 8.2 Source: 1980 Cenaus belov Poverty line �17. TABLE NO. ~ Resident's Employment By Occupation and Industry in Homer Township 1980 No. Em'Olo,,red over 16 Total • Fem.ale Ml.nagement/Professional 397 145 Technical/Sales and Administrative Support 530 Service Occupation 201 Fore_s try 56 Occupation Farming L r· ! 1. '. & Percent Male Percent 37% 252 63:; 378 7U 152 29% 151 75% 50 25~ 56 100% Precision Production 359 14 4% 345 96% Operators & Fabricators 292 29 10% 263 90% Totals 1835 717 100% 1118 100% Industry Agriculture/Forest Construct ion 191 Ma.nu.tact ur ing 588 ( Durable Goods Transportation 35 Communication 93 Wholesale Trade 29 Retail Trade 294 Finance/Insurance/Real Eatate 108 Buaines s/ Repair Personal Services Heal th Service Education Miscellaneous Total Source: 1980 Census 59 96 104 149 26 �10 . Location of Employment Opportunities and the Future The majority of the industrial related Jobs ar~ with Dov Chemical Company and Dov Corning Corporation in the City of Midland where the mean travel time to work is reported to be 22 minutes for its labor force. This travel time to work factor includes the entire area of Homer Township; thus an exceptionally convenient home-to-work relationship exists between the Township and the maJor employer in the local area, as well as the County and surrounding region. C [ [ j_ [ L Within Homer Township there exiata a small spaced out strip o! commercial businesses primarily located along ~20 and to a lesser extent along Saginav Road in the northeastern portion of the Township. There are only two (2) ver1 small industrial activities in the Township. The Township is essentially dependent on Dow Chemical and businesses in Midland City for employment opportunities. Expansion o! commercial. and industrial a.long with some public and institutional activities should be expected and encouraged in the future, i! the projected Township population is to be realized and social stability to continue. Most o! the anticipated activities will provide new employment opportunities, pa.rticul.arly to women and young adults. Development of a broader industrial. base !or the economy vill depend on the grovth o! Dov Chemical, and will depend upon how willing the presently institutionalized economy is willing to aha.re its political, social, economic and institutional assets with "outsiders." The relatively high income levels present in the economy could be a deterrent to lower paying industrial and commercial enterprises (See Table No. 6). The international economic prestige a.nd other positive characteristics o! Dov Chemica.l on the other hand, if given local support in its future expansion requirements, could continue to be the only maJor economic sustenance in the local area as well as the County. �l S, • ... ' ! ~ ! TABLE NO. 6 r Per Capita Income in Cities ot Comparable Population Size to the City of Midland i~ [ I~ 1980 1979 1979 L Rank City [ l. Midland 37,250 $ 9,547 2. Southgate 32,058 8,978 27,299 [ 3. 1".adison Heights 35,375 8,326 24,650 4. G&rden City 35,640 8,310 26,895 5. Wy&lldotte 34,006 7,957 23,042 6. Bay City 41,593 6,818 19,780 7. Inkster 35,190 6,736 20,710 8. Port Huron 33,981 6,735 18,183 9. Jackson 39,739 6,469 18,110 10. Battle Creek 35,724 6,385 16, 625- 11. t-tlskegon 40,e23 5,507 15,107 [ [ [ [ t~ [ [.. l I - j l. Po12ulation Per C&Eita Income Family Income $ 26,653 �20. EXISTING LAND USES i - i l_ r· From land use information obtained from the Homer Township 1980 Future I.and Use Plan Report and updating it by use or zoning and building permits, and by separating out productive agricultural land from open space, which vere combined in the 1980 Report , the existing land uses can be more meaningfully identified (See Table No • .l... and r.kp No. i)• Homer Tovnship has a total acreage or approximately l5,2b0 acres (24 sections times 640 acres per section). The master land uses are as follows: l. Residential I.and Use Development ( Refer to Map No. 's 3 and 4 and Table No's 2 and 7) Single family conventional and mobile homes occupy slightly more than 1,600 acres, or 10.5% or the Tovnship's total acreage. Single tamilj homes are scattered along the road and highway system or the Tovnship. The largest concentration or housing areas are located adjacent to the eight ( 8) miles or frontage along ~h-way M-2 0, Sagina v Road and in the southeast sections or the Township. Veey rev homes are located in the most northeastern and northwestern parts of the Township and in the floodplains. The southeast area is attractive for home sites because there are pockets of soil types that can accommodate septic tanks which is a limitation or the soils in other sections or the Township. Since 1978, the construction activity in single family residences has fallen off sharply (Table No. 2). Mobile home permits during this same period of 1978-84 have a.lso faII'en off but still indicate a relatively high consumer preference (54 conventiona.l and 40 mobile homes between 1960 ILlld 1984). Housing starts during this period have been influenced by at least four (4) factors since 1980: a poor state and national economy, legislation and court orders favoring mobile homes, the high cost or conventional housing, and the lack of home sites that can be economically prepared tor septic: tan.ks. L 2. Commercial Land Use Development ( Refer to Map No. 3 and -4 and Table No. 7) Retail, service shopa, and other outlets are primarily located along Highway M-20 and S&ginav Road. The latter are located in the northeast section ot the Toll?lship. In 1985 only 106 acres or 0.7% of the total land area are occupied by commercia.l land uses in the Township. Most or these uses are am&ll privately ovned, usually by one person, a family, or a partnership. Again, the lack or public sewer and water systems has kept any larger businesses from being attracted to the Township. 3. Industrial I.and Use Development (Refer to ~•P no. 3 & 4 and Table no. T) \ The 1985 Industrial land uses, including a small furniture plant and a salvage yard, occupy only ll acres or 0.01% of land. In~ustrial sites will more than likely not be too plentiful in the Tovnship for the same reasons given for residential and commercial, as well as other types, and that is the high ground -water situation with no inexpensive and easil¥ found outlet to drain land and the lack of public: sever and water. However, there does appear to be same opportunity to locate light industry in the area �21. around the Saginav Road - U.S. 10 interchange located in the north central ,art of the Township. The C.&o. ?ailroad also passes throug~ this area paralleling Sa.einaw Road. No other r,art of ti'le To ..nship a.ppe..Ars -t.o have enough of the industrial location requirereents. Industrial uses would in any event ·oe disruptive to other more a.ppro~riate uses of these areas for agriculture, open land and residential r,urposes. 4. A total of u33 acres are classified as public and semi-rublic or institutional l and uses. The Chippeva Hature Center maintains a large holding of archaeological imr,ortance in the Township. Other large public land areas include Consumers ?over Transmission lines and oil pipe corridors, school pro,erties, Count~, homes, and other s~aller public and institutional and land holdings. Future expansion of this tyr,e of land use is dependent upon the availability of public sever and water, as well as drai.'laee of the land. L r Pu~lic/Se!!l.i-Public Land UsP. VP.velo~reent (r!efer to i•ll:l.p ifo. 3 & band Tabl~ No. 7 ) 5. ricultural Land Use Develol')fflent nefer to :,ap No. 3 & 5 and 'i'aule iio. 7) Agricultural land. that presentl: is in production that has yields whicr. are high enough to be commercially viable are located north of i•·!-2C in the central portion of the Townshir,, south of i•:-20 in the center of the To,.-nship, and in the more remote sections of the southeastern part of t he To·w nship. The total acr'!age of the ll\.re;er parcels is aprroxirr.a tely 1,500 acres, or 11. 8:; of the To-wn :.hir,' s tot.al area. At this time, much of this land is held in parcels large enoueii to e ffic ier.tly farm. To imr,rove the economic viability, ti1e To.msiiip can encourage farmers to participate in ?. A. 116, "The Agricultural aucl Open Space Act 1 " administered by the Michigan Department of i,a.tural Resources. 1 Open Snace (Rt!fer to :-a.p No. 3 & 4 and T!!.ole no. 7) l . Agricultural lands presently used for that purpose but of low productivity, woodlands, and wetlands are included in the open space category. While small scattered portions of this land coulu 0~ developed, severe limitations because of the high water taule restrict the types and amount of land that can be used for development ..-ilicn could include any concentrations of buildings or structures. To use those lands, at least public severs and drains need to be constructeci. For lands that cannot bP. developed, owners could use ?.A. llo to maintain land in open space, and avoid the cost of property taxes, providing the fan:i.ly incomes do not exceed the me.xi~wn permittetl under DliR' s administrative rules. �22. I , [ [ [ '. i. I ( - 7. Hazardous Areas ( Refer to Map No. 7) Because of the high number of rivers, streams and drainagevays, and their watershed drainage systems, the lands relatively level topography, and hi~ water table soil conditions, flooding can be a· periodic major hazard to development in the Tovnship. A map of the floodplain vithin Homer Tovnship shows that lands that could be inundated are extensive (See Y.ap No. U)• The presence of floodplains have historically influenced development in the Township as evidenced by the lack of buildings and other structures in them at the present time. These floodplains are being increasingly reserved ror storm water drainage purposes and will more than likely remain as undeveloped open space, or· like wetlands be used only ror those activities related to nature, recreation and natural resource conservation. It is estimated that about 2,500 acres or 16.4% or the land in the Township is in the floodplain hazard category. �23. 7 TABLE NO. Existing Land 'u;es Homer Tovnship Iand Use Activity Residential Acreage % or Township Total 1,627 10.6~ [ [ 9. 6% 1.0% 1,468 159 Single family Z.bbile Home Commercial 106 0.7% Industrial 11 0.1% 633 4 .1% l,875 12.3% 11,028 . 15,280 72.2% 100.0% Public/Semi-Public l. Agricul ~ure 2. Open Space Totals [ ! l- '. I I l - l. Commercial agricultural land of above average productivity is included in this category. 2. Included in this category are marginal agricultural lands (average and below), woodlands, and other undeveloped land. �r .. j - l I 1 . J EXISTING . LANO U - -·. --- ----- .. -- . - --- . ·---- .. . CHARTE:R TOWNSHIP - • . . r ·.. ,. . . . .... .. .~ .. . , - OF . .. . . - . HOMER . . MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN Sf PlEMSeR.198S - J ======== ] I'" �---------------------- r EXISTING LEGENC' CEM=TERY e • -- - [Q BULLOCK CREEK HIGH SCHOOL RESIDENTlAL, SEASONAL 0 HOMER TOWNSHIP t-lALL RESIDENTIAL, SINGLE FAMILY IT] ELECTRICITY - 2 .l ► FARM ABANDONED HOUSE / RESIDENTlAL, MULTIPLE 0 ► [!] T TRAILER9 MOBILE HOME ~ CHURCH OF • FARM 0 HOMER TOWNSHIP FIRE PUBLIC / QUASI- PUBLIC ~ U 5 DA ~ SCHOOL 0 0 INDUSTRIAL PINE II COMMERCIAL METHODIST + AIRPORT/ LANDING STRIP BW BFUNE WELL GRANGE VACAN1. FOREST, AGRICULTURE BULLOCK CREEK JUNIOR 16 - ~ (NO SYMBOU RESIDENTIAL, TWO FAMILY II " DEPARTMENT .... OFFICE RIVER 0 IO00 2000 SCHOOL CHURCH SCALE 1" HALL 3000 - ,ooo' HIGH 4000 J ~iiW&Wm ]· NAZARENE (J>~I VA TE.) 1000 J SUB STATION SCHOOL �J .... I O> - II-,. \ 1-1-0 ·\ \ • I I \ \ \ ( l - w . .... \ -I "\ -.....J ' ....., .. ' -- * '-- I- ~., • lT~ - \ I \ ... �.J cf~( ~· ..,__,_ . \ [] • * - I ( ,' . -~i .t:-Q-;. .. -~ •t• ' / * ----- • (. J •· --- x.·. 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I \ ". �SOIL RESOURCES and their Land Use Adaptability (Refer to Map No. 14 and Table No. 8 I I ' ' in Appendix) The characteristics of the Township's soils provides information on the type of land uses that are most appropriate (or not appropriate) for devefopment in the Township. Iata obtained from the 1977 Midland County Soil Survey by the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S.D.A. indicates that the Township has a large percentage of its soils in capability classes II and III which are suitable for agricultural production without economic limitations considered. However, all soils in the Township have severe limitations because of io/8.ter problems--flooding, high vater table, and poor drainage. These same restrictions also influence other possible uses seriously limiting the amount of land available for constructing dwellings with septic tanks and wells on site. To accommodate agricultural operations and dwellings the land has to be drained and mcdified in other ways. Even with drainage or other modifications, the soils generally are not suitable for septic tanks and sanitary landfills. In this section, several land uses are briefly discussed with regards to their development potential. Homer Township appears to have a natural landscape which provides environmental amenities for housing, i.e. open pastoral scenery, woods, rivers and streams and comfortable contours. It is also suitable for selected natural and active recreation facilities, and offers a variety of natural environmental wildlife habitats. ~ricultural production faces the costly dra~nage and flooding problems. Urban development must overcome the drainage and flooding problem and also ultimately face the construction of public seve~ and water systems - both at considerable public ta.x supported and private or personal costs. Agriculture Father than classify soils for agricul~ural puri:ioses by capatility, soils have been rated in terms of their productivity (yield) under a high level of management without regard necessarily as to cost. A high level of management means that action has been or can be taken to overcome natural soil limitations, i.e. drainage for crop fields. Three production categories have been created: high (solid pattern), average (dot pattern ) and lov (line pattern). These areas have been designated on 1-B.p No. 5 A, B, C. and D. -- There are three existing major agricultural areas in the Tovnship. The first area is north of F.ighvay M-20 in sections l•, 15 and 16 and a small &rea along the Tittabawassee River. The second area is south of Highway M-20 in sections 22 a.nd 23 in the center ot the Township. The third area is in the southeast portion of the Township. These areas of approximately 15 00 acres, a.nd as far as Class II and III soils can be competitive, best suited tor long-term agricultural production, providing the increases in land values a.nd taxes due to urbanization do not interfere. Even though these areas are relatively productive lands for Midland County, this does not mean that agriculture is economically viable against Class I soils. In comparision to other agricultural areas in the State, the yield �for the most often planted a.nd most productive economically per acre is still low. It is doubtful that returns cover the cost of inputs, given the trends i~ market places, To remain in agriculture operations in Homer Township vill probably have to work off-farm and become part-time farmers. The only economic incentive the Township can use to assist farmers is P.A. 116, the Michigan Agricultural a.nd Open Space Act vhich provides tax credits for enrollment as long as total family income does not exceed certain established levels. I . l Another factor for a viable -economic operation is to have available parcels large enough to cultivate field crops with modern equipn:ent, in t he agricultural areas north of Chippewa River Road, there are a few parcel~ of sufficient size for production. Hovever, in the area bowided by the Prairie, Gordonville, Homer and Badour Roads, extensive parcelling of land in small tracts and lots has occurred. While there are still several large parcels left. to commercially farm, much of the land appears committed to urban residential uses in an otherwise agricultural area, This legal and encouraged process of breaking up large parcels into smaller ones without recognizing its consequences has for many years and continues to accelerate the economic demise of agricultural land prematurely. Woodland Resource Development Refer to Map No. 5 & 6 and Table No I s 10 and 11 in the Appendix ) Production of various species and their mixture (See Table No.~ in the Appendix) as commercial trees is possible throughout most of the Tovns hip. novever, the soils with the least limitations are also the best soils for agricultural production and urban development. The major management concerns for commercial production are high seedling mortality on most soils, and the inaccessibility of some areas to equipment for harvesting, primarily because of the high water table. Rather than commercial production, woodlands have more contemporary useful. value as environmental amenities for residential development and recreation sites. Wildlife Habitat Develonment Refer to M&p No. l _ and Table No. 17 in the Appendix. The potential exists for various types or wildlife habitats because soils can support a variety of habitat cover and food elements such as grasses, legumes, herbaceous plants, trees and wetland plants. Woodland and open land and wildlife habitats are found on soils that are also productive &gricu.l.tural land (?--kp No. 5 , A, B, C & D). Wetland habitat acreage is extensive throughout the Towship, designated &s shaded areas on Map No. 7 , A, B, C, & D; particulary near the Township's rivers, creeks and drains. This is particu.l.ary true in the northwest and northeast parts or the Township. Large a?"'!as suitable for wetland habitat have already been drained and are apparently being used in agricultural production. The wetland areas designated on Map No. 7, A, B~ C, & D reemphasizes the difficult natural conditions that exist :-"that of high vater tables that occurs widely throughout the Tovnship. The designated wetland areas on the Map will be subject to cooperative planning and zoning vith the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The State legislation governing wetland areas is specific as to size, location and character or them and the development and use of them to be permitted. �35. Water Resource Development Refer to Vap No • .J_ and 'Table No's ~ and _JJL in the Appendix Present limitations on the soils located in the Township m&k.e it difficult to create ponds (seepage), to construct dikes and levies (because of resulting wetness and seepage), and to drain land on all but a rev soils throughout the Tovnship. Thus, these problems make it verJ difficult to lllter water conditions for development, again, because of the high cos~ to overcome them and permit development. Recreation Development ( Refer to :-.iap No. b and Table No. ~ in the- Appendix) L [_- None of the soils in the Township are without lil:iitations in relation to recreation development. Those soils having moderate limitations are designated on ~ P No. 6 , A, B, C &D. While the a.mount of land suitable for recreation i~ exteMive, much of the land is already in use for agriculture production and home sites. The soils in relating their potential to recreational uses vould more than likely ce most adaptable to picnic areas, nature trails, cross-country skiing, woodland camping and selected playgroWld sites. Buildin~ Sites Development ( Refer to t-'..ap No. ,E_ and Table No. 12 in the Appendix ) Because of flooding and the high water table, only a small percentage of land ba.se is suitable for building sites without going into high additional costs in order to provide for such devel9pment. Soils with only moderate limitations are designated on Map No.~. A, B, c, & D. vith the line pattern. Those soils will support dwellings without basements as well as small industrial, commercial and institutional buildings. Lvellings with basements and shallow excavations should not be permitted because of the high risk o~ water damage due to the fact that basements would in many areas be continually submerged in ground vater which would cause basement deterioration. The areas designated in solid black on Map No. 4, A, B, C. & D have moderate limitations but can more than likely s~port septic tanks. The majority of this land is located in the southeast portion of the Township. Sanitar' (Se tic Tank) Facilities On-Site Refer to t~p No. _ and Table No. J] in the Appendix) l - Only the Plainfield (PSY) soil can support septic tank absorption fields. This soil is round scattered io sma.ll areas throughout the Tovnship witr. fairly large concentrated ·pockets to be found in sections 26 and 35. The ability of this soil to support septic tanks, _in part, is the reason why a large number of lots and parcels have occurred in the southeast portion of the Township. �r All other soils have severe limitations as far as installing septic tanks are concerned. Septic tanks pl.aced in those areas run a high risk o:' failure. The consequences could be contanination of both surface and ground vater where veils are generally located. If severe enough, there i s the possibility of environmental contamination or pollution, vhich could lead to liability accusations against those suspect and subsequent court litigation a.nd payment of damages; as ;.rell as additional cost through loss of use, and before continuing use, the cost of such correction. SAfiITARY LANDFILLS of a.ny kind are incompatible vith all of the soils in the Township. The Township should discourage any landfill from being opened in the Township. [ �- ~ ·• l!f I ... . ,.~~t!J•.. ~ . __.,.....,,-._c_. ~ • . ~-.• WR• '!-i ---. ~ - . 1. ::--....0.;;••::...;--=-:: · - .• ·- \ ~ ~ --- - - �I • l I . rI I �-·... .,.r! ·• ~·; ~ .. .• -:. · 1 ..,•' I • (! - -- �[ �. ~ ;.~ ·:.: .. 4~•. !:t .j, -~, -..'~;~ '-; -u~~ i l. .. - .:':"_ :,; 7(..,-:, -:~·i: ·:-::-.; o.a ,I [)eyelopment Recreation �?~~)ia \ - ·:i.,.__ ,.-. ><:0; ~~..--~~-· -- ~~ .. -, 9 ·.. ·:- . ~ . . .~. , . -----·~ .. ·". Le : ,,,._, . - .:; -~ : ·, ~ --:·~ : .•. P18 c.,.,.... • 31 • • ~ _:_• ~~-- . - . ~ ; ~ -I ::~,/-~ �l �I \ [ �,.. i I - �. . ..-. . .- . : - ·· . ce C II �rI I I - . .-·. . -~ - .• . \; ~ :.•: . # . ~~ .,r �L i L. ( l. �Development Standards for land Use Categories ( Refer to 1--kp No.' s JLandL_) A. Rural land Uses l. AG Agricultural land Uses a. The purpose of this la.nd use category is to provide for the compatible arrangement and development of parcels of land for residential building purposes in a pastoral, agricultural, voodl.&nd or open land settini, which will remain unserved by public water distribution and wastewater disposal systems in the foreseeable future, but which are suitable for large lot residential purposes, which can accommodate heal thtul on-site wat.e r supply and wastewater disposal, but which reserves and conserves that land which is most adaptable for present and future agricultural, woodland, natural resource and other extensive land uses. b. Planned land uses and general conditions: L. ( (l) All present principal agricultural operations and their accessory uses including home occupations on at least twenty (20) acres of land. (2) Agribusinesses that serve the present agricultural operations either as a principal use or a home occupation on at least ten (10) acres of land. (3) Nonfarm, single family residences and their accessory uses, including home occupations on at least one (l) acre of land area or 200 feet wide, or aa large a land area or width as is necessary to accommodate on-site septic tanks and wells. (4) Special uses and their accessory uses, including natural resource extraction and use, public and private utility and communication's facilities, public and private institutions for human ca.re, religion, education, recreation, and other human social purpose on at least twenty (20) acres of land. (5) Planned Unit Developments of at least twenty (20) acres in area. (b) On-site septic tanks and wells, if they meet County health and sanitation standards. - I. l. I. 2. ?.CD Resource Conservation ann Devl'!lonment Lann Uses a. ?uri:ose: ':'he r:,urr,osP. of this laud use area is to r,rovide for tr_ie arrangement of land uses that are compts.tible with the conservation, ~reservation a.nn non-intensivl'! development of_ la.ree tracts of land pr@sently ha.vine; a most nesirahle m1.turl\l enviromr.ent tlla: sh~~ld not be intensivel~ disturbP.11, excer,t minimally for nat.ura.i. hacitat. for wildlife , native flora ' natural water featurP.s, includinf . extensive wetlands and high Wl\tt!r ta1Jlt! · soils, aud otht!r ext.e:1sive land uses which retain the natural charts.ct.t!r of ti1e 1:1.ret1.. S:.r.t:::..e ��~.J_ ~ - - . - • ·- ~ ; S>-= :_ ~ •-:.;!:/ r~- ~--l"'-~ ~ ' . .. • ' • . ) ~N .· ~ .. t/7 - ~ ..:: •· . ·. -~~--- ~ {j l-~c' ;":.. "!" : ) ~ ~? ... -. . ~ ~ u,... ~- Q 6J6 • (__....._~} □ - ~~ ~-0l• • • o •• ] / ' '(). II 0. Park · 0 ~~, --- · ...•s. 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I .,_._w liiilN . • · N . . ... ..,, "' I I_/ . • ('I") ------------rr, -~i," �-52. family homes on exce,t ionRll:' lare/~ lots vill ue provided fc.l r if the spacing of such homes is 6refl.t enouch to adequately separate them from each other and the lot or pRrcel upon vhic: ll tl1ey are located can ade!]_uately hR.nclle on-site se,tic tR.nk.s and vells. 't llis ·area vill re!Tlf\in unserved b~, public sever and water. r II '' b. '. l I 3. Planned land uses (l) All present agricultural operations and their accessory uses, including home occupations and their accessciry uses, on at least tventy (20) acres of land. (2) Nonfarm, single family residences and their accessory uses, including home occupations, on at least ten (10) acres and 600 feet vide or as large a land area an width as is necessary to accommodate on-site septic tanks and wells. ( 3) Special uses. and their accessory uses, including natural resource extraction and use, public and private utility and commWlication's facilities, public and private preservation and conservation areas for plants, animals, archeologJ, nature study and other uses not requiring buildings and structures for overnight human occupancy. (4) On-site septic tanks and wells, if they meet Cou:1ty health and sanitation standards. OS On.en Sr· ace Land L's es a. Purpose: This lMd use areR has t he pu rrose of rP. t a i r.in c a ,. much of its natural environmental c hnni.cter ns :,o :; si l• l e t o the extend that 1.Juildine;s anci structures for pen:n n .... :1t overnight human occupancy and use 1.ill not b e permi ttt:: 1 a 5 an activity. b. Planned land uses and general conditions: (1) B. and general conditions: Only those uses that are planned which are permitted under the provisions of Public Act. 203 of 1979 "The Wetland Protection Act", and Public Act 245 of 1929 "Water Resources Conservation Act" (Floodplains), and Public Act 346 of 1 972, "The Inland I.&kes and Streams Act." Urban Uses l. LDR Low Density Residential land IJses a, Purpo~e: The purpose of this land use ca teeory is to provide for single family housine neighborhoods free from other uses except ~hose which ar~ (l) normall;' acces.;;ory and (2) compati ble, supportive and convenient to the residents livinP- within such a land use area. 1'he size of lots and parcels s ho~d ue planned to b~ of such area and width so that they can susta.in healthful on-site water supply and WR.stewater disposal or provide public or common vater supply and/or waste water disposal systems on an area project lssis. �?2.anr:ed lan d uses an d eerieral cor.:-Li.".. ions: u. (l ) Single fa::.ily homes and their accessor:' uses, inc.iudiHf :,,_o;r:e occupations, on at least one (:i ) acrP. of :iand. area 2 ,.:;u fet::t. wide, or as laree a lanct area or wid~h as it necessary to ~ccornmodate on-sitP. ser,tic ta.r:.ks and we.ils, or on lots o: at least 15,GOO sqURre feet in area and lJC feet wide providing eitiier r,uhlic or corrJT',on ·..ater sur,ply and/or .iaste'\,l'ater disposal systems on an area project basis. ( ;: ) Special uses and their accessory uses, including ~u·u:.ic and private ore;ar.iza.tions, educatior., recreation anc.i ot l. er facilities and areas servin1,; onl!' ti1e ill;I!leci.iate.l y surroi.;.1:dir:c residential area. (3) On-site septic tanks and wells 1 if they mP.et County riea.l t L and sanitation standards or pub.lie or co:nmon 'water Sufrl :r and waste·.. ater disr;osal systen:s. [ [ [ r Planned Unit Develo~ments (?UD's) consistine; of the land uses planned for this land use area. ((4) 2. :-i:•r. i•:~ diwt Jensit v Residential ~nd i;ses a. ?u~ose: Tte purpose of this land use category is to provi.ue fer sine.le fazily housine neieh1,or:;.cods free from ot h er uses, excert those ·..