461 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/797f37cede1daccf6bf670565edd01ba.pdf 05ad53be7020f1f164f5b6961035b3f4 PDF Text Text �� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2c2224ecb671264f1d261444a511f5ce.pdf cbdc245b3081ded79c2e0f5e474f0fd7 PDF Text Text [Manley 155] [Page 1] February 23, 1946 10 A.M. Darling Jeannie_ It’s pretty nice out today, but kinda’ chilly tho’. Now if only Jeannie were here. She’d keep me warm. No mail again yesterday. I think I’ll get some soon tho’. Sweetheart, I miss you terribly. I’ve got two pictures of you before me and everytime I look at them_ it makes me feel pretty darn lonesome. I wish I could jump right into the picture [text strikethrough] and put my arms around you [Page 2] 2. And hold you close. Last night, I dreampt I had come home. Some of my family were in it and also you. I hope it comes true soon. I’m going to shave now Jeannie. Got to go to work from twelve to five this afternoon. Take good care of yourself_ for me please. I’ll be loving you Always, Ned � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_155_19460223 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946-02-23 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, February 23, 1946. Description An account of the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, February 23, 1946. Manley notes that he received no mail yesterday. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href=" https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href=" http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence Military education United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5f5bf28dff8206c0ec6ad3dc3b441eb7.pdf 9481f32bd9226fd7203b8e297a4ad635 PDF Text Text �� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d55c439f08d5fd5773763c24fb3e484c.pdf 3db04f662781b7d46ad498ae936138c5 PDF Text Text [Manley 156] [Page 1] March 13, 1946 Sweetheart_ We got some good news about the mail situation yesterday. Complete air mail service is being restored. It’s around two in the afternoon now. I go on duty tonite at five. I have your pictures before me now. I always carry it. Gee but you’re beautiful Jeannie. Darling_ tho’ I know that every day brings us a little closer, it still makes me a little lonlier. I miss you terribly my dearest. Life now holds no meaning for me. It’s all in [Page 2] 2. the future_ “Someday”, when we’ll be in each other’s arms once more. I love you Jean. I always will. I guess I’m just the luckiest fella’ in the world ‘cause I have you. Thanks ever so much. I’m going to close now sweet. Guess I’ll go over to the P.X. and get some “Coke”. Take good care of yourself now. I’ll be loving you Always, Ned � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_156_19460313 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946-03-13 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, March 13, 1946. Description An account of the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, March 13, 1946. Manley notes that complete air mail service is being restored. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href=" https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href=" http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence Military education United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/39891cfe1fb9bda83187e64be761107d.pdf 9c7d9c561e9a64e3539da22cc14b853d PDF Text Text �� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f59e809a3f61b39fdde5c3586d7a5eff.pdf 0ff7383f3799322292d9a555f2489d8d PDF Text Text [Manley 157] [Page 1] [letterhead: AMERICAN RED CROSS] June 27, 1946 Dear Jeannie_ Thought I’d stop for awhile and write you a short note. I’m in Tokyo now. In about another hour, I’m going back to Kawana, where I’m spending my six-day leave. I’m living in a beautiful hotel which overlooks the Pacific Ocean. It’s only for G.I.’s, and it’s a swell deal. I’m at a Red Cross lounge room in the “Ernie Pyle” theater. This theater is just like one back home. After I finish this letter, I guess I’ll go up to the “Snack Bar” and have a hamburger and a [letterhead: FORM539A] [Page 2] 2. [letterhead: AMERICAN RED CROSS] coke. I’ve been taking a lot of pictures since I’ve had my camera. I’ve taken a lot at the hotel. I hope you and your parents and Shirley are all well. I’m O.K. myself. Guess, I’ll sign off for now [text strikethrough]. Take it easy and say “hello” to all for me. Ned [letterhead: FORM539A] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_157_19460627 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946-06-27 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, June 27, 1946. Description An account of the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, June 27, 1946. Manley notes that he is in Tokyo. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href=" https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href=" http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence Military education United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5fe987e6d90f1d12db33938a27bd0e21.pdf 2bafb7397e038c818d2a6c8350722885 PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f00e3ddd06674f9a8aea328bc39f9564.pdf c59cb761ca65a3c3bce292c2332961b9 PDF Text Text [Manley 158] [FRAGMENT 1945?] [Page 1] Darling_ Here’s a few items I read recently. With a man, a lie is a last resort. With a woman, it’s First Aid. Brief newspaper story: The atomic bomb is here to stay_ but are we. As easy as falling off a Chet. (Note especially) If a girl doesn’t watch her figure The boys won’t either. (How’s yours Jeannie?) Said one girl to another “My boyfriend has “Tarzan” eyes. They swing from limb to limb. Definition of a hick town: Where if you see a young girl out dining with a man old enough to be her father, he is. Bobby-soxer on phone: “I’d love to go but I feel I should help my Father with my homework.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_158_1945-fragment Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, 1945. Description An account of the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, 1945. Manley lists things that he has read recently. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href=" https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href=" http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence Military education United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/01a201aedff13e8efd0a7231523d5225.pdf 733a2868cd44036b80741ff602eb6f1c PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a931edccbd852dd8a575b893e7bb3447.pdf 7573fa4b2f93dbe3cac463eff50011fb PDF Text Text [Manley 159] [FRAGMENT 1946?] [Page 1] 2. pretty well- shoken up when I got back. Around here, we haven’t been very busy. I went to Osaka last Saturday. Had to take an A.W.O.L. negro soldier up there. You asked if I could drive. Yes, I’ve done an awful lot of it since I’ve been in Military Police. I’m going to buy a car when I get home. As things stand now, I should be home some time in October. No, I’m not getting fat or any heavier. I’ll put a couple of pictures of myself in his letter to prove it. Jeannie, I’m not angry at you. Whatever you do is all right with me. I’ve no reason to be angry at you. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_159_1946-fragment Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, 1946. Description An account of the resource Letter to Jean Worthington by Edward "Ned" Manley, 1946. Manley notes that he went to Osaka last Saturday. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href=" https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href=" http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence Military education United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d157e580db0b93431f6af8cad80abcae.jpg 80d03646ae81c718c1072dc733ae0bd0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward "Ned" Manley in Military Police uniform leaning against a jeep, circa 1945 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Edward "Ned" Manley in Military Police uniform leaning against a jeep, circa 1945 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio); Correspondence; Military education; United States. Army. Air Corps; World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_photo-001 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/825e6f967ca1d00e9e2f236a0169f7e8.jpg b32deed75066291fa00fd6dd3eab42b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward "Ned" Manley in uniform in Japan, circa 1945 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Edward "Ned" Manley in U.S. Army uniform in front of a tall building in Japan. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Photographs United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_photo-002 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9a422224558766b6571ca443ea88d626.jpg b6ffa32ee61caddb26115a2a60c6e385 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward "Ned" Manley in uniform holding a letter, circa 1945 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Edward "Ned" Manley wearing his U.S. Army uniform and holding a letter Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Photographs United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_photo-003 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ecfe87ab175546046a4bc871b2497c65.jpg 105adaa419a5e12c6faacb1ae9f4c3a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of Edward "Ned" Manley in Army uniform, circa 1945 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Description An account of the resource Portrait photograph of Edward "Ned" Manley in Army uniform Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_photo-004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Photographs United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dafe6e0d0754724b107a53d2fba594aa.jpg 93e16c9273807c3fec4ba59ec8958737 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward Manley collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Worthington , Jean Allaine , b. 1928 Description An account of the resource A collection of letters and photographs from Edward "Ned" Manley, a soldier in the U.S. Army, and his girlfriend Jean Worthington, a teenage schoolgirl in Cleveland, Ohio, dating from 1945-1946. The content of Jean's letters describes everyday life of a teenage schoolgirl living in Cleveland, Ohio, with her parents during the war, including frequent mentions of friends, popular songs, movies, pets, and cooking, and visits to Edward's family, and her love for Edward. Edward's letters to Jean mostly concentrate on sentiments of love and the hope of marriage after the war. He also describes experiences and duties as he undergoes training with a variety of weapons and ordnance, his singing with a USO show, requests for transfer to the U.S. Army Air Corps, his volunteering for parachute infantry training, and descriptions of Nagoya during the American occupation of Japan. Both correspondents mention the anniversary of their first meeting (27 August 1943), and often use the word "Someday" in quotation marks which seems to refer to the then-popular song "Someday You'll Want Me to Want You." There is constant good-natured joking from both about the 28 children they will have once they are married. ean ("Jeannie") Allaine Worthington was born on 1 November 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her parents were Archibald ("Archie") Augusta Worthington (1896-1979), a tool worker, and Lena L. Fritchell (1904-1985); she had one younger sister, Shirley C. Worthington (1934-2012). In 1945 and 1946 she was living with her parents at 14247 Superior Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. She met Edward Manley on 27 August 1943 in Cleveland when she was 14 and he was 16, but it does not seem likely they attended the same school. During 1945 she was attending high school and had a job after school. There is no evidence that they subsequently married; in Cleveland in 1971 or 1972 she married John Krasnicki, Sr. (1906-1986), who was twenty-two years her senior. She died on 8 September 1994 in Garfield Heights and is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Edward ("Ned") Arthur Manley was born on 25 December 1926 in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. His parents were Patrick Sanfield Manley (1895-1952), advertising manager for a Cleveland newspaper and Leonarda Gallagher Manley (1896-1970); he had five siblings: Edith Manley McNamara (1928-1958), John Vincent (1930-1988), Narda Patricia Daly (1931-2007), Alicia Ann Gramuglia (1932-2006), and Patrick A. (1934-2011). The family emigrated from Canada to the United States in the 1930s and by 1940 were living in Cleveland. Edward Manley enlisted in the U.S. Army as Private on 15 February 1945 in Cleveland; that same day he entrained for the Army Reception Center at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In late February he had been assigned to Company B, 30th Battalion, 3rd Regiment at the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama. A request to be transferred to the Army Air Corps was turned down. After a twelve-day furlough, Edward was transferred in late July to Company B-1-1, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fort Riley, Kansas for a few days before being passed on to 3rd Platoon, Company M, 4th Regiment, Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 2 at Fort Ord, California. In early August he was placed in 1st Platoon, Casual Company 12 in preparation for shipping out to Japan for occupation duties. By 13 September he was in Luzon in the Philippines as part of the 666 Replacement Company, A.P.O. 291, shortly to be assigned to Battery B, 8th Field Artillery Battalion, A.P.O. 25. Edward arrived in Japan in early October and was assigned to an antitank Company in the 27th Infantry Regiment. By the end of June 1946 he was still in Japan, but he repeats a rumor that they would be coming back the United States in October 1946. Manley was discharged in October 1946 and returned to California to find that Jean was engaged to be married to a man named "Shorty." Manley lost contact with Jean shortly thereafter. By 1952 he had moved to Los Angeles, California and at some point married Antoinette T. Manley (born 1940). They had one son, Darren Anthony Manley (born 1984). Edward applied for naturalization on 17 May 1945 in Anniston, Alabama while he was stationed at Fort McClellan, and became a U.S. citizen on 19 May 1945. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945/1946 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Cleveland (Ohio) Correspondence United States. Army. Air Corps World War, 1939-1945 Military education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edward "Ned" Manley leaning on Military Police jeep, circa 1945 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manley, Edward Arthur, b. 1926 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Edward "Ned" Manley leaning on Military Police jeep Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant World War II Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/659">Edward Manley and Jean Worthington letters (RHC-116)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Photographs United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-116_Manley_photo-005 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c0084c90bd30d5512da02dda7f462936.mp4 6d455ebbc72cde5634ee002e39b1cd09 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/71ead171940c0be3eaa0d2d6331f6cb5.pdf 8cf18bb2778c9eb8a8a1b77084d2d38d PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW RANDY MANN Born: July 1949 Battle Creek, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, June 25, 2012 Interviewer: Now Randy can you start off with some background on yourself? To begin with, where and when were you born? I was born in Battle Creek, Michigan, Calhoun County, in July of 1949. Interviewer: Now, did you grow up there? No, well actually the first couple of years I lived in Battle Creek with my mother and father and my sister, who was born in 1951. Then my mother and father separated and divorced and we moved in with my grandparents out in Dowling, Michigan on their 160 acre dairy farm. I lived there until 1960. Interviewer: Then after that what did you do? In 1960 my mother remarried and took this farm boy and moved him to Lansing, Michigan, into the city, and where I graduated from high school in 1968 from Everett High School. 1:06 Then in 1969 I went in the service. Interviewer: Now, when you graduated from high school did you go get a job? What were your plans? Actually, when I was in high school, my senior year in high school, I worked for a gas station convenience store. At the time this was kind of a precursor to what convenience stores are now. It was next door and upon graduation from high school I went to work for Zale's Jewelry as a combination stock person, sales, whatever, just kind of general 1 �whatever they had for me to do. I worked for them for almost a year before I went to work for Stover Auto Parts driving a delivery truck. Interviewer: So, you were just kind of looking around for whatever job you could get at that point? 2:01 Yeah, well I put an application in for General Motors and was accepted for a job for General Motors. I had my job all lined up and knew what I was going to be doing. Interviewer: And Uncle Sam called? And I didn‘t pass the physical because they said I had a curvature of the spine. Sixty three days later I was in the United States Army, in perfect health. Interviewer: You didn’t have any problem with your spine at that point? No Interviewer: When did you get your draft notice? Gosh, I got my draft notice, notification of status and stuff, just shortly after I graduated from high school, but it was a good eighteen months after that before I actually went in. Interviewer: Were they doing the draft by the lottery system at that point? No, my—it was basically if you went in and took your physical and stuff, and if you were classified 1-A, you were going, there was no lottery. The lottery didn‘t begin until several years later. 3:05 Interviewer: Not too much longer after that then, they shut the whole thing down entirely. Right Interviewer: Anyway, they were still working with the draft board system at that point? 2 �Yes Interviewer: Before you got drafted, what, if anything, did you know about what was going on in Vietnam? You know, I was pretty naïve about what was going on there. I really didn‘t have any idea as to why we were there, what was going on, and where Vietnam even was. I was really not aware of it. I knew I didn‘t want to go, I was pretty apprehensive about it, but on the same token I was thinking, ―Well, you know, it‘s part of my duty as an American citizen to honor my country and honor my family‖. My father was in WWII, in the Navy. 4:03 Interviewer: So you accept it once it comes? Certainly Interviewer: Take us through the induction process. Once they do call you up, where do you go and what do you do? Well, initially we went to Detroit where we had our pre-induction physicals, and that was quite a daunting deal there. You get in there and they run you through the whole gamut. I mean this is the second time to go to Detroit for a complete physical, and at which time the physical is finished, they bring everybody into a room and they swear you in as being in the United States military, and then they went there and said, ―All right, we need individuals here, x number of individuals, to be in the Marine Corps and the rest of you will be in the Army. Are there any volunteers?‖ Well, when anybody didn‘t volunteer for the Marine Corps, they just went down through the line and picked out—walked through there and said, ―Everybody from here to here step forward. You are now in the Marines. The rest of you are in the Army‖. 5:08 They loaded us up on buses at that 3 �point in time, and all of us that were going into the Army, they took us to Fort Knox, Kentucky where we were given another physical and given our uniforms, our clothing and everything we needed, issued what we call tack, and it was like a pistol belt and stuff—all the gear and stuff we needed, everything but a weapon. We weren‘t issued any kind of weapon yet. Then we were taken to our basic training quarters, buildings, which, for me, our group of guys, was actually quite nice. It wasn‘t one of the old wood barracks, it was a nice three story, large concrete building. 6:06 I mean, that housed everything, the mess hall was there, the offices and stuff were there, all the platoon barracks were there, all the sergeants had their rooms and stuff there, the kitchen, or mess hall, the laundry, the arms room, or armory and everything all in one nice large building. Interviewer: Did you have the impression that it was just built a few years earlier as part of the Vietnam buildup? It was not—yeah, it was relatively modern, it was built in the late sixties, where the wood buildings were built for WWI or WWII. Interviewer: Yeah, you had—with the expansion of the army they processed a lot of guys through Fort Knox. At least we got that part, now how were you treated by the drill sergeants? Actually, the guys in my platoon that I was in, we were treated quite well. 7:05 It was—they were rough, they were—they didn‘t cut you any slack at all. These individuals had been in Vietnam—Sergeant Johnson, I‘ll never forget Sergeant Johnson. Sergeant Johnson stood about five nine and weighed about two hundred and thirty pounds, a black man, kind of reminded you of a gorilla. Strong as an ox and he was not the platoon sergeant, he was an E-6, and the platoon sergeant, Sergeant White, didn‘t live 4 �on the base, he lived off base with his family and he would come in. But, Sergeant Johnson would tell us, ―All right now guys‖, and whoever was on fire guard he‘d make sure you passed it on down the line to wake him up at x time, usually around four o‘clock in the morning, and he would leave in his Chevy Nova that he had, which was all souped up and everything. 8:06 And he would, in the evening, he would take off and go out bar hopping or whatever, and come dragging in about midnight or one o‘clock in the morning and the guys would be—―Make sure somebody wakes me up at four o‘clock‖, and four o‘clock, knock on his door, he‘s up, and he would look like he—I‘m going ―How can this?‖ But, he really treated us quite well. I was quite surprised, you know, they had training things that they did, but at the same time, they were strict, yet understanding. A prime example of that was that your brass, the stuff that you wore on your collars for your dress uniforms and your khaki uniforms, had lacquer on it, but the lacquer had to come off so you could take and polish it with Brasso. Well, taking this lacquer off by hand and rubbing it with a cloth and stuff with the Brasso stuff takes forever. 9:04 Sergeant Johnson comes in with a towel, Brasso, a piece of a cleaning rod from a M14 and he says, ―Gentlemen, this is the way we can take the lacquer off of there quickly‖. He has a drill with him and he puts the rod in the drill, sticks it through the center hole, puts the Brasso on it, sticks it down on that, turns it on and zzzzzt, and it‘s just that quick, and he turns it loose to us. So, where other guys, in other platoons, I found out, would actually have to sit there and clean it by hand. The sergeant, on the other hand, comes in and makes it easy for us, and I‘m thinking, ―Well, this might not be too bad after all. This is somebody that actually has a heart‖. Interviewer: Was there a lot of physical training as part of this? 5 �Oh, physical training, all day every day. I mean it was just—we‘d line up in the platoon formations. 10:04 And to get into the chow hall, when your squad was peeled off, you had to run around the field, in other words, or the parade field was our formation area, you had to make two laps around that and then come through at what they call the horizontal ladder, drop down in front of that, do ten pushups, come up and then a trip through the horizontal ladder, off the end of that, over to a pull up bar, do ten pull ups, and then you could go in and actually have your food. Interviewer: Were you in good shape when you went in? I wasn‘t in bad shape, I mean I was physically in fairly good shape, but nothing compared to what I was by the time—it was just, I went in at five foot nine weighing a hundred and sixty five pounds. Two years later when I‘m discharged, I come out still at five nine weighing a hundred and forty five pounds. 11:04 I mean, I had not an ounce of fat on me, even by the time basic training was over. I mean we had low crawl pits we had to go through, we had forced marches, it just—I mean you had a great deal of very intense physical training. Interviewer: Can you characterize the men who were training alongside you? Where were they from, and what kind of backgrounds did they have, as far as you could see? You know it was basically just a microcosm of the entire country. We had people—the vast majority of the guys from my platoon were from Michigan, but all over Michigan. We had guys from all over the United States that were there for basic training, within our company of two hundred men. I mean, they were from everywhere and with all different types of backgrounds. 12:02 We had one gentleman there, and I kind of chuckled, 6 �Andy Bird, and that‘s going back a ways to remember that guys name, but the reason I remember his name is because he was only five foot and weighed about ninety-five pounds. I‘m thinking, ―Ok, what are you going to do with this guy?‖ When the orders came down for our AIT training and stuff, they sent him to be a cook. He went to be a cook and went to cooking school, so that was cool because I‘m thinking, ―There‘s no way this guy is going to make it in the infantry because he‘s just not big enough‖. Our Rucksacks in Vietnam—mine on average weighed a hundred and forty-seven pounds. This is going to be fifty pounds more than this guy weighs, and it‘s like—no way. Interviewer: Were most of the men draftees, or was it kind of a balance? Yes, we didn‘t have anybody that had enlisted in my company, everybody was drafted. Interviewer: As you kind of went through the induction process at Fort Knox, I mean did you have people who were trying to find ways to get out of the service or get themselves kicked out? 13:09 Yeah, we did, we actually had one guy—the way it was set up was there were two sets of bunk beds with a partition between, so there were actually four of us in this little cubicle type thing, and we had one individual that was in the top bunk across from my bunk, who was—I don‘t remember his name right now, and only because he wasn‘t there very long, who refused to bathe, period. After several excursions in the middle of the night to try to convince him to bathe, they went ahead and rolled him back and put him back, rolled him back to another class and then he—I don‘t know if he was straightened out then or what, I don‘t know, but I‘m going to assume they finally decided he needed to be discharged for mental reasons. 14:08 He wasn‘t, he just wasn‘t too well wrapped. I‘m surprised he made it that far through the process and to even get into basic training. 7 �Interviewer: Some people will tell stories about being at the induction center and going through the tests and having some people load up on sugar and things like that to get themselves labeled as diabetic, or trying to do strange things in terms of tests to get labeled as mentally unstable or whatever. You know, I never—this is the only one I saw and I‘m not sure what the deal was there. He just—he didn‘t—he just wouldn‘t bathe and I don‘t know if this was a ploy of his to get discharged, or to get moved out or labeled as not mentally fit for military service or what, or if it was just a situation. Because I‘ve run across other individuals in my life—a prime example, driving truck, It was a job that I did and there was an individual there that worked with me as a second seat driver for me, who didn‘t bathe or wouldn‘t change his clothes. 15:11 I finally told—I mean there‘s---different individuals have different family upbringing and stuff, and it may have been one of those situations where he A. didn‘t like to get undressed in front of other men because—honestly, you go in here and it‘s not an individual shower, it‘s a shower with eight or ten or a dozen shower heads with walls all around it. I mean it‘s—and it may have been a situation like that where he just wasn‘t comfortable being naked around other men, but ―I‘m sorry dude, that‘s the army‖, that‘s the way it‘s set up. Interviewer: So, on the whole the guys you were training alongside kind of accepted their lot and they were going to go through with doing their job? Surely, absolutely Interviewer: What kind of AIT did you get? 8 �I drew infantry AIT in Fort Polk, Louisiana. 16:02 Very interesting, Tigerland, North Fort, very much, the terrain, everything was very much like being in South Vietnam. I mean there were swampy areas, bamboo and I don‘t know if this is stuff that they had actually brought in and set up the fort like that, some of it, yes it was, but the AIT training was done in Fort Polk, Louisiana, and that was interesting training, very interesting training. Interviewer: Can you describe a little bit what happened there? Well, I‘m—it was hot, because I took my basic training and it started in July and I had eight weeks there, so we‘re in Louisiana in September, and it‘s hot and sticky, muggy, and mosquitoes, and just all kinds of vermin and one thing and another. 17:02 And we were then in the old wood barracks, single story wood barracks and stuff, and some of them might have actually been –no, I think they were two story wood barracks, yeah, they were two story, but it‘s the old buildings. It‘s an interesting deal there because we would have GI inspections and stuff where they would come in—well, they inspected the buildings every day. The sergeants, when you were out doing training stuff, they would inspect every single day of the week and you had to be able to—the floors had to be— you could shave off these linoleum floors, I mean they had to be highly buffed or—I mean everything had to be just so, so. They took us through a lot of our weapons training, we fired weapons that I never saw again, I fired a 90mm recoilless rifle, and I never saw one after training, but again it was just very, very intense infantry training. 18:06 To learn your escape and evasion tactics, learn your camouflage tactics and stuff, how to hide in plain sight, I mean you‘re just—it was very enlightening, but again, very intense training because the vast majority of the guys, as soon as they left AIT, they were 9 �going home for a thirty day leave and then they were going over to Vietnam, and they were going to be out in the jungle. Interviewer: Were you being trained by people who had been to Vietnam already? Yes, everybody that was on the staff had done at least one tour and some of them had done two or even three tours of duty in Vietnam. These individuals, when they talked you paid attention because they have been there and they had done it, and they know what they‘re talking about. Interviewer: Did they talk about things like how to deal with the Vietnamese themselves and that sort of issue? 19:04 Well, they did to a certain degree, but by the same token, when you got to Vietnam it was different because some areas—you had to learn and they did tell you to be very, very cautious, you don‘t—because you never knew when one—it might be a Vietnamese child that is booby trapped, they did that. They would tell you to be very cautious, don‘t mingle around with the, and associate with the Vietnamese in large groups of U.S. troops, stay away and be very, very cautious about where you‘re at and what happens etc. because you never know. It‘s like, this is kind of rough for this individual who‘s a very trusting individual and everybody‘s a friend and all of a sudden you‘re finding out that nobody is your friend. 20:09 The only friends you have are your fellow servicemen and that‘s it, which was kind of hard to deal with and learn to get around, but by the same token I‘m here. Interviewer: So, you get through AIT and are you on the list to go straight to Vietnam or do you go somewhere else? 10 �No, about a third to half of the way through AIT training, they called a large group of us, and it must have been close to a third of the company, very close to between eighty to a hundred of us, well actually about fifty to sixty of us, maybe somewhere—about a third anyway. They brought us into the day room and sat us all down there and they said, ―Now gentlemen, the reason we have brought you in here is because you have all scored high enough on your entrance exams etc. that you are all qualified to go on to NCO school, OCS, or Warrant Officers Flight School, and these are your options. 21:19 You can go ahead and take the NCO school‖, as they refer to the dead as the ―Shake and Bakes‖ if I remember correctly. ―You can go to NCO school and you will retain your status as a US, in other words a draftee, and only a two year commitment in the service. You can go to Warrant Officers flight school, which in turn you have to change and become an RA, a regular army enlistee, and you will be obligated for three years of military active service, but you will become a Warrant Officer helicopter pilot‖. 22:08 ―Or you can go to OCS, which then also means that you have to sign up as a three year regular enlistee and you will come out as a ―Butter Bar‖, ―Whip and Chill‖ lieutenant and be an officer.‖ I chose to go to the NCO school after finishing my AIT training. Interviewer: Were there some people who chose not to go to any of them? Yes, which I thought to myself, ‗Wait a minute, this—there‘s two things going to happen by taking and going to any one of these three, especially the NCO school. You‘re going to stay in the states longer and get more training and more skills before you go to Vietnam‖. 23:02 The bottom line was, we were all going to Vietnam. We were all infantry AIT training, so we were all going to go to Vietnam, there is no question. ―Why not get more training? Spend more time in the states before you go over, be more 11 �confidant with yourself, and then on top of that you‘re going to have a higher rank and you‘re going to make more money, they‘re going to pay you more for this‖. But, some of them just said no, they didn‘t want the responsibility, and that‘s fine you know, but I did. Interviewer: Where did they send you for NCO school? Fort Benning, Georgia, and I went home for a weekend leave and then went to Fort Benning, Georgia for the NCOS, Noncommissioned Officers School, NCOS or CS, I can‘t remember what it was now anyway, and that again was some very intense training. 24:02 Again, the older buildings, the two story buildings and we had, at that point in time they assigned us, within your platoons, each week they rotated it and they actually assigned you different positions and every week they would rotate it through there and somebody would be the sergeant major. You would have platoon sergeants, you would have squad leaders, I mean everybody was given—and we were automatically, as soon as we got there, we were automatically, everybody—you got of AIT—basic training we wore a single stripe, when we came out of AIT we had a—we were a private first class, a ―Rocker‖. At that point in time when you went from there--you went there and they automatically gave you the rank of an E4, corporal. 25:01 It‘s like, ―alright‖, and they would give us these arm bands to wear, you‘re a sergeant, and you‘re an E6, E7 or whatever and rotate that through. Then again, we had some very intense training and a lot of leadership training, and physical training. More physical training and we had—I mean it was very regimented going into the dining hall, into the chow hall, they actually had squares set up on the path that went up to there and you would stand in that square, when the next person moved ahead you would stop forward and stand with, you know, at parade rest and move like that again and when you got up there again the same situation, 12 �dropping down, ten pull-ups or pushups, then onto a bar and do so many pull-ups. 26:03 The officers there, the sergeants, if they saw any little infraction they would pull you out and put you in what they called the ―dying Cockroach position‖, which was laying on your back with your feet and your hands up in the air and you would lay there and you didn‘t dare move or they would get you out and do there what was an eight count or a ten count pushup, which would just absolutely kill you. They would get you down and they‘d count to it and you would squat down and kick your feet out and you‘d get in that position and then they would take you and you would go down and they would count very slowly and they would get you down to where your nose was just barely off the ground and then they would hold you there, and then they would bring you up slowly and then they would do this all over. 27:02 If you had a string hanging off a button you were in trouble, ―get rid of that pull cord, you‘re not a paratrooper‖, so you would have to take and burn that little thread off, and then they would take you out and run you through these pushups and the whole nine yards. They were very, very—the whole thing was to teach you some very strong discipline, to be able to take orders and to be able to withstand torture or mistreatment if you were captured. Interviewer: Did they actually try some of the torture or mistreatment tactics on you? No, I mean they were just; they may have, but not that I remember. 28:09 Interviewer: You weren’t getting water boarded or something like that? Oh, no Interviewer: There were some Special Forces types that got that as part of the training. 13 �That was Special Forces type stuff and that‘s a little different. Interviewer: Still they were—basically they were trying to make you as careful as possible. Right, they wanted to make things rough on you because they don‘t want you—they want you to be strong enough that you‘re not going to break under capture. They want to see what you‘re made out of and these pushups, like they did down there, that‘s just—and we did, we had guys that would break and finally say, ―that‘s it, bag it, I‘m over, I‘m done with this, I quit‖. Interviewer: And then they would just go back to regular infantry status? They would go—they would pull them off to one side and in a matter of two or three days they were headed for Vietnam, you know. Interviewer: How long did the school last? 29:01 It was thirteen weeks Interviewer: So, when did you finish that? It was in the winter, February Interviewer: What year? February of 1970 and again I went home for a weekend pass, and then I went from that weekend pass to Fort Polk, Louisiana for eight weeks of OJT where I was a platoon sergeant in charge of training another group of AIT individuals AIT and that was an interesting deal there. We had, out of that group of individuals, there were two hundred men in the company and out of the two hundred men there were seven of them that were regular army, that had enlisted, and they were all going on to OCS. 30:11 One individual that was in my platoon, I rode him exceptionally hard, he was going to OCS, I 14 �didn‘t cut him any slack, his last name was Hershey, his grandfather was General Hershey, so we kind of rode him. We didn‘t cut anybody any slack in that entire unit because everybody, with the exception of these seven individuals, was National Guard and they were all going back home after their training. Interviewer: So, they—I was kind of wondering about that, because you had mentioned that the people that had been training you in AIT were all guys who were Vietnam veterans etc. and then I think, “Why would they take the “Shake and Bake” sergeant who hasn’t been there yet to train guardsmen?” Because we were—we had to have training in a leadership position. I‘m saying that the guys that were training us, they were not all prior Vietnam veterans; I mean they had not been over to Vietnam. 31:05 We had individuals like myself who were there in the AIT, but they were down the line as far as—they did the actual—a prime example, what I did is I taught in the yard, the company yard, between the barracks and stuff out there, I taught the handling, use, teardown, cleaning, reassembly and stuff of the 45caliber pistol, military pistol. I taught everybody how to tear it down, how to clean it, how to reassemble it etc. I got to the point in time where—and these guys are just like, ―How can you do this?‖ I would disassemble it and reassemble it behind my back in less than two minutes, and they‘re looking at me like, ―How on earth can you possibly do this?‖ 32:01 ―Practice, I‘ve been practicing this, I‘ve been doing this for a long time. I can tear down an M60 machine gun and do it blindfolded and put it back together. I can tear down an M79 grenade launcher and put it back together blindfolded because we‘ve done it over and over, time and time again until it gets to the point where it‘s second nature‖. 15 �You could put one in front of me now and I wouldn‘t know how to put the ammunition in it anymore. I would, but tearing it down, I wouldn‘t have any idea. Interviewer: They really worked this stuff out pretty carefully for a lot of purposes to try to prepare them as best they could for what you were getting on to do next. Well, in fact our last week of NCO school was an interesting week. They called it Ranger week, and where they took us out and we spent the week out in the swamps and stuff just like we were actually in Vietnam. 33:08 Now, it‘s rather unusual because we‘re out here in swampy ground, nasty, wet, having to cross rivers and the whole works, it‘s cold, I didn‘t find any place when I was in Vietnam that when you walked into a wet area, swampy, marshy area, that you actually had to break the skim of ice on top of it to cross it. Still, and it was the same way, they again in the AIT stuff they have—one of the last things they do to you is have you run what they call an E&E course. It‘s an escape and evasion course, which is—they take you out to an area and turn you loose and way, ―all right, we‘ll see you back here in such and such an area and don‘t get caught‖, which is like—ok, and some of the guys got caught. 34:01 It was trying to teach you, after all the training and stuff, that they let you go through a course to see if you‘ve learned anything from what they were teaching you. Interviewer: Now, you’ve made it through—you’ve gone through AIT, you’ve gone through your NCO school, you come back, you’ve been an NCO, and now you’re back at Fort Polk? Are you at the point now where they send you home and then to Vietnam? Yes, I went home, I had a thirty day leave at home and at the end of that thirty days I was to report to Fort Lewis, Washington for my flight to Vietnam, and I was a day late getting 16 �there. I get there and they said, ―Where were you?‖ ―Home‖, ―well, you were supposed to be here yesterday‖, ―yeah‖, my attitude at that time was, ―well, they‘re going to send me to Vietnam anyway, the worst they can do is bust me down to a corporal, give me and Article 15, take me a little money, bust me down one rank, and after thirty days in country I‘m going to have my rank back and my money back, so who cares, I‘m going to Vietnam anyway‖. 35:09 I worked out pretty good, actually, because the guys that went on, were in the group of people that went over when I did, or the day before I got there, several of them were either wounded or killed because of the units they were sent to. So, fortunately it worked out for me. Interviewer: You were on the next planeload that went somewhere else? Yeah Interviewer: Now, when they flew you out, were they doing that in a chartered commercial plane or a military plane? Yes, they were DC7‘s, well they didn‘t have the big planes and stuff like they have today, you know, this was forty years ago, forty two years ago. Interviewer: Was it at least a jet? Yes it was, it wasn‘t a prop plane, but it wasn‘t a big plane, and consequently because it wasn‘t a big plane, it took several hours to get to Vietnam. 36:04 We flew out of the SeaTac Airport, Seattle Tacoma Airport, and we landed in Anchorage, Alaska where they refueled the plane, from there they flew us to Midway where they refueled the plane, from there to Okinawa where they refueled the plane, and from there to Cam Ranh Bay South Vietnam, an eighteen hour flight. Interviewer: And did they let you get off the plane? 17 �No, they didn‘t let us get off the plane; they made us get off the plane. Interviewer: That meant before you got to Cam Ranh? Every time they stopped to refuel they made us get off the plane. They would not refuel it while we were on board. We had to get off the plane and into a waiting area, or waiting room type of thing. When the plane was refueled we got back on the plane. Every time they stopped to refuel we had to get off. Interviewer: They finally get you to Vietnam and what was your first impression of the place once you got off the plane? 37:01 Dirty, smelly, scary, uncomfortable, the first warnings they told us, is if you hear sirens you‘ll watch out and you‘ll see bunkers and stuff, if you hear sirens going off head for one of those bunkers and jump in. There were rocket warnings, in case there was any rocket fire, and within the first twenty-four hours of being there we had six of those warning type things go off and they had rockets fired in six different times. It‘s like, ―man o man, this is not fun, and this is really scary‖. Interviewer: Now, what did they do? You land in Cam Ranh and what happens to you? We went in and we got—of course we‘re in a khaki uniform and that‘s all we have. 38:01 We have no weapons, we have absolutely nothing but the clothes on our back and they take us down and they issue us a set of fatigues and then they start to set up—they‘re going to assign us to different groups, and again they came down through and asked, ―Are there any of you here who would be interested in going to Ranger school?‖ I‘m thinking, ―Maybe‖, so I did go to their Ranger school in Cam Ranh Bay. Actually they sent us up to Chu Lai for the ranger school. We get up to Chu Lai there for their Ranger 18 �school and, it might have been in Cam Ranh, no it was in Chu Lai, I can‘t remember, it was in one of the two. Anyway, the Ranger school is where they really get nasty with you. 39:01 I mean, the school only lasts three weeks, but when you finish that you then become a Ranger working in military intelligence and range recognizance. I completed the training and spent six weeks with them and decided that it wasn‘t what I wanted and asked for a transfer to a straight infantry unit. Interviewer: So, what were you doing in those six weeks that you were with them? It was training, I mean we did training and I went on one mission and that was enough. What they did was basically, G Company 75th Rangers, basically what you did was you collected intelligence. We had no troops in Laos, ok? That‘s the official thing. Officially we did. We would eat nothing but Vietnamese food, we did not bathe, we did not shave, and you didn‘t brush your teeth. 40:08 You wore the same set of—you wore clothing, it was U.S. clothing, but all the tags were removed out of it, you carried captured Vietnamese weaponry, whatever they had, this is what you--because when you actually started to go out on a mission they wanted you to smell just like the Vietnamese. You would actually go out and they would fly us in a helicopter, you would rappel down out of the chopper, set up your area of observation and stuff and generally it was along the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos, and actually collect data on troop strength and equipment etc. that was brought down through there and then you would hike back out to the extraction zone where they would drop ropes out, you would tie on and they would yank you up out of the jungle and take you back where you would report all this information. 41:06 Interviewer: How large a group were you? 19 �It varied, anywhere from three to a maximum of six guys. Interviewer: So this little group of guys was dumped in the middle of the jungle someplace. How long would you stay out? Three or four days Interviewer: Did you see anything during that time? Did anything happen? Always, always, I mean you‘re sitting along a trail, camouflaged in, I mean it‘s just— yeah, and that‘s what you do and you‘d only go out every six weeks because—you‘d come back in and you‘d get all cleaned up, shave and shower, and the whole nine yards and that was it, you‘d start preparing for the next mission. Interviewer: People have—you hear a lot about, through the Ho Chi Minh Trail you have-- the idea might be, you might have a single little narrow trail through the jungle or something. Is that what it was or was it a wide road or what? A road, a road, it was a dirt road. 42:01 I mean, it was wide, but it was in the jungle and stuff and it was really hard to see it from above, from the air, but it‘s—they‘re moving, I mean, they‘re moving heavy equipment down through there, they‘re moving tanks down through there, trucks, I mean, it‘s-Interviewer: So, you got a lot of business? Oh yes, definitely Interviewer: Would they, the Vietnamese, as they’re moving up and down, would they make any effort to patrol into the jungle a little bit and look around for you? Oh yeah, they‘re always looking around for you because they know they‘re being spied on, they just don‘t know where you‘re at, you know, provided you have done a very good job of camouflaging. I mean, they would drop you in—we didn‘t drop in close, they 20 �would fly us out there in helicopters and drop us into the jungle, and we might be ten thousand meters away and we‘d have to hike these ten thousand meters, these ten clicks, into the area where we‘re actually going to set up, so they knew that we were in the area, but they just didn‘t know where in the area. 43:04 I mean, they might drop us in here, and we‘d hike off in this direction or maybe here and hike us out there, or come right straight in. They just knew we were there, they just didn‘t know where, and it behooved us to make sure that we were camouflaged well enough. That was part of the reason they wanted us to smell like them. Therefore, we ate the same food they did, and the whole nine yards. You didn‘t smoke or nothing, I mean it was-Interviewer: Now, did you have a radio? Did you report back or did you just record or write down what you saw, or just remember it? No identification, no communication Interviewer: So, you just kept the information in your head? Yes, we had a pre-set point where they would come to pick us up and the date and time, you know, they‘d pick us up at 2:00 o‘clock in the afternoon on such and such a day at such and such a point. 44:03 And they would already have it pre-set that you would be there, and to identify that you were there, you would have a smoke grenade that you would pop and they would know that it would be a purple smoke, or a red smoke, or a yellow smoke, and also they would know that you were there and that would—and they would fly over there and they would drop the ropes down and they‘d yank you out of there. Interviewer: did you worry whether or not you were going to get there on time or at the right time? Did you have somebody go— 21 �Yeah, but you made sure that you were going to be there. You might extract yourself from where you‘re at a day ahead of time, so that you would be there. I mean, you‘re going to make sure you‘re there, one way or another. But if you‘re captured the government would have no knowledge that you were there. There was nothing, I mean you didn‘t—you had captured enemy weaponry that you used. 45:04 The only thing that identified you as not being Vietnamese is your skin, I mean you‘re not short with black hair. Interviewer: So, one of those trips was enough for you? One was enough and that‘s when I transferred to the Charlie Company 2d Battalion, 1st Infantry, 196th [Brigade] 23rd Division, Tam Ky. Interviewer: Now, was it sort of common for people to kind of get, the situation you were in, do you think other people were doing the same thing? Thinking, “Oh my God, what have I gotten into?” Yeah, there was and that‘s why they were always looking for people that would volunteer, ―I want to try that‖, you know. There were several guys that didn‘t make it through the training. The training that they put you through was just—I mean it was really, really tough. You never knew what time of night, or day or night, they were going to come and get you and go out and do training. Teach you to do repelling and stuff. 46:00 We actually at that point—we had to be totally self-sufficient if there was medical care and stuff needed. We had to learn by actually working and practicing on other trainees, how to put in IV‘s. We were everything, we had to learn to do it all, and in the final training stuff they would actually take you out over the top of the South China Sea in a helicopter and before they actually started letting, repelling you out over land, 22 �they‘d take you out over the ocean, the South China Sea, and you would repel out of the helicopters into the water, and slide down ropes. The reason they did this, in case you‘ve messed up they wanted you to have something that was a little bit softer to land on than the ground, and believe me, the water‘s not that soft, well it is if you‘re not too far up. Interviewer: So, now you make a switch. Now, what sort of a reception, or whatever, do you get when you come and you go to the 196th Brigade and then get assigned, how does that play out? 47:09 I was just another new sergeant with the company. I was assigned to a platoon and just moved on. Interviewer: Was the platoon at the base camp where you first came in or did they move you out? No, they were actually out in the jungle and when they went on a resupply mission they flew me out. I jumped out with the cases of C rations, laundry and mail, ―Here I am‖. I got assigned to a unit there, to a platoon, and to a squad and they referred to me as, what is called the FNG, and we‘ll leave that at what it is. Interviewer: He’s the new guy, the NG part. Yes, and I basically for the first three weeks, even though I was the sergeant and should have been in control, the spec 4, who was the highest ranking person there, was actually running the show for the first two or three weeks until they got to know me and what was going on etc. 48:15 That was fine with me because I needed to get to know these guys too and what was going on with them. Interviewer: Was that what was recommended to you when you got assigned to a squad? Let them show you first? 23 �Yes, absolutely, absolutely, trust the guys, who have been there, you know. Follow their lead, listen to what they have to say, do what they tell you to do, and after two or three weeks you can start interjecting and working yourself in, and the Lieutenant, the platoon leader and stuff, come in and tell the guys, ―Ok, it‘s time for Sergeant Mann to take over, he‘s been here, he‘s learned all the ropes etc., and we‘ll move on from there‖. So, that can be very interesting because there you are, they don‘t know your background, and as far as they‘re concerned—I told them, I said, ―look, I‘m not new in country, I just didn‘t get off the plane yesterday, I‘ve been here for a couple of months, I‘ve been with the Ranger unit and stuff, I‘ve been out and I‘m a little familiar with it‖. 49:17 That kind of eased their concerns a little bit, but still at the same token, until I‘m there for a while and been on a few short little ops and stuff with them, they are going to be rather reticent about saying, ―well, were going to trust him‖, and do what—and it worked out. Interviewer: So, you were with—was the area you were operating in mostly jungle? It was—actually, where we were at was at when I first started, because I was in LZ Hawk Hill, which is just outside of Tam Ky, and that was mostly lowlands and farmlands and stuff right in there. Then we went on the first major, actual operation we went on, was we flew our whole organization out of Tam Ky to a little place called Cam Duc. 50:07 It was about three or four thousand meters from the Laotian boarder, it was fairly well established forward fire base. Several mountains peaks around that had different units and stuff on top of them. There was a runway, so you could fly airplanes in. During the Tet offensive of 1968 it was overrun, in 1970 we went back in, and for all intents and purposes, took it back. We had one casualty upon going in there and taking it back, the one casualty was a friendly fire casualty and fortunately he was not killed, he was just 24 �wounded. But, while we were there we had—we were there about two months before we moved out of that area again. 51:01 We did several patrols out in there and during that particular point in time we had several people killed, several people injured, wounded, we were constantly attacked by the rockets or mortar fire from the mountains. It was not a pleasant time. Interviewer: I want to go back briefly to the first stint in the area around Tam Ky, when you were in that kind of an area you were patrolling, was that an area with much enemy activity or was it fairly quiet? It was fairly quiet; it was fairly quiet in that general area. I mean, the fire base actually bordered, the fence actually pulled right up to the back side of the village. It was really, it kind of reminded you of a larger version of M.A.S.H. I mean, it was just this huge, huge area on a little hilltop like out there with hundreds of men. 52:01 There were all different types of units there, there was a Cav unit, there were infantry units, I mean there is actually a M.A.S.H. unit there. Helicopter pads, resupply storage and there‘s a NCO club, there‘s an OCS club, there‘s an EM club, enlisted men‘s club, so, I mean they got the bars up there. The NCO club was a little unusual because right outside of it sat a 155 Howitzer Battery. Christmas Eve, sitting there was a little rough because they got a fire mission and they‘re sitting there shooting right over the top of the building, so every time they would shoot off a battery of six guns, you‘d grab your bottle of pop, or whatever, to keep it from bouncing off on the floor. But it was—you had, you had, guard bunkers and stuff all around it and concertina wire and it was set up pretty good and it was patrolled quite well. 53:06 Occasionally we would get rockets or something that would be fired in, but they could take the dog gone mortars and they could sit out there two miles away 25 �and pop mortar rounds in at you, you know. They‘re not very accurate because they don‘t really use site sticks or anything like that, they just got a plate and a tube there and they sit and say, ―It looks pretty good here‖, and drop one in and that‘s the way they would sight them. Interviewer: They hadn’t really registered the targets well enough to really hit things, it’s more harassing fire? Well, they didn‘t have sight sticks or anything like that, so they really couldn‘t –I mean they‘d set a dog gone plate—and all they had was just a plate and a tube, and the mortars. They just would chuck them out there from anywhere they could. They were just harassing you, they never did hit anything. We did have an attempted sapper attack one night when they tried to sneak in and blow up the concertina wire and one thing and another with satchel charges and stuff, but they didn‘t make it. 54:04 Not that they couldn‘t have, they probably could have if they hadn‘t been caught. Interviewer: People on guard were doing their job that night. Exactly, exactly Interviewer: All right, the patrols you made out of there, were those mainly just short one day things? Yeah, usually that‘s all we did. We‘d—they would say, ―We need you to go out and check this area‖, and we‘d load in the helicopters and they would fly us out and set down and we‘d jump out and we‘d check the area out and they‘d come back and pick us up and we‘d fly back in, you know. Interviewer: Did you run into anything? Usually not, just locals 26 �Interviewer: In general, how did the civilian population behave toward you? They were afraid of us to a degree. It depended on how you treated them, you know. If you treated—most of the civilian population that were out there, I mean these people are peasants, they live in grass shacks. 55:01 Grass and bamboo, I mean, and they literally work from sun up to sun down to prepare enough food to feed themselves once a day. I mean, literally work all day long to prepare food to feed themselves once a day. If you go into their village, the area where they‘re at there, and start harassing them and taking stuff away from them, eating their food that they‘ve been cooking, and worked on all day long, you‘re in trouble. I should have brought some pictures up to show you, because I have pictures of some of the villagers and stuff when we were in there. I mean the young kids and stuff; they‘re all coming up to you and wanting this and wanting that etc. and they would, if you gave them some of your C rations and stuff, they would ask you to share a meal with them because you had given them something. It just depended upon what kind of an attitude you had and how you treated them. 56:06 Basically, what we were looking for most of the time when we would go into these villages is caches of stuff that the so called NVA tax collectors that are out there forcing these people to—I think they were actually more afraid of the NVA than they were of us. Because, I mean the NVA would really treat them quite shabbily. We would round everybody up in the village and get them into a central area and I worked, I had what was called a ―Luc Long scout‖, or a Kit Carson Scout, that was Vietnamese that had been captured and was working with me. Therefore, I wanted to speak some Vietnamese, he some English and between the two of us we could do some interviewing and stuff with these individuals. I 27 �would like to find out someday where he‘s at and what happened to him. Interviewer: So, you’re trying to gather information? Basically that‘s what we were doing. Basically we‘ll out there, a combination of a pacification and information, that‘s what we‘re doing generally. 57:10 Sometimes it didn‘t work out that way, but most of the time that‘s what we were doing just patrolling and checking and trying to gather information. Interviewer: Now, was this in an area where you had to worry about booby traps and that sort of thing? Always, always, always, it didn‘t matter where you were at; you had to watch for booby traps. You could kind of—you could kind of sit back and watch the indigenous personnel that were there, the local villagers and stuff, and you‘d watch and look to see where they go, and see what trails and stuff, what rice paddies and dykes and stuff they walk on and which ones they don‘t walk on. You don‘t want to walk on the ones that they don‘t walk on because they‘re booby trapped and they won‘t walk on them. Interviewer: Now, did your unit trip any booby traps while you were with them? Yes, yes Interviewer: What sort of devices were they as far as you can tell? 58:04 Anything, anything, bungee pits, little pits like this, they would be no bigger than this with little bungee stakes in them and you walk through and step forward and step down in it and it breaks loose and your foot goes down and these bamboo stakes run through your foot, and they treated these bamboo stakes quite well. They would actually take them and they would put them in the fire until they got nice and brittle and hard and everything, and then they would dip them in feces and set them up there. Or they would 28 �have—we ran across one, and we got quite fortunate with it. I walked point a lot of the time while I was there, looking specifically, and I saw a trip wire run across and they actually had taken a captured, one of our baseball grenades, and had set it up with a wire across the trail. They had it camouflaged quite well, not well enough, but quite well, and what it was set up for, you come through and you trip that. 59:02 Well, what they do— grenades are set up with a time delay fuse on them and they take and unscrew them and cut the fuse off and screw it back in, so the minute the pin is pulled the spoon comes up, hits it and it goes off instantly. We happened to see it and didn‘t trip it. Yeah, all kinds of booby traps, anything and everything you could possibly think of, I mean these people are very, very, very adept at using anything to make a weapon out of. Whatever is available, whatever they have, it‘s just absolutely astounding. Interviewer: All right, and that was the relatively easy duty before you go up to the Cam Duc strip? The Cam Duc strip, that was not a good trip Interviewer: Did you have kind of a routine or pattern of activity while you were up there? Did you go out on patrol or do certain things? 00:02 Yes Interviewer: How did that play out? They would rotate it throughout the units that were there and send us out in different areas. Most of the time, what we would do, we would fly. They would take us out and they would fly us into an area and we‘d jump out of the choppers, patrol the area, and later that afternoon they‘d pick us up and bring us back to the base camp area and then a 29 �few days later we‘d go back out on another one. It didn‘t always work that way, but most of the time it did. Interviewer: Did you encounter many North Vietnamese while you were out there or were you mostly just shot at with mortars? The vast majority—I only had one—well, I had two operations I went on where we actually encountered enemy combatants, mostly North Vietnamese individuals. The one was, they flew us in to do some reconnaissance, fly us in in the morning, fly in and pick us up in the afternoon, fly us back out. Had a cold LZ, had a cold landing zone, no enemy combatants or troops in the area, fly us in, so therefore we didn‘t take a lot of stuff with us, which was a mistake because as it turned out it wasn‘t what the intelligence people had thought it was. 1:13 Instead of flying into this area where there wasn‘t supposed to be any enemy troops etc. and several days later we found out they had mistakenly dropped us into what they referred to as a North Vietnamese battalion base camp. Interviewer: So, what happened when you got there? We had to shoot our way in, three days later we shot our way out and we had six guys wounded, and one guy killed. The platoon leader, the Lieutenant, was critically wounded, and I had been standing not any farther sway than I am from you, talking to him, and I turned around and stepped away and in just a matter of a fraction of a second after I walked away, he was shot from behind and shot through the shoulder. 2:01 Had I been standing there, I‘d have been hit too. Interviewer: Now, was this just a platoon size operation you were on? Yes, a platoon size operation. 30 �Interviewer: How many men do you think were in the platoon when you went in? Twenty-seven, there were twenty-seven of us and platoon strength normally is forty, and we very seldom had forty men. The highest I can think of that we had was thirty-three. Interviewer: How low would you get? The lowest we got was down to six of us, not even squad strength. Interviewer: So, you were out there for three days? Yeah Interviewer: What happens at night? We set up—we set up at night with a night defensive perimeter, and with the mortars and Howitzers, set up a firing around us. We had pre-designated areas, we called them fire mission Battle Zulu, fire mission whatever. 3:05 You know, different, preset places for them to shoot rounds out throughout the entire night so the enemy wouldn‘t know where , and they would set this stuff off all night long to help keep us from being snuck up on at night and attacked. Interviewer: Did that work? I‘m here and I was never captured, so-Interviewer: Did they still try to come up and attack you anyway? No, because—well I don‘t know because I have no idea, we have no idea if they did or not. The next day we tried to move to a different area and they kept us pinned down in the daylight hours, and the third day, when we actually were able to finally get out of there, we had some fire missions that we had called in and they really didn‘t want to do them because of the proximity of where the enemy was and where we were at, they didn‘t really like to do this. 4:17 But, they used the F4 jets and came in with two hundred and 31 �fifty pound bombs and there 20mm Falcon cannons and we popped the smoke stuff so they‘d know where we were at and they started dropping them and these planes flew so low overhead that you could actually roll up and look and actually watch the hooks on the hangers open up on the bombs when they would release them. And you‘d cover up because when they‘d go off you‘d get pelted with chunks of dirt and everything else when they were blowing up because they were dropping them that close. They don‘t like to drop it that close, but we didn‘t have any choice, we‘re on this side of a valley and on this side of the valley there‘s a river running through there, and we‘re on this side of the river and on the other side is this NVA and we‘re pinned down, we can‘t get out of there. 5:12 Interviewer: Were they blasting a path for you to get out or were they just trying to hit the enemy? Well, they were trying to keep; you know, scatter them out of there, get them out of there so we could actually then move away and then get to an area where they could extract us. Interviewer: Did you still have your casualties with you at that point? Were you still carrying your casualties? The casualties were already gone, they had been medevac‘d out, medevac‘d out. In fact, we had a thing that surprised me was--and they wanted us to wear flak vests and helmets, come on people, it‘s a hundred and twenty three degrees out there with ninety-nine percent humidity. We‘re going to wear a steel helmet and a flak vest, I don‘t think so. It‘s just like—it was bad enough and like I said, I was down to a hundred and forty-five pounds when I came home, give me a break, you know. 6:04 My pack weighs two pounds more than I do and if you put this on there I‘m going to melt away to absolutely 32 �nothing, I‘ll be a hundred and thirty pounds and nothing but bone. But, the last guy that we had wounded, when they came in, the medevac chopper got shot up getting in so, they left. We had the Major, and I can‘t remember his name, but the Major was flying around in his Loach, buzzing around there kind of watching things. He actually flew in, told his pilot, ―take me down there, we‘ll get this guy out of there‖. This guy had been hit in both arms and through his chest. Well, the medic we had, had popped him with two syrettes of Morphine, so he wasn‘t feeling anything, but he‘d been wounded with a tissue wound through this arm, a tissue wound through this other arm. He‘d been carrying a machine gun and the bullet went through this arm, hit the sternum, came through the sternum, out the ribcage, and through the other arm. 7:04 It didn‘t hit bones on either one of his arms, just muscle, and he actually helped pull himself up into the chopper. The Major comes down there and the Major jumps out of the chopper and they load this guy up there and the Major tells the pilot, ―go‖, and he stays with us‖. The Major was kind of an interesting individual, fire engine red hair, a handlebar mustache, bush hat, sleeves cut out of his tee shirt and his pants rolled up above his knees. This is the Major. Interviewer: About how old was he do you think? Thirty-five Interviewer: Ok, had he led men in combat before? Oh yes, oh yes Interviewer: So he wasn’t some guy who trained as a staff officer and came over after six months? Oh no, he came up through the ranks, he‘d moved up and he was an interesting individual. 33 �Interviewer: Did he stay with you any longer? 8:03 He stayed with us until we got--until the very next day when we got out of there, he stayed right with us like, ―ok, you‘ll do‖. He was an interesting individual. The only individual that I—and I had been smart enough that I had packed some food in my pouches in my pants and stuff because I didn‘t know how long before I would be able to eat. If we‘re out here too long I don‘t want to have to eat grubs and stuff, and he asked, ―Anybody got any food?‖ I said, ―Yeah, I do if you want it‖, and he said, ―What have you got?‖ I said, ―Ham and eggs if you want it‖, and he went kind of—and said, ―Ok‖. The ham and eggs was not the favorite item in the C ration foods, but I liked them. Most of the guys didn‘t and that‘s why I usually carried them and I‘d have plenty because they‘d throw them out, they didn‘t want them. Interviewer: You mentioned when you went out on this mission, the expectation was that it wouldn’t be a big deal, so you didn’t bring a lot of supplies. Did you run low on ammunition and other things while you were out there? Yes we did, and they actually flew ammunition in and dropped it out of the choppers to us. 9:03 You wanted to make sure you weren‘t standing underneath it either because if a case of M16 ammunition coming out of the door of a helicopter can hurt you. Interviewer: Was that the probably the most intense firefight that you got into, or did you have another one that was similar? We had one more while we were there and it was really intense. We were being harassed by mortar fire and my platoon took the duty to go up into the mountain and find them. Over a period of several hours, working our way up through, we came across a guard that was sent out and we dispatched him. We kept moving on around and my squad had been 34 �walking point. They would take and rotate you through, you‘d have the point squad, the middle squad and you would have the rear squad and you would rotate back. 10:02 The point squad would rotate to the back and pick up the rear guard and then the middle squad would take up and then you would just move that way and keep everybody fresh. We had just—it was not two minutes since we changed, and we came around the corner there, and my squad has the rear, and we came around this ridge, well, it was not really a ridge, it was kind of a crest of this hillside on the trail and they walked into a booby trap. It wasn‘t really a booby trap, actually it was a Claymore mine that was set up and they detonated it on the guys. That‘s when we went up—we went up with twenty-seven men on that mission and there were six of us that spent the rest of the night because everybody else was medevac‘d out because they had been wounded. Interviewer: If you were down to six why didn’t they just take out all of you? Or did they not tell you that? Because we were on a mission and everyone else had been wounded, and they had to be taken out. 11:01 They resupplied us with ammunition and stuff and then we stayed and we captured the tube. We got them, but it was very costly, a very expensive operation. Interviewer: Do you know how many were actually killed out of that group? Nobody died, nobody died Interviewer: Now, was it the mine that caused all the damage? Yup Interviewer: So, it wasn’t that you walked into an ambush of the conventional sort, so you weren’t in a fire fight at that point? 35 �Right, right—well, it was just—they were set up and they knew we were coming because we had already shot their guard, their outpost, so they knew we were there. They had the high ground and they just come after us, you know. We had several guys that were wounded by rifle fire and machine gun fire. Interviewer: Did they actually—were there men at the mortar tube or had they just disappeared and left that behind? 12:00 They disappeared and left that behind. They couldn‘t take it with them; carry it with them, because it was too heavy. Interviewer: How big of a mortar was it? Was it an 82? 81mm Interviewer: Was it an American 81 or a Soviet built 82? It was an 81, an American, captured American. It was just too heavy to run and take it with them through the jungle, so they just left it, but it‘s one of those things. Out of those six men, the six of us that were actually left and got out of there, I was the only one that stayed in country. The other five guys—I had—we had come back and it was a week or ten days later we were packing everything and getting ready to move everything out, and we were going to actually abandon that Cam Duc area. We had been attacked several times and you couldn‘t land air planes there because the runway had been bombed so heavily. We did have one air plane landed in there, an Australian airplane came in there that had been shot up quite badly, and they came in and they made a crash landing in there and we guarded that until they could come in and extract the aircraft and stuff out of there. 13:12 We had great big JP4 bladders of fuel out there and the enemy kept trying to hit those. Unfortunately we were attacked one night and one of our guys set one of 36 �them on fire with a hand flare. He shot the hand flare and instead of shooting it straight up, he got it on an angle like this and it landed right in the middle of it, burned a hole in it and set it on fire and burned up several thousand gallons of JP4, but ―oops‖ things happen you know. We were packing everything up several days later and getting ready to move out of that area and go back and work in a different area and I had my guys all assigned with the work to do and I‘m going, ―Well, here‘s a pile of trip flares laying here and I‘ll start packing them up and putting them in a crate‖, you know. 14:06 So, I‘m picking them up and one of them, the pin wasn‘t in all the way and it went off and burned my hand quite badly. While I‘m in the hospital, back in Tam Ky, the blisters in my had needed to be cleaned up and stuff, the other five guys in my platoon, were messed up quite badly. One guy was killed, John Melke, they had flown them out and they were at the firebase where they were going to set up and stuff, and they were moving the mortar platoon in there in a Chinook helicopter and had the ammunition hung underneath it in a sling and coming in an enemy combatant fired an RPG and hit the helicopter and it exploded the whole thing and one of the blades came down and caught all five of my guys. It killed John Melke and the other guys were quite severely injured. 15:04 Interviewer: So, you kind of got lucky with the trip flare. On several occasions I can say that I was very fortunate. I‘m a Christian and I believe in God and I know this, that God saved my life on more than one occasion. Interviewer: After that happens, how long had you been in Vietnam by then? Six or seven months Interviewer: Ok, now had you had any R&R or leave time by then? Twice 37 �Interviewer: Where did you go? Hawaii, twice, I went to Hawaii the week before Christmas and met my mother and dad and my fiancée there. Then I went back to Hawaii on a seven day leave over the spring break and I didn‘t meet anybody that week. I‘m still not married. Interviewer: One of the impressions I had, for the most part, was that the leaves to Hawaii were mostly assigned to guys who were married and they would send the unmarried ones other places. 16:09 You chose where you went, you chose, you had your choice. There was a difference between an R&R and a leave. An R&R as long as, you know, you could go wherever you wanted to go. You could go to Australia; you could go to Japan, or Taiwan or Hawaii. I chose Hawaii and it was fine, but then again I was meeting my parents and my fiancée there. When it came time to go on a seven day leave, I wanted to go to Australia, but the flight was already booked and they said I couldn‘t go there, so I asked what was available and they said, ―Hawaii‖, and I said, ―all right‖, so I went to Hawaii again, and I enjoyed myself and had a lot of fun, both times. Interviewer: But you still got several months left in that tour now at that point, so once you get out of the hospital where do you go? 17:11 I stayed, well I say out of the hospital, I was only in the hospital overnight getting that hand fixed, you know, but it‘s all bandaged up and everything, so I‘m working, I do guard duty for six weeks while my hand is getting rehabbed, so I‘m in the base camp stuff and they said, ―As long as you‘re going to be here, we need you—we need to have you doing something‖, so what I did was I worked as the sergeant of the guard, which means I would go out—I‘d—they would drive me around the perimeter and night and 38 �stuff, you know, and I‘d check on the different posts, so that‘s what I would do, or I‘d work in the supply room, or work in the mail room, or work as the—I can‘t even remember what the person is called now, but basically sits in the office at night to answer the phone or whatever. 18:07 That‘s what I would do until they finally got around and part of the deal was, when I got back from Hawaii at Christmas time there in December, is they held me down at Cam Ranh Bay and that‘s where I picked up my Kit Carson Scout, was down there and I went with him for several days. I was fortunate to be in the rear area at that particular time. I got back and was able to go to Da Nang and see the Bob Hope Christmas show, which was quite interesting. I had plenty of pictures of that and they all got stolen on the way home. Somebody broke into my bags and stuff on the flight back from Vietnam to the states and I lost all kinds of stuff that I had, but oh well, ―easy come, easy go‖. It wasn‘t so easy coming. Interviewer: When you spent six weeks at the base camp, did you want to go back to your unit, or would you rather just stay back in the base camp? 19:02 I‘d rather have stayed at the base camp, it‘s quieter and you have more people around you, but hey, you do what you have to do. I finally ended up though, when I was back over there, I went back out and we were walking in a low land area, and I don‘t know if you know what ―Elephant Grass‘ is? Very tall stuff, very big heavy stuff, and I‘m walking forward and I prefer to walk point, and I don‘t know why, but I guess I just didn‘t have that much confidence in the other people. I took a step forward and I put my foot down and I put my foot down on air and I figured I was a dead man right then. Instead of that, I ended up, I went into this foxhole that had been filled back in and I went in and I twisted and landed with my back on top of my pack with my nose touching my 39 �knees and messed my back up quite badly. 20:01 When they were finally able to get me up out of the hole they brought a chopper in and they brought me into Da Nang, flew me in there and put me in traction and stuff there and transferred me from there to Cam Ranh Bay to the convalescent center where I spent two months down there in rehab and stuff, and then they flew me back to Tam Ky at which point in time they were in the process of moving us all up to the Da Nang area and from Chu Lai, which was the 191st headquarters, and they were transferring us all up to Da Nang, and when I got up to Da Nang they put me in charge of the resupply and mail room. At that point in time, every day of the week I would fly into the DMZ, in a helicopter, delivering mail, clothes, and food. 21:02 I was on duty seven days a week making a helicopter flight into the jungle areas and it was not fun. Interviewer: So, you would get shot at as you were doing that? Sometimes, sometimes you did and sometimes you didn‘t. Interviewer: Did they ever have you take anything back out, injured men or bodies, or anything like that? No, because if there were things like that, if people were injured, that was with medevac choppers and stuff, that was done immediately. I‘d fly in--we‘d fly in and they‘d set up a secure perimeter, we‘d land the helicopters, we‘d take everything out, all the clean clothes, the mail, the food, that was all unloaded off the chopper and any outgoing mail was picked up, all the dirty clothes and stuff were picked up, and that was all loaded back on the chopper and was taken back. Interviewer: Now, you were serving over there at a time when they were getting into what they called the Vietnamization process. They were drawing down the size 40 �of American forces and turning things over to the Vietnamese. 22:07 What did you observe of that, or to what extent did you realize that we were pulling back, or taking men out? Well, you know, I mean I was over there in 1970 and 1971, and as far as the drawing down and the more Vietnamization stuff didn‘t really—I mean we‘re just in the beginnings of it and we found a lot of times that the South Vietnamese—I don‘t know, I guess they just didn‘t—to me they didn‘t have the will to want to be able go over there and take over. They wanted the ROK, the Australians, the Americans and stuff, to do this for them. They didn‘t really want to take the responsibility, and by the time we finally got out of there it was—we can understand why, they really didn‘t have the heart to go in there and not come under a communist rule. 23:16 I guess they had been—we have to stop and understand that these people had been fighting for decades. I mean, the French had been in there for crying out loud, and they got their tails whipped, you know. It‘s almost the situation we‘re in with Afghanistan. Come on, the United States thinks we can come in here and do something after the Russians got their tails beaten and left? It‘s really not much difference there, you know. The Vietnamese, they just—they had been at war so long that they were getting disheartened and they just didn‘t care anymore. Interviewer: Now, did you see much of the South Vietnamese military, aside from the occasional scout that was with you? No, I really didn‘t, I really didn‘t. The ones that I was impressed with were the ROC Interviewer: It’s the ROK, the Koreans? 24:03 Yeah, the Rocket soldiers, the Koreans. These boys didn‘t---they were amazing. I‘d never seen anything like them before in my life. 41 �Interviewer: What struck you about them in particular? Fearless, absolutely fearless, and I‘d say, ―Are you crazy? There are six of you and you‘re going to go after a machine gun nest?‖ It didn‘t matter, I mean they just were tough guys, tough guys and just absolutely fearless. Interviewer: You got to serve alongside of them at some point? Yeah, I worked with them a couple times. A couple of times I had the opportunity to work with them. Unbelievable individuals, just-Interviewer: They had been more dedicated to the anti-communist cause for a good reason and that’s why. I think so, I think so, and they still are. I mean with Korea being divided, they still are. 25:01 Interviewer: How would you describe the morale of the company or platoon that you were serving in? Poor, poor, there was a very strong—I mean a strong division racially. The African American members of the unit would keep themselves away from everybody else and wouldn‘t associate with or participate with or even, you know—everybody else that was in the unit seemed to work well together, although we did have two of my real good friends, Robert Taylor, a black guy from Texas, and Fred Contreras, a Mexican American from Modesto, California, two wonderful individuals. 26:10 I‘ve looked up Fred a couple of times when I‘ve been out in California, but I‘ve never been able to find Rob Taylor. Rob Taylor was our barber and he was just—the only thing black about Rob was his skin. I mean, this guy wore a cowboy hat, a bandana tied around his neck, and he was a black cowboy from Texas. He was a wonderful individual. 42 �Interviewer: When you actually went out on patrol. Did the racial division hold up? At that point no, because everybody knew that you had to count on, and depend on the other members to survive, and if you didn‘t have cohesion there, then it was—but when it was in the rear area and stuff, everybody just seemed to divide off into their own little groups. Interviewer: Now, were there fights or things like that? 27:01 No, no fights—it was a situation where your authority as a sergeant, or whatever, was ignored. You‘d be in the rear area and stuff and say, well, I-- corporal so and so or private so and so, or whatever, and actually, I got to the point where I would just say, ―Jim I need you to do this‖, and he would say, ―do it yourself‖, ―excuse me‖, you know. I said, ―Look, we have things we have to do and I need you to do this, and I‘d like you to do this as a member of this unit. I don‘t want to sit here and have to give you a direct order to do it‖, and they would say, ―Well, alright‖, and they would do it. I said, ―I have things that I have to do that I don‘t like, and you have things that you need to do that you don‘t like, so we‘re both going to have to do things that we don‘t want to do‖. Interviewer: So, there was a sense that you had a job to do and just go and do it still? 28:03 Right and I don‘t blame them because there were jobs that I would assign them to do that I didn‘t want to do myself. Because I was a sergeant I didn‘t have to do them, and basically one of them is cleaning the latrine. I don‘t know if you understand what they set up there, you didn‘t dig pits, they used fifty-five gallon steel drums about this tall, that were cut off, and when they got to a certain point of being full they would be dragged out and they would actually mix diesel fuel in them and burn it, and that was a very 43 �distasteful, nasty job. Unfortunately it was a job that had to be done and when it came your turn to do it, you had to do it. Being the sergeant, I wasn‘t obviously going to do it. I‘m going to assign somebody to do that job because I have other things that I have to do. 29:02 Interviewer: Were their people in the unit that were using drugs at that point? You know, I can‘t say that there were, I‘m sure there was, I never personally saw it, so— I‘m quite sure there was, without a doubt, but I never saw it myself. Most of the time—I would say, most of the time the vast majority of the guys would go into the clubs and they‘d sit there and drink beer or hard liquor, or whatever was available. You couldn‘t – at the EM club; you couldn‘t get anything but beer in there. At the NCO club or the OCS, you could get hard liquor in there. Interviewer: So they would drink and smoke cigarettes, but not necessarily much more than that? Not that I ever observed, I never saw them—I never saw anybody using any kind of drugs, you know. 30:06 Interviewer: Now, within the company or battalion, or the area you knew something about, were there attempted officer fragging’s or things like that? Yes Interviewer: What did you learn about those? When I say attempted—threats, it would be a situation where they would wire the pin tight into the grenade and tie a toe tag on it and write on it, ―Next time we keep the pin‖, and throw it into the offers barracks or whatever, you know their quarters. That happened, that happened on occasion when we‘d have an officer that was a real 44 �hardnosed individual, they would do that. I only know about it happening twice within my unit. Interviewer: Would it happen to people who were effective officers who would still take the men in the field, but treat them better? 31:04 Usually what happened is that officer would be transferred to some other unit because at that point in time it was very aware of the fact that the officer‘s ability to be a leader and stuff was compromised and they knew that they couldn‘t—that he wouldn‘t be able to work there and work with the men. They would transfer him somewhere else and bring in a new officer. Interviewer: If an officer came in and did a reasonable job then that would be accepted? I mean, the officers, and they understood, more often than—we had three ―Butter Bar‖ Lieutenants in our unit and as sergeant and stuff, we‘d sit down and we‘d tell them, ―Look, I understand you‘re an officer and we need to treat you as an officer, but we need to also tell you, and remind you, that you are new here and have never been in a combat situation and you need to listen to us, as the sergeants. 32:18 When something is calling, you need to come to us and say, ―we need to do this‖ and so we will then in turn tell you, ―well, we really don‘t want to do it this way, we need to do it this way etc. and you really need listen to us until you have enough time in country where you actually will be where the guys will trust you and understand‖. And the same way with us, I said, ―When we first got here, as sergeants and stuff, we had to count on, depend on, and listen to, the private because he had been here and he knows what he‘s talking about‖. I said, ―As far as being an officer, or whatever, don‘t wear your bars on your uniform or on your 45 �hat or whatever. We know you‘re the Lieutenant, but do not expect us to salute you because we won‘t do it unless you want to die—we don‘t want to die. 33:14 We‘re not disrespecting you as an officer, if were in the rear area we‘ll have no problem saluting you, but if we‘re out here in the jungle, saluting, as proper military protocol, is not going to happen. We want to live, we want to survive‖. Interviewer: Were the lieutenants smart enough to listen to you? Yes, yes they were, they were. It‘s not that the enemy couldn‘t tell who was in charge because they could. Just because of the fact that different individuals would come up to them when they were talking and then they would turn and go—they could tell at that point in time who was who, who were the higher ranking individuals. Interviewer: Certainly they would probably have an RTO along with them wouldn’t they? 34:02 Well, yeah--right Interviewer: Another way of spotting them, who’s talking to the guy with the radio? Yeah, but see—if he had a radio, and I as a sergeant had an RTO, I was a squad leader and each squad leader had an RTO—so, you know, it kind of confused the enemy just a little bit because I‘m walking point and I have my machine gun walking second and my RTO is third—so these poor guys, it wasn‘t normal protocol like that. Usually you got a point man, a machine gun and you and the RTO back in there, you know, and they kind of—because I‘d mess them up, but I still had my radio right there close enough. Interviewer: So, was the mail delivery duty, was that the last assignment you had in Vietnam? 35:01 Yes, I did that for two months. 46 �Interviewer: Are there other things that kind of stand out in your mind about your time in Vietnam that we haven’t quite brought into the story yet? Not a great deal I guess, I just–I guess the one thing that really, really brought it to me was just the abject poverty of the vast majority of the population of the country. Unless you lived down in the southern section of Vietnam, down in the Saigon area, down in the delta area there, or lived in and around one of the smaller villages, Tam Ky, Chu Lai area, Da Nang, and cities like that, these people lived in total—real abject poverty. I mean, the family car was a Water Buffalo. 36:02 They had little bunkers built inside their bamboo and grass shacks that they lived in, that‘s where they would sleep at night. They had no electricity, no refrigeration, to go to the bathroom they would just go out and drop it off the side of a rice paddy dyke. I mean, that‘s what they had. Literally, I mean seriously, work sun up to sun down to gather enough stuff to prepare a meal. I mean, I‘d see the Vietnamese women out there—they‘d actually be out there working with big grass hoop tire like things working the rice, getting the chaff and stuff out of it. Cleaning it like that and then they would sit there with hand cranked millstone that they would take and pour little grains of rice into it and sit there and crank it, grind it, and make flour out of it, and then mix that flour with water and put it over the top of a kettle of boiling water, with like a nylon screen on it, and they would spread it out on there and steam that and make a large rice pancake like thing. 37:19 When it was steamed they would take it out and they would hang it over sticks, like a clothes drying rack to cool, and after it was cooled they would slice that into strips like for noodles, and then they would have fish, one of the other family members had gone out and caught fish, and they would cook the fish and make a fish gravy like, pour this over the noodles to warm them up and that‘s 47 �what they would have for dinner. They would literally work all day long. To irrigate, they would have two people out there and they‘d have a pole and a string and a hoop type thing or a bucket with strings on it and they would actually hand lift the water up and over out of the river into the dykes to fill the rice paddies with water. 38:07 They just—they would do this all day long, day after day, after day, just absolutely—these people, it‘s just unbelievable. I know now why they were skinny; they were living on virtually nothing. I mean, they had gardens and stuff, they‘re not going to eat the Water buffalo obviously, because that‘s the tractor, you know, the family car, the whole works. I absolutely amazed me to see a young Vietnamese child, probably seven or eight years old, with a little stick like this, and this monster Water Buffalo, and he‘s walking down a rice paddy dyke through there, and this kid is walking behind him with a stick keeping him moving. 39:01 I‘m thinking, ok, it‘s just so many different things—their religious beliefs and everything, it‘s just—I saw some rather –the first time I saw the areas I‘m thinking, ―What is this?‖ And there was actually a cemetery that was out there and the graves are round. They dig a round hole in the ground and actually bury the individuals standing up. Like, all right, just so many different thing, so many different things. Individuals living in and around the cities and stuff, the school children—people were actually going to school, they would have electricity there and stuff, and the children would be dressed in the—the girls would be dressed in long white silk pajama type gowns that they would wear, and the boys would be in black and white, but yet, the kids out in the jungle areas and stuff, out of the way, they didn‘t go to school, they had no schooling. 40:15 It was just totally amazing. We came across a, I don‘t know what, I don‘t know exactly what his religious beliefs were, he was a minister of some sort or a 48 �religious individual, a clergyman of some type, I don‘t know exactly what, but an individual, and he had a brick and mortar building, full of bullet hole, I mean you could see where all of the stucco type material on the outside was all just pock market with bullet holes and stuff. An older gentleman, I guess in his eighties, slept on a grass mat, and he invited us into his home for a drink. 41:06 Homemade ―hooch‖, obviously homemade ―hooch‖, and the Vietnamese version of ―white lighting‖. He poured about that much in a glass and six of us took a sip out of it and we still had almost that much in the glass, and he turns around to it, grabs the bottle and he pours himself about that much and he tilts it right back like that, drinks it all, and then he goes over and rolls the grass mat out on a concrete brick floor, and lays down on it and goes to sleep. That‘s what he‘s sleeping on, it like sleeping on this, I mean it wasn‘t even as soft as this carpet. I‘m thinking, ―What a life‖. I would like to go back to Vietnam, I‘m hoping to visit some day and see how it‘s changed and see how the people are doing. 42:08 It just absolutely amazes me sometime to see—and forty years later I‘m still not sure why we were there. Interviewer: Now, as you were getting in the last couple of months or weeks, or whatever, toward the end of your tour, you’re counting down the days before you left? Yes, you always did, I mean the guys would come in and I mean, you had a deros date, which is your rotation date going back and everybody, regardless if you just got there or you were getting close, was always counting down, and counting down, and counting down the days. The closer you got the more apprehensive you got, especially the individuals like myself, who were infantry and were out in the jungle, although the last couple of months I wasn‘t out in the jungle, but I was making these flights every day. 49 �43:04 And it‘s like, ―man, you know, I‘m a sitting duck out here‖. There‘s a pilot a co-pilot and myself and there‘s three of us in this helicopter, well, there was actually five of us because we had a door gunner on each side too, but it‘s just like, ―we‘re right out here in the wide open‖. You‘re counting the days down, you‘re counting the days down until you can actually come back in, especially the guys out in the jungle and stuff out there, they‘re counting the days down, you know, because they would get down within a couple of weeks until their rotation back, they would actually bring them back into the rear area and they wouldn‘t make them stay out in the jungle any longer. It was like, ―these guys are just getting too antsy and too nervous. We don‘t need them back there, we need them back here in the rear area where they can start to wind down a little bit and prepare now. That being said, they messed up on my rotation date back, and they actually pulled me back in off the chopper stuff, that detail, and closed me out of the battalion headquarters and stuff. 44:09 I actually had me out of there and down to Cam Ranh Bay twelve days early. So, I spent twelve days extra at Cam Ranh Bay waiting to get my flight back to the states. Interviewer: What did you do, just sit around? I‘d go to the NCO clubs at night and go to see floor shows or whatever. I did not—they had what were called manifest calls, and I did not, you do not miss a manifest call. You miss a manifest call and if your name is on that manifest list for your flight and you‘re not there to respond, they will give you an Article 15 and take money away from you. It didn‘t matter what time that manifest call was, it might happen at two o‘clock in the morning, it might happen at three o‘clock in the afternoon, you never know. 45:01 Just whenever a flight would come in that was off loaded and was a flight back to the states; 50 �you had to be able to catch that flight whenever your name came up. It‘s like, after several days you‘re getting almost like a Zombie because you‘re afraid to go to sleep for fear that you would sleep through it, so you tell the other guys and stuff, ―hey if they call for a manifest call, be sure you wake me up, I want to be there in case my name comes up‖. Yeah, you count the days down, you really do, I mean it just—the guys, they refer to their deros date, and the thing that was amazing was, we had a dog on the base and it was with our company, and you didn‘t find cats, it was very, very rare to find cats in Vietnam, they ate cats, cats were on the menu. Dogs, not so much, but they would still eat the dogs. 46:10 They didn‘t eat the cows, but they would eat the dogs and the cats. But we had this little dog and the dog‘s name was ―Deros‖, so yeah, you‘re always aware, you‘re always conscious, and the closer you get to your date to be rotated back the more aware you are of it and it‘s like ―I got fourteen days, I got twelve days. I got seven days‖, you know, I never really broke it down to the hour, but it was always on your mind, you know and you refer to it as ―getting short‖. The guys would make comments like, ―I‘m so short I can‘t even get my shoes on, I can‘t climb over into them‖. Interviewer: Wouldn’t that affect their performance in the field at all if they were getting short, would they do things differently? Yes it would because you become more cautious. The closer you got to the time that you were coming in out of the field, you got more tense, more nervous, much more cautious about things, not quite as carefree. 47:08 You could tell and you knew the guys that were—and therefore, as the sergeant, the guys that you had that were approaching there deros date, you would be more hesitant about sending them out on missions. More hesitant about saying, ―Jim, you and so and so are going to go out and set up on an 51 �ambush site tonight‖, and Jim said, ―You know I‘m going home in four days, I‘m rotating back to the rear in four days‖. Well, he didn‘t have to remind you of that, you were aware of that, so therefore you wouldn‘t—you‘d be more hesitant to put these individuals in more dangerous positions. Now, it they wanted to volunteer for it, fine. It was something that everybody was constantly aware of all the time. 48:04 Interviewer: The principle, the way the whole system worked was having everyone on their own individual calendar, rotating individuals in and out of units as replacements, the idea was that you would have a certain level of continuity in performance and that kind of thing, and better maintain the fighting quality of the units without burning out the soldiers. Did that actually work that way, or did that have as many negatives as positives? No, it actually worked for me. I mean, in our unit it seemed to work. You always had—I mean you had new people coming in, the new blood coming in, not attuned to what was going on, but you had the other individuals who had been there and could take the new people under their wing and say, ―Hey look, this is the way we—I know what they taught back in NCO school, or what they taught you back in your AIT and stuff, but this is the way we really do it. Take what you learned there and keep it in mind, but this is the actual way that it gets done‖. 49:09 If the new people would pay attention to that and follow what the old guys do and that have been there for a while, your chances of surviving and coming home are a lot better. Quite often if you did what you were trained to do, it will get you in trouble and could possible get you killed, I mean that‘s just the way it was. 52 �Interviewer: It depends in part, probably then on how willing the older guys are to actually extend some help to the new ones coming in. The older guys were very willing, and the reason for it was because they didn‘t want this new guy out there getting them killed from their stupid moves. 50:00 So, the guys that had been there were very willing, very willing, at least the guys in my unit, to take the new guys under their wing and say, ―Look now, I know this is what you‘ve been taught, but this is the way it‘s been done, and you will do it the way we tell you to do it because we want to go home, and we don‘t want to go home in a body bag. We want to be able to go home and see our kids, we want to be able to go home and see our wives, our moms, and our dads, you know, and we don‘t need you, as the new guy out here messing up and getting one of us killed. If you want to get yourself killed, go for it, but don‘t make me do it, don‘t make me get killed because you want to do something different‖. So, the new guys—and the new guys, quite often, would sit back, and they‘re just, they come out there and they‘re just—and they‘re—they look like a deer in the forest, you know, I mean they‘re scared, they are, they‘re scared to death. I‘m not saying that the older guys weren‘t either, they were too, but it was just that they had been there long enough to hide it better. 51:05 They had learned from the old guys that had been there before them, and they had been, more often than not, so called ―bloodied‖, and they had actually been under fire. The new guys are just like—I mean they are, they‘re just lost, they don‘t know what‘s going on, so the old guys would help them out, and in a few weeks‘ time they were just like—and of course the first time they get fired on then that would be it. I‘ll never forget, I mean I‘ll never forget, a year of training, a year of training, and obviously it paid off because I‘m here. I did not consciously think that I could ever in my 53 �life fire a weapon at another human being. 52:04 The first time I got fired on, I‘m out there, I‘m on the ground, and the guns not firing, and without even realizing it, I had emptied a whole magazine of ammunition not even knowing that I had pulled the trigger. I‘m saying, ―It‘s not working, it‘s not working, oh, ok, that‘s why it‘s not working‖, and I had fired off a full magazine of ammunition and never even realized I had pulled the trigger. So, obviously the training paid off. Interviewer: How long was it before you felt like you had, at least, some idea of what you were doing out in the field? That you’re going out with the unit initially and following them around, was it by the time they said, “Ok, now you’re in charge of the squad”, were you ready to do that, or were you still kind of wondering about that? I wasn‘t ready to do it, but it was there and I had to. 53:03 When I took over, I took over the job as a Lieutenant within a matter of weeks because the Lieutenant had been wounded and we had nobody else. I mean, I, as an E5 sergeant, I was the highest ranking individual in the platoon. I mean, it‘s just one of those things, it‘s there and so ―Ok, so now I am the platoon leader. I‘m not a squad leader; I‘m not the platoon sergeant. I am the platoon leader until they get somebody new in from the rear area to take over‖. You just do it, and I guess that takes in part with all the training. I mean, I‘d had a year of training before I went over and it was just, you know, and then I‘d had a few months there of time, and then I knew the guys and I knew—and you kind of get into the routine of stuff and it‘s just—it was a job and it‘s something that just came along and you did what had to be done. 54:11 It‘s been that way in any war that we‘ve had, any war that the United States has been involved in, the Civil War, the War of Independence, Korea, 54 �WWI, WWII, right on up through. Individuals have stepped up to the plate and done what had to be done. Interviewer: Now, at the point when you left Vietnam, how much time did you have left in the service? Less than ninety days Interviewer: What did they do with you when you got back? Discharged, I was discharged straight from Fort Lewis, Washington. Anything under a hundred and eighty days, they discharged you. If you had more than a hundred and eighty days left, they sent you somewhere else. They might send you to Korea, or they might send you to Alaska or Europe. 55:05 If you had more than six months, they would send you somewhere else. Anything under six months, or a hundred and eighty days, they normally discharged you. I was down under ninety days and it was one thing—and I don‘t know that they‘ve really changed, well I guess they do a little bit here and are a little bit better with it now, but I was in Cam Ranh Bay for several days and Cam Ranh Bay, even though it was a large area and stuff, you‘re still in a combat zone. Roughly an eighteen hour flight from Vietnam to the states, and we were in Fort Lewis , Washington for about seventeen hours when they handed me my discharge papers, and I walked out of there, got into a cab and went to the Seatac Airport, got on a flight, flew to Chicago, where I rented a car and drove the rest of the way home. 56:09 I wasn‘t going to sit in Chicago for seven hours waiting for the flight to come into Michigan. But in less than twenty-four hours from the point in time that we were in a combat zone, I‘m turned loose on the American public with absolutely zero debriefing, nothing. No transition time, nothing, I mean I‘ve gone from being in a combat zone where people could be 55 �dropping rockets at me and shooting at me and bombs and the whole nine yards, being turned loose on the American public. Interviewer: How easy, or hard, was it to make the adjustment back to civilian life then? It was, it was pretty difficult, and I mean I run, I started — I had some really hard times. I started drinking quite heavily. 57:02 I got home the day before Mother‘s Day, and I don‘t remember Mother‘s Day that year, I slept through the whole thing because I hadn‘t been to bed in six days, and I hadn‘t really slept in six days. So, I mean I was tired. That was in May, my father worked in a factory and he invited a bunch of people out, friends and their families, for the 4th of July party and stuff out at the house. He even went down and got permits for fireworks, and the guys would take the little Black Cat firecracker and light them and throw them and the next thing I know, I‘m on the ground and I‘m just—it was difficult. I started drinking quite heavily, I started doing drugs, and it was tough, tough. 58:02 I didn‘t—I drank, and consumed massive quantities of beer and smoked lots of Marijuana. I had never touched Marijuana before I went in the service. I never touched it until after I got out. And I say I drank a lot, I smoked dope, I consumed massive quantities of food, I went from the one hundred and forty-five pounds, that I weighed when I got out of the service, and a year later weighted two hundred and seventy-five pounds, yeah. Interviewer: How did you get stuff back under control? Well, it still isn‘t totally under control, but I don‘t drink anymore, I don‘t smoke anymore, I use to smoke cigarettes and I quit smoking thirty years ago. I quit three things 56 �in ten days, drinking, smoking dope, and well four things, quit chewing my fingernails, and quit smoking. 59:05 I still like to eat, but not as much. Interviewer: Did you just decide at some point you had to change stuff? Yeah, it‘s like, ―I‘m not going down this road anymore‖, so I--Interviewer: What kind of work did you get into then after you got back? I worked at Clark Equipment Co. and I don‘t know if you know who they are, but they built the Clark Forklift. There was kind of a family history of working for the equipment company. My grandfathers, both of my grandfathers worked for them, my father worked for them, cousins, uncles, aunts, and I went to work for them and worked fourteen years before they packed their bags and moved to Korea. Let‘s see, in nineteen—I was kind of working—I was laid off from them, my seniority was gone, but in nineteen eighty three, I started driving a semi and until I retired a couple of years ago, I drove a semi. 0:09 I did almost fifteen years of long haul and ten years of driving local. It‘s been kind of tough, I‘ve worked for five companies since I got out of the service and all, with the exception of Clark Equipment, I mean the Clark Equipment Company just packed their bags and moved out of the country, everybody else has gone bankrupt. The last company I worked for, for ten years, went bankrupt a couple years ago and since then I have not had a job. I have not been able to find a job; they don‘t want an old, diabetic, retired veteran. Interviewer: Now, do you get any help from the VA these days? Yes I do, yes I do, that‘s in fact, the VA is the only medical coverage I have anymore, but they help me out quite well. Because I was in country they considered me in—anybody that was in country, they automatically consider them to have been exposed to Agent Orange. 1:14 And different side effects and different illnesses that are attributed to 57 �Agent Orange, they have quite a list, and on one of them is diabetes. I am a diabetic and because of that I get forty percent disability from the VA, and right now I‘m currently going in there and spending two or three days a week, that I go into the VA for treatment for what they think is a torn rotator cuff in my shoulder, but we‘ll find out. Because I do have what they consider a service related disability, they not only give me the compensation I get from them, but they also pay me my mileage. 2:06 Which is alright, but I‘d still rather not have the diabetes and have to deal with the injuries etc., but they‘re really doing quite well, I‘ve been dealing with the VA for a couple of years now and right now I can‘t complain. They have been very, very nice, very kind and accommodating. Interviewer: To look back over the whole thing and you answered part of this already, what effects do you think your time in the service has had on you? Were there any good sides to it? Yes, yes, I became a world traveler. I got to see and understand peoples of different parts of the world and really realize just how fortunate we are in the United States to have what we have. 3:11 I mean, we as a nation are extremely well off, even in today‘s economic conditions etc. We as people in the United States and the vast majority of the people in the United States do not realize, don‘t understand, the abject poverty that other nations live in. Even today, I‘m sure, I‘ve never been back to Vietnam, but I can almost guarantee you there are still tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese that live a day to day existence out in the jungles out there, and I mean life has not changed for them and life will never change for them, their always going to be this way. 4:02 It makes me happy, proud that I am an American, because I have had the opportunity to see how people live. I‘ve had the opportunity to travel to places that I 58 �probably would never have seen in my life. I mean, I‘ve been to Okinawa, I‘ve been to Guam, I‘ve been to Midway, I‘ve been to Alaska, I‘ve been to Hawaii. These are places that I probably would never have seen in my life, and I‘ve been there, and being a military veteran has afforded me job opportunities that were not available—I mean they were available to other people, but because of my military status, as a veteran, I was probably hired over somebody else that wasn‘t. Interviewer: So, not all of the reception upon getting home was necessarily negative? 5:02 It wasn‘t—I mean, it was—there were some major negative parts coming home. We got to the airport and I took a set of clothing out of my bag, before it was put on the plane, and when I got on the plane, I still had my class A uniform on, I went into the bathroom and changed clothes and put on my civilian clothes before I-Interviewer: Is that something they were advising you to do at that point? No, but I mean, you could—the Vietnam veterans, unfortunately, were really treated quite shabbily when they came back to this country, and I‘m very pleased with the program, the Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans program, that was run out at Fifth Third Park last summer, that was wonderful. 6:01 I got to spend the whole day out there, and I was really pleased. Unlike out veterans that are coming back from Afghanistan and Iraq and stuff, today, that are treated like heroes and stuff, the Vietnam veterans were really, they were treated like scum. The less you identified yourself as a Vietnam veteran, as a member, the better off for you, because you—granted they could still tell more or less because I—well, I don‘t have any hair now, but it was—you‘re hair‘s cut short and the whole nine yards, so it‘s just—it was one of those things, but, I mean, you could tell. It 59 �was a bit of a culture shock, to a degree, coming back. I got delayed two days in Vietnam, at the airport, because while we‘re sitting there we had a typhoon come in, and that‘s not something you want to sit through in a corrugated steel building. 7:14 It starts rattling and the whole nine yards and water coming in through it. Anyway, we—the storm cleared, we got on our airplane, and when we got on the plane it was a hundred and seventeen degrees with a ninety-nine percent humidity. We landed in Okinawa to refuel the plane and when we landed in Okinawa the stewardesses and stuff on the plane said, ―There are blankets up above, you may want to grab them and wrap up in them because the current weather condition here at the airport is forty-one degrees and rain‖, and that‘s a little rough on your body. Most flights, and stuff, unless they‘re international flights, you‘re not going to get food on board the plane. 8:15 I paid sixty seven dollars for my plane ticket from Seattle to Chicago, Delta Airlines, a military standby ticket, just barely got out, I mean they were closing the doors when I was coming down the concourse to get on there, and it was in the evening and I rode first class on a dinner flight. But the one nice thing they did for us when I got back to Seattle, when we came in there, they took us into what‘s called the ―Vietnam Returnees Steak House‖, and it was one of the chow halls that had been converted into a restaurant type thing. Now, you still had to go through a line, but you ordered your steak how you wanted it cooked. You went and sat down and they actually had waiters and stuff and they brought a nice steak dinner out to you with the baked potato, tossed salad with the dressing, I mean the whole nine yards, it was really kind of nice. 9:07 Interviewer: I think that pretty well takes care of the story here, so thank you very much for coming in and sharing it with us. 60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MannR Title A name given to the resource Mann, Randy (Interview transcript and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mann, Randy Description An account of the resource Randy Mann was born in Battle Creek, Michigan in July 1949. Although he received his draft notice following his high school graduation, Mann did not enter the service until eighteen months later. After completing basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky, Mann went through advanced training at Fort Polk, Louisiana. While at Fort Polk, Mann had the option to go to NCO school, which was located at Fort Benning, Georgia and Mann took the option. Then, while at Fort Benning, Mann had the option of attending Ranger school, which he took as well. Once deployed to Vietnam, Mann received an assignment to a Ranger unit although after one mission, he decided it was not for him and transferred to a regular infantry unit that operated around the village of Tam Ky. After operating with the unit around Tam Ky and at a firebase called Camp Duck and being wounded several times, Mann's commanders pulled him back and placed him in-charge of the re-supply and mail room, which involved flying daily on helicopters to the DMZ to deliver mail and supplies, a job Mann kept until his tour ended. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05-12 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/711073b2c3442124548a11a9a04d03b8.mp4 aadc6a228b52ed64541269bbbf6ddae1 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2cacc587394ec78f22e118d60278d4fc.pdf 0d11cd8145ce42c1fc447802cc47a7c2 PDF Text Text Grand Valley Journal of History Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam Steve Manthei Total Time – (01:36:35) Background • • • • • • • • • • • • • He was born in Janesville, Wisconsin, on February 13, 1949 (00:31) His father was policeman and security guard and his mother worked as well There were three children (01:00) He grew up in Janesville and spent a lot of time on his grandparents' farm (01:15) He graduated from Janesville High School in 1967 (01:23) At this point he was very aware of Vietnam o He had friends that had already been in Vietnam (01:39) o It was on the news and in the paper (01:48) He knew around the tenth grade that he wanted to join the military o His father had served in the European Theater during World War II He had a love for horses (02:28) o He wanted to get hired at the General Motors plant He got hired at General Motors just out of high school (02:56) o He worked at General Motors for some time before enlisting because he needed to get his time in the union so he would have a job when he returned (03:04) He was drafted in March of 1969 (03:13) His reaction to the draft notice was that he was surprised but excited Men in his family had always “stepped up to the duty” (03:41) He met a girl before he was drafted and married her Enlistment/Training – (04:23) • • • • Once he was drafted he was inducted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (04:33) He was then sent to Fort Campbell, Kentucky (04:38) He had gone through all of his physicals and testing at Milwaukee o There were some men that would overeat o He had some questions with his height (05:01) o There were some men that did not want to go (05:17) The reception at Fort Campbell was rude �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o It was a different kind of discipline than when he was a kid (05:46) He was always in good shape and basic training was not that difficult for him Before boot camp, his father told him, “Roll with the flow.” (06:37) The training he received was much more rigorous and harsh than his father's He enjoyed the majority of basic training There were some of the men that had a difficult time adapting to the levels of discipline (07:16) o Those that he knew to only have a single parent were somewhat more unruly The men in his platoon were from all over the country (08:06) o When someone did something out of line, everyone suffered  There was not a lot of tolerance among the men (08:36)  They would talk to the soldiers who would make mistakes and tell them to stop o There were a couple of men that were held back (09:01) o One of the men should not have been there  He was “scared to death” (09:21)  The mental aspect was extremely difficult Basic training lasted for eight weeks (09:45) He hurt himself in one part of training and could not march during graduation Basic training was the roughest discipline and training that he had ever faced (10:36) There were many references to Vietnam during training o The sergeants and trainers had served in Vietnam o He was told that he would be given a machine gun because the enemy would see him from so far away (He was so tall) (10:57)  He laughed at it then, but there was a lot of truth to it o There were some platoon sergeants that actually cared about the men (11:18) o The trainers emphasized the differences between leaders and boys (11:48) He is then sent to AIT (Advanced Individual Training) at Fort Polk, Louisiana (12:14) He was on limited duty for a month because of his knees o He was a “gofer” for the men because he could not use his knees All of the training was geared for Vietnam (13:23) There were obstacle courses, Escape and Evasion games, and many other activities o He grew up in the country – he felt right at home (14:02) They pressed the men to be able to “take the pain” They were taught how to deal with the Vietnamese (15:05) o Most of this came from talking with the platoon sergeants  His sergeant tried to teach them how to discern who the real enemies are (15:25) • His philosophy was that the Vietnamese were afraid of the NVA �• • • • • • • • He said that the Vietnamese were good people (16:00) There were trainers that actually cared and those that were doing what they needed to do to get out of the service (16:28) He was at Fort Polk during the summer (17:35) o They were told that it would be similar conditions in Vietnam, only worse He was designated as Combat Infantry (18:02) He trained on the M60, 50 Caliber, M14, M16, M45, grenades, and the M39 (18:15) After AIT he was sent home for thirty days o He got married while he was at home (19:12) o He was married on July 31 He was then sent to Fort Lewis, Washington on August 22 (19:41) o There were only three soldiers that were going to the 101st Infantry He was only at Fort Lewis for three days (20:26) Active Duty – Part I – Beginning Experiences and A Shau Valley (20:33) • • • • • • • • From Washington, he traveled to Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam o They traveled to Japan before landing in Vietnam (20:51) o The flights were extremely somber – Everyone knew that not everyone would return alive (21:07) They landed at Cam Ranh during the day o It was extremely hot and smelled bad (21:26) o He could tell which men had been in Vietnam for any amount of time because they “looked hard” (21:48) He received an orientation at Cam Ranh Bay and was then sent to Camp Evans (22:26) o Orientation consisted of explaining how operations occurred; they were told that some of them would not return alive, and simply briefed on the war He was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and traveled to Camp Evans by a truck (23:13) When they arrived at Camp Evans, they were welcomed by some and some others just stared (24:14) o They were called FNG’s (Fucking New Guys) (24:18) At this point he was a rifleman (25:12) o He was told once again that he would be targeted first by the enemy (25:30) o The enemy would generally go for the M60 and tall men first – he was both He joined the company after two weeks of training – it was roughly September (26:23) The 101st Airborne was in the lowlands at this point (26:41) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o There were a lot of booby traps (26:52) o His unit was in a firefight twenty-eight days after being there  They were no longer “cherries” or “FNG’s” (27:06) His platoon leader was Sgt. White o His company commander was a wild man  He was battle tested (27:43) The first firefight was an ambush by the Americans o It was extremely short (28:31)  It was surreal to go up and check the dead bodies to see if there is any valuable information on them (28:49) o It was “kill or be killed” o He had gone from being “a religious kid to a killer” (29:14) The first comrade that was wounded was difficult to see (29:40) o Booby traps were extremely dangerous in the lowlands He was then taken to Eagle Beach in Vietnam (30:37) o At Eagle Beach they received hot meals, showers, and had shows at night Captain Hale gave a speech to the men and got them “roarin” (31:02) He was happy to fight with the men in his unit because he knew that they would truly fight The 101st Infantry was notorious for long outings (32:14) He did not notice any of the men slacking when he first arrived at Camp Evans (32:27) Near the end of his tour there was a lot of conflict When he was operating in the lowlands, they would get to their destinations by marching or helicopters (33:08) The 101st Infantry worked its way into the A Shau Valley, Vietnam (33:38) He was on the first chopper into the A Shau Valley (33:49) o They lost two men to booby traps in an ambush When they were moving out, he felt a sniper shot go right past his ear and hit his comrade in the shoulder (34:21) He then became an AG (Assistant Gunner) Before he went to the A Shau Valley, he had been sent home for his grandmother's funeral (35:12) o While he was home he found out that his wife had been doing things that she should not have been and that she squandered all of his money (35:21) o This happened in November of 1969 Lt. Wallace joined [as platoon leader] shortly after he arrived (36:42) o Lt. Wallace was reserved, not very aggressive (could be if he had to be), and he did things more intelligently (36:48) o He did not rush into things and would sometimes fall back into things and progress When they were in the lowlands, they were in control (37:46) o They “brought the heat all the time” o They rarely saw the villagers (38:09) o The ones that he did meet seemed very appreciative of them �• • • • • • • • • • • • o There were some people that would not talk to them (38:44) o When they needed to know where the VC were located, they would simply find the village where the people would not talk to them There were not many opportunities to participate with the local activities (39:45) When he first went into the jungle in March, it was a different kind of area for him (40:31) o The terrain was extremely rough o Some of the terrain was extremely beautiful (40:55) o The soldiers knew that the beautiful scenery was deadly o There was not a tree that did not have a bullet hole in it (41:08) When the soldiers woke up in the morning, the first thing they did was burn the leeches off of their bodies (41:37) His unit was in the field for over a month at a time The company split into platoons for the majority of the operations (41:58) o There were some maneuvers with squads and four man recons (42:19) He would only be on the recon teams for a couple of days at a time (42:37) His job was primarily to find the enemy, observe them, and go relay the information (42:52) There were procedures to remain silent when in the field (43:09) o There was not much the soldiers could do for the smell o The soldiers did not want to make any noise with their materials o They did not want anyone that snored (43:55) o Soldiers that smoked had to do it under something When he joined his platoon there were forty men in it (44:44) o It was a typical platoon size His platoon was hit on March 15, 1970 on a hilltop (45:31) o The next morning a squad was sent over for an ambush o They fought the enemy for a while o One of his good friends, Steve, was shot in the head and killed (46:16)  This incident hit him hard  He was requested to take Steve home (47:12) • They were going to be business partners after the war  When he met his dad, his father wanted to know how his son died (48:03) • He told his father that Steve had died quickly (48:11)  The funeral was extremely surreal (48:45)  His friend's father gave him a ticket home so that he could see his family before returning to Vietnam (49:15) o When he returned home, he and his wife decided to have a child – she became pregnant (49:49) While he was gone, Captain Vazquez became the company commander (50:02) He noticed that his platoon had lost some men while he was gone Active Duty – Part II – Firebase Ripcord, Firebase O’Reilly, and Hill 902 – (51:40) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • He went to Firebase Ripcord three different times (51:47) The views from the firebases were incredible (52:09) When they moved off the firebase and started humping around, the soldiers realized that they were “in for something” (52:27) He rejoined his company on Firebase Ripcord o He was flown in (52:52) o He was on Ripcord for roughly one week before being sent into the field The terrain around Firebase Ripcord had many green mounds around it (53:21) o When he got off of the firebase he realized that it was extremely rugged He carried five hundred rounds with him for the M60 (53:46) o He also carried eight grenades, trip wire, flares, and a claymore (54:04) When they were patrolling they made some contact with the enemy o It seemed like the enemy was trying to avoid them (54:28) o They found a freshly dug enemy bunker complex – “It made the hair stand up on the back of our necks.” (54:33) Vazquez was then replaced by Hewitt He is patrolling around Firebase Ripcord for the majority of May and June of 1970 (56:09) o He is on and off of Ripcord during this time as well His platoon was not taking any losses during this time (56:26) o Some men had been lost to booby traps in other platoons The lifestyle was extremely harsh – the soldiers were in pain every day (57:28) o Soldiers would basically sleep in mud, deal with disease, and they were always wet The night procedures were dictated by the terrain (58:14) o There were sometimes listening posts, circle types, and sometimes three man positions o The soldiers would take turns (58:39) There was one man on guard that stabbed an ape (59:22) They would “dig in” on the nights that they believed something was going to happen (01:00:00) o The NVA had been known to booby trap holes that had already been dug They never went through the same place twice (01:00:35) He remembers the bond and camaraderie that was formed between the soldiers (01:01:50) o They would talk about cars, their plans, girls, etc. He and one another were the oldest men in the platoon (01:02:40) o They made it a point to take the others under their wing o They spent a lot of time with the younger men Prior to occupying Hill 902, his platoon had sent recon up the hill and decided the route that they would take (01:04:00) o They took the hardest way up o When they got to the top, they dug in (01:04:13) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o It was extremely tense because they knew how many NVA were around (01:04:31) o The enemy was sending mortar rounds in the very next morning (01:04:35)  They were hitting the back side of Hill 902 They shot a LAW (Light Antitank Weapon) rocket onto the enemy mortar position (01:04:49) The shot was “the best shot I have ever seen with a LAWS rocket” The Americans were told that they had to stay on the hill for a second night (01:05:23) o They did not think it was a good idea to stay in the same location for a second night (01:05:34)  It was not a very secure area When the soldiers first arrived on the hill, some were using already dug holes o He dug his own hole (01:05:56) The majority of the men were new and had never been tested (01:06:13) The Americans were strung out o Troops were not being sent to them as they had previously been (01:06:52) For the second night, the soldiers put out claymores, trip flares, and all other weapons ready (01:07:02) o The soldiers did everything they were supposed to do He was on guard duty during the night (01:07:48) o He heard on the radio that the enemy was near o He went and woke up his platoon commanders (01:08:20) When he was waking up his commanders, an explosion went off and threw him down the hill (01:08:26) Explosions were being caused by RPG’s and everyone opened fire (01:08:43) o There were more RPG’s than he had ever seen o He saw a G.I. standing in a spot one second and missing the next second During the fighting, he got on the radio and told the other line that he needed Cobra’s and help (01:09:45) At one point an NVA soldier fell dead beside him – he knew at that moment that the enemy was in the exact same area as the Americans (01:10:04) o He popped a hand flare to see where the enemy was  When he saw where the enemy was, he began throwing grenades in their direction (01:10:44) The area that they covered was in a perimeter formation His platoon was being led by Sgt. Danny Smith (01:12:43) The firefight lasted for a long time Once the Cobras came, they were able to see a perimeter that was made with trip flares (01:13:20) o The Cobras were told to open fire around the perimeter After the Cobras came, most of the fighting died down (01:13:53) Everything was extremely quiet the next morning There were bodies strung out all the way down the hill (01:14:40) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • He realized in the morning that he was not able to hear o He was shipped to the rear where they met up with Bravo Company (01:15:14) He had been hit with smaller pieces of shrapnel during the fighting He was only in the rear for a couple of days He was then sent back out and met his company on Firebase O’Reilly (01:17:09) While on Firebase O’Reilly, they were told to head out to assist Delta Company being defeated by the NVA (01:17:24) o They were being sent to Firebase Ripcord area He was on the last chopper off o They were supposed to stay overnight but were gassed by the enemy and forced to move out immediately (01:17:47) o It was his last combat assault He had only known that there were men who needed help – he did not know much more than that (01:19:20) If the Americans could have received the proper troop replacements and supplies, he believes they could have driven the enemy back (01:19:56) After Ripcord was abandoned, there was a lot less activity There were recon missions where they could see a company go by and they could not do anything about it (01:20:50) o The Americans could not radio back while on the missions o They did not even take a radio on the recon missions (01:21:31) Near the end of his tour, he began counting down the days before he is done His last week was spent watching movies, sleeping, counting the days, reflect, etc (01:22:27) After his week, he was sent to Cam Ranh Bay (01:23:14) o The pilot on the plane home asked the men if they wanted to fly over Vietnam to get one last look o The amount of men on the plane going home was much fewer than when he went to Vietnam (01:23:25) After the Service – (01:23:56) • • • • • • • He landed in Oakland, California (01:24:01) When they landed, they were told to be careful of protestors He wore his uniform the entire time because he was proud On his way home he realized that he had lost his envelope with his five hundred dollars, his pictures, and the addresses of all of his friends (01:24:51) There was a big banner on his families garage when he returned home When he returns home he begins at his old job at General Motors (01:25:31) Before he returned to General Motors, he was forced to finish his service at Fort Carson, Colorado (01:25:41) �• • • • • • • • • • The majority of the time his activities were easy o He had to play war games when he was there o Because of this, he began experiencing flash-back nightmares (01:26:07) o One time he jumped out of bed, swinging and screaming (01:26:13) o He accidentally hit his wife one time o When he went to sick call he was told that he had battle fatigue After Fort Carson, he returned to work at General Motors and owned his own horse business (01:27:30) o He won the International Championship He received a letter from the VA (Veterans Affairs) that denied all of his military wounds (knees, ears, PTSD) (01:28:01) o Because of this, many began mocking him and calling him a liar, lazy, etc. (01:28:29) He then began having flashback nightmares again (01:29:07) o He missed one day at work o When he returned, he was written up o He was told that he was making up stories from Vietnam (01:30:00) He called a psychologist and was told that was not able to be helped His life began falling apart – his marriage was deteriorating, his business was collapsing, filed for bankruptcy, etc. (01:30:43) In April of 1974 he met his future wife and turned his life around (01:31:10) The VA eventually made amends and acknowledged his experiences in Vietnam (01:32:14) He is upset about the VA and government not sticking up for the Vietnam veterans He does not believe that the military should have drafted men during the war (01:34:58) o The Army should be made up of people that want to be there, not just men who need a job (01:35:24) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MantheiS1457V Title A name given to the resource Manthei, Stephen (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Manthei, Stephen Description An account of the resource Steve Manthei was born Janesville, Wisconsin, in 1949 and was drafted into the Army in 1969. After training at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and Fort Polk, Louisiana, he was sent to Vietnam. He was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division, and served most of his tour as a machine gunner in C Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment. His unit operated in the area around Camp Evans, in the A Shau Valley, and finally on and around Firebase Ripcord in the spring and summer of 1970. On July 2, he was wounded when his company's position was overrun, but he returned to field a few weeks later at the end of the Ripcord campaign, after which there was much less activity. After his tour in Vietnam, he served out the last part of his enlistment at Fort Carson, Colorado. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-10-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/49c2a77f3f7c813041145db83c354a58.mp4 91f1e549f5a80852b37463d1acebbf03 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9e6ba4ec4717e2b4df24ee8471a23587.pdf d67300a16d90ffd7d7a893c93d95283f PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Oral History Interview Veteran: Mathias Mapes-Pearson Interview Length: (1:31:22) Interviewed by James Smither Transcribed by Chloe Dingens Interviewer: We're talking today with Mathias Mapes-Pearson of Grand Rapids, Michigan and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History project. Okay so begin with some background, where and when were you born? I was born July 16th, 1995 in Burlington, Vermont. Interviewer: Alright and how long did you live there? We were only there for about a year and then my family moved to the West Michigan. Interviewer: Okay and- and then did you grow up in West Michigan then? Yep I grew up in Rockford, Michigan for all my life, went to Rockford high school. Interviewer: Okay and what we were parents doing for a living when you were growing up? My mom is a high school teacher and professor at East Grand Rapids High School and Grand Rapids Community College and my dad works for Wolverine Worldwide as a, like a software business, kind of like run supply and demand for their system. Interviewer: Okay, okay something that pays decently. Yeah. Interviewer: Yeah, okay alright and where'd you go to high school? I went to Rockford High School. Interviewer: Okay and when did you graduate? 2013. Interviewer: Okay now you were pretty young when 9/11 happened but what do you remember about that event? I remember everyone's being, was really scared. I was in first grade and my mom picked me up from school early that day. I remember everyone was- was running around and- and was scared, I didn't quite understand why at the time and I didn't learn until a few years later exactly what was going on. But I thought it was kind of a free day off from school so. (1:26) Interviewer: Okay now as you were getting older though we had wars going on in Afghanistan and Iraq, did you pay any attention to them by the time got in high school? Before high school not really, we did some, a little bit in middle school and stuff and I didn't quite understand why everyone hated Saddam Hussein and other people like that so much and like most Americans at the time, I actually did believe that Saddam had something to do with 9/11. But I didn't pay attention much to the wars, I did what, I would watch like documentaries on 9/11 and the planes hitting the towers growing up on National Geographic and Discovery Channel and they would put them out usually around the anniversary. (2:04) Interviewer: Okay so how did you wind up going in the military? I was coming out of high school and I really didn't enjoy school. I struggled in high school academically, I just- just wasn’t a good fit for me. I wasn't focused and I didn't really want to do it and I also didn't on the flip side want to be a guy who just sits in his hometown, works, and �you know is there forever. So, for me the military was kind of the best option, I had a close friend of mine that I played rugby with in high school that was joining the military and he came from a military family and he suggested I talk to a recruiter and talked to a recruiter and liked what he had to say and brought it home to my parents. Interviewer: Okay and then which service did you join? United States Marine Corps. Interviewer: Okay and why did you pick them? I always knew, I knew of the Marines growing up. I kind of knew the prestige and kind of the ‘we’re kind of better than everyone mentality’ they had kind of more discipline and stuff like that and I didn't talk to any of the branches and so when I heard what the Marines had to say, I liked what they had to say and I just, I decided I, that was what I was gonna do. Interviewer: Okay now when you were first talking to the recruiter where they offering you options for what kinds of training you could get? Or how do they present things? (3:14) He made you pick certain traits from like, almost like a deck of cards that had words on them and- and then you would kind of sift through them and figure out where he thinks you would fit. They obviously had quotas for certain jobs that they still had to push you towards, but I told him first I, at first I wanted to be an MP when I first went in but unfortunately that quota at the time was full and the best they could give me was Security Forces. And so, he offered that, you can go do a Security Forces for two and a half years and get solid training and actually get better promotions and then we'll go to the infantry for two and half years. Interviewer: Okay so what's the difference between Security Forces/ Military Police? So Military Police are strictly base guards and they run what the base security of running the- the checkpoint, stuff like that, and respond to call, you know issues on base. Security Forces is a- a group that was created in the ‘80s that was used to, for deployments in certain situations around the world to strategic locations to reinforce embassies if they want extra security or need help. (4:16) Interviewer: Okay so you’re one kind of step past, so you're doing things that are equivalent of what Marine Guards would traditionally do with embassies or? Yeah, we would reinforce them and they, but mine, Marine Guards, there's only like there's only half a dozen of them at each embassy. We had a platoon of 32 and we were fully equipped with squads and- and we were infantry Marines at heart but then we also had later on training thatthat allowed us to be in a fixed site type of environment. Interviewer: Alright and so when do you actually go in? I actually leave for boot camp in- in September 2013. Interviewer: Okay and where do you go for boot camp? I went to San Diego, California. Interviewer: Okay now how did they get you there? We flew, I flew from Detroit, Michigan straight to California. I went through the MEPS process in Lansing and then they send you to- to Detroit and they fly you out and then you land and as soon as you get off at the airport you get picked up by buses and they bring you to the, there's an area the USO right outside there. They bring you to there where you mill around until the general structure show up and then they put you on a bus, and then the game, then the- the boot camp begins. (5:29) Interviewer: Okay what time of day was it that you actually got on the bus? �When we got on the- to go to boot camp or to go? Interviewer: To go to boot camp, yeah from the airport, yeah. It was- was maybe nine o'clock at night something like, it was dark out I remember that it was about nine or ten. Interviewer: Alright now once you get on the bus what happens? You're told to put your head between your knees and not to look up, where, no matter what and supposedly they drive around in circles to kind of disorient people, because the airport is literally right next to me the MCRD right there. So, supposedly they do that, I don't quit remember how long the trip was but yeah you just put your head down and wait for the bus to stop. Interviewer: Okay and when the bus does stop then what? A drill instructor comes out and he’ll give you a set of instructions that you're gonna yell everything you say, you're gonna move quickly, and you're gonna refer to them by sir and ma’am, and then you’re gonna get outside and stand on the yellow footprints, and then we get another set instructions, and then says “go” and everyone gets up out of their seats as fast as possible. (6:31) Interviewer: Okay now the recruits on the bus, were there some women there or, because women means I guess go to Parris Island normally? Yeah no, but we still had some that- some women there that were personnel there. So, if you ever encountered them whether they were officers of some kind or something like that, but no at- at my- my time there was strictly men, that was all- all men there. Interviewer: Okay and then what kind of processing do you go through? You're up for about 24-48 hours after you get there. You are constantly, you get your haircut, they go through- they go through all your stuff, you call your family and tell them that you made it there safely, and that you'll contact them through a letter at some point. And then you start getting issued your gear, start getting put into basically you're holding platoon for- for a week where they’ll kind of get you a little bit acclimated to what the- what military life is about to be like. And it's just, it's a long 24-48 hour process where you don't get sleep, you're up the entire time doing something. (7:26) Interviewer: Okay how much of that were you expecting? I was expecting some sleep deprivation, the initial start I didn't quite expect it to be quite so constant. I thought they would get tired and we would get breaks, but you don't and they, it was constant. I mean you were just trying to fill out paperwork with no sleep is a- is a difficult process to do. Interviewer: Alright and then- and then are they giving you, are you doing any kind of tests or did they do all that already before you got there? They did all that at- at- at MEPS they do all your phys- all your blood work, make sure everything with you is healthy. You eventually do, once you get to your- your- your platoon you do your- your physical fitness tests and stuff like that. And that's when they start keeping track of you know who needs more work out, you know PT and who doesn't. Who can, you know manage themselves and stuff like that. (8:19) Interviewer: Alright so now how is the boot camp set up? How long is it? Does is it have phases? �It's three months long and there's- there's three phases, might be four now. First phase is- is just drill and it's- it's constant and it's you're- you're building that discipline and they're teaching you how to be a Marine, you know- you know that you're one together, you can't do everything on your own and stuff like that and the drill instructors are with you all the time, 24/7. They will never leave your side, there's always one that is up and around with you and they're not a setup, you know called Fire Watch and the squad base, stuff like that and you're just you're with- with them the entire time and it's a lot of physical training, breaking you down and constantly getting yelled at, working with your rifle and all that stuff. Then the second phase they start to build on that, they teach you about your uniforms, you go through rifle qual, stuff like that. Then you start going through the obstacle courses and you start doing martial arts and stuff like that and so you start building what you, the basic Marine needs to be. And then the third phase is the kind of culmination of everything, you do your rifle range and your qualification and then you do a qualification for your- for your tan belt for your martial arts and do your final drills and inspections and stuff like that. And then at the last bit of it you have The Crucible which is a three-day long event, where you, basically you essentially are sleep-deprived and food deprived for three days, while you do various events that Medal of Honor recipients in the past have had to do. And they set them up to build camaraderie and kind of build that Marine that you mount. And then you hike up a massive mountain or hill, I guess depending on how high you think it is but you hike that to the- to the edge of the water and then you- you finally receive the Globe and Anchor and your officially made a- a Marine. Interviewer: Okay now is all this at the Depot in San Diego or are parts of it at Camp Pendleton? The first- first phase and that is at MCRD and then the second phase and part of third phases isis out at Camp Pendleton. (10:18) Interviewer: Okay now how easy or hard was all this for you? For me it was fairly easy, I come from a- come from a family where it’s kind of structured so I- I took to authority pretty well, some other people didn’t, and I was already physically fit after playing rugby in high school and stuff like that going into it. So, I didn't have any issues with that, the biggest issue I was just constantly getting yelled and treated like nothing, you know, you do the right thing, you still get in trouble and I think one of the things I came to hate the most about it was mass punishment. When one guy messes up everyone gets punished and trying to keep people in line and in check within your platoon. But overall, I did, it was a lot more of a mental game than physical game. The physicalness of it was, they build you to that, to that standard. Interviewer: Yeah, okay and then how well did the other recruits respond to that, I mean were there people who wash out or get hurt? (11:11) Yeah you do some people that end up getting hurt and having to stay. Some people just decide they don't want to do it and almost that process is longer than going through boot camp. They tell you at the beginning the quickest way out of boot camp is you don't want to be there is to graduate, just to get through it and do it. You get guys that don't want to do it, the like we had one guy that just refused to do anything, and he ended up, I don't know what actually happened to him, they just took him away. But I mean they- they filter out and even ones that do struggle they don't- they don't let you fall. Like you'll, they'll keep you around unless you physically can't �do it, or you just mentally won't do it. But if, even if you're struggling with certain things, they help you and you'll- you'll graduate if you want to. Interviewer: Alright, yeah, I mean in- in the old days at least say Vietnam era and that kind of thing, there was a certain amount of physical violence that went along with it too. I mean the drill instructors officially didn't hit people, but they did, was that a thing of the past or was that still around? (12:11) Some of it was, I mean obviously on paper nowadays you can't lay your hands on a recruit, but I know that some instances where if they were being extremely insubordinate or just they were just doing it to cause trouble and just do what they wanted, they would- they would do it and they would sometimes get their hands thrown on you but most of the time it was just a guy spitting and screaming in your face. I mean the amount of times I was spit on in boot camp it was just, yeah. Or had dirt kicked in your face when getting ITEed, stuff like that so it was, I was, there wasn't much physical violence and even among the recruits either that when they would get mad at each other. I mean some people would get in each other's faces and- and get close to fights but there were never anything- anything too crazy. Interviewer: Now when you had the sort of mass punishment situation, I mean would the other recruitments kind of get on the guy who had screwed up or? Yeah I was a- I was a squad leader in boot camp for a little bit and they come and go very quickly, but one of my jobs was to make sure my squad was squared away for the next day and so the amount of times I would have to get my other team leaders and my squad up in the middle of the night to square away at one of our guys or two or guys that didn't get their stuff done and wanted to go to sleep, and didn't think anything of it because they were gonna in trouble regardless but then we all didn't want to get in trouble the next day for it. So, we would stay up whether it's like, you know tightening pack straps or taping ‘em down, stuff like that, you getget crucified for, we would- we would end up having to do it and so we tried to help ‘em along but it was honestly it was just they either got it or they didn't and some people just, they slipped through the cracks and just never again. They just they- they go through boot camp just messing up the entire time, but drill instructors can't fail them I mean for just messing up. I mean they get the program eventually, but they were not the- the most stellar Marines coming out of boot camps sometimes. (13:52) Interviewer: Okay now did you understand the logic, did you realize they were trying to break you down and build you up again, or do you just figure that out after the fact? I think partially both cause we, cause when I was part of the delayed Entry Program beforehand for quite a while and that whole thing is geared towards getting you to boot camp, getting you ready, the knowledge base, and all that stuff. And so, we had Marine, guys that grad- that wouldthat were in the- the dep with us that then would grad- graduate boot camp and come back and see us. And they would tell us stories about it and how- how to do it, they wouldn't tell us everything cause it’s you know also the experience of it. But I could see like the change in them and how they carried themselves and stuff so I kind of understood what it was, what the purpose was and just was a lot of anxiety and stress going through it that wasn't so much fun. Interviewer: Okay so you get through the first three months, now what happens to you? I actually got out at, or I graduated boot camp at a really good time, it was right before Christmas. And so they gave us, you get ten days of leave right afterwards and so it just worked out that the- the leave blocks for the Marine Corps at then so since you're technically like a �Marine you rate those leave blocks with the- the new year and Christmas. And so, ours got extended, I think I got extended like two weeks or something like that to be with my family and stuff but then January 3rd or 4th I flew back to California to Camp Pendleton and there I went to School of Infantry. (15:09) Interviewer: Okay and what was that like? That was hard, that was three months and that was- that was difficult, that was learning how tohow to truly become a grunt. I mean boot camp you get some taste of that by living in the field but the infantry or Infantry School is a lot different, the- the other MOSs that aren't combat related go through MCT for a month long and ours is three months and I would say major- about, probably ten weeks out of that, those twelve weeks is spent you live in the field. Interviewer: Okay. Two weeks is about classroom training and stuff like that and the rest is you’re on a range running different types of maneuvers or you're patrolling or you're setting a, you know learning different things that you need to become an Infantryman. And hiking all the time, everywhere you go and just, it teaches you how to- how to do the job of be an Infantry Marine and it sucks, and you deal with whatever you got to deal with. (16:04) Interviewer: Okay. But I would definitely take it over the East Coast. Interviewer: Okay lower humidity maybe. Yeah and not as many swamps or marshes you have to walk through, and I'd rather be dry than wet, and I'll take the- the desert heat and the- the swamp and humidity and sand fleas and stuff like that. Interviewer: Right, okay what- what kind of people were training you there? They were combat veterans, three of- three of my instructors all both have been to Iraq and Afghanistan. One was a Marine, was MARSOC, he was MARSOC at the time and came back and went- went back through, he got it's called the hiss list and it’s basically a list that pulls people around the Marine Corps to come be instructors, whether a drill instructor, recruiter, or combat instructor and he got pulled to do that. Interviewer: So, the acronym, he was a reservist basically who got called up or? (16:57) No so he was- he was MARSOC so what that, he was Special Forces in the Marine Corps. Interviewer: Okay. And then he got, came, got pulled down to that because he was injured and then he rehabilitated there and he, yeah, he told us a lot of stories. And I mean they were all combat veterans whichwhich helped a lot with- with painting the idea that you’re, if you're an Infantry Marine at some point in your career you're probably gonna be at war. And so they- they treat you and they- they make the scenarios as realistic as they can and they really make you understand that yeah you're sitting on a hilltop in the middle of California patrolling and you think it's, you know a fun time, but in reality you're training for what you might have to do in- in Afghanistan. And they would tell stories about guys I mean back in Iraq and stuff where they would get out of school theirtheir Infantry School and two months later they're in Iraq and driving a Humvee or you know patrolling or whatever they’re doing. So, it was, they tried to paint the scenarios realistic as possible and they were very good instructors for us. �Interviewer: Okay what was the kind of hardest or most challenging thing you had to do there? (17:55) I think adjusting to the way of life of living dirty and in the field. I- I very much enjoy a hot shower every night and so having to- to clean yourself with baby wipes or you know eat MREs all the time was probably the hardest adjustment for me. The hikes hurt after a while just cause your body kind of breaks down but it's, it was definitely getting adjusted to what that life was like and what the next five years of my life where gonna be like because you know you are an Infantryman, you take pride in that and so as a Infantryman you train like one constantly and so understanding that living in the field was going to be my way of life for the next five years. Interviewer: Okay alright now do you get specialized schooling after the Infantry School? Yes, so I went from San Diego direct lab tours I got orders to Chesapeake, Virginia for basic security guard school. Which is not the same as what Embassy Guards go through, they go through a different school, this is for called 81 52 Security Force Marine. And that schooling was- was a lot of hands-on with pistols, we were issued pistols the M10 shotguns, semiautomatic shotguns. We had more extensive work with machine guns, 249 and 240, and then we had work through basic procedures of how to run guard mount, how to set up, you know your, line up your Marines for guard. Make sure they have all their gear, you know go through all the procedures, all that stuff. How to run a fixed site security, how to basically how to function as a security officer and- and understand that you're gonna be entrusted with a lot of power because you're gonna be alone most of the time when you're on post. (19:40) Interviewer: Okay was there much classroom for this or was it… It was a lot of classrooms- a lot of classroom, a lot of range time, and a lot of physical training because there was a lot of classroom time, they- they would- they would whoop us and- and ourour, we’d PT in the morning and then we would have classroom in the afternoon or in the late morning and afternoon. And the mornings were always it was- it was rough stuff. It was- it was bear crawls with buddies on your back, I mean it was just, it was constant- constant PT and stuff like that to keep you in shape. Interviewer: And was this facility just a Marine facility? Where there Navy people there too? No, it was an actual Navy base, I think it was a communications base but there were Navy sailors that were there and stuff. It wasn't a very big base there and then our school was just there, we literally just had the schoolhouse, the barracks there, and then they had the ranges and stuff like that, and that was all that we had there for our- our disposal. (20:37) Interviewer: And how many of you were going through that program at that time? There were quite a lot, I was actually in holding for three months to get into training there. Interviewer: Okay. I graduated from SOI in March and I didn't get to training for security guard school until about end of May/ June/ Ju- or June about that. And I was stuck there just waiting and you're just, the hardest part was kind of waiting for your time to come and maintain your kind of physical training because they can't watch everyone the entire time. So, some guys kind of lose their- lose their edge after coming from entry school and aren't- aren't in too hot of shape, stuff like that, or don't keep up on their knowledge. �Interviewer: So how did you spend your time while you were holding? Sometimes you would- you would try to avoid your higher-ups and hide out and relax for the day or they would- they would do like Brailler classes with us called kind of like hip-pocket classes, really just a Marine that has been in for a while will take a lot of the newer- newer guys and- and go over things that you- you’ve already know but you need to perfect them over time and you need to know them, whether it's weapons handling or how to do some of the training you're about to do. They would give us some of the manuals and stuff like that that you're gonna need to know to graduate and so some guys tried to hide out all the time and or you just do what they call working parties where you're helping out around the base whether you're cleaning the barracks or the bathrooms stuff like that, so. (21:57) Interviewer: Okay and could you get off base? We could on the weekends, but you only had an extended amount of time you were allowed to be gone and then you had to be back at base. We had formations every Friday afternoon and then Sunday night there would be a formation that you had to be that. Interviewer: Okay. So… Interviewer: And if you go off base, how do people in the community treat Sailors and Marines? Well we were, yeah Virginia that portion of the area, of Virginia, Chesapeake and then up to like Norfolk is all- all Military. It's the whole area is just one giant Navy base, so a lot of people treat everyone pretty much with respect there. I don't think the civilians in the surrounding area really, really enjoyed the Military because they usually destroy stuff, or you know are kind of mean to everyone or think they’re the best. But overall, I mean the, I would say the majority of the people that live in that area are all Military themselves so they- they kind of know how the games played with- with dealing with everyone. But I mean you always get the- the sleazy car salesman trying to sell you a car, stuff like that or the mall trying to sell you crap you don't need, trying to appeal to you, but next point in the Military something new, nothing new. Interviewer: Yeah, so they- they could look at you coming down the street… Oh yeah. Interviewer: …with your hair cut and they know who you were. Yep, they know exactly what you're doing. There's been a million guys before you. Interviewer: Alright so then when do you actually finish the school itself then? (23:21) I finished in July right before, yeah right before my birthday. Interviewer: Okay now what year? Oh 2014. Interviewer: ‘14 okay, yeah so you've been in about, yeah about nine months at that point or ten. Okay, alright so you do that and now what happens to you? After graduation my- my next unit platoon Sergeant was actually at our graduation and Charlie Company and Alpha Company FAST were housed together in the middle of Norfolk at a place called Camp Allen and I think it's condemned now, gone. Condemned when we were there, but anyways so he was there, and he loaded the guys that were picked for- for FAST for those two units. Load up on a bus and we went there and we did our started our in-dock process where we process all our paperwork, we do our audit of where what unit we're with now and all that kind of stuff, got issued our rooms, and then the next following days’ we got issued our gear from �there, stuff like that. And then my unit was- was rebuilding essentially my- my platoon and so they were, they just gotten the- the platoons started, and a few NCOs and they were still kind of gathering the ‘us’ from- from the training house. Interviewer: Now explain what FAST is. (24:30) FAST, yeah stands for Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team and it was created in the ‘80’s and their job was to for deploy to- to strategic locations to reinforce embassies. So, my area for Alpha was Rota, Spain and our area of operation was Europe and Africa. Charlie Company went to Bahrain and they were kind of the- the Central Asian step there in the Middle East and then we had a company in Japan, and they did Asia. Interviewer: Okay now you were talking, your- your company - is rebuilding. Why are they rebuilding? It would, our company wasn’t rebuilding, it was just our platoon, sorry. Interviewer: Okay. Just our platoon was rebuilding and so how it works is the platoons rotate out through Spain and there's two platoons that, at Spain at all times, but there's like four or five platoons back in Norfolk. And they constantly are in training and they're constantly rotating out and moving around, and so our unit just got done. The guys that just finished their deployment where now on PCSing to their- their infantry units. So, we were replacing them and so the unit at that time barely existed, there was maybe just a handful of us that were in it and so over the next few months, I got there in July and September is when our training started, really kicked off. So, for those two months we would PT with NCOs, get to know our NCOs and they would kind of train us on what we’re gonna need to know soon, but during that entire time we were getting guys that were behind in training that I knew, that- that eventually caught up to me, or guys that were from the- the schoolhouse that were in classes behind me that got- that got orders to our unit. And so, we were constantly getting influx of guys and then by September we had our- our platoon of about thirty, thirty-five guys that were gonna be our- our, that was gonna be our family for the next two years. (26:17) Interviewer: Okay now when you're training with- with this group, what are you doing with them that's different from what you've had already? This train was much more specialized, once we started in September we immediately went to non-lethal course, which was riot control techniques to work with riot shields, you work with non-lethal ammunition, from shotguns, M203s, all that, and then they also used the- the spike ball grenades which are not fun when they get thrown at you. And on top of that we also got O.C. sprayed which is the most painful experience I’ve ever had in my life. After that we went to Advanced Urban Combat School back in Chesapeake, Virginia which is where I was at and there, we shot more rounds of my entire Marine Corps career than I ever have. The entire week from sunup to sundown we got up at like 4:00 in the morning to be at the range by the time the sun came up and we didn't stop shooting until the sun went down and you shot all day, all the time. It was just constant rotations of close quarters shooting and then you did house clearing and then we did live- live ammunition house training and stuff like that which really helped kind of build a lot of cohesion in the unit and when and it's very nice when everyone's on the same page and understandinging and knows what's going on to make it look fancy. After that, beforehand I was- I was very good at PT and I was really good with my knowledge, I was selected before that to go to Des-A Marksman School and there were only four of us out of our platoon that got �selected to go to that. And that was directly after Advanced Urban Combat School in November. My unit was in the field training and we went to Des-A Marchman School in Dam Neck, Virginia which is a- a Special Forces like Navy SEAL base there. And we trained, we were trained there under a bunch of snipers that had served in Afghanistan and Iraq and they, it wasn't, you weren't a sniper and they make sure you knew you weren't a sniper, but it was only a month long. I think snipers’ course is like- is like six or seven months long, but it was only a month long, but they trained you like you're a sniper. They taught us how to- how to make ghillie suits, how to stalk, how to precision style shoot, how to be able to shoot you know with the wind, you know stuff like that, how to make adjustments like that. And we shot up to about a thousand yards away and our- our weapon system was the M110 SASS which is a semi-automatic scout sniper rifle that- that the scout snipers used, but you ruck ran everywhere with a pack on your back, you learned how to, you know crawl on the beach, water, all that stuff, through the swamps, and all that, that's probably the best course I ever went through with the Marine Corps. And then after that once I was a DM, that's when my weapon system changed to that in the actual unit itself, I would carry an- an M4 with me, but I would also have the M110 with me. (29:10) Interviewer: You said you were a DM? Yes. Interviewer: That's a beta marksman? Yep. Interviewer: Okay. Yes. Interviewer: Alright and now by the time you get through all of that schooling, what date roughly are we at? Through that so, non-lethal was September and then Advance Urban Combat was October and then Des-A Marksman School was November. And so, November of 2014 yeah it was right after Thanksgiving, or right before Thanksgiving we finished and then directly after that is when we were getting ready for our four-month deployment to Cuba, so. Interviewer: Okay, alright do you get off for the holidays in there anywhere? We did, we got off for Thanksgiving. I got to go home for- for the allotted time they gave us and they accompanied- they accompanied the, I think it's a 96 you get with the- with our pre deployment leave for that and so they gave us I think only a week off so, I got to go home for a week and get ready for my- my first deployment. Interviewer: Alright so Cuba, how do you get down to Cuba? We chartered straight from, there's an airbase that's right next to Norfolk there, we got on a- on a plane there and flew straight to Gitmo, there's a landing strip on the other half of the- the… Interviewer: Guantanamo. Guantanamo Bay, yeah. Interviewer: Civilians, yes okay. (30:30) On the other side there and yeah, we got on a ship once and then we got on a little boat there that ferried us to the- the main side of the base. Interviewer: Alright and what's your first impression of Guantanamo? It was hot and I didn't realize it was, there were two sides of the bay, I thought we only owned half of it, but it was- it was a lot more kind of built up than I thought it was. I thought it was kind of, there wasn't gonna be much there, but I mean there was a whole giant massage [mass of �buildings, not massage parlors] in there, bars, everything. I mean there was a lot on that base, but other than that I just noticed it was really hot and it was nice because it was winter back in Virginia and it was kind of cold and rainy, so I enjoyed the- the weather. Interviewer: And so what do you actually do while you're at Guantanamo? Our job there was to guard the perimeter fence line, part of our basic security guard training was to be able to stand post and we guarded the- the fence line between the Cubans and- and the base itself and these massive towers they had, I mean my tower’s probably- probably a hundred, almost 200 feet up in the air on a bluff. And it would, basically your job was to track and you kept a log book, you kept track of the Cuban’s movement, stuff like that, and then you also were lookout for Cuban asylum seekers that would try and cross through the- the fence line. Usually they try to cross around the ocean or through the bay, so and that was basically your primary mission with that. And when you weren't on post, you're on post for eight hours when you got off you were on what they call QRF, Quick Reaction Force and you were basically the- the Quick Reaction Force for if we got a Cuban asylum seeker, you would drive out and you would have to go deal with that- that- that person at that time and we would run scenarios almost every time you run on it where one of our NCOs would probably end up being the Cuban asylum seeker and you have to tackle him or yeah trying to fight grown men like that is, grown Marines is not the same as you’ve had to do with some starved Cuban. (32:27) Interviewer: Why- why would you have to tackle an asylum seeker? They- they, well they want us to- to- to search them and stuff like that and so for whatever reason the scenarios they would paint us were they were trying to fight us, or they were trying to be dangerous, and they would be swinging logs, or throwing rocks at us, or trying to run away and so oftentimes when we were doing these drills we would just end up tackling the guy into the ground. Interviewer: Alright was there ever anything that wasn't a drill? We didn't always, now we didn't have anything really crazy happen. They had at one time, it wasn't a quite a BMP, it was like a Soviet-style gunboat truck thing that they had driving at one point and that caused an alarm for the base because they drove that right next to the- the- the fence line, but other than that we didn't have any asylum seekers while we were down there, we were only down there for four months. Interviewer: Okay now were there a Cuban military personnel on the other side looking at you? (33:24) Yep, they, the Cubans just like, I don't know who built the towers first, but the towers usually look directly in front of each other. And yet big ole binoculars on posts that you would look at ‘em all day and they would look right back at you and you knew when their chow trucks came and brought them food every day, and they knew when ours came, and they probably logged it just like we did so, it's very structured. Interviewer: Alright and then did you ever get sent anyplace else during those four months or were you just there the whole time? We were there the whole time, there was a another platoon that was down there with us and they would, we would rotate on- on post, so one week we would be on post and we would be doing everything, running the base, and then the- the next week the other unit would do and then that week you're not doing post, you're training in the field, so. �Interviewer: Is there field training at Guantanamo? There's a little bit, there's some abandoned buildings we would use and then you would just do, you’d do other training like rifle range, stuff like that, and PT a lot- a lot and stuff like that and then you would, you’d get one or two weekends off a month, so every time you were off you got the weekend off after that and so those were times where I got to like spearfishing, and you got to go swimming, and stuff like that, and then they had you know pools and gym and stuff like that you could go to. And if you could drink which most of us couldn’t because we were 19 at the time there were bars there that you could go to. Interviewer: Alright what did you think of the leadership in your company? I really liked my- my leadership, we actually went, I liked my leadership when we left Cuba, when we first got there we went through a platoon- a platoon sergeant who had to- who had to deal with some hazing incidences and tried to- to cover it up in our platoon. And he ended up getting caught by our- our captain, we don't have- we didn't have lieutenants at the time, we had captains for us which is a little bit different from the rest of the- the Marine Corps. (35:18) Interviewer: So, the- the platoon was commanded by a captain? Yeah and I think they do that because you go to embassies if you get deployed and so they kind of want someone that has a little more expertise. Interviewer: Right. And experience and time and grade there, versus a fresh lieutenant and so and then you generally have a pretty senior staff sergeant which is what ours was at the time. But he tried covering up an all- a hazing allegation within the platoon and he, yeah, he- he disappeared really quickly. And then we had another guy come in who was gonna deploy with us to Spain. Interviewer: Okay was hazing an issue in the Marine Corps at that point? Yeah I would say a lot, our- our NCOs would- would, some would were worse than others, I mean some were just kind of sadistic with it and- and they ended up getting in trouble too when the- the whole hammer came down and they ended up going away too and getting kicked out of the Marine Corps. But there were small things where you just had to do a lot of PT or stuff like that, it was kind of almost a little bit of kind of boot camp thing with it. But some of them werewere like they would hit- they would hit guys, or one instance was these guys were drunk and they smashed these bottles in front of this guy's room and then woke him up and made him clean it up and then dumped a beer all over his rack where he- where he sleeps and it was just- it was just stupid stuff like that that it’s just, you just don't get why people do it, it’s just kind of a power thing I guess. So, they- they went away but after that we really didn't have any hazing, I think the other NCOs that were in our platoon learned really quickly that if- if, everyone's got to be on the same page, you know, so. (36:50) Interviewer: Okay anything else about the stay in Guantanamo that kind of stands out for? We had to search for a dead guy at one point, it was in the news that the base commander therethere I guess was sleeping with a contractor’s wife there and then he ended up dead floating in the Guam- in Guantanamo Bay. And so that was, we had to the search for him at one point when we were on liberty which was not fun because we all got called back and had to go literally just walk through the countryside of Guantanamo Bay looking for this guy, that we didn't know who he was and stuff. But other than it was- it was pretty uneventful, it was actually pretty nice, it was, a lot of time you got to work on your discipline and you were alone in a- in a box for eight hours a day with a loaded pistol and loaded rifle and as a 19 year old you're expected not to �shoot, you know at another foreign person that’s at- at an international border and so it train- it made us become very disciplined in what we did. (37:50) Interviewer: Because you have to stay alert at that point? Yeah- yup and we were there 24 hours a day and so I was- I was the day shift so I actually got the better shift, which was nice because the weather was nice but at night, I mean it's- it's pitch black. I mean you have a red light up there that you can use but you're alone in the dark for eight hours, so. Interviewer: Alright, did you get false alarms? No, not really the only thing that would happen was someone would- would call out a vehicle that- that, you had like a list of vehicles that were kind of like higher alert if you saw them on the Cuban side and some guys would call out what they thought they would, what they think they saw and everyone would kind of scramble and figure out what's going on and then NCO or a captain would come out and look at it and stuff like that, so. Interviewer: Alright okay so four months there and is Rota, Spain the next stop? Yes, we got back in March and then directly after that we started our- our training again for, we did like VIP training with Humvees which is an experience in itself trying to, basically you have to guard the van with these Humvees but it's, it was- it was kind of like you have to practice going from like an embassy to where the- the- the ambassador would live, maybe out in town or something like that in the city. So, you have to protect both locations, so we had to train to transport him there while also protecting his- his residence there and also protecting the base itself, or the embassy itself there. So, we had a lot of training with that, a lot of training with FIX X security and then we went to our evaluations where we were evaluated both by our company and then the regimental level and those ones were big exercises where they had role players and everything like that and all- all every type of scenario; riot scenario, sniper scenario for the designated marksman's, drones scenarios, I mean everything. All these scenarios preparing you and then- then you pass and then- then you get your- your stuff ready and you- you head to Spain. (39:42) Interviewer: Okay do you fly there, or do they put you on a boat? We flew charter through Virginia the same- same airstrip we took off from Cuba and then we landed in Rota, Spain two or three in the morning, so. Interviewer: Okay and what was the duty there like? It was really relaxed, you have two platoons there and just like in Cuba you have one that's on call and then you have one that is training and were doing things for- for liberty and it was- it was a very relaxing deployment, it was we, oh I got put on- on alert for the Paris bombings in 2015. That was the only time we ever got put on alert, the rest of the time there were never ever any times, and we paid attention to- to like the news and stuff like that to- to check out what was going on in- in our areas. But overall we trained a lot and we trained just infantry tactics because we knew after that deployment, our NCOs knew after our, after that deployment, that we would all be going to infantry units and by that time you're an NCO pretty much by the end of your time in that unit because you get extra points being in security forces to be promoted and so you know that you're probably going to be a team leader or a squad leader when you get to infantry and so if you don't know your stuff, your lance corporal is gonna be in charge of a corporal in the infantry and that's not a good look and it makes you look bad if you're not leading Marines as an NCO. So, we spent a lot of time there working on land nav, working on patrolling, working on �everything you, the in- the basics of the infantry because the last year and a half you haven't been training with those, you’ve been training with, oh I need to go to a certain area I'm gonna put up C, you know C wire and- and barbed wire and I'm gonna defend this perimeter and that's what you've been trained to do. But yes, Spain was a lot of a- lot of drinking, I played rugby there on the- on the Navy team against Spanish leagues and stuff like that and met a lot of Navy sailors there, became good friends with them and yeah it was a very lowkey… (41:39) Interviewer: Now here you could go off base, like Guantanamo I guess you couldn't really go off base. Yes, yeah here we could, you could actually put in special liberty if you were trusted enough to go and you can actually take leave at times when you're off rotation, to go to places around Europe if you wanted to. No one really did, mainly because they, I don’t think we really initially had all the money to do so, or really wanted to, but guys yeah, every, I mean Thursday nights people would go out and get drunk on the town. I mean it was a, if you’re on, if you're not on rotation or on call then you can essentially do what you want as long as your- you have a curfew. Interviewer: Okay but there is- there is a town there, it’s not just a base. Yes, yeah Rota, Spain's a- a very big beach town for the Spaniards and they, we were there in the summer and that place is nuts in the summer but- but by the time when we left in November it was like a ghost town usually. And so, but yeah it was- it was a big town and I mean you have the Strait of Gibraltar right there, I can, I saw the bridges and stuff there. I would- I would, we would travel around a little bit too with the- the- the Navy team when they would go play rugby and stuff so I got to see a little bit of southern Spain but other than that people just- just drank and hung out and played video games, sports, stuff like that so. (42:47) Interviewer: Alright okay and then so now you go- you go back home again and then start preparing for the next deployment. Yep, right at the end of Spain is when everyone got orders of where they were going and originally I was supposed to go to 1/7 out in Twenty- Twentynine Palms, California but I wanted to stay on the east coast and I had a buddy of mine that had family in- in California and really wanted to go back there and he got stuck with East Coast and so since we were essentially on paper the same Marines, your- you have the ability to switch orders. And so we- we were able to do that and I got orders, we got back in November and I didn't leave for my next unit until about March, yeah and we got, you saved up our leave and you get PCS leave and you can take up to a month off which I took I think three weeks off and I was home for three weeks before I went to my next unit. Interviewer: Okay but in the meantime did you spend time on another base or? Nope we were back home or back in Norfolk and we would help out, train the next units by like playing- playing as role players, stuff like that, but the majority of time was you were just, you were just getting ready for your next unit, you were doing what you needed to do personally to get yourself ready. Interviewer: Alright, okay and so what- what unit do you join then? I ended up going to 1st battalion, 2nd Marines in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Interviewer: Okay and when you come into that unit where they also in the process of rebuilding and rotating people in and out? (44:17) �They were- they were- they were really low on NCOs at the time when I first got there. I think they were only probably like eight of us in the entire, our entire company and there's three platoons so there's not many of us for each platoon. And they were still getting guys that were fresh out of Infantry School that went straight to the infantry and they were getting guys and it was our job to take them and help process them into the unit and- and start kind of training them and building our- our camaraderie and stuff with them and understanding, and you know the guys that you're gonna end up deploying there in about a year and a half. And you get same thing as the last unit, you get patrolling gear issued and you go through your audit and all that stuff and you get everything set up so you're ready to- to be in the unit and that took, I think it took us about two months to get all the- the guys we needed for our unit. Interviewer: Okay and are your training together in the meantime? Yeah we would go on field ops, we would go do patrolling on the- the North Carolina Forest which is whole ‘nother beast, and we would do, they were, they had that whole training regimen set up for us by the division that you have standards you have to meet as an infantry unit before you can deploy and so it's very, very structured and it- it wasn't as intense as- as FAST because FAST is such a short rotation, where like every month you're doing some, here you would haveyou would have some weeks off where you'd have a medical stand down where everyone has to get the shots, or to go to dental, or you know whatever, or like an admin standdown where you getting everything set up for training stuff like that. Which you didn't have very often in- in FAST but you were training majority of the time, every- every other week, or every two weeks you were going to the field and doing a range of some kind, or working on marksmanship, or whatever tactic you were working on at the time. (45:58) Interviewer: Okay what proportion of the unit had actually gone into a combat zone before? When I got there, there was only the platoon sergeants, the gunnies, and the first Sarge and the NCO, all that higher echelon officers and staff, NCOs there had all been to like Iraq and Afghanistan and then there were a few NCOs but the majority of the unit was just like me theythey joined after 2013 and they- they were as fresh as I was when it came to going to a combat zone. Interviewer: Okay alright and now at what point do you find out where you're going? We knew first, you know kind of, almost kind of the- the deployment prior knows where the next deployment’s going and so at first they were the, it's called the Black Sea rotation and it's where you have, your unit goes to, we had one unit, one company that went to Norway, one company goes to Romania, and then the other one goes to you Africa. And my unit was supposed to go to Africa or my company was and we had trained all year- all year long in 2016 and we were going through our culmination event just like in FAST where you get evaluated at a place where it's called Combined Arms out in Cal- Twentynine Palms, California. And it's like a- like a six to eight-week month exercise where you're working with tanks, and tracks, mortars, artillery, everything, even close air support and stuff like that. And right at the end of that was when General Kneller, our commander at the time got the word that they wanted to send 300 Marines back to Afghanistan to help trai- help train and advise. And we were the- the unit that was the most ready and I guess it was kind of cliché that 1/2was the last combat unit in Afghanistan in 2014 when the Marines left, and so it was kind of I guess cliché to be the first, you know, 1/2’s the first unit back to do any type of