-!: ic:. are (1) nor:'lal.l:• accessory and (2 ) cor.-.;;ati ': le, sui:portive and convenient to the reside::ts livint: 'w.it iiin suc l: a land use ares.. ':::e size of lots ar.d i:arct:ls i!I ti,:;.;:; area si.o~:. t.:. ce :r,lar.::ed to ·oe of such a.'1 area and ·w·id t: . ar.d der.sity so t :-.at on-s ite ;;e.ter sur,::ly ar. f, ;.a:=n:.e..,.-ater dis;:osal s y st::::-.s are r.ot to r.. e pt:r::-.it:.ed, and develo!)rner1t ca:l O:-W./ tt: a.i.10\.-t: 'i if anc.i -~·:.t:n !=u::,lic 'water supr,ly or 1,1-a.ste'\,l'at.e!" sa::itar:: sew·er s;;st.e:::s are =.vailatle as a dirP.ct. a ·: ;ut.tir,c service t::, eacL lot or .::-arcel rlan!'le-: to oe useri for i1ousir,t; or ot.:.er :e~itted uses. 0 ~. 3. r.i:n a. F.ianned land uses ~!'lr. ceneral conditions: (l ) Sir:.gle fa:--ily ar.ct t h~ir accessory us~s, inc.iucli:11: llorr:c: occu_;iat.ions, on at leRst 15 ,C OO sq'.lB.re feet of land area 0C-l vG feet and an averar;P- of l OG feet wide and serve i 0~pub.iic sewer and water s~st.e~s includine fire hy d rants. ( c. ) S;:ecial uses a:1d their accessor:,1 uses, includir. t:; ?U .t.:.iic a.:1 d privat.e orc:anizations, educ?.t..i.on, recreation and ot t er facilities ancl areas s~rvinc: only t he irr.meciiatel y si...rrour. c in~ resictentia.l area. (3) ?la.nned linit Levelopments (?!Ji:' s ) consisting of tiie land uses planned in tnis land use areH.. F.ip:h Lensi t· , S.esident ial Land Uses Purpose: The purr,ose of this land use cateeory is to frovide a relativel:' src.all and less ex?ensive typ~ of h ousi:1g, as vell as a ·oroader range of choice of housing t:r-pes to r-eorle 'who desire to ' live in condon:.iniwr., a.mer or rental w1its, and t heir normal accessorv uses '\,l'hich are co~~atible, SUfportive or convenient to the resicients living 'within suc h r1. la.uci use area. ':"l ie l;uilciings �t containing the dvelling units may be in single or group building arrangements having group use facilities held in common, to vhich all residents have equal access and share equally in the financing or operation and maintenance. These developments vill ~nly be alloved to develop, if they can be connected to a public vater supply system or w.stevater sanitary sever system, or both if available. r l - r b. Planned land uses and general conditions: (l) Multiple family structures on at least 30,000 square feet of land area 150 feet vide, vith each building contai ning at least· tvo (2) but no more than eight (8) dvelling units per structure at the maximum rate of eight (8) dvelling uni ts· per acre of land contained vith the ovnership. (2) Special uses and their accessory uses, including public and private organization, education, recreation a.nd other facilities and areas serving only the immediately surrounding multiple family residential area. (3) Planned Unit Developments consist~ng of the land uses planned for this land use area. [ [ r 4. OF Office I.And Uses a. Purpose: This land use category is intended to provide the necessary professional administrative, personal, technical and scientific offices and related services as the princi~l uses. Any sale of retail goods are intended to be only incidental to or normally accessorJ to such principal uses. Large office uses are intended to be located at highvay interchanges vith local roads, and small office uses are intended to function as transition areas betveen commercial uses and residential uses. b. Planned land uses and conditions: (1) Offices and their accessory uses providing personal, professional, technical, mechanical and other non-product services to the public on at least 10,000 square feet of land and at a ratio of at least four (4) square feet of land area to every one (l) square foot of total principal and accessory building and structure area of ground covera.ge and served by public sever and vater systems, including fire hydrants. Otherwise, if on-site septic tanks and veils are to be used, the buildings and structures shall be located on at least one-half(½) acre of land area 100 feet wide, or as large or wide a lot as is necessary to accommodate them. (2) Office land uses are also planned as a transition land use between other commercial land uses and residential uses. Office land use areas are planned to be separate from all other categories of commercial uses, and are therefore not planned to be mixed in vith these other ccmmercial areas, except as �accessory uses to t he princi:,al comr..ercial uses r, lanneri. for those areas. r~ I. 5. (3) Cr.-site septic tanks and wells, if t Le;,' meet Cow.ty i ealt :. and sanitation standards. ( <+ ) Special uses and their a.ccessoz:, uses, including public ar.ci rrivate organizations, education, recreation and ot h er facilities and areas servinc onl:r the iml!iediately surrotmciin5 office area and its clier.tele. (5) Planned Cnit r:evelor,:ments (?t:V's ) consistin~ of t ;; e .land uses rlanneti for t r~s land use area. ;.; c :;eigh bor r:ood Commercial Land Uses Fl.. ?urpose: The :r:ur:,ose of this lan d use categor/ llas t he intent of providing areas ~1erein retail trade and service outlets can be located, in order to satisfy the day-to-day needs of the residents in the immediate neighborhood. t . ?lanned land uses and general conditions: (1 ) Small (senerally under 10,000 sq_. ft. of floor area per business) re'tail and office estai.Jlishments a:id t h eir ace es sory u ses, offerine eoods or r,roduc'ts for sale to meet t he daily needs of t.he pu·ulic located on an averae;e of atout 2G , CG~ s::_. ft. of land area r,er tusiness, at a ratio of at least. four ( .. ; S'1• ft. of la:id ari?a to ever:· one (l ) square foo-:: of total ~rinciptl and accessor:r i.;u-il ti.i.. n1: a nd struct ure lirea o f growi:..:. c overaE5e. It is planned to serve tne!!l ....-i t h pu ulic or co::mor. sewer and water s:: s'terr:s, includinc; !'::.re hydrants. C-t :: er.....-ise, if on-site ser,tic tan.i<s and .,..ells are to ue used, t::e uuildir.€s ar.d structures are rlanned to be located on at least one- r.al~ ;:: / acre of land area 1 00 feet wide or as large a lot area and .,..idt n necessar:,, to accornr.:odate them. (2) These coit.'llercial land uses are r,lanned to serve onl :,,· t he ir.:i::ediately adjacent and surrounding t.rading area. The y are r,lanneu to be located at intersections ( 4-.ra.y, if possib.l.e ) ir. order to r,rovide the rraxi~wt accessibility for t he trading area. it is planned that they be s:iaced ai:>ot:.t one ( .l. ) l'".ile ar-art an d tave an area. of at least five ( 5 ) acres of .l.a.nd area. (3; On-site septic tanks and .,..ells, if they meet Count:: llea.l t :1 and sa.nita.t ion standards or ::,ublic or com:non ..ater supp.l. ;,r and. waste~ater disposal syste~s. (4 ) Special uses and their private organi7.ations, ties and areas servins area, corr.mercial uses, (5 ) Planned Unit Develor,~ents ( PU~'s ) consistin~ of the land uses planned for this land use area. accessor; uses, including public and education, recreation and ot h er facilionly the L~mediately surrounding trad i n~ and their cliente.l.e. �5c . b. CS a. b. Community Service Commercial Land Uses Purpose: The purpose of this land use category has the intent of providing areas wherein retail trade and service outlets can -be located which are convenient to the residents of several neighborhoods and the owners, employees, guests and customers of office, other commercial, industrial and agricultural uses and activities in the Township and adjacent municipalities. Planned land uses and general conditions: (1) (2 ) Larger (generally over 10,000 square feet of floor area per business, except for certain types of specialty shops and businesses that need a more central location in a large complex of businesses for economic reasons) retail and nonoffice types of commercial service establishments which offer goods and services to the public on a community-wide trading area basis. The minimum lot area on the average is planned to be about 40,000 square feet per business, with the ratio of eight (o) square feet of land area to one ( 1 ) square foot of total principal and accessory building and structure area of ground coverage. It is planned to serve these land use areas with public sewer and water systems, including fire hydrants. Otherwise, if on-site septic tanks and wells are to be used, the buildings and structures are planned to be located on at least one (1) acre of land area 200 feet wide, or as large a lot area and width necessa:rJ to accommodate them. Co.1:1munity Service Commercial land uses are planned to serve a.n area with goods and services on a weekly basis well beyond the immediate neighborhoods for their trading area support. They are planned to be located at major highway and road intersections (4-way required) that generally have their roads extending well beyond the local neighborhoods, and which carry the heaviest daily traffic volumes so as to provide the safest, most convenient accessibility for the community it is designed to serve. It is planned that they be spaced about two (2) miles apart and have at least ten (10) acres of land area. (3) On-site septic tanks, if they meet the County health and sanitation standards. (4) Special uses and their accessory uses, including public and private organization, education and recreation and other facilities and areas serving only the immediately surrounding community commercial service uses and their clientele. (5) Planned unit developments consisting of the uses planned for this land use area. �7. LI a. b. Light Industrial Land Uses P~rpose: It is the intent of this land use category to provide ~or -the development of sites of industrial plants in which the manufacture of goods in the form of finished or semi-finished products or the assembly. compounding. or treatment of product parts or ingredients. in order to create finished or semifinished goods for sale to other industria.1 manufacturers, or to bulk or wholesale commercia.1 purchasers. It is the further intent of this land use category to permit only those industrial manufacturing uses having use, performs.nee or activity characteristics which emit a minimum amount of discernible noise, vibration, smoke, dust. dirt, glare, toxic materials, offensive odors, gases, electromagnetic radiation, or any other physically adverse effect to the extent that they are abnormally discernicle beyond the lot lines of the parcel or site upon which the industria.1 ms.nutacturing activity is located. Planned land uses and conditions: (l) Light iodustri&l manufacturing a.nd heavy commercial types of land use activities are planned for this area. This includes open land uses and uses that are conducted within buildings and structures, and located on parcels of land of at least five (5) acres and having a width of about 300 feet or as large a lot area and width necessar; to accommodate them. (2) Light industrial land uses a.re planned to be in locations that have direct access to the regional high..a.J· systetts, preferably the limited access high'lol8.ys, and rail and other fonts of regional transportation; so ~hat they can be convenient to the regional labor pool, as well as regioo.a.l wholesale markets or other region&lly located industries with which they integrate their manufacturing and distribution of manufactured goods. These land uses are planned to be located on year'round heavy duty truck routes, and off front roads which are limited by season&l restrictions. ( 3) On-site septic tanks, if they meet County healer- and sanitation standards or public or coi::mon .rater suprly a.nu waste.rater disposal systems. ( 4) Snecial uses and their accessor-1 uses, includinc puc~ic a~~ p~ivate oreaniz.ations, education and r:crea~ion. an<.l other _ facilities and areas serving only the l.lT":.Med1ate.1.y surrounc.ing indust.rial and heav:,r commercial uses and their clientele, (5) Planned Unit Develo:pme!'lts ( PL'i;' s) cons isti:;.g of t l1 e use::; planned for this la.nd use area. �5c . b. [ Planned Unit ~evelonment I.and Use Areas a. Purpose _: Because land use planning should provide opportunities for inn-ovation and change from the more traditional ways of developing land uses, the Planned Unit Development I.and Use Area is designed to accommodate this aspect of development. The purpose is to go beyond the limitations of P.U.D.'s planned for the respective individual land use areas, and provide either for any combination of more than one of the~ or to simply plan an area for P. U.D. 's of a particular land use type without the necessity of changing a non?. U. D. land use area by simply establishing one initially. b. Planned land uses and conditions: (1) Plan for mixed land uses and separate specitic land use areas through Planned ~nit Developments. '(2) PUD's of these types will be planned on the basis o~ esta.blishi:if a minimum acreage of land area in order to qualify as a PU~ project • . This will vary from smaller acreages for high intensity high cost land uses to progressively larger acreages for lover intensity lover cost land uses. (3) Special uses and their accessory uses would be planned to be included in PCT) projects on the basis of their direct sur port and relationship to the PUD. �c - ,1,/ . I - Planning Standards for Roads and Highvais (Refer to Map No. "19o5 Road Plan") I I Type of Road/Highva.y ( Planned Building Setbacks from R. 0. W. ( feet ) Type A. Major Arterials l. M-20 ( Isabella. Rd.) 2• Saginaw Rd. 3. Stark (Saginaw Rd. to U.S. interchange) 150' 80 1 Type B. Local Arterials 120' 60 1 . l i '. Planned Right-of-way Width (feet) l. Dublin Rd. ( M-20 to Saginaw Rd. and including new bridge a.cross the Tittabawassee River) 2. Sandow Rd. (M-20 to Olson Rd.) 3. Olson Rd. (Meridian to Sandow Rd. ) Rd. 4. Meridian Rd. 5. Homer Rd. ( Pine River Rd. to Olson Rd. ) 6. Tittaba.iassee Rd. (Saginaw Rd. to new bridge across the Tittabawssee River connecting with Olson Rd.) 7. Chippe-wa River Rd. (Meridian Rd. to Homer Rd. ) a. Prairie Rd. (Homer Rd. to Badour Rd. ) 9. Pine River Rd. (Homer Rd. to 4 3/4 Mile Rd. ) 10. 4 3/4 Mile Rd. (Pine River Rd. to Gordonville Road) 11. Gordonville Rd. �Ts1pe c. Collectors a.nd Connectors l. Wackerly Rd. --2-. "Tittabawassee Pd. ( Dublin Pd. to new bridge across the Tittabawassee River to Olson Rd.) 3. 5-Mile Rd. ( Olson Rd. to Chippeva. River Rd. 4. Chippeva. River Rd. ( Homer Rd. to M-20) 5. Woodcock Pd. ( Prairie Rd. to Stewart Rd.) 6. Stewart Rd. (Woodcock Pd. to Badour Rd.) 7. Badour Rd. ( Gordonville Rd. to Stewart Rd.) o. .IIJ.ller Rd. ( Meridian Rd. to Pine River Rd.) ' . l II Type D. Minor Roads All other local roads in Homer To'\illship. I 4G I bt: I 30 I 90 �cl. TAB:::..E NO. 8 Traffic Volume Trends at M-20 and Dublin Road r !. 1956 1962 1967 1970 1975 1984 .................... 4,700 a.d.t .................... 6,500 .................... 8,500 9,700 ..................... 11,000 ................... ................... 13 400 " (average daily traffic) II II II 1 Major traffic grovth betveen 1958-1975 I. 4700 to 11,000 cars per day increase of 6,300 cars per day Annual rate of 370 cars per year Grovth betveen 1958 and 1983 470C to 13 1 400 cars per day increase of 8,70G cars per day aMual rate of 350 cars per year Grovth betveen 1975 and 1963 11,000 to 131400 cars per day increase of 2,400 cars per day annual rate of 300 cars per year Traffic grovth has increased from 47GO to 13,400 betveen 195b and 1963 a 25 year period. This is a relative grovth of 285% or at an annual rate of 11.4%. Six (6) percent to ten (10) percent is the norr.al range of grovth. The 11.4% is at the top of the range. Homer Tovnship is getting its share of traffic grovth, which increases the marketability of the M-20 frontage for land uses of increasingly higher economic value and return on investment. Recent increasingly more substantial CO!DJI:ercial and other developments are evidence of this trend. If sever and wter vere available, the investment potential vould be greatly increased, and vould put more pressure on the frontage for develop~ent. �66 APPENDIX Page No. INFORMATION ·ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Mll.p No. 14, A, B, C & D J . l f. 66 Soil Types Map 67-70 Table No. 8 Acreage and Percent of Each Soil Type Tl Table No. 9 Crop Yields per Acre 72 Table No. 10 Preferr~d Trees for Soil Types 74 Table No. ll Trees tor Environmental Plantings 78 Table No. 12 Building Site Development Table No. 13 Septic Tanks and Soil.s Table No. 14 Utility or Soils tor Construction Table No. 15 Water Development and Soils 89 Table No. 16 Recreation Development and Soils 91 Table No. 17 Wildlife Habitat Development and Soils 93 Table No. 18 Problems with Surface and Ground Water 95 • 84 & Landscaping 87 �r .. .. :fr~_;. --~i~: -~~~ -· ,~·:. ·. -;,, ... .... -· '." , ..i:-~ , · • -◄1.._ . ,.-: ... .... ~ ~ ·2"£ifl-:?tf~ ~- �[ [ [ [ r. i' i -· ... ,..._8• ·._ •. · - · Co. . - . .. i -.· .-:.: 9• .· -·-- ·- �r j L �~.::... ..f;' ~ I t.~ ~ . Le .•, .. .,. ,.,.. .. �71 SOIL SURVEY ----------------- -' ' Soil name Man symbol AbB Ad AeB ~ coe CsB InB @ Kn ~ l.xA Me~ ~ Pa (fiy l'tB ~ x I' I : J:1. Ur ~ vi .'ii _,;_. ______________________ _,;...__ ' Abscota loamv ,and, 0 to 6 nercent slones----------~------------------------------- : Adrian muck------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Aquents---------------------------------------------------------------------------- · Belleville loamv sand-------------------------------------------------------------- ; :sowers ,ilt loam, o to 3 nercent ,loPeS•------------------------------------------- : lCohoctAh fine sandv loam , ~rAvellv sub,trAtum-------------------------------------- : :covert sand; 0 to 6 oercent slones------------------------------------------------- , :covert sand , loAmv s 11bstratum, 0 to 6 percent slone,------------------------------- : l in~ersoll silt loam, Oto 3 nercent slooes----------------------------------------- : l KinRsville loamv fine ,and--------------------------------------------------------- : lKinro,, m11ckv ,and----------------------------------------------------------------- : l l.enawee ,iltv clay loRm------------------------------------------------------------ : l l.enawee-Wixom complex , 0 to 4 percent !'!lone,--------------------------------------- : : l.o ndo l o'lm, U tn 3 nercen t , lone,--------------------------·------------------------ : Menominee ~anrt , 2 to 6 nercent !'!lone,---------------------------------------------- : Oakville fine ,and , 0 to 6 percent slone:>1------------------------------------------ : l'Rrkhill loam---------------------------------------------------------------------- : l'ella !'lilt loam-------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1'1oestone sand, Oto 3 Percent slooes---------------------------------------------- : Pinestone sand, loamv substratum, 0 to 3 oercent :>1lones---------------------------- : Pinestone-Oakville- t,rban land comnlex , 0 to 6 nercent slone:>1----------------------- : l'lainfield ,~n d , O to 6 nercent ,lone~------~-------------------------------------- : l'n ~i<'Vv i l l("l- l,1 u1,10 f"q 1r,nJ r 1 1., tJ t. n it iJ 1.r , tt 'J • :i 0.7 0.7 ;, '9 2. 3 2. 1 ol~ 2,3 ~0 2,3 70 29, 6 ;,-; I, / (; u I, 1 30 25 ,21 5 3 ,'/2 U 6, 6'4 5 5 0 , I 60 /.6 1. 1 2 .0 15 . 3 ~. 1 i, • ~o .i 5. 4 1 I, 0 6 0 1 , 6 6U I, I 35 1 , 5;; ~ 1.0~ , 1<; , 19 5 ~, 1 15 ~9 ,29 0 1 I , ~2 0 0 .5 2. 3 (). 5 2. 1 '.i ,rj 1. 2 , ... a 5.2 1. 1 1 , liO I, I ~ I J <J I ,I J I . (, r" ,t;lJ J (J. 'J ·1 , ·11 S n.,rr.P.nt .< ;lnnP~------------------------------------ : Slc>·1n t,,,m-----------------------••••---------------------------------------------- : Urban lRnrt------------------------------------------------------------------------w..i ,1~~on ~ .. n~y Jo,~----------------------------------------------------------------- · xo,n I1,;1,nv ·::1 ri cl, ·i n<"rr.~nt Lnnt?~-------------------------------------------- : Wix o,n- ll~ l li,vi l l t> - l! r ,,,.,, LR n<I c omnlex, U to 3 nerc<!nt ~lone,------------------------- : WRter------------------------------------------------------------------------- · 1.,J Acres ~, G~ :.; I . ~ •' t •~ 1.J .,) r" I ;., • J jlJ ! '2~ .) 4 (). s 1 ' / ·~.) ' (J . 1 1. U ' ,----------- ,------- ' Tot ,t -------------------------------------------------------------------- : �72 MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE s.--YIELDS ~ER ACRE Or CROPS All yields were e~tim~ted for a hiRh level of mAnaRemont in 1911 . crop is seldom 11rown or is not suited] G C C [ Li Soil name and m11n svrnbol I Corn :cor-n Su Ton Winter wheat Oats Soybeans Su Su Su 13 28 - ' 80 13 38 .. 18 so bB----------------------- Abscota Gr a~~- le1tume hay : S11P ilr oeets ,o n Ton 3 ,0 60 d. Adrian 'I &•-----------------------:: BellP.vi l le 608----------------------Bowers Ch-----------------------Cohoct ah 95 65 - . 1 l 'j Le-----------------------: Len>1we e ti 105 LrB----------------------- : Len~wee f 101 LxA----------------------- : Londo • Ka------------------------: 33 60 90 2. I 1I 4 ,0 20 3, 0 CoB----------------------Covert CsB----------------------Covert I nU----------------------- : In11er~oll ' Kin11svi l le fA 10 20 30 2. 0 11 30 ~ 55 2.8 6U 12 30 ·10 3U ?.O 40 · "' 1UU 3 . (J Kn------------------------ : I ! \. 60 85 15 42 OaB----------------------: Oakv i l l e 6U 12 30 . PsB-----------------------: Pipestone . f'/ If 1.- 5 .0 ro 3. 5 55 ~ 116 P3 55 90 L 60 12 30 oO I PtB-----------------------: ~1pestone 'I PuB----------------------: Pipestone See footnote at end of table. 38 100 1 '/ I ( " 2(J " 2u MeB----------------------: Menom in P.e ~e-----------------------i ~el l ~ 75 l '/ 115 ~a------------------------: ~ar Kh Lll \\ 35 1- 20 " 40 2.5 40 4. 5 23 I,. 25 3. 0 13 fl' 25 3. 5 111 �73 SOIL SURVEY TABLE 5.--YIELDS ~ER ACRE Or CROPS--Cont.nued Soll n11,.,e 11nd m110 svmool ,; .ill------------ -------- ; ~la.nfield PxB-----------------------: ~osevvil le Sz------------------------: Sloan : Corri :corn ., il11~e: \I/inter .iheA t Oat~ Sov be11n., Bu Ton Bu Au Bu ~ 40 6 20 ~ 103 17 52 ~ 120 w,------------------------: Wiw~eon 'I [ • ~ 95 16 14U 16 145 92 "II "/0 " -----' I ·;,:PL 1 : ,ri1 11J1,:; . ,r1•:1 •; SUllCLA:,sr:s cxc I 1ul<!'fl. me11ns nn acre11~el • ·; --- - ··- - :·M 11jor·mi1n11~ement -concP.rn,;-\S<Joc 111!!<; ) ClA .<;!I Tot11l ,-----:: Sod Clim11tP. :1c rc :11'.f' ; r~r,>:11 inn : Wf!trio~~ , : ( el : ( .il ( C) -----~---·--r-Acre-,;-;i\cr P. ~ ---- rr rr r I ~ !l6,200 811,620 1 'HJ, fJIPJ 1UlJ, U'j(J V 12,420, 12,420 V! lU, ~<J'J: 6, 9t!U ' vr r ---, VLL l ••• I ---- ''-------·' i L. ---·10,395 /0 J 395 38 4.3 42 5.0 30 4.0 3. o I l 1~ t 1 , 5!l0 y, ,tl')'; 3,315 :J '!!~: -- l. 5 W•9-----------------------: W, xom l'J\111.1·: ,, .--CJ\t'J\IICl.lTY CI.A:;:;,,:s /\Nil Ton 25 145 .. IUO W•M-----------------------: ,1, x om ._. Gra ., sle~ume hay , Su;;a r j~ I: �- 74. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN l ABLE 7 .--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND .'RODUCTIVIrt for production of commercial tree~ are listed. Man~ii:ement concern5 Soll name and map symbol (llll P- : Ero~ion : hazard AbB----------------:Slig,ht ,bscot;i ~otent i al proauctl v lt v , ment : sP.e<Jl i. niJ. : Wind- : ~lant : throw :comneti- 1 li.mita- : mortalh'lz,ir·d t i. on i. tv tlon : SliRht Absence of an entry mean~ th e lnfo rmat l::.1 : S llRht :s ever!! A~----------------- : Sl i ".ht Ad nan Common trees ' :Mo<Jerate:Northern red o;ik----: ; Whi.te ;i~n----------- : :silver maple-------- : : Eastern cottonwooa-- : : American basswood--- : '' '' :sev~r-P. : Hed maple----------- : : s11ver mRnle-------- : :white ash----------- : :r~m3r~ck------------ : :Northern white-cedar : '' Bt••--------------- : SliRht aellen l le r e,s---------------- :s 1, ,,_nt :' sever-P. '' Modernte : Moder'lte:Severe ; Mn , lt"'r:1tC' :' :; I i 11 'I : 11:, L ~;am ' ;111 :h----------------- :~ :~noct -'11 1 ht ; Moaerate Sev r• rP. ::.~---------------- : ~3J.. in n t :s1u,.n t C,:; ---------------- ::-; l 1 ,,11 t. '::; 11,, t, t. ;,,e r t '0 : ouaki.na asnen------- : :Red manle----------- : :Tamarack------------ : :~in ORk-------------: :Rlack a,h----------- : l M<>d<! r:itP.;' !:i11P,nr tnl'IO lP.--•------; : Amcrlc~n ba~~waoa--- : ; ~;iner bi.rcn--------- : : Y!!Llow nirr.h-------- : t1l bl")W(? , .. i SI iRh t ::ivcrL r ir"'-•-------- : 66 : ~a~ter " c o t to ,w 0 O1, 61 e~,tern wn lt e n ; r. e , ~6 b l ac k wa lnut, · 96 Ame rlc an oa~sw c oa, 61 r ea p l n e . 51 OJ 51 45 2/ ' 45 :' IH.;ck ~rir uc e . 40 35 40 4U 'j u ':j 1 ' : Wt11 ti! red -: nr 1it: I", S(, n LnP., Amer i can ~~ ~~w0o d , f? ." )'". t r n wr. 1 t "' r, lr'lC', ',O (l (Jr" \.~l(!r"fl ~1 0 ,, .U 1 l l.t1 - r;i::•J:Jr : Northern red oak---- : : Qu;ikinii: a~nen------- : 51 '56 : He<J mRnle----------- : : E~~t~rn cottnn~oon-- : : Sl l ver m'ln l e-------- : : Whit!! R~h----------- : : swamn wh i te oak----- : :Amer1c~n ,vcamore--- : 66 : ~~~te rn c c:to~woo~ , Y6 Amer Lr ~n ~~~ ~~ n r~ , Hoderate : Hea ni.nP.------------ : : ou;ikina aspen------- : : Rlack chP.rrv-------- : :Northern red oak---- ; : ~aner birch--------- : '':MoaerntP. '': Nnrthcrn red o~k---- ':' :ouaki.ng; aspen------- : : Ea~tern cottonwooa-- : : American ba~~woo<J--- : lj t, ':Moderate :'' Northern red oak---- : 12----------------- ': :; l I Jl,h t ': severe :White oak----------- : :Hed manle-----------: :Ameri~an ba~,wood---: :Butternut----------- : ;Shag;bark hi.ckorv---- : : Bur oak------------- : :white ash-----------: '' '' l~-----------------: Sl lllh t 'I :ModerRte:Severe : Moderate : Sliii;ht '.:n llsv i lle :-------- :~in O~k------------- 1 :Northern red oRk---- : oat ~,; ,.,, fl r . 1 wn 1t P. sr, r J~ P , ea~te~ ~ w~ ~te ~L~ e . Amer 1: A~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~a~, nor tnfl ~· ~~~ : e- : e ·:ar. 61 61 'So :H ea n ln e, 66 e.;ster n co tt ~nwo cd, ea~tern wn1 t e n l n e , ~6 b l aCK wa lnll t , 61 Ci 1 111!<1 n 1 :1 1! , 66 61 61 eastern wh l te Plne , black wa l n1Jt, easter n co t tonwood. 61 61 61 61 Whlte ,or tJ ce, Au.,trl~n rnne , ea~tern catt o nwooa, Norwav ,or 1J ce, red man l I! , Sllver man l e, blac k wa l nut , bl.;ck ch err v. 61 o1 51 :' Norwav sor1Jce 1 51 eastern wnlte pine . :AmericRn ~vcamore--- : ~ ( l nross See footnote at end of table . I :Quaking; a~oen------- : : SlRck ~nruce--------: 115 : Black ~nruce . 15 :Northern white-cedar: : Bal~Rm fir----------: :suaar macle---------: : Red maple-----------: 15 :·r~m~r~ck•----------- : 35 110 110 I A1 Jc; tr1-1n '1 L!i e , ' Sliaht l~ =---------------- :' Sl l llht :., ~e r .~o l l Trees to ~l a n t ; S l ti! : i ndei : �75. SOIL SURVEY TABLE I .--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND ~RODUCTIVITY--Contin11ed M;rn,011:ement cnncern~ ~otentiill nroa11ct tvi tv -----..,...--,E.-n-,1 "'"i""n---r,.c...--------..,...-----;._--.-----....;.---'-..:..;c..::..---..:..-.:.__;._..:..;;...:..:....:;..:..~.c...-me n t :seedling; : Common tree!'! llinnnant :Ero~ion :site limita-:mortalthrow : competi-: :inaex: : hazard h111.11rd t inn tion itv ' 'I 'I ' :sf!vere :Mo<lerate:Severe :Red maole-----------: 51 :w nite 5!lr •Jce, Le----------------- : Slill:ht :severe Norwav s~ruce, Lenawee :White a~h----------- • 51 51 ea'.'ltern wntte ~ir~. :American bas~wooa--78 northern ~ntte-ce~::Silver m11nle-------Soll n11~,e anc1 man symbol Lr B•: Lenawee----------- : Sli11:ht Severe ' :' severe :Moder;:ite:Severe I Wixom-------------:s1i11:ht LxA----------------:Slill:ht l.o nd() Mo<.Jerate:SP-vere '' :Mo<1er11te:Sli11:ht : Sliah t 'I :Sli11:ht 'I : S liah t ' I :Red m11nle----------:white /1'.'lh----------: American baS'.'lwooa--:Silver m11nle-------- 51 :Whtt e spruce ; Norw.:,y ,nruce , 51 eastern wntte 0 ~ :-: '!. 51 northern wn 1 te-c e:a :-. /8 :ou11kin11: ;i~nen------:American beech-----:white Oilk----------:Red manle----------:suv.;ir manle--------- , :11111ck cherrv-------- : : American bll~SWOOd--- : 56 ' : Ht~r.k o;ak-----------: "il'nomi nee 1 .: 11 r',hl. ; ~; l L ,, t1 :sl aht t :Sli!l.ht j ,'ln---------------- : sli~nt 1 JM-( V l l :~ ~e-----------------:Slig;ht ~e 11 a ~sB----------------:Sli11:ht Pine~tone ': Moder,ote : Sull:ilr m,onle--------- : :severe Sliaht ',;i (, 1 96 61 t;ltl"'"- "":d : n1.1 L, nortnern red o aK, pin oaK. 66 :n ea 01 n e 1 ea ., tern wnite p~ne, 61 1a cl< !l t ne. 58 blac1< walnut, 66 (,1 t, I ;ir:k r;ri ,,.,. rv . : SU.ant Red manle-----------: Silver maple-------- : ~in oak------------- : White ash-----------: Americ,on b;i~~wood--- : Ou11kin11: a'.'lpen------- : Red maole----------- : Northern red oak---- : :white a~n----------- : :Silver manle-------- : :American bas~wood---: :ouaking; aspen------- : ' :Quaking; a~pen-------: :Biatooth a~nen------: :Eastern cottonwood--: :Northern red oak----: :snag;bark h1ckorv---- : :wnite ash-----------: :swamp white oak----- : See footnote at end of t;ible . J\mr~ r l "'! ::.n tJa~.,wuut'!, ea~tern white pl~(:, n()rt n ~r":i wh,te-cea;- , : Moder;ite;Northern red o;ik----: :White 011k----------- : 'Red cine------------: Ouakin11: . a~pen-------: Blar.k o,ok-----------: :su11r m10le-••------: ( ',n &1 :O1111kin11: /1'.'lnen------- : : ~ea pine------------ : : silver manle-------- : ;~ aner bircn--------- : :Y ellow bircn-------- : : American basswood--- : : Black cnerrv-------- : ' Moderate Moderate :' severe :Moderate,Severe 5o ; ',lh i te ~pruce , f., 1 e.:, ., tl!rn r.ottonwooc , (, 1 r,,,r•Ht'I c;r,ruc e , ':ib ; Hee nin e, white ~ pr u c e, 66 e;i ., terr. .ih t te p.~ e . 5o Au~tr ~ 1n n ~ne, o& 61 Americar. O~S5WOOC, naner Ol.i~n, 5o bl ;ir.1< cnerrv, 61 ba l .5 ;,,n fl r. ' Moder11te:Moder11te:Severe ri1-----------------:Sii11:nt r11rKni d 51 I : Moderate : su11:ar manle--------- : :Northern rea o;ik---- : : ~"~tern white nine--: :Americ;in ba~'.'lwooa--- : : Yellow birch-------- : :~;iner birch--------- : :l::11'.'ltern cottonwooa--: : llhite a'.'lh----------- : ·~e:-: ---------------- 'j1 ':i 1 50 : l::a ., tern white nine, l·lorwav .5 nruce , bL;icK r:h P.r rv, Austrian pine, r <'r1 m;io\-,, ,liver m;i;i l e , Austri;in nine, northern white-ceaa- . 66 : ·.in i te ., riruce, e;i,;tern white Pi r.e , 96 itr ~'! n ~ ,n t &1 61 eastern cottonwooa, 61 Amertr.;in bil'.'1 .; wooa, n<Jrthern white-ceca, . && 5 1 : Northern whtte-ceaar, white ~oruce, 51 tamarack, 51 /8 50 56 : clack ., pruce, nin Oill<, ~reen a,.n, 56 :white s nruc e, 56 86 51 51 50 51 ea,. tern cottonwooc , eastern white l)i.ne, Norwav spruce . �76. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TAALE 1.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND ~RODUCTIVITY--Continued , Soil name and map symbol Manap;ement concern~ :-------:-rqiTio'=-r: Ero.:sion : hazard I I ta---------------- :S l iaht I ment : Seedlina: Wind- : ~lant : throw :comoeti-: limita-:mortalh;i7.ard tion itv tion I I I I :Moderate:Moderate:Sliaht Sliaht ti Pestone [_J C us•: I Pipestone--------- S l iP:ht I I I I Oak vi l l!!----------: Sl i ~ht Tr ee~ to nlant : S l te ; ;ind ex : 'I : Northern red oak---- : :White ash----------- : :shaabark hickorv----: :Hed maole----------- : :American bas~wood--:ulack a~h----------:~in oak------------:Ea~tern cnttonwood-- 61 ;white o;oruce, 61 eastern cottonwcoa, eao;tern wn1te nin e , 61 llorw;iy ~nr ·, ce, 61 wrnt" ~~n, r e<J m;i :-. l. '!', 61 Amer1c~n o~~~wooa. '16 I :Moder:itl! Sevf!re Sluht :s11aht [ [ Common tree~ : S l i ah t 'I :sl!vere ':i6 ;Whit e -~ nr 11C '!, ~6 ea1tern cottnnwood, ~6 ea.:stern wnite nine, 51 llorwav ~nruce, tllack ~oruce, 51 A111tri,rn nine, 50 northern red n~~. 51 white a~h . :o ua1<in11; a~oen------:~iatooth a1nen-----:~ a~tern cottonwood-;Northern red oak---:shaabark h1ckorv---;White a~h----------:S11a11r m11nle--------:swamo white nak----- I I 'Modl!rate:Northern red oak---;white oak----------:Red oine-----------:~11n1<in~ a"nen------- , 66 :Red nine, 61 ea~tern wn1te ~1ne, 5i; _j;ic1< n 1nP., (,(, : IS lrtc'< ,,:11,c-----------; u,,rw:1y •:1d' 111·r•, lJ l ;, c: K w;, I~,., L 1 5~ : S1J1,('lr man le---------: :Ht ac1< cherrv--------: :W hitn n"h-----------: olac~ cti err v. ~1 ur oan Lrnd. Moclernte: IC<'tl nine------------ : :Ea~tern white nine--: :J:ick nine----------- : :N orthern nin oak----: :Al ack oak-----------: L xB• : I I Po~evv1lle-------- ~li~ht :Modernte:~oder:ite:Sli~ht I I Londo-------------::~ l ' I 11 1, t1 L ' wa-----------------:Sliaht Wau~eon :severf! 'I :severe ~ t. e n l !"\ e , ~ ·1r1Jr:e, #et. n 1J ':. r: ~1 ~ r r 'I • 'I :.; l i.l(ht 62 :wt11t~ ~nruce, 61 A11~tr,~n nl~I'!, : 1'1ucJc:r ;t Le ~;, u,:,1,- rn;in le--------- ; 61 : white snr11ce, 61 e;istern cottonwooc, 61 Norw'IV ~nruce, 58 Amer1c~n tla~~wooo, 61 ea~tern wn1te pine, 58 northern wh1te-ce~ar, (, 1 bal ~;,m f 1r, Y6 tllack waln11t, 61 northern red oak, ' :severe I 'I :severe 'I :severe :severe I I :severe 'I :severe 61 e~~t~rn ~r,ttr,nw~0~. '-J6 61 I I :Red m;inle-----------: :swamn whit~ o~K-----: mAnle-------- : .':Silver :Red maDle----------- : :Silver mAole--------: ;White a~h-----------: I ( h l ar.:,<, a l ~ r.1< wr: j)l na., Nor·.. ;...v :Moder11te S11~ar maple--------- : Northern re~ oak---- : American ba~~wood--- : ~a~tern cottonwood--: ~aper t11rcn--------- : I See footnote at "'nd nf t,;ibll!, ptr-k o : M<><Jar :1L <~: :; l i11,t1l.. I O L r:1!, e ~; t ~ r--: I , Northern rl!d oak---- : :Hlack oak-----------: :E;i~tern white nine--: :American basswood---: :Y ellow birch--------: :~;iper tlirch---------: :Eastern cottonwooa-- : :White ash-----------: .Sz-----------------:Slip;ht , Sloan : it<.:<J 61 :W_hite -~ nruce, 61 nnrtn~rn wn1~'!-ce~~r. 06 rl'!d maniP.. 61 :white ., nruce, 86 silver maole, 61 whitn ~~h. �77. SOIL SURVEY HBLF. I .--WOODLAND MANAG;Ml::NT ANO t'HODUCTIVITY--Cont1nue<l Soil n11me 11nd man ,ym:iol :, ------.--~~(1 ! .. l ' t; e l le V ll le-------- :--s l i il,n t I : t' otenti11l nroductivi tv rn;-;-----;----;------;--- :- - 'I Moaer::1te : Severe \olxB---------------- : SliRnt Wixom -.; zB• : \ol i xom------------- : Sliaht L f M11na~ement concern,; IJ ment : seedlin11:: Wind- : t'lant l i mi ta- : mort11lthrow : com net i- : t i nn itv haz11rd tio~ : ~rosion : hazard -------;---- : Common trees : Site : index ; I : SliRht Qu11kin11: asoen------- : American beech------ : White Red manle----------- : Suaar manle--------- : Black cherrv-------- : American basswood--- : : sliaht Oilk----------- : I I :Moder11te:Severe I : severe I 'I :SliRht I :Sli11:ht ' I' 'I :Moderate :Moderate:Severe ' :ouakin11: a,nen-------: :Americ11n beech------ : :white Oilk----------- : Red maole----------- : Suaar manle--------- ; Blar.k cherrv-------- : Americ::1n Da~~wood--- : I I &1 61 5a 61 : Eas t er ~ .i n1 te ;:1 r. e , Norwa v , r, r uce , Dl a cK cnerr y, A11 ~tr 1;i n n in e , re,1 m11n l 1! , ~ .lv er man l e , Au,;tr i an r,1 ne, n ort hern wh 1te-ce:= · ' I I I 66 61.i : F.11,;tern wn I te pi ne , u ,, rwav ~nruce , c l ack cnerr y , Au,;tr i an nin e. 61 61 5cl 61 I Quakin11: aspen-------: Red maole----------- : Tamarack------------ : , t'in O::lk------------- : :u111r.k a~h----------- : I ------•---- ----- '•-------- ' -- - -----' -------- ! ------- · ------ I ! !Ill : Black scruce . 40 35 !IQ ll (J t ------------•-- I -- •' -- - •- •-- �78, MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE 8.--WINDBREAKS AND ENVIHONMENTAL ~LANTINGS t (The !Ymbol < ml!An., les:, th:in; the :,ymbol > me11n,i 11;re11ter th;in. he111;ht cla:,:, do not normnlly 11.row on th1, :,oil) Ab,ience of an 1ntel!t, ,.,r---------T" --- -- ------ ----- --- --- Tree,i h11v1n11. nred1cted 2 ' ~ r aver.:iii:e heu~ht~, Soil name and !!IBP !Vm0ol ' .L- 16-25 I ' '' I ' 1o1hite nine, ;C;ir0 l1 •.; T11tari11n honeysuckle, : Blacl< snruce, northern:Ea:,tern white :,nruce, 1111t11mn-: white-ced;ir, Americ:,n: red ninP., Sr.,itcn nine, ~rcen ash, J ack : olive, Amur nrivet, mountaina:,h. nine. li l AC. AbB--------------Abscot;i Ad---------------Adrian SilkY do11wood, American cr11nberryb11:,h1 white :,nruce. :A11~tri.:in nine, e;i:,tern:Northern wnitP.-ced.:ir, white nine, tamar11ck.: Scotch nine, Norw,iv ~nrucP., ~reen .:1-=;n, :c.;r,:,,101 ~ ')r,;,i•. 'I Be----------------:Silky doll.wood, Belleville hnwthorn, whitP. :,nr11ce, Amur nrivet, arrowwood. : Bl11ck .,nruce, northern: white-cP.dilr, l!il:,tnrn white r>ine, Nor1o111v spruce, t;im.:ir11ck. 'I 808---------------:White soruce, :,ilkY :Northern white-cl!dar, Bower! do11wood, bl11e :,r,r11cl!,; blAck :,r,,·•1cl!, hm11r nr I vr, t. r:ur,inP.nn l nrch, ea:,tern white ninl!. : Rf'd n i,ie, Norw.:iv ,nr11cl! . :Northern 1o1h1tn-cecl.:ir, hlnr.k :,nr11r.P., P.'1'1Lnrn : 1o1hlte nine, Norw.:iv :, nrucP.. Coil, : tuner tr.;in Csli---------- Wtitt'! .' lnr1H.:P., :111L•Jmri- rno1Jnt;, Lnnc;n, : :~r:0tch Siberi;in cr.:ioannle. olivf', Amur nrivf't. "whl.t~ ~--;n, ;:rre~., :..·;n. Ch---------------- Silky doRwond, Cohoctah hnwthorn, whitP. :,nruce, arrowwuucl. Covert C.:ir-:ill~'I 'lnn l ~r, n L'1f:', whitl! n1nl!. I : A11.1tri11n nine, : Norw;iv ,nruc~--------- , ii !', it.~ .., Inti-------------•- i\meric11n cr;inhP.rrvnr, n~ -i ,.., b11"lh, T11t11ri.:in honey-: nnrthf!rn wh1tf!-CPdilr,: !n11;erso ll .-:;1Jr.l< 1 P, hl11~ h l:\r.k ":nruc~, 1 .,. ,_ . l r: =i c;r,r-1Jce, t,;1Jronl!An l.:ircn. K~----------------:Sill<Y do11;wond, white Kin11;sville :,nr11ce, hlue :,r,r11ce, hmericAn ~rnnhcrrvb11.sh. lCn----------------::;ilkV Uot.(wo,,d, :Northern white-ced.:ir, ol;ick :,nrucf', E:,1rnnl!.:in l11rcn, tamar:tck, eii:,tern white nine. ': IS Lac~ ~nr1Jct?, :E;i:,tern white nine, hlucl< ., r,ruc<?, tamarack, northern white-cl!dar, Norw;iv :,nruce. LrB•: Lcn.1w<?C?----------::; i lkv do.,.wood, h.:iwthorn, UouRla:,fir, European larch. :~n:,tern white ninP., : Norw11v :,r,ruce, : northern white-ced11r. 'I See footnotf' at end of t.:ible. 1 C ~ r ", ~ ·. ~ r ~ ~ I "! 1 ; ., "..; . ~ :').-, .-, I r, ..J"". 4 :~ re<.J Le----------------:Silkv do11.wood, l.c,nnwPC hnwthorn, wh i tn snruce, Amur nrivet, arrowwood, bal:,.:im fir. Wixom------------:Silkv dOil.WOOd, hawthorn, white snruce, arrowwood, whitcbelle honeysuckle. n l n I!. manle, tam;irack, nnrthf'rn white-cP.011r,: Norw;iv .,nruce. hawthorn, white ,inruce, F:11rnnl!.:in lnrch, Uo11~ln~-rir. Kinross ;u11rw~v ,nr-uc~, red I 'I Norway ., nruce, :~.:i:,tern white nine, r,ine, : Austrian Dine, nnrthern white-cP.dar. ';rir-P.~,, :, .' )h, ,; =ir ,Jlin~ nool.:ir, 1o1nite a:,h, �79. SOIL SURVEY TABLE a.--WINDBREAKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS--Contlnued Sod n .1me :;nd mac ,ymool 16-25 8-15 'I L x A---------------: Wh i te-s0r 11ce , Amur Londo privet, American cranberrvbush, blue ,pruce, ,ilkv : Northern white-cedar, blacl< snruce, Austrian cine, Euronean larch, doiwood. >35 26-35 'I : Norway soruce , red nine. tamarack, eastern white Pine. ~eB--------------- : Arrowwood, lilac, '1enomlnee white ,.pruce, blue soruc11, ,taihorn .,11m11c. '' : Red nine , .i a cl< pine , : : Scotch pine, northern : nin 0111<. : Red man l e, Carolina poplar. ,. 'I J a H- -------------- : T II t ;;r i ,1n hon P. y,. ,u~I< le, aut11mn-olive, lilac. UAkv1lle : Caro li na oonlar, 11reen a~n, wnite a .~h . ' .- a---------------: Amur privet, Arrowr' ar K i ll wood , h,1wthorn, I :u1ac1< ,.nruce, northern : Ea,.tern whlte nine, white-ced11r, American: jack nine, Scotch mountaina,.h. nine. :c arol1n11 non l ar, yellow-pon l ar. I I : Northern white-cedar, : Caro lin a non l ar. e11,.tern white ninft, Norway soruce, t11marac1<. 1 Siberian crabanple, silkv do~wood, white ,.nr11ce. ' I r r'e----------------: Si \l<y c1n~wnoct, 1•,•tl.1 : ur111Pt., /\mur :Northern wn1te-r.ed11r , Norwnv h:twl.hnrri, ( r' ~ r' :1nr11r.c 1 ' eastern white nine, t11m11r11c1< . wh1te ., r,ruce. I!, /\mer I c,1n : 1111,trian nine, ea ., tern Norway ,nr uce, <0ranucrrvll11.~h, L,1 te white nine, ,:uronean r, ine. larch, northern lilac, ,ill<Y do~waad, white ., nrucP. . wh i te-cedar . ,l - -------------- : II t 11<? , nruc 1o e·: to ne rec1 · ·.. :- -------------- : ·~n,te s nrucP., /\ 1ner i can Au ., trian nine , Norway snruce, red <, ~<'~tn ne c r~nt><'rrvhu.,h, t>luP. northern white-cedar , n i n'! . ·: Dru r. c-, ·11 l kv <?;t~tern white rnne. <Jo o;wood . .- 1·, e st one-------- : c11 ,1e ,nruce, Amer i can r- r-:inherr 11h11"h, l .:i t t? Au,trian nine, ea ., tern Norw'iv ,.nr 11 ce , red , white nine, northern nine. lilac, white ,.nr11ce, ,., l l<y do~wond . Car,, Li n~ Green .a ., n, (, .ar ')l , n 11 non la r, wh,tl! 1s h. Green '!l ., n , Cilr'.l l, ~~ non l ar, wh i te ~,n. 'I : c11rn l 1na non l ar, ve l lnw-n o n l ar . r'~ u--------------- : Lilac, T11tari11n honey- : Norwav ,nruce, r'l ~infi e l d : ,.ucl<l!!, a11t11mn-ntive. : Siheri11n cr'ihannle. , Eastern white nine, :C arolina nonlar . : red pine , j ack nine, Scotch nine. r : 1. 11 • : ~') SP. yv1l le------- : Americ11n cranberry: Au,.trian pine, : Norway spruce, red b11~h, bl11e ,nruce , : northern white-cedar,: nine . r ,, t,,rL:in honP.y ., ,1c1<le .: l!a ., tern white nine , : ~urooean larch. 'I Lo ntl o- -----------:White s nruc e, Amur nrivet, Amertc11n cr:inhP.rrvn11,h, ,pruce, s111<v doiwood. blue 'I :Northern white-cedar, : black snruce, /\11,tri11n ninft, Europe11n larch, tam11rac1<, Siberian cr11u11nnle, eastern white nine. ~ee r ootnotl! :it end of table. ( ~'ih , nonlar, wn1te a,.h. wnite-cedar. • ~~ •1 Lle --------- :T at'iri11n honey~11ckle , - : H111ck ,nruce , American E11,.tern white n,nl!, · ,111t11mn-nt i v~, l1l ,1 c . 1n,111nt:iin11~h, northern .i :ick nine, Scotch whLte-cedar . cine. 'o ' :Grl!r.n '; Horwav nine. ~oruce, red 'I :•,.,hite ash , Carol i na nonlar, 11reen ash. : Carolina noolar, 'lreen ash , white a~n. �80. ,- 1 MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE 8.--~INDBREAKS ANO ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS--Continued Soll na111e and map symbol [ [ 16-25 'I Sz----------------:Amur privet, hawthorn,:Northern white-ced11r, Sloan : silky do•wood, white ' e11.stern white pine, spruce, arrowwood. Norway spruce, t>111111r>1ck. ; Carolina ponlar. Ur•. Urban land : I W•----------------:Silky do11,wood, olauseon ' hawthorn, Oou11;l;isfir, European larch. Eastern white pine, Norw11y scruce, ta11111rack. : Carolina ounlar. I [ L wxs--------------Wixom Silky do•wood, white spruce, arrowwood, A11111r privet, h>1wthorn. >35 26-35 :Norw11y snruce, red Eastern white nine, Austri;in cine, nine. , northern white-cedar, Norwav ,oruce, t>1111arack. \lzB•: 'I Norway scruce, red ~ixom------------,SilkY do•wood, white :E11stern white Pine, ~pruce, blue ~pruce, Austrian cine, cine. northern white-cedar. A111eric>1n cranberrv- '' : carolin;i non l ar , 11,reen ;ish, ·. mite ash. ' Green ash, Carolina poplar, white ash. Du~h; 'I :1Hack spruce, northern: Hell~•Llle------- : SL!kv uo~woou, h>1wthorn, wh LtP. white-ced11r, e;i ., tern ~nruce, l\mur nrivP.t, white nine, Norwav 'lnrucP., t;im,ir·>1c1<. :irrowwood. f I. L !, ( Carolin~ non l ar . Jrtrnn land. -------------------------------------------------------------• :Oee rn"P llnlt rlescrintlon for the comno.~ition and tlehavior of the man unLt. �81. SOIL SURVEY TABLE 9.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT ·some of the terms used Ln this table to de:,crLbe re:,trlctive soil feature:, are defined in the Glos5ary . ,text for definitions of •slia;ht,• •moderate,• and •severe.• Absence of an entry mean:, ,oLl was not rated] ~hallow excavation:, Soil name and mao symbol Dwellin1u without b;i ., eme nt s I I I ' I l. r: r L l I AbB--------------- Severe: floods, Abscota wetness, cu tbank:, cave. Ad-------••••·•--- Severe: wetnes:,, AdrLan floods, cutbank.s cave. Dwellina;s with basament:, :severe: flood.s. :severe: flood.s, wetne:,s, 'I : severe: wetne:, ., , flood:,, low streng;th. ' I ' :severe : wetne:, ., , floods, low 3treng;th. I :severe: wetne:,:,, flood.,, low :,treng;th. Local roaos and streets Small commercial building;s I' :severe: flllods, wetness. See 'I : sever@ : f l ood:,. : : s nvere : w-.tne~.s, fl 000 ., , low -~ tren11:th. Ae!l • . Aq uent-3 I' Be---------------- : Sf!vere: Belleville wetness, cu tbank:, cave, flood.s. ~o B--------------- :S PvnrP: llowc r:, ..,.c.:t.nu:-s:,. ' :severe: wetness, flllods. Severe: wetness, flood:,. '' ::P.Vt?r"P ! I : : ; jP.V('r'"f'?: : Co u--------------- Severe: Covert cutbank-3 cave, wntnll!l!I, t -~B---------------:.JYe rt we tnC?:'15, flood:,. Severe: we? tne:,:,, flood:,. Moder::1te : wetne:,s, Severe: wetne:,:,, : Severt!!: Severe : cutbanl<s C;tVe, •.;etness, tno Cl ::IVP.V. Moderate : wetnf!,i:,, shnnk-swell. rr~--------------(n~ e rso l l SC?vere : we tne ., ~. Sevf!re : wetne:,-,, ~~---------------,<, n~ !I VLl l e : i<?VCH"f'I! ~n ---------------- Severe: ~i nros:, wetne,,i, f" l qod ,1 , <: ;1vc. Le---------------- , Sf!v!!re: wetne:,s, Lenawee floods. ,. Lrl:l• : Le na,•e e---------- : Severe: wetne!'ls, l'loo<.Js . ' ~ l1 nm------------ :' 5evere: we tnes:., cutbanks cave. See footnote at end or table. '. : '? I/ , ~ ,.. f'I : f" ro,i L .::t ct i on • low ~tren11;tn . wetnes-,, ': Severe: ~ever•: wetne:,:, , floods . : f l ood~ , f r:ist actLon, wetne~~ . : Moderate : wetne:,,i , : Moder at!! : wetne~ ., . :Mol'lerate : wetness, shr1n1<-swe l l. : Mol'lerate : •.;et ne~:, . Severe : we tne:,:,. : severe: we tne ., ,. : S '!ver-1! : 5<!Vf!r-P. ! : severe: wetne:, ., . : f r,,, t ~ r. t. l wetness . /") n I wetne'I:,, flood:,, we tne,is, flood:,. : severe : wetne,:,, fl ood:,. : severe: wetn!!!'I ., , ('\o()tl~. Severe: wetnf!:, ., , q ,,nd:,, : severe : wetne!'I:,, f llltJ<l ., . : severe: : severe: low ., tren11:th , wetne!'I ., , floor!:,, : severe : l ow ., tren11;th , wetn e , ., , : ! )CV<?r-C: we tne,i:,, t" l lln<ls, cutbanks cave. C II t.b ; 1n1< :'\ ' : severe : wetne:,s , fro ., t action, floods . : !) P.VP.r'"~: wotnn'i:,, wotnn,i:,, Ch---------------- : SP.v~re: Conoct ,l h we tne:,:,, t"loods, cu tbank:, cave . 'I : seveve : wetne:,s, flood:, . : ::,.!Vf! r· e: wetne'I:,, flo Od'I. w~tnP.o:;~, l' L<Jt 1 <J.t; . I : : Sf!vere: low stren111th, we tne!'I:, , flood:,. 'I : severe: low 'ltr!!nllltn 1 wet.no:,:,, floods, ' I : sever-e: wetness. I' : Severe: low stren111th, wetne:,:,, floods. ' :severe: low ., tren,i;th, wetne:.:,, floods. I '' : Severe : wetness. ' : severe: low :,tr!!n,i;tn, wetness, floods. [l') l)(j,. I '': Severe: wetness. : Severe: low ~trcnP,th, wetne,i:,, floods. 'I : !~oder ate: wetne,..s, frost action. �82. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN [ABLE 9.--BUILOING SITE OEVELOPM~NT--Continued Soil name and m10 3ymbol Owellin11,s without basement., Shallow excav1t1ons Owellin11,3 with basement., Small commercial bullain11,s Local roaas and streets I LxA---------------:Severe: Lendo wetness. : severe: "'e tness. Severe: wetness, : Severe: wetness. : severe : wetness, frost action. 'I MtB--------------- : Moder'lte: ~,nominee wetnes!'I. : sli~ht.-----------,Moderate: wetness. :Moderate: slope. : SLi11,ht, I I I L OiB•-------------- : severe: Oakville cut011nks cave. : sli11ht-----------:Moderate: wetness. ?a----------------:severe: rarl< h l.l l we tnf!!'I !'I, floo<l!'I. : severe: flood!'!, wetness. Pe----------------:Severe: Pella wetne!'l!'I, noods. :severe: wetne:,:,, floods. 'I ~,s---------------:severe: rinestone wetne!'l!'I, r.11th:ink!'I r.:ivP.. rtB--------------- :' scvere: r1ne!'ltone : Severe: wetne!'l!'I, I ::_jeverc: wntnn!'l!'I, wntnn!'I~, c11tll:ink!'I r.'lve. :severe: wetne!'l!'I, floods. I' :sevi,re: wetne!'ls, floods. •' H? t nCS"\ : SP.verP.: wetne,i,i. 1 I/ l I LL' --------- :~ 1•v1 • r·, ,: ,; l L~.t, c,1to;in1<s cave. l~B--------------r l a l :it"Lel<l : Severe : ,. .,etn~ss, flooas, low stren11th. I I : severe: wetne!'ls. :severe: "'etnes:,. : severe: we tnes ., . 'I : Severe: we tnP.!'I ., . :severe: "'etne:,,.. : :-.ooer.:1te : : severe: : wet:iess. : sever~: : sever'!: wetne,is. c11tO'lnk~ C'lve. U,1k 'I : severe: wetnes:,, floods. : severe: Lo w ~trenii:t h , floods, "'etne, ., . I I rue• : rine~tone-------- SnvPrn: 'I :severe : floods, wetness. Mo,Jer :i t~ : wetnes3. ~-----------: ~ i u~n wet ri P.~~, rrr:, .~ t ;,,ct,on . ..et :1e"i~. t------------ ;:;L L;1, r1 t . ~ ~~er•: <.:utt:1.an1<!'1 cilve. rxU• : r oseyville------- , Severe: ' Severe: w,• t.nP ·:.-: . '-''' t-. n"" ~ ·:. : : Severe: wn tn,.~:i. Severe: ,,H? 1 tn~ '1, . :' Severe : fr '> CI, ·,r- t i ,..in, ·..n~L ri t..: ·• 'i 1 l ow 3tren~tn. wetne!'I-', Sz---------------- :~av~re: Sloan wetness. :severe : wetness. : ~evere: wetnes!'I. :.ievere: flood!'!, wetness. : severP.: floods, we tnes!'I. :' Severe: floods, wetness. : severe : wetness, fl ooas , frost ~CtlOn. ::eve re : ~ond 1, - -----------; :,jevn r~ : wetne!'l!'I, noods. :~ever-e: ·. ;etness, frost ~ct ion. Jr•. Uroan Lanu 'I ~•----------------:severe: Jauseon wetne!'ls, cu tbank !'I c :ive. '' ~xs---------------:severe: ~ixom wetness, cutbanks cave. See footnote at end of tabl1t. I I I I :severe: "'•tness, Low stren11,th, :,hr ink-swell. :severe: "'•tnes!'I, low stren11,tn, shrink-swell. I : severe: wetness, wetness, low streng;th, shrink-swell. frost action. I I : severe: wetness. 'I :severe: I I :severe: :severe: wetness. wetness. : Moderate: wetness, frost action. �SOIL SURVEY TABLE 9.--BUILD(NG SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued Soll name and mao svmbol ·11zB•: Shall ow excava t1ons Owellinlls without ba ., ements Dwellinu with basements Small commer-cial buildlnll;~ '' : - Wixom------------:Sever-e: : wetness, : cutb11nks cave. Belleville-------:severe: wetness, cut.banks cave, floods. :sever-e: wetness. :severe: wetness. Sever-e: wetness. ' :' Severe: wetness, floods. '' :severe: wetness, floods. : :-1oder-ate: wetne~s, fr-est action. : Sever-e: wetness, fl cods. : sever-e: wetne,is, . fr-o~t action, floods. Ur-ban land. • See map unit descriotion for the comoosition and behavior of the mao unit. f \ f Loc~l ro11d~ ~nd str-eet5 �84. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TA8LE 10.--SANITARY iACILITIES l j'- iome of the terms u11e<:1 in this table to describe restrictive :,oil features are defined in the Glossary. text for definition/I of ·•sli11:ht," ""1oder::ite," "ii:ood," "f::i1r," ::ind other terms •Jsed to rate .soils. Ab:,ence of an entry means :,oil w;i:, not rated] Soil name and ffl.lD .symbol Sewag:e laii:oon areiis Sectic t::ink absorption f 1elc1.s 'I 8-----------------:severe: Abscot.:i flnoc1:,, wetne:,:,, I I ' Severe: floorl:,, :,eer,aii:e. I Trench san1t;irv l11'1df1ll 'I : Severe : floods, :,eeoaii:e, too .,andv. :severe: wetne ., :,, fl nods, :,eenaii:e. ' : I AQri,1n Severe: wetne:, ., , flood:,, wetne:,11, :,eer,;ig:e, flood 11. es•, AQ11P.nt..-. I ------------------:severe: wetne:,:,, Belleville r nerc:, :,lnwlv, flood:,. h----------------- : I :; l'Vt.'r"l! : WP. tnP.,:,, I I :severe: wetne:,:, 1 :, eflD'lll<!. : ; :;cvnr~: -,P.tne,i:,. :severe: -,etness, floods. : :severe: -,etne,,. Da1lv co ver for landfill : : severe: fl cods, .seecaii:e, wetne:,:,. 'I : severe: wetnes:,, floods, .seer,;iii;e. I I d------------------:SP.v~r@: i\re;i sanitary l .:indf ill Poor: too :,;indy, seenalle . Poor : hard to p~cl< , -,etne, ., . 'I :severe: wetnes11, s eeoa•e, flood:,. : l'oor: -,etne,,. : Severe: -,etne,,. ; r' rl i r: : Sever-f! : : r' oor- : -,e tne,:, . too cl ayev. rierc:, ., lowlv. h------------------ :~icverc: Coh o c:t.t11 wP.tne:,:,, floo<1:,. :s evere: -,e tnf!/1/1 1 floort,, ,;eP.n;iRe . 'I : sever-e: -,etne .,11, floods, ,eenall:P.. -,etne:,s, floods, s een!lP.e. I J3----------------- :~;c ver~: : 0 11r,r·1. SP.vere : too ,andv, we tne:,.,, .seenalle . : S eve ,.,. : w,~tn<'~~- 'i<?f"O:'l fl~, ;;e tne'I ., . .18----------------- ~0----------------<u1 11·:1JLLl t! I : severe: ' wetne,s, seepaii;e. I : ?')Or: too ,;inctv. S0vere: WP. tnf?,,, : :;ev~re: ·. ietnP., ., . SevP.re: -,etne .,11. : severe: ;;etne:,s. : roar: tn1n La v er . ; :l<!vr.rr.o : Severe: wetne:,s, ., een.111:e, too ,andv. : SevP.re: ;;etness, : r'oor : : -,etne,,, ,; P.P.O.:tll;e • wetne~ ., , ~n------------------ : severe: '': Severe: : Severe: -,etne,, , flood.,, .seenalle. : Severe: -,etne,s. I' : severe: flood 11, wetne:,:,. : ;;f! L'loo<I ., . I e------------------:severe: Len nwP.e nerc:, :,lowlv, wetnP.:,:,, l'lnn<t:,. : I l.ennw,.P.------------:severe: nP.rc:,i :, low l v, wetne:,11 1 floort:,. 'I ~ixom--------------:severe: wetnP.:,:,, nerc:, :,lowlv. See footnote at end of table . ' I tnf? .'I:, I :,eer,1111:e. WP tnP~ .c; 1 I-re•: ; r'oo r : t on ,an rJv, ., eeoag:e . ;3 evere: -,etne, ., , 'lf!en;ig:P.. t'l n od/I, L- : severe : seenag;e , we tnes ., . ~>evP-rt? : wP.tne~ ., , nl'rc:, ,Lnwlv. ------------------ :~c•v"r": Severe: ;;e tne,11, ' too :,and_v. I ,eenalle, wetne:,:, 1 tno ~-'ln<1y, flood:,. '!een.:i11:e. ': severe: \oletn"~~, : Severe: floods, -,etne:,:,. ' l'oor: ;;etness. ' I I :severe: flood:,, -,etntt:,s. : severe: flood/I, -,etnes11. 'I 'I : Severe: -,etnttss. : Severe: wetn1ts:, 1 seen.:ia:e. : ~oor : ;;etnP.:,:,, flood,, seeoaa:e. :severP. : -,<!tno:::,. too ,andv, seenaii;e. i"oor: -,etne:,s, I I : Severe: -,etne:,.s, .seecaii:e. See : ~·air: too clayey. �SOIL SURVEY TABLE 10.--SANITARY r'ACII.ITIES--Contin11ed Soil name and man symbol {'" (' Sentic tanl< absorntion fields Sewaite laitoon area,• Area sanLtary lanaflU Trench :,iinLtary l.:indfill . LxA----------------- Severe: wetness, I.on do oercs slowly. : Severe: wetness. : Severe: wetness. MeB----------------- Severe: wetness, Menominee r,ftrcs :,lowlv. :sever1t: wetness. : severe: wetnes,.. 'I 'I OaB----------------- Severe: Oal<vi l le we tnes!'I. : Severe: wetness, :,eepaite. : severe: wetness, ,1t1tna11:e, '. : Severe: wetness. Ja L l v coverror l aridf,~~ ; r· al r : too clayey. : : severe: seeoaite. : r· al. r: : severe: seen111te . : ~oor: t 00 ,andy. :severe: wetness, : r'oor: •, 1etne~s. too clavev. too sandv. [ t'a------------------:severe: l'arl<hlll wetnes:,, 'Severe: wetness. nerc:, :,lowly, ' floods. L re-----------------t'ella Severe: wetness, : Severe: wetness, ' flood:,. Sever<!: wetne.,!'I, floods. Sev~re: wetness. flood!'!. I'~/\----------------- ::i cvPrP: I' I r>1':l\..1HH' w,, ""'~ :'l :1 • Severi,: wi?tne~!'I, .,1>en.:i1te. Severe: [. ~ l l)P:it\JO(' Severn: : ~ C~ V ,~ (" t' : WP. t Ot~ ~ .. . • : Severe: 1o1etne:,s, ; s ~ver-@: tnf"f'i "\, :u?eOttl,(e, "\Cer, : 1'1_~. r"~ : : r'oor: ·. ;etness. flood!'!. Wt'? : ;, l'Yf'? wetnt'!:,:,, :,een;iitft. : WO t,nP't ." \, tno ,.:inav. I' L 11 - - ------------- -- fl nod:,. ; r'")Q (': t. rJ' J "i -i n,tv, ·• ~cr>r,11 ~ 1 we t.necs ., . : ; :;~vcr~: : r,,,,r: nnd y, 1o1etne!i ., , 'iCen :11.1. e, tr,tJ tnn ., andv. •,.,te tn~r; ~. ~~41!'0=4'1.• ~ I "'ll!tne~ 1;. 11 1 np· ;t.n ri,•---------- :~P Vf' i~ : wetne:,:,, w-etne:,:,, ,.een.:111.e. c;eP.n~A:f!, , eer,~11?.. Snv,.rn: 1o1etne!I~. : ; ;~;r?v~rP : wetne,:,, r'11B": ; ~f!v~re: t<?O ,;ind v. ( U'lkVL ll e-----------:sevP.r'!: •,1e tne,. ., . ( Sever-e: 1o1etne,. ., , :,eenaite. ' :severe: Wf! tnf!,~, ; 1''1r") r": t ' ,O <i:Jn 1 J V, t:;~AC").::fl'?,e I ... ~tne-; 1. : 3ever-!: ,.een.:ii,;e. : 1"''10[: tn0 s .:inav . ., eenalle, tr10 ~"nav. 'J rh:in lanrt. 1' "'1 ~- ---------------- :~L L,,ri t----------- ;Severe: 1 r'l.:iLnflela seeo.:ille. : Severe: c;f!f!O~A:e, t ~ X Ii• : 1 1 0.-; r,yv i l1 ("1---------: '.; <"vrtr~: nercs :,lowlv. '' Lonar>--------------:Sevore: tc,o san<Jv. .:inrt V . wetne:,:,. St'!ver'!: 1o1e tne,,, :,een111te. Severe: wetne,.,. ::; P.v@re: 1o1etne,,, seeri:iite. ': Severe: 1o1e tne,:,. ; r;:i Lr": tofJ r.l;iyey . ; r· ~Lr : tno clayey. ,Lnwlv. ' Jz------------------:~evere: wetnes.,, flno<1,, r,crc:; ,1owlv. \J r•. 1Jrbnn :severe: 1o1etne!'l!'l 1 ,een111te. '' :severe: wetne ., ,, Sln.:in .S ; r'0 ') ' : I .,.~ l.nf'?,~~' r,P.r~ ., ()I') : Sever~ : .s eena ,:,;e. l;intJ 3ee rootnote at end nf table. :sever-e: floods, wetne!'I.,. Severe: flood:,, 1o1fttne,. ., . : severe: flood,, 1o11ttne, ., . :~ oor: 1o1fttne,s. �86. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN rABLE 10.--SAN[TARY fACILITI~S--Continuf!d . 1· • - Soll name and mao .,vmbol ' • - • • - - ·- - - - - · - · - - 1· - - - - - - - - - - - - Sept 1c t.;ink ab:,or!"ltion fields 'I ·------------------:severe: lau"eon percs slowlv, ' Sew;il(e la1toon area,i 'I :severe: seeoa1te, wetne:,s, wetne,is. floods. r. I f . l [ 'I 8-----------------:severe: Wlxom wetnes,i, oercs ., lowlv. '' 28•: ixom--------------:severe: wetnf!!!!!, perc ., ,ilowlv. '' : Severe·: BellevillP.