Marine operations there. (47:53) �Interviewer: So, we had army personnel over there… Yes. Interviewer: …still, but not Marines. Yep- yep- yep, the Army ran everything along with the- the OTAs and Rangers ran everything there as well. So, we, but the rest of our unit was just our company that was going, Bravo Company and Alpha Company of our unit were still going to Norway and Romania. Just that Romanian forces getting broken in half to help cover Africa as well. Interviewer: Okay. And as soon as we found out we were going there, everyone was trying to come to our unit. Everyone in the Marine Corps was trying to come because we were the first Marine Corps unit to go into comb- like at least go to a combat zone since 2014, unless you were MARSOC of some kind. And so, you had infantry guys from all over trying to- trying to get orders to come to our unit because in the infantry it's kind of a- a pride thing, you want to go do your job and so youyou want to go to war. Interviewer: So, you have morale at a high enough level you've got people who willing to go and take the dangerous assignments. Oh yeah, it's, I would say morale in the Marine Corps is at least in the infantry, you- you really aren’t anything until you've been to comb- until you've been to combat in the infantry. And so, you get guys that are- that are straight infantry men that are young and hungry and they want, I mean I- I remember one of the- the most ridiculous things in boot camp, me and my buddies were asking each other like you know, “why- why'd you join?” And I was like, “oh you know, kind of joined for college, stuff like that.” And this guys like, just straight up told me, was like “I just want to kill people.” And I was like, “joined a good place to do it. Glad you're doing it here and not the- not on the streets or anything like that,” but he, that's what he wanted, he wanted to be a machine gunner in- in the Marine Corps and do that and- and so you had guys like that, allall of our unit that they- they were all gung-ho about it, they wanted to go and they're excited to go and they were, you know I remember my- my platoon Sarge, he was in Marjah in 2010 and the push for Afghanistan. I remember him pulling out cigars and we were all smoke cigars because we found out we were going to Afghanistan and that was kind of like the- the best thing that could happen for us at that time, so. (49:47) Interviewer: Okay now did, what did they do to prepare you to go to Afghanistan? Right afterwards we got, we had to like, they kind of like described our mission, kind of got centralized for us, you know. At first, we were like, we didn't really know exactly what we were gonna go to do there. We didn’t know if we were doing combat operations, they only told us we were taking our company so we kind of had a hint that it wasn't gonna be like heavy combat operations cause you would take the entire battalion if you were gonna do something like that. And then it came down that we were doing, then we were gonna be security for an adviser package that was going there and so they immediately started shifting that towards kind of what I did in- in security forces which was you're security, you’re guarding, and you have to, you run post, you run the base, you have to guard personnel, and so they did rely, there was a lot of our security force guys were in my unit with me and they relied heavily on us to help train and kind of describe what you're going to have to do as a security Marine. And so we did big oper- we did a lot of ranges and- and fixed size security stock type of stuff, kind of stuff that we did in- in security forces and then we also trained with the advisor group a lot that was gonna be with us and they were all, I don't want to say there was any, well there might, there was probably only �two lieutenants and the rest of it was either a captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, Master Sergeant, gunnie, all- all very high ranking personnel that have a lot of experience in differentdifferent jobs in the Marine Corps, and they- they were all good people and we trained with them extensively beforehand. We did big operations in- in Camp Lejeune where we would take over a very, an area like the base we were gonna be taking over from the Army and- and running in, running operations, going through different scenarios, like an IED or a V bid trying to blow up, or- or entry control point, or sniper, stuff like that so. (51:34) Interviewer: Okay so how long did you spend training before you went? We got the word in November and then we left in April, so we had only about four months to train. Interviewer: Okay. But we- we still had the basics down, we- we had gone through ITR or Combined Arms and we had done all the training in the year prior, the training regimen that- that infantry has to go through. So, they knew all the basic- the basics it was just getting that kind of security mentality, you know you're not going to Afghanistan to hunt down the Taliban, you're going there to make sure the Taliban can't touch these advisors that are trying to help out so, and then we’d had extensive training with- with like green-on-blue attacks, you know a Afghan Taliban member infiltrating the Afghan Army, getting to the base, and then getting a weapon and trying to- to kill one of us, or- or another coalition member there. And so, we had a lot of training, that was our biggest threat in Afghanistan was that happening and the base we were, when we went to Leatherneck, I can save that story for when we get there. Interviewer: Okay, alright so you're doing this, so now is it 2015 that you go over? (52:38) Oh no this is 2016 with the training. Interviewer: Oh 2016, okay yeah. And then 2017, April 2017 is when we left. Interviewer: Alright. I was part of the advon package that was sent before our unit got there. Interviewer: Okay so you're an advanced party? Yes. Interviewer: Essentially, okay now how- what's the process for getting you out there? We flew, my unit, my guy, since we were the advanced party, we took a different route- a little bit different than they did. We went to, we drove to Washington DC and we flew out of DC to Germany and then Germany to Incirlik, Turkey, or the big- the big Air Force Base in Turkey. Interviewer: Yeah, Incirlik or… Incirlik, I don't how to say it but in southern Turkey there and then Turkey to Kuwait and then we spent about two weeks in Kuwait, just kind of getting acclimated to the desert and kind of finalizing everything with your gear and stuff like that and figuring out the timeline. And then we flew to Kabul, Afghanistan in Kandahar and we stayed a day there at the Kandahar Air Base and then from there we got- we got in Chinook helicopters and flew to Leatherneck in Helmand Province. Interviewer: Okay and describe Leatherneck as a base. It was really big and it was like a ghost town because the Afghans when they took it over they didn't upkeep the maintenance of it because they don't know how to and so you have these giant tents everywhere with just giant holes in them because the Afghans ripped into them to see what �was inside of it not knowing that they were like thousand dollar tents that were actually good for keeping them safe in the desert. But they, it was just, it was really rundown except for the portion that we controlled and then to our north about a half mile away there was an ODA base called Antonek that was just north of us, that an ODA team was embedded there with training, with the goal of training Special Forces type of infantry unit for the Afghans to have. And so, when we flew in it was, I didn't realize how small our portion of the base was. It was only about 500 byby 400 meters that our base was actually a part, that we controlled. The rest of it was all Afghan and they had their own checkpoints and everything around the entire base and they ran the security into the base as well. But we also had our own security to our portion of the base as well with cameras everywhere and stuff like that, so. (54:57) Interviewer: Okay and so what are the first couple days like there? First couple days were kind of getting acclimated to it. They- they took us around and showed us where everything was, they showed us where like the- the indirect fire bunkers were you know, this is the- the drill if you know we- we're getting over ran or VBID, it's the- it's the ECPs. They would go through the kind of those procedures, show you where everything was, the gym, chow hall, and kind of what the daily routine was, and then after about two days we kind of our- ourour highest-ranking, our Gunny was with us and he was starting to figure out, okay what platoon is going to take over which portion of the base, which one is gonna be base defense, which one is gonna be flight line security, which one is gonna be you know, the advising security and- and all these things. And figuring out that and then once he figured out where everyone was gonna go then he had leadership from each platoon that would then go talk to the Army and work with the Army and figure out how they run operations so that way when our unit got there we can immediately get them- get them acclimated, show them, kind of give ‘em a day or two to get- get used to everything and then you start doing the, what they call the RIP which is where you're sitting alongside the Army guy doing the same job you're gonna be doing for the next six months, so. Interviewer: Okay alright how long does it take for the rest of the unit to show up? I think we were only there for about four or five days when they finally got there and they- they came in on the flight line on a- on a giant C4 plane and they, yeah they loaded them all and then they came and- and it was immediately just got ‘em their sleeping quarters and then show them where everything is, they literally had a day or two to kinda acclimate and get used to everything and then we immediately started getting to our Army counterparts that we were gonna be working with for the next week to- to conduct this RIP, to- to- to change roles with them. (56:50) Interviewer: Okay and then how does that play out? That played out well, some of the Army was not very good, it would, it was an artillery unit that was guarding the base. Interviewer: Okay. It was not an infantry unit, it was- it was weird, and they had females there and some of them did not have the same mindset we did. We were all about like anything could happen at any time, they have obviously gotten a little complacent and kind of knew how things ran. I remember being outside, we always had to wear gear when we left the base, our full body armor and helmet and there was a helicopter pad next to the Base Antonek and a month prior an Afghan Army soldier that was actually Taliban took a machine gun and shot a bunch of Special Forces guys over there and they, none of them died thankfully but we saw the guard post where that guy was �at and this Army woman was just hanging out outside with no gear on, calling in this helicopter, and it was just kind of like a mind blown for me, I was like that's where the guy shot at everyone and you're sitting out here with nothing on, acting like nothing's wrong, and we're not in Afghanistan in Helmand Province, you're acting like we're you know in California right now. And so that was a little odd to see how they do things and we kind of changed the procedures up that we didn't like that the Army did that we thought we could improve, but overall went well with them they taught us everything that they had learned over the- the previous time that they were there, and they- they made a lot of improvements to the base and stuff like that but. (58:17) Interviewer: Okay and were you staying on the base while you're training, or do you go off base for anything? We would go off base, like we had one unit, one platoon was Flight Line Security and so they would go secure the flight line which would bring in supplies, and all that stuff and then my- my platoon at first was base defense and so we ran the helipad that was next to our- our base where we would get supplies and then personnel would come as well. And so we had to train securing that LZ and- and making sure the Afghans stayed off it and you know that process for controlling the helicopters and stuff like that with our- with our base defense operations and working with the air officer and working with all these moving components at the same time while also then your- you guard the base at night. And- and just running through those procedures of- of you know if someone's trying to come over the wall, you know if you're being surrounded, or you’re being you know a V bid hits the wall and then they're rushing in fighters’, stuff like that, you go through all those type of procedures as well with them and train with them and how they do things. And it's actually kind of odd, we only did, we only guarded the- the posts at night, we had a contracting company called Triple Canopy that had Ugandan Nationals that were our base that would- that would sit in our posts during the daytime and they would sit up there with a 240 machine gun and their AKs and they were our base defense turning the day. (59:40) Interviewer: Okay what- what impression did you have of those people? I enjoyed them a lot, they were really- they were really fun guys, they were, a lot of them, as- as bad it may sound, they, a lot of them were child soldiers from Africa. And they- they just did this job for a living because they made good money and they- they, a lot of them had combat experience fighting Boko Haram in- in Africa and they were like a lot of, they remind me a lot of infantry Marines because they wanted to do a job where they got to just- they got to defend and kill people and that's what they had said, they would tell us some crazy stories and that's what they were and it was- it was wild to, I mean they were good friends with us and we really enjoyed them but it was interesting to have that. We also had cameras and stuff throughout the entire day so and they had handlers too that were America that would, that were in control of them basically. Interviewer: Yeah. That were usually retired Rangers or Special Forces and kind of got into contracting. And those guys were awesome to work with and they did really well there, but we would still be in charge of base defense… Interviewer: Right. Throughout the day, we would have an officer in there, and we had massive cameras all around the base that could see for miles around the base, as well as automated 50 caliber machine guns around the base as well. We had three of them, one at each ECP and then one on one of our �southern corners that were remote controlled from our base defense area it was almost like it was just a big joystick and it was just, it was a 50 caliber machine gun that you could shoot from there. (1:01:05) Interviewer: Alright, well this tape is just about up, so we're gonna pause here and reload and rewind. Okay so we've gotten to the point in your story now where you- you've made it to your piece of Camp Leatherneck out in Afghanistan and Helmand Province and your, the rest of your unit has arrived, what kind of just physical accommodations did you have on that base? We had a gym, we had Wi-Fi, and they had a small USO there that just had like video games and TVs and stuff that you could use, and then the chow hall which was actually really good. I don't know what company exactly they contracted for, but it was- it was pretty good food there, we weren’t MRE- eating MREs unless we- we left our portion, called Shore Ave, for any extended period of time. There's like a basketball court there and stuff like that but beyond that, we had our own repair shop there as well for our vehicles. Interviewer: So how many Marines were based there? Just you guys or? It was just us, where there were some Air Force personnel that ran some of the flights there, there was a- a few Navy and some Army that were there but I would say overall I think there was probably only 400, probably 400 actual US service members there, 300 which of were Marines and there was a, quite a few number, probably another 50 to- to 60 contract, like civilian contractors. (1:02:33) Interviewer: Okay and then your Ugandan friends? Yeah, then we had the Ugandans there as well that- that they were probable- there was a whole, there was a platoon of them that was probably like 25 strong and they rotated the posts day and night 24/7. Interviewer: Alright and- and what kind of, what did you sleep in? We slept in these big case pans that had, we didn't have AC for the first two and a half months and then we got these massive square ones that had really made the place cold which was nice but the first- first two and a half months there it was- it was hot. Interviewer: Okay well are you in- in- in tents or containers or? Yeah, they were- they were like half, like half a silo kind of thing that stuck out of the ground. It was a metal, little metal half a cylinder that would, that had a door on each end and- and some windows and that was it, with electricity, so. And then there were racks inside of there that everyone lived on and then squad leaders inside of that, and platoon leadership like myself, they had plywood walls set up for like rooms and so the squad leaders would share a room and then our platoon’s Sarge and our platoon commander got their own room. Interviewer: Okay so were you a squad leader at this point? I was. (1:03:45) Interviewer: Okay, alright so your middle management basically? Yeah, I- I make sure everything happens is my job. Interviewer: Okay now once the people, once the rest of the unit shows up and you got these higher ranking people who are supposed to be the actual advisors or whatever, once they get there, now what are they doing and what are you doing? So at first I was- I was base defense and so what my job was- was at night I was part, I would �help the watch officer and at times I was a watch officer and we ran the base. We, anyone coming in or out of the base we made sure the posts were good, I would tour the post to make sure they were awake and alert and you know the weapon was, you know in good order and they had all batteries they needed for all their optics at night and stuff like that. We would monitor the cameras in- in- in the area as well and as well as the- the caliber machine guns that were around the base and then we were also in charge of the flights that would come in. The- the air operator with us would tell us when these flights were coming in and it was our job to make sure our- our guys were ready to go provide security and- and get whatever necessary, whether it’s a forklift or a truck to carry any cargo coming off of it that we needed. And we did that for about- about three months, no about probably about two and a half months and then all the platoons rotated, except for one. Interviewer: So, during that first phase did you have any kind of problems develop? Or interesting situations? Yeah, since we weren't allowed to patrol a General actually came and talked to us and told us the worst thing that would happen would be a Marine gets killed here and I'm like, we're infantry like I understand that that would be bad but at the same time it's like everyone here is, we're doing a job and so we weren't allowed to patrol the area around Leatherneck that was dealt to the Afghans and the Afghans didn't do that. And so probably every two weeks we would take a rocket attack of some kind from the north, they would shoot off rockets and then we would send our drones to go find them and if we found them we would blow them up but usually we just find the- the site and they would just launch rockets the- the alarm would go off and you run to thethe bunker and essentially hope that the rocket doesn't fall on you. Most of the time it always hit the Afghans and would either kill some of them or they would wound some of them. But other than that we would constantly get the threats that they're trying to put, bring a dump truck with high explosives onto the base and blow us all up, or they're trying to blow a hole in the wall and flood fighters in from you know, Afghan youth, they’ve been infiltrated stuff like that. Which never came to fruition, as much as we really wanted it to kind of come to fruition, gave- gave us something to do. But on the other flipside of that if you didn't have a whole lot to do that meant you were usually doing your job pretty well. (1:06:26) Interviewer: Yeah. Security. Interviewer: Yeah so what impression did you have of the Afghan military to the extent that you observed them? The extent that I observed them to that point, was they were- they were not great, they were not very good. They were, didn't have much discipline and were really just doing this job because there was really nothing else to do in the country. Some had some pride I could tell but a lot of them were just walk around and fling the riffle wherever or not even wear body armor of any kind when on, you know when- when controlling a checkpoint or something like that. And they were just, they just weren't very disciplined, and I mean they didn't have obviously the same type of training that we did. But it was, or just they didn't really seem like they wanted to be there. (1:07:11) Interviewer: Yeah, okay so the advisers you're guarding are they going out off the base and going to other places to work with the Afghans or? Yeah so on the base itself they had a- they had different types of schools set up with some of the Afghans or with our advisers, some were like mortarman, some were regular infantry guys, and �we- we ran some of their they’re called khandaqs, which is their units there, their infantry units, we run through them kind of like a- a sped-up boot camp in a sense. They would go through rifle training, how to use mortars, and different systems like that, and we would have units that would guard that area, some of our- one of our par- our sister unit platoons would guard them. And then they also had like logistics officers, and admin officers, and intelligence officers that they would go out to different portions around the base and would work with their counter- Afghan counter partners. Interviewer: Okay. Usually an officer and part of your job they called it Guardian Angel duty which is where you'reyou're guarding this- this officer that is protecting, you know is working with this- this- this other Afghan officer and your job is to make sure no one is trying to kill him or you know bust in the room with a gun to try and kill him, stuff like that. And I think- I, every day I mean I’d say we'd have almost 15 to 20 missions that would go out and different locations around the base, all over the base that would, some of them were carrying a- a lot of advisers, some of them would just be one or two advisors, stuff like that. (1:08:36) Interviewer: Okay, but a lot of that work is being done right there on the base because you've got all the Afghans right there. Yep, yes all the Afghans there, they have the infrastructure there that we left them, like maintenance base, stuff like that, and so that's, it's all there and so they would go around there and- and conduct those operations with them and- and work through them, try and work through the corruption that was there, or you know supply, stuff like that, so. Interviewer: Okay, so after the first two and a half months when you're doing base guard duty, what do you do after that? We rotated and how it worked was we had- we had four platoons, usually you only have three in a company, but we had four with some extra guys that we needed for the- for the mission. We rotated to Guardian Angel and then the Guardian Angel rotated to flightline security, and the flightline security rotated to base defense and then we had a, our fourth platoon was in Lashkargah which is the capital of Helmand Province at a police, small police base there with a group of advisers that would advise, that were advising the police and trying to maintain some kind of stability in- in the capital. And they were, they weren't too far away from us, it was probably like a 15-minute flight by helicopter. But Guardian Angel duty, we assume the roles and my personal job was I was a personal security detail to my colonel which his name’s Colonel Gross. I had another Marine with me and then his interpreter and he was the highest-ranking adviser to- to the general of the actual infantry unit that was at- at Leatherneck and he was a really good general and he really liked him a lot. And he was a- he was a really good non-corrupt general. Interviewer: Okay. That was trying to really fix Afghanistan and really try and make progress and- and he, I- I sat in because I was guarding him, a lot of their- their operation talks on doing different operations in the province, on pushing the Taliban out of certain districts to- to gain them back that we had once owned back in 2010 to 2014. (1:10:36) Interviewer: Okay alright now did they go out on any kind of- of operations with the Afghans or do they just stay on the base? We would just stay on the base sometimes we would go on, what- what is called Expeditionary �Adviser Package and basically what it was is, we sent a very small group of Marines, usually like 25 to 30 to specific locations to help out with either operations or help try and do what we were doing at Leatherneck which was fixing kind of the- the Khandaq, the- the infantry unit that was there. So, the big one that I went on was- was to Sangin Afghanistan and we were there for about a week, helping, I was guarding them but we were in a, right- right outside the riverbed there and we were on the base there trying to help fix basically this Khandaq that had been there for years and was just basically just decimated at this point. But we went other places around too like to Marjah, a place called Fiddler's Green in the middle of the province and just different areas where they would go to different districts and- and work on them. And then they also did run big operations to kick the Taliban out of certain districts and try and- try and hold them as best they could. (1:11:50) Interviewer: Alright did you have any sense yourself of how well things were going? Or if you were making any kind of progress? They did make a lot of progress; it was just the- the idea of whether or not in six to- to ten months whether they kept it. While we were there they conducted I mean like five or six operations where they kicked the Taliban out of certain districts like- like Nawa and- and Garmshir and all these other districts around us and- and that was relatively easy because now the Taliban had kind of figured out that, oh we just run away while the Americans are here, once that, it's just the Afghans and we can just kill them because they don't patrol, they don't have the discipline that the Americans have. And so they just wait till we leave or our presence isn't there as well and then they just go and attack ‘em again and so we accomplished a lot, I haven't heard a whole lot recently about what was kept but we did take a lot of districts there and did disrupt the- the flow of- of the fighting season by being there and- and helping them, in terms of like Sangin and Marjah I don't think we had much of an impact. When they saw us, they really were like happy to see us and I think they thought like it was gonna be like 2010-2011 again where we were bringing in thousands of Marines to systematically, you know take out the- the Taliban which we were not there to do. A lot of them were happy to see us but they were not happy with the fact that we brought maybe 20 or so guys. (1:13:20) Interviewer: Yeah. And not a whole lot of firepower with, other than drones and Apaches so. Interviewer: Okay so- so- so you did the base security, you did the Guardian Angel duty, and then did you rotate into other duties after that, or did you go back? No, we just switch, yeah we just switched back to base defense duty and we just rotated like that and it was- it was kind of a good mix. It got you, the- the base defense didn’t keep you on base the entire time so you get super complacent which was nice and then the Guardian Angel duty kind of kept you on your toes because you would be out with the Afghans and that's when really things would happen is if you were- if you were gonna be attacked it would have been when you were with an adviser and a Taliban member that disguised himself got a hold of a weapon somehow. Interviewer: Okay and did you unit have any incidents like that while you were there? No we got, we I mean we would constantly be getting intel from our- our human intelligence guys that were with us about them trying to do it and they would pick up- pick a little icon chatter which is the little- little telephones that they like to use there, about them trying to do it but we had- we had one big attack that wasn't us, but it was a base that was by Lashkargah where �it was four Af- Taliban put on just regular Afghan uniforms, walked onto an Afghan base andand blew up their mess hall and it- it killed like I think over 50 Afghan soldiers. And so I mean we knew it was a threat and- and I mean the- the March prior to us going there, I mean they had that attack on the- the base itself by Antonek where a soldier tried to kill the- the Special Forces guys there so we knew it was a threat, but we never really had any intimate issues with it. (1:14:57) Interviewer: Okay and did see much of the civilian population at all? Not really, there were none on base unless they worked for the government. When we were out in Sangin and Marjah we saw a little bit of the population and they would just go about their daily lives, I never interacted with them personally because we never left really the confines of our- our area there. But as far as I saw they went out- out daily life despite the fact that a war was still going on, I mean they would, women and children just walking around, walking with water, stuff like that. And they usually knew when to- when to hide when they heard gunfire and stuff like that coming off. Interviewer: Now when you were out there traveling around where IEDs a problem there or not? No, we flew in to everywhere we went and we didn't have, we had some vehicles with us that we would get from the Afghans they were like these little dingy Ford Ranger things that had no armor on them, that we would ride around in usually around there. And there were some stretches that they told us to avoid because the Afghans knew that there were IEDs on them, but the majority of it was we would be walking around on- on a actual Afghan base. So usually IIEDs weren't our big threat for us there because if they were there than someone else probably would have hit ‘em by now. Interviewer: Yeah, and you- you weren't doing road patrols and things like that? No, we weren't, yeah, we weren't- we weren't allowed to- to conventionally patrol like the Army was allowed to for whatever reason they were allowed to. To the south of us there's a base called Dwyer that they were at and we would get calls all the time about them hitting IEDs down there at our base defense and it was frustrating for some of us, it was like why does the Army get to patrol and we don't, we’re getting shot with rockets, they're not, it was just, it was an interesting political kind of concept. (1:16:40) Interviewer: Alright so how long was this total stay in Afghanistan then? April to October so about six/ seven months we were there. Interviewer: Alright, anything else stand out in your memory from that particular stay? When talking to some of the- the Afghan soldiers they would often, I mean they- they, a lot of them had learned English over time from- from us being there so long, they- they would ask about your family and I remember asking one guy about his family and he mentioned how when he's home, when- when he goes on leave and it's not fighting season he sees his brother there, his brother fights for the Taliban, but he fights for the Army. And when they're home, they're fine, they’re friends, you know they're brothers, but once fighting season kicks off his brother leaves to go fight and he is in the Army, and it was just an interesting complex almost, you know have a family where it's divided, that one fights for you know the Taliban and the other fights for the Army and you know, both fight against each other. Interviewer: Yeah. And it was interesting, it was also cool to have a lot of very high key figures come to our base, like we had General Dumfer come to our base, we had a German general that was in charge of all �of Operation Freedom’s Sentinel which was the operation that we were there with, that's the coalition force. And speaking with them it's kind of seeing their different points of view with Afghanistan and- and listening to the General and kind of see what the Afghan General there, what his actual, what he saw was the problem, he didn't see that the fight, he kinda, he understood that just pushing the Taliban out wouldn't work, you know just push ‘em out like this they were just always gonna come back. And he would always constantly complain a- about Pakistan and the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan is very free-flowing and what he always complained about was- was how in- in Afg- in Pakistan there the- the called Mujas thethe clergy there. Interviewer: Mullahs. Rad- yeah, radicalize the- the youth there and then in fight season they’re, you know get- get their weapons and stuff and hop the border to Afghanistan to fight and then unless you are able to stop that then the war in Afghanistan is probably never gonna end. And it was just kind of an interesting insight into… Interviewer: Yeah. As much progress as you wanted to make, you kinda in the back of your mind are just, can only do so much. You know I did my job there and that was the best I could do, so. (1:18:52) Interviewer: Okay, alright now when you come back to the States from that kind of situation does the- the Marines they do anything to kind of help reorient you to being, you know back in- in this end of the world? Or coming off a deployment like that or they just bring you back and leave you to your own devices? No we- we had some formal training afterwards kind of, you know- you know if you needed treatment of some kind for mental issues, if you had ‘em, or PTSD issues, which I don't- I don't know any of my guy- my buddies that have any issues there, we didn’t get shot at that much there. But I mean they had resources, stuff like that, but afterwards you- you have about a- a few months where it's kind of you're winding down and- and at that point everyone is starting to leave, it's whether you- you know like for me exam- my example was like I'm- I'm getting out and so I, but I still had close to a year left. Interviewer: Yeah. At that point, a little bit less and so for me it was I can't go to another unit cause I don't have time to deploy again with another unit so I will be stay in this unit, but I won't deploy, but I will train, help train the next group of people that you know are gonna come through and stuff. And it's- it’s kind of an interesting mixture you constantly have in an infantry, you have the guys that are going to deploy and are training their new Marines, and then you have guys that are essentially waiting their time to get out. They'll help train and they'll do different things for the unit, but they help. They- they- they just essentially sit there and- and basically wait their time. And so, at that point once we got back everyone's just kind of figuring out okay am I gonna reenlist? You know, for like my- my platoon Sargeant and- and officer which have longer contracts and they’re obviously some of them were lifers, they were figuring out what unit they’re gonna go to next. And my o- and my- my lieutenant was, got orders to go be a- a platoon commander down at Parris Island and stuff like that. And so, you get guys, everyone's doing different things at this time, and old all you're also still getting, you're getting new- new- new Marines from Infantry School. Interviewer: Sure. �That you're gonna start, you gotta start building up and we trained them initially, we went on some ranges and some- some field ops with them but then eventually we started getting the NCOs that were gonna be going on the next deployment and stuff like that. And then essentially hand off the reins, being like here this is your platoon now, this is your squad now, you need to train with them because I'm leaving in eight months. Does me no good for them to get used to my leadership style and how I operate when I'm not going on the deployment with them, and so. Interviewer: Okay. Some of it’s just sitting around, I mean you kind of do your own thing and you- you do your own device which is nice too because it kind of lets you get to your transition. Interviewer: Okay. It kind of lets you set up things. (1:21:29) Interviewer: Now at some point in- in your- your time there you wind up in Ukraine, don't you? Yeah so that was back in Rota, Spain. Interviewer: Okay. We, part of an operation there was, what was it called? It's basically, it's a- it's an annual operation with Ukrainia, with Ukraine and Moldova in central Ukraine, we were essentially a big training operation and we were training them and it was kind of big deal because it was- it was recently after Putin had invaded Crimea and a lot of the Ukrainian Marines that we were working with there were, right before they, right after us they were going to Crimea to fight the- the Russian separatists and they had veterans there that were, that fought there before and told us how the Russians operated. And working with them for a few weeks was really awesome, I, it was cool to kind of, it was interesting to see them having to go fight someone that was as powerful as the US and their military is a complete mess, I mean it's not as bad as the Afghans but it's not much better. And seeing them try and go fight a superpower was- was insane and kind of like the courage that they, that those Marines had because knowing that a lot of them were probably gonna get killed because the- the Russians were essentially supplying these, Ru- you know separatists and I, still convinced they use unmarked soldiers but. (1:22:46) Interviewer: Oh, but that- that- that seems pretty likely… Yeah. Interviewer: Given the- the full range of available evidence but it… they do seem to limit how far they go or- or what they do if you look at the size of Ukraine as a whole it’s still, but yeah, they're still invading somebody else's country. Yeah, I remember yeah I was talking to one Marine and he was, when we- when we would ask him about Crimea he would start crying because his family was there and he couldn't go visit them, if he went and visited his family, he would get killed and then they would kill his family. And so, you know, it was a you know it was extremely personal for- for people like that that live there. And- and talking with like their- their- their EOD techs there was interesting because thethe Russians did, at least they would tell us did some really crazy stuff to them, like put, they put stakes in a field there, and they would run, they would put grenades and they would run fishing line on them and then the- the fishing line would hold the spoon of the grenade, and they pull the pin. As soon as you walk over and you hit the line, it’s clear fishing line you don't see it, soon as you notice it- it falls off the spoon and falls- and the spoon falls out and the grenade explodes. They- they showed us this, how it worked, and it was pretty effective, and it was kind of- kind of �crazy to see like a conventional military using very insurgency type tactics to attack and- and stuff. So, it was- it was interesting, and it was- it was a really good learning experience for me and kind of opened my view of the world up and how crazy it can be, so. (1:24:10) Interviewer: Alright so we've got, in the meantime so you're basically back at- at Camp Lejeune at this point and…. Yes. Interviewer: Yeah and- and just kind of waiting… Waiting my time yeah, I yeah, I would help training then once the NCOs got there that picked up for- for where I was gonna leave ‘em. They went on their training route and I essentially just made sure that I was accounted for every day, and did my process for checking out of the Marine Corps and made sure I set myself up for success by getting a job or going to school, stuff like that. Interviewer: Alright now how long did you actually enlisted for? Eight years, so you do, I- usually it’s four and four so you do four active and then four in the inactive reserve. Interviewer: Okay. Or you can do Reserve Component if you want to, but mine since I did five, mine was five and three. Interviewer: Okay. So technically right now I'm still part of the inactive reserve, but they as long as you, I mean if you're going to school or you're doing whatever you want you don't have to do anything for them, they don't, you're basically just if World War three kicks off and we need everyone you're getting called up… (1:25:10) Interviewer: Alright, now why did you, now did you assume when you went in you were just gonna do the one hitch and then that would be it? Or did you consider staying longer? I considered, after training the Ukrainians in Vietnam I kind of, or not Vietnam, Ukraine I had a lot of I guess motivation to kind of maybe do it- maybe do another enlistment but after- after the enlist- after being in Afghanistan and kind of getting back and- and some of us weren't treated so well by our unit afterwards, it kind of reminded me that, yeah the Marine Corps will still find its way to- to mess you over. And so I decided I was like I did my time, I got what I wanted out of it, you know I decided I was ready to go back to school and I think I had the motivation and thethe right mindset to go to college and- and actually pass verses going right outta high school and possibly just flunking out. And I mean you can't really beat the GI Bill which is a nice incentive to going. Interviewer: Alright so when do you actually get out? I got out, I actually ended up getting out before my actual date because Hurricane Florence hit in September of 2018 and so I was supposed to get out the 16th, but the hurricane was supposed to hit like the 13th or 12th or something like that. So, I ended up actually getting out about a week prior, and they were pushing people out to get ‘em out before the storm hit. And so that's why I got out and immediately just tried to get out of Dodge because everyone was evacuating and so I was just flying through North Carolina and West Virginia to get home. (1:26:40) Interviewer: Alright and then what did you do once you got back home? �I immediately, I- I moved in with my parents, I didn’t have that much stuff, but so I just stayed with them, stayed with them for about a month, and then I got my own place in downtown Grand Rapids. I got a job with Loomis Armored in Comstock Park. And then I decided- I decided that in January I was gonna go back to school and the- the summer prior to that, summer 2018 I came home for leave and actually went to school- toured colleges and stuff like that. Interviewer: Okay. Figure out where I was gonna go, and I decided on Grand Valley and they actually offered me to come here in September, I would have started really late and they said they could work around that somehow, but I wanted the time to kind of decompress. Interviewer: Yep. And- and you know transition a little bit and just work and kind of just enjoy- enjoy the freedom that I, you know I kind of being able to do what I want, when I want now. But yeah and then in January I started school. Interviewer: Alright now what are you majoring in? Right now management information systems is what I'm doing. (1:27:44) Interviewer: Okay and- and you bravely signed up for an upper-level history course your first semester. I did, I actually, when I signed up for it the person that was- my advisor that was helping me was asking me like, “are you sure you want to take that?” It was History of Warfare”, I was like, “I was just in the Marine Corps, like this is right up my alley, what do you mean?” And she was like “you're- it's not gonna be easy.” And I was like, “well it’s college, right.” And yeah and then getting in the class, it- with you speaking about it in the beginning I kind of knew I was, a little bit tougher than I was expecting but I think overall it helped me out a lot, kind of getting into college. Interviewer: It was academic boot camp. Yeah, yeah it's getting into it and kind of being able to write bigger papers that I'm gonna have to do later on and kind of, versus like writing 150 which is you know three five-page papers I was writin’ those while I was writing the- the 17 pages for this class, I was just like these are nothing. Interviewer: Yeah okay so, I guess now do you, you- you said- talked a little bit about that already, what do you think overall you sort of took out of the Marine Corps experience? I think just a sense of purpose in life and kind of a- a- a view of life that- that it's not really a, every day’s not a given type of thing, because you see around the world all over how quickly and how bad things can be very quickly and it kind of makes you, you know appreciate everything you have in America where you don't have to worry about a constant war you know or anything like that. It just gave me a sense of purpose and I think really kind of drives me to- to want to graduate and stuff like that. And kind of just, you know always be striving for something better and you know in the Marine Corps you're always working towards your next promotion, or you're always trained to- to, you know perfect, or you know, so you can't get something wrong and I kind of take that to my daily life where every day you kind of try to improve in some- some aspect of your life every day whether it's just simply working out or you're doing school or someyou know working, school, or something like that… (1:29:36) Interviewer: Do you still see much of the people who were your friends before you left? Or have they all gone off in different directions now? �A few, I think that's- that is also one thing that I did enjoy about the Marine Corps is that it really did show me who my true friends coming out of high school were, because when you're gone, there's only so many people that really want to reach out to you and actually care about you. And I have a core group of friends here, about five or six friends that I played rugby with and was very close to in high school and they kept tabs on me while I was gone and even would send me stuff when I was deployed and wrote me in boot camp and stuff like that. And- and I'm still friends with them and they're still around here, a lot of them graduated now and are doing, are working and stuff like that, but a majority of the people that I knew in high school I've never heard of from again and don't really care to. Interviewer: That can be true- true for a lot of us, I guess. Do you find there is sort of a gap between you and them in the sense you've gone and done all of this stuff or do they, did you, do they know enough about what you did that that gap isn't so big? I've told them a lot about things and stuff I've experienced throughout my entire time and I talked to them throughout the time too so they’ve kind of seen me evolve over- over the time too as well. But I- I don't think there's a huge gap, I think they, if I were to sit down and like have a conversation with a Marine and them there's a very distinct difference in what we would joke about, what we would talk about, and you know things like that, but I don't feel like I can't relate to them in any way, I mean I still feel like a normal, you know 23 year old just like they’re a normal 23 or 24 year old. (1:31:07) Interviewer: Yeah, I think speaking as your professor you seem to be highly functional. Yeah. Interviewer: So, yeah, no, okay look this is- this is a very good story and you tell it well, so just thank you very much for taking the time to share it. Thank you. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Mapes-PearsonM2304V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mapes-Pearson, Matthias Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-04 Title A name given to the resource Mapes-Pearson, Matthias (Interview transcript and video), 2019 Description An account of the resource Mathias Mapes-Pearson was born on July 16, 1995 in Burlington, Vermont, but grew up in Rockford, Michigan. He immediately enlisted in the Marine Corps after high school. After basic, he went to Infantry School and then Basic Security Guard School. For his first deployment, he was flown to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, later serving in Spain and Ukraine. He was deployed to Afghanistan in 2016. After two and a half months of guard duty, his platoon rotated to Guardian Angel duty in Lashkar Gah, the capital of the province, to advise the local police, maintain civil order, and work to push Taliban forces out of the area. He believed that the American military made significant strides to better and pacify the region, but that the long-term stability of the region depended upon the continued presence of American forces and discipline. Mapes-Pearson was in Afghanistan for six months before opting to help train the replacements for his platoon back in the United States for his last year of service. He left the service in September of 2018 and flew back to Michigan where he moved to Grand Rapids and began work for Loomis Armored transport services. He then attended GVSU, majoring in management information systems. Mapes-Pearson believed that his service gave him a sense of purpose in life and appreciation for his fortunate life in the US. It also helped him realize who his true, core group of friends was. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Iraq War, 2003-2011—Personal narratives, American Afghan War, 2001-2021—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eb06702526118a2b229fc91d76f4699d.pdf a9262d941e349006fd7cba2ac79f8fc1 PDF Text Text 11 .,-'.Termaat ~730 Westlane Drive N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan k9505 25 Februari ·1987. Basto vrienden , De politiok~ situatie in Alkmaar voor de oorlo~ ~&1' een verw.flrd en verdeeld boold • !Sr.ezien V.tln de !'-qr~erij , waren er in '!l')>r.eentedienst een u.!ltal led.on of geheime leden v,n de N.S.B. l')ll /,rnold M"yer's nationaal Front. (;nier hen bevond.en zic:i li. alravo:n Co~ssiris va.-i Politi~ , V!l'l'l misrlevelt Inspectour van folitie en de a.~btensron FRber, J~n fl~s, Ei v,n den .• euvel en as els • ~·roe~ in de beztti~ or1tvinr, ik het eerste nu"'f'Tlcr v.m Vrij ?Je:!el"l111n<l anoniem por post, en ver~en1gvuldi~1'3 dat. '\,. .iet werd door r,ij o.a. a4n ~as els en · 1as n~n~eboden. Do re,ctie van do eerst~ , zoals ik d eerder heb P"esc11reven l'3tt~rlijk : Zo moesten eon fuik zetton voor de :iervorm~ l'm de Gerefor"lieerde Kerken ä.an -ws.s het wol uit Met dat (sorry) vordorrrle verzet • Fbs sloot zie:i hierbij a.a.n • '.adien ·kon ik door·~a~n n:~t het. copieren v,n Vrij 'e-:J9rh.nd door nedewarkinri: vsn d<3 concîer;,-e C. V~l''l ""J!'rl~nt die mij "s avonds binnnn liot. Van dan 'euv~l , ~las an ~els Ma.akten zich verdienstolijk bij de bezott~r door rnonsP-n te dwin~en te uaan werk~n op het vlie~veld Berren. De eerste twoo worden beloond o.a. met het gebruik v~n een auto en benzine bonnen van het JUitsc~e le~er • •~erkw!lardir- dnt die auto en benzino e13n zonderlijke wondin~ n.•ur: • Je ,.S.l ,. hie1-:l op eon ?'Or:-~von darr een de"l!onstr "tie voor het Stadhuis in de Lan!".estraat te Alkmaar. Na de 't4,ospraken gingen do rechteramen om.~oorr en werd er iets r:ezonpen. · Vanaf da ho~e stenen brwç naderde oen-auto met jonillge mensen , ·bestuurd door een zoon van V4n don Heuvel zon-:ler rijbewijs, welke pardoes inreed op do e-roep r;.s.D.ers • Arrestaties volgden en toen bleek dnt het hier eon Duitso~e auto welke benzine rebru.ikte van ne Duitsche le~er instantios, werd deze"diefstel" r,estraft mot de arrestatie va.n Ed vande11 Heuvel, die daardoor in een_ concentr11tiekamp terec:it kwam, w&ar hij ovorlead • Plas ~dst zich dasrbuit~n te houden. Van den Heuvel en Plas r:aven aan de Gestapo do namen door van man't'lAn die door hen Favaarlijk warden ~eacht voor de Duitsc:ie bez~tt~. Zij behoorden tot die groep welke de Februari stakin~ in 1911 or~anL seerde. De Inspecteur van }:aarlevelt mankte zich daarna verdienstelijk door deze mensen uit hun wonimen te ranselen naär de overvalwa~ens. Gaan heoft het overleefd • :e;;sen als Joh,m Korver on Ioin K°lasin": en vele andoren werden slachtoffers. 1:adat het fetij voor de P.s.B •. 'a~ "'ationul Fron't berron te verlopen gaf de opric~til'llI van de B.S. op 5 Serte~bor 1911 Jan Flns aanloidinovoor eon soort macht~reep, niet in het Minst o~ zijn verloden to'verbargen. rlij koesterde een abnormale haat teren W!lt·de O.D. had biji:redragen • "a V~ Day hadden 1,.'1.j eon fotoreportao-e irw:oric~t in de l-1n)f'estraat hook :. ui~brouwerstr~ut • c" a. w11s daarin opç,-eno-:rion e~n foto van het lijk van i.annie Schaft Met een kleine schot"-"OJ'.lri in haar slaap • Jan Flits vérwijderde die foto • z.o.z. , ,.•. . �. De overste Gonlag gaf Mr.5urlage en mij de cp1r~cht or, rapport ui~ te bre'1.~en OYAr de omstandigheden waiironder eeb lid vnn de B.s. was r.esneuvclà. îocn ~-:i.j zijn persoonlijke bezittingen na~inren, zat 2.ijl1 rortc:rmi11,:- vol m0t foto's van hem temidden r.:roepen Duitsche sol.:1:1-:.e:~ • ~· cor was het J.:in Fl11.s die deze foto's wernr.m • (',,.-1cr d: i....,r.ri,rntur van Jn.n Plas en tevens <ie na.11m VRn de Stichting 191 0/1 ·; b ~isbruikon , wer;'l 38· j1.1ren n1.1 de oor]o"' eon boekj~ uit_ ;:-:e::-0v11:~ :.i-::t bcruc11t '\-Tl?r.1 ,foor het l-:eq}.-ton van zovel9 n1.1men van vor~ie~sto7 ij :,c v .c:rz.cts:"le:1s"1"\ P-'1 vordr~ .,ir.,.. on "-•C," '"latinr: van feiten • .J 3.:, : 7 -.~ ,,-ls t br:tor •r:H'!' 1,".}rsc':1rncf rie r-i,sc'.1iorl nis voor politieko rP:1cn:.•n , ri'.'. ']'.:. t j,:, '"ll)~stn c-Atuir:m1 wr.ren over11:'drm • :t!0 ir-~~~2.~.' :tur 1-:'[1S cr;!J sc""!..., '1:1f'.1. l'-1 is or:::-lo ,..,:~ lv~zr•tti'1- r.i~t. n~r 11 'icc i'lc,i o!' nv,.,.,,t~ l,li')ro ""!'?:1 bP.h.'.lve ;is :ic~~nt1:v ;is t~r,v l-:on]~ in y;e,'.'.!n ti"'!':' Il ?,r:,o s~'.,re')f r~~"rn1 Sir c1 0',·1 :.,.c'~r::tt • In 19'•:; 1-: :is i'.-: ,~r:>1Jr d,.,_ ?m•-P'.')'}1'.!Sbn· v:,-, i-lb::i"'.r uit,...on0-.--Jir-i o~ els V'Jcr-;:-.,li - v~rz~tsstrij·hr d'J l O_jnri"e :1rird,nl:i•r bij tn "'on~n !tlS zijn .~ ast • :· !; in :;€' 1 lr:-·~:-cr 1?21 in :ïj-r:~- en te ieb~en d<é>~l : -- cno'T'r>!1 l'l"!'l 1e bi)·v-ri,:i·:i•r s•101".:>m1:iri~ in è.ic st-;-:1 , W'J s :r.ijn ou·h woonpl:1,its 11an :-!'ote trr::~·r-•l'}iStP.r • û: c:1t~0stti:: bij die hordcnkin~ in :\lkm,,•n· we~r de r':n:i toin r,1sters destijds tOP.;::-evoc:_,;d a:in do First Cl(füfl(I:::anlldi:rn :\rmy , :·.:::irinus :.1~rbus , a.1!!.n Groet , ,' ri~ Vtl"l den Eur7 an ::nvrou,,_. de ~,onr , '\-.'O':lm..·o van Dirk r:iA '\"()~:-- ·;n..,r ".1 :·•-=)n ~·,.~ n0r"\'..":;• nsc~ott:?n • :..}: r"'l,: èo;;l aan een 'i"; intorvieu"' on woorida de h-~'1S1!:lc-r·inc- bij op de ~r:iven v:m do tm,,, ~nerlsche vliecrers op de r l";r:?!"l<.:me Be""raafplat1.t~ door a~ r;url!c".".oestt1rs van fl lhllnr en va.11 hn11r zusterstad ?,at~ in sn~ola~d • , :ijn broer en zijn vrouw en mijn zoo:-i en ik w~ron de nnip-en die de nooit8 hn~d,;n r-Ano:"len na:,;r-bij ter-~nvoor:ii~ t~ zijn. Voor ik ec'.1tl:!r r, lkm:ur wirliet had I l.qs no:,,- ..:et t.~ ze,...,,.en • ;·'oton:fo r.at ik ½P-'!! al in 19l O 0'1 19L'l had r--esir--nP.lA1:rd , viel hij mij bijnellià.C?:,elijk R-'in o.a. over de r:lo011 v,1n m'rrncientj'3 11 • Dit ·w1s in feit') '10 ,'.";r.,!';bro srionne ?r!!~Sjq ,fo '•'unk • :!ij --=-ciro-3,,. zie~ alsof liij di:i Stic'ltinr, 191 O/l '5 Kis on denr-J ::1e-'lP,dclin~en zoo vij~~~i~ en ~at8lijk dat duidelijk bleek dat hij tot allos in stn-'.lt l-:1 s , voornl to':!n ik h'31'1 herinn13rdFJ a'l.n zijn sl.'lc~toff'ers v,1.n 0 19l 0/ l 1 • \, cl ontv-'i~"''Jl!J'! o~ze h,irte}j jk rror.:itP,YJ rm best11 WP,nc;rm. • L3. .1 t el)ns v0tcn over cl~ y:J innnn voor eer. br.:ite!'0 r,utilil.:'ltie r111n fl -'.l.s 1 bo'3kj0. \ls <Jr vr~~rm zij~ o:-n ~111'?s te- ·coor 'lin'3r'3n , l'lat 1 het mij d:t"". w1-1t11~ • Je;1 .ieer e!l. :,8vrouw :;.!; •. ,,rbus • �Piet en Jannie Termaat 1730 Wastlane Drive N.E., Gra.m Rapids , r:ic~ifan l!9505 27 Januari 1987 Beste wienden, U'll te beginnen met _typefouten maakt geen erg goede indruk; r;ecf or da stijve vinr.-ers maar de schuld 11an. Cm maar met de deur in huis te VAllen, hier is dan een varvolr op mjn brief van 6 Januari j.l. ~n~esloten heb ik het vol~endP-: een afsc11rift vnn mijn brief aan Vevrouw Feld van vandaaic ; e8', hoofdartikel uit Trouw van 30 CctobP.r 19L·3 ; een artikel uit het :Jieuws val'l den d:i!; V!!n 2 J:mugri 191 1 "" rr.8t enn korte notmtie van 1939 vr.n Dr.cif>. Brouwer; een afs~~rift van een ~uitsche inst~ntin vavi Juli 19~0 ovor Dr.Colijn en hêt deolneman van NS3-ers a,m rlo inva1 in '~erierland een afschrift van de oproep om in1ichti'rren i"1 hot :Ioordhollandsch Ja-:-bhd van 17 Juni 19u omtrent ?"ransje 1fo ~'. unk ( zij W'lS de s\i0~ die voor de Gestapo werkte en nij vorri'Xl : ;çn afsc~1!'ift V'ln 'r.ijn ontslacr O!'.' VP.rzoet~ V."1'1 28 >lei 19L5 , getekend door de kapit•ün Luris ; een afsci~rift VR.n een brief van r.~evrouw Vorsc~ure , een P.:einterneerde !JSB-st"3r a11n mijn vader ter i,elagonheid van zijn verjaardar in l9L:6 ; een afschrift van zuster Slvira vn::-i ,et St. Slis<?bet~ Ziekf:\nhuis in /, 1k:r:aar , ter rele;;ren~eid v11'1 de s1 ui tinr; van het internerin1:sk1lll1p aa.~ de Westerwer te fl.lkmaar, gericht aan mijn vader. Zoals ik al aan Eevrouw Feld schreef, heb ik eon onderhoud ~ehad mot Gerrit van Slinpeland nadnt 5urp.er.i"}estor van Kinschot in be;dn 191;2 was ontsla.f"en ~ van S. werd toen loco-bur;:,_-emeester maar weigerde or,1 dio positie op principale redenen te verlaten • In dat zelfde voorjaar werd er twoo maal eon k~be1 ~es4boteerd welke naar het door de Duitschers bezette vlieP'veld Berc;,;1m leidde • Jat voorjaar , toen ik >nijn ontsla'< n!lm v;in het G.fl.B., en ik een telefoon drin~end noii~ had ook al voor het verzet, heb ik een gesprek gehad met de plaatselijke leidinr van de telefoondienst. Er waren wel toestellen aanwezirr in het ma~azij~ ma11r in het geheel ~een kabel. hls ik voor k8bel kon zorren zouden zij hem wel aansluiten. Binnen enkele da'"'en kon ik de hand lerrP-en op onl!eVe'3r ~ meter Duitsc,e kabel , vim zo'n kw~.!titeit dat de F.T.T~ m~;,sen dio hem kwl'l:nmn aa.nslui te11 zeiden : "da 'lr kun je wei 5 dozijn toestellon op aansluiten 11 • Wij woon:icn toen in l1ct huis Sorfstr•rnt 28 ( later 'Tieen ik vernu.~ard ) en har:lden o:1ze telefoon • Zo!ils ~cT.eln heb ik sinds Jir1u:tri 1931.1 tot Juni 19l 1 als collar"a. Sa."l'len·•ewerl:t met Jan 1tlas • ~iet WA s in hat R-lr::e"'leen eAn f"O&'.le verhoudinf , bohalve al~tot poli tiok kwa~ • Jlm beschom::le het ac:,teraenvol<?ens aan do macht ko~o11 van Sa.lazar , ;;ussolini, Hitlar en Fra..'YlcO , .als eon t'3kon dR.t het rijk va.n K~rel V wel e'3:'1S kon worden hersteld • :iij werkte samen n:et l:llebrants va.n het C. ri. B. om Salazar' s b0ek: 11 Jo corporatieve sta-'lt" an, de man te bren<;en. i,al, ontvan~ onze hartelijk~ ~roeten en boste we~s~n. Hoop binnnekort te vervoleen • hls er eni~e vra.ren zijn dia ik welJicht zou ku."'lne!l beantwoorden zal ik die ,;ras,,. o!'ltv11n;r,An. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_DOC_1987-02-25_Marbus-letter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marbus, M. A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-02-25 Title A name given to the resource Letters from M. A. Marbus Description An account of the resource Two letters from M. A. Marbus to Pieter and Adriana Termaat relating to the political and social conditions in the Netherlands before and during World War II. In Dutch. Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource nl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f7c5d6b09b92734763acfae0b1d94b2f.pdf 574f1009b3be07071ac0baac5bc389c4 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mammotrectus super Bibliam [folium 49] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_049Marchesinus1494 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marchesinus, Johannes Description An account of the resource One leaf of Mammotrectus super Bibliam by Johannes Marchesinus. Printed in Strassburg by Martin Flach in 1494. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW M20810; ISTC im00253000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Martin Flach Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1494 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e1000c13372154944e59664939bdcd7f.pdf a615e98455b8dbf086129c9d1b2ba046 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mammotrectus super Bibliam [folium 142] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_142Marchesinus1472 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marchesinus, Johannes Description An account of the resource One leaf from Mammotrectus super Bibliam by Johannes Marchesinus. Printed in Strassburg by the Printer of Henricus Ariminesis (Georg Reyser) circa 1472. Illustrated with red rubricated initals. [GW M20806; ISTC im00234000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Strassburg: Printer of Henricus Ariminesis (Georg Reyser) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1472 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c1a566a4f1a9fa033e407439b0654c0c.pdf 3d77cdd369399bc951053cf7cc7a022e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-06-02_MarekHaley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marek, Haley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-06-02 Title A name given to the resource Haley Marek Journal Description An account of the resource Journal of GVSU student Haley Marek's experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8631ef5b931871ef8a5a349ffbf390fa.jpg 0d917928ae8d5f05d88d4e0667930627 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PR119.R4 1907 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0322 Title A name given to the resource Love Affairs of Literary Men Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Margaret Armstrong (Designer) Description An account of the resource Binding of Love Affairs of Literary Men, by Myrtle Reed, published by The Knickerbocker Press, 1907. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/00882e552b324589c85a9e4783bf93c3.pdf 8d607978727929f10add354343ddaff7 PDF Text Text PLANNING & ZONING CENTER, INC. President Mark A. Wyckoff, FAICP Editor, Planning & Zoning News Training, Consulting and Other Community Planning and Zoning Services [F::i fh~ 715 N. Cedar Street • Lansing , Ml 48906-5206 (517) 866-0555 • Fax: (517) 886-0564 E-mail: wyckoff@pzcenter.com . _, -., .,,._ I- :. _ _ , , . ~ . , 1..-, , . THE LEEL AU GENE ,--· PL POLICY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING GROWTH ON THE LEELANAU PENINSULA �■ ■ ■ ■ I I LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN PROJECT STAFF Timothy J. Dolehanty County Planning Director Duane C. Beard County Administrator Trudy J. Galla Assistant Planner Pat Stratton Administrative Secretary Karen J. Gleason Planning Department Secretary I I •I LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE STAFF Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. 302 S. Waverly Road Lansing, MI 48917 (517) 886-0555 (517) 886-0564 FAX I I II II Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP, President Mark Eidelson, AICP, Senior Planner Brenda Moore, AICP, Community Planner Tim McCauley, Community Planner John Warbach, Ph.D., Research Associate Carolyn A. Freebury, Administrative Support Kelley Gettle, Support Specialist The Leelanau General Plan Project Staff �I • • • • • • LEELANAU COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS Robert S. Weaver Vice Chairman Gerald N. Henshaw Chairman Leonard Olson Joseph F. Brzezinski Robert R. Sutherland LEELANAU COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION Daniel Heinz Chairman Bruce Ettinger Vice Chairperson Barbara Cruden David Coville John Dozier John Taylor Michael Jasinski Steve Kalchik Richard N. Stein Margot Power Lawrence Verdier LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE Gerald N. Henshaw Chairman John Avis Gary Bardenhagen JoAnne Beare Jack Burton Stephen Chambers Lois Cole Thomas Coleman Barbara Collins Shirley Cucchi Catherine J. Cunningham Walter Daniels Judy Egeler Randy Emeott Kathy Feys Kathleen B. Firestone Mary Frank Gary Fredrickson James Frey Paul Gardner Alex Garvin John Hardy Max Hart Carl Headland Beverly Heinz Dan Hubbell Richard Hufford Kalin Johnson Linda Johnson Colleen Kalchik Edward Kazenko Ray Kimpel Kay Kingery Stu Kogge Stan Kouchnerkavich Fred Lanham Jr . Elizabeth Lafferty-Esch Don Lewis Dana Hoyle Maclellan Douglas Manning Larry Mawby John McGettrick Ann Marie Mitchell Jack Mobley Dave Monstrey John Naymick Mary Newman Karen Nielsen Glen Noonan Richard Pleva Margot Power Robert Price Larry Price Ed Reinsch George Rosinski Richard Sander Charlene Schlueter Kimberly Schopieray Chris Shafer Ruth Shaffran Thomas Shimek Derith Smith Dennis Stavros Harry Stryker Mitsume Takayama John VanRaalte Tom VanZoeren David Viskochil Midge Werner Ben Whitfield Ruth Wilber Dick Wilson 5/94 �l • • • • • • • • LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN A Cooperative Project of Sixteen Local Governments Prepared by: Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP Mark A. Eidelson, AICP Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. In Cooperation with: Timothy J. Delehanty, Planning Director Duane C. Beard, County Administrator Trudy J. Galla, Assistant Planner and Policy Guidance / Oversight from: General Plan Steering Committee Leelanau County Planning Commission Leelanau County Board of Commissioners July 11, 1994 �• • • THE LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN Police Guidelines for Future Growth on the Leelanau Peninsula TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Introduction ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . Process Used to Develop the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Relationship to Local Planning and Other County Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Credit on Organization of the Plan and Initial Creative Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii General Plan Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Principal Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Citizen Benefits of the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Organization of the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Principal Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v11 Part One: Peninsular View Chapter 1: Intergovernmental Cooperation and Regional Policy Guideline: Intergovernmental Cooperation The Intergovernmental Context . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues of Greater than Local Concern . . . . . . . . lnterjurisdictional Coordination Ethic . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-3 Chapter 2: Preservation of Peninsula Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Guideline: Preservation of Peninsula Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of Peninsula Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Major Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Character Ethic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Strategy to Protect Visual Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-5 2-8 2-8 Chapter 3: Working with Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Guideline: Working with Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stewardship Ethic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental Protection Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-2 3-4 Chapter 4: Balanced Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Guideline: Balanced Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Context for Balanced Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balanced Growth Ethic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balanced Growth Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-4 The Leelanau General Plan Context .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . Table of Contents Page 1 �Chapter 5: Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . 5-1 Policy Guideline: Managed Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Growth Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Community Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 TOR and PDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 P.A. 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 Village and Rural Service Districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Capital Improvements Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Official Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Linked Open Space System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Impact Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Model Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Open Space Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 GIS and Data Support from the County Planning Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Leelanau General Plan Decision Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 O Future Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 Policies Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 Transportation Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 Part Two: Functional View Chapter 6: Natural Resources and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Groundwater Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodlands and Hillsides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitive Natural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Farmland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Framework for Future Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Policies and Action Statements . . . 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-9 Chapter 7: Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Road Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Level of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Framework for Future Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation Policies and Action Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-3 7-5 7-7 Chapter 8: Public Facilities and Physical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sewage Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stormwater Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8~ 1 8-1 8-1 8-4 8-4 Table of Contents Page 2 The Leelanau General Plan �8-5 8-5 8-6 8-6 8-7 8-7 8-9 Emergency Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Administrative Facilities ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recreation Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Library Facilities ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Framework for Future Policy . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Facilities and Physical Services Policies and Action Statements . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9: Non-Municipal Public Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction ....... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues ... ... ... . .. .. . . . .... . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . . . ... . Gas Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . Telephone Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radio Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Framework for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-Municipal Public Services Policies and Action Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-2 9-2 9-3 9-3 Chapter 10: Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Trends ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tourism Importance . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ....... . ..... . Geographic Isolation ...... . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiscal Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Framework for Future Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Development Policies and Action Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-3 10-3 10-3 10-3 10-7 Chapter 11: Human Services and Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ..... . ..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lack of Reliable Data ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limited Fiscal Resources ... . .. .. . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Needs of Special Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Framework for Future Policy .. . ..... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human Services and Facilities Policies and Action Statements .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 -1 11-1 11-1 11-1 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-3 Chapter 12: Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 Introduction ... . .. . ... . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . 12-2 Land Use Change ..... .. ...... . . . .... .. ... . ...... .. .. . .. . . . 12-2 Residential Sprawl/Development Pattern . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. .. . 12-3 Commercial and Industrial Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. ..... . 12-5 Weak County and Local Planning Programs . . ........ . . ... ...... . . . 12-5 Weak County and Local Zoning Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5 Lack of Subdivision Regulations .. .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7 Cumulative Impacts of Current Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7 A Framework for Future Policy ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 12-9 Land Use Policies and Action Statements ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 The Leelanau General Plan Table of Contents Page 3 �Chapter 13: Local and Peninsula Land Use Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local and Peninsula Land use Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13-1 13-1 Part Three: Implementation Chapter 14: New Institutional Structure for Improved Land Use Decision Making . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Institutional Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual Respect and Mutual Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Planning Commissions and Governing Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . County Planning Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . County Planning Commission Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . County Planning Department Role .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . County Board of Commissioners Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Role of Other Governmental Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship with Citizens and the General Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 14-1 14-1 14-1 14-2 14-4 14-9 14-11 14-13 14-15 14-15 Chapter 15: General Plan Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Leading to Plan Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan Adoption Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Establishment of Priorities for Strategic Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mechanism for Updating the General Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concluding Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1 15-1 15-2 15-2 15-3 1 5-3 1 5-3 1 5-5 Appendices Appendix A: Memorandum of Understanding Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . County Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Understandings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B: History of the General Plan Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opportunity for Creative Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Citizen Advisory Committee and General Plan Steering Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Go/No Go Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table of Contents Page 4 B-1 B-1 B-1 B-1 B-2 B-2 ............................ C-1 ................................. D-1 Appendix C: Leelanau General Plan Working Papers Appendix D: Definition of Terms and Phrases A-1 A-1 A-1 A-2 A-2 A-3 A-3 The Leelanau General Plan �• • • LIST OF FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1- 1 : 2-1 : 2-2: 2-3: 3-1 : 4-1 : 5-1: 5-2: 5-3: 5-4: 7-1: 10-1 : 1 2-1: 1 2-2: 1 3-1: Issues of Greater than Local Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leelanau County Land Use / Land Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Diagram of the Urban Sprawl Cycle ...... . . ... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Environmental Strategy .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balanced Growth Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Density is the Same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . Transfer of Development Rights .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . Concurrency ..... . .. . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ..... . Alternate Zoning Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vehicle Registration: 1984-1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent Change in Housing Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section, First Division into Ten Acre Parcels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section, Second Division 4 Parcels from Each Ten Acre Parcel . . . . . . . . . Continuum of Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 2-1 2-5 2-6 3-5 4-3 5-3 5-5 5-6 5-9 7-4 10-2 12-4 12-4 13-1 LIST OF MAPS Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map 2-1 : 2-2: 3-1 : 3-2 : 5-1: 5-2: 5-3a: 5-3b: 5-3c: 5-3d: 5-4a: 5-4b: 5-4c: 5-4d: 5-4e: 5-5: 6-1 : 6-2 : 6-3 : 6-4 : 6-5 : 6-6 : 6- 7 : 6-8: 7-1: 7-3: Landforms and Open Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landscape Districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inland Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wetland Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P.A. 11 6 Enrolled Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Land Use Map - Agricultural Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Land Use Map - Important Natural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Land Use Map - Urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Land Use Map - Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies Map - Community Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies Map - Sensitive Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies Map - Public/Quasi-Public and Institutional Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies Map - Recreation Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policies Map - Other Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ozone Air Quality Standard Exceeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aquifer Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime Forestlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steep Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critical Dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Risk Erosion Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Important Farmlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orchard Suitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Road Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Airplane Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Leelanau General Plan 2-2 2-2 3-1 3-1 5-4 5-6 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-5 6-7 6-7 7-2 7-2 Table of Contents Page 5 �Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map 7-2: 1990 Traffic Accident Locations .................................. 7-4: Railroad Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5: Average Daily Traffic Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1: County Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3: Municipal Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2: Public Water and Sewer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4: Fire / Emergency Service Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5: Recreation Facilities .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1: Electric and Gas Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2: Communications Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1: Work Force Reporting Outside Leelanau County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2: Residential SEV: 1984 and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1: Per Capita Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1: Land Use / Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2: Agricultural Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3: Peninsula-Wide Zoning Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7-2 7-4 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-4 8-5 9-1 9-2 10-4 10-4 11-2 12-1 12-1 12-7 NOTE ON MAPS: While every effort has been made to assure the accuracy of the maps included in this document, it should be noted that they present information in a very general way. That is, elements of scale, data magnitude, and symbolization have contributed to serious generalization. For more detailed maps and information, contact the Leelanau County Planning Department. LIST OF TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 8-1: 10-1: 10-2: 10-3: 1 2-1: 12-2: 12-3: 1 2-4: Municipal Public Facilities and Services . . . . . . . . 1990 Census and Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projected Population and Housing Units . . . . . . . Seasonal Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Per Square Mile: 1 940 - 1990 . . . . . . Local Plan Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 Local Land Area by Zoning Classification (in 1989 Buildout Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . ... . .. .. .. . . . .. . . ... .. ... . . ... ... .. . . .. .. ... .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . acres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. .. . . .. .. .. 8-2 10-2 10-2 10-4 1 2-3 12-6 12-8 12-8 Photo Credits Front Cover - Lake Michigan shoreline north of Empire (Michigan Travel Bureau) Preface Divider - Fishermen on Lake Leelanau (Leelanau Enterprise) Part One Divider - Bumper apple crop (Mark A. Wyckoff) Part Two Divider - Calm of winter (Leelanau Enterprise) Part Three Divider - Fishing net (Michigan Travel Bureau) Appendices Divider - Summer flowers (Leelanau Enterprise) Back Cover - A new day (Leelanau Enterprise) Table of Contents Page 6 The Leelanau General Plan �DEDICATION This General Plan is dedicated to the present and future generations of the Leelanau Peninsula. The Plan is dedicated to the belief that the current residents of the county hold the peninsula in trust, with a responsibility to pass it on to future generations in at least as good a condition as we received it from those who came before us. It is further dedicated with thanks for the generous labor, creative thoughts and commitment of the hundreds of citizens who contributed to this effort. ��PREFACE INTRODUCTION The Leelanau General Plan was developed with the support and guidance of citizens and representatives of all local governments in Leelanau County to offer an overview with inner consistency on the issues of future peninsular land use. It is founded on the principle that all land use and infrastructure decisions that do not involve issues of greater than local concern should be made at the local level. These decisions should be carefully coordinated with adjacent jurisdictions and appropriate county agencies. The plan looks to a continuing partnership between the county and local units of government in the achievement of the shared vision described in this plan. The partnership can be built on mutual respect in areas of overlapping responsibilities and mutual support in areas where responsibilities are separate but compatible in pursuit of common goals and benefits. It is envisioned that future local comprehensive plans will be compatible with the Leelanau General Plan, but more specific with regard to land use and local implementing policies. The Peninsula Chamber of Commerce provided the initial impetus for the public participation process which led to development of this plan. The public concern for improved growth management was first published in an economic development task force report sponsored jointly by the Chamber of Commerce and the County Board of Commissioners. The county board had expressed concern over fragmented planning on the peninsula and the apparent lack of value received on 1.5 million dollars spent in the prior decade on planning activities. In light of a significant number of severe development controversies, the county board desired to make county planning and planning countywide more effective, or spend less money (perhaps none) if there were no meaningful role for the county in planning activities. The Leelanau General Plan In response, the County Planning Department with the assistance of the County Planning Commission and County Board of Commissioners created a 60 + member Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC). The CAC, in a series of meetings beginning in December, 1989 and ending in July, 1990, made recommendations for a new plan with a broader focus and greater support than the type of plan traditionally prepared independently by a County Planning Commission. Each local governmental unit in the county entered into a mutual agreement (in the form of a memorandum of understanding) to participate with the county in the development of a general plan which would look in a coordinated manner at the issues and alternatives for guiding growth on the peninsula. The agreement is reproduced in Appendix A. This planning process represented an unprecedented commitment in the state of Michigan on the part of both a county and local units of government. Each local government agreed to: • participate, fully and freely, in the process by appointing one elected official, one planning commissioner, and one citizen-atlarge to participate; • communicate all suggestions participation process; • participate fully in the various forums, seminars, workshops, and other meetings scheduled as a part of the process; • accept, review, discuss, and respond to all reports, working papers, documents, etc. produced relative to the plan; • provide without cost needed data, reports, and other information. via the Preface Page i �In turn, the county agreed to: • coordinate and pay the costs of preparation of the county-wide growth management plan; • conduct basic mapping. planning research and It is hoped the Leelanau General Plan is not merely a "county plan" even though it has been adopted by the County Planning Commission and approved by the County Board of Commissioners. Instead, it is intended to be a plan that affects the lives of all peninsula residents and visitors on a daily basis. It is not intended to be as detailed as local comprehensive plans usually are, but rather to address the broader issues, and especially the multi-jurisdiction issues from a peninsula-wide perspective. The ultimate success of the Leelanau General Plan will largely depend on the commitment that is made to implementation. Commitment will need to come from every local government, the county, the various state and federal authorities as well as a broad spectrum of county citizens . It would be easy to ignore addressing the issue of implementation in the General Plan, but that would only delay discussion on this most important issue until much later, and forego several opportunities for meaningful public input. As a result, Part Three of this plan proposes an implementation strategy. PROCESS USED TO DEVELOP THE PLAN Broad citizen involvement was encouraged by the Citizens Advisory Committee whose opinion is reflected in the following quote from an early working paper: "Involving people in the planning process means acknowledging that everyone has something of value to contribute. This system seeks to avoid setting up citizens, Preface Page ii developers, environmentalists, or local governments as "the enemy". Recognition of this fundamental can change the dynamics of growth management from "us against them " to "we 're all in this together". Fourteen working papers (listed on Page ix) document key input and findings on the route to preparation of this plan. Working Papers #6 and # 1 2 are especially significant in documenting the shared common vision . The process followed to create this plan has attempted to create a shared common vision of the future. RELATIONSHIP TO LOCAL PLANNING AND OTHER COUNTY OPERATIONS This General Plan is intended to guide the actions of the County Planning Commission and many of the priorities of the County Planning Department. It will also play a major role in guiding future public facility and infrastructure decisions by the County Board of Commissioners and other county departments and commissions (such as the Road Commission) after capital improvement programs compatible with the Plan are prepared. Part Three focuses on these issues and the institutional changes that need to occur for this goal to be accomplished. It is believed that common pursuit of the policy guidelines in this plan will encourage support and ultimately lead to integrated and coordinated planning throughout the peninsula. It is hoped a new mutually supportive working relationship between the county and local units of government on the peninsula can build from the positive experience achieved by the many local government officials and citizens who significantly participated in the development of this plan. The Leelanau General Plan �CREDIT ON ORGANIZATION OF THE PLAN AND INITIAL CREATIVE FOCUS The authors of this plan wish to acknowledge that the structural organization of the Leelanau General Plan owes some of its existence to the award winning 1 990 Howard County (Maryland) General Plan. That plan received a prestigious American Planning Association Award in 1991. The simple straightforward organization of that plan, the names of some of its chapters and the contents of its decision maps strongly influenced the structure and maps in this plan. For its initial creative stimulus, the General Plan also recognizes the Intergovernmental Growth Management Consortium. This consortium of Michigan communities seeks new ways to use existing laws, as well as supports the passage of new laws to enable local governments to better manage growth. Leelanau County is a member of the Consortium. agriculture nor tourism (the mainstays of the economy for decades). rather it is the construction of new single family homes. Over 2650 new dwellings were constructed in the county between 1980 and 1993. Almost all of this development activity has been on large lots scattered along existing roads throughout the county. If the low density residential sprawl pattern of most of the growth on the peninsula in the last two decades continues, however, it will destroy the present character and traditional economic ,ritality of the peninsula. Each new dwelling on prime orchard or forest land not only permanently converts that land out of renewable resource use, but also creates a new public service burden and contributes to rising taxes on the farmer making it more difficult for the farmer to stay in business. Citizens and local government officials basically have two choices: maintain the status quo and accept a diminished quality of life or change destructive development patterns. This General Plan advocates the latter. GENERAL PLAN UPDATES PRINCIPAL STRATEGIES The General Plan is founded on mutually supportive relationships in pursuit of mutual goals. To ensure that these relationships and goals remain mutual, it will be important to periodically reexamine the plan and update it. Chapter 1 6 advocates the preparation of annual reports to document actions taken to implement the plan as well as the preparation of annual work programs and budgets. The Leelanau General Plan will be thoroughly reviewed and updated at least every five years to ensure it continues to reflect a common vision for the future of the Leelanau Peninsula. PERSPECTIVE The Leelanau General Plan assumes future growth will occur at about the same rate in the next 20 years as in the recent past. At the present time, the most significant economic development activity in the county is neither The Leelanau General Plan The Leelanau General Plan proposes a more compact land development pattern that protects renewable resource lands (such as orchard land and forests) as well as sensitive natural resources (like wetlands and dunes). It proposes policies to encourage location of future land development in and near existing villages, as well as near Traverse City. It proposes infrastructure management policies to achieve and reinforce this land use pattern. It encourages the development and implementation of a transfer of development rights program (TOR) to accomplish open space protection, while simultaneously permitting large landowners an opportunity to capture the development value of their land. Open space zoning and rural clustering techniques are also proposed to encourage new development in rural areas to be sited so as to minimize visual impacts on the landscape and to minimize public service costs. Preface Page iii �The plan proposes measures to protect the small-town, rural character of peninsula villages and the scenic qualities of the major road corridors. Using naturally occurring vegetation for landscaping, minimizing signs, burying utilities, placing parking at the side or behind commercial buildings are all measures proposed to retain the existing character of the peninsula . More specifically, the plan proposes an environmental protection strategy that also: • identifies and avoids development near sensitive environments • protects water quality of surface water and ground water • minimizes parcels land fragmentation • create new year-round jobs • guide new development where public services are adequate or efficiently added • phase future growth • seek to achieve a better balance between the location of jobs/housing/ transportation • protect agricultural operations • protect sand and gravel resources • address equity concerns of large landowners in the implementation of development regulations • improve educational opportunities • improve health and human services. of large • links open spaces • restricts keyhole development Additional tools to be used to better manage growth include: • protects renewable resources. • increased promotion of carefully considered PA 116 enrollments • the use of a peninsula-wide transfer of development rights program to address landowner equity interests while still protecting renewable resources • concurrency requirements so new development occurs after necessary public facilities are in place (not before) • village and rural service districts to define what services will be available where and when • capital improvement programs to better guide development of new public facilities. • development of a county-wide map to identify the location of all new future public facilities The plan proposes widespread acceptance by citizens of a stewardship ethic that views land not as an asset to be exploited, but rather as a resource held in trust for future generations for use by the present generation. The Leelanau General Plan is neither a slow growth nor an anti-growth plan . It calls for balanced growth that is carefully guided to protect and enhance the quality of life on the peninsula. It accepts the principle that environmental protection and economic development are not incompatible objectives. It recognizes that a healthy economy depends on a healthy environment. To these ends the following general strategy is proposed: • curtail sprawl and development • protect and enhance the existing economic base Preface Page iv encourage compact The Leelanau General Plan �• development of impact procedures and checklists assessment • development of model local ordinances • further enhancements to the County Planning Department's data center function and Land Information System including shifting to a full geographic information system . The plan recognizes special needs for affordable housing and jobs among a growing segment of the year-round residents. It also recognizes the growing economic disparity between persons of different age and income classifications. • as the basis for more detailed township and village plans and development ordinances. • as a framework for private investment in the county. • as an aid to village, township, and county public facility and infrastructure decisions. • as a guide to the County Planning Commission in fulfilling its responsibility to review proposed public facility expenditures, and township plans and zoning amendments. • as a guide in improving protection of air and water quality. • as a guide to improved long term resource management decisions, especially with regard to renewable resources, critical plant and animal habitats, and sensitive environments. • as the basis for joint village / township / county grant utilization activities. • as an organization plan for county program expenditures • as a means of facilitating intergovernmental cooperation (e.g., with not only the county and local units of government, but also with area schools, the National Park Service, the Soil Conservation Service, the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, MDOT, Benzie and Grand Traverse Counties, the Northwest Michigan Council of Governments, etc.). • to define issues of greater than local concern and establish appropriate mechanisms to deal with those issues. The General Plan recognizes important roles for the county in the provision of: • data • maps • coordination and communication • technical assistance • model plans and ordinances • capital improvement programming • conflict resolution • training • limited financial support encouragement of local planning • assistance in passage of new legislation to improve the range of available tools to manage growth. and CITIZEN BENEFITS OF THE PLAN A list of the principal issues in which guidance from this plan is likely to be sought are presented below. The Leelanau General Plan If implemented as presented, this plan will benefit the average citizen in the following ways: Preface Page v �• • taxes will be lower than they would be if the plan were not implemented because future infrastructure and public services supported by property taxes will be incrementally provided in compact areas as needed, rather than spread widely across much of the peninsula. owners of agricultural and forest land will have improved opportunities for success due to reduced pressures from non-farm residences and will have new opportunities to capture the development value of their land without dividing and selling it for residential development. • children of current residents will have opportunities to continue to live and work within the county in affordable homes and at jobs that provide an income sufficient to support a family. • there will be many different types of housing opportunities to meet the needs of young and older families, "empty nesters," retirees, and persons with special needs. • there will continue to be large expanses of orchards, woods and other open spaces across the peninsula for many years to come. • the unique beauty of the peninsula will continue to be largely maintained. • sensitive natural features like wetlands, floodplains, dunes, and unique plant and animal habitat will receive greater protection over time, increasingly through acquisition of key properties by land conservancies. • new jobs will be encouraged in areas where public services are available and adequate to meet the needs. • local and county governmental agencies will more closely coordinate planning and the provision of other public services to eliminate unnecessary overlap, gaps and PrefBce PBge vi inefficiency. • public services will be adequate to meet the needs of a diverse population. • developers will find, over time, greater uniformity in local land use regulations across the county. • development of coordinated planning objectives and ordinances between and among all the local jurisdictions will greatly benefit all because conflicts and variations will be reduced. Such a concept should in no way affect the autonomy of local governments with respect to implementing their ordinances. Compatibility throughout the county, however, will enhance the character, future growth, development, and economic well being of constituencies of the county. Such consistency will add legal strength by minimizing challenges and interpretations. For a more detailed description of life on the peninsula when this plan is implemented (See Chapter 3 of Working Paper 12). The Leelanau General Plan recognizes that if the low density residential sprawl pattern of most of the growth on the peninsula in the last two decades continues, it will destroy the present character and economic vitality of the peninsula. Citizens basically have two choices: maintain the status quo and accept a diminished quality of life or change destructive development patterns. ORGANIZATION OF THE PLAN The Leelanau General Plan is organized into three major parts. Part One examines issues from a peninsular view. It presents a comprehensive description of the character of the Leelanau Peninsula and the key policy guidelines proposed to protect and enhance the The leelBnBu GenerBI PIBn �quality of life on the peninsula. Part Two takes a traditional "functional" view of issues and proposed policy initiatives to address them . Specific policies and action statements generated from extensive citizen input in seven functional areas (such as land use, transportation, natural resources, etc.) are presented to supplement and support the general growth management strategy presented in Part One. Part Three presents the structure for and major efforts to be initiated to implement the Leelanau General Plan. It includes a proposed improved institutional structure for planning decisions and identifies the priority actions that should first be taken to implement the General Plan. PRINCIPAL GOAL The major purpose of the Leelanau General Plan is to record a consensus based growth strategy developed over several years. It is intended for joint use by Leelanau County and local governments within the county in making coordinated and mutually supportive future The Leelanau General Plan land use, infrastructure and public service decisions. It includes policy guidelines and a brief description of key planning tools to achieve the following goal: It is the principal goal of the Leelanau General Plan to establish a strategy for guiding growth that protects, and where possible, enhances the unique character of and quality of life on the peninsula. To that end, the General Plan focuses on balancing environmental protection, resource management and economic development so as to provide a foundation for a sustainable economy that permits long term prosperity for all present and future Leelanau County residents. The balance so achieved should not sacrifice environmental quality when reasonable and prudent development alternatives exist. This plan recognizes that a healthy economy depends on a healthy environment. Achievement of this goal means protecting the integrity of the land base for use by present generations without unnecessarily compromising the options of future generations. Preface Page vii �~i~Err4:~~tfJjfii!f,f ~!~~ij~~~J··· ··•• .. ·.·.·.·• ~;;h 1 >/ of.;:~~: a variety ·ilses1n· the:i:)a'ttern .pfoposilif-anddn a manner t\l;f,, .:jfr" m~_tar.e'. ~ccomm6date.dl . · ... . . .sh~uliJ lJ..e. . 1;1pda(~d .~tt/:f / 1ereaf:ter::.f!1airi_t?fn.g¢. ti PolfoyiGGid~litai:~:-- \. . · •·. ![ii!~ll!i~!ltilJtittt pristine, restored where damaged, and have access and -use : m anaged 1or •long :term •· sustainability, -Policy Guict:elihe: Balanced Gro,,vth New residential, commercial, and ind;stfiat · development on ·. the penii?s'Jta fs '~ntdurag&it ·provided it is: 1J in locations with public services adequate to tiJeet its n_eeds,, 2k· environmentallyfriend/y, .3) consistent with.the · character of dev.e/opf!lent ifl, .·_· the a~eit 4) Pre face Page viii The Leelanau General Plan �LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN WORKING PAPERS Working Paper Number Title Date Issued 1 Results of the Leelanau County Growth Management Forums 2 A Survey of Citizens Concerning Issues Related to Long-Range Planning in Leelanau County June, 1990 A Survey of Local Officials Concerning Issues Related to Long-Range Planning in Leelanau County June, 1990 4 Final Recommendations of the Citizens Advisory Committee April, 1991 5 Leelanau Peninsula Current Trend Future: Implications of "Business as Usual" September, 1991 Goals and Objectives for Managing Growth on the Leelanau Peninsula September, 1991 3 6 March, 1990 7 Economic Development May, 1992 8 Transportation, Public Facilities and Physical Services May, 1992 9 Natural Resources and the Environment August, 1992 10 Land Use November, 1992 11 Demographics November, 1992 12 Alternative Futures March, 1993 13 Public Comments on the Draft Leelanau General Plan March, 1994 14 Leelanau County Facilities Strategy / Long Range Plan March, 1994 RELATED REPORTS Leelanau County Human Services Review March 1993 A Summary of each working paper listed above is included in Appendix C. The Lee/BnBu GenerBI PIBn PrefBce PBge ix �'- -II �l PART ONE: PENINSULAR VIEW '- Part One of the Leelanau General Plan presents a comprehensive description of the character of the Leelanau Peninsula and the key policy guidelines proposed to protect and enhance the quality of life on the Peninsula . It is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1: Intergovernmental Cooperation & Regional Context Chapter 2: Preservation of Peninsula Character Chapter 3: Working with Nature Chapter 4: Balanced Growth Chapter 5: Growth Management Policy Guidelines & Decision Maps Beach south of Leland. Whaleback Hill is in the background. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Chapter 1 INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION AND REGIONAL CONTEXT POLICY GUIDELINE: INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION A partnership founded on mutual respect and mutual support in achievement of the common goals of this General Plan should guide the development and implementation of new relationships between the county and local units of government in the county and between the county and adjoining counties in the region. THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONTEXT The preface includes a description of the history of the efforts which led to the creation of this General Plan. A key opinion of many citizens and local officials in the county is that the usual historical approaches to planning on the peninsula have not achieved a desirable result. The "usual approach" to planning and development regulation as described in Working Paper #12 includes the following characteristics: • Each of the sixteen jurisdictions in the county has its own zoning ordinance. • Few jurisdictions have a current master or comprehensive plan as the basis of their zoning regulations, four have no plan. • The county plan was obsolete (it was adopted in 1975 and never updated). • Local jurisdictions generally do not initiate efforts to coordinate local planning and zoning activities with each other. • Analysis of surveys has revealed that local officials' attitudes on development issues can often be more pro-development than those of the constituency they serve (see Working Paper #2 and #3) . The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View • County involvement in an advisory capacity is generally begrudgingly accepted, ignored, or actively opposed. • Governing bodies often do not share the same common vision of the future as do the planning commissions. • Each community acts without officially noting the impact of its decisions on adjoining jurisdictions. Local officials' attitudes on many development issues are often more pro-development than those of the constituency they serve. Common problems with the "usual approach" to planning on the peninsula were identified in Working Paper #4 and expanded upon in Working Paper #12. These problems include the following: • • • • Lack of internal consistency of local plans. Inadequate (and liability prone) administration of local zoning. Lack of interjurisdictional coordination. Lack of a "big picture" view. Kasson Township Hall Intergovernmental Coordination and Regional Context Page 1-1 �• • • Lack of maintenance of the master plan and regulations after adoption. Disproportionate influence of often illusory promises of new jobs and tax base on future land use decisions. Lack of widespread support for a common vision required for implementation. These conditions led the Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC - which recommended creation of this plan) to reach the following conclusions: "Over $1,500,000 local tax dollars were spent on attempts to manage growth in Leelanau County during the decade of the 198O's. The end result is sixteen (16) individual planning and development control efforts in the state's second smallest county. The principal result has been an acceleration in fragmented development which is straining the county's quality of life. It is the conclusion of the CAC that the fragmented planning and development effort has not worked and must be overhauled for the sake of present and future generations. A unified effort reflecting on the county as a geographic area - not solely as a unit of government - must be initiated. The effort must be broad-based and internalized by the citizenry. A shared vision of the future must be the basis of growth policies. Only then will the planning process achieve maximum public support and benefit. " (see Figure 1-1 ) . • air quality protection. • watershed management for water quality protection. • groundwater and well-head protection. • habitat preservation for sustainable fish and wildlife populations. • protection species. • protection of sens1t1ve environments (wetlands, dunes, floodplains, high risk erosion areas, etc), especially the large contiguous ecosystems like the Solon Swamp, the Crystal River, Sleeping Bear Dunes. • resource protection necessary to sustain resource-based industries such as agriculture and forestry. • sustainable economic development to provide jobs for present and future residents. • loss of open space and scenic views along key corridors. • harbors. • keyholing on lakes which lie in multiple jurisdictions. • use of public access sites. • establishment of new public parks and access sites on waterfronts. • existing public parks (national, state and local). • safe, efficient and environmentally sound roads and highways connecting our communities. of unique and endangered ISSUES OF GREATER THAN LOCAL CONCERN One common thread running through the above list of problems associated with the "usual approach" to planning and zoning on the peninsula, is the lack of means to deal with issues of greater than local concern. Public interests that are broader than simply local interests include (but are not limited to) the following. Some are illustrated on page 1-5 Intergovernmental Coordination and Regional Context Page 1-2 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �• public sewer and water services. • infrastructure serving more than one community, or being extended farther than necessary. • land use along municipal borders. • large scale development impacts beyond municipal boundaries (e.g., large resorts, industrial facilities or large shopping facilities, airports). • LULU's (locally unwanted land uses that meet a regional need, such as gravel pits, junk yards, landfills, towers, etc.). • solid and hazardous waste disposal and recycling centers. • public economic development initiatives. • affordable housing. • needs of the handicapped, children, the elderly, and other special populations. • adequate social services for citizens with temporary or special needs. • adequate educational opportunities for all citizens. • a sovereign nation within the county making independent land use decisions. time, an impact on the character of the entire peninsula (indeed, on the entire region). In addition, citizens increasingly recognize that they primarily live in a geographic region, instead of merely a single jurisdiction as did our ancestors. For example, people who live in community A may shop in community B. They may go to school in community C, be entertained in community D, and work in communities E and F. They may do all of this in the same day. All citizens are citizens of a single jurisdiction, of a county, and of a region. Each has a stake in the future of the local unit of government in which they live, in the county, and in the region. Businesses and industries also share this same stake. The interjurisdictional coordination ethic recognizes that land use and infrastructure decisions of each governmental unit have, over time, an impact on the character of the entire peninsula. In many instances, these broader public interests revolve around common environmental features (which do not respect municipal boundaries), infrastructure, and the needs of special populations. INTERJURISDICTIONAL COORDINATION ETHIC The interjurisdictional coordination ethic recognizes that land use and infrastructure decisions of each governmental unit have, over Grand Traverse Band Government Center The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View Intergovernmental Coordination and Regional Context Page 1-3 �If the mutual goals of this General Plan are to be achieved, it will take the coordinated efforts of all units of government working together to achieve them. Future local comprehensive plans in villages and townships in the county will relate to the Leelanau General Plan, but will be more specific with regard to land use. They will also be tied to implementation via local zoning and subdivision regulations and focused on protection of local quality of life. Local plan relationship with the Leelanau General Plan will be the focus of the County Planning Commission's review and approval/disapproval, as required by Section 8 of the Township Planning Act (Act 168, P.A. 1959) . One significant benefit of a successful county-local partnership with broad based local support will be the additional leverage it gives in dealing with Lansing and Washington, D.C. bureaucracies. Coalition building, partnerships and collaboration are not just buzz words, they are the foundation for future success in an era of shifting responsibilities and shrinking resources. Strong intergovernmental cooperation founded on mutual respect and mutual support in achievement of the common goals of this General Plan is fundamental to a better future for Leelanau Peninsula. The Maple Valley Nursing Home near Maple City. Intergovernmental Coordination and Regional Context Page 1-4 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Figure 1 -1 ISSUES OF GREATER THAN LOCAL CONCERN LOSS OF OPEN SPACE FISH & WILDLIFE HABIT AT PROTECTION PROTECT CORRIDOR ---- · - -----views .-: PROTECTION OF FLOODPLAINS .- WATERSHED MANAGEMENT BUFFER ZONE PROTECTION OF WETLANDS GRAVEL PIT INFRASTRUCTURE EXTENDED SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ----. ., ,_, - '- ~> '~- ~~ ' ~~ LAND USE ALONG MUNICIPAL BORDERS The LeelBnBu GenerBI PIBn - PeninsulBr View Intergovernmental Coordination and RegionBI Context Page 1-5 �Chapter 2 PRESERVATION OF PENINSULA CHARACTER POLICY GUIDELINE: PRESERVATION OF PENINSULA CHARACTER The existing natural and people-made features on the peninsula that make up its rural character are interdependent with the activities that comprise its economic base. It is important therefore, that future land use change on the peninsula enhance, not undermine the character of the area around it, and in so doing contribute to protection of the unique rural character of the entire Leelanau Peninsula. DESCRIPTION OF PENINSULA CHARACTER Leelanau County can be described in many ways. In purely numerical terms, it is nearly 24% agricultural land, 40% wooded land, 15% open land, 14% lakes and wetlands, and 6% urban land. The pie chart below illustrates the land use/cover relationship in 1990. (See Figure 2-1). The character of the Leelanau Peninsula is a mixture of farms, orchards, forests, sand dunes, wetlands, rivers, Jakes, bays, hills, valleys, resorts and villages. But Leelanau County has a rural character that is much more than mere numbers can adequately convey. The outstanding quality of the Leelanau Peninsula is its unusually varied topography. As the photos throughout this plan illustrate, it is a peninsula of significant natural beauty. It is the home of a major national park and of a state park. It is a place Figure 2-1 LEELANAU COUNTY LAND USE / LAND COVER Inland Surface Water (8.2%) Wetland (5.7%) Open Land (15.4%) Barren Land {1.6%) Urban Land (6.2%) Wooded Land {39.0%) Agricultural Land (23.8%) Source: Leelanau County 1990 serial photography. Note : Data does not include islands. The Leelanau Genere/ Plen - Peninsuler View Preservetion of Peninsula Cherscter Pege 2-1 �of special scenic quality and opportunity for pleasure in the out-of-doors. Visual character is the image one retains from looking at a landscape. This image is made up of many visual parts. It is the architecture of homes and businesses in an area. It is also the shape of hills, valleys, and shorelines. It is how much the forests close in on the roads or how the fields are open. It includes the species of trees in the forests and the type of crops in the fields. Roads, too, are an important component: are they straight or curved, wide or narrow, and are there curbs on the residential streets? Familiar landscapes are important image guideposts people use in finding their way in daily activities. Change in the landscape can become a big issue because it affects a person's daily life by changing surroundings that were once familiar into suddenly unfamiliar settings. The visual character of a community is important. It is more than just what buildings or landscapes look like. Visual character "sticks" in peoples minds. It is a very important part of what attracts people to an area to live, invest, or vacation. High dune and glacial ridges form the major land features of Leelanau County (see Map 21). These ridges generally run north to south. There are small pocket valleys between the ridges, as well as broad slightly rolling plateaus in the center of the peninsula. Rolling plains are farms along the shoreline in the area of Northport. High points on the ridges are landmarks because of the striking views they provide to the inland lakes, Lake Michigan or Grand Traverse Bay. For example, the view to the north and west from the hill crest of Town Line Road is a panoramic view of Lake Michigan and the Manitou Islands that serves Map 2-1 LANDFORMS AND OPEN SPACE Map 2-2 LANDSCAPE DISTRICTS LEGEND Luge We lland.._,. .. ~ . ~ ~ ~ > :=:' ........,.,, '~. ~. ,., y I,.,. •" 9,· l ::,1:/l~: ..•. +"·· $ -~-:--. ,. . -~:ui:1. ~ . Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2-2 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �' ' '• -, - as both a beautiful view and as an orientation landmark. Because the ridges are highly visible , they need to be considered as sensitive visual environments. Development can easily change them. Most of the peninsula is a checkerboard of woodlots, pastures or meadows, active crop fields , orchards and water. There are few routes where forest borders the roads for more than a half mile, nor where open fields stretch for more than a mile without encountering another woodlot. There is more wooded landscape than open field. Bay is intermittently visible almost the entire length of this area. The central peninsula farms. A broad sweep of crop fields and pastures stretch in two segments from the southeast part of the county to the north central part of the peninsula . The south central peninsula farms are characterized by more traditional farms, fewer orchards. Extensive sand and gravel extraction activities also exist in the southwest portion of this area . The visually similar areas in Leelanau County are: (see Map 2-2) . Ridge-top farms. These are farms and orchards along both sides of the south arm of Lake Leelanau that are perched high on the ridges, and command long views . West-Bay Shore Drive (M-22) from Greilickville to Omena. This is a narrow band of waterfront houses on the east side of the road and largely abandoned agricultural fields on the left that are being converted to large-lot residential use . There are occasional wooded areas and strip residential lots. The West Grand Traverse Southwest forest and open valleys. In the southwest part of the county the hills are wooded and there are fewer farms and openings. There are a few valleys that have been farmed, and are now largely meadows. This area extends from Bohemian Road (CR 669) to Empire north along Lake Michigan to beyond Leland. Fruit trees in bloom. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2 -3 �Rolling dry dunes. In this area north of Leland to about Johnson Road there are open grassy fields on the hills and pockets of cedar and aspen in the wetter hollows. Between Manitou Trail (M-22) and Lake Michigan deciduous forest cover is fairly complete . Lee Point to Stony Point. This area of rolling farms, orchards and woods juts out into Grand Traverse Bay. However, because of the dense bay-side vegetation and high bluffs along much of the water's edge this area is more isolated from views of the water. Northport woods. In this area to the south and west of Northport the deciduous forest is still largely intact, so that there are few open views. Water is an important feature of Leelanau County, both because the Great Lakes shape the peninsula, and because of the many lakes, streams, and wetlands within the peninsula. Places where roads are adjacent to the water or cross rivers and streams , make nodes, or focus points . Big and Little Glen Lakes and Lake Leelanau are the largest lakes in the county. Numerous smaller lakes, usually associated with wetlands, are scattered throughout the peninsula. Northport flats. The area north of Northport is flat compared to the rest of the county. There are large open fields, and large conifer plantations. Patches of deciduous forest remain near the water on both sides of the peninsula tip . Villages, small towns and crossroads get their character from the style of architecture, the nature of businesses, and the layout of streets. All the towns and villages in Leelanau County are small. Each has a small grid street pattern, making the location of businesses and homes easy. Suttons Bay has alleys behind the houses of many streets, reducing conflicts between pedestrians and cars, and between cars on the streets and those backing out of driveways. Buildings throughout are generally small scaled . Few buildings are of large mass or over three stories in height. Fruit processing buildings are scattered throughout the county and are the most frequently seen large buildings. The major threat to the future quality of life on the peninsula is continuation of the current land use pattern. The current development pattern can most charitably be described as low density sprawl. A tree-lined road. Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2 -4 Architectural styles are most often of five basic types. One is the agricultural, which includes farmhouses, barns and other The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �outbuildings, and pole barn-type sheds and small processing facilities. A second is an old resort type. These are generally painted one or two-story clapboard Cap Cod, Victorian, salt box, vertical or horizontal log, or mixed small lakefront cottages. A third is the contemporary natural finish wood structure. Large and small lakefront homes as well as commercial buildings are now being built in this angular style. A fourth is the suburban ranch home that is built on lakefronts, subdivisions, and in strip residential areas along county and state roads. These are often brick, wood or vinyl clapboard siding or a combination. The fifth is the eclectic contemporary, or the contemporary from some other region. These are structures such as concrete-block and painted metal grocery stores and mansardroofed banks. MAJOR THREATS The rural character of the Leelanau Peninsula is treasured by its residents and visitors. The rural character is a driving force of its tourist economy. Yet, if current trends continue, the peninsula is at great risk of losing its rural character over the next one-two decades. zoning" practices. These changes seem to be slow but are insidiously changing the rural character of the peninsula in ways that have serious cumulative effects. It is, in the sage words of ancient eastern leaders, "the death of a thousand cuts." These changes are documented in Working Papers #5 and #10. Some of the negative effects of the current land use pattern are listed below: • renewable resource lands (such as prime farm and forest lands) are being destroyed probably forever. • the agricultural economy of the peninsula is being seriously diminished. • a future public service quandary is being created. • open space and scenic vistas are being destroyed. Figure 2-2 DIAGRAM OF THE URBAN SPRAWL CYCLE URBAN /SPRAWL~ These changes are occurring largely because local plans and zoning regulations not only permit them, but encourage them through socalled "large lot zoning" practices. The major threat to the future quality of life on the peninsula is continuation of the current land use pattern. The current development pattern can most charitably be described as low density sprawl. It is characterized by the fragmentation of large parcels into lots of between 1 and 20 acres in size with frontage on a county road primarily for use as the site for a single dwelling. These changes are occurring largely because local plans and zoning regulations not only permit them, but encourage them through so-called "large lot The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View ~CREASED INCREASED LAr SALES F~~~~(D DECREASED PROFITABILITY OF FARMING HIGHER ASSESSED VALUE ~INCREASED/ PROPERTY TAXES Soun::,,: Dunford, R.W. 1979, Farmland Tax Rtllief Altemarivtn: U:sa Value Asse.ssmMr v.s. Circuir-8,,.,,ker Rebare.s, Circ. 61 7, College of Agricu/rure R11Silllrch Cenrar, Washingron Srare Universiry, Pullman, WA (Sepr.) Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2-5 �to other employment centers outside the county, contribute to the market pressure. Unfortunately, each new dwelling on prime orchard or forest land not only permanently converts that land out of renewable resource use, but also creates a new public service burden and contributes to rising taxes on the farmer-making it more difficult for the farmer to stay in business (see Figure 2-2). In short, these changes are cumulatively undermining the very unique character that makes the peninsula so attractive to tourists, and hence undermining the tourist economy. The current development pattern is characterized by the fragmentation of large parcels into lots of between 7 and 20 acres in size with frontage on a county road primarily for use as the site for a single dwelling. These changes are occurring largely because local plans and zoning regulations not only permit them, but encourage them through so-called "large lot zoning" practices. From 1940 to 1990 the population in Leelanau County increased 95.9%. The increases, however, have been much greater in the townships than in the villages. For example, the population of the Village of Northport has increased by only 2%, while Elmwood Township's population has increased by 335% (See Figure 2-3). The pressure to fragment rural lands and convert them from agricultural or forested cover to residential use stem largely from regional population and employment growth. The beautiful and varied landscape of the peninsula and the reasonable commuting time New dwelling unit activity has skyrocketed in the last decade with over 2500 new dwellings constructed between 1980 and 1992. Almost all of this development activity Figure 2-3 POPULATION TREND Leelanau County Population: 1860 - 2020 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 0 .... (7) .... .... 0 (7) 0 N .... (7) 0 0 .... (7) ("') (7) '<:t .... 0 0 0 0 CO 0 .... ,-.. C'> in C'> C') C') C') C') ..- .- .- LO CD (7) C') .... .- • 0 0 0 N • 0 ..., 0 N • 0 N 0 N Source: Decennial Census 1980-1990. Projections, Michigan Depanmenr of Management and Budget & Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2 -6 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �has been on large lots scattered throughout the county. Most of it has not been in subdivisions with traditionally sized lots. During the past decade over 1,500 acres has been rezoned to residential (largely from agricultural districts). Each new dwelling on prime orchard or forest land not only removes that land from renewable resource use, but also creates a new public service burden and contributes to rising taxes on the farmer - making it more difficult for the farmer to stay in business. Between 1980 and 1992 the percentage that agricultural lands represented of total state equalized valuation fell from 17% to 9% while residentially classed parcels rose from 70% to 81 %. Agricultural land value during that same period rose from $37 .4 million to $58 .3 million while residential land value skyrocketed from $158.1 million to $508.8 million. Employment, on the other hand, while slowly increasing, has been concentrated in jobs that are generally low paying. New dwelling unit activity has skyrocketed in the last decade with over 2500 new dwellings constructed between 1980 and 1992. Almost all of this development activity has been on large lots scattered throughout the county. Population projections based on trends over the past two decades estimate an additional 4,961 persons in the county by the year 2000. The 1990 population is 16,527. This would be a 30% population increase. Thereafter rates of increase are projected to slightly decline but the base population will continue to grow to about 26,250 persons by the year 2010. See Figure 2-3. The number of projected new housing units The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View is estimated to remain very high at nearly 3,000 more units by 2000. An additional 2400 are projected by 2010 and 2750 more by 2020. The long term impacts on the character of the peninsula, on public service costs and on the economic viability of resource based lands will vary dramatically based on where these new dwelling units are constructed. For example, if all the homes were on lots in twenty new 1 50 unit subdivisions within or contiguous to existing villages, the community character impacts would be far, far less than if they were spread on large lots across the peninsula. In the former case 3,000 new dwellings on quarter acre lots would take up only 750 acres of land, whereas if those new dwellings are built at current average minimum lot sizes and spread across the county, about 3,185 acres of land will be needed to accommodate them. This is nearly 5 square miles of land . If, as is more likely given current trends, these residences are on lots larger than current average minimums, then as many as 30,000 acres (4 7 square miles) could be consumed just to provide lots for 3,000 new dwellings. 3,000 new dwellings on quarter acre lots would take up only 750 acres of land, whereas if those new dwellings are built at current average minimum lot sizes and spread across the county, about 3, 185 acres of land will be needed to accommodate them. This is nearly 5 square miles of land. In contrast, employment projections based on current trends suggest that only 886 new jobs will be created by the year 2000. Only 77 new acres of commercial or industrial land will be needed across the entire peninsula to accommodate these new employees. Obviously, most new residents are projected to either commute out of the county, or not work (largely retirees). That is, of course, the current situation and it is not expected to change given the relative remoteness of the county to urban areas and the fact it is a destination location rather than a location along a route Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2-7 �between two urban centers. A STRATEGY TO PROTECT VISUAL CHARACTER The implications of the continuation of current trends on the future character of the peninsula are disastrous. Unless coordinated and integrated land use planning occurs at both the county and local levels of government very soon, the landscape features of the peninsula that make it so attractive to current residents and tourists will be lost or badly damaged. Once lost, it will be very difficult, if not impossible to restore. The proactive participation of the county in development of the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook illustrates the ways in which new development could occur in order to protect the visual character of the peninsula. Recommendations from the Guidebook which are incorporated into this General Plan follow. Only 77 new acres of commercial or industrial land will be needed across the entire peninsula to accommodate these new employees. The protection of scenic values can be accomplished through a variety of choices including (see also Figure 2-4): • building most new dwellings in villages and subdivisions rather than on large rural lots. • setting aside open land, or placing development where it has the minimum visual impact. • clustering residential, commercial, and industrial development to retain open space. • using plantings with predominantly naturally occurring species on areas visible from roads. • retaining naturally occurring vegetation to the maximum extent possible. • in building, sign and other construction, lean toward using materials such as wood, stone, or brick rather than metal, plastic, or concrete. Muted, rather than bright colors seem to suit the north country lakes, woods, and traditional farms and villages. VISUAL CHARACTER ETHIC It is most desirable for the rural visual character of the landscape to remain after growth accommodates increases in population and development. County c1t1zens have indicated they do not want the landscape to take on a suburban or urban ornamental character, or the natural and rural character will be lost. The bays, lakes, rivers, streams, ridges, and rolling terrain along with woods and farms that drive the economy of the peninsula and contribute to the sense of identity of its citizens must be protected. Almost everyone feels a right to see, enjoy, and seek to help protect these resources. Protection of the unique rural character of the peninsula needs to become a fundamental part of all future planning and development decisions. Pleasing, rather than chaotic views along roads can be accomplished by: The implications of the continuation of current trends on the future character of the peninsula are disastrous. Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2-8 • reducing the size and number of signs. • burying utilities or routing them away from the street. • enhancing parking lots with landscaping. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �U -.I. ). ),.IW i , .) ,..I,.!,., 1 "Will 'WIii 'WIil , . . ;:! (b r(b (b iii' ::, BUILDINGS REFLECT Ill C: LANDSCAPING TO SCREEN PARKING LOTS C) (b ::, i ~ Ill ::, ~ • • • Common architectural period or style Similar mass & shape Similar lot size & ; street layout (b ::, /y ·vJ--""' ~ \ \ , \. ~~. IJ REAR SERVICE DRIVES & PARKING AT SIDE OR REAR OF BUILDINGS ,. f s· ti) C: iii' .... A " C:,._ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ QI g. ::, I)'( ~ 4' 5 ~ (b ~ ill r::t < ~ bQI C') o · ::,,- SIGNS USE WOOD, STONE OR BRICK INSTEAD OF METAL, PLASTIC OR CONCRETE, AND LOW-INTENSITY LIGHTING SERVICE ACCESS FOR SEVERAL BUSINESSES BURY UTILITIES ::, .... ~s· 0 ti) C: iii' ~9~ Q (b QI N r, , lb IQ .., Figure 2-4 PROTECT VISUAL CHARACTER �• using service drives and alleys to limit curb cuts. • placing parking behind or beside buildings, but not in the front yard. The character of villages should be kept intact. Key aspects of village character include: • architectural period and style • mass and shape • material and color • lot size and street layout. At night, the stars should be visible in the sky - not obstructed by diffuse light from the built-up environment. Preservation of Peninsula Character Page 2- 10 Future quality of life on the peninsula will depend to a great extent on the degree to which the particular rural character of the peninsula has been protected. Much of the local economy will depend on it. The sense of satisfaction residents have with their community will depend on it. Protective measures are not incompatible with additional growth because the issue is not whether or not to grow, it is where and how. It is most important to focus efforts on encouraging new development in and adjacent to existing villages, protection of existing village character, while protecting agricultural lands and other open spaces. Protection of the visual character of these areas will provide both long term economic benefits and quality of life benefits to both residents and visitors now and for many years to come. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Chapter 3 WORKING WITH NATURE POLICY GUIDELINE: WORKING WITH NATURE Extensive and diverse sensitive natural features found throughout provide the foundation for the present and the future quality of life on the peninsula. They should be protected where pristine, restored where damaged, and have access and use managed for long term sustainability. water quality, and clarity). Wildlife is abundant. Dunes have world class ranking. Significant land areas are in federal or state ownership to protect natural characteristics. See Maps 3-1 and 3-2. ENVIRONMENT AL THREATS The natural environment of the Leelanau Peninsula is of exceedingly high quality. All but two short stretches of streams fail to provide the oxygen and low temperatures for trout. Most of the lakes are either oligitrophic or mesotrophic (a measure indicative of high The natural environment ori the Leelanau Peninsula is at risk. While air quality is still good, ozone levels are rising due to contaminants brought from elsewhere (presumably southern Lake Michigan communities). Groundwater is extremely sensitive to contamination due to very sandy soils and 35 sites are now officially on the Act 307 list of contaminated sites in Leelanau County. Small incremental wetland fills continue to reduce wetland areas. Land Map 3-1 INLAND LAKES Map 3-2 WETLAND AREAS ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES r-J""""'t...J"7 0 5Ml ~ 0 5MI .• .. . ffi!!!I WETLAND 8888 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View AREAS Working with Nature Page 3-1 �vigilance is sometimes misplaced (i.e., focused on a few highly visible projects while largely ignoring the "death of a thousand cuts"). The Leelanau Conservancy has quickly established itself as an important positive force in protecting lands with sensitive environmental resources. This is done by outright land purchase, conservation easements and gifts. Yet new resort developments in sensitive environmental areas continue to be proposed and to dominate local land use issues. NATURAL RESOURCES The natural resources of the Leelanau Peninsula are vital to the economic health and the sense of well being of area citizens. These natural resources are interrelated biological systems. They require knowledgeable and careful stewardship for protection measures to be effective. Forest cover in Leelanau County. STEWARDSHIP ETHIC fragmentation is cutting into farm and forest lands, and subsequent residential development is reducing animal habitat and hence biological diversity. About 3,680 acres of land were converted to urban (mostly residential use on large lots) between 1977 and 1990. Wildlife corridors and linked open spaces are being lost (except on federal and state land). The lack of mandatory septic system maintenance and uniform stormwater management regulations pose threats to water quality in lakes and streams from nutrients, sedimentation, and other pollutants. Local plans and zoning regulations vary greatly in the degree to which environmental concerns are addressed. Local land use decisions often do not fully apply the environmental protection standards already included in existing ordinances. On the plus side, however, citizen interest in environmental protection is high (see Working Paper #2, page 34) as is citizen vigilance, although it could be argued that Working with Nature Page 3 -2 The natural resources of the peninsula should be treated as if they are a trust for use by all generations. Long term quality of life, a sustainable economy, and generational equity all demand this. A stewardship ethic views renewable resources as resources to be managed for long term productivity based on their potential value and contribution to local quality of life. In some cases they may be managed for single use (such as for an orchard), in others for multiple use (such as a forest for wildlife habitat, hunting, and timber production). In contrast, however, contemporary land use practices are too often focused more on resource exploitation for short term economic gain to the owner/operator without consideration of long term impacts on that or adjoining land or water resources. As a result, land is scarred, water may be contaminated, and quality of life is reduced for generations-usually by the time the damage is recognized, the exploiter is long gone. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Thus , the primary environmental goal of the Leelanau General Plan is the protection of unique and sensitive lands and the water resources from inappropriate and poorly designed development. This includes unique and prime agricultural lands as well as sensitive environments like dunes, wetlands, and wildlife habitat. The primary environmental goal of the Leelanau General Plan is the protection of unique and sensitive lands and the water resources from inappropriate and poorly designed development. It is important to guide new development in a way which works with nature rather than against nature. A healthy economy depends on a healthy environment. Where there are legitimate conflicts between proposed new development and an important sensitive natural resource, and reasonable and prudent alternatives exist, then the new development should yield to the sensitive environmental feature and be built elsewhere. Where long term sustainable economic or public safety and welfare benefits outweigh small environmental impact, then the new development should be allowed to proceed with appropriate mitigation measures. In all cases, planning and development regulation should be oriented to preventing pollution, impairment, or habitat destruction . The Lake Michigan shore. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View Working with Nature Page 3 -3 �be encouraged whenever possible. ENVIRONMENT AL PROTECTION STRATEGY The basic strategy for environmental protection on the Leelanau Peninsula as advocated by this General Plan follows (see Figure 3-1 ). More specific policies and action statements are found in Part Two. • Identify and avoid sensitive environments in advance. New development could then avoid wetlands, dunes, floodplains, and endangered or threatened plant and animal habitat. Site plans need to be developed based on state, county, and local maps of sensitive resources, as well as on site specific reconnaissance. • Protect water quality of surface water and groundwater. Regulations to require regular inspection and maintenance of septic tanks are needed. New regulations to manage stormwater impacts on waterbodies should be enacted and enforced based on the Grand Traverse County stormwater regulations. • Minimize land fragmentation of large parcels. Uniform local zoning and land division regulations should be enacted which prevent fragmentation of prime farm, forest, and important open space lands. A transfer of development rights program (TOR) should be created to permit landowners to capture the value of development rights of open space lands in lieu of dividing the land for sale as residential lots (see Chapter 6 for more information on this technique). • linking open spaces. Wildlife corridors, habitat protection, and linkages between open spaces should be a primary consideration in the development of new local plans and peninsula-wide open space plans. Efforts should be made to acquire fee simple interests or conservation easements across such lands where they are not already in public ownership. Other efforts such as mapping biodiversity should Working with Nature Page 3-4 • Compact development. New residential development in the county should be encouraged in villages and in clusters on non-prime resource lands. • Keyhole development. Control of private keyhole development around inland lakes has become necessary. New lakefront public access sites should be carefully sited to minimize environmental degradation and managed to avoid lake overcrowding and nuisance impacts on abutting properties. • Protection of renewable resources. The protection of prime agricultural and forest lands and the promotion of environmentally sound sustainable agricultural and forest management practices can be achieved by coordinated county and local policies with the support of the farm community. �,a ,a ~ ,r. ,-. ,._ ,_ WIii WII WI WIii w. '111111a ;! Cb rCb Cb Qi" ::, Ill t:: C) LINK OPEN SPACES Cb ::, ~ NEW DEVELOPMENT: Compact Close in to village PROTECT RENEWABLE RESOURCES -FARM & FOREST LAND ~ ::, EXISTING VILLAGE "'t) "~:::~ ......., ...... ..\"".'- Cb '~ ::, · ',:_: ·:-_ ::::. :- -..c...:.. -=-=--.-:::--. •·--=- - - -- ~ 5 (/) t:: ...Qi" -- ~ m z < r 55 ~ 0 z s:m-· "Tl z'g -i ~ )> w r ,...I CJ) -i J ' ::0 ~ m G) -< [ ~ Ill g. ::, 1:)- -,c; ~ ::,::, ~ ~ 5· IQ ~ ~ s: ' 01 ...Cb ~ ~ c.,c! Ila ~ till> ~ SEPTIC SYSTEM MAINTENANCE ;/Ii= - ---~- - ---YHOLE EVELOPMENT RESTRICTED U FFERTO ROTECT WATER QUALITY PREVENT LAND FRAGMENTATION OF LARGE PARCELS �Chapter 4 BALANCED GROWTH POLICY GUIDELINE: BALANCED GROWTH continue and will be concentrated in agricultural and high technology enterprises. New residential, commercial, and industrial development on the peninsula is encouraged provided it is: 1) in locations with public services adequate to meet its needs, 2) environmentally friendly, 3) consistent with the character of development in the area, 4) consistent with local plans and regulations, and 5) compatible with the guidelines of this General Plan. In the implementation of this policy guideline, both the county and local governments would seek to ensure over time, that all the health, safety, and general welfare needs of its citizens that can be reasonably met are accommodated with a variety of land uses in the pattern proposed and in a manner which does not unnecessarily compromise options for future generations. There is no real question as to whether there will be new growth on the peninsula, it is simply a matter of where, when, how much, and what type. The principal challenge is to devise an integrated and coordi1ated growth strategy which enjoys broad public support and that utilizes the best capabilities of county and local governments to guide growth into those locations best able to accommodate it, and/or most in need of it for the foreseeable future. There is no real question as to whether there will be new growth on the peninsula, it is simply a matter of where, when, how much, and what type. CONTEXT FOR BALANCED GROWTH There is projected to be a continued demand for new dwellings on the Leelanau Peninsula. These new dwellings will serve some existing residents, but largely will accommodate seasonal residents, new residents who will be working, or retirees . The county will grow as both a bedroom and tourist community. New businesses will continue to be established and some existing businesses will enlarge . Many new businesses will focus on the needs of tourists, but increasingly, as the indigenous year round population increases, they will focus on the growing needs of existing residents. Limited opportunities for industrial development will The LeelBnBu GenerBI P!Bn - Peninsu!Br View While the amount of new development will be a function of demand, which is not easily regulated, the location of new development, its density, and the adequacy of public services in the are principally a function of governmental decisions. These policies should focus highest attention on both residential and agricultural land uses, due to their interrelatedness if current trends should continue. The greatest land use changes projected to occur involve conversion of agricultural and open space lands to residential use. Current trends must stop soon, or sprawl will consume critical areas of the agricultural economic base of the county and the open space that it provides. Commercial development should be directed into existing villages and resorts and not be permitted to expand beyond planned areas. While the amount of new development will be a function of demand, which is not easily regulated, the location of new development, its density, and the adequacy of public services in the area are principally a function of governmental decisions. Coordinating consistent land use decisions is necessary to accomplish balanced growth. It BBIBnced Growth PBge 4-1 �also requires local plans and regulations that are built on a common vision and which rely on common policies for their implementation. This General Plan accepts the principle that environmental protection and economic development are not incompatible objectives. BALANCED GROWTH ETHIC This General Plan accepts the principle that environmental protection and economic development are not incompatible objectives . Jobs are essential for the income they generate to support families. Jobs in Leelanau County are largely related to agriculture, tourism, or to serving the needs of the growing commuter population (people who live in the county but commute to work elsewhere). Two (if not all three) of these job categories exist because of the natural resources and environmental quality of the peninsula. Without it, the jobs would be lost. Yet the job base on the peninsula is not sufficient in size to provide many new opportunities for young persons raised in the county to find work after graduation. Neither are average pay scales sufficient to support a family. Affordable housing opportunities are becoming fewer and fewer. As a result, the disparity between the higher and the lower income citizens is growing (see Working Papers # 7 and 11). Balanced growth will require housing not only for the wealthy seasonal residents, retirees, or two income commuter families, but also for young families, the elderly , and other Aerial view of Sugar Loaf Resort (foreground), Little Traverse Lake (right), and Lime Lake (left). Balanced Growth Page 4 -2 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �, . , . , . , . , . , . WII Wla WII WIii PROTECT RENEWABLE RESOURCE LANDS ;l <II r- <11 ~ ::, •••• Qi t: • C) ....... •••••••••• -· ..... . -~~ ·-. .-_-; . -::;JCS~..,-_::;;;.;-~-~ -- , ~ • ~--J . • <II ::, - e , ~ -,.., . -- ~•', __- ,· ::, , •._ ~·1~1t - --m.x). - ; . 0 00 ~.~-~.. - , , o'•e••· .,.,. ('• • •• Oooi:~o•~~:ooo, ~ Ooooop•~giiQQQc;,•••••• 0 0 Q. Q ._,y, . - •. ,1, ,-,r.~v-.--:,1/if,.,..,. ~ ::, :5(I) - --- - • ? •".;~ ••••• ~ _--.::__ ~ ( - • / ~Obi:;~~ • ENCOURAGE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT WITH COMMON OPEN SPACE -, ) ~ r 0 \ Q Q 0 0 3 (1 Q (l Q IJQ (l Q , , QQ.Q Q Q" (> V qr> _o~ Q q ... --- WIii-... ENCOURAGE AFFORDABLE HOUSING INDUSTRIAL PARK NEW JOBS -···•---------·············. ~ : • ••• • •• ••• •• •• •• • ••• • :-• • q <-'~_p'~-yf'n':)iQ~; f~ _ij/f//:f; ✓ ~ -<" '11,...-:""'"rri~ ~ . ,:;:r\",--. '(yr' cJ-'(. -.,-1; ~; ~ ~ "-~~( .' ;r~_ i~l.fiff!JJ ., ~-.T::/r{/ --.J.,,.n ,. • • t: ii, .... ~ ~ ~ ..., . . . . . ,... ' ' \ :• ·, PUBLIC SERVICE , BOUNDARY .•• "'"' :• • -~ .'I'·/, I.I'/ ;/4 1/;.'t 'l·,f ' ~ Co ~ g. :, ENCOURAGE NEW BUSINESS ACTIVITY WITHIN EXISTING VILLAGE THAT REFLECTS VILLAGE CHARACTER 0- '< ~ 5 lII:01 ii"' I~ DISCOURAGE STRIP DEVELOPMENT AT EDGE OF VILLAGE ~/,, v~J~'M; ·" \, ' ::t- I') <II ~<II ~ 0 ~~ l., g. , . ... , •• ... ••• .: ~ ~ ~ •••• •••• •• ..• •• ••• •••• •••••••••• .. II r, ::, "tJ Q. • •••• ••••• PHASED NEW : GROWTH WITHIN : PUBLIC SERVICE : BOUNDARY ~ • Figure 4 -1 BALANCED GROWTH STRATEGY �low income residents. It will require new businesses to support the needs of these new families. It will require new tourist jobs and probably some new light industrial jobs as well. Where these new homes, these new businesses and industries are constructed will affect the future quality of life on the peninsula . If the present pattern of sprawl continues for 10-20 more years, the rural character of the peninsula will be irretrievably damaged as will most of the open space not in public ownership. This will dramatically reduce, if not eliminate future tourism growth. It will also create an enormous public service burden that will not be cost-effective to meet because of the low density, spread-out pattern of development. Incremental sprawl of residences across the countryside will drive out agriculture and further narrow (rather than broaden) the tax base. It will also create an enormous public service burden that will not be cost-effective to meet because of the low density, spread-out pattern of development. The solution is balanced growth that deeply respects the environment and the quality natural resources on the peninsula. The balance must be founded on the princ iple of sustainability . In short, sustainable development means protecting the goose that lays the golden egg. On the Leelanau Peninsula, that means protecting the natural environment and the renewable natural resources to a greater degree than would likely be the case elsewhere. This is because most of what is good about the peninsula comes from the natural environment, and most of what sustains families on the peninsula also comes from it. BALANCED GROWTH STRATEGY The basic strategy for balanced growth on the Leelanau Peninsula as advocated by this General Plan follows. See Figure 4-1. More specific policies and action statements are found in Part Two. • Significantly curtail sprawl and encourage compact development. The future land use pattern on the peninsula will encourage new residential development in existing and adjoining villages (and perhaps new villages) and on non-prime soils or sensitive lands. Strip development will be strongly discouraged and all new commercial development will be in a village, resort or already established commercial area (such as Greilickville) . Sustainable use occurs when the ecosystem, organism , or renewable resource is maintained indefinitely at a rate within its capacity for renewal. Sustainable agriculture respects the land and water and involves management practices that do not diminish the potential of future operators to gainfully produce crops. Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . A sustainable economy is one which meets the needs of the present without so exploiting the environment and natural resources that future generations suffer. ReBI estBte trBnsBctions Bre plentiful. BBIBnced Growth PBge 4 -4 The LeelBnBu GenerBI PIBn - Peninsular View �I I I • The existing economic base will be protected and enhanced. Renewable resource lands will be protected for long term economically beneficial use . Activities supporting the tourist industry will be protected and enhanced but will not be expanded into new areas without careful planning. Business act1v1ty providing services to the year round population will be encouraged to concentrate in existing villages and strongly discouraged from moving to the edge of town . • New jobs. New year round employment in services and light industry will be encouraged in several carefully planned industrial parks. • New development: where, when, how much, what type, and at what density. Most new development will be residential but local regulations need to be changed to improve opportunities for affordable housing, especially in existing villages. New development should occur when, and only in locations which have or are guaranteed adequate public services to support the public service needs of new development. The density of new development will respect the character of the surrounding area, the capacities of necessary public services and not needlessly squander land resources. New development will occur in response to market demand and not speculatively, or ahead of necessary public facilities. In particular, new development will not result in the premature disinvestment in agriculture . I I • Phased growth. New public facilities will be constructed to guide future growth based on annually updated capital improvements programs (CIP) prepared by each local government and the county. All CIP's will be coordinated and compatible with the General Plan. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View A new home in the woods. • Public service boundaries. New public services should be provided on a planned basis within boundaries of village and rural services districts. These districts need to be designed to economically and efficiently meet the needs of land uses within them. Simultaneously, high intensity development should not be permitted outside established public service boundaries. • Jobs/housing/transportation balance. As new development occurs an effort should be made to coordinate the provision of jobs and transportation so that a jobs/housing/transportation balance is achieved that results in reduced transportation demands and a greater chance for cost effective transportation services , including transit services . • Protect agricultural operations. Agricultural operations need to be protected by local zoning measures that classify them as the principal and preferred use of prime orchard or other agricultural soils. Incompatible uses of adjacent land will be discouraged . Other local ordinances and programs should also be coordinated to protect sustainable agricultural operations. Balanced Growth Page 4-5 �• • Protect sand and gravel resources. Lands with large amounts of marketable sand and gravel deposits should be identified and protected from conversion to other uses, or from being surrounded by residences to the degree that future extraction would be precluded. Existing sites of former extraction activities should be reclaimed. Address equity concerns of large landowners. The value of prime agricultural, woodland, and gravel lands for residential development often exceeds that of the resource value of these lands. A major effort will be made to develop a peninsulawide program to permit large landowners to capture the development value of those Balanced Growth Page 4-6 lands without having to fragment or convert those lands for development purposes. In particular, transfer and purchase of development rights will be explored (see next chapter). • Educational opportunities. An effort should be made to improve opportunities for continuing education and government officials will support the initiatives of public schools to produce graduates with job ready skills. • Health and human services. An effort should be made to improve health services and access to them. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Chapter 5 GROWTH GUIDELINES AND DECISION MAPS POLICY GUIDELINE: MANAGED GROWTH local comprehensive plans and local development regulations (including for example, zoning and subdivision regulations) should be updated and thereafter maintained, to include goals, objectives, policies and strategies for managing future growth compatible with the Leelanau General Plan. local plans should include more specific land use and density proposals at the parcel-specific level. local regulations should focus on design and other issues of local significance. Public facilities should all be constructed according to local capital improvement programs that are coordinated at all governmental levels on the peninsula. GROWTH MANAGEMENT TOOLS The preface presented the principal goal of the Leelanau General Plan. Chapters 1 - 4 presented principal policy guidelines and explanatory text in support of this goal. This chapter explains a variety of existing and new tools that could be employed by the county and/or local governments in the county to An oeriol view of Sugor Loof Resort. The Lee/onou Generol Pion - Peninsu/or View Growth Guidelines ond Decision Mops Poge 5-1 �increase significantly the chances for successful implementation of the Leelanau General Plan. Part Two of the plan presents specific policies and action statements to give even clearer direction on steps that can be taken to implement this plan . Part Three focusses on the institutional structure necessary for successful implementation. Following is a description of the key growth management tools and techniques proposed to be used. Many relate to elements included in the decision maps included in the last section of this chapter. Some of these tools can be used under existing statutes, others will require new enabling legislation. Some can be implemented by individual actions of the county or local governments while others require coordinated actions by multiple units of government. COMMUNITY TYPES Identification of community types enables citizens and officials to categorize areas of planned high, medium, and low density development as well as to identify those areas most likely to need improved public services in the future and/or around which new development could be clustered. The density classes referred to here are "average densities" for development, a term not to be confused with "minimum lot size." Average density refers to the density that results by dividing a total number of future dwellings by the total acreage of a large land area. The number of dwellings on each parcel within the area in question may be a different size than the "average." See Figure 5-1. In contrast, zoning ordinances typically establish minimum lot Downtown Leland, looking south. Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5 -2 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �I I I I I I below which no smaller parcel may be used. The average density of an area is a better measure to use in the General Plan because many parcels of varying dimensions are already built upon and new dwellings could be clustered on a potion of a property to protect open space. Under clustering, the average density remains low while the density of the area with homes may by much higher. It is rather like the census-derived figure of 0.07 persons/acre in all of Leelanau County. This is an average density figure. However, within Suttons Bay or Northport, the average density is much higher. The following community types have been identified and mapped in Leelanau County (See Map 5-1): Urban Center. The economic core of a region, characterized by a high concentration of activity that may be but is probably not coterminous with municipal boundaries. The urban center typically provides employment opportunities for a large number of people within the region. It also provides a significant portion of the region's economic and tax base. Urban centers are characterized by an average density of one unit per 10 ,000 square feet in platted areas, to one unit per one-half ( ½) acre in unplatted areas not serviced by a municipal sanitary sewer system. Rural Center. A local activity hub consisting of residential neighborhoods, a surrounding rural area, and a core of small businesses. Modest Figure 5-1 AVERAGE DENSITY IS THE SAME .,,..--- eo · .. 1/4 acre 101s In 20 acre sut>drvlslon 40 oc,e1 S -- OCIM 40 acres 31 unit condomnlum development on ocres ti) 40 acres 40 acres r558 40 acres .... ........... ... ..... ..... .. ... ... .... ... . ... ... .. . . .. .... . ... . .. -_) ' - ' 10 ocres ~ OCIOI .--- - acre parcel _ _ ) r--~-10 unit apartment building on 2 acres Average density refers to development within a geographic area, such as that area in a community which may be planned for wlow density residentiar development. Average density is established by dividing the total acreage within the specified area by the number of dwelling units planned for the same area. Cannon Township Comprehensive Plan, Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-3 �in size, it may or may not be an incorporated municipality . Some employment opportunities exist within the rural center. Average parcel densities ranging from 10,000 to 15,000 square feet are common, mostly the result of platted subdivisions. Resort Center. A seasonally active area with housing that is mostly geared to the needs of a transient population with limited public services and limited commercial facilities like gift shops and restaurants. Average parcel densities are similar to that of the rural center, but may range as high as two (2) acres in some areas. Settlement. A small, relatively isolated community which may not have an associated commercial center, typified by clusters of residential parcels of one-half ( ½) to five acres in size. Minimal employment opportunities exist , if any. Compact Commercial Centers. An area of commercial development not associated with any other commercial development. It exists independent of a traditional town or village setting. Often, little if any residential development is associated with the compact commercial center area. Typical development densities average one building for every three (3) to five (5) acres, with some areas averaging as high as one building per ten ( 10) acre parcel. TOR AND PDR Transfer of development rights (TDR) and purchase of development rights (PDR) are techniques which involve the sale of development rights. A development right is a severable property right like an easement or mineral right. Once all development rights are sold, the property can thereafter never be used Map 5-1 COMMUNITY TYPES ~ 0 5MI ■ URBAN • CENTER RURAL CENTER + RESORT CENTER • SETTLEMENT ■ SCATTERED STRIP COMMERCIAL Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5 -4 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �' ', ~ ~ '- the Intergovernmental Growth Management Consortium (Consortium) of which Leelanau County is a member. for a structural development purpose {like a residential subdivision or commercial establishment). In most cases, nonstructural use rights (such as for agriculture or forest management) remain. TOR and POR have special value as growth management tools because they permit landowners to capture the economic value of land for development purposes without actually developing it. Unfortunately, TOR is not currently a legally authorized technique for use by Michigan communities, although it is used in seven other states. Legislation has been drafted, but not enacted, to permit its use in Michigan. The legislation was drafted under the auspices of TOR is a technique which permits protection of sensitive resources, renewable resource lands, historic resources, or other areas of special community significance by reducing permitted development density in those areas while still allowing the landowner to capture the economic value of the development rights in the land. This is done through the creation of "sending" and "receiving" zones where development rights in sending zones are sold to buyers (developers) for use in receiving zones. Buyers of development rights can then build at a higher density than without development rights. See Figure 5-2. TOR will be most effective in Leelanau County if structured on a peninsulawide basis. Key agricultural lands and other sensitive lands could be places into the sending zone. Multiple receiving zones could be established . They would largely be in villages and in the southeast corner of the county (near Traverse City) or in an area proposed for a new town. Figure 5-2 TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS ~ ~ ~ ~ , i .8 ~ 8 ;. z "' C c ."' ~ ~ ' ' ' ~ ~ C cC ., POR involves the purchase of development rights (or conservation easements) for permanent retirement, thereafter forever protecting the land from development. POR is currently authorized under the Conservation and Historic Preservation Easement Act. New legislation (proposed by the Consortium) would broaden this authority. If a way of financing such purchases could be established, POR could be used to purchase development rights on key parcels throughout the county to protect important public viewing opportunities, especially along public roadways. ii: P.A. 116 Development rights are analogous to mineral rights. Once established , they could be bought and sold under a local transfer of development rights program . It is an equitable way to allow a landowner to "capture" development value without changing land use . The Leelanau General Plan · Peninsular View The Farmland and Open Space Preservation Act (P.A. 11 6) provides an opportunity for farmers to enroll land in the program for periods from 10 - 99 years in return for tax credit. For many active farmers, the tax credit Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-5 �l equals or exceeds property taxes. Many farms in the county are enrolled. It is an important protection technique. A concerted effort should be made to encourage carefully considered enrollment as another growth management tool in those areas with prime orchard or prime farm land soils. Similarly, an analysis will be made and periodically updated of parcels in which the P.A. 116 enrollment will soon terminate in order to identify parcels "at risk" of conversion to other uses. (Map 52.) Map 5-2 P.A. 116 ENROLLED LANDS ~ 5MI 0 CONCURRENCY -. This growth management technique requires that new development occur only when the public facilities and services necessary to meet its service needs are in place. Thus, if a paved road and/or sewer line were necessary to mitigate impacts of a proposed new use, they will have to be constructed before, not after the new use was ■ LAND IN PA 116 Figure 5-3 CONCURRENCY A QUESTION OF BALANCE ■ Adequate Publi: S.rva-s Al Time Of Land O.,,,bpmen1 1 gi . .c ~ ~ f"' ."' C c ~ C cC • ii: Growth Guidelines Bnd Decision MBps Page 5 -6 The LeelBnBu GenerBI P!Bn - Peninsular View �' ' ' ' ' ' ~ ~ ~ ' ', ' , , ' ' established. Currently, it is not easy to require new development concurrent with adequate public facilities. See Figure 5-3. With good planning and consistent implementation, it is possible to so require with some special land uses and planned unit developments. It is not possible to apply to a rezoning. In order for this technique to be effective, it needs to be used in conjunction with capital improvements programming. The Consortium has drafted enabling authority to use concurrency as a growth management tool in Michigan. Consistent county/local planning and coordinated capital improvement planning can give many of the same benefits without new legislation. VILLAGE AND RURAL SERVICE DISTRICTS The creation of village and rural service districts allows communities to identify areas in which specified public services will be provided during a planning period, areas in which partial or limited services will be provided, and areas in which few if any public services over and above current levels will be provided (rural service district). An urban services district should be established in the southeast corner of Elmwood Township in recognition of the urban character and service level of that area. The specific services to be provided within the planning period for each services district must be identified. This approach helps direct growth into areas where necessary public services are adequate. It also permits the development of a long term public service strategy linked to a capital improvements program (CIP). CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PROGRAMS A CIP is an annual listing of proposed public facilities or major improvements to be constructed in the next six years along with their proposed location, method of financing, when they will be constructed, and who is responsible for them. When each community in the county (including the county itself) The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View prepares a CIP and coordinates public facility improvements consistent with the established village and rural service districts, a strong tool for guiding growth is created. OFFICIAL MAP This technique involves mapping the location of all new proposed public facilities to be constructed and all new public lands to be acquired within a planning period. Both private and public development decisions can be improved by common knowledge of public infrastructure and facility improvements. This is most beneficial when mapped on a countywide basis. Each local government should prepare and periodically update an official map and send it to the County Planning Department. There a single official map could be prepared depicting all county agencyproposed public facilities with all the proposed local government facilities. It is best prepared and updated in conjunction with a coordinated CIP process. The Consortium has drafted new official map legislation, but such maps can be prepared as part of a local planning process without legislation. However, they have no legal consequence and are only a planning tool. The inclusion of proposed state and federal public facilities would further strengthen the use of this tool. LINKED OPEN SPACE SYSTEM As new development occurs on the peninsula, the existing network of open spaces will become smaller and fragmented. By identifying the most important wildlife corridors and open spaces now, it is possible to create linkages that protect wildlife and permit wise recreational use. This should be a primary consideration in the development of new local plans and peninsula-wide open space plans. Efforts may be made to acquire fee simple interests or conservation easements across such lands where they are not already in public ownership. Other efforts to promote biodiversity should be encouraged whenever feasible. Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-7 �l Open space zoning is .a set.of techniques .,. · which permit residential development wh,ilef: maintaining a strong sense of rural community ' character and prptectjon of environmemar/ ,resources. 6Jten ipace tbning\ erstablishes\the prote~tion Of open space ~s pqJra'.rY )§ite) tr~ .both .single family :d wellings on :individual\lots: \ , >• •········• in.a small :group surre>unded :by.Qpen:)SPclC~r as):, ,: ) Benefit¥:: pf qp~rfSj;>,ac.~,i9niQ9:It. well as to a group of dweliing Units 'with shared wall construction. There are, ,a v~uiety ot public t>enefits :associated· :Wtth\ ppeh ,$j)aqij):~p'qjpg} .. Public benefits include: ·.•. ,., · ·.·.· : / ;:::... •...,/The f11.BXil1J/!fTI provis/9.n·• :opiJr,. sp'IJCEI :) .; ❖ ... .. consistent with the ruiahchata'cter of'an iirea · is the priority consideration in open space · environmentally .sensitive::'•~t~a.'.i f zoning provisions. i>reservaticm ofsignifica6f ◊l$taj }? :'~ng:: PtiYlt~:: : ,at, ;•❖~~~:~·rvai~:r~f~~%~~•'~~:·w:~~r;~i~r,~•~1i1i·•· · · • ·Cl ose 0to-home .:• recreationio Open space zoning devel.opments differ from traditional planned uni.t deyeloprn.ents . . . (PU D's) in that PU D's often place:priority upon ·· .·•· the clust~Jing of:,QIJ\'.ellipgs . aroqng · cor:nmon . areas:iorfiiniffiize'iihfrastftictuf~•bdstsTahci'ihE3i: .• ,. .!,. ,Jvliriir,:ni;zation ofthr,ough'. trnf • areas, ' . "!{Mrnitr.ii~e public·'serv1c;e ·c#sfs:~•::. · ·~~~~i~~~t~;6.~;~~~~~i;!~!;~~•t1~;.fiiiJ1t~~j~!i~,,:·. :::::1: • ,'·• • • Ptivate'':,fienefits•, .include:·•· open space a traciitiona1 PU.b than .in open Tn :f:nc:eddeuvn~:o~;:;~P~nen~~d/,t~~: b::~it~s"e~ more in urban and suburban locations as an alternative to a traditional subdivision rathet . •~:~:::~ .~:o~~:~ ~;!iJ!", fc,"[@!:i>\iitjiI;! land'::through method!Lother t.han .fhe i afgE3 lot split opt1on. ·: · < : '/: 5 ~~:~lopa~ent~:e~~f~~~Y re~son ::i;~;:s~~=~~~ rural area). The maximum provision of open space consistent With the rural character of an area is the priority consideration in open space ;zoning provisions. Jar.W,I5gjlrb.\ h~;J • Often, farmers can stiU go.).on protected open space .:areas7bllftl:ie value,<: of the land for residential ·::p:urpo'~•e:s been captured by the farrn·e r ·~ '.yijt>Ro> houses are built. ···· ·· Open space ;zoning is characterized by three fundamental components. First; a significant portion of the site ,is protected' as permanent open space. Second, residences are clustered to maximize the quantity and quality of open space on the site. Third, site ,development maintains a ) 'low . visual impact, ,particl.ilarly .,. along the public ~oadwav: : This · is · very &>yl'Cll: 'Planning and Zoning News, Match .1992 Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-8 : �IMPACT ASSESSMENT OPEN SPACE ZONING Uniform procedures and checklists for evaluating projects in or near sensitive environmental areas or with significant public service impacts should be developed and widely distributed for use by all local governments in the county. This will permit equal treatment of projects while coordinating decisions on developments that may have impacts beyond the borders of a single jurisdiction. properties with non-prime agriculture or forest land soils that are not subject to more specific protection mechanisms could be developed without unnecessary loss of open space with a variety of open space protection techniques (see previous page). Sample zoning language has been developed as part of the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook project. A variation should be widely promoted for uniform use across the peninsula. See Figure 5-4. MODEL ORDINANCES Similarly, model ordinances may be developed and made available for adoption and use throughout the county. The sample ordinances prepared as part of the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook project (which Leelanau County cosponsored) will be the starting point for this effort. These sample regulations address land division and access control issues, natural resource protection issues, and community character issues. GIS AND DATA SUPPORT FROM THE COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT The Leelanau County Planning Department will provide mapping (using its GIS system), data, and technical support services to local governments engaged in planning activities compatible with the plan at cost or less (at a subsidized rate). Figure 5-4 ALTERNATE ZONING PATTERNS • N ci. ~ 1\ ;".;:;:l' l -=----,1 Traditional Zoning 20 Housing Units PEARL Option 20 Housing Units Traditional zoning pattern (left) contrasted with an open space or rural cluster zoning pattern (right). The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-9 �1 LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN DECISION MAPS Following is a description of three maps which graphically illustrate key planning concepts promoted by the Leelanau General Plan. These maps are intended to help explain, and thereby improve understanding of these concepts. It is expected that these maps will be used by decision makers when carrying out their responsibilities for future local or county planning or development regulatory decisions. Future Land Use Map Preservation of peninsula character is the central focus of the Future Land Use Map. As previously mentioned in this plan, the visual character of familiar landscapes are important image guideposts people use to find their way in daily activities. The Future Land Use Map presents a generalized pattern of uses. The Leelanau General Plan is not, nor should it be, a detailed duplicate of a zoning map. Small-area land use decisions should appropriately be made at the scale of township and village plans and in subsequent zoning actions, each compatible with the policy guidelines of the Leelanau General Plan. The Future Land Use Map does not,. nor should it, distinguish between existing and proposed uses, or different levels of road improvement or "overlay" concepts such as environmentally sensitive districts. The map blends them into the overall fabric of the plan. The Future Land Use Map is prepared in a way to more accurately identify land use areas and designations. The various elements appearing on the Future Land Use Map are as follows: • Agricultural Land Agricultural lands depicted on the map include the central peninsula farms, ridgetop farms, and orchards. Growth Guidelines and Decision Mops Page 5-10 • Important Natural Features Major wooded areas including the southwest forests, Northport woods are among the important natural features shown. Lakes, wetlands, key streams and drains are among the selected water features appearing on the map. Dune lands, including those classified by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources as "critical dunes," are also shown. • Urban Areas Commercial and residential areas are the primary urban classes delineated on the Future Land Use Map. Residential areas are classified as high, medium, or low density. • Terrain Three major topographic features of the Leelanau Peninsula are displayed in map form. These include glacial ridges, valleys, and the Northport Flats. Policies Map The Policies Map is a combination of the various summary maps included in the chapters of the Leelanau General Plan. The map highlights local government initiatives and specific land uses, policies or concerns, some of which are translated into land use designations on the Future Land Use Map. The Policies Map uses symbols and generalized patterns to suggest its intentions. The Policies Map and Future Land Use Map are equally important elements of the Leelanau General Plan and should be viewed together. The various elements appearing on the Policies Map are as follows: • Community types Community types shown in terms of "average density" are depicted on the Policies Map to allow citizens and officials to identify areas most likely to demand certain public services. The five community types shown on the map are urban centers, rural centers, resort centers, settlements, The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �and compact commercial Community service districts presented on the map. centers. are also • Sensitive Environments Habitats of unique and endangered species, as identified by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, are shown on the Policies Map. Wetland areas, stream corridors, dune lands, and high risk erosion areas are among the sensitive environments rendered on the map. • Public/Quasi-public Facilities Boating harbors, public water access points, and historic places are included in this category. Public water access points shown include designated Department of Natural Resources access sites and public road ends. • Recreation Facilities The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Leelanau State Park, Pere Marquette State Forest, local parks and golf courses are among the recreational facilities included on the Policies map. • Institutional Facilities Schools and government facilities are shown on the map, as are major solid waste disposal facilities consisting of the landfill and recycling drop-off stations. • Other Other elements of the Policies Map include illustration of the following: - Major "receiving areas" for Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) programs - Target areas for Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) programs - Known mineral deposit areas Transportation Map The Transportation Map divides the road system into functional classifications. Functional classification does not deal with either number of lanes or right-of-way. It deals The Leelanau General Plan · Peninsular View with the function of roadway and addresses the degree to which the road serves to provide local access to abutting properties versus longer trips connecting more distant destinations by higher level roadways. Roads that run continuously for several miles and serve to connect several areas together, tie into other important roadways and are the most direct means of travel between communities and other highways would probably be shown as an arterial roadway. Likewise, roads intended to serve only local travel would be classified as such. No State trunkline ("M" roads) has a classification under that of major arterial. Other features shown on the Transportation Map include airplane landing fields, the Leelanau Transit Company Railroad, marina facilities, and roads with improved shoulders that may be used for non-motorized transportation. The most significant proposed road improvements are also illustrated on the map. A more formal definition classification scheme follows: of the road Major Arterial: The function of a major arterial is to convey traffic between municipalities and activity centers, and to provide connections with intrastate and interstate roadways. Significant community, retail, commercial and industrial facilities may be located along major arterials. Major arterials are intended to accommodate higher speeds and levels of service, not to provide access. Therefore, access management is desirable for preserving capacity. Of course, travel speed are reduced in heavily populated areas. The state trunklines of the Leelanau Peninsula serve as major arterials. Non-motorized traffic should be limited, if not prohibited on major arterials. Minor Arterial: A minor arterial serves as a major "feeder" street. Signals may exist as needed, and side street traffic must yield to traffic on the minor arterial. Minor arterial interconnect residential, retail, employment and recreational activities within and between Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-11 �1 communities. Operating speeds are may be lower than those of major-arterials, but seldom fall below forty-five (45) mile per hour. Some non-motorized traffic can be accommodated in minor arterials. Most roads included in the county primary network are classified as minor arterials. Major Collector: A major collector carries and distributes traffic between access roads, minor collectors and minor arterials. The primary function of the major collector is free traffic flow, therefore, access to homes, parking, and deliveries should be somewhat restricted. Roads in this category can easily provide for non-motorized traffic. In some areas, minor retail or other commercial establishments may be present. Some county primary roads and longer local roads are classified as major collectors. Travel speeds range from thirty-five (35) to forty-five (45) miles per hour, but are higher on open stretches. Minor Collector: Minor collectors provide access to individual parcels and carry traffic to and from access roads. Traffic usually originates or has a destination point in the immediate area of the minor collector. Local county roads of one to five miles in length are typical of those classified as minor collectors. Non-motorized traffic makes greatest use of minor collectors. Travel speeds range from thirty (30) to forty-five (45) miles per hour, but are higher on open stretches. Access Roads: Access roads serve to provide access to any land use setting. Traffic having origin or destination on the street is typical of that found in this classification. Trip length is usually short and movement is incidental, involving travel to and from collector facilities. Maximum travel speeds reach twenty-five (25) miles per hour and may be lower in certain circumstances, i.e. school zones. These roads, usually thought of as community residential and subdivision streets, are not conducive to through traffic. :i:: () t t "{ t ~ ::,.. .c:i -.c_.,.s () a: Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5 - 12 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Map 5-3a FUTURE LAND USE MAP Agricultural Land ~ 0 ~ ~ CENTRAL PENINSULA FARMS The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View !Ill Ill 5 Ml RIDGE - TOP FARMS 88881 ~ ORCHARDS Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-13 �Map 5-3b FUTURE LAND USE MAP Important Natural Features ~ 0 ~ mm SOUTHWi::ST NORTHPOR FOREST WOODS Growth Guidetines and Decision Maps Page 5-14 [I] • 5MI WETLAND DUNE AREAS LANDS rv KEY STREAMS LAKES The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Map 5-3c FUTURE LAND USE MAP Urban Areas ~ 0 , SMI COMMERC I AL AREA HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREA RESORT AREA MEDIUM DENSITY RES IDENTIAL AREA The Leelanau General Plan - Penmsular View □ LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREA Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-15 �Map 5-3d FUTURE LAND USE MAP Terrain ~ 5MI 0 GL~CIAL ~IDGE Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page5-16 ~ VALLEY ~ NORTHPORT ~ ;c"LATS The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Map 5-4a POLICIES MAP Community Types f7-JL-J7 0 5 Ml ,■ ~ ~ URBAN SERVICE JISTRICT VI LLAGE SERVICE DISTRICT The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View • ■ RURAL CENTER SCATTERED STRIP COMMERCIAL •+ SETTLEMENT RESORT CENTER Grow th Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-17 �Map 5-4b POLICIES MAP Sensitive Environments ~ ----···- STREAM CORRIDOR filIIill WETLAND AREA ~ CRITICAL DUNE AREA ~ • ., • HIGH-RISK EROSION AREA ■ SENSITIVE PLANT COMMUNITY SENS I TIVE AN I MAL COMMUNITY ~ ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-18 • + UNIQUE GEOLOGIC FEATURE OTHER UNIQUE NATURAL FEATURES The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �1 Map 5-4c POLICIES MAP Public/Quasi-Public and Institutional Facilities J J J f"L---F7---I7 0 5MI J -- ~ -J N ~ • - -~ ~ ~~ • -~ •• t +. t :~· • ~ ■ ~ • BOATING HARBOR PUBLIC WATER lCCESS ?OINT HIS-:-ORIC PLACE The Leelanau General Plan · Peninsular View ... * + SANITARY LANDFILL RECYCLING DROP-OFF STAT IO N + ir GOVERNMENT FACILITY SCHOOL Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-19 �Map 5-4d POLICIES MAP Recreation Facilities ~ 0 5MI • SLEEPING BEAR DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE PERE MARQUETTE STATE FOREST LEELANAU STATE PARK TOWNSHIP PARK Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-20 * - GOLF COURSE COUNTY PARK The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �Map 5-4e POLICIES MAP Other Facilities ~ " TARGET AREA" ~ FOR PDR PROGRAM The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View I] "RECEIVING AREA" FOR TOR PROGRAM ~ KNOWN MINERAL DEPOSIT AREA Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5-21 �r Map 5-5 TRANSPORTATION MAP - PROPOSED ROAD IMPROVEMENT ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS - MAJOR ARTERIAL - MAJOR COLLECTOR ---- ~ MINOR ARTERIAL - - MINOR COLLECTOR .• ~g~~Dlt~~gVEMENT * AIRPLANE LANDING FIELD ◄--+ LEELANAU TRANSIT COMPANY RAILROAD ■ MARINA FACILITIES ACCESS ROAD Growth Guidelines and Decision Maps Page 5 -22 The Leelanau General Plan - Peninsular View �I I I I I I I I I I I I -~ , , , ~ I �PART TWO: FUNCTIONAL VIEW I I I I I I I I I Part two of the Leelanau General Plan takes a traditional "functional" view of issues and proposed policy initiatives to address those issues. Specific policies and action statements are presented in seven functional topic areas to flesh out the general growth management strategy presented in Part One. The seven chapters of Part Two are listed below: Chapter 6 : Natural Resources and the Environment Chapter 7: Transportation Chapter 8: Public Facilities and Physical Services Chapter 9: Non-municipal Public Services Chapter 10: Economic Development Chapter 11: Human Services and Facilities Chapter 1 2: Land Use A new home under construction in Leelanau County. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Chapter 6 NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION ( I I I I I I I I I I I I Few locations within the State of Michigan, nor the United States as a whole, are so rich in the quality and variety of natural resources as the Leelanau Peninsula. These resources range from the most common, including summer air breezes and abundant high quality water resources, to more unique and sensitive resources, such as world class dunes, extensive wetlands, rolling hillsides, woodlands, special flora and fauna, and more. (See Working Paper #9 for more background information.) • • • • • • air quality water quality groundwater quality woodland and hillside development protection of sensitive natural features farmland protection. Air Quality Air quality on the peninsula is quite high, but it is lower than it used to be. This is largely due to ozone pollution. Ozone is a gas The natural resources of the peninsula are vitally important in providing a strong and healthy environment. The quantity and quality of natural resources throughout the peninsula are the fundamental reasons for living on the peninsula. Also, they are critically important to the economy as its tourist industry thrives upon the peninsula's natural landscape. Future growth and development will place increasing pressures upon the quantity and integrity of the peninsula's natural resources. If the current resources are to be protected for future generations, and yet still be "utilized" for economic benefit, purposeful actions must be taken to assure a healthy balance between growth, development, and the peninsula's natural environment. The Leelanau General Plan recognizes that a healthy sustainable economy depends upon a healthy environment. The plan further recognizes that maintaining environmental quality and improving the local economy need not be conflicting objectives, and are in fact, mutually reinforcing. ISSUES The principal issues related to natural resources and the environment include: Leelanau Enterprise Photo The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-1 �formed when certain vehicular and industrial pollutants react in the presence of heat and sunlight. The ozone gas is an irritant and causes respiratory problems in humans. Evidence suggests that it is industrial activities from outside of Michigan which pose the greatest ozone threats. Major concentrations of smog (which heighten ozone levels) cross Lake Michigan from the Greater Chicago Area. See Map 6- 1 . The regional impacts of air pollutants is further accentuated by the fact that data gathered on Beaver Island shows a nine year average rain pH of 4.2; anything less than 5. 6 is considered "acid rain." Long term exposure to acid rain has the potential to damage trees and aquatic life . Map 6-1 OZONE AIR QUALITY STANDARD EXCEEDED rw-,...r, 0 50 Ill MICHIGAN Seven of the peninsula's largest lakes are classified as oligotrophic, the highest of three lake quality classifications related to water biological productivity. While future state and federal environmental regulations may assist in the control of smog conditions, air quality on the peninsula could decline by locally generated air pollutants. For example, future growth and development will increase the number of vehicles along the roadways, particularly in and near Traverse City. Trends and conditions suggest the need for an expanded monitoring system and a regional approach to air quality management. If this is started while air quality is still good, greater options will be available to prevent future degradation. Eventually it may be necessary to base future land use decisions, in part, upon the regional implications of such decisions and upon an appreciation of the sensitive dynamics between land use, air quality, and impacts felt both locally and many miles away. The new federal Clean Air Act is already requiring this in metropolitan areas. Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-2 ~ N l ■ AREAS RECENTLY EXCEEDING OZONE STANDARDS Water Quality Eight percent of the peninsula's surface cover consists of inland lakes. There are more than eight inland lakes of 175 acres or more in size, the largest being South Lake Leelanau covering nearly 5,400 acres. Seven of the peninsula's largest lakes are classified as oligotrophic, the highest of three lake quality classifications related to water biological productivity. Though the quality of the lakes is generally high, current conditions pose serious challenges to the maintenance of this quality level. Development along inland lake shorelines largely relies on private septic systems for sewage disposal. Dysfunctional systems, as a result of improper location, construction, operation, or maintenance, increases septic effluent leeching directly into area water bodies and decreases water quality. The use of fertilizers and pesticides, from both residential The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �and agricultural land, further challenges the long term quality of the peninsula's inland lakes. Improperly managed construction activities and inappropriate land development locations encourage erosion and sedimentation of the lakes. All principal water courses in the peninsula are designated trout streams, an indication of their high water quality level. More than two dozen creeks and rivers assist in collecting stormwater runoff and carrying it to inland lakes as well as to Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay. These creeks and rivers reflect a far wider quality range than do the lakes of the peninsula, though it can be said that the rivers and streams are of relatively very high quality. With two small exceptions, all water courses in the peninsula are designated trout streams, an indication of their high water quality level. There are, however, portions of major water courses, including Houdek Creek, which are currently showing the negative impacts of land use and development activities. Sedimentation and agricultural chemicals are principal threats facing streams today. Best management practices to minimize the negative impacts of stormwater runoff are needed. Additional monitoring is also needed. underground water resources are overlain by highly permeable soils and thus easily susceptible to contaminants leeching down from the land surface (septic system leachate, petroleum spills, other hazardous spills, etc.). Even those aquifers which are somewhat better protected by being situated below low permeable clay soils or rock are vulnerable to contamination if adjacent aquifers become contaminated as underground water often flows freely between aquifers. There are 35 state designated "307 sites" on f1e peninsula where serious surface and groundwater contamination has been discovered. One such site, the Grand Traverse Overall Supply, is on the federal CERCLA list of the top 79 sites in Michigan needing cleanup. New sites are being discovered yearly. While attention is being focused on uncovering and cleaning up contaminated sites on the peninsula, it is equally important that steps be taken to prevent the creation of new contamination sites. Map 6-2 AQUIFER VULNERABILITY ~ 5MI 0 Approximately 60% of the mainland portion of the peninsula rests upon "sensitive" aquifers. Groundwater Quality Groundwater is the unseen water resource and one which nearly the entire peninsula is dependent upon for potable water. This reliance for basic human health rests on a fragile resource at best. Approximately 60% of the mainland portion of the peninsula rests upon "sensitive" aquifers. See Map 6-2. These The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View : □ . HIGH VULNERABILITY ~ ■ MOOERATE VULNERABILITY MOO. TO HIGH C88:i VULNERABILITY Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-3 �Under current trends, future growth and development on the peninsula will further jeopardize groundwater and surface water resources. The lack of uniform stormwater management techniques to control erosion and sedimentation leads to further degradation of lakes and streams as does the practice of inappropriate application of fertilizers and pesticides . The lack of a comprehensive septic system monitoring and of an improvement program continues to allow inadequately treated human waste to enter the peninsula's lakes and groundwater resources . The lack of a well established monitoring program to provide baseline data and benchmarks of current water quality conditions makes future water quality data that much more difficult to decipher. The collection and compilation of well records and other water quality data into the county's GIS system will be a major step forward. Map 6-3 PRIME FORESTLANDS ~ 0 5Ml ■ PRIME Woodlands and Hillsides TIMBERLAND IIRII UNIQUE 1181!1 TIMBERLAND Woodlands and hillsides are abundant natural resources throughout the peninsula . Shaping the rural character of the peninsula, woodland stands are often found covering the peninsula's roll ing terrain. See Map 6-3 and 64. The hillsides, at times in combination with the woodlands, are the focus of many dramatic vistas and define many of the visual corridors throughout the peninsula . The woodlands provide habitats for much of the peninsula's animal and plant life and provide economic returns through harvesting and regeneration. These resources will also become increasingly threatened as growth and development continue . Market conditions and consumer preferences often make woodlands and hillsides attractive home sites. As increased residential development occurs, incremental encroachment upon the hillsides and woodlands can be anticipated. At present only very limited county and local programs effectively preserve the functional and aesthetic values of these resources. TIMBERLAND OF ~ REGIONAL IMPORTANCE Map 6-4 STEEP SLOPES r-r......ri 0 □ Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6 -4 ~ SLIGHT (12% 5Ml ■ SEVERE >18% m MODERATE 12%-18% The Leelanau General Plan • Functional View �Sensitive Natural Features I Map 6-5 CRITICAL DUNES • • • • ~ 0 SMI ~ N l D ~ BARRIER • ~ DUNES EXEMPLARY DUNES Map 6-6 HIGH RISK EROSION AREAS ~ 0 - SMI HIGH RISK EROSION AREA The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View The abundance of the peninsula's more common resources, including clean air, water, woodlands, and hillsides, is nearly matched by abundant sensitive environmental resources. Floodplain areas provide for the retention of runoff associated with heavier rains. In accommodating periodic heavy runoff flows, the floodplains of the peninsula support special plant and animal ecosystems dependent upon the floodplain environment. While floodplain areas on the peninsula are few due to the limited number of major rivers, abundant lake waters, and the sandy soils, they are particularly vulnerable to changes in land use. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and other usually low areas between dry land and open water. Wetlands provide a multitude of vital benefits. They serve as filters which minimize the amount of organic materials and sediments discharged into streams and lakes while at the same time they retain stormwater runoff and limit flood impacts. Wetlands also provide ideal habitat for wildlife and are vital links in the peninsula's overall ecosystem. The sensitivity of this resource is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that even minor changes in the water levels of marshes, swamps, and other wetland environments can dramatically impact the quality of the wetland resources and their long term viability. Lake Michigan shorelines (including Grand Traverse Bay) and dunes are also sensitive and unique environmental resources. See Map 6-5. Seemingly endless shorelines and monumental dunal formations epitomize the grandeur of the area . While these resources serve as critical components of the peninsula's tourism and recreation industry, they are particularly vulnerable to wind and wave action, as well as to any land use and development activities which disturb the stability of the dunes. The clearing of vegetation along the shorelines and dunes seriously increases their susceptibility to erosion, shifting, and demise. Disturbance of their natural character by land use activities heightens their vulnerability to winds and Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-5 �waves, and other climatic forces. Many of the peninsula's shoreline areas and dunal formations are considered "high risk erosion areas." See Map 6-6. The significance of these shoreline areas is highlighted by their inclusion for protection under the Shorelands Protection and Management Act. Similarly, the Sand Dune Protection and Management Act serves to protect designated "critical dune areas", including Sleeping Bear Dunes and the Empire Bluffs as well as less prominent dune areas. The Lake Michigan shoreline and dunal formations harbor yet another sens1t1ve environmental resource - threatened and endangered plant and animal species. Inventories by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources have identified numerous unique plant and animal species on the peninsula which rely largely upon shoreline and dune areas for their survival. Other threatened species which rely upon a more inland environment have also been identified. The fact that these plant and animal species are already considered unique due to their threatened survival emphasizes the need to prevent disturbances in the ecosystem in which they thrive. To date, few local municipalities on the peninsula have adopted programs to assure the continued quantity and quality of these sensitive natural resources. The incremental consumption of land for residential and other intensive land uses can be expected to encroach directly upon these resources, or encroach upon the ecosystems within which these resources are found. Reliance upon state and federal regulatory programs will not be adequate to assure the integrity of the peninsula's sensitive environmental resources. The lack of resource base-line data, monitoring, and evaluation of the effectiveness of protection programs prevents wise future decisions regarding natural resource management 1rnt1at1ves and policies. At particular risk are the sensitive environmental areas at the edge of the extensive peninsula acreage in public ownership including the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Shoreline, Leelanau State Park, and Pere Marquette State Forest. None of the peninsula townships have adopted substantive farmland protection policies nor effective farmland protection zoning programs. Farmland Reliance upon state and federal regulatory programs will not be adequate to assure the integrity of the peninsula's sensitive environmental resources. Shorelines of inland lakes are also sensitive natural resources. The calmer waters and areas of interface between the land and water are particularly important habitats for wildlife and plant life. Understandably, these areas are also actively sought out for development and recreational use. The resulting threat to these environments through soil erosion and sedimentation, disturbance of the natural shoreline and vegetation, and leachate from faulty septic systems is a concern today and will become more significant as the peninsula population grows. Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-6 Farmland is a special natural resource of the peninsula. See Map 6-7. Orchards are the dominant land cover. See Map 6-8. They contribute greatly to the economic well being of the peninsula as well as to its beauty and pastoral character. As important as this renewable natural resource is, there has been a decline in the number of acres devoted to farming over the past several decades. The incremental conversion of farmland into residential land uses has led to a cumulatively destructive trend in the protection of this resource. Typically, once the farmland is converted to another use, it rarely reverts to agriculture. Fragmentation of farmland through the splitting of large farmland parcels for The Leelanau General Plan - Functions/ View �• • •II Map 6-7 IMPORTANT FARMLANDS r----r-'----'7 0 ■ 5MI UNIQUE FARMLAND PRIME FARMLAND Map 6-8 ORCHARD SUIT ABILITY r---r'--17 0 5MI residential use absorbed farmland as much or more than the farmland converted to actual residences, roads, and yards. The increasingly dispersed settlement pattern across the peninsula is the reason why this irreplaceable resource is being chipped away. (See Working Papers #5 and #10) . Under present conditions, this pattern can be expected to continue. We must acknowledge the conflicts which will arise when farmers and other large landowners try to "capitalize" on development potential by subdividing. However, none of the peninsula townships have adopted substantive farmland protection policies nor effective farmland protection zoning programs. Previously, there has been little effort expended in identifying those areas of the peninsula which reflect the combination of characteristics necessary to support the long term economic viability of agriculture. The maps prepared as a part of this General Plan, however, now can establish the basis for a realistic and defensible farmland protection program. The lack of resource base-line data, monitoring, and evaluation of the effectiveness of protection programs prevents wise future decisions regarding natural resource management initiatives and policies. A FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE POLICY ■ MOST SUITED ORCHARD SOILS m MODERATELY SUITED ISl2I ORCHARD SOILS The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Trends and current conditions negatively affecting the peninsula's natural resources have resulted from the lack of a focused resource protection program throughout the peninsula. Residents are coming to realize that the resources are critical to their future welfare, and they are recognizing the immediate need for a more responsible approach to resource protection. The Leelanau General Plan recognizes the critical link between economic, social, and healthful wellbeing and protection of its natural resources. The plan seeks to establish a far more Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-7 �proactive, recognizing that long term protection must originate from a purposeful, strategic, and comprehensive conservation program. At the heart of this program is the adoption of a land and water stewardship ethic by all populations of the peninsula including local government officials, residents, real estate brokers, farmers, students, and land developers. The future of the peninsula depends on how its people manage its abundant natural resources. The widespread adoption of a land and water stewardship ethic requires broad public understanding of the dynamics of ecosystems, the relationship and impacts between natural resources and land use, and the peninsula's economy as it relates to the natural environment. This understanding must be strengthened by continued research and evaluation of the dynamic relationships between environmental costs and economic gains. The future of the peninsula depends on how its people manage its abundant natural resources. The General Plan recognizes that the quality of a single natural resource may vary across a township, and that the plan must respect the practical opportunities and constraints associated with resources of varying values. To this end, the plan calls for the identification of those resource areas of the peninsula which are characterized by particularly high productivity and provide the basis for long term economic viability and protection. This is especially applicable to prime agricultural (and especially orchard) lands, but should also be extended to include forestlands, mineral deposits, and other resources of economic and natural ecosystems importance. These and other resource areas such as wetlands, dunes, shorelands, and wildlife corridors must be provided with increased protection through better coordinated local stewardship. This stewardship should be implemented through a number of strategic initiatives including: 1) preparation of model ordinances for environmental protection for local use, including development of environmental overlay zoning districts and antiland fragmentation provisions; 2) inclusion of flexible site design standards within local zoning ordinances to permit increased preservation of natural resources while still meeting the intent of the ordinances; 3) development of incentive programs for landowners to protect sensitive and productive natural resources; and 4) support for statewide legislation to provide for the use of purchase and transfer of development rights (TDR). TDR permits landowners of special resources the mechanism to sell their development rights to another landowner located outside of a special resource area thereby capturing the development value of the land without converting it to another use. This stewardship should include special programs for the responsible management of resources for economic use including agriculture, timber harvesting, fishing and fisheries, solar and wind access, and mineral extraction. The development guidelines in the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook should be widely followed. A swBn enjoys B leisurely swim. NBtUrBI Resources Bnd the Environment PBge 6-8 The Leelanau GenerBI Plan - FunctionBI View �I I • • • • • Large and contiguous open spaces should be recognized for their multi-functional values, including wildlife habitats and rural vistas, and be afforded the same protection emphasis as the peninsula's more sensitive resources. This is not to suggest no development should occur in these areas, but that it is more desirable that it be designed to relate to, rather than against nature. The stewardship ethic should extend to the protection of the peninsula's air and water resources, through continuous air, groundwater and surface water quality monitoring, establishment of base line data and benchmarks, and long term management initiatives, including a peninsula-wide water quality protection program. This program should include specific provisions to assure the adequacy of existing and future private septic systems and wells and standards for underground storage tank operations and activities. All agencies with an interest in the quality of these resources should be included in the development and implementation of the program. The General Plan recognizes that these and other related natural resource protection initiatives would naturally occur within a framework of interjurisdictional coordination and cooperation to assure that the initiatives are peninsula-wide, that they achieve a heightened level of consistency across the peninsula, and that permitting processes are streamlined among the various levels of government. single board, concerned. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View and ~= Balancing of long-term economic gain and environmental protection concerns in county and local government policies and programs. Policy: Action Statement: County and local policies and programs may be drafted toward ensuring environmental protection while encouraging appropriate local economic development. Educate county and local policymakers on the economics of public policies as they pertain to protection of the environment . Issue: Protection of air and water quality. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT AL PROTECTION POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS The following policies and action statements are intended to establish the blueprint of the General Plan's vision for sustaining the peninsula's natural resources. It should be noted here, as throughout, that the positions taken in the following policy and action statements were supplied directly by the citizens of the county and not drawn up by a however representative Action Statement: County and local governments should initiate proactive measures to monitor and protect air, groundwater, and surface waters. Support efforts of federal, state, local, and private agencies to monitor current air and water quality. Use air and water quality data to establish benchmark standards for air and water quality in Leelanau County . Such standards shall serve as a reference against which future data will be evaluated. Establish and maintain as part of its GIS system, a well log database. Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6-9 �Action Statement: Action Statement: Adopt and support a countywide water quality strategy. Assist local governments and lake associations in the development of watershed management plans as the first step to prioritizing efforts to protect water quality of inland lakes and streams. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Provide from the county model ordinances for local governments to protect water quality and correct existing problems. Inspection and permitting of new wells, septic systems , driveways, and other environmental alterations which require permits from county and local agencies should be linked with approval of land use, building, and zoning permits. The county should require performance guarantees with permits issued to ensure that environmental considerations are not neglected during development or construction. Wherever possible one stop permitting should be established. Ensure coordination between county and local agencies (building department, health department, road commission, zoning administrator, etc.) on permitting and inspection of buildings, wells, septic systems, driveways, etc. especially on county-managed projects. Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6 - 10 Designate a person or county agency to keep local governments and citizens informed and educated on environmental issues facing them. Educate the public and local officials on ground and surface water sensitivity and ways to prevent contamination. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Initiate an annual review process for county-wide environmental policies. Implement specific underground storage tank standards, as well as a county "problem identification and pullout" program to remove unused underground storage tanks. Enact a county-wide water conservation program to minimize use of aquifers. Support on-going research and public education for important air and water quality issues. Ask public agencies (including but not limited to county and local governments, the Soil Conservation Service, and MSU Cooperative Extension Service) to alert parents, clubs, and schools of services and staff expertise available to assist in education efforts about the environment and measures to prevent pollution. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Issue: On-site sewage disposal and potable water. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: areas which present severe limitations to on-site sewage disposal, including wetlands, floodplains, and steep slopes, and utilize this information as appropriate in the establishment and maintenance of septic systems. The county should adopt programs and regulations to ensure safer and more effective on-site sewage disposal and potable water. The County Health Department should adopt a private septic tank ordinance modeled after the Benzie County program to prevent the ill effects of development in sensitive areas. The ordinance should contain, at a minimum, the following provisions: • Minimum standards that all septic systems must meet during construction and operation. • Periodic testing program. • Conditioning property transfers/house sales upon adequate functioning of septic systems. The county should establish a private well testing program to establish water quality conditions, critical trends, existing areas of poor water quality, and areas for special study in light of future growth and development . The county should assist in the development of a program for water quality testing of inland lakes and streams to identify water quality change and the source of any contaminants. The county should identify all The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Issue: Protection of environmentally sensitive areas, including wetlands, dunes, steep slopes, shore/ands, and wildlife corridors. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: County and local governments should initiate proactive measures to protect and enhance environmentally sensitive areas. The county should use the Leelanau Information System (an evolving computerized GIS) to identify and map all environmentally sensitive areas. The county should distribute the information to various county agencies and local governments, and also make the information available to interested parties such as developers and landowners at a reasonable cost. The county and local governments should work together to establish overlay zoning districts for environmentally sensitive areas. The county should encourage use of incentive programs to protect environmentally sensitive areas, as well as areas with significant open space and/or scenic vistas, including acquisition of fee simple or conservation easements by non- Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6- 11 �profit organizations. It should place emphasis on "filling gaps" between existing preservation holdings to increase ownership of contiguous areas. Action Statement: Action Statement: The county should initiate efforts to establish common protective measures for environmentally sensitive areas that fall within multiple jurisdictions. The county should develop and local governments should enact model flexible site development standards to m1n1mize topographic changes, reduce the extent of paved areas, and avoid environmentally sensitive areas wherever possible. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Assist local governments in developing regulations to encourage clustering of new residential development in order to minimize consumption of open space and view amenities. Promote active programs to protect trees and to restore timberlands that have been harvested. Establish an information center in the County Planning Department for data on wildlife, with key information mapped for analysis and distribution among local governments and the public . Issue: Open space protection, including scenic vistas/corridors. Policy: Action Statement: The county should assist local governments in protecting open space, especially scenic vistas and corridors, from loss through land fragmentation and/or development. Identify and map large contiguous open spaces and scenic vistas/corridors in the county, for distribution to various county departments and local governments . Barrels of improperly disposed waste. Natural Resources and the Environment Page 6- 12 \ The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �7 Chapter 7 TRANSPORTATION INTRODUCTION ISSUES Personal mobility has become a necessity. The daily pattern of nearly everyones' life demands the ability to get from one location to another, preferably in the shortest time possible. Whether it be for employment, recreation, schooling, or shopping, a comprehensive transportation network for vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists has become a fundamental necessity. Specialized needs for bulk transport and air transportation are also important. The need for personal mobility is made especially notable by the fact that the majority of employed residents commute outside of the county to their place of employment. Of equal significance is the role of the tourism industry on the peninsula and the additional demands for efficiency and safety it places upon the peninsula's transportation network. Road Network The Leelanau Peninsula faces a number of crucial challenges in the provision of an efficient and safe transportation network. See Map 7-1. The most fundamental challenge is maintaining the extensive road network that is already in place and where necessary, expanding the network to improve traffic flow, safety and efficiency. This challenge is greatly affected by the peninsula's abundant natural resources, including its hillsides and lakes. Rolling topography and large inland lakes acts as a double edged sword. They provide unmatched scenery and, at the same time, have resulted in a somewhat circuitous roadway network. As population increases, the result is experienced in an increase in travel This network has, and at least for the next few decades will likely continue to have, a direct impact upon the quality of life experienced by those who use it. The network directly impacts the efficiency of emergency services, available personal leisure time, the appropriateness of proposed future land use patterns, and the safety of motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. It also affects the rate of peninsula growth and development, and much more. The Leelanau General Plan recognizes the critical role transportation plays, and recognizes that improvements to the network must be strategically planned in coordination with the achievement of other key components of peninsula life and its future. {See Working Paper #8 for more background information.) The majority of employed residents commute outside of the county to their place of employment. The County Road Commission keeps roads clear of snow. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Transportation Page 7- 1 �Map 7-1 ROAD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Map 7-2 1990 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT LOCATIONS J'--"-'7 f7.--.,"\-J'7 0 5MI 0 I l ~ N N l - COUNTY PRIMARY REGIONAL ARTERIAL _ TOTAL ACCIDENTS WITHIN ONE MILE RADIUS COUNTY LOCAL • Map 7-3 AIRPLANE FACILITIES f7--"-.17 0 5MI : TrBnsportBtion Page 7-2 AIRPLANE LANDING FIELD )9 Map 7-4 RAILROAD FACILITIES ~ 0 * 5MI - 5MI . RAILROAD TRACKS • TERMINAL POINT The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �times, automobile emissions, automobile and truck operation costs, and congestion in some places. The most fundamental challenge is maintaining the extensive road network that is already in place and where necessary, expanding the network to improve traffic flow, safety and efficiency. The existing roadway network is further challenged by the fact that it operates within a relatively limited hierarchy of road types. While the network includes corridors classified as regional arteries such as M-22, M-72, and M-204, the alignment and construction of these arteries limit their ability to function efficiently as regional arteries. The challenging route location (with many 90 ° turning patterns) and many limited sight distances greatly reduces their potential to move traffic safely and efficiently at normal highway speeds. As such, they provide less support for the system than roads built to comparable standards elsewhere. On the other hand, they force slower speeds and provide opportunities for enjoying the unsurpassed beauty of the peninsula. The winding nature of the majority of the peninsula's county roads, resulting in limited sight distances, presents numerous safety hazards. Additional road use by residents and visitors will likely result in more traffic accidents. For example, though the peninsula's population increased by approximately 18% between 1980 and 1990, the same period saw an increase of 46% in traffic accidents. See Map 7-2. The often limited lane widths and, at places, absence of adequate shoulders increase the level of safety hazards still further. These conditions present equally unsafe conditions for pedestrians, bicyclists, and snowmobilers along the roadways. This is of particular significance as the Leelanau Peninsula attracts some of the most extensive biking opportunities and biking tours in Michigan. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Level of Service Adding to the complexity of the transportation challenges is the fact that peninsula transportation is staggeringly automobile dominant. Only limited opportunities currently exist for alternative modes of transportation which might otherwise reduce the demand upon the peninsula's roadway network. Though the Bay Area Transit Authority operates a bus service, the service is provided to a very small portion of the peninsula. The peninsula offers only limited road segments specifically designed to accommodate pedestrian and bicycle traffic. This results in heightened road safety hazards as pedestrians and bicyclists are forced to compete for space on a winding roadway network (with limited sight distances) with motorists. Airplane facilities are limited and only scenic tourist rail service is available. See Maps 7-3 and 7-4. Though the peninsula's population increased by approximately 18% between 1980 and 1990, the same period saw an increase of 46% in traffic accidents. The resultant overall level of service along roadways has declined over the years as the peninsula has experienced growth and development. The backbone of the peninsula's roadway network, M-22 and M-72, are experiencing the worst levels of service. Average daily traffic counts along M-22 near Traverse City approached nearly 22,000 in 1989. The poor road base of sections of these roads makes maintenance costs particularly high. While many of the peninsula's roadways are experiencing very adequate levels of service, those roads segments which have traditionally witnessed the lowest traffic counts are generally showing the greatest rise in traffic counts over the past ten years. The ability of the County Road Commission to maintain or improve the level of service along the network, either through general maintenance, incremental improvements, or Transports tion Page 7-3 �major construction projects, is becoming increasingly difficult as available revenues are shrinking. The most needed projects in the peninsula (rebuilding some existing roads and solving a few congestion problems) are those which require massive amounts of expenditures. It is apparent that without a significant infusion of new revenue, such as increased local property taxes, new gasoline taxes, new federal infrastructure monies, or cost sharing with local governments, necessary improvement needs will remain unmet. It can be expected that transportation conditions will worsen on the peninsula if current trends and conditions continue. Growth and development will further increase the number of daily vehicles. Between 1984 and 1990, there was an increase of nearly 4,400 vehicle registrations in the county. This is far in excess of the population growth. Vehicle miles traveled increased by 1 5 % between Figure 7-1 VEHICLE REGISTRATION: 1984-1990 0 1980 and 1990. See Figure 7-1. These increasing demands on the roadway network associated with growth and development will further challenge the network's level of service. See Map 7-5. Significant decreases in service may be unavoidable in some places. The resulting lower levels of service will be reflected in increased congestion, extended travel times, higher maintenance costs, higher rates of vehicular and non-vehicular accidents, and longer emergency response times. Safety hazards along the roadways will not be a result of increased traffic levels alone, but will also be a result of the rise in the number of driveways, street intersections, and other new access points along major corridors resulting in hazardous turning patterns, stop and go traffic, and congestion. Land acquisition costs for widening road right-of-ways to accommodate road improvements will be more costly due to the high cost of land on the peninsula as market trends boost property values. Map 7-5 AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES f7-J7-J7 State 19841990 0 ■ County 1984-1990 5MI N l 30.00% ai 0) 25.00% C: (ti .c 20.00% u ~ 15.00% (ti c Q) ~ 10.00% Q) a.. 5.00% LOW (<500) Source: Department of State Transportation Page 7-4 - MEDIUM (500-5000) HIGH (>5000) AVERAGE DA I LY TRAFFIC VOLUME The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Between 1984 and 1990, there was an increase of nearly 4,400 vehicle registrations in the county. Vehicle miles traveled increased by 15% between 1980 and 1990. Despite these problems, the road network on the peninsula serves to get people from one place to another without the frequent delays common in other more urban areas. However, without improvement, some problems will worsen dramatically in the next decade. A FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE POLICY The transportation issues facing the peninsula today and projected for the future if current trends continue, dictate a far more proactive stance to assure transportation needs are met. It is the intent of the Leelanau General Plan to provide the guidance for a proactive approach to comprehensive transportation planning throughout the peninsula. This proactive approach founded upon a number of key initiatives. of major improvements; 3) existing revenue generators and the revenues generated from each source; and 4) the disparity between transportation revenues and costs. Consideration should be given to development of new funding mechanisms such as tapping tourism dollars, a county sales tax, state-wide (or national) increases in gas and weight taxes, and federal assistance with transportation improvements where federal facilities are served. At the heart of the peninsula's transportation planning and improvement efforts should be creation of a long term road development and multi-modal transportation plan. At the heart of the peninsula's transportation planning and improvement efforts should be creation of a long term road development and multi-modal transportation plan. It should address the review, evaluation, and development of alternative funding mechanisms upon which capital and service improvements can be implemented. Without a long-term plan with clear improvement priorities, existing financial resources cannot be wisely utilized. Likewise, the identification of transportation needs and necessary capital improvements is of little value if feasible and practical funding mechanisms are not in place, or able to be implemented. Implementing a hierarchically based roadway network is critical to success. Each road segment must have a specific function within the entire network, whether it be to provide higher speed access between villages and other long distance destinations, access to neighborhood and shopping areas, or access to individual residences and lots. These roads must be coordinated according to their function and tie-in to one another to provide safe and efficient movement of traffic. Identification of a functional classification system must then be followed by engineering studies and capital improvement projects, thereby assuring that the design and construction of each road segment is capable of functioning as intended. Associated with the development of a coordinated peninsulawide road network should be the development of peninsula-wide standards for all new road construction. These standards should address provisions for adequate shoulders, safety zones for bussing school children, and related safety elements. An important element of this initiative must be the provision of public information and education on the critical transportation issues facing the peninsula including: 1) costs of maintenance of the network; 2) relative costs Special consideration in the development of a peninsula-wide network and alternative funding programs should be the identification of the most appropriate locations for allweather roads, based upon the future land use The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Transportation Page 7-5 �map and policies of this General Plan. Allweather roads should be designated as major arteries and not for use as local thoroughfares. This effort should be extended to consider necessary interfaces with (a) safe and efficient beltline(s) around the Traverse City area. Directly tied to the identification of a functional classification network and the improvements which must be made to implement the network is the need to establish a land acquisition program . This program would provide for the identification, designation, and appropriate funding for land acquisition . Identification of necessary land acquisitions through official evaluations, plans, and maps will enable the county to assure proposed acquisitions are undeveloped prior to acquisition . This is especially important where funds are not immediately available for right-ofway acquisition, and helps assure lower future acquisition costs. Modification of local regulations would help accomplish this goal where feasible. It is very desirable that all road improvement projects should recognize the scenic character of the peninsula's roadway corridors and attempt to preserve the natural character elements. Classification of some roads as "scenic" or as "natural beauty roads" should be pursued based upon inventory data and long range plans. This General Plan proposes far more substantive efforts directed at establishing a stronger multi-modal transportation network on the peninsula than has previously been invested . This effort will minimize demands upon the peninsula's roadway network and improve safety. Programs to be established could include comprehensive peninsula-wide bicycle systems and improved pedestrian systems in villages and other small settlements. These systems should be planned and designed to provide safe and functional linkages between existing villages and future settlement areas, shopping areas, recreational facilities and employment centers. New residential, commercial, and industrial land Transportation Page 7-6 uses should be designed to provide continuity to existing and future pedestrian/bicycle systems. The systems would accommodate travel by the physically handicapped and, to the extent road right-of ways are used, should be afforded adequate shoulder and pavement construction . These efforts should result from a nonmotorized element of the transportation plan which provides the necessary planning, coordination, and direction in establishing and maintaining this peninsula-wide system. The plan should include, at a minimum, a needs assessment , a review of alternative system alignments and associated advantages and disadvantages, identification of the preferred system layout, and the necessary capital improvements, by year, cost, and anticipated funding source, to implement and maintain the system. Minimizing demand upon the peninsula's vehicular network should also maximize the utility of the Bay Area Transit Authority. BATA's current services and operations should be reviewed and evaluated to identify priority service areas and needs, the extent to which service needs are being met, and opportunities for improved and expanded service areas and daily schedules. Increased operations efficiency and new and alternative funding mechanisms should also be explored. Preparation of the non-motorized transportation plan, and the future operations of BAT A and other potential transit systems should consider linkages between neighborhoods providing affordable housing opportunities and centers providing employment to neighborhood residents. Multi-modal transportation planning should be expanded to include new opportunities for the transporting of goods. These expanded opportunities should be implemented only after careful evaluation of applicable peninsula travel patterns including trip generation, origindestination, and destination-location studies. Investigations should be encouraged by the The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �private sector into rail and/or ferry services for commuters and tourists -and opportunities for a network of cooperative transport of goods. Employee transit programs, including carpooling, should also be examined. Efforts should also be directed to assure the long term continuation • NO PARKING BUSES & MOTOR HOMES HERE TO,.-.=- CORNER • USE - PARKING LOTS ON TWO HOUR PARKING 9AM-6PM of commercial air services in close proximity to the peninsula and protection of glide paths to and from existing airports. The development of consistent peninsulawide private road regulations should not go unattended. Assuring adequate construction, operation, and maintenance of these roads is critical in protecting the safety and welfare of peninsula residents and visitors and minimizing the road maintenance burden of existing residents . The Leelanau General Plan recognizes that all of the transportation planning efforts within the peninsula must occur under an umbrella of strong interjurisdictional coordination. This coordinated peninsula-wide planning effort among local municipalities, the County Planning Commission and Board of Commissioners, the MDOT, the Road Commission, and the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians must address the need for a peninsula-wide functional circulation network that meets the needs of all users. The effort must include regular communication and joint planning with the Grand Traverse Band and MOOT to assure adequate transportation and safety in association with casino activities and other conditions along M-22. Coordination of all capital improvements, and the scheduling thereof, should be pursued to better assure the acqu1s1t1on of needed rights-of-way and minimize network disruptions. TRANSPORTATION POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS The following policies and action statements are intended to set up a blueprint for the General Plan's recommendations for the peninsula's transportation system. All statements are intended as proposals. How ever strongly desired, they are not meant as directives. Parking problems in Leland have led to an assortment of regulations designed to relieve congestion. The Leelanau General Plan · Functional View Transportation Page 7-7 �Issue: Long term road development and multimodal transportation plan. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: The County Road Commission will need to develop a long term road development and multimodal transportation plan compatible with the Leelanau General Plan. The County Road Commission should prepare a long term road development and multimodal transportation plan and financing method that is annually updated and integrated with the county capital improvement program. The County Road Commission should work with the County Planning Department, County Planning Commission and local governments in the preparation and updating of its transportation plan and should strive to make it compatible with the Leelanau General Plan. Special attention should be focused in the transportation plan on meeting non-motorized needs, especially for an integrated network of bicycle lanes and of a pedestrian friendly sidewalk system in villages and other pedestrian areas. Issue: Road shoulders • Inclusion in future construction programs. • Safety of both motorized and nonmotorized traffic. Transportation Page 7-8 Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: The Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT) and the Leelanau County Road Commission (LCRC) should promote construction of shoulders on all new roads on the Leelanau Peninsula. MDOT and LCRC should commit to construction specifications including road shoulders of adequate width to accommodate bicycle and pedestrian traffic. In all instances, MDOT and LCRC should require construction of shoulders with adequate width to assure the long life of the "used" roadway. MDOT and LCRC should work to provide "safety zones" for school bus-stop areas which will allow the bus to pull completely off the main roadway when picking-up or dropping-off students. Issue: "Class A" (all-weather) road network • Identification of proposed network. • Funding for the all-weather road network. Policy: The Leelanau County Road Commission, with the assistance of the County Board of Commissioners and all other municipal governments, should seek alternative funding sources to create a network of "Class A" (all-weather) roads on the Leelanau Peninsula. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Identify businesses needing "Class A" roads (i.e. fruit processors, industries, etc.) for their livelihood as a basis for "Class A " designation and future road improvements. Action Statement: Action Statement: Study traffic patterns to determine the most appropriate location for the all-weather road network. Work with the Grand Traverse County Road Commission, the City of Traverse City, TCT ALUS, and the Michigan Department of Transportation to review and establish the need for a beltline route around Traverse City to minimize summer traffic congestion, allow farm vehicles to travel around (rather than through) the city, and to route through traffic to avoid time delay and safety hazards associated with unnecessary trips through the center of the city. Issue: The movement of people and goods along key corridors and meeting transit needs. • Possible impacts ofmass-transportation effort. • Benefits of working with other governments. Policy: scheduled bus route along key corridors. Consider the "Class A " as a peninsula-wide road network, not a local road network. County government should work with the Bay Area Transportation Authority (BAT A) to establish a regularly The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Conduct a feasibility study to determine necessity of bus routes. Investigate other alternative transportation met' ods. Join with local governments in supporting the continued fiscally sound operations of the Bay Area Transportation Authority as the primary mechanism for meeting the needs of transit dependent individuals on the peninsula. At the request of the Board of Directors of the Bay Area Transportation Authority, consider placing on the ballot a reasonable proposal for a millage to support transit operations as may be necessary. Work with the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians and other developments to fund safety improvements along the Traverse City Northport Corridor. Determine how to best promote a coordinated transportation effort between county government and the Grand Traverse Band. Investigate ways to most efficiently move casino-related traffic throughout the Traverse City - Northport corridor. Transportation Page 7-9 �Action Statement: The Leelanau County Road Commission and all local municipalities should work toward completion of a common road network. Policy: Identify traffic hazards along the corridor, then prepare a program to correct the identified deficiencies. Issue: County road network funding: • Low return on tourism dollars spent in the county versus tourism impact on the county road network. • Current funding methods tied primarily to gas and weight tax. Action Statement: Policy: Leelanau County governments should work together to supplement County Road Commission funding with tourism dollars. Action Statement: The County Road Commission should investigate the feasibility of a county sales tax to generate a continuous funding source. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Whenever possible, Leelanau County should coordinate road improvement projects with neighboring counties. The Leelanau County Road Commission should advocate a statewide increase in the gas and weight tax to supplement funding for road commission operations. Leelanau County governments should seek federal financial supplements for maintenance of roads within the vicinity of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Issue: Secure land necessary for future roads. Transportation Page 7- 10 Action Statement: The Leelanau County Road Commission, in cooperation with affected government agencies, should inventory the existing road network for the purpose of identifying needed road construction projects. The Leelanau County Road Commission, in cooperation with affected government agencies, should officially map anticipated new roads. Through a coordinated capital improvements program, local governments should work cooperatively with the road commission to secure necessary right-of-way associated with anticipated road locations. Special emphasis should be placed on siting the Sugai-Mann Road corridor and coordinating the effort with the TC-TALUS Traverse City Beltline route location. Issue: Protect scenic quality of key state and county roads. Policy: A special effort should be made to protect the scenic character of key state and county roads when necessary road improvements are made. Action Statement: An inventory of the scenic character of state and county The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Action Statement: Action Statement: roads should be performed and segments with special scenic qualities identified. Action Statement: Scenic highway and/or natural beauty roads designation should be initiated with the support of the County Road Commission on key non-arterial roads or road segments. Action Statement: Once designated as a scenic highway and/or natural beauty road, future road improvements should respect and/or enhance the scenic character of the road and immediate environs. Action Statement: Issue: Access to and through the peninsula is limited and transport costs are high. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Focus on multi-modal transport opportunities to reduce the cost of transporting goods and the burden on the road network. Study the phenomena of Leelanau County as a "destination location" and its influence on commercial and industrial development. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: Execute an origin-destination study using employee location lists from employers. Initiate a transit management program with employers, promoting carpooling and other programs through the workplace . With assistance from the Northwest Michigan Council of Governments, develop a formal carpooling/vanpooling program, with matching services and commuter lots for vehicle storage. Work with the Northwest Michigan Regional Airport to continue commercial air services in close proximity to the peninsula . Encourage private sector investigation of the use of a private sector rail service and/or tourist ferry for either commuter or tourist functions . Transportation Page 7- 11 �The former Sprague-Pruttsman location in Suttons Bay. Transportation Page 7-12 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Chapter 8 PUBLIC FACILITIES AND PHYSICAL SERVICES INTRODUCTION Within the context of the Leelanau General Plan, public facilities and physical services are generally limited to the areas of recreation, libraries, cemeteries, sanitary sewer, potable water, storm sewer, administrative offices, and fire and police protection. These services differ in character from the many other so called "human" services also provided on the peninsula by governmental agencies. Public facilities and physical services are generally very tangible services based upon land resources, capital, and/or infrastructure, such as a playground, fire truck, or stormwater retention pond. Human services have a different service delivery system and generally address personal and/or family assistance, such as employment and senior citizen programs. Decisions on whether and if so where to place/offer new public facilities and physical services is one where this plan can have a very significant impact. and services on the peninsula within this context. Yet, the master plans of local communities include little in the way of how, under what conditions, and at what rate future infrastructure expansions may take place. Decisions on whether and if so where to place/offer new public facilities and physical services is one where this plan can have a very significant impact. This is true for decisions at both the local level as well as on the county level. Where public sewer lines, water mains, schools, and government buildings are placed will have a lot to do with the nature and type of future growth that occurs. It thus becomes vital that the planning and implementation of future public facilities and physical services be done within a generally accepted framework based on intergovernmental coordination and open communication. (See working Paper #8 for more background information.) ISSUES The provision of public facilities and physical services to people and property directly impacts public health, safety, and welfare and, as a result, the quality of life across the peninsula. Provision of public facilities and physical services by municipalities (including the county) on the peninsula is not extensive. See Maps 8-1 through 8-3. Yet, the desire to possibly expand such services must be given careful consideration. Improperly planned, the expansion of public facilities and physical services can contribute to urban sprawl and uncontrolled growth - conditions which are already present and which have been identified as destructive to the peninsula's future. The Leelanau General Plan addresses the future scope of public facilities The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Sewage Disposal Nearly the entire peninsula relies on individual private on-site systems for sewage disposal. Except for parts of Elmwood Township, the Village of Suttons Bay, portions of Leland Township, Sugar Loaf, and the private Homestead resort, septic systems prevail across the county. See Map 8-2. The oldest of the systems was constructed in the 1930's in Suttons Bay and it has undergone numerous improvements and expansions over the years. Leland Township's system was completed in 1993. All of the systems were installed to provide a safe level of sewage disposal that was not otherwise available through on-site septic systems. Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8-1 �Table 8-1 MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES SuttollB Glen Singh T RBCllBATION SER.VICES # of Facilities YES 2 Acrcaae Range less Centerville 1\>p. YES 1 YES 1 2 2 Arbor- Kasron Leelana 1\>p. 1\>p. 1\>p. YES 3 NO YES YES 9 YES s 2 1 2-3 20 1 or 3-15 4-3 less m-n 1-100 2 u 124 111 5 20 G G G X G Sports FieldG G X 12 G 1 G G X Tennis Courts X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X than 1 Total Acn:a ge 2 less than 1 General Cooditions G 1 G X Basketball Courts X X X X Playground& Tot Lots X Picnicking X X X X Beach/S\Mmming X X X X X X X X X X Traik/X -.-kiing Boat Ramp X X X X X X X X X X X 47 X X Marina/# of Sip; Sleddin Villagcof X ting 11, LIBRARY SER.VICES # of Facilities Y car Constructe:i #of Volumes # of Cardholden; 2,100 23,535 # 1990 Circulatioo CEMETERY FACILITIES YES II of Facilitt,s 2 2 SANITARY SEWER Year Installed POTABLE WATER Year Installed STORM SEWER Y car Installed ( or to b, installe:i) 1953 FIRE PROTECTION YES Fire/Emergency X X X YES YES YES YES YES YES X X X X X X Station On-lER SERVICES Municipi.l Offices Center X MaintenanoeJGarage X Facility X Airport X (1) Emµre Township, Glen Arbor Township, and Kaaaon Township cootnwte funds to the Empire Lil:rary; Bingham Township and Suttons Bay To'"'1Ship contribute fund& to the Su ttoa; Bay Ltl:rary. G = Good Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8-2 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Map 8-1 COUNTY FACILITIES Map 8-2 PUBLIC WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS r,---r,--ri 0 5MI ~ 0 * • gg~;:JousE • SATELLITE COUNTY OFFICE • • COUNTY PARK COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION Map 8-3 MUNICIPAL FACILITIES r,---r,--ri 5MI 0 . ~ ~ D • .._ VILLAGE • HALL : ' • .• ■ 5MI TOWNSHIP HALL • ■ SANITARY SEWER • STORM SEWER • DRINKING WATER These systems permit higher development densities than on-site septic systems. To the extent additional capacity exists within these systems today, there is considerable potential to permit the expansion of the service area. Public sewers can contribute to a more compact development pattern or if poorly planned, to greater sprawl. Thus, how future growth is managed where public sewer service is present, is a critical quality of life consideration. Though Leland Township's excess sewer capacity is somewhat limited, the Village of Suttons Bay and Elmwood Township have considerable excess capacity. The Village of Suttons Bay excess capacity alone could accommodate a doubling of its population. This affords an opportunity for the master plans of these communities to project the way in which, under what conditions, and at what rate future infrastructure expansions may take place. MUNICIPAL AIRPORT The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Public Facilities and Physical Services Paoe 8 -3 �The resolution of these issues in the above communities and any others with expanded public facilities in the future may have peninsula-wide implications due to impacts on traffic levels, tourism, and other growth stimulating activities. Water Supply As with on-site sewage disposal systems, nearly the entire peninsula relies on individual private wells for potable water. The only municipalities to provide public water systems are Elmwood Township and the peninsula's three Villages. The oldest of the systems was constructed in the 1890's in the Village of Empire and it has undergone numerous improvements and expansions over the years . Like the public sewer systems, these public water systems have permitted higher development densities and a more compact development form. Like the issues facing those municipalities with public sewer systems, the same growth management issues apply. The available excess capacity of these water systems should be managed in view of the resulting implications upon the local growth rates and development patterns. The master plans of these communities can provide guidance in the way of how, under what conditions, and at what rate water system expansions should take place . stormwater management beyond storm pipes and drains along sections of main roads. The village also provides a sedimentation basin. Stormwater runoff quantities increase as vegetative cover is removed and buildings, roads and parking lots are created. Sedimentation and water pollutants also increase with storm water, further highlighting the need for adequate runoff quality control. The impervious surfaces associated with future development will place increased demands upon existing stormwater infrastructure and may create flood conditions in those areas where such infrastructure does not exist. Current local plans and ordinances need to stress the importance of adequate stormwater management, both on a site specific scale or across the whole municipality. Despite the porous (well drained) soils that cover much of the peninsula, stormwater management will become an issue of greater importance as growth continues. Map 8-4 FIRE / EMERGENCY SERVICE AREAS ~ 0 5MI Stormwater Management Stormwater management was traditionally geared toward minimizing flood conditions and the resultant damage to and/or loss of life and property. It has, in more recent years, been expanded to place equal emphasis on controlling the quality of stormwater runoff before it is discharged into watercourses in order to protect them from sedimentation and water-born pollutants. As important as stormwater management is, only one of the peninsula municipalities, the Village of Suttons Bay, provides for Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8 -4 [lj CEDAR FIRE DEPT. RI ELMWOOD TWP. FIRE DEPT. ~ ~ □ LEELANAU TWP. El FIRE DEPT. LELAND TWP. FIRE DEPT. EMPIRE FIRE DEPT. [Ilil] BINGHAM SUTTONS BAYF,D. GLEN ARBOR FIRE DEPT. FIRE STATION * The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Emergency Services While emergency services are taken for granted in more urbanized areas, there is often increased awareness of the presence or absence of emergency services in rural areas such as the Leelanau Peninsula . Emergency services take on a special importance on the peninsula where there are few emergency medical facilities and considerable distances to travel. Fire emergency services are comprised of seven volunteer fire departments throughout the peninsula. See Map 8-4. As a result of the all-volunteer fire departments and the long distances between fire stations, the vast majority of the peninsula has an Insurance Service Organization rating of 9 (with 10 considered the lowest rating). Exceptions include the Townships of Suttons Bay, Leland, and Elmwood, which have ratings of 8, the Village of Empire with a rating of 8, and the Villages of Suttons Bay and Northport, which have ratings of 7. New development will increase demands for improved emergency services. The vast majority of the peninsula has an Insurance Service Organization rating of 9 (with 10 considered the lowest rating). All police services are provided by the Leelanau County Sheriff's Departrrient except for part-time summer officers in Suttons Bay and Northport, and the Grand Traverse Band Police Department within the reservation areas. The Sheriff's Department provides a wide scope of services including jail administration, court officers, services of process for the courts, marine patrol, animal control, and fire and rescue dispatch. Increases in population, tourism and rising crime rates in northwest Michigan will result in increased pressure for additional police services and improved police techniques and methods. Map 8-5 RECREATION FACILITIES Administrative Facilities ~ 0 17}1 SLEEPING 5MI BEAR DUNES . ~ NATIONAL LAKESHORE ■ LEELANAU STATE PARK VILLAGE PARK • • TOWNSHIP • PARK The Leelanau General Plan - Functions/ View COUNTY PARK Administrative facilities throughout the peninsula are comparatively limited. Only two thirds of the local municipalities have formal administrative offices and many of these offices have limited business hours. The only other local administrative facilities are the maintenance and/or garage facilities of the peninsula's three village municipalities. The county operates one principal administrative facility, the courthouse facility in Leland, the county seat. This facility houses the offices of the prosecuting attorney, treasurer, clerk, accounting, probate, register of deeds, district court and County Board of Commissioners, as well as a law library, court rooms, and several other offices. The county has an annex building for the planning and equalization departments and rents additional satellite facilities in Suttons Bay and in Lake Leelanau. The Road Commission's administrative offices are located in Suttons Bay as well. A review is underway to determine what, if any changes Public Facilities and Physics/ Services Page 8 -5 �should be made in county facilities and when and how they should be financed, if needed. The current local recreational facilities on the peninsula are very limited in both scope of recreation opportunities and ease of accessibility by the public. centers. No trail system exists between the parks to facilitate non-road park to park access. Current settlement patterns make it economically difficult to expand recreation services in outlying area, and most municipalities are not currently addressing this in recreation and land use plans. Library Facilities Recreation Facilities The present total recreational acreage, not including state and federal facilities, exceeds the normally accepted standard of 10 acres per 1,000 persons. Available recreational activities include birding, biking, boating, fishing, hiking, hunting, picnicking, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, snowshoeing, swimming, and many others. Accessibility is a problem in that many facilities are distance from population Four of the peninsula municipalities operate library facilities including the Villages of Empire and Suttons Bay and the Townships of Leelanau and Leland. Though generally accepted "volumes of books per capita" standards are met, access to the library facilities is limited. While access is convenient for those living within the village areas where the facilities are located, access to such services is far more limited to the vast majority Volunteer firefighters battle a house fire in Leland. Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8 -6 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �of the peninsula area. Again, the current settlement pattern makes it economically difficult to expand service to these outlying areas. The General Plan calls for the establishment of a program for the expansion and improvement of public facilities and physical services on the peninsula in a manner which discourages sprawl and promotes compact settlement patterns. Solid Waste Since 1983, all of the solid waste collected in Leelanau County has been disposed of at Glen's Sanitary Landfill in southern Kasson Township. Glen's Sanitary Landfill, the only landfill facility on the peninsula, has an approximate life expectancy of at least 45 years. The peninsula is presently serviced by three solid waste haulers. Due in large part to the disbursed population in the Leelanau Peninsula and surrounding counties, Glen's Sanitary Landfill is dependent upon regional users of its facility and receives waste from Leelanau, Benzie, and Grand Traverse Counties . If any one of these waste streams was discontinued, Glen's Sanitary Landfill could cease operation and waste collection costs on the peninsula could easily double due to increased hauling distances. The county will need to continue a strong solid waste management program to ensure licensed facilities are available to meet its needs. It will also be important to increase emphasis on "reduce, reuse, recycle" and related education programs. Also at issue on the peninsula will be the growing need to expand recycling, composting, and household waste collection programs as community support grows and yard wastes are banned from landfill disposal in 1995. These programs will require additional funding. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View A FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE POLICY Public facilities and physical services will play a major role in shaping the future character of the peninsula and its overall quality of life. The Leelanau General Plan recognizes the intrinsic relationship between the peninsula's future and the programs within which public facilities and physical services are to be provided and/or delivered. To this end, the plan proposes a public facilities and physical services program to squarely address these issues. The plan calls for the establishment of a program for the expansion and improvement of public facilities and physical services in a manner which discourages sprawl and promotes compact settlement patterns. This may be accomplished in part through specific public services districts (see also Part One, Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 of this section). Use of service districts underscores the necessity for interjurisdictional coordination and the plan calls for such cooperation as part of this public facilities and physical services program. Critical considerations in this regard include the identification of service district boundaries, the coordination of capital improvements among municipalities, and the phasing of capital improvements to the benefit of both the local municipalities and the peninsula as a whole. Closely linked to the interjurisdictional treatment of future peninsula public facilities and physical services is the establishment of uniform minimum service level standards for all future new developments. "Level of service" refers to the level at which a public service is operating, or the "adequacy" of the service. By incorporating minimum level of service standards into local regulations and plans, municipalities will be able to both monitor the quality of services delivered as well as assure new development does not occur unless the necessary public services to support the proposed development are in place (or in place by the time the development becomes operational). Minimum service level standards Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8-7 �in a village should address, at a minimum: 1) adequate sewer and water service, including pipe widths, flow rates and capacities, construction, and related considerations; 2) adequate stormwater management controls including retention ponds, sedimentation ponds, erosion control, and related considerations; and 3) availability of emergency services. The future provision of public facilities and physical services should also include a comprehensive investigation of current and future anticipated recreation needs in the peninsula according to local perceptions and attitudes,standards, and service areas. To the extent that needs are identified, comprehensive recreation plans should be prepared according to MDNR standards to identify effective local and peninsula-wide strategies for addressing these needs. Similar activities should be pursued for the library system as well. Future public facilities and physical services must address the solid waste management situation and should be founded upon a periodically updated comprehensive solid waste management program. While the program must recognize both the peninsula's and region's reliance upon Glen's Sanitary Myles Kimmerly Park in Kasson Township is one of two parks operated by the county. Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8 -8 Landfill, strategies should be developed to effectively examine alternatives to reduce the waste stream and ensure backup space in other landfill facilities. In particular, the feasibility of curbside recycling in densely populated areas and ongoing recycling drop-off capabilities should be reviewed. Efforts will need to be directed at developing prototype designs for integrated solid waste management stations capable of accommodating the full scope of solid waste management operations including recycling, drop-offs, composting, and transfer stations. Funding alternatives to property taxes, such as revenue bonds and special assessments, should be evaluated for all future public facilities and physical service improvements and expansions. Funding mechanisms should take into consideration the beneficiary of the improvement, the availability of state and federal grant dollars, user fees, and other available mechanisms. In addition to the need for an interjurisdictional approach to the provision of public facilities and physical services on the peninsula, this plan advocates a far more active role by the general public regarding future decisions on improvements and/or expansions of public facilities and physical services. In addition to improving public awareness of the issues through education so more informed decisions can be made, specific steps could actively be taken to actively solicit public input, including more convenient access to local administration offices and municipal staff, and holding public hearings as alternative solutions are devised. A strong public school system based on equal access and opportunity for continuing education is important to long term quality of life. Location of school facilities can influence development and traffic in an area. Some school facility decisions are made independent of other government program and facility decisions, only strong cooperative efforts based upon mutual respect can succeed in achieving common interests. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �PUBLIC FACILITIES AND PHYSICAL SERVICES POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS Commission. Action Statement: The following policies and action statements are intended to establish the blueprint for implementing the General Plan's recommendations for the future of the peninsula's public facilities and physical services. Issue: Capital improvements programming. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Have county and local governments adopt and annually update capital improvement programs for the purpose of assuring and coordinating necessary improvements and expansions to public facilities and services compatible with local comprehensive land use plans and the Leelanau General Plan. The County Planning Department should prepare and regularly update a comprehensive listing of all proposed, under construction, and completed county and local capital improvement projects including but not limited to information on project type, location, cost, funding source, timing and implementation agency. The County Board of Commissioners should initially adopt and annually update a comprehensive capital improvements program consistent with the Leelanau General Plan, which is first reviewed and recommended by the County Planning The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: Action Statement: Local governments should prepare, adopt and annually update a comprehensive capital improvements program compatible with the policies of their comprehensive land use plans and the Leelanau General Plan, and which is first reviewed and recommended by the local planning commission. No new public facilities or major expansions or replacements of existing public facilities should be initiated that are not included in an adopted local or county CIP. The County Planning Department should prepare and annually update an official map of all proposed county and local capital facility improvements / replacements each year. Issue: Protecting groundwater. Policy: Action Statement: Every effort should be made to protect our groundwater. This is crucial to protecting our lakes and streams. And it is important if we are to avoid the burden of supplying extensive municipal sewer and water systems in the future. The county should take to lead role in seeing that septic systems and wells are properly maintained, since this is essential to the protection of groundwater. Public Facilities and Physical Services Pace 8-9 �Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: protection of groundwater from hazardous materials. The County Planning Commission has a model groundwater ordinance available, incorporating such requirements into the site plan review process. In addition to keeping current records of septic system and well permits, the health department should be funded to enable them to update past records to the extent reasonably feasible. Whenever property changes ownership, the county should require that the septic system and well be certified by the health department to be in compliance with present standards. The responsibility should be that of the seller. The county should encourage property owners who are concerned, to request inspection of their septic systems and wells by the health department, for an appropriate fee. Bad problem areas, where widespread failure of septic systems is suspected, or where failing systems may endanger a stream or lake, should be identified. The county should allocate administrative funds so that each of these areas is methodically brought up to code, one area at a time. In time, a system of periodic inspection of all septic systems in the county should be established . All local units of government administering zoning should incorporate into their ordinances measures ensuring the Public Facilities and Physics/ Services Page 8 - 10 Issue: Expansion of public sewer and water. Policy: Local governments in expanding current public sewer and water facilities and services will need to coordinate in a planned phased manner with the Leelanau General Plan. Action Statement: Action Statement: Local governments with existing public sewer and/or water facilities and services should prepare comprehensive studies regarding the current and projected conditions and capacities of the infrastructure based on alternative growth scenarios. Local governments with existing public sewer and/or water facilities and services should identify within their adopted comprehensive land use plans the current and projected conditions and capacities of the infrastructure and specific policies which coordinate incremental service expansions congruous with the planned future land use pattern in the municipality and the village service districts of the Leelanau General Plan. The Leelanau General Plan • Functions/ View �Action Statement: Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: If the rate of growth is very rapid, local governments with existing public sewer and/or water facilities and services should adopt comprehensive land use plan policies which identify the maximum annual number of permitted new sewer and/or water hook-ups based upon current and projected capacities, planned future land use pattern, the adopted capital improvements program, and growth management strategies. Local governments without existing public sewer and water facilities and services should introduce such services only when and where there is a demonstrated need for such services and no other feasible or preferable alternative is available. districts and/or prohibiting new development in areas without adequate on site septic facilities. Where low technology solutions fail, consideration should be given to creation of a limited sewer system to eliminate a health threat in a particular area. Issue: Stormwater management. Policy: Action Statement: Local governments without public sewer and/or water should include policies within their comprehensive land use plans regarding the intention, or lack of intention, to introduce such services within the planning period of the plan, and under what conditions and where, the introduction of such services is to occur. Local governments should initiate low technology efforts to prevent water pollution from leaking septic tanks along inland lakes. Such efforts could include, but are not limited to, annual (or more frequent if necessary) septic cleanouts and/or inspections, mandatory inspection at time of sale, the creation of septic maintenance The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: County and local governments should adopt and coordinate regulations and programs to assure the adequate management of stormwater as a result of new construction activities. T h e C o u n t y D r a i n Commissioner's office should develop long range comprehensive stormwater management programs for the purpose of educating the public on related issues and facilitating communication and coordination between stormwater management initiatives and projects of the local governments and the county. The programs should include coordinating soil erosion and sedimentation control and stormwater management consistent with the structure in Grand Traverse County if adequate financial resources are available. Local governments should adopt subdivision and related development regulations, or coordinate local provisions with any relevant county regulations. These should include provisions Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8-11 �to protect against floods, soil erosion, and sedimentation. Action Statement: Issue: Government administration offices. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: County and local governments need adequate and accessible government administrative centers. The county should evaluate the findings of the county capital facilities study to determine the current and projected spatial needs of the county government offices and how these needs can be most optimally met (including the use of technology based delivery systems) in a way consistent with the policies of the Leelanau General Plan. Issue: Public input regarding public facilities and services planning. Policy: County and local governments should adopt formal mechanisms to solicit public input on the future planning and construction of new and expanded public facilities and physical services. Action Statement: Local governments with existing administrative centers should evaluate their current and projected space and technological needs, establish a program for renovation , technological additions, and/or relocation of offices . Local governments without existing administrative cent,ers should adopt a program for locating and funding of centralized offices capable of meeting the current and projected (20 year projection) administrative needs. Local governments should publish and maintain regular business hours. Public FBcilities Bnd PhysicBI Services Page 8-12 Local governments would where feasible , establish "community centers " as part of, or closely linked to government administrative offices, to provide a community "hub" with special services to all age groups. Action Statement: Action Statement: The county should hold a public hearing prior to taking any formal action on major new or expanded public facilities or other significant changes to its current system of county public facilities and physical services . The county should periodically hold education forums for the purpose of providing information on current county public facilities and physical public facilities issues. Each local government should hold a public hearing prior to taking any formal action on major new or expanded public facilities or other significant changes to its current system of public facilities and physical services. The Lee/Bnau GenerBI PIBn - FunctionBI \6ew �1 Action Statement: Each local - government should periodically hold education forums for the purpose of provid ing information on current local public facilities and physical public facilities issues. or in place of volunteer fire personnel. Action Statement: Issue: Police and fire services. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: The county and local governments should cooperatively develop programs and standards to ensure adequate levels of police and fire services. The c o u n t y a n d I o ca I governments should continue to improve upon the capabilities of existing automated police and fire information and record management systems, providing police and fire personnel increased coordination and communication between facilities during emergency and non-emergency conditions and information upon which to base "fire loss management plans" and other fire prevention measures. All local governments should adopt uniform level of service standards for emergency services and identify the minimally acceptable level for specific conditions. All local governments should develop, when/if the need becomes apparent, a funding mechanism to provide for "paid on call" fire protection personnel, in coordination with The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: Action Statement: the current protection All local governments should adopt a uniform set of fire protection infrastructure standards such as the provision of interconnecting roads, expandable water systems, line sizes and fittings , and other construction-based standards. The county should establish a program for the establishment and coordination of special crime prevention and monitoring programs such as neighborhood watch and operation identification. The county should establish a mechanism to ensure that firefighters know the specific location of hazardous, flammable, and poisonous materials on farm, business and industrial properties as part of "right-to-know" effortsdesigned to minimize health threats to firefighters , other emergency services personnel, and adjoining landowners. Issue: Expansion of recreational facilities. Policy: Action Statement: Local governments should be encouraged to acquire additional recreational acreage, and expand the scope of recreation opportunities and services, to meet the active recreation needs of the expanding population. All local governments should be encouraged to prepare and Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8-13 �maintain current five-year recreation plans which: 1) identify the current and projected recreation needs of the municipality; 2) establish strategies to address the needs in a prioritized manner; and 3) meet all the requirements of the MDNR to become eligible to receive recreation grant dollars. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: All local governments should be encouraged to develop a funding program for the purpose of generating monies for the purchase of recreational acreage. Local governments should be encouraged to prepare an inventory of high recreational value acreage based upon established criteria and to take action to acquire this acreage where such acquisition is consistent with the local 5-year recreation plan. Local governments should be encouraged to adopt zoning ordinance regulations which require the provision of designated open space areas as part of the residential development approval process for large residential developments. Local governments and the county should jointly prepare, monitor, and update a peninsulawide linked trail system plan for the purpose of linking community centers and Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8 - 14 recreation facilities throughout the peninsula and facilitating long distance biking, hiking, horseback riding, and crosscountry skiing, and snowmobiling opportunities. Action Statement: Policy: The county and local governments should consider, in the development of park and recreation facilities, potential opportunities for local and peninsula-wide economic development opportunities which are in character with the peninsula. The county should continue to assist in the delivery of recreation opportunities as part of a more clearly defined recreation rote. Action Statement: Action Statement: The county should consider the range of recreational roles most appropriate for it to adopt including, but not limited to, maintenance of current facilities and operations only, expansion of services and site acquisitions, establishment of passive recreation parks, and/or coordination of and technical support to local governments in the provision of recreation opportunities. Upon the identification of the optimum recreation role of the county, additional policies and action statements should be adopted in pursuit of that role. The Leelanau General Plan - FunctionBI View �7 f Issue: Variety and safety of water recreation opportunities. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: The county and local governments should encourage the continuation of a variety of water recreational activities while ensuring an adequate level of public safety between activities. The county and local governments should review current ownership interests in public shoreline parcels and where desirable, take the necessary steps to strengthen ownership ties through fee simple ownership. expanding population. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: The county and local governments should jointly prepare an inventory of potential shoreline recreational acreage and take action to acquire acreage of recreation value where such acquisitions are consistent with the local 5-year recreation plans. Local governments with inland lakes should prepare coordinated regulatory provisions intended to identify permitted water surface activities within specific water surface use areas. The county and local governments should encourage the expansion of the roles and services of library facilities to meet the increasing library needs of the peninsula's The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Local governments with existing library facilities should formally evaluate the adequacy of existing spatial and technological facilit ,es in regard to current and projected needs and establish capital improvement and funding programs to address the needs, possibly with some alternative funding sources. Local governments should locate future library locations to help create a community "hub" by integrating them with complementary public uses such as governmental administrative offices and community activity centers. Consideration should be given to greater shared public use through communication networks with county and state agencies. Issue: Solid waste management. Policy: Issue: library services. Policy: The county should continue to encourage and support local governments in the provision of accessible library services. Action Statement: The county should periodically update a comprehensive peninsula-wide solid waste management program consistent with the requirements of Act 641. The county should coordinate with local governments to maintain a peninsula-wide and convenient system of recycling centers including, if feasible, curbside recycling. Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8-15 �Action Statement: Action Statement: The county should continue and, where feasible, improve the peninsula-wide collection system whereby household hazardous wastes can be periodically collected and properly disposed of. The county should expand the solid waste management education program intended to educate the public regarding solid waste management issues in the county and the steps the local c1t1zens can take to constructively contribute to minimize waste and environmental degradation. Th e public enjoys using park facilities on Glen Lake. Public Facilities and Physical Services Page 8 - 16 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �T Chapter 9 NON-MUNICIPAL PUBLIC SERVICES INTRODUCTION County and local governments do not provide all of the important public services on the peninsula. Residents and visitors also rely on natural gas, telephone, cable TV, electric, and medical services provided by private sector businesses. The availability of these services impacts the quality of life on the peninsula. The availability of utilities can greatly affect economic development potentials, communications, and available day to day conveniences. Availability of medical services can have a profound impact upon loc·a1 quality of life conditions. Because of the importance of these nonmunicipal services, the continuation and expansion of them must be incorporated into Map 9-1 ELECTRIC AND GAS SERVICES the planning process for the peninsula. These services operate hand-in-hand with many municipally provided services and with other services provided by the private sector. (See Working Paper #10 for more information.) ISSUES Electric Service Electrical service is provided to the entire peninsula through Cherryland Rural Electric Cooperative and Consumers Power Company. See Map 9-1. Wolverine Power Supply provides electricity to numerous substations on the peninsula. Cherryland Electric Cooperative distributes this electricity throughout Leelanau County. Consumers Power Company is also responsible for transmitting electricity to numerous substations located on the peninsula. Gas Service ~ 0 • SMI Gas service is far more limited in the peninsula than is electrical service. Michigan Consolidated Gas Company is the sole supplier of gas on the peninsula and service is only provided to the Townships of Bingham, Elmwood, Leelanau and Suttons Bay, and the Villages of Northport and Suttons Bay. The lack of gas service limits the options available for heating and other gas burning residential and nonresidential activities. Telephone Service □ CONSUMERS POWER SERVICE AREA ~ CHERRYLAND ~ REA SERVICE AREA - The lee!BnBu GenerBI PIBn - FunctionBI View GMAICSHLCOINNE Telephone service is provided throughout the entire peninsula by two companies; Michigan Bell Telephone Company provides telephone service to the communities of Lake Leelanau, Leland, Northport, and Greilickville, and the balance of the peninsula is served by Century Telephone Company. See Map 9-2. Non-municipBI Public Services PBge 9-1 �Map 9~2 COMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES r--r,-ri 0 5MI patient and out-patient services, specialized senior citizen care, emergency room facilities, laboratory and X-ray facilities, and obstetrics and operating room facilities. Residents and visitors to the peninsula also have access to four dental clinics and seven private clinics and doctors practicing psychiatry, optometry, and general medicine. The Grand Traverse/Leelanau Community Mental Health Services facility is located in Suttons Bay. The Maple Valley Nursing Home in Maple City provides care to senior citizens. Improvements in health care and utility infrastructure inevitably improve local quality of life conditions. As quality of life conditions improve, the area becomes more attractive to both potential residents and businesses. • : . □ CENTURY TELEPHONE _.. COMMERCIAL - TV TOWER ■ COMMERCIAL RADIO TOWER Medical Facilities Following the national trend, the population age level of the Leelanau Peninsula is rising. This aging process will be accompanied by an increase in demands placed upon area health care facilities. This increase will undoubtedly show itself in both a heightened need for additional health care facilities and greater accessibility, and herein lies the fundamental challenge. Leelanau Memorial Hospital is a comparatively small facility. The high and continually rising costs of health care today generally necessitates the need for larger hospitals to assure long term economic viability. Thus, whereas the peninsula is approaching a need for increased health care facilities and greater ease of access, the primary health care facility is becoming particularly vulnerable to health care economics and its long term viability on the peninsula may be in question. Further, distance exacerbates the already difficult accessibility. Leelanau Memorial Hospital in the Village of Northport is the single primary health facility on the peninsula and is affiliated with Munson Medical Center in Traverse City. The hospital was constructed in 1953 and provides a full range of medical care facilities including in- While the peninsula is experiencing these health care needs and, to a lesser extent, gas and other utility expansion needs, it must be recognized that improvements in these areas will act to attract development. Improvements in health care and utility infrastructure 1888 l88S MICHIGAN BELL TELEPHONE Cellular One Phone Company and Century Cellunet, Inc. provid~ very limited cellular phone service in the southeastern portion of the peninsula. Radio Service There are five radio stations servicing the peninsula, four of which have towers on the peninsula. Non-municipal Public Services Page 9 -2 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �l inevitably improve local quality of life conditions. As quality of life conditions improve, the area becomes more attractive to both potential residents and businesses. A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE The Leelanau General Plan recognizes the critical link between non-municipal public services and the future welfare of the peninsula's municipalities and its residents. In this regard, it becomes vital that the planning of future utility expansions occurs in a coordinated manner with the future growth and development programs of the individual local municipalities as well as the peninsula as a whole. This is particularly applicable for gas distribution and television cable service, both of which are provided in limited fashion. Similarly, attention must be directed toward alleviating the burden upon peninsula residents, businesses, and visitors of paying excess telephone charges due to the peninsula's multiple long distance charges. Future telephone service should serve the peninsula with a single long distance code number. Coordination among telephone service companies, local mUJlicipalities, and the county should be channeled to assure the transition results in minimal disturbance to the daily patterns of the peninsula and its residents, businesses, and visitors. Joint initiatives by the public and private sectors could be established and aimed at improving health care services on the peninsula. Consideration should be given to an array of options to reach this end including opportunities for extending the life expectancy of the Leelanau Memorial Hospi•·al through special funding programs and services offered. Also, special health care transportation systems could be examined which might better improve access to public and private health care facilities . Other programs which might provide for a greater peninsula-wide distribution of health care facilities while still meeting the intent of local community plans, zoning ordinances, and this plan could also be pursued. NON-MUNICIPAL PUBLIC SERVICES POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS The following policies and action statements are intended to establish the blueprint for implementing the General Plan recommendations for the future of the peninsula's non-municipal public services and facilities . Issue: Telephone, electric, gas, and related utilities. Policy: Action Statement: Century Telephone Company office in Cleveland Township near Maple City. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View County and local governments should work cooperatively and constructively with public and private utility companies. County and local government should coordinate, to the greatest degree practical, all planning of and construction of Non -municipal Public Services Page 9-3 �the expansion of service areas to support the planned future land use pattern and timing of development. capital improvement projects with the planning and construction activities of public and private utilities. Action Statement: Action Statement: Local governments should develop policies regarding planned future land use patterns and the timing of development in coordination with existing and projected utility service areas and the Village Service districts of the Leelanau General Plan. Action Statement: Local governments should adopt zoning and subdivision regulations which require the placement of utilities below ground in all cases where practically feasible. Local governments should communicate with public and private utility offices regarding ) f t The North Fli{lht medical helicopter service is available to Leelanau County. Non -municipal Public Services Pa{le 9-4 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Chapter 10 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION The economy of a region is the driving force behind its evolution. However, while a strong economy does not necessarily relate to a heightened quality of life, a struggling economy almost always assures a decline in the quality of life. A fundamental element of the Leelanau General Plan is the establishment of policies to provide for a strong economy within the context of sustainable growth and development. Economic development does not have to occur at the expense of the natural or visual environment. Conversely, peninsula residents do not have to settle for a lower standard of living in the name of environmental protection. A basic premise of the General Plan is that a sustainable, healthy economy is dependent upon a healthy environment, and no where is this more true than on the Leelanau Peninsula. (See Working Paper #7 for more background information.) A basic premise of the General Plan is that a sustainable, healthy economy is dependent upon a healthy environment, and no where is this more true than the Leelanau Peninsula. ISSUES As might be expected, residents are deeply concerned that uncontrolled development on the peninsula is negatively impacting the environmental and visual quality. This concern is being fueled by disconcerting economic trends and conditions. Economic Trends The peninsula's population is increasing between 2.5 - 3% per year and is expected to gain 5,000 additional persons by the year The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View 2000. See Table 10-1. Though local growth rates are expected to vary, impacts will be felt peninsula-wide. This growth is expected to result in nearly 3,000 additional and seasonal dwelling units by the year 2000. See Tables 10-2 and 10-3. If past trends are an indication of what the future will bring, seasonal homes will continue to increase at a f astnr rate than year-round residences. See Figure 10-1. The peninsula's population is increasing between 2. 5 - 3% per year and is expected to gain 5,000 additional persons by the year 2000. Those persons migrating to the peninsula, often retirees and commuters, are wealthier and buy high value property which in turn increases area property values and heightens the already existing disparity among socioeconomic groups. Many Leelanau County workers employed within the industrial sectors are earning less than their counterparts in other nearby counties and the state as a whole. Ultimately, the public service demands created by in-migration population places a disproportionately greater tax burden upon lower-income and fixed income households. This residential growth will increase the labor force for which in-county jobs are very limited. The number of "bedroom community" residents will increase as will the number of commuters. See Map 10-1. The commute to employment centers outside the peninsula will be exacerbated by increased congestion and traffic safety hazards. What is worse is that a significant portion of the existing peninsula labor force lacks competitive skill advantages to secure better jobs and will undoubtedly suffer by comparison with the newly arriving labor force. The combined impact of new residential and nonresidential development will place greater demands upon available public Economic Development Page 10- 1 �Table 10-2 PROJECTED POPULATION AND HOUSING UNITS Table 10-1 1990 CENSUS AND PROJECTIONS Jurisdiction Bingham Twp. Centerville Twp. Cleveland Twp. Elmwood Twp. Empire Twp. Village of Empire Glen Arbor Twp. Kasson Twp. Leelanau Twp. Leland Twp. Village of Northport Solon Twp. Suttons BayTwp. Village of Suttons Bay 1990 2000 2,051 836 783 2,«>6 1,087 1,018 3,427 503 355 4,455 654 644 1,135 1,089 837 1,476 1,416 1,642 605 1,268 2,135 787 1,648 1,589 561 Projected % Increase from Year Population Previous Decade 2000 21,485 30.0% 2010 26,255 22.2% 2020 29,747 13.3% Total #New % Year Housing Units Units Increase 2,066 2000 14,106 2,935 26% 2010 16,500 2,394 17% 39 729 51 2020 19,250 2750 17% 16,527 21,485 City of Traverse City Leelanau County 462 LEELANAU COUNTY Figure 10-1 PERCENT CHANGE IN HOUSING UNITS BJ % Increase • i§J % Increase Between 1970 and Between 1980 and 1980 1990 140.00% 120.00% Q) 100.00% i 0 80.00% i 60.00% -= 0 ~ Q. 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% Total Housing Units Vacational, Seasonal or Migratory Source: Decennial Census Economic Development Page 10-2 Downtown Leland The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View . 1 �l ' '' '- - services beyond just the roadway infrastructure, and will also place increased demands upon the peninsula's human services delivery system. There is no clear understanding of the economic impact of the tourism industry upon the peninsula's overall economy nor how it influences other sectors of the peninsula's economy. Tourism Importance While the tourism industry is most active in the warmer months, it impacts the economics of the peninsula all year. Many of the area jobs are seasonal and do not provide year-round income for workers nor generate year-round sales taxes. Still, tourism dollars continue to increase within the peninsula as do the number of registered water craft, indicators of a growing tourism economy. Still, there is no clear understanding of the impact of the tourism industry upon the peninsula's overall economy nor of how it influences other sectors of the peninsula's economy. • The peninsula is geographically isolated - it is a destination location. Though service, retail sales, agriculture, and construction are the peninsula's export industries, it is clear that the comparative lack of commercial and industrial development on the peninsula places the tourism industry in that much more of a dominant role. To provide for a more balanced economy is particularly difficult on the peninsula as there are limited places where a higher level of public services are available. Geographic Isolation The peninsula is geographically isolated - it The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View is a destination location. Normal transportation routes do not "pass through" the peninsula due to its geographic location. As a result, the potential pool of consumer dollars are limited to only those persons who are traveling to or living in the peninsula. The indirect surface travel and comparatively limited air, water, and rail service further adds to the challenges for economic development. However, there are also opportunities. For example, existing local businesses may not be capturing as much of the plentiful transfer dollars which are being imported into the peninsula (in the form of social security, pensions, etc.) as they could be. Fiscal Implications The growth of the peninsula's population is altering land values as well . The percentage of land in farms (by SEV) has been steadily decreasing since 1974 while residential valuation has been steadily increasing. See Map 10-2. The amount of land in farms has correspondingly gone down while land in residential use has gone up. While the peninsula's total SEV has increased from approximately $225 million in 1980 to $878 million in 1993, more and more national studies are beginning to suggest that new development, contrary to traditional thinking, does not "pay for itself" across the board, and that, in fact, the additional public services to meet the demands of new development often cost more than the additional taxes collected . If true in Leelanau County, the current trend in land use could seriously undermine balanced economic development efforts by presenting public service financial challenges that cannot be met by new development. This would mean higher taxes by all residents to meet new public service needs created by new residents. FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE POLICY It is a goal of the Leelanau General Plan to encourage a balanced peninsula economy. This balance hinges upon the ability to realize the Economic Development Page 10-3 �Table 10-3 SEASONAL POPULATION Estimated in 1975 Estimated in 1981 5,645 2,788 6,856 2,759 56,765 42,184 12400 7.283 December to February March to May June to August September to November Estimated in 1987 15,000 13,000 113,000 43,000 Source: leelsnsu County Solid Wsste Msnsgement Plsn, 19 75 & 1981 figure NWMCOG, 1987 Ext. by Gosling & Czubsk. large economic potential of the peninsula's resources while, at the same time, recognizing the fragile nature of these resources and taking strong protective actions to ensure their perpetuity . Sustainable growth and development, with environmental protection, and a more diversified economic base are the linchpins for a balanced peninsula economy. The absence or failure of any one of these three elements makes the others of little value or, in the worst case, a destructive force. To achieve a balanced economy, it is critical that a clear understanding of the impacts of Map 10-1 WORK FORCE REPORTING OUTSIDE LEELANAU COUNTY the tourism industry on the peninsula be documented. New research must be directed in this area to document seasonal populations. It should assist in identifying appropriate role of tourism on the peninsula and the character that future tourism development should reflect. This research and data collection should include the establishment of a monitoring system to identify tourism trends and conditions on the peninsula and its local and regional impacts. To the extent that tourism continues principally as a summer activity, efforts should be directed at attracting new opportunities which are generally of low Map 10-2 RESIDENTIAL SEV: 1984 AND 1992 • Leelanau County, Michigan • ViltJge ligutes inciJded Wllh townships 1 98◄ 8 81992 ,... GlEN ARBOR Vill~e al Emp111 30.. EMPIRE 39 .. ,.,...,_,__ w. CI.EVEU.NO ClEIIELAND 39.. KASSON 53 .. 37.. .... SOI.ON ...,._....,. ,_ ,..c_ =""....:=-• ~• -u:.~ '~J...~k ::.=-io.-- Economic Development Psge 10-4 GLEN ARBOR EJ EJ EMPIRE ,... $CALE 12S.l.••o NOVEMBER. 1992 KASSON EJ EJ ELMWOOO N 4 EJ EJ EJ EJ ~""': ~c:Zr. ff. u!.;.~ EJ EJ SOLON El El ..__'-" '"°'--C... fflt:"""....:."'.':":a.s~ UI-C..:: z=-o----. ELMWOOO EJ El SCALE 1:2"·""° NOVEMBER, 1992 • N The lee/snsu Geners/ Plsn - Functions/ View �"I sens1t1ve resource base which characterizes the peninsula. At the same time, these resources must be recognized for their long term non-economic benefits and should be approached with a responsible manner with a strong sense of stewardship. ., More and more national studies are beginning to suggest that new development, contrary to traditional thinking, does not Hpay for itself .. across the board, and that, in fact, the additional public services to meet the demands of new development often cost more than the additional taxes collected. ~ 'II ~ - -- ' i ~ ~ :,.. -Q s0 ~ The Grand Traverse Band Casino in Peshawbestown . intensity and require limited landscape alterations. Opportunities to be pursued in this regard could include marina expansions, the enhancement of the Manitou Bottomland Preserve, historical tours, continued support and protection of the peninsula's special natural tourist attractions, bike tours, and facilities, and the expansion and promotion of nature appreciation and interpretation facilities. Sustainable growth and development, with environmental protection, and a more diversified economic base are the linchpins for a balanced peninsula economy. The economic base should be diversified. The economics of tourism do not support much of the peninsula's year-round population. Opportunities for additional economic development must be provided which can operate within, and be compatible with, the The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View In striving for this economic future, a major effort should be made to create more yearround jobs in businesses and industries which have demonstrated a commitment to environmental protection or which by their nature do not pose threats to the peninsula's environmental integrity. Location criteria should include proximity to public services, utilities, transportation, work force, and associated logistical elements. Potential individual industrial sites on the peninsula should be evaluated for future use consideration. Equal efforts should be directed at expanding the local business base through a variety of initiatives including the development of a business list. It is of particular importance that economic development on the peninsula is not encumbered by the duplication of services among the many agencies involved. A data base should be developed which identifies the agencies and offices offering economic development assistance in the peninsula and these agencies should be regularly contacted to uncover new programs and other support information. A linkage with the Traverse Bay Economic Development Corporation should be established with the purpose of coordinating economic development activities from within Economic Development Page 10-5 �and out of the peninsula, distributing marketing materials, and providing specialized training programs. There is a need for consistent, longterm economic development leadership in the peninsula and coordinated economic development services for the business community. The increased economic development act1v1ty anticipated from these initiatives should be guided to those areas of the peninsula planned for village development and supported by the necessary public facilities and convenient to the work force. All capital improvements should be well planned, phased, and coordinated with adjoining municipali1ties and county projects. Model zoning language should be prepared which provides for planned • and compatible mixed uses, small scale developments, and signage, which is sensitive to the surrounding natural and rural environment. Commercial areas should be pedestrian friendly and landscape amenities should enhance the village setting. Site development associated with new economic development projects should be guided by the recommendations of the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook. All businesses operating with heightened risks of environmental contamination should be monitored through the development of a regular and ongoing peninsula-wide monitoring system. Local municipalities should adopt environmental regulations included in the ~------------- Elmwood Township Marina in Greilickville. Economic Development Page 10-6 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �r , , , Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook to better protect future environmental integrity. The Leelanau General Plan calls for an aggressive program to protect the peninsula's agricultural economy. A critical component of this program relates to the peninsula's future land use pattern, as discussed in Chapter 6. In addition, however, the General Plan encourages the expansion of marketing opportunities for farmers including the promotion of locally produced farm products, mail-order businesses for farm products, farmland tourism networks, organically grown products, and the examination of national and global marketing opportunities. In addition, continuous monitoring of trends and conditions in crop production, P.A. 116 enrollments, conservation reserve programs, and other agricultural economic indicators should become routine and the data generated applied to current and future marketing initiatives. The Leelanau General Plan calls for an aggressive program to protect the peninsula's agricultural economy. expedite communications and improve education programs and access. This network should include a community/school access channel and a telephone system which ensures fast, convenient, and lower cost service than is currently available. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS The following policies and action statements are intended to establish the blueprint for the General Plan's vision for future economic development. Issue: While the effects of tourism are great in the peninsula, there is no recent, formal impact assessment of this sector of the economy. Without impact assessment, decisions on the balance between tourism and environmental protection will remain uninformed. Policy: . Improved employment opportunities for many of the residents on the peninsula will remain out of reach without improved job skills. The training needs of target industries must be identified and appropriate training provided. The peninsula should become part of the Northwest Michigan Community College District to reduce tuition rates and gain easier access to needed training programs. Satellite centers should also be established to also provide easier access to training opportunities. These employment programs should not be reserved for adults only, but programs should be developed for the peninsula's children which encourage leadership and independence. The future evolution of the economy should be supported by an improved peninsula-wide information system. An integrated high-tech information network should be developed to The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: Action Statement: Define the optimum role of tourism and tourism development in the peninsula consistent with protection of the natural environment. Cooperate with Michigan State University, Travel and Tourism Resource Center and the Michigan Department of Commerce Travel Bureau to assess the impact of tourism on the peninsula economy. Devise and maintain a data collection and monitoring system to continuously evaluate seasonal population changes and other local impacts of tourism. Economic Development Page 10-7 �Action Statement: Action Statement: Initiate a feasibility study, with assistance from the Department of Natural Resources, on the expansion of select peninsula marinas. Strengthen historic preservation efforts in the peninsula and develop a formal tour or guidebook for historic features/trails. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: ---~ , =-a - - -c Work closely with Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore to promote and protect park features. Actively promote regulatory measures which protect the attractive natural features in the peninsula using view amenity protection, site plan review, and other site design measures. Promote the development of an integrated greenway/trail system in the peninsula. Promote the development of additional small parks in the peninsula, especially along lakeshores, streams, and ridges. Create a wildlife enhancement committee for the peninsula to establish such things as a network of nesting boxes; wildlife corridors, reestablishment of forage vegetation; and establishment of native wildflower meadows. ~ ,...;iiii.-i ""-- .... . ' Work with the Department of Natural Resources, local, and state-wide groups to restore, improve, and maintain sport and commercial fisheries. .' - - ~~- ~ =rS,_ - Action Statement: Assemble and make available information regarding county opportunities to enjoy nongame wildlife and natural areas. ~- . - :- - ~.alli~..B.'lt~~ ---~ · Businesses in Glen Arbor. Economic Development Page 10-8 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �l Issue: The peninsula needs more year-round jobs in industries which are sensitive to the environment. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Economic development leadership should spearhead a business retention and development program for the peninsula. Action Statement: Issue: The stability of agriculture in the peninsula is eroding and along with it a prime economic base. Policy: Develop a business visitation program, conducted by econom i c development professionals for all industrial facilities and large employers in the county. The purpose of such visits will be to identify needs and opportunities for business retention and future development through continued open communication. Develop a commercial survey for the county focusing on impacts of tourism on businesses, the nature of commercial establis~ments, and needs for technical assistance. Action Statement: Action Statement: Develop a program to increase export act1v1t1es in the peninsula. Investigate access to venture capital and develop avenues to tap it as opportunities present themselves . Promote the growth and development of small-scale (cottage industries) which retain rural character and do not overburden public services. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Investigate the job creation potential of meeting the special needs of an aging population through health services. Action Statement: The county and local units of government should initiate proactive measures to protect farmland (see Land Use chapter). Develop a peninsula-wide system for transfer of development rights or purchase of conservation easements to protect important agricultural lands by compensating the landowner for its development value. Devise and implement training programs for builders, developers and Realtors in the peninsula to familiarize them with new peninsula development and redevelopment polices as they are adopted by local governments to implement the Leelanau General Plan. The county should work with the Soil Conservation Service to devise an agricultural data base which more closely monitors crop production, P.A. 116 enrollments, conservation reserve programs , and other appropriate agricultural preservation/support programs. Economic Development Page 10-9 �Issue: Communication among economic development entities is limited and as a consequence, their efforts are frequently fragmented. Policy: Action Statement: The county should become familiar with all appropriate local, regional, state and federal entities responsible for economic development efforts and should not duplicate effective programs. The county should develop a directory of economic development groups, state and federal programs and technical resources available for small businesses . Action Statement: The county should initiate and maintain communication with: federal Economic Development Administration; Michigan Department of Commerce regional office; Northwest Michigan Council of Governments; Michigan Employment Security Commission, Bureau of Research and Statistics; the Traverse Bay Economic Development Corporation; local utility companies; and other appropriate entities as identified. • The lake States Insurance building, known locally as the Reef Building, in Greilickville. Economic Development Page 10- 10 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �1 Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: The county should coordinate the development of an economic development coalition inside, or available to the peninsula, including, if appropriate, links with local chambers of commerce and/or a regional economic development organization in order to coordinate economic development efforts within and outside of the peninsula. Action Statement: Action Statement: Economic development subgroups should be established (or if in existence-linked) to focus on tourism development, industrial development, small business / entrepreneurial skills, intergovernmental cooperation and any other topics deemed appropriate by the coalition. Local jurisdictions should become part of the coalition, providing resource support for marketing efforts. Action Statement: Action Statement: • In cooperation with the MSU Cooperative Extension Service, coalition members should continue leadership training and team building . Issue: Much of the comme,r ce activity in the peninsula is scattered and not particularly wellserved by proper services. Policy: Action Statement: At the peninsula level, identify business and residential centers for concentrated development that provides efficiency in energy and service delivery. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Focus economic initiative in or close to villages (where the people are). Develop in the county, with local government assistance, sample zoning regulations which allow for planned and compatible mixed uses. Promote the establishment of unified, local telephone and cable services providing peninsula-wide access without toll rates and the inconvenience thereof. Investigate the expansion of gas utility service areas in select portions of the county as well as "three-phase" electrical service. Plan physical infrastructure investment to phase and coordinate it among all local jurisdictions. Promote well-designed business facilities which blend with the environment and are not overly suburbanized in appearance. Provide technical assistance to local governments and promote the implementation of the new model sign ordinance which minimizes the impact of signs on the landscape . Develop local site design guidelines consistent with the Grand Traverse Bay Regional Economic Development Page 10- 11 �Action Statement: Action Statement: Development Guidebook, to promote the establishment of native vegetation, wildflower fields, and native grasses over sod yards in commerce centers. Action Statement: Integrate adequate parking with other access management techniques to minimize congestion and visual impact of commercial and industrial development. Action Statement: Action Statement: Coordinate prohibitions of strip development with local zoning regulations. Economic Development Page 10-12 Upgrade and redevelop existing, aging commercial establishments and centers to arrest deterioration and maintain the appearance of the peninsula. Promote local regulations for small-scale development in service centers to blend with the rural character of the peninsula. Design commercial centers toward being pedestrian-friendly with natural landscaping, pathway and amenity tie-ins as illustrated in the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �7 Chapter 11 HUMAN SERVICES AND FACILITIES INTRODUCTION ISSUES Within the context of the Leelanau General Plan, human services and facilities include an array of services typically aimed at providing specialized assistance to individuals and families to improve their productivity as members of society and/or improve their quality of life. These services are characterized by programs for the elderly, employment services, financial assistance, domestic violence intervention, shelters, mental health services, and similarly related support assistance. Lack of Reliable Data Human services and facilities are critically important to the peninsula for a variety of reasons. First and foremost, these services and facilities provide assistance to individuals, children and families in need. Availability of a "safe haven" and/or helping hand is often necessary for individuals and/or families who are not capable of resolving a conflict or crisis themselves. And, the assistance provided by these services and facilities has the potential to benefit the peninsula beyond just those receiving the services. Many of the services offered enable individuals to become active and productive residents of the peninsula and thus limit the demand on revenues for long term public assistance due to unemployment, disabilities, mental illness, and other difficulties. This can result in both a higher level of services delivered as well as more revenues available for other needed services and programs. The peninsula's human services and facilities are also available to serve the many migrant workers who temporarily reside in the peninsula during the growing and harvesting seasons and whom, by their transient nature, may be in particular need of special services and programs. Without these services, agricultural operations could not be competitive. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Historically, a significant issue facing the county in the delivery of human services has been the lack of reliable data regarding particular human service needs. This has been in large part due to the lack of a reliable and comprehensive demographic profile of the peninsula, and the resulting limited baseline data upon