---------:Severe: we tne,is, oerc:, :,lowlv, fl nod:,. : Scv-.rl!: wetne,i,i, :,eep;il{e. wP.tne.,,,, : .'!eeoal(e. '':severe: wetne,,,,, .,eenal(e, flood:,. r----' Trench si1nit;iry l.:indfill ' :' Severe: wetnes!!, too clayey, flond:,. Severe: wetne""· Sev11re: wetne,,:,. :severe: wetne""• flood:,. ------Area :,;init.:irv landfill '': severe: wetne,i:,, ,ieepa1te, flood.,. :' severe: wetne!!!!, ,ieepal{e. '': Severe: wetne,.,, .seepal{e. '' : Severe: wetne,i,i, ., eeoa1te, floods. ~oan land. r• S•• •ao '°" O,.m ioU M fo, " • cnonn" "°" aod b,Oa, lo, of C>o o,o ,,n " , Dally coverfor l.:indflll ~oor; we tne,i,i. r :i l r: too clayev. : r· .=Ii r-: too cl;,yey. ; ~oor: wetnes:,. �87. SOIL SURVEY TABLE 11.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ( Some of the t.erms used in this t11ble to describe r-estr-ictive soil featur-e!'I ar-e defined 1n the Gl os~ar y. Se~ text for definitions of "Rood, " • fair , • •poor," and •un!'l11ited." Absence Of an ent r y me;:ins so1 l was 1,c r-ated) S.:ind Roadfill So 11 name anct-· mar:, symbol Gr-ave l I' 'I AbB•••-•--------------:Good----------------- :Good----------------- Unsuited: Abscota exce:,:, fine:,. : r-· air : too ,,.n'1v. I Ad--------------------:Poor- : Adrian excess humus, we tne:,:, . :unsuited: excess humus. ,Unsuited : excess fines, exces!'I h11mu ., . :Poor: wetnes:'I, ~x c e !l .c; n1J m 11.oc; . A eB• . AQuents Be--------------------:l'oor- : Be ll eville w-.tne,s, low stren11;th. BoB------------------- : Poor: Bowers low stren•th, Ch-------------------- : l'oor: Cohoctnh wP\.nc~~. r CoH------------------- : iair : C~vcrt wP.tnP.,,~. 'I : t>oor: exce:<1:<1 fine,, thin layer. 'I : unsuited: : excess fine:<1 . Un!'luited: exce:<1 ., fine!'I. ': Poor : Unsuited: excess fine!'!. : fair: thin l ayer-. wetne:oi ., . :Good----------------- Good----------------- ': l'onr : '' '' : 1-· air: Unsuited : : l'oor : t, ,,o 'i ., n,Jv . c xnl!!'l!'I f i ne !I . l!XCf!!'I ., finP.'I. I c,,u------------------Cvver-t ~air-: th in l aver-, : uns ,ated : exce:oi ., fines . : ,ioor : thin l;iver. : un,,,1ited: exce,, ., fine:'!. :U n!'lu1ted : exce:ois fine ., . : r· ;i i : r· air : too sand y , w~tnP.~~. Inln~er-:'lo ll A------------------- Poor : wctnc,,~. K•-------------------- l'oor: WP.tnP.q,'i. :u nsuited: exce:'l!I fine,, , :' t'oor: Good----------------- Un !'I 11 i ted : exce:'15 fine5. :l'oor : r' a Ir- : exc.,,:, f ine, . Kn-------------------- : l'oor: Kin ro:'ls wetne,,,,. r: tn1n l ::i ver. 1 wetne -; c;. wet.nl!~ c:; , too s;:in dv . I Le-------------------- : l'oor : Lenawee wetne!'l:'1 1 lnw .:'ltrP.n11.th. :un,,uited: exce11s fine:<1. Lr-1:l• : : Lenawee-------------- : l'oor: 'I :un:iiuited : exces:<1 fines. w~ tnP.~~, Unsuited: excess fines .. ': Un!'luited: ': ~oor : wetne~, . :' ~oor: exce:,:, fine ., . wetnes~. low stren11;th. 'ff i Xtlm---------•------ ;' l' r,,,r: ' :' J'oor-: low strenRth. Lx A------------------- :~ nir: Lo nu o low :,trenRth , ,hrinlc-!'lwe 11. ' Mc ii-------------------:fnir : Menominee shrink-swell. 'I thin laver. ' ':un!'luited: excess fines. 'I : l'oor: thin layer. : un:oiulted: : excess fines. :unsuited: excess fines. '; Unsuited: . 'I 'I excess fines. I OnB-------------------:r.nod----------------- : r.ood-----------------:un11uited: Oakville ; excess fines. P~-------------------- : l'oor- : l'~rkhill wetness. See footnote at end of table. ( : lln:oiuited: exce:ois fines. too .sand y. I . I : t-· ; J i r : : unsuited : excess r ines. ; I' a 1 r : thln layer-. ; l'oor :. too .sandy. 'I : l'oor: too .sandy . : l'oor : wetness. �... 88, MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE t. r: Soll name and map s ymool .--CONSTRUCTtON MATERIALS--Cont1nued Sand Hoa<Jrill rlla , 1 •------------------- ~oor: 1aetne,i,i, low str-en11.th. pestone :u n'luited: exce.,., fine,i. Gravel Un'luited: exce'I., fine'I. '' :cood----------------- Un,iuited: ~ts-------------- ~oor-: [ 11 wetne,i,i. e xce,i ., ; r'OOr: ·• e tne, ., . : r'rior: f ine,i. tcir, ,~n<:1v, wetne:<1,. ; s•: 'I :Gnn<1-----------------:Un'l11ited: pestone-~---------- , ~nnr-: 1aetne,i,i. ; r'ri"lr': exce,i,i f ine'I. t r,() ~c:tn iJ I/' ·,Jetnec:;c:;. ' akv1Lle-------------:Gonct----------------• :G ond----------------- ':u n.,,1ited: exce'ls fine'I . : r'oor: too :<1ana v. rban land. ' 8------------------- :G ood-----------------:Good----------------- :U n,iuited: lainfield exces,i fines. r. I c----------- : ' : l"'0or: l'oor: \ 11 w : ; I~ i f' flll. l, u, L n L:ivc,r. ti. ' Li: Onll ')---------------- :~~ un,111ted: n•"""'" lnw ~trr•n11t~h, ·; hr lrik- ·1 wn l L. finn'I. un.,111 ted: wctnP.-, .«., n•c:<?,s'I fine'I . : U n.--;u L tcrl: f!Xt"!~-.~ f : I; :1 Lnt'!''. : U n .~11 L C.!!d: ~xr.e~~ f Inf?<;. :un,s111ted: excf! ., ., f 1ne,. 1·rri,st :ict Lnn. ' •------------------- :1'nc) r: au sr?'J n ; r''>Or : ,. ..,ctn~~~, exce.,,, f ine'I, thin Laver. l n1a ,tren,•tn, .-;n r u11<- ., we l L. ~H------------------- ': I',,,, ,.: I,1x,J1n : l"<>flr-: : Lo1a .~ tren11.tn. ~• : : 'fl :<um---------------- : t'oor"! : low 'ltr-en11.th. ~ ~eL L•!v L L Lc----------- tn1n layer. : ~oor: thin layer. : ~oar-: : 1•oor-: exce.,., fines, tnin l:ivf!r. ·• e tne'I.,, tow str-nnri:th . Uro:in ' ·: ,rp l I . ; r ~Lr : th l "l I :1 I nr. ; r' O'> r" : .Jetne~°'- : i.Jn~1, 1tea : exce ., , fine,. 'Jn ~" L t<!<l: exce,,i f Lne,i, ; ,~Lr: t.00 :un,i,11ted: exce,is fine,-;. : r· a Lr : :u n:<111itea: ; r'OOr: exce,i,i fine,i. - - - - - - - - - --- I ' - • - - - - -- - - - - - -----' ------------ • :; cc ,nan 11n1t de:<1crintlon for- tne comno.,ition and behav1or- of thf! m11n unit. I Lr: I,,, , , :;:1n rJ 'I. too ~anav . wetne,'I. -ln'1. • - I : r'oor: too ,;ind v . ---------·-- -- - -- -- ---- �SOIL SURVEY TABLE 12.--WATER MANAGEMENT : some of the. ter 1n:o1 used in this table to de:,cribe restrictive soil features are def i ned in the Gl o:o1 :o; ar v. of an entry means soil wa!'I not eval11ated) L...,. Soil name and mao symbol Embankment ., , dik!!s, and levee!'! i>ond re:o1ervoir are11:o1 AQuifer-fed excavated nonds ' ' ' AbB--------------- :seena11.e-------- : SeP.na11e-------- : Deen to water At,scota : : ' ' Ad---------------- :' seenaRe-------- :' seeoaa;e, Adr i an : : wetnes:o1 . Draina11e Grass,: water ·• • :•· ~ Irri11ation I '' Not needed----- ':r : Dro u11, nt, . a!'lt intake , drou11,htv , soil blowin11:. 'I : wetn t- ss, ravorable------ Floods , fro:,t actinn . f a!'l t. i nt::il<e , soi l bl ow i n11.. ,4eB • . Aq uent s I' 'I ' Jetness . : Wetne!'l!'I, ~e----------------:ravorable------:wetne!'l!'I-------- Slow refill---- : rloods, Be l leville : : fro:,t action . fa!'lt intake , soil b l owin11. . I' I' I' 'I ioB--------------- : Favorable------ : un:,table fill, l Slow refill----:Frost action--- :wetness-------- : Wetne:o1s. Bowers : : low strena;th. 'I '': ravoral>lP.------ : Flnod:o1 , ': wetne~~. Gh---------------- : SP.nnav.P.-------- : ~ininv,, Cohoct :d1 : ~,!cn;u,.C? , : : rro!'lt action . f l ood:'l , : wP.tne:,:, . SOll blowLnP.. 1 : ' ' ' Go H--------------- :sn nn nKn-------- :s nnnnRe-------- : Deen to water Covert : 1•avorable------ ; Dro ,111.hty , : fa:o1t intake, 1o1etnes!'I, ' '' refill----:ravor::ible------ ': wetne:,:,, C !'I H--------------- :s ecn ~u.c-------- :' ~eenaRe--------:Slow Cov e r t dro1111:ht v , ., oll blowlnP , .' ' ' ' tn~--------------- :~ ceo a ~e-------- ': Pi nin a;, [ n11er:, oll : wP.tne:o1!'I . KR---------------- : seenaRe-------- : seennRe , K 1n1 1 "v 1 l le : : 'I I w~tn-,~ .•L ' ~n---------------- : Seena11:e-------- : SeenaRe, Kl nro ., s : wetne!'I ., . 'I ner cs s:~·. ; . : s l ow refill---- :i rost action--- : wetnes!'I, : we tn ess , erode!'! e;i:o1 ilv. ; er odes B : ravorable------ : rloods--------- :i ast intake, wetne!'l!'I, drou11;h tv . L . : ,Jf!> tn ess, cJ ro usi:nt y. I : wetness. : ravorable------ : Floods--------- : wetne:o1:o1 , fa ., t int;il<e , !'loll l>lowini,: . 'o :wetne!l!'I, Le---------------- : seeoav.e--------:wetness-------- : Slow refill----:rloods, L~na1o1ee : frost action. floods. I : :..ir· ou~!"I ~-;, o : wet ness . o I I I '' .Jetnes,. : wetness, Lenawee---------- : SP.enaRe-------- : wetne!'l!'l-------- : s1ow refill---- : rloods, rro.,t action. : floods. ' ' ' ' ' ': wetness , Wix om------------ :' seena11:e-------- ': wetness-------- ': s10w refi l l---- ': Favoraole------ :' rast intake , soil blowing;, erodes eas ; . wetness . 1 : 'I 'o 'o LxA--------------- : ravorable------ : wetnes:o1-------- : s1ow refill---- : rrost action--- : wetne,:o1-------- : wetnes!'I . Londo I I I ' 'o ' :' Droua;h t y. MeB---------------:Favorable------ : ravorable------ : oeeo to water , :ravorable------ : orou11,htv, : soil blowing;. ' Menominee : slow refill . ' 'I 'I '':Deep to water I:Not needed-----:F : oroua;ht y. ■ st intake, OaB--------------- : seeoa11.e-------:P1nin11, droua:hty , Oakville : : seena11:~ . soil blowing;. 'fI I o o I O I I I I 'I 'I :wetness, Pa---------------- : Seeoaa;e--------:wetness--------:Slow ref1ll----:Floods, frost action. : floods. P11rkhi.ll I \ See footnote at end of table . I :wetness. �90. l. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE 12 . - - WATER MANAGEME IH--Continufl!d I -------,----------.----------.-----------..----------.,--------------- ----3011 'lilme and mac symool \ ,r-I • Emb;inl<ment ., , d i.l<e~, and levees ~and re!'!ervoir areiis Aci11i.fer-fed e~cava ted r,onds Oraina11e rrr1~at 1on ~ra-.~e~ ·"';; te; ·, .a y s 'I 'I : wetne!'!s , --------------- : Seenn~e-------- : Wetne!'!!'!-------- : Slow refill---- rloods, l la frost acti.on. fl 000"1. I' I' I ---------------:seer,;i~e--------:seennll:e, :i;ivorable------ iavorilble------ :i ~!'!t i.n t ;il<e , 'oestone : : niriin11. : 1Jetne~ ., , drou11h t v. 'I I --------------- : seenn11e-------- : seer,;i1J.e, : Slow ref i l l , i;ivorable------ i ~!'!t Ln t;ike, wetn·e!'!!'!, lpestone : : riirnn~. cutbank:s ciive. cl r01JP.h tv. ;w et'le~, . I r - l j ; Or'l •J~h ~·1, : ·.. etne~ ., . : Wrou~ ,, t ·, , '. J@tn~c; ,.-; • •· l0estone:------- : seen;i11e-------- : seen;iv.e, n in i.ritJ.. I I ~villn---------:Sefl!nn~e--------:~inin~, ., ,oicen:w,c . L ;~ r ou p; nty, : iiivorable------,i;ivoraole------ ia,oit i ntake, ·.-1et n ec;c;. wetne, ., , drou~htv. 'I :Deen to ,1,iter ; O r OtJr', h t. 1 .. : Not needed----- i~,oit int;ike, dro1J1J,htv, soi l blowi.n11 . I 1 ban \;ind. 'I •-------------- : :;~('n :11 10-------- ; '.> ,.."'n ., ,~,..-------- No W;\tcr------- : Not. nce<IP.<J----- 1J rn1Jf'1.h tv, [ :i Lt1 I 1 •· 1· ;1.•st.. I 11 ': ;J r '>11f' r1 t·,. Ln t. ; 1Kt?, SOLl Ol owlnll. 3ev v1 1 .! Jn------- Snnn~~n-------- : wctnc~~-------- Slnw reflll---- : irn!'!t ;ict1on--- : ~etne!'!!'!, fa ., t intaKe, ,o,l bl'lwl~Q . invornbL~------ : Wetn"~~, floods, noor 011tlet ., . ' ; f'le tne~ .c;, flo ods. : stow refi.ll---- : ~erc~ slowlv, : '- if!tne~~, fro:,t .:1ct i on, : cJ l" OUV,n t v' flood!'! . soi l Olow1n<1. ' .-------- ::~ Low ru1'lll----: l":,vur :1Uic------ :L•;J.'1L Lt1L t1 k e , soil o l ow1n11;, wetne:,!I , --------------- ; :; 0.~na!I.~-------- : '# P!tne .~ .c;. u.;; ,, .J,, 11 ,, r ri Lu n;icK. , \•-------------• ::" ''P l l.'" - - - - - - - - : "w••l,1 1t • 1 er o aP.:, eas i.Ly I --------------- I I : l'fe t. n ~ -; 'i, , um .xom------------ SeP.naRe-------- : ~P.~ne~~-------- Slow refill----:iavorable------ iii:,t in t.:1ke, >nil t>l rn.n n~ , 1o1etnP.:,:, . 'I •ll e v1ll e------- : ravorablP.------:~P.tne:,,oi-------- Slow refill---- : ilood:,, fro:,t act ion. Wetne,:, , ; .., ,~ L !L (• ·; · ; ' er ~a e~ e~~L~ , : ~et ne~,, i:! r ,,,1,~ -; : wetnP.,,. fa:,t i. ntal<e, soil b l owinp;, --- - -· ----------------"--------------------------------------------- n-;fo::;l l ', �91. SOIL SURVEY TABLE 13.--RECREAT[ONAL DEVELOPMENT ( Some of the terms u.,ed in this table to describe rl!strictive soil featurl!s arl! aefinl!1 l n the ';los~ary. te~t for definitions of ·• :,li11:ht," "moderatl!," ::1nd ·•severl! ."' Absencl! of ;in entrv ml!:in, 5o ll ·..ias no t rated] t'icnic areas Soil name and mac symbol ' Play 11:rounds t'aths ana tr a ll s I Moderate: too :,andy. AbB-------------------:Severe: /\bscota flnort:,. I : Moderate: too :,andv. I Sevl!re: wetness, exces:, humu:,. Ad--------------------:S!!vere: Adrian wetness, fl nod:,, exec:,~ h11m11 ., . :Severe: wetne:,s, flood:,, exce:,:, humu.,. : I Be--------------------:severe: nellcville wetnP.:,~, fl ond:,. 'I Bou-------------------:Severe: ·• n--•---•-••••-•-•---- :) ('IV('lr-f't: Cu ho~t;ih !°>t?VP.r-P.! too •; ;in<.lv. Cov crt [~8-------------------:scvere: wet ne~ ., . :<. n 1 :Moderate: : wetne:,:,. Severe: wetne:,s. ;1-\ oder1te : : ~i evrarn! :; P.vcre: wetnl!:, ., , flood:,. wet.ne:,:,, : Severe: too ,andv. ;s ever~: :M o'1erate: "'etne:,~. : Severi!: wetne~s. :~0,t ~r~t.l! : SevP.re: wetne~!i. : severe : wetness, flood,. :s evere : .;etne,!I . Severe: wetnl!!l!I, too ,,.ndv. :s evere: too ~ "ndy, wetnes:,, flooa!I. :s evere : Sever-e: '-l!tnl!!l!I. : severe: wetne:,:,, floocJ:,. : Severe: : : ' - - - - - - - -- - - - ---- - - - : :;P. v er c : floods, wetne:, ., , too ,:in<.lv. ' ~--------------------:SP.verP.: :.P~rt:w ce Wf!tnc~ .~ , l'lnod~. Lena wee-------------- Severe: wr.tne'=i::;, : Severe: wetnes,. floods. i.J l ..(nm------ -- - ------- , :~c v er,.,: we tnl! ., .,. 'I '. x /\-------------------:Severe: wl! tne:, ., . Vin 'lo : ·..ietne!l!I . '' : :~ '! YP.r~: wetne:,,. :severe: too , an<Jv. wctnc,i,i, floods. in r 0~s wetne5.!, exce~ .-, f"l•Jmu~. :s evere: wetne.,s. ~~ -------------------- :sev~r-e: ~tn11•,v1llc, 1 Sl!vere: wetne:,s, floods. wnLnc~,, t"lood ., . CoR, C~ B-------------- : Severe: :sev,tre: wet.ne:, ., . : ' L , '1 1)der::ite: too ,::intly . :Moder11tn: wetne:,:,, too sandy, : sever-e: wetne ., ~, floods. : severe: wetnes:, . too sandy, ·. .ietne .~ ~. "'e tne tt'III, too s"nov. W'!tnt?"i 'l. ::; ever-fl? : wetnes!I. ; ,' 1oderate: ·.i etness, too sandv. : : : :severe: too sandv. 'I :severe: too S'lndv. 'I :severe: wetness. :severe: too ., 'Indy, 'I : severe: too sandv. ' ': Severe : wetness, flood:,. : Severe: too sandy. :Moderate: ..etne:,s. : severe: ,1etnes:,. :~ oder-ate: wetne, ., . I I ~eR-------------------:SevPre: ~enomlnee too :,::1ndy, 'I , ~s-------------------:~nvcre: Uakv1lle too :,andv. I I ~a--------------------:snvere: farkhill wetness, flOQ<:IS. See footnote ~tend of table, :severe: too sandy. :severe: wetness. �92. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TARLE· 1).--R[CR[ATIONAL OEVELOPMENT--Contlnued Plav1trounds Soll name and ma o s vmbol !' ,-------------------:severe; t'ella : wetnee1e1, floods. ;s evere: 1<etne,e1. sB, PtB--------------:severe: Pioestone wetne1111, too 11;ind v. [ us•: : ?ioestone------------ : Sftvere: wetne11.,, t 00 'I ~ne1 V, 'I Oakville-------------:severe: too :,;indv. ':s evere: : se1.1ere: we tne ., ., , floods. wetne,o\ .'I. Severe: wetne'.'!11, too :,andv. : severe: too ,andv, wetnee1'1. : sever-e: too san11 •1. SP.vere: 1<et.ne'l11, tnn "'"ne1v. :severe: tno ., ,.ndv, WP.tnP.'l'l. 'I Severe: too s,.n,1v. ;' SP.vere: too ,iandv . Severe: too sanuv. :severe: too ., ;indy. ; Severe: too ., 11ndv. :s evere: too ,;indv. : Mr,ttP.r:it@ : : :) P.VP.r'ft: ' : :"1or l '?r, t~: : severe: too :,;indv. Urban lane1. ' I vB-------------------:severe: ,lalnfleld too ,i;indv. X B.: : t'o5evv1lle-----------:~l!vl!rc: 1<P.tnP.'I/I, too 'll'lndv. wotnc~:,. Londo----------------:Scvere: wP.tnc'l'I. 1--------------------:SP.vere: Slo ,, n 1<<'tn<'~,, l"lood,;. a-------------------- Severe : we tne ., ., , r,erc'.'! ,ilowlv, !" l.oOd/1. •~------------------- SP.vere: 1<etnP.'l'l, ;' i"1oclt!r~tf!: 1<1! tne11,i. ': Severe: WP. tnP.'l/1 ' wetno'l'l, ton """ cJ v. ; :> P.vcre: we tne,, . : sever-e: 0 wetnt?~", : :10<1 er" tP.: ...,P. tn~'i ~. : Severe: wetne<i; .~ , WP. t.r.e~ ""; . flooa5. : Severe: '" P.tne:,5. : !l<!Vf!l""e: 1<etne'l ., , nerc:, slnwlv , fl 000'1. : :1oder,.te: 1<etne:, ., , tno _,,.ndy. : SP.Vt! r"P,, : :M oder.:1te: WP. tnP./1/1, too 'lllndv. ' : severe: "P. tne,,,. . wetne'l:'I. : Severe: ,1etness. ; '!Orl'!r "te : ,. ,et~es'l , too , ;inrJv. iu • : ~lxom----------------:severe: wctnP.'l'l, oellevl l le-----------:SP.vP.rP.: w,~ Ln<? ~l:i, fl.oo<J,i. Urb~n L.i ncJ. ' : S~Vll!r'f!: -wP.tnc11,. ::-1 oder"te: '. ,jf! tno 'j .<:; I too 5,1nov. : SevP.rP.: WP. tnP.'1'1 flood11. : S evP.r"'!: 0 wetne~'l. �T 93. .,..; SOIL SURVEY TABLE Jij,--WILDLirE HABITAf ~OTENTIALS ee text for definitions of ·•~ood . ·• •fair," "ooor," and "very poor." -.,a:, no-:. rated] Absence of an entry indicates tne so~: l'otenti.:il for habitat elements Soil name and herb11- : Hardwood: Conifceous trees erous nlant:, nlants : Grain :Gra:,ses ; and seed: and ' croo:, : le11;umes 'T\IIP Sy'll00l ; ?otential as natlltH 1,r-- I I AbB ---------------- ~oor Ab scota 'I : rai.r- 'I :Good Act ----------------- :~oor :l'oor I Wetland;Shallow ;Q penla~d ~oodland :W et ~a~: plants water : wildlife wilalife : w1~al1:e are11s I I I : r· air ' 1-· air Poor : t>oor Poor Good I Very noor. 'I .: Very poor. 'I :G ood : r air fair : Very ~oor _. ?oor Verv poor . Ae11 • . 1\nuent., I HllP.-----------------:~oor !!lleville 'I d<;11 ----------------: 1.- ri i.r ,, owe rs :<.iood :<.ioo<J 'I Ch-----------------:~oor Coh octah [ 1· I 1··· !1 ----••--•-- l't ,,,r· •• •; •,1,, r· t 11 1 1 ',I~---------------- 1::11 r 'I : Good :Good 'I : 1-·a1r ~Poor '' ;J'rnw 'I I I :Good ; r· air 'I : fair :c;oo1 : Gooa ;Good : Fair :Fair I :Good :G ood. I : l'oor : l'<Jor I ': f ioqd ;c; fl<HI I : r·;-, Lr :<i<HH1 ··t1I I ; 111 •• · 1 I ~ -' - - - - - • • • • • • • • • • • • •: . ' , , ··. V L l i 0 ~(J(lr l'oor 1•: .. 1,1 .. 1 • n , . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 1• ;, • < ,r 1 ------------- : 1 1 I ! (' r. ood I : ciond : (~oocl ,l A :: - • • • • • • • • • • • • - • - : t"OOr ·.•,,-, 1, mln Pe :r>onr :G ood ):!:) -••----••••••-•• ; l'OO r"' • ,< V L I If• : r'oor :r" Alr .•, I :Good ' Good :G ood Good : Good (.iood Cooa :1· . 111 · 111,r .1 ~ -------••••••••- :i:1Lr :Good ;G ood : Good. :r. 00<.1 I I :Go od :f air I I : r· air- :very rioor. Goo1 J Verv , rioor. rai.r : very ooor. l'oor ;V ery nnc r. I :v erv f)OOr. I ~~-----------------:Goo~ I~-,., l l : r· air :Good I r· air' : Good. :Good r° a lr ; r· air. :Poor ,l'o or : l'oor . 'I :l'oor :l'oor :v ery poor. 'I : Poor : Poor :Good L I I :,air ;Good f~ ----------------- :r;ood ,, . . t l rl I r' ''\1i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : r' l~ e~tone r· .:1 i. r :1 ----------------:' l'our r' 1 ne:,r.one :' !:. '' : l'rJOr 'I : r· rt ir ; l'oor ; ~oor :Poor 'I I ':l"oor ; ~oor I :t>oor 0001". I I ~ine~tone---------:rair 'I :very I :»oor See footnote ~tend of table. 'I :Poor 'I :Poor ; Poor 'I ; Fair 'I : Poor. �94. MIDLAND COUNTY, MICHIGAN TABLE lQ,--WILDLiiE HABITAT ~OTENTIALS--Continued ~otenttart"or'7i"iioitat element~ SJil name and nae symbol I Kv1lle---------- l'oor I I hi,rba- :Hardwood: Conifceous trees erous nl;int ., nlant~ Grain :Gras~es and seed: and crops : lea:ume~ '' :l'oor Wetland Shallow :o nenland : WaodL~nd : ~etl~nd nlant~ water : w1ldlife : wLldlLfe : w1Lal1:e areas i air : l'OOr' Poor '':verv Very poor. : ?oor : r· air :v ery poor. Poor : Poor ban land. r• II \ ----------------:l'oor a infield 'I : Poor . : I rdo-------------:~air '' 'I ---------------:~oor c an 'I :l'oor poor. ~eyv1llc-------- :~ aor r : fair :c oocJ I I : Good : Good 'I : Good :Good 0001". Good Good 'I : t' air : '/ er y ' Go od : r'0Or', Good ; r'OOr", I :verv Good OO()r', ' : r'oor- 'I :~oor :l'oot" 'I :Good :Good :G ooct :G ooc1 I an land --------------:~oor ,eon ': 1-'oor --------------- ~oor om om------------- ~oor le<LLle-------- ~cot" ,i n :r. ood r· a Lr : Good Good : r· a 1.r ;r. ood :G ood '; r· a tr ': r· r1 Lr : Good \. rnd. ' ' --- - .. -------- --------·------·------ • ..ie e m., n ,,n i t ,1c,;cr-1nt1on 1·or t he comno .~ 1t1on :ino beh,w1or of t:1e man unLt. : r'oor- ';r ;,-, '"lt1 . �, .,.- --- -. ,➔ TA1 it.[ 11.--S'.JIL ~:ID :.l~ER ,~;fURES (Absence of a:-i entrv indicates the feature is l!Ot a c.~ncerr.. See text for cescriptions of symbols and such terms as "rare,·' "brief," and "oerched.• ihe svmbol < mea:-is less t'lan; > mea~s Rreate~ t'lan) I Soil na11e a!'ld ■ap symbol flood1na - - - - -----,o r.uration : }ORi C' freJ 11encv 1aroup 'I AbB---------------l Abscota l wa!.~'."" t;: Hi a'l .--------:-- I ;Hvdro-: : '1ont--is : : : ,<i-id :) eoth :- --- --r---;-t • I I I I I :e -- : !·~ :; ;1ths : I Total llniti~l ; i ; I t I Com~,o!'l------:Brief-----:'lar-J11n:2.:i-5.0:Aooa.~e!'lt: : e:-"lavl A . 'I I Ad----------------: AID ' I . : Ri skofcorros ion Potential: - - - - - - r ------- - frost :uncoated :concrete Subsidence I I . I I In - ! I In - I --- : --- i act i on : I I I I I I I I J-1.0:Appa~e!'l\:\:v-~avl frequent----:Brief-----:~ar-Aor ' '' '' J-1.J:Aoo2~ent:~~~-~av: : r---I I :Hoderate :Low------llow. 'I frecJent----:Lo~a------:~o•-~av' steel . 'I 'I . I 25-31 :HiRh-----:Ht~h-----:Hoderate . Adrian AeB•. Aquents BID Be---------------Belleville . . 'O O 808--------------Bowers o I I BID Ch---------------Cohoctah I CoB---------------, Covert 'I CsB---------------: Covert 'I A .:None--------: . :None--------: . 'I B KR---------------- C 'I LrB•: Lenawee----------: BID I Wix3m------------: B LxA---------------:' LonJo C I I I I I I 5: ~ DDc . . I 'I HiRh-----:HtRh-----:Low. . . . I er, I Low------:Low------:Hoderate. I . . . . . J-1 . u:Aoparent;Ja-i-Aor: . ' 0 er UJ 'I Low------lHi~h-----:Hodera,e. ~en t : ·, ~ v-:iav: 'I 0' 0 : 1.J-2 . 0:Ano~ ~e1t:\~v-~av: O I freouent----:Br1ef-----:oct-"lav: . A I A o o . I C: :0 < Pl -< Hi~h-----:H111.h-----:Low. I I J-1.0:Anoa~e--,t:5~~-Jun: ' frequent----:6r!ef-----:Har-"1Av: 'I 'I 0 J-1.l1:Annri.,.e:1t:·. :··: - :-1~v: . .' . None--------:' . None--------: .• NO'lc!----- - --: .' .' .. freauent----: Br,ef-----: ·-1r1r-·t,1v: iNone--------i S~e rontnnl~ ttl. ~n,t of labl•• · Hoderate :Hi~h-----:H111.h . I irenuent----: Brief-----: Seo-~lav: I I Oatt---------------: Oakville 'I 'I APPc~ent: Se:i- ·1av: I : I • 5- 3. I 'I Le----------------: BID Lenawee . I 'I I I HeB---------------: He:-iorainee ' I I I. Kn----------------: AID Kinross l . o I :HiRh-----:High-----lLow. : 1.5-3.5:Aooa~e!'lt:\=v-Anr: • None--------: Kin11-svi l le ' o I I I o I I I I I I lnB---------------: In11.ersoll u- 1. . O: 'I 'I A o I lComno:-i------lLo!'lR------:Ja!'l-~ec: I ' l.l-2.D:Anoa~e:-itl\~v-Aor: None--------, C 'I :HiRh-----:HiRh-----:Low . Hode~ate :Hi~h-----:1.ow. ~-6 . HiR~-----:Hi~h-----:Low . . O iii r..!1-----: H if',h-----;' Low. I J-1 . J: ~noa :·,>·1t : ·. ·: -:•lav: I 1.J- ?. J;terc ··ej ':·. ~v-Ju~: 'I 1 , J - .! • J ; ..\ 0 _.., 'O l ; .. -" \' - •-~a V . 0 0 • ' ' I I I : l.o~- ---- -: Lnw- ----- :t-10 .ter a: .l ;. .....~ : Aol"'a :· e:1t: ·• _, 1,,·-,\or;, 0 'I : i I l C ~ - - - - - : U l •'• ti - - - - - : (. II 1,J : I ; ~f)l\ ,~·· r"· l l : : '-! •- ,\Of : > j. u C'I ?. •· '-• fi .• ~ode ~ate .:H1~h-~---:HoJ~ra :e . . . . -T .! . ' ' : I.o w----- - : Low- ----- :t-tlJll e rdte. \() Vl �i . ( Land Use f.kster Plan Report A supplementary report to guide future commercial and industrial development in the Charter Township of Homer Midland County Michigan prepared by the: Planning Commission Charter Township of Homer with the assistance of: Township Board Members and: F.obert B. Hotaling and Associates Township Planning & Zoning Consultants November 1985 ( APPEND It" �,.. ,r I L r - I I ' a.. :i:: er, z ~ 0 ~ M UN T UV ~.---.--Tr•'fte. F'lelll c SC. C•••" rn S'ew1c.f • •~ C•--•&t-lA._ ,.,.......... r,,r,c1 tea•f~CIAC. { "<S ....,..,, SEKYICe' <•,...a•c••~ 1-l LacllT J,...n_,.~ TOWNSHIP HALE y MAP NO. I COUSUIER TtADf AJ!.EAS car-.u.n4 MAJO l INTfR~fCTIO.U ttcl ...... TCIWIISMIP ,.....,_.. ~••"""7 • Ill c.,4i,._ MOYi.al~ 191" �-2- COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT in Homer Townshin I- l Transportation Access Pattern for Industry and Co1m11erce Major access routes via State Highway M-2O, M-3O and the Saginaw Road which connects with U.S. 10 via Stark Road set the pattern where the important commercia.l and industrial developments will occur in Homer Township. Refer to ?lap No. l. Industrial Development in Homer Township If any industry is to locate in Homer Township it would locate in the above mentioned major transportation corridors. However, the suburban residentia.l and scattered co1m11ercial developme.nts along the frontage of these corridors and the co1m11itment of land adjacent to them for residential purposes now seriously limits the opportunities for industrial locations. I \. Industry in the form of manufacturing has dominantly located within the City of Midland. The industries in Midland are of international stature tow Chemical Co. and Dow Corning Corporation - and form the primary economic base for the entire Midland County area. As the primary industry the service industrial and canmercial activities throughout the Midland area, in particular, are all dependent upon the economic successes of these two major manufacturers. Such service industrial and commercial activities for this dominant industrial base will more than likely continue to be located in the City of Midland or possibly in adjacent Townships which would include Homer Township. The most likely which Homer Township can expect is some spin-off from this industrial base, but more than likely the industries that will locate in the Township will be "home innovated." One exception to this could be on land near the U.S. 23/Stark-Saginaw Rd. interchange and its extension toward the City of Midland via Saginaw Road. The fact that the C.&O. Failroad parallels the southern edge of Saginaw Road through the Township could be an additional factor to attract industry. Unfortunately all of the land southerly of the railroad has no direct highway access and is isolated from having direct access to Saginaw Road. This land, however, remains the area having the most potential for industrial development. The only local access to this land southerly or both Saginaw Road and the c.u.o. Railroad is by means of Dublin Road. Dublin Road at the present time is a minor County road subject to seasonal load limits, and, therefore, not as usable as it could be for industrial development purposes. It would have to be made a year'round road built to withstand industrial truck traffic. Industrial Locations in Homer Township As a result of the conclusions drawn from the above , statements, a small industrial areas has been suggested in and around the present Auto Salvage Yard located immediately south of and adjacent to the c.&o. Railroad with access �- -3- over Dublin, Saginaw and Stark Roads to and from U.S. 10. U.S. 10 is a limited access freeway (highway) that interconnects with the national. interstate highway system, I-75 being the nearest interstate route located 24 miles to ~he -east ot the Stark Road interchange with U.S. 10. Heavy Commercial Development Location Like industrial development, it is not anticipated that Homer Township will have much heavy commercial development occur within its boundaries. This type or development has similar location standards as those for industry. It is a coincidence that the Auto Salvage Yard on Dublin Road near Saginaw Road and the c.&O. Railroad is also at a Regional. location. Therefore, it appeared reasonable to coordinate industrial and heavy commercial developments by locating them adJacent to each other in the same area. It is not anticipated that Homer Township will get much of this development so only a modest size area is provided. · Commercial. Develonment in Homer Township Homer Township is destined to be primarily a suburban residential community. It will not be possible to have a continuous uninterrupted pattern of this relatively low density type of urban pattern of development because of the extensive flood plains and waterways al.ong the Tittabawassee River, Pine River and Bullock Creek. These floodvays have also "broken up" the street access pattern and have isolated areas within the Township from each other. !-lap No. l"Consumer Trade Areas around Z..Jor Intersections" was developed from the facts of the floodways and waterways and the interrupted street system. The construction ot bridges across the Tittabawassee River at Dublin Road and Homer Road extended would do much to integrate the Township and allow more diftusion ot trattic. This will become increasingly more important as urbanization continues. General Planning Approach to Commercial Development Commercial. development should like any other "service" to the people located in passing through or attracted to Homer Township tor many and varied reasons be located in shopping or service centers, so as to provide the contemporary types ot such centers ottering the most varied one-stop choices of goods and services possible in conveniently accessible locations with safe ingress and egress on and ott the maJor highways and roads. Location Standards The location and spacing standard for commercial developments are generally as follows: Regional commercial locations must have immediate access to the maJor regional. highway systems via interchanges with maJor roads having existing or potential local urban development nearby. Community service centers need to be located at maJor local road intersections so as to have 360 degree access to an existing or developing urb&n market around them in their local trading areas and spaced 2-3 miles apart along the maJor arterial highw.y or �devel.oping residential neighborhood and spaced at least l-2 miles apart • . Commercial Locations Atter analyzing the "Trading Areas," the major highway and local . county road systems, it was determined that major commercial concentrations could onl.y economically occur and survive along M-20 and Saginaw Road. Minor ones could be located elsewhere in the Township as "daily needs" convenience centers. The types ot commercial developments that were determined and planned for the Township are as follows: A. Regiona.l Community Commercial Center l. B. C. Community Commerc i&l Services Centers l. A community commercial service center at the eastern edge of the Township, located out of the floodplain, and extending along the south side of M-20 westward and across the street from comparable development in the City of Midland (area recently annexed from Homer Township). 2. A community service center located at M-20 and Homer Roads with the largest trading area in the· Township to suppo_r t it, as well as being located in the geographical center of the Township. 3. A community service center located at M-20 and M-30 (Meridian Rd.) where two state highways intersect. This intersection is the westerly entrance and exit to the Township and also has an extensive trading area north and south of it via Meridian Rd. (~O). 4. A community service center at Saginaw and Dublin Roads where, when and if a bridge is built across the Tittabawassee River, potentially a major intersection will emerge in the ruture. This intersection is also at the entrance and exit between Homer Township and major residential developments in the City of Midland. Neighborhood Commercial Service Centers l. { A regional-community ccmmercial center near the U.S.10/Stark/ Saginaw Road interchange. A neighborhood service or convenience center located at the intersection of Sandow Road and Y-20 where, because of the limited trading area, a more major commercial development does not have the potential. A combination of Sandow Road with a portion of the Pine River Road could in the future give this area sufficient economic support for this type of neighborhood service. �~c .:- -5- r-- 2. I ' I~ A neighborhood commercial. or convenience center at 5 Mile and M-20 where because of a potentially limited local trading area this center has limited potential otherwise. 3.- A -neighborhood commercial or convenience center between the intersections of Miller Road and 4 3/4 Mile Road with Pine River Road where there has traditionally been a convenience center for the rural hinterland. With the demise of the rural econom;y in this area in the recent past. and the fact that urban "suburbanization" has not developed extensively in the surrounding trading area, the potential for this center is stil l in the future. i-·· I": l: 4. A neighborhood commercial or convenience center at the intersection of Badour and Prairie Roads where this type of convenience commercial service center would serve those customers entering and existing the Township at this point, and who would not use M-20 in their commuting patterns. The potential for this center is still in the future. but the surrounding area is one of the best "soil type" areas in the Township for urban type developments to occur. The Pine River Elementary, Bullock Creek Junior High Schools and the original. now historical Pine River "Standard" School so evident and important to the "rura.l" history of the Township. It should be pointed out that two (2) of the four (4) sectors of this intersection are in adjacent Midland Township. and of the two (2) remaining, one is occupied by the historical Pine River School and the other by several single family homes. An.y commercia.l dev~lopment at this intersection will involve displacement of these existing developments of supplement them. 5. A neighborhood commercial or convenience center at the intersection of Gordonville and Badour Roads where this location would serve the commuters entering and exiting the Township at this point. The potential for this center is still in the future, but the surrounding area is one of the best "soil type" areas in the Township for urb&n type developments to occur. The Bullock Creek High School is located at this intersection. It should be pointed out that three (3) of the four (4) sectors of this intersection are in adjacent Townships, and the fact that the High School occupies the Homer Township sector modifies the "economic" potential for this intersection as far as Homer Township is concerned. [ [ Note: D. Numbers 4. and 5. above exemplified the need for the Planning Commission to coordinate School District planning with that of Township planning. S ecial Use Permit Commercial (SUP-C) Area Refer to Map "M-20 Corridor, S½ Sec l This area is unique to Homer Township. It is located along the frontage on the north side of M-20 and extends from about 1800 feet east of 5 Mile Road, west to the CS area located in the northeast sector of M-20 and Meridian Road. The total frontage is about 3,750 feet of M-20 frontage. This area bas been subdivided in various sizes of �-6- small to large lots, but predominantly small ones occupied by older small single family homes. It has been traditional in this unique area ~o use the homes a.nd properties for a wide variety o~ home oc---C-upation types to small business ventures as a means of livelihood. In order to maintain this unique cultural area, it is proposed that it be permitted to continue this cultural aptitude. r •• I r \ The method planned to be used is to recognize all of the uses to which the area has been use~ in the past and present, and project those most compatible with those o.f the past and present and through special use planning, and ultimately zoning, allow for this exceptional area. f I I At the time the Zoning ordinance is being prepared, au inventory of uses and the conditions under which they are either operating or could be opera.ting, will be taken into account and a special land use area tor them is planned to be established for specified uses, · location and scale of operations, maintenance of the appearance of the area, and other important considerations which will permit this area to perpetuate itself as a social and economic entity. f . E. Other Commercial Developments Other commercial developments such as additional one (l) or two (2) or possibly a few more convenience services may emerge as development occurs in the Township, and small trading areas (markets) may develop. These locations are best handled on an individual basis by reflecting their locations against those planned, and decisions to supplement this plan with them may be necessary by treating them as special land uses or planned unit developments. This would be particularly true in reference to such locations as c.4 and 5. above exemplify. Also commercial and private or organizational recreation developments, generally desiring to locate in the rural. areas, or those which do not fit into the categorical types as determined by the planning in this Master Plan specifically, may have to be accommodated through a special land use or planned unit development procedure with standards, criteria and specifications predetermined. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Homer-Charter-Twp_Land-Use-Master-Plan-Report_1987 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charter Township of Homer Planning Commission, Homer Charter Township, Midland County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-09-09 Title A name given to the resource Land Use Master Plan Report Description An account of the resource The Land Use Master Plan Report for Homer Charter Township was prepared by the Charter Township of Homer Planning Commission with the assistance of Township Board Members, Robert B. Hotaling, and Jeanne B. Hotaling and was adopted on September 9, 1987. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Township Board Members Robert B. Hotaling, PCP and Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Township Planning and Zoning Consultants (consultants) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Land Use--planning Homer Charter Township (Mich.) Midland County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c00cf0cd6127ab661db97c7c7362aee8.pdf 1a70f37ec4c84ac0db1443ed6e00b9fc PDF Text Text I I , ... ... . 'i LAND USE MASTER PLAN REPORT for COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP Livingston County, Michigan prepared for the purpose of being used as the basis for preparing a new and revised Zoning Ordinance for the Tovnship. prepared for the ••••• To'lfflship Board and Planning Commission with the assistance of: Robert B. Hotaling, PCP#2 Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Philip D. Gardner, Resource Development Specialist ,--·- ~,' compiled from a series of Reports November 1987 �& LAND USE MASTER PLAN REPORT for COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP Livingston County• Michigan prepared for the purpose of being used as the basis for preparing a new and revised Zoning Ordinance for the Township. LR·nr,11 TUC" I 18\"1,\RY r\,...I , ,.~--! 11 I .l!J•'";l ~J ,C,.!; Pl.-, OF1 ~ . , " " ··.~ 11• · -·'.••,n+ 0 r Inc • v..:, _.,, "-"" _...,. ·• l -J - V prepared for the ••••• Township Board and Planning Commission with the assistance of: Robert B. Hotaling, PCP#2 Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Phi.lip D. Gardner, Resource Development Specialist compiled from a series of Reports November 1967 �COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP LIVINGSTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN October 2, 1986 Cohoctah Township Board Members Supervisor: Rex L. Peckens 7850 Oak Grove Road Howell, Mi 48843 (517) 546-6997 Clerk: Sandra Klender 6875 Fleming Road Fowlerville, Mi 48836 ( 517) 223-9958 Treasurer: Mary Ann Reneaud 1108 Faussett Road Oak Grove, Mi 48863 (517) 546-1845 Trustee: John A. Ishler 8541 Jon-Era Lane Howell, Mi 48843 ( 517) 546-9721 Trustee: Marshall E. Forbush 4527 Lovejoy Road Byron, Mi 48418 ( 517) 634-9983 Assessor: Rex L. Peckens Zoning Administrator: Mark Klett 2010 Chase Lake Road Howell, Mi 48843 (517) 546-5874 Boa.rd of Appeals: Chairman: William Klender Representative from Planning Commission Secretary: John A. Ishler Representative from Township Board Member at Large: Fred Galbraith 11873 Durand Road Howell, Mi 48843 (517) 546-5817 �COHOCTAH TOWNSHIE · Livingston County, Michigan Cohoctah Township Planning Commission Chairman: William Klender 6875 Fleming Road Fowlerville, Mi 48836 (517) 223-9958 Secretary: Martha Harris 1600 W. Cohoctah Road Cohoctah, Mi 48816 ( 517) 546-0031 Vice Chairman: George Reneaud 1108 Fa us sett Road Ca.k Grove, Mi 48863 (517) 546-1845 Members: Harry Brown 3126 W. Cohoctah Road Fowlerville, Mi 48836 (517) 223-3187 Marshall Forbush Representative from Towship Board currently one vacancy. Township Attorney: T. Gilbert Parker 6U E. Grand River Howell, Mi 48843 Planning and Zoning Consultants: Robert B. Hotaling, PC?#2 Jeanne B. Hotaling, Associate Philip D. Gardner, PhD., Resource Development Specialist �LAND USE MASTER PLAN !,-~-.. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Foreward by Consul.tant i Basic studies Popul.ation and FA:onomic Development Characteristics, Trends and ProJections l Popul.ation Trends 1 · P~pul.a.tion ProJ ect ions 1 Age Composition 1 Households 2 Education Levels 2 Residence 2 Journey to Work 2 Labor Force Characteristics 3 Occupational Characteristics 3 Family Income 4 Summary 4 Table No. l Age Profile 5 · Table No. 2 School Enrollment 6 Table No. 3 Residence Longevity 6 Table No. 4 Journey to Work 6 Table No. 5 Occupational Distribution 7 Table No. 6 Popul.ation ProJ ections 7 Soil Resources 8 Agricul.ture 8 Recreation 9 Wetlands 9 --~ Building Site Development and Sanitary Facilities 10 �- f 10 Summary Agricultural Information f The Livingston County Farmer as a Producer ll Agriculture 12 Market Value of Agricultural Products Sold 13 Crop and Livestock Data 14 Farm Operators 15 Farms with Sales of $10,000 or more 16 Housing Profile 17 Housing Stock 17 Housing Value 17 Table No. 6 Data on Housing Unit Trends 19 Table No. 7 Housing Values 1970 and 1980 20 Table No. 8 Housing Values 1980 to 1985 21 Specific Land Uses and Structural Use Types 22 General Tax Information 24 Table No. 9 General Tax Information 24 Table No. 10 Assessed Value by L&nd Use 24 Current L&nd Use 25 Table No. lOA. Current L&nd Uses by Ownership 25 Table No. 11 Sizes and Characteristics of Parcels 27 Map No. l United States Geological Service (U.S.G.S.) Base Map 28 & 29 Map No. 2 u:ication of Dwellings 30 & 31 Map No. 3 Land Uses other than Dwellings 32 & 33 Map No. 4 Water Bodies and Wetlands 34 & 35 Map No. 5 Road System 36 & 37 £waster Plan for L&nd Use 38 0 �- r I ._.:.... ,,, r·- Development Standards for I.and Use Categories 39 Agricultural Areas 39 Resource Conservation and Development I.and Uses 40 Shiawassee River Conservation and Sprague Creek Conservation Area.:..; 41 Settlement Areas 42 Residential Areas - Low Density 43 Open Space Areas 43 Commercial Areas 44 Industrial Areas 45 Map No. 6 46 A & B .!vkster Plan I.and Use Policy Master Plan for Roads and Highways 47 Map No. 7 Cohoctah Township in Relation to Michigan and its S.M.S.A. 's 48 Map No. 8 Regional Y.ap of Mljor Access Highways and Local Governments 49 Ivap No. 9A Regional .Access to Cohoctah Township 49A Purposes of Roads and Highways 50 Present Road and Highway System 50 Proposed Road and Highway System 51 Planning Standards for the Functional TiJPes of Roads & Highways 52 Off-Street Parking Policy 55 Off-Street Loading and Unloading Policy . 55 Table No. 12 Traffic Volume Trends on Major Highways 56 Ivap No. lO ~aster Plan for Roads and Highways - Regional 58 M:Lp No. ll Yaster Plan for Roads and Highways - Township 59 Master Plan for Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal 61 Past and Present Systems 62 & 60 �- r I ( .-~ ..... Map No. 12 Surface Drainage and Gravity Flow Systems 64 & 65 Future Procedures and Strategy for Carrying Out the The Land Use Master Plan 66 Int reduct ion 67 The Planning Commission to Get Community Support 67 The Plan lw11st be Flexible 67 The Master Plan a 20-30 year Program 68 The Plan Must be Comprehensive 68 Changes and Trends in Development Patterns of the Region will Influence the Plan 68 The Plan Must be Changed Occasionally 68 The Plan Must be Updated Periodically 69 �- I • I .F oreword by the Township's Planning and Zoning Consultant The formulating of this Master Land Use Plan is a major effort on the part of the Planning Commission with the involvement of the Township Board of Cohoctah Township to more adequately plan for ~he future orderly use of the Township I s valuable land resources, the use of them and the equipping ot land uses, both existing and ruture with public improvements. These latter will become increasingly necessary in the future development of the Township, and will be very costly. Theretore, preserving open lands in harmony with orderly concentration of housing, commercial, industrial and public and semi-public developments now and in the immediate future is a fundamental policy to be encouraged through land use planning and zoning if efficiency and economy in the use or the Township's tax base is to oe realized, and a sound real estate investment market by private developers is to be projected beyond initial exploitation only. The Plan has been prepared under the authority of Public Act 168 of 1959 (MCL 125.321 and 125.333) and the Cohoctah Township Board Resolution establishing the Planning Commission under P.A. 168 have been followed in the preparation of this Plan so as to make it as legally effective as is possible as a basis for future land uses. Upon completion, it will be used as the basis for preparing the Zoning Ms.p and various specificationl:5 to be included in its text. At some time in the future, it can also be used as the basis for making engineering, architectural, landscape architectural, environmental and other more specific studies for roads, public utilities, schools, recreation areas, open space and other public and private facilities. The I-aster Land Use Plan will become the fundamental policy plan for the successful coordination of all of the private development projects and public works programs. Obviously if one or mere private development or public 'WOrks projects fail to follow the Plan, the Plan for orderly development and the economical provision of necessary public improvements becomes increasingly expensive, if not impossible. A major consequence of this would be to revert to the typical individual land use decision-making which has caused the degree of disorderliness which exists in the Township today. The ~ownship mere than likely at some time in the future will be confronted with seeking a solution to the problem of providing a sanitary sewer system and possibly a water distribution system for those areas already being developed to urban concentrations. On-site septic systems and wells and the lack or tire hydrants for tire fighting will continue to increase the need to overcome these potentially unsate and unhealthy environmental conditions in areas of concentrated development, particularly in those areas which have so many floodplain and high water table areas. Land use planning and implementation of these through public utility systems are usually and ultimately the only means for a Township to overcome such problems. The taxpayers of Cohoctah Township desrve to have a plan for the future real estate development of the Township; so that their present and other's future investments will not only be protected but enhanced. But, more importantly, so that the environment in which they live and work can be healthy, safe and working in ·b ehalf ot improving everyone's quality of living. �I ..r r t. I f f In carrying out of this Plan it is most important that unilateral decisions by Township, School, County, Regional, State and Fedt:!ral officials and agencies be discouraged when they do not give serious consideration to the Planning Commission's adopted Master Land Use Plan. Such unilateral decisions could encourage others to follows, and this ~sults in a disorderly pattern of development. Since under Michigan law the Township Planning Commission is the only public body given the legal responsibility to comprehensively plan for all aspects of land use development, there is some basis in this for other public officials at the various levels of government to respond_and coordinate their individual development planning programs with that of the Township's more comprehensive and all-inclusive Master Land Use Plan. Finally, once adopted by the Planning Commission, the Master Land Use Plan sets into motion MCL 125.330. This section of the Township Planning Act, P.A. 168 of 1959 procedurally requires all public agencies and officials to submit their public utility and facility project plans to the Township Planning Commission for review and recommendations as to its compliance with the land Use Plan before the agency or official can proceed to implt:!ment their projects. To quote the statute "no _s treet, square, park or other public way, ground or open space I or public b,dlding or structurt:! shall be constructed or authorized in the Township •••••••• or by the board, commission or body having jurisdiction ••••• until it shall be submitted to and approved by the Planning Commission." The interpretation that has been placed upon "approved", is that the Planning Commission has the legal procedural power to review, comment upon, and make recommendations to the public agency or official responsible for initiating the project; as well as informing the general public of its findings and conclusions. It therefore seems only reasonable that all public and private organizations and individuals should be involved both during the preparation of the Plan and then to meaningfully assist in carrying it out. -c:2:6-f.~~~/ ~ P'"'l':CP~'--"' .. Professional Community Pla State of Michigan Registration Certificate Ho. 2 �BASIC STUDIES for the LAND USE MASTER PLAN and ZONING ORDrnANCE for COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP Livingston County, Michigan prepared for the: Cohoctah Township Board and Planning Commission with the assistance of: Robert B. Hotaling and Associates Land Use Planning and Zoning Consultants June 1986 �1. POPULATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELO,MENI CHARACTERISTICS, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS General characteristics on the population of Cohoctah Township was obtained from the 1970 and 1980 Censuses. Because the Township's population is below 2,500 individuals data specific to age, education, income, and work force status can not be reported. Information, however, can be obtained from the 1970 and 1980 housing censuses for the Detroit SMSA which is tabulated by census tract. Cohoctah and Conway Townships comprise census tract 7103. All tabular data in this section is for both townships. These figures are representative of population characteristcs in Cohoctah Township. Population Trends The population of Cohoctah Township in 1980 was 2,436, according to the 1980 U.S. Census. This was an increase of 67.5% people between 1970 and 1980. For the decade 1960 to 1970, the township's population increased 25.3%. The 1970-1980 rate of growth was comparable to the Livingston County growth rate of 70% for the same period. In comparison to neigboring townships, Cohoctah has experienced a higher rate of population growth, except for Oceola and Howell Townships (Conway, 48.5%; Deerfield, 50.6%; Handy, 31.6%; Howell, 64.8%; Howell City, 33.~%; and Fowlerville, 15.7%). In actual numbers the Township's population increased by 982 individuals. Population Projections The Southeast Hichigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG> has developed estimates for future population in the seven county Detroit region. Preliminary estimates for Cohoctah Township for the period 1980 to 200~ reflect a continuation of the ~rowth trends of the last decade. By the year 2005, the township's population is estimated to reach 4~38 individuals, a 2102 person increase. If the growth is distributed evenly over the two decades, the. rate of growth would be approximately 43% per year. This rate is the eighth highest in the county, and except for Oceola, the highest in the county's western region. Projections, lik• th•s•, are not always accurate. Made in 1985, SEMCOG analysts were able to adjust the estimates with regards to the 9eneral economic conditions experienced throughout the state. These estimates are not unreasonable given the easy access to nearby commercial and industrial centers, availability of land at favorable prices, as compared to the townships to the east, and natural features. The township is an attractive place to live which will serve as a magnate for those individuals seeking rural living environments. Age Composition .. / The distribution of population by age provides information about school-aged children, the elderly, and long term potential growth. The age profiles for 1970 and 1980 are shown in Table 1. The population has remained fairly evenly distributed across age groupings over the last two decades. There has ~een a small shift �2. from a younger to an slightly elder population. The median age has increased from approximately 23 in 1970 to 27 in 1980. The largest increases have ccurred in the age groups cf 20 to 24, 25 to 34, and 35 to 44, which points to the likehccd of future increases in school-aged children as couples in these age groups begin having children. The youngest age grouping << 5) as a percentage of the total population re~ains small which suggests that families are having fewer children. Finally, there appears to be a slight growth in the elderly population above the age 6~. The change in numbers between 1970 and 1980 fdr the 5~ to 64 age group indicates that a larger number of people will be entering the over 65 age group during this decade. Depending on the number which elect to remain in the Township, special needs (facilities and programs> of the elderly will need to be addressed. Households The number cf households in the Township has increased to 726 from 392 in 1970. This is an 85% increase. The average number of people per household has declined from 3.76 persons in 1970 to 3.36 persons in 1980. This change is also reflected in the age profiles shown in Table 1 where there has been a decline in the percent of persons in ages below 10. Households in Cohoctah Township do not vary in size from neighboring townships <Conway, 3.56; Deerfield, 3.31; Handy, 3.02; Howell, 3.34, and Oceola, 3.28). Education Levels Seventy-five (75) percent . of Cohoctah Township's population over the age of 2~ has completed high school. This rate of completion is a dramatic improvement over 1970 when only 48% of the over 25 population had completed high school. In addition, the percentage of individuals completing college has increased 5% from 3% in 1970 to 8% in 1980. While this trend is in a positive ~irection, the Township has one of the lowest rates of college completion in Livingston County. All grade levels, except kindergarten, have experienced increases in enrollments (Table 2). Particularly encouraging is the large increase in the number of young adults attending college. Residence Far 57% of th• people over age 5, they have resided in the same house for the last five years (Table 3). This high percentage reflects a stable community. In 196~, newcomers to the county were likely to come from another part of the SMSA, but not the central Detroit area, or outside the SMSA. By 197~, the majority of newcomers were from another part of the SMSA, except for Detroit. There are only a few ethnic minorities in the Township (less than 1% of the population). Journey to Work The mean travel time to work far a resident of the Township was 33.5 minutes in 1980. The figure for 1970 was not available, but �3. available evidence indicated that the travel time may have been shorter. In 1970, 92% of the workers worked within the County. By 1980, the number of workers having emplyment in the county rose to 916; however, as a percentage of the total labor force, only 75% worked in the county. Many workers now have jobs in Wayne and Oakland Couties while very few people work in Detroit (Table 4). The distance to work figure is further evidence that the Township is attracting persons who are seeking a rural environment; yet maintain strong ties to th• urban center for employment and entertainment. Labor. Force Characteristics The strength of the community can be measured by the number of people in the labor force, household income, and dynamics of the economic base. According to the 1980 census, 63% of persons over age 16 (1818 individuals> were considered participants in the labor force. Of these participants, 14% considered themselves to be unemployed. The Township's unemplo)'lllent rate was higher than the county rate of 9.7% and several neighboring townships <Deerfield, 11%; Howell, 8.2; Oceola, 9.1%). Only Handy Township had a higher rate. The poor economic conditions throughout the state during and just after this reporting period caused the unemployment rate to remain at high levels. Recent improvement in the state's economic performance has reduced these levels. Women's participation in the labor force is of special interest. In 1970, only 30% of the women over 16 participated in the wo~k in the Township. By 1980 the rate of participation had increased to 47%. Women experienced a slightly lower unemployment rate of 12% than men. Of the women with children under 6, 22% were employed in 1970. By 1980, the rate of participation had increased to 42%. There was an increase of 26% from 1970 to 1980 in the number of women in the work force whose husbands were present in the home. In 1980, nearly half the women with husbands were working. This trend is consistent with national figures on the increased participation of women in the work force. Occupational Characterisitcs In 1970, members of th• Nork fore• were conc•ntrated in tNo major occupational catagaries: operators, +abriciatars and assemblers, and farming Nith 32, and 20 percent of the work force, respectively. The remaining participants were nearly evenly distributed across managerial, technical, sales, and precision production occupations <Table~>. By 1980, there had been some dramatic changes in the composition o+ the work force. Farming saN an actual decline in total numbers and dropped to 7% of the work force. While the number of operators and fabricators increased, the rate o+ participation in this catagory dropped to 23%. As the labor force greN between 1970 and 1980, more people were working in technical, sales, and administrative support, and precision production and craft occupations. The dramatic decline in farm workers corresponds, in part, to national trends due to a depressed agricultural sector and to increasing competition for farmland for other uses. Employment opportunities in technical and sales and clerical occupations reflect the changing demands for labor within the county. �4. One-third of the labor force works in the manufacturing sector with approximately 15% in the wholesale and retail and professional sector. Seventy-five (7~) percent of the work force is considered private wage and salary. The number of individuals working for local government increased sharply, 166%, _during the past decade. The number of peopl~ considered self-employed declined over the same period. Family Income The median family income was 923,464 <average was 924,652) in 1980. This figure compares to a median family income of S9,413 in 1970. In comparison with the rest of Livingston County where the median income is 926,339, Cohoctah has a slightly lower median salary. On a per capita basis, the average income is S7,076 per person. Approximately, 9-x. of the families had income under the official income poverty level. This level is nearly twice the county average. Poverty can be partially explained by the high unemployment rate and the poor performance of the farm sector. Summary These characteristics of Cohoctah's popul.ation indicate that while the community is stabel in that over 60% of the people have lived in the Township for over 10 years, there are a number of changes occurring. The population is not aging as rapidly as other areas o+ the State due to an influx ·of younger families. Education and family income levels have increased. The most noticeable change has been in the organization of the work force with more people traveling farther to work and engaging in a different mix of occupational activities than 10 years ago. These factors will influence the development pattern of and services offerred by the Township. �-5. TABLE 1. . Cata9ory Less than s AGE PROFILE OF COHOCTAH AND CONWAY CENSUS TRACT 1970 Number " 1980 Number % " Increase 255 10 367 9 9 331 13 418 10 26 10 to 14 364 14 485 12 33 15 to 19 272 10 411 10 51 20 to 24 133 5 259 6 95 25 to 34 331 13 688 16 109 35 to 44 299 11 596 14 99 45 to 54 277 11 335 8 21 55 to 64 162 6 323 8 99 65 to 74 116 4 167 4 44 60 2 109 3 82 s to over 75 Total Median A9e 2614 4158 23 27.1 44 59 �--6. -~- ... TABLE 2. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT OF COHOCTAH AND CONWAY CENSUS TRACT (Ages 3 years old and over> 1970 Nursery Kindergarten Elementary <l-8) High School (9-12) College Total TABLE 3. 63 640 289 46 1029 100 6 20 36 74 RESIDENCE OF TOWNSHIP RESIDENTS FIVE YEARS PRIOR TO CENSUS <Persons, 5 and over> In 1965 Same House Central City <Detroit) Another part of SMSA Outside this SMSA Abroad Total TABLE 4·. ,. 1980 27 67 767 381 80 1322 ,. 1393 57 54 543 2 22 362 8 2448 <1 ,. In 1975 2198 150 1199 315 0 3862 15 57 4 31 8 0 JOURNEY TO WORK FOR COHOCTAH AND CONWAY CENSUS TRACT (16 years old and over) Worked in SMSA of residence Detroit-Central Business District Remainder of Detroit City Remainder of Wayne County Oakland County Livingston County Worked outside of SMSA Place of work not reporteod Total Workers 1970 45 'J.T 5 'J.S 14 10 21 2 1 3 31 22 47 669-1- 118 832 80 14 1980 1217 7 37 137 120 916 194 l 11 1511 Y.T 81 <l 2 T.S 9 11 10 75 8 61 13 7 <1 3 *Estimate that 142 workers work outside, county; 527 workers work in Livin9$ton County or 92~ of the work force working in SMSA. �1, 1. I__ / OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION FOR LABOR FORCE PARTICIPANTS IN COHOCTAH AND CONWAY CENSUS TRACT TABLE 5. , 1-· I I I I I I I I I I I I 1----- 1 Net Change 12 1980 221 14 2 124 1S 351 22 7 81 10 208 13 3 Farming 170 20 114 7 -13 Precision Production, Craft and Repair Occupations 102 12 313 20 8 Operators, Fabricators, Assemblers and Inspectors 275 32 359 23 -9 Total 852 . I I 1970 100 Managerial and Professional 1. Technical, Sales, Administrati ve Support 2 • Service Occupat i ens 3. % % 1S66 1• includes executive, 1'Dana9erial, and administrative occuptions and professional specia~ties <teachers, health workers>. 2.includes technicians, sales occupations, administrative support occupations, and related occupations 3,includes private household, protective service and general service occupations. fo PUl"-TION VRDJ EC.TIOMS' F Ort TA&L..e '9 · 1980 COMMUNITY CENSUS POPULATION COHOCTAH TWP(~~r-c.:=:;; -:' ' o'?J CONWAY TWP GENOA TWP GREEN CA~ TWP HAMBURG TWP HANDY TWP HARTLAND TWP HOWELL HOWELL TWP IOSCO TWP MARION TWP ncEOLA TWP P!N"CKNEY PUTNAM TWP TYRONE TWP UNADILLA TWP $ VERSION 94 YEAR ;zoo, POPULATION 7617. .!04~;l. BRICHTON - BRIGHTON TWP DEERFIELD TWP FOWLERVILLE U\/1N<."STOk C oui.iY,,. 2611. 2289. 9261. 10802. 11318. 239.?. 6034. 6976. 3999. 1436. 4754 . 41..7,. 1390 . 42,3 . 6077 . 2874 . QROWTH 1980"""'.;;!005 POPULATION 4,3a. 3::349. 9230. 210.?. 3722. 1111. 306,. 776. 8436. 17697. 14909. 174~,. 4049. 1,196. ~2,,. 8604. 2791 . 10100. 9343. 1917. 7783. 1266-4 . 469~. 4107. 6167 . 16:57. 916:? . 2~79. 460~ . 13,5. ,346. ,108. ,27 . 3,30. 6~87 1818. 1'QUT1fEAIT Mlt~ll..AN ColJNCIL dF ~Ot'EIZ.U l'v\£N"n (S'fN\CoG" ~ PERCEf'. GROWTH POPULATIC 4;? . 33. 91. 38 . 54 . 54 89 10 02 49 69 . ~7 1,1 84 32 . 67 115 . 16 94. 38 112. 46 123. 37 . 83 . 108. 63 . ICJB.S- ES"Tlll'l•TE 78 90 01 39 26 �---8. SOIL RESOURCES The characteristics of the Township's soils provide information on the limitations and potential of th~ natural resource base for various land use activities. Data obtained from the 1974 Soil Survey of Livingston County (Soil Conservation Service, USDA> has be•n used to identify soils for specific uses including agriculture, wetlands, recreation and development. For development pur·· poses, particular attention is given the soil's capacity to support buildings and the soil's suitability for septic tanks. I I I I I I I I I I Cohoctah Township's soils have intricate, intertwining patterns; thus it is common to find productive soils lying next to unproductive soils. Because of the river and creek systems and their drainage areas, the major limitation for certain uses centers on the control (drainage) of water. Erosion on steep slopes can also be a problem on some soils. These restrictions can influence the amount of land available for intensive uses. Agriculture Nation-wide, the Soil Conservation Service uses a capability classification system to describe the suitability of soils for the commonly grown field crops~ In this system soils are grouped according to their -limitations for crop production. The highest rated class of soils, those with few limitations, are not found in the Township. The Townsh.ip does contain classes that are moderately to severely limited requiring some special conservation management. The productivity of the Township's soils vary wi~ely. Rather than use classes to designate soil groups, predicted yield data was used to rank soils as high yields, average yields, and low yields and not suitable. The yield data was estimated by the Soil Conservation Service under two sets of management assumptions. Figures used in this report reflect estimates based on the assumption that co•mon management practices prevail. Common management entails a l~ume-grass, crop rotation, some fertilizer supplemented with barnyard manure and lime are applied to the soil, and lncomplet• water management strategies. It . should b• k••P in mind that potential yields are higher and that under good manag•ment poorer soils can out perform more productive soils that are poorly managed. The figures used in making these estimates have become outdated due to changing practices. However, the information does provide a good basis for understanding the relationship between soils. Most importantly, this section does not take into account the economic viability cf farming and does not attempt to distinguish farmland on an economic criterium. These three soil classifications have been designated on Map 1. Lands with the highest potential yields are found throughout the �---- I I .-- 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 9. Township with a heavy concentration in the northeast sections. These soils tend to be better drained, being away from major streams, and less prone to erosion than the other soil groups. However, there is an intermingling of low yield-unsuitable soils amongst the better soils. In most cases, farming units will have a mix of soil types across classification categories. Land designated as not suitable (dot pattern) are subject to high water tables, poor drainage, or erosion. Historically, the poorly drained soils in each category have been tiled or artifically drained to enhance productivity. The Township does have land resources. suitable for agricultural production; primarily field crops <corn, wheat, oats and hay) and dairy farming. Physical production needs to be placed in an economic context. Good management might be costly and impractical given the current returns to production. In the future, economic conditions may improve making the agricultural enterprises in the Township important to the overall economy of the area. Recreation The kind of soil is an important factor in determining the type and location of recreation facilities. Many soils have severe limitations, primarily drainage problems, for use as playgrounds, campsites, picnic areas and hiking trails. The most desirable soils need to be level or gently sloping and possess good drainage and a low water table. In the case of trails for hiking cross-country skiing and horse back riding, slopes can be of steeper contour which often enhances interest. Generally, suitable soils can sustain heavy foot and vehicular traffic. T~king the soil rating for each type of recrea~ion activity, a composite rating system for all uses was developed. Three categories comprise the system: slight limitations, moderate limitations, and severe limitations. These categories are displayed on Map 2. The Township has large areas of land that are highly suitabl• for a variety of recreation purposes. Because of the variability of the soils, onsite investigat·ion is required before considering any recreation development. A site with severe limitations, if it has characteristics that make it desirable for recreation development, can be developed through improved management (economic investment) and proper planning. Wetlands State legislation governing wetland areas is specific as to what development is permitted on these lands. All water bodies greater than~ acres come under the provisions of this legislation. Adjacent land areas and lands suitable for wetlands can also be included for protection. On Hap 3 lands well suited for wetlands have been ·i dentified. These areas include lakes, streams, I �--- I 10. I I I I I I I I 1- 1 I I I I I I drainage basins for these bodies of water, and low lying land with a high water table. Building Site Development and Sanitary Facilities Community development and accompanying public utilities are 9uited to certain types of soils. Soils with good drainage, permeability, stability, slope, and erosion are important soil characteristics. For 9eptic tanks, high water tables hinder the proper function of filter fields. Likewise, poor permeability, the rate at which water moves downward through the soil, can lead to septic tank failure. Failure can lead to unsanitary conditions, as raw sewage enters surface and subsurface water sources. In the construction of homes and businesses (up to three stories) the ability of the soil to support foundations is important. Soils with few limitations provide good foundations. Structures built upon poor soils can sustain damage to foundations that can result in abandonment. Several groups of soils has been established based on their limitations for development. Soils with limitations for septic tanks have been colored black on Map 4. Soils with moderate limitions have been lighly shaded while soils suitable for septic tanks have keyed with a dot pattern. A letter code has been utilized to designate good suitability ·<G>, fair suitability <Fl, and poor suitability <Pl for support of foundations and surface development. The Township does have isolated areas that are highly suitable for all types of development. Some limitations will have to be overcome to utilize most of the land area for development. In carefully examining Map 4, certain areas can be identified where the soil is highly suitable for one condition ~ut very poor for the other. For this reason, each potential development site must be individually investigated. Because of increasing concern over ground water pollution and contamination of lakes, public attention has focused on water quality improvement. Careful attention needs to be given to subsurface soil characteristics to insure that septic tank absorption fields can properly handle sewage. If there appear to be problems, con- sideration needs to be given to alternative waste disposal syste•s. Summary The Township s natural resource base has the potential to provide a variety of services. A review of Maps 1 to 4 reveals that agriculture, recreation and development are in competition for much o+ the same land. The southeast portion o+ the Township serves as a good example. Similarly, the wetland areas are not suited for other uses with the possible exception of agriculture if the lands are properly drained. Potential conflicts exist between competing uses for land throughout the Township. 7 �- I ( I I I I I AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION for Livingston County I I I I I I I I I I Compiled by Duane Girbach Livingston County F..xtension Director ~dchigan State University Cooperative Extension Service �I I ,· ., •.· 11. ~ THE LIVINGSTON COUNTY FARMER Af3 A PRODUCER 1· I I I Farms comprise 38 percent of the Livingston County land area. A total of Major crops are corn, hay, wheat, soybeans, fruits and vegetables. Dairy farming is the major livestock enterprise. The wealth created by local agriculture is made up from the following products sold. 884 production units, both large and small, ocqupy the rural areas. Dairy products Grain Cattle Other livestock Vegetables, fruit and other crops $11.5 million II 7.6 II 6.2 II 2.0 II 5. 7 Market value of agricultural products $33.0 million I I I I I I I I··- .,. I THE LIVINGSTON COUNTY FARMER AS A CONSUMER Farmers purchase a wide variety of inputs that are essential to the production process. Livingston County farmers annually purchase the following items at a cost of: Feed for livestock Interest paid on borrowed funds Fertilizer and agricultural chemicals Livestock purchased Hired and contract labor Energy and petroleum products Seeds and plants $4.2 million II 3.5 II 3.4 II 3.3 3.0 "II 2.9 II 1.0 · THE LIVINGSTON COUNTY FARMER AS AN EMPLOYER Local farmers spend 3 million dollards annually for hired and contract labor employing in excess of 300 workers. Self employment is provided for another 884 people who are farm operators. While the local farm community may directly employ a limited work force, we use inputs and provide the raw product for thousands of agricultural related Jobs. FOOD: AN ESSENTIAL RESOURCE Food is a bargain. The productivity of the farmer permits Americans to buy rood for less of their disposable income today than ever before. When food takes less of your budget, more of your money can be used for clothing, housing, automobiles, medical care and recreation. Despite recent rises in food prices, family income buys more food today than ever before. This is a result of a more efficient agriculture and because consumer incomes have risen faster than food prices. 4/85 �I I I I I ( ... ---..... I, I I I. I I I I I I I I -12. Agriculture ~ The conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses has proceeded rapidly until the late 1970's. This conversion was most rapid in the eastern portion of the county. Conversion of Agricultural Lands, 1950-82 Year Number of Farms Size of Average Farm (Acres) Total Farm Acreage Percentage of Tota 1 Acreage (coo HT!) 1944 2~228 133 296,129 81 1954 1,823 143 260,572 ·72 1964 1,335 160 213,237 58 1974 790 178 140,645 39 1978 792 172 136,212 37 1982 884 156 137,918 38 The average farm size has not changed much as indicated above. The average farm size is somewhat misleading, however, as recent data would indicate increased numbers of small farms and large farms with a decline in the number of medium size farms. . . Livingston County Farm Size, 1978 and 1982 1978 Percent 1982 Percent 1 to 49 acres 236 30 357 40 50 to 179 acres 326 41 316 36 180 to 499 acres 175 22 139 16 500 acres or more 55 7 72 8 792.. B84 �I I I I I I / ,•····•, I I I I I I I I I I I 1----- 1 13. Market Value of Agricultural Products Sold The agricultural work force is important to the county because it generates export goods bringing wealth into the county from outside areas rather than just circulating wealth within the county as is the case with many retail and service establishments. The sources of our agricultural income are: 198L.__ 1978 Crops $ 3,812,000 s 7,569,000 1,034,000 944,000 Nursery and greenhouse 800,000 528,000 Fruits 452,000 505,000 4,147,000 3,774,000 $10,245,000 (43%) $13,320,000 (40%) $ 7,936,000 Sll, 465,000 4,379,000 6,230,000 Hogs and pigs 905,000 960,000 Sheep, lambs and wool 127,000 119,000 89,000 89,000 309,000 785,000 $13,745,000 (57~) $19,649,000 (60%) Total Market Value $23,990,000 $32,968,900 Value of products sold directly to individuals $ Grains Hay and seeds Other crops, vegetables, fa res t, sad , etc. Total Lives tock Dairy products Cattle and calves Poultry and poultry products Other livestock products Total 272,000 112 S 481,000 149 �I I I I I I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I-.. I 14. CroQ and Livestock Data Com and soybean acreage has increased while small grains have ,.. · · ~- ' Hay acreage has declined. ,- .- CROP 1945 AC RE AGE 1978 1982 Corn 33,447 39,212 45,569 Wheat 15,943 5,507 6,784 Oats 22,795 5,061 4,758 397 2,348 4,351 41,157 28,342 24,601 Soybeans Hay ER HEAD 1982 1945 0 F 1978 Cattle and calves 27,958 20,524 23,961 Milk cows 16,282 6,751 7,229 8,417 7,830 6,315 29,399 2,898 3,279 150,524 12,518 8,197 N U M8 LIVESTOCK Hogs and pigs Sheep and lambs Chickens �I I I I I I -~·-..., I I 15. Fann Operators The majority of Livingston County farms are individually or family owned and operated. The average operator age has remained fairly constant but there is an increased ntinber of farm operators under age 35 and over age 65. The number of female farm operators has increased. A majority of the fann operators work off the farm. Type of Organization 1978 1982 Individual or family 705 778 Partnership 70 82 Family corporation 11 17 Other corporation 3 5 Others, estates, trusts, etc. 3 2 · 1978 1982 I I- Tenure of Operator I Full owner 477 553 acres 52,985 52,171 Part owner 269 291 owned acres 36,880 35,331 rented acres 37,627 43,047 46 41 8,720 7,379 Days Worked Off the Fann 1978 1982 None 312 324 Less than 100 days 54 82 More than 100 days 426 478 I I I I I I I·· t Tenants acres �I 16. I I I I I Age of 02erator Under 35 35 to 64 65 and over Average age Female Fann 02erators I 1982 80 601 111 50.9 109 613 162 50.4 29 54 790 881 3 Oeera tors b,l Race White Black and other races I I I I I I I I I I I I 1978 2 FARMS WITH SALES OF $10,000 OR MORE 1978 1982 313 320 101,195 323 105,781 331 24 24 89 108 117 71 Fanns - number Land in Farms - acres Average size of fann Fanns by size 1-49 acres 50-179 acres 180-499 acres 500 acres or more 146 54 Market value of agricultural products $ 9,177,000 Crops Livestock Total 13,188,000 $22,365,000 $12,327 ,000 18,926,000 $31,253,000 Market value of agricultural products Farms with sales over $10,000 Fanns with sales under $10,000 93% (313) 95% (320) �! I 17. .~-... I· I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1---. I HOUSING PROFILE Using data collected as part of the special housing census for the SMSA and building permit records for the last five years, a profile of the housing situation can be developed. Some interesting characteristics of homeowners in Conway and Cohoctah Townships are revealed in the census information. Ninety-one (91> percent of the homes are owner occuppied which is one of the highest rates for any area within the County. Nearly half, 48%, of the householders have moved into their homes since 1975. As will be shown below, the housing stock is relatively new which reflects a changing community; long term residents are upgrading their homes and new homeowners are moving into the Township. This section will present additional information on the age of the housing stock and its value. Housing Stock At the time of the 1980 census, the two townships had a total housing stock of 1252 units. While 42% of these homes were constructed prior to 1931, 301 units, or 24%, were built between 1975 and 1979. According to building records for the period 1980 to 1985, an additional 48 units have been built in Cohoctah Township. This information is presented in Table 6. Of the housing units counted in the census, only 16 trailers were reported as year-around housing units. In a field survey of the Township, 135 trailers were counted. This large discrepancy can be attributed, in part, to the poor response of trailer owners to the census questions. Also an important factor in the large increase are the restrictions neighboring townships have placed on trailers which has caused trailers to move into Cohoctah Township. Other housing characteristics included in the census include: average number of rocas 6, nearly 100% with complete kitchens, approximately 50% with complete baths, 19 units obtained water from a public or private company, and only 41 residents did net have telephones. In summary, the housing stock continues to improve as new units are built. Nearly all the units enjoy modern facilities and services. The major water source is wells and the disposal of sewage is through septic tanks. Housing Value In 1970, the median value of a home was units were valued over $2~,000 while 14 below S5,000 <Table 7>. Slightly under <215 total> were valued between $10,000 $14,100. Only 28 of the re~idents were valued at 44% of the units surveyed and s20,ooo. By 1980, the value of the housing units had increased significantly. The 1980 sample included 555 homes of. which 29 were valued over sao,ooo. Nearly two-thirds of the homes were �I 18.· l I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I-:· I valued at between $40,000 and $80,000. Only S units were valued under s10,ooo. To make a comparison with 1970 values, the 1980 values were discounted to account for inflation over the decade <1970 served as the base year>. The deflated price ranges are included in Table 7. In 1980, approximately 161 homes were valued at more than S30,000 while only 12 <estimated) w•re of that value in 1970. By 1980 there were fewer homes under the value of s10,ooo. The median housing price in deflated dollars was S23,302, an increase of S9,202 or 63% (6.3% annually). The average value of the homes constructed since 1980 in Cohoctah Township are listed in Table 8. These figures have not been adjusted for inflation. The average value, not including land, has ranged from 941,000 to $76,000. The lowest yearly averages were observed in 1983 and 1984 during the State's economic depression. Housing values in 198~ have jumped back to the pre-depression values reported for 1980 and 1981. �! I I I I I I• I I I- I I I I I I I I I 19. TABLE 6. YEAR NUMBER OF HOUSING UNITS AND YEARS CONSTRUCTED FOR COHOCTAH AND CONWAY TOWNSHIPS (pre-1930 to 1979> AND COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP (1980-1985). NUMBER OF UNITS PERCENT TOTAL 1980-8~ 48 197~-79 301 24 1970-74 182 15 1960-69 109 9 1950-59 67 5 1940-49 72 6 521 42 pre-1930 Percentages total mare than a 100~ due to rounding. �------------------! I' I I I 20. r~• • ~ .... ,, I I I I I I I I I I . TABLE 7. HOUSING VALUES OF 1970 AND 1980, AS REPORTED IN THE U.S. CENSUS (deflated values included). VALUE NUHBER 1970 • <5000 NUHBER 1980 VALUE DEFLATED <1970) 14 < 2358 5000 - 7499 18 2359 - 3537 7500 - 9999 27 3538 - 4718 10000 - 14999 56 7 4719 - 7075 15000 - 19999 38 26 7076 - 9433 20000 - 24999 34 23 9434 - 11792 26 11793 - 14150 51 14151 - 16509 37 16510 - 18867 40000 - 49999 108 18868 - 23584 50000 - 59999 111 23585 - 28301 60000 - 79999 132 28302 - 37735 80000 - 99999 24 37736 - 47169 25000 - 29999 24 30000 - 34999 35000 - 39999 4 > 47170 > 100,000 MEDIAN 914,100 S49,400 (923,302) �-------------------! I ,, I I 1· I I I I I I I I I I I 1.- -- 1 TABLE 8. HOUSING VALUES FOR UNITS CONSTRUCTED IN COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP SINCE 1980 AVERAGE VALUE YEAR NUMBER 1980 8 S67,073 1981 7 S70,S58 1982 10 S:57,987 1983 7 S41, 462 1984 7 548,050 1983 9 970,467 Value is for structure only. 21. �! I- ~·... I 22. ,.·· I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -- - SPECIFIC LAND USES and STRUCTURAL USE TYPES* Section Numbers Dwelling Units Trailers Cottages Churches t-bbile Horne Park Gravel Pits Ct her l 10 2 2 39 (l duplex) l l 2 businesses 3 15 4 13 l 2 l business 5 22 6 16 7 9 8 16 9 25 10 2 l track l 29 (1 dup- l lex) 7 businesses 11 38 3 12 6 l 13 4 14 20 15 26 16 9 17 ll ( l dup- l lex) 18 18 19 9 20 17 l l l track l Post Office l *These data supplement the r.Bpped Data recorded on Maps l_, 2, 3, 4, & 5. �! 23. I 1- 1 I I I I I -I I I I I I I --- - Section Numbers Dwelling Units Trailers 21 42 23 ll 24 14 25 l 26 13 27 12 28 25 29 19 30 15 31 34 32 24 33 16 34 13 2 35 52 (l duplex) 3 36 53 Cottages Churches Mobile Home Park Gravel Pits Other l Cemetery Cemetery 2 l l 52 l Wig.ram, 2 Adm.in. bldgs. l l track l 1 Church 4 businesses ...LPost Office TOTALS 703 21 52 5 l OAK GROVE STATE GAME ABEA IN SECTIONS 12 1 13 1 24, 25 a.nd 36. 5 24 �I I .- 1 I I I I I ~ . I I I I 1- 24. GENERAL TAX INFORMATION The County Assessor has provided tax information summaries for 1966, 1976 and 1986. Between 1966 and 1976, the real assessed value cf the Township increased 825~. After accounting for inflation (1970 ~ 100), the adjusted percentage is 427~In real terms this increase in assessed value totals over S9 million. By 1986 the real assessed value had increased another 145~ or 30~ in deflated dollars. In 1986 the total real assessed value stood at nearly 925.5 million. Over the two decades, the Township's total assessed value <real plus personnel) has remained at approximately 2.4% of the total county assessed value. In 1986 residential assessed value comprised 62% of the total real assessed value. Agricultural properties accounted for an additional 36%. The remaining 2% was nearly equally split between the one industrial parcel and one commercial parcel. Tax data is reported in Tables 9 and 10. TABLE 9. GENERAL TAX INFORMATION FOR COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP REAL ASSESSED VALUE YEAR 1966 1976 9 1,124,800 (Sl,345,454) Sl0,406,160 CS7,098,336J 1986 925,477,175 (99,197,536) % CHANGE TOTAL ASSESSED <REAL + PERS.> ~ COUNTY TOTAL S 1,336,700 2.4 912.353.600 2.5 925,477,175 2.3 825 (427) 145 (30) Numbers in parentheses are de+lated values. TABLE 10. 198·C· ~SSESSED VALUE BY LAND USE USE NUMBER c+ PARCELS REAL ASSESSED VALUE ~ TOTAL AGRICULTURE 332 99,199,681 36 RESIDENTIAL 902 915,588,944 62 COMMERCIAL 1 9307,700 1 INDUSTRIAL 1 9380,850 1 I· I .. 1 �I I 25.• /' I· I I I I I CURRENT LAND USE Current land uses were estimated from the 1982 plat beck for Cohoctah Township and verified by air photographs and field checks. The estimated acreage assigned to each special use is listed in Table 10A, Appropriate uses nave demarcated on Maps 2 "'""J 3. TABLE lOA,CURRENT LAND USES BY OWNERSHIP FOR COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP OWNERSHIP Residential Church Property Agricultural Open Space Small Tracts:Developed Cohoctah Village I·· - ' I 'It TOTAL Rural: Private TOTAL I I I I I I I ACREAGE 750 85 8,500 ( app. > 13,180 <app.) 22,505 93 424 2 69 < 1 Consumers Power 662 3 State of Michigan 656 3 Cemetary TOTAL 10 < 1 24,326 Percentages add to mere than 100~ due to rounding. Approxi•ately 937. o+ the Township's land is in considered rural and is being used for residences, agriculture, and open space. Land in residential use was estimated by the assumption that each residential unit occuppied approximately one acre. The remaining acreage in the parc•l was assigned to either agriculture or open space whichever was appropriate. Only 6~ o+ the land is in public or semi-public ownership. Private land ownership is an important element, then, in land use decisions within the Township. Sorting the parcels by size pro~ides some helpful insights into the implied intentions of owners. Nearly 33~ of the rural acreage is in parcels under 40 acres; only 16~ of the land is in parcels over 160 acres. This land division pattern suggests that �I 26. I f I I I I I I I· I I I I I I I~ I rural residences on small lots is the dominate and expected land use. There exist few opportunities for expanding agriculture or developing other land uses which require large tracts of land. Various parcel size characteristics are provided in T~le 11. Small parcels also represent the largest percentage of total parcels. Interestingly, only about ~0% of the parcels under 20 acres have been developed. This suggests there are number of parcels that can be developed for homesites without any further subdividing of parcels larger than 40 acres. The land divisions a!ready exist to accommodate expected growth over the next five years. Land used for production farming is spread throughout the Township. The highest concentration of agricultural land is in the northwest sections <7, 8, 9, 17, 18 and 19>, north of Cohoctah road <sections 1, 2, 3 and 4), and in the middle sections 22 and 23. Open space can be found adjacent to rivers and creeks. In the southern half of the Township, woodlots are common. Large tracts of forested land can be found south of Sabin Lake and adjacent to the state game area. Rural residences are scattered throughout the Township; but, primarily in the southern third of the Township along roads with access to commercial areas to the south. Two examples are Rodgers and Chase Lake roads where many small parcels are located along the roadway. Reference the heavy parcellation of sections 21, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 3~ and 36. Small tracts have been platted at Mill Pond, Cohoctah and several other scattered areas. In most cases, the small tracts are located adjacent to well-paved access roads. �,. .. ---- - - - - - - .. - .. - - - - -----~.- ... -~; \ ' . ,' TABLE 11 SIZES Al~D CHARACTERISTICS OF PARCELS Cohoctah Township With Buildine % DeveloEed % Total Acres J J Parcel Size Acres Humber of Parcels Leas than 5 646 194 124 64 3 26 30 5-10 1613 170 86 51 1 23 21 10-20 1558 104 50 48 1 14 12 20-40 3699 114 64 56 16 16 15 40-80 5994 92 59 64 27 13 14 80-160 4917 - 42 21 50 22 6 5 160-250 2375 12 9 75 11 2 2 More than 250 1702 5 3 60 8 less 1 less l 22504 733 416 57 TOTAL Total Parcels Total Homes 33% ot acreage in parcels less than 40 acres 48J ot acreage in parcels 40 to 160 16J ot acreage in parcels more than 160 I\) ~ . ����. _I_ v . -: . l - ,• -~-- 1/ ' ...-~--~ I _J :I .. . I I. I~. - -----. • • • DRAIN - ~ .- • I .. -.- ._...,. _) ( .. ,~ I I ·. s ~ ..t 0• . i I ·,o,._, • , 6 ') • .., !"= ' > ,=== I I I I . I . I .•,c:: __ _,.,,-- I I __ _ ��I . - I I I I I .. .I !.. I --=--: --,,{ .. . Ii . -1 j 8 ' ·- 1 / ,,,..-- - - - -_. ---· -- i_,.--· .-- . . "'\, .._,_ . It · I. ';t . ��... ·' .J Q .... :( •. cc: ':: \.., �/: \}i \/ .s.,:. I; ,_ I i I \ ,., ,,, - • ·,,\lJ.. l I"' \ I . --::._ ' i( '-- . '~ t;::--- +I~ : �9 I I .9;,, 87J, I f - .I I I es, �------------------------.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I ,- 1··---·· 38. Master Plan tor Iand Use tor COHOCTAH TOWiiSHIP Livingston County Michigan A land use plan designed to establish categorical areas which group compatible land uses together tor planning, zoning and development purposes tor the purpose ot establishing a basis tor planning and developing public utilities and other improvements. prepared tor the: Planning Commission Cohoctah Township Livingston County, Michigan by: Robert B. Hotaling and Associates Professional Community Planners August 18, 1986 �I I 39. Development Standards for !and Use Categories (Refer to 1-ap No. lA and lB) I I An an&l.ysis ot existing patterns, recent rends and projected categorical types of land uses lead to the land use policy conclusions portrayed on Maps No. lA and l.B, "Master Plan tor Land Use Policy." The categorical types ot land uses are: l. 2. Agricultural Areas Resource Conservation Areas Shiawassee River Conservation and Sprague Creek Conservation Areas Settlement Areas Residential Areas - IDv Density Open Space Area Commercial. Area Industrial Area 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Within the above categorical. areas and the purpose behind each, the following generalized land uses are recommended tor inclusion in the present and future development ot them: -----· f•; 1-·· - ' Agricultural Areas A. Purpose: The purpose ot this land use category is to provide for the compatible arrangement and development ot parcels ot land tor residential building purposes in a pastoral, agricultural~ woodland or open land setting, which will remain unserved by public water distribution and wastewater dispoS&l. systems in the foreseeable tuture, but which are suitable tor large lot residential purposes, which can accommodate heilthtul on-site water supply and wastewater disposal, but which reserves and conserves that land which is most adaptable tor present and tuture agricultural., woodland, natural. resource and other extensive land uses • B. Pl.anned land uses and general. conditions: '· . - r l··--· I l. All present principal agricultural operations and their accessory uses including home occupations on at least twenty (20) acres of land. 2• .Agribusinesses that serve the present agricultural operations either as a principal use or a home occupation on at least ten (lO) acres ot land. 3. Nont&n, single family residences and their accessory uses, including home occupations on at least one (l) acre ot land area or 200 feet wide, or as large a land area or width as is necessary to accoDU110date on-site septic tanks and wells. 4. Special uses and their accessory uses, including natural resource extraction and use, public and privat e utility and communication's �4 o. facilities, public and private institutions tor human care, religion, education, recreation, and other human social purposes on at least twenty (20) acres ot land. 5. Planned Unit Developments ot at least twenty (20) acres in area. 6. P· /. On-site septic tanks and wells, it they meet County health and and sanitation standards. ✓ D k.: L ;_..,.._L ;.__, ~ Resource Gena t •i•aa and Development rand Uses A. Purpose: The purpose ot this land use area is to provide tor the arrangement ot land uses that are compatible with the conservation, preservation and non-intensive development ot large tracts of land presently having a most desirable natural environment that should not be intensively disturbed, except minimally, tor natural habitat tor vildlite, native flora, natural water features, including extensive wetlands and high water table soils, and other extensive land uses vhich retain the natural _character ot' the area. Single family homes on exceptionally large lots will be provided tor it the spacing ot such homes is great enough to adequately separate them from each other and the lot or parcel upon which they are located can adequately handle on-site septic tanks and veils. This area rill remain unserved by public sever and water. 1· · - ' ' B. Planned land uses and general conditions: l. All present agricultural operations and their accessory uses, including home occupations and their accessory uses, on at least twenty (20) acres ot land. 2. Nontarm, single family residences and their accessory uses, including home occupations, on at least ten (l0) acres and 6oo teet vide or as large a land area an width as·is necessary to accommodate on-site septic tanks and wells. 3. Special uses and their accessory uses, including natural resource extraction and use, public and private utility and communication's tacilities, public and private preservation and conser,ation areas' tor plants, animals, archeology-, nature study and other uses not requiring buildings and structures tor overnight human occupancy. 4. On-site septic tanks and veils, it they meet County heal th and sanitation standards. r I I �I I .. , ....... -41. ·, (j) .I?.!. < f_,,<...~ _..r ~a ±see River Conservation aA4 ere It COrliul .s•i.on Areal SJ!Adll A. I I I I I Purpose: The purpose of this ~ a is to retain as much as possible the natural character of the S1:ii~"e River .a.nd Sp:agae Suck through the entire Township by preserving the water and natural vegetation along its banks to thee~~~~ possible, so that1any . developments in this area cannot b ~ from the river water. and · r~)those developments which are located in the area relate to the use and enjoyment ot the river. B. Planned land uses and general conditions: 1. River end areek._access areas and facilities to be located at points along the river Mi ereek where public roads provide access to the river's &ft& H eei1 1 s water over lands adjacent to both the road and the river's ar1:a ••nl, 1,o- edge. 2. River alM::=a;;paek related facilities to be bull t along the rivers vffi'::e:nreits which will improve land and water related wildlife; fishing, nature study, canoeing and boat rowing, hiking, bicycling, horseback riding, tent and open air camping, recreational uses, agriculture, forest tree farming, Christmas tree farms, tree nurseries and wood harvesting. All structural, use and· activity areas which change the natural character of the landscape shall be located tar enough back from the water's edge so as to maintain as natural a landscape as is possible when viewed from~ ri ver0 ~ t·· .Ql'll~E. C. I I I I I·•. ,,.• I -.. . 3. River and. e~ook and nonriver -8:ftd nc11:ieek related single family residences. 4. Special and conditional uses. 5. Planned unit developments. General development specifications: 1. All principal river and. ereek access area and facility uses are to be located on parcels having an area of at least ten (10) acres. 2. All river ~ e e i r related lineal path, trail and walking facilities located along the river,~reek shall parallel the river anli= ereek within an area located no less than twenty-five (25) teet and no more than 100 teet from the river's ~n:d r•ree:'d i water edge. 3. All river and a•eak ~elated lot, parcel or rectangular area land uses located in t h~ e ~ OP ~ 21:it.__areas beyond at least 100 feet tran the- river's a.cd a: eel:r..'.a water edge shall have an area of land of at l e a s t ~ , 1, 0-) acres. (_z.v �-- I 42. I- I Separate single family residences and their accessory uses, including heme occupations and home businesses, not related to any principal river o ~ k related use, are to be located on an area ot at least two (2) acres or land and have lot widths ot at leaat 200 teet. 5. Setbacks tor all structures trom all roads sha.U. be at least those specitied in the Master Plan tor Roads and Highwa,ys., 6. Lots and parcels shall be sutticiently large enough to accommodate County Health Department approved septic tanks and wells vith the septic tank drain tield having a reserve ot at least one (l) additional tuture alternate drain tield location. ,. ,. /' -3"'&Dli& . ~ Planned unit development ot any combination ot~princial. and accessory uses planned tor these areas it located on an area ot at least torty (40) acres. ( 7. a. Conditional and special. uses and their accessory uses as yet to be determined trom the list ot specitic uses, which will be a part ot the preparation ot the Zoning Ordinance, with the inclusion ot at least the following: a) b) c) d) Utility tacilities Communication tacilities Health care tacilities Education, recreation, - social and religious organization tacilities ------ IV. Settlement Areas A. Purpose: The purpose ot these areas, including the Settlements or Oak Grove, Cohoctah, Cohoctah Center and Nazarene Campground, is to encourage these areas, which are historically important to the Township. to preserve the integrity and cultural. heritage ot each ot them. In order to carry out this purpose it is necessary to limit the uses in these areas to those which vere located within them in the past or those vhich exist at the present time and in keeping with the styles ot architecture and landscaping existing• typical and amenable to the era during which these tour (4) settlements were deTeloped. I I I I 4. B. Planned land uses and general conditions: l. All existing uses. 2. All uses which can be established existed historically in the area. 3. All uses which can be established. existed in similar areas historically and would be amenable to the "purpose" ot preserving these Settlements. �... I I .,,. ........ r I ·. V. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1-· I Residential Areas - Low Density A. Purpose: The purpose ot establ.ishing these areas in the Township is to provide tor the initial introduction ot "suburban" residential areas with its related commwiity facilities in adJacent areas to serve them. Also, the purpose of this land use category is to proride tor single tami.ly housing neighborhoods tree from other uses, except those which are (l) normally accessory and (2) compatible, supportive and convenient to the res~dentsl living within such a land use area. The size of lots and parcels should be planned to be ot such area and width so that they can sustain healthful on-site water supply and wastewater disposal, or provide publ.ic or common water supply and/or wastewater disposal systems on an area project basis. B. Planned land uses and general conditions: l. Single tamily homes and their accessory uses, including home occupations, on at least one (l) acre ot land area 200 feet wide, or as large a land area or width as is necessary to accommodate on-site septic tanks and wells, or on lots ot at least 15,000 square feet in area and l00 teet wide providing either public or commcn water supply and/or wastewater disposal systems on an area project basis. 2. Special uses and their accessoey uses, including public and private organizations, education, recreation and other facilities and areas serving only the immediately surrounding residential area. VI. 3. On-site septic tanks and wells, i:t they meet County health and sanitation standards, or public or common water supply and wastewater disposal systems. 4. Planned thit Developments consisting ot the land uses planned tor this land use area. Open Space Areu A. Purpose: The purpose ot an Open Space Area is to assure the preservation ot critically located areas in an area which is developing for urban or suburban land use purposes. B. Planned land uses and general conditions: l. Public recreation areas. 2. Private recreation areas held in perpetuity as a part ot a project. 3. Other public open space uses. �44. - _ VII. Commercial Areas A. Purpose: The purpose tor establishing this area in the Township is to provide tor the initial introduction of planned commercial facilities designed to provde the local people with ottice, retail, wholesal.e and other types of goods ·and serTice establishments. B. Planned l&nd. uses: C. l. Otticea proTiding protessfon&l, personal, technical and mechanical services. 2. Retail businesses 3. Wholesale establishments 4. Mechanical service businesses Conditions: l. Small (generally under 10,000 square teet ot tloor area per business) retail and ottice establishments and their accessory uses, ottering goods or products tor sale to meet the daily needs ot the public located on an average ot about 20,000 sq.tt. ot land area per business, at a ratio ot at least tour (4) square teet ot land area to every one (l) square toot of total principal. and accessory building and structure area of ground coTerage. It is planned to serve them with public or common sever and water systems, including tire hydrants.. Otherwise, it on-site septic tanks and wells are to be used, the buildings and structures are planned to be located on at least one-halt(½) acre ot land area 100 teet wide or as large a lot area and width necessary to acc0Jlllll0date them. 2. These commercial land uses are planned to serve only the immediately- ad.Jacent and surrounding trading area. They are planned to be located at intersections (4-way-, it possible) in order to proTide the maxilllWll accessibility tor the trading area. It is planned that they be spaced about one (l) mile apart and h&Te an area ot at least tive (5) acres ot land area. _ 3. On-site septic tanks and wells, it they meet County health and sanitation standards, or public or common water supply- and wastewater disposal systems. 4. Special uses and their accessor., uses, including public and private organizations, education, recreation and other facilities and areas serving only the immediately surrounding trading area, comercial uses, and their clientele. 5. Planned. unit developments consisting ot the land uses pl&m1ed tor this land use area. �VIII. Industrial Areas A. Purl)Ose: The purpose tor establishing this area in the Township is to provide tor the initial introduction of planned industrial facilities designed to provide local people with manufacturing employment and is turther designed to plan tor the encouragement ot capital investments to improve ·the local economy and t&X base. It is the turther intent ot this land use category to provide tor the development ot sites ot industrial plants in which the manufacture ot goods in the form ot finished or semi-finished products or the asaemb~, c:oapounding, or treatment of product parts or ingredients, in order to create finished or semi-finished goods tor sale to other industrial manufacturers, or to bulk or wholesale commercial purchasers. It is the turther intent of this land use category to permit only those industrial manufacturing uses having use, performance or activity characteristics which em.it a minimum amount ot discernible noise, vibration, smoke, dust, dirt, glare, toxic materials, offensive odors, gases, electromagnetic radiation, or any other physically adverse effect to the extent that they are abno:rm&lly discernible beyond the lot lines ot the parcel or site upon which the industrial manufacturing activity is located. B. Planned land uses and conditions: l. Light industrial uanutacturing and heavy commercir.l types of land use activities are planned tor this area. This includes open land uses and uses that are conducted vi.thin buildings and structures, and located on parcels of land of at least five (5) acres and having a width ot about 300 teet or as large a lot area and width necessary to accommodate them. 2. Light industrial land uses are planned to be in locations that have direct access to the regional highway systems, preferably the limited access highways, and rail and other forms of regional transportation; so that they can be convenient to the regional labor pool, as well as regional wholesale markets or other regioD&lly located industries vi.th which they integrate their manufacturing and distribution ot manufactured goods. These land uses are pl.anned to be located on year-round heavy duty truck routes, and of:t-tront roads which are limited by seasonal restrictions. 3. On-site septic tanks, it they meet County health and sanitation standards, or public or comaon water supply and wastewater disposal systems. 4. Special uses and their accessory uses, including public and private organization, education and recreation and other facilities and areas serving only the ilmaediately surrounding industrial and heavy co111J11ercial uses and their clientele. 5. Planned unit developments consist i ng ot the uses planned tor this land use area. �__ ·b- . MASTER. PLAN CCHOCTA-1-\ 1'0Wl-.1Sµ,..1P LIV/N~SiON CCr.J~T'-l" AocusT N\.lCl-HC~N �~.:..,. .J ,. -✓-:-: ~ltl:il-l!l:I _D _. .. ... • j .?'3J .-----:-u,i _,... .! I ='~-,::, : 8$7, - ---:----:-:-::: �47. I I I I I I I t·, Master Plan tor Roads and Highways for Cohoctah Township A Plan tor the functional ditrerentiation ot roads, and highways, and establishing the standards ror their ruture development, including policies tor oft-street parking and oft-street loading and unloading. Prepared tor the I Planning Commission Cohoctah Township Livingston County, Michigan By: Robert B. Hotaling and Associates Professional Community Planners August 18 , 198 6 �--- f_ dard ~onsolidated Statistical Area, Standard Metropolitan ,tafistical Areas, Counties, and Selected Places 2 !IO" e 3 1 , er- e ae• 10 as• 11 13 12 48. ,... I~ 15 e3• 1e 11 92• 1a I\ KEY 49• OA•t.ANO CO.lNfY ' ......__.._. ,o-.,.. ,..,...... ,'11.....,_. . ..._ ........ ··•' n-~-. . 8 , ,_ • • ~ COUNT• .,,__........................ , n,.,.,e,.,.,_.... ,.__ ,, ....•-......,_ .... , ',...,_ .,,··-- 10-....r:..,. ··- IMCOMI COUNf• C ,_ ,. a.,,.;.,... 1r.,..... , ......... . _,...___ It•--••• IJl_ftNt,._. , •"'r. ... ~ ,c.a-.. ~ ........... \ 0 e M1SOU1 1a1 G ',~. --, 0. \ ........... ,,,.J . •s• ,· 1-1 M.CO- ~ ~. I ,,.,. __ LEGEND Standard conaolldaled stallstlcll .,. . (SCSAI St111dard m1tropolll111 sllt11tlcll • rH (SMSA) P!• ca of 100.000 ......tll lw.lSM•H I NO.CO or more 1n1110111n11 Place of 50.000 10 100.000 1n11a111111111 • Placa of 25.000 10 50,000 lnllalllllflll Q SMSA central Clly of , _ 111111 25,000 lnlleoilMII I . ..,OIIO State ca111taf underlined I All pollllcll lloundarl• .,. .. of JlftUIIY 1, IIIO -- SCALE 0 I •o 20 l ... 1 .1 . ,n 0 I , • , I 90 110 100 1<11_,.,. ..I - - L . .- .1 40 M IIO I I L K !OIi ,' M,...,, '-:'1 "'"' \ ' / N-.. · I 3 ~~- . ·- - -- • 5 ae• 1 - e 1 SMfA S -, ~ - , - I 9 ae• •2• _.,_,. M.AP ~ ;~-- On1u1umnn1 ne r.nmmnff':n 2 ..... IINTON / HAIIOI uo.7 . C.0\-lO~TA~ TOWNSHIP IN 10 STANO-.~P M£.'TeOPtl.lTAN ITA Tl Sil t'AL At eAS cl,,.C fN.SUS ft£ LA TIO '4 -ro t:ol,r;!\C AN ..,..0 ·,11 ( S. M. !;. A .S. �... ~-......-•~.,..--.:----r-----"....,r'll&';.-r---r---I z -Ck• ....,.,...._ ,.. fPOSTUt ;· !? CY••• z I •••., •·••••o•••CN .J:-I U,ICNtU.,'-•••• ;'r-, / Ww,-,A(.,./"""rl ,,_.._. • .l..,_ 49. Wlt. • 1" 191.A•Nf'IC&.O Mt\,1,, OSC:OOA •••• --j-...,;-..L.---1--_;•:.;•p•::,•_:•::;•::H::•~•T°"---,----l----l--_;T~•••• cu, , I aw.._ - H N&ST&lt - 1 CLADWi:•tco. evT••• No•••• ! ---r ! ...,...,. " "''-U~~·-•1..,P•- AR~:llrilOPPATT ...,..,.,._ ...... DCCP ••••• 0 l ••••• 0 T ..... - ,u•••• --•-•• T•••••• O••• a Pen Saeil•• ........ 1..1••····· -0 :J..--...-1---,-J.-="'f.1.:,--\ 0 ....... c, •••• u L•••••••• B MAP No, Re.GtO~AL MAP OF MAJO~ 4[CErf I-HG UWA1S AMO COUNTlf1, '10WN S~IPS" CITlcS' • \I I LL A. ~ £! S 104 I. II t.A.. 1"1h4 "T'I) �49A. .. , SHIAWASSEE ,.,' .. .----...:~ I I II Ill mm ROADS 1,tilW.0\11.>IOAD 1:.tAOfOANO OUINfO IIOAO \Oil SUltfAUO IC.AO C l .. 'I EL Q l C,l ,lolllAI IOAO IUUMtNOUS ~UIIAC[O IOA!' ,.v~o tOAD OIV IC"fO Ht C IIWA'I' OIVIOfO HI G ~#.t. V W'Wl flON!A.<.,f IOAO ANO 11s r All&. ROAD SYSTEM DESIGNATION .." IL".: INCS~ I.OOP 11J~ 1, ,u :, •oun l :./11 NUi ~f UI AIRPORTS ,.c,1.,nu MlllTAIY flfLD {~Mt: 4VAILAILE 1 Al,•!.)lf. \: •.1Ml'\ITf f ACILl'lfS 1(.0lriiC,MftCIAl Cl MUNl(.l'AL) AlUltLO, UMllt:O ,.-::1.1nn At~• lJ- .... n1~.; 0 1 \"'111 11! ..CLU CI/ : :;. ,11YA!f A: r1 l(LO\ • • • • 0 U.1UOA0 1now tOAO IAIUOAO fl.,NNII. HIGHWA', BR IDGES - •OCH l'VHCIGIIOII H•1;"'<lfAY ,:. &AUi \ :PAtAIIC, ~t DRAINAGE l 6Alt0'1111 \ lll.W NIOI \ flt.AM 10\' U 2:.0 'T ,) NAVIGATION ••u ~Ettt TOLL ftlrY )AMS DAM WIIH t<J• U 0.t.MW I IH()U f t(JAQ !OUNOARIE~ l-1 U tO~L IO U · /O,Arf ~u, rc IO Ur •OAW I COUNl't' 1ou,10An ~r..-11. TO #N ) Ht, IOUNOAIY ._.G f(SSIO N AL ,ll,\ . l,1, 110 ; ~Hit IOUNOta, .... .,l,lp,,.f CITY ANO Vll~GE ·.r•11c.un•1. cnuNrv \ U.• •,,..lt<OL-ouu:o CO,..,,...,ttlllU :N(Ol,01A1r:, c,r, Ol ll'IU•.AG( ~ • 0 -=.t. -::-p COIIOCTAC,I MAP co. GENESEE �•··• • • • • •---~• • ,• • 50 • -~...,'..\ ( • / Purposes ot Roads and Highways are as follows: l. Provide access to land tor development • 2. Provide as convenient and sate 1110vement or circulation ot both present and tuture vehicular trattic in, out and within the Township in accordance with future land use plans • 3. Provide, in - conJunction with land use planning, tor the proper type ot road or highway which will f'Unctionally handle the type and volume ot trattic generated by existing and planned land uses. 4. Provide tor vehicular trattic travelling throug the To'\ffiship • 5. Provide tor vehicular trattic destined for the To'Wilship from outside the Township boundaries • 6. Provide tor frontage access roads in high density land use areas located along present and tuture maJor trattic arteries in the Township. 7. Provide tor spacing ot vehicular access points between present and tuture major trattic arteries and frontage access roads • 8. Provide tor establishing oft-street parking and oft-street loading and unloading policy • Present Road and Highway System The present road and highway system has been developed primarily from the "need to build" or improve roads and highways by the Township, County Road Commission, the State Department ot Transportation and private developers. No comprehensive plan tor roads and highways which relates to future planned and zoned areas has been developed tor any long range extended period into the future • Present roads are generally being unitormly treated as to or right-ot-vay width and setbacks. Future planning tor roads should be established tor the purposes ot (l) reserving future right-ot-vays where none now exist, (2) providing tor widening road right-ot-vays by establishing adequate setbacks now so as tor future widening as the need arises. standards and highw.ys needed road of existing to provide �51. / -.-:'\ • •• • •I • • • •-,· II • ~ " Proposed Road and Highway Plan (Mt.pa No.land 2 attached) Based upon both the long range land use plan and the zoning district map the following functional types or roads and highways are proposed. (See Maps No.land 2): l. Regional arterials 2. Local arterial.a 3. Connecting arterials 4. Collector roads 5. Minor roads �i W 11 W • • -✓• • . l • • • a • a . \. : ' Planning Standardti tor the Functional Types ot Roads and Highvays Cohoctah Tovnship Livingston County I Michigan Punctional Type ot Road/Hvy. (See )okps No. ·1 • 2) l. Regional Arterials (none located within Cohoctah Township) 2. I.Deal Arterials 3. 4. Planned R.o.w. vidth (teet) 200 1 -300 1 Building Setbacks* 00 1 Planning Comments These arterials are planned to be either limited access (I-96) or nonlimited access (M-59) 1 but opposing lanes should be separated by a median or boulevard. Generally these roads and highways will have 4 lanes 1 carry an a.d.t. ot 20 1 000+ at speeds of 55 m.p.h.* · 120 1 50-60• These roads generally connect with roads vhich have a through traffic tunction as well as connecting to Connecting Arterials and Collector Roads. Generally these roads may ultimately have 4 lanes 1 carry an a.d.t. of 5 1 000 • at speeds ot 45 m.p.h. Connecting Arterials 90 1 50-60• These roads generally provide tor major connections between through trattic types ot arterials. Generally these roads may ultimately have 2-4 lanes, and carry an a.d.t. ot 2,000+ at speeds ot 45 m.p.h. Collector Roads 90 1 50 1 These roads generally provide tor connecting ot minor roads to each collector road which in turn provides access to the more major arterial road and higbvay system. Generally these roads may for the most part have 2 lanes and possibly 4 lanes vhen a great number of minor roads connect to them over extended distancet1 1 and carry an a.d.t. of 500 to 2 1 000 at speeds of 35 m.p.h. a number •trom planned tuture right-of-way lines. a.d.t.: 24-hour average daily traffic volume as determined by the methods established by the Michigan Department of Transportation and the Livingston County Road Commission. . VI I\) �,a ~- ' ~• • • • J 5. Minor Roads (Public and Private) 66 1 ,. w -- • • • • · •'.•,/, • • 25 1 -35 1 in high density areas 50 1 in lov density rural and suburban areas . These roads provide direct access to a relatively small area where traffic terminates tor reaidential, commercial, industrial, public or semi-public purposes. Generally these roads will have 2 lanes and carry an a.d.t. of under 200 at speeds of 25 m.p.h. Special lane widths tor turning movements and thickness ot pavements tor load carrying capacity will have to be engineered tor co1111Dercial and industrial minor access roads. 6. Special Roads a) Natural Beauty Roads 66• 100 1 These roads only exist if so designated by the County Road Co111111ission or roads requested by the Township to be so designated by the County Road Commission. The 100 toot setback is to provide tor the preservation ot the natural vegetation between the road pavement and , the 100 toot required set~ack. V1 w �-a,a WW 111 ,..• 7. Frontage Access Roads (Public and Private 4o• •••II• - • -·\ 52' tor 45 degree angle parking and 60• tor 90 degree angle parking it located in front ot principal buildings and structures or a minimum ot 60• in 1Lddition to the 4 o• required tor the frontage acceau. road in those inst1Lnces where no parking ia planned to be located in the required front yard. /' These roads located adjacent and parallel to arterial roads provide direct access to abutting properties from spaced intersecting roads or driveways which provide access from arterial roads and highways. Spacing ot intersecting roads and driveways shall be at least 750 1 and no more than 1500 1 apart along an arterial road or highway from centerline to centerline. Frontage access roads shall be required in all high intensity or density use areas found in multiple family housing, co1DJ11ercial and industrial zoning districts. V1 ~ �55. Ott-Street Parking Policy No on-street parking shall be permitted, except along the edge~ ot minor streets. Ott-street parking shall be required for all land uses located along and having access to all roads -and highways in accordance vi.th the requirements ot the Zoning Ordinance. Ott-street parking areas providing tive (5) or more spaces shall be(l) graded and drained so as to prevent surface puddling or impounding, (2) hard surface paved, including all access roads and driveways leading to thl!Jll trom a road or highway and (3) lighted tor night visibility with the source of lighting shielded trom being visible beyond th~ property lines upon which they are located. Parking spaces shall not be located in required tront yard setbacks, but rather shall be located in tront ot buildings behind the required setback line or in the side or rear yards. Ott-Street Loading and Unloading Policy "I ·( '·. I • 'I • All loading and unloading areas for freight trom any truck or other motorized vehicles shall be required to be located on a lot or parcel upon which a commercial or industrial use is located. No on-street loading or unloading ot treight is permitted in any commercial or industrial zoning district. Generally the minimum parking space tor tractor truck loading and unloading is ten (lO) teet wide by 80 teet long exclusive ot connecting driveways and turning 1110vement areas. Loading and unloading parking spaces shall not be located in tront, but rather shall be located in the side or rear yards ot buildings. �I I I I I I I I I I I _, "" -/ 56. TABLE NO. 1'2. Trattic Volume Trends on Mil.jar Highways which Atfect Cohoctah Township - Year US 16/I-96 and Fowlerville Bd. M-59 and Grand River Rd. M-59 and Oak Grove Rd. U.S. 23 at Favassett ( Clide Rd• ) 1958 8,869 1,700 3,100 4,700 1962 9,700 l,900 N.A. ll,000 1967 14,800 2,300 N.A. 14,000 1975 20,800 3,800 N.A. 19,019 1983 21,400 8,200 4,600 21,700 12,531 6,500 1,500 17,000 501 260 60 680 Traffic Growth 1958-1983 Annual Pate 1958-1983 \_ Because I-96 and U.S. 23 are the maJor access routes to and through Livingston County, what happens on them ill terms ot Trattic Volume increases directly influences the potential developments in adJacent Townships, Cities, Villages and Settlements. Cohoctah Township is only 4-4½ miles . frail I-96 and about 8 miles trom u. s. 23. These distances are measured traa interchanges with I-96 and U.S. 23 and those County Roads that lead directly trm them to Cohoctah Township. At the present time, the moat direct access from the nearest and 1110st influential area in Cohoctah Township ccaes trail the City ot Hovell-Hovell Township area via Oak Grove Road. It 1• anticipated that, because ot the growth north troa I-96 through the City ot Hovell and northward through Howell Township, the Oak Grove Road corridor will provide the initial m&Jor urban influences upon Cohoctah Township. This route also provides the 1110st direct route trom the Township to maJor regional arterial highways and places ot employment shopping and other actiTitiea. The above Table No. ll and the rapid growth it represents· is. consistent vitu those ot population, housing and employment growth in Livingston County, particularly in the Brighton to Hartland portion ot the U.S. 23 corridor and the Brighton to Howell portion ot the I-96 corridor. �57. " ' ' 'I I 1I I \ I The more remote location ot Cohoctah Township, as compared with Brighton, Howell, Handy and Hartland Townships, has its desirable attractions because ot its remoteness tor certain ty-pes ot agricultural, residential., industrial, commercial, recreatioD&l and other uses desiring more open space or ·natural resource orientations. The historical measure ot the limits ot the commuter was a: 25 --minute timedistance tactor. With car pooling and greatly improved highways and roads the tactor has been increased to over 40 minutes. Thus a commuter range ti-om Cohoctah Township ot between 25-35 miles now takes in all or southeastern Livingston County and a portion ot Wastenav and Cllkland Counties. Cohoctah Township is now well within the range ot the urban commuter looking for increasingly more remote rural/suburban areas tor the amenities which they contribute to tamil.y living and enJoyment. One of the maJor factors ot growth intluence in Livingston County is the seemingly unending and acceleration ot out-migration of families from the Detroit Area. Population migration out of Detroit alone bas increased trom about 15,500 per year between 1950 and 1960 to 35,000 per year between 1970 and 1980. These out-migrations are following the interstate and limited access highway corridors, and all evidence points to this continuing. The annual percentage rate ot growth on I-96 between 1958 and 1983 was 5.7% and on u. s. 23 was 14. 5%. Both ot these percentages are within or above the normally used 5% to 10% annual rate ot trattic growth on such facilities when proJecting tuture ·growth ot trattic. On the basis ot this past experience the proJected trattic growth in -both the I-96 and U.S. 23 corridors will be signiticant. ot this trattic will be representative of nev development in adJacent Townships, cities, Villages and Settlements, and Cohoctah Township will continue to get its share of new growth as a rsult. Some �.... ' ij - Bl\ 0 . oo· co.} R. 4 E. u 2 0 L .. 11 'l. s I 1PM ~ 0 V, ..... 4 _. <{ -:-:- <1 . , z I'f ~"-R a: /} N t- \\\\\1••··· ~ ir·76~./ - tl!ONl,l! .., l v+. • ,h a: 1- RD. oo ~w ci (l) 2· ~ GENESEE ::i r' .... :;:;: .1:v_ · ,. ::::: RD a: --.!{ -n r. 3 MAPLE - :, 0 ~I .. t'~~~~ :,~·~CENTER ; i ~f- . 17 AX -· e. .c.,~\ , . L o. - ,./ .. ! - J\W!l\ 13 @ ~- ~NAPP 18 ••••• \ r: /t .lJI ;:ii::::: · rll -~ I ~,, JJ ·16 I 25 36 l:, 8 -- . ?O 12 .. ... ... -. U:::d, · 7 I -" 26 H ff ~ 1~ I ~,,,+I~ 29~1~~8 ~ 18 23 ENGE~ .,i. GROVE = AIRPORT 22 ::::::~:::::\.. COHOCTAH 14 0 12 30 w g ~~r2ac7-.4~~-I I CHASE a 31 3 ~~ ,~ 7 ; 6 3 . 5 •,'· @) ,:·. 7 ·: ., 7 . . 1,9 11 ~ ..J ..J <{ RD. 01116 8 . 12~ .. ,. •CURDY 13 17 2 <1 a: u RO . BROPHY ci 21 BOWEN a: '· 20 G· N\ r~.9 \l £ '/ l- a: 32 <1 I :,l a: ::::i • •M �---=------ ----------------1111111 61. ' Plan Report Master tor Public or Common Water Suppl;y Wastewater Disposal. Storm Drainage COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP Livingston County, Michigan • • "• " " " prepared by the: Planning Commission Cohoctah Township with the assistance ot: Tovuship Board Members and: Robert B. Hotaling and Aasociates Towship Planning and Zoning Consult&nts August 18, 1986 / �-~---------------~62. Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment and Storm Drainage Systems '\ Past . and Present Systems Cohoctah Township has always depended upon on-site water supply (wells) and septic tank with drain tield systems tor its water supply and wastewater treatment tacilities. The one exception is the Nazarene Campground Settlement which operates its ow common water supply and wastewater disposal systems tor the entire campground. Storm drainage has been primarily through the use ot the existing natural drai.nage system and the use ot agricultural tile drains tor crop purposes. The latter are not usetul tor any subsequent urban development purpose except possibly open land uses tor recreation, etc. With the large areas ot surtace water teatures, tloodlands and high water tables, much ot Cohoctah Township will continue to develop primarily on the aeptic tank and well basis, but it will ot necessity limit future intensive growth except in thos areas where on-site septic tanks with drain tield will properly tunction. This will mean that only low density residential and small commercial, industrial and public and institutional developments will be attracted to those areas in the Township. Although no areas in the Township presently indicate the possibility ot public sanitary- sever with sewage treatment facilities, public water supply and piped storm drain systems, it would be advisable to plan tor the orderly concentration ot residential, commercial or industrial development so that a sutticient density and tax base will make it possible to economically begin to build such public systems. Such an area is proposed in the Cak Grove Settlement area in the southeastern corner ot the Township. Another method tor starting public systems is to provide tor large scale developments through planned unit developments, commercial centers, industrial parks, etc. and have them established in the Township with the proviso that they initially establish either common or public systems to which other developments can hook up to and thus provide the basis tor ultimately getting into a Township public sever and water program. Ml.p No.U. "Surtace Drainage and Gravity Flow is included in this report so that the Township can be advised .on the natural surface gravity flow ot water in relation to topography in the Township. Ot particular significance is the pattern ct drai.nage basins which form separate gravity tlov area when considering sanitar., severs and storm drainage systems in the future. It is ditticul.t and costly to engineer and build sanitary- sever and storm drainage systems, which generally tor economic reasons require gravity tlow systems, when crossing ridge lines between drainage basins because ot the high cost ot pumping stations, siphons, force •ins and other similar devices. To a limited entent these latter are sometimes merited tor use, but onl.y when they are the last resort to get a particularly attractive development which can absorb their higher costs in the private tinancing programs. But, keeping in mind that the Township at some time in the tuture more than likely, will take over the ovuership, maintenance, management and operational financing ot them. �It Cohoctah Township expects to and wants to increase the value ot tbe Township's real estate and be more attractive to orderly growth in the future, it vill be necessary to plan and engineer public sever and water systems, including tire hydrants. The latter directly attects fire insurance rates and the tormer directly attects property values due to cost ot investing in them. However, a.tter the i.Jlvestment is made a higher quality and value ot development vill generally occur. Over the years &head, the Township can greatly benetit troa such public systema, but geeting over the problem ot. the initial investment ia 1110st ditticult. �/ -· ; :,. - • .,,.. -1 !"•• I • • . ... . ..: .J: :" ,.. . ,I - _ _ .1:... _ _ _ _ _ • ·- I &.\.~~, K~ y MAJ Oft L6CAl A~reRtAL5 MtNOR. Le>c~L AeTe21Au. MA'? NO, MASTER 11 ~ PLAN CO 1-JN ECT I >JG A2. T~R! AtS -,J - ~ o e 6) e & • e oe ~Q't' OEHGN.l"fF-0 CDLL€lTOl2.. R..OAOt M11-Jae. eoADs. ~UlUR.f ijE'N !<CAO$ c.e:. HOCiAl-! L\V,NG~T'Ot-.l ,ow N ~tt-lP cOtJM:N• M\CHlGAW �i.,:; • ·· ~· ' ~-~:<' . · . ~ :_·-,___ -~-; :' ~,;...; ~. ('-,.-, = ·= ....:.:c:_y..,.,.I , ' ~~-:';::.\' ... i ii,-- I - ·1 - . I ., -· - ~i.. ,~,~~~ "0 ; • • ) • . _:_j _ -/ ----- . -. . l i'C" L ~- ·".1 .' . (i �. ~ ! ./'.:'2 .... ~ • ,. ~.de..> ;. ' ~ - 11 , -- .I" • L: - '4t-l ... : - ,- .-.-· "7:'" ,. -~ a'--:i:,I, -.:.: -::::• --- . . l 0 -~ c/"~O _•• •~ ) ~~·• -· ~ M ...-·... ,._ : '- - - I ~- () • (y,.. .. .· / ' ,., J ,,- .... '-----~r-·----;"?; r.. • :,•.--= - ::z ::: , •· '~ ~/. .... -. : "" ... MAP \\lo. J2. !YLASTER PLAN Fo IL SURfAC£ ORAINAGf !Gt~VITY~ Coli -..:a..---ro OCTA-l-f TClWI\J. S\+1P L l \J ( N t; 5 N CO U NT' Y �-- ~- - !J . ,. ! I I. 1 '·==-~~~.•.- E_LJ.,Jf!:.---=··===R,_QA0,::' ~;·· •. • • ;:..1 -. -: . . .... -·· . • • Q 8 ....__.,,.""""- <9"' , 1.. o ·-- L. ··- 7 7 ....... ..... _,, \ 8 -'-. 8 I I . 11----~.: r : I' . I ::., . I~. ..... •.:.·t _Cohoctah ,1 871 GANN~:- :. , ·===~=R~.o~·,.=·o~ ,,,, 10-.::. ___ __,,,,,,., _ :':) -· I .\ f- . ,. ' . ' • _ _ _~:_ g~; ,r----,--:=::=::~-:..-..__ _ _ _-4-'-~~. . • I ·:-- ~ ' - - - - - -(-=-=...;:..- . I· ! . I . -· ! . ' . If . .. I -, • o J . 'O J :, . • •I J ' ;; ,, ~ ; · I : _, �66 Future ?rocedurP.s and Strategy for Carrying Out the I.and Use Master Flan Report A report prepared to guide the future development of COHOCTAH TOWNSHIP Livingston County Michigan prepared for the: Planning Commission Cohoctah Towship by: Robert B. Hotaling and Associates Professional Community Planners August 18, 1986 �INTRODUCTION Cohoctah Township is dependent upon its Planning Commission, Township Board, and citizens for the suc_c ess of any plans prepared for the future development of the Township. The Planning Commission with the assistance of Robert :a. Hotaling and Associates, Planning Consultants, were retained to study pertinent issues in an effort to determine the most appropriate and effective coordinated solutions to land use and related problems. Under the Michigan Planning and Zoning Statutes, the Planning Commission is required to prepare and adopt a Mister Iand Use Plan for the future development of the Township, and then use the Land Use Plan as a basis for revising and amending the present Township Zoning Ordinance and planning for public improvements. Within the Township numerous day-to-day decisions, many with longer range impacts, must be addressed. It is important therefore that the Township have an overall coordinated "Plan" to provide the basic guidelines for directing this decisionmaking process. This "Plan" is the Comprehensive ?<kster ?lan of which the Land Use Plan is the basic part to all other parts ot it. It is intended, then, that the Cohoctah Township Land Use Plan will provide Township, School, County, Regional, State and Federal officials a broad framework of reference for making their future land use arid publc works capital improvement decisions. ?rivate developers, investors, realtors, business~en and others seeking to develop private land will also be provided with this helpful plan in assisting them in their development decisions. Any requests for future zoning changes should only be made in compliance with the Master Plan. The Township's public and private interests and their common good expressed in terms of improving the environment, the quality of living and the real estate market in the Township can only result from following and using the Land Use Plan effectively in all land development and zoning decisions. The Planning Commission shall continually strive for Community Support of the Plan The formulation o.f the Master Iand Use Plan is the basic essential step in an effort to create a well-balanced, attractive, convenient, desirable Township environment for all residents, businesses, institutions and other users of land in the Township. If this goal is to be realized, there must be communityvide knowledge, understanding, and support for the ?la.n, including the cit iz !!Os, Township Planning Commission, Township Board, Zoning Boa.rd of Appeals and other governmental officials at the Township, School District, County, Regional, State and Federal levels of government. Cohoctah Township will be taking steps toward this end by involving citizens' groups in the planning process through soliciting their views in workshop and informational meetings to be conducted by the ?lanning Commission. Continued public support and involvement are essential to insure the success of the planning program in the Township. The Plan Must be Flexible - Predicting the Future is Uncertain The Iand Use Plan is not a Plan that can be implemented immediately, but rather one that gives positive direction to the future physical development of the Township. Therefore while the Plan indicates the tYJ?e and character of land uses for various loc~tions in the Township, until actual development occurs, the possibility for future change exists. The generalized land use areas included in the Plan are a "look ahead" to the future. They are intended to be a guide in th~ preparation of the Zoning Map and Text initially and changes �68 '\ and amendments to it in accord with the general direction indica.ted on the Land Use Plan or as it may be changed periodically in the future. The Master Land Use Plan is at least a 20-30 Year Program The Land Use Pla.n portrays all of the land uses to be included in the Township's comprehensive development potentials for approximately the next 20 to 30 years from 1986 to the year 2006-2016. This Plan, however, should be reviewed annually for possible indications of a change in land use planning direi:tiou, and about every 5-10 years the Plan should be revised and updated, and extended for the next 20-30 years into the future. Planning is a constant process designed to accommodate change. The Plan ~ust Be Comprehensive The Land Use Plan must give adequate consideration to the interrelationships which exist between and among all major private and public land use categories, if it is to serve its function as an important decision-making tool. This is particularly true in respect to zoning and the equipping of land uses with the necessary and costly public utilities, facilities and other services. The Land Use Plan is the onl.y instrument that gives overall comprehensive direction to all aspects ot development now and in the fUture. Therefore, it is uasic to all land use decisions; public utility, facility and other service programs, as well as zoning, the platting of land, etc. It becomes the basis for architectural and engineering studies for all private developments and public improvements. The Master Land Use Plan sets the policy for conductiug existing development with that of all future changes and additions in the pattern as it emerges in the ruture. Changes and Trends in Development Patterns of the Region will Influence the Plan Cohoctah Township is an integral part of rapidly growing 3.Ud changing Livingston County, thereto re, the Land Use Plan must acknowledge the Township's place geographically and developmentally in the region. Recognition of the regional influences upon Cohoctah Township's Land Use Plan will make it more realistic and reasonable in terms of guiding the future pattern and types of laud uses in the Township. Change has always been the nature of the development in the Township; it is continuing and will do so in the future, aud regional or outside-of-the-Township, as well as those within, cause this change to happen continually. Change cannot be stopped, but it can be directred through the Plan so as to have a more harmonious and orderly effect upon all developments in the Township. The Plan Must Be Flexible as Well as Changed Occasionally The Plan will periodically require revisions to reflect any significant changes in local, regional, state, or national conditions which will more than likely occur but which cannot be foreseen at this time. For example, within the past memo~-tilled years several major developments which have caused major influenc~s upon local land development have been established. Most significant among these are: (l) the initiation and expansion ot the interstate highway and other freeway systems; (2) the introduction of commercial shopping c:nters and specialty areas, (3) the relocation of employment centers from the o4der, obsolete and �69 \ • • blighted central cities and the creation of new ones in the new and everexpanding suburbs; (4) expansion in housing preferences from a predominantly single-family home to also include apartments, townshouses, condominiums, and mobile homes; (5) the concern with conserving our valuable 'natural environment and resources, water features, agr_icultural and open space lands; and (6) the concern for conserving fuels used for producing energy for economic as well as resource conservation needs. All of these will have significant impacts upon future land use decisions, plans, zoning ordinances and the provision of public improvements. It is, of c_o urse, impossible to predict the kinds of changes which may occur over the years ahead, but the Plan can aim at the future by giving development a direction that makes the most sense to follow with future changes modifying that direction as required. Therefore, the Land Use Plan will be modified as conditions chan13e. The Job of the Planning Commission is to assure the Township that the planning will continue to be done to the extent possible, since P.A. 160 of 1959 legally requires it to carry out this responsibility, and under Michigan Statues no other agency or official has this major land use policy determination responsibility. The Plan Must Be Updated Periodically An annual review of the Plan should be made to keep a.breast of minor or major changes. However, a comprehensive review of the Plan should be undertaken approximately every five to ten years depending upon the intensity of the character of the change in order to allow an up-to-date analysis of the changing conditions and trends. Should changes in the Land Use Plan be indicated, then major changes in the zoning ordinance, platting and public works programs -would follow. The Land Use Plan should also be reviewed and amended to reflect any changes in community development goals and policies as determined by the· Planning Commission. The Cohoctah Township Iand Use Plan, therefore, as presented herein, depicts the generalized development pattern for the Township during the next 20-30 year period (1986 to 2006-2016). The Plan provides the necessary guidelines for making decisions concerning changes in zoning, subdivision regulations, and public works capital improvements. It should be noted that the Land Use Plan is a generalized document, while the Zoning Ordinance and Zoning Map, Platting Regulations and Public Works Capital Improvement Program are the more specific basic legal tools for implementing the general . goals and intent ot the Land Use Plan. The Land Use Plan, is then, the fundamental or basic element in the total planning process, a process which includes the tallowing: 1. Having the Planning Commission form the tocus for the organization and structure that will be necessary to carry out the Planning Process procedure ly. 2. Gather information and analyze it on a continual basis in a comprehensive manner in terms of population, economic,·natural resource and environment and land use development change. �10. • • " 3. Prepare and keep up-to-date a comprehensive lwfa.ster Llt.nd Use Plan which gives direction to the orderly coordination of public and private land use developments for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, riverways, and open space ·, public and semipublic developments and the public and private utilities, facilities, and other services needed to equip or .serve such land use developments and activities • 4. Prepare, adopt, use and enforce the necessaz,r zoning ordinance ~ subdivision regulations, capital improvement programs and other legal, economic, informational tools which will encourage and require implementation of the comprehensive l>Bster Land Use Plan • 5. Continue and enhance the plaMing process so as to constantly be in a position to meet changing conditions. The Township can be successful in achieving its planned development goals if each of the above five ( 5) elements in the planning process 1:1.re earnestly pursued and gain political and popular support, and is implemented by a.11 concerned with public and private developments through (1) following the plan, (2) conforming to the Zoning Ordinance requirements, (3) r~quiring lot splits and subdivision plats be done in accordance with subdivision regulations and (4) supporting the financing of public improvements when they are needed for efficiency and economy of coordinating private development with public improvements. All of the public will sooner or later help pay for the successes as well as the failures in the carrying out of the planning process. Taxsupported public employees are needed to manage, operate and maintain the Township. Private developers need to be reminded that it will cost them more to do business in the Township due to poor planning. These costs are passed on to the subsequent consumers of their developments. These consumers become the taxpayers that will have to pay the higher price for all aspects of development later, because ignoring planning and ignoring plans that result from planning will result in higher costs for everybody in the Township. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Cohoctah-Twp_Land-Use-Master-Plan-Report_1987 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Township Board and Planning Commission, Cohoctah Township, Livingston County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-11 Title A name given to the resource Land Use Master Plan Report for Cohoctah County Description An account of the resource The Land Use Master Plan Report for Cohoctah County was prepared by the Township Board and Planning Commission with the assistance of Robert B. Hotaling, Jeanne B. Hotaling, and Philip D. Gardner in November 1987. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Robert B. Hotaling (consultant) Jeanne B. Hotaling (consultant) Philip D. Gardner (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Cohoctah Township (Mich.) Livingston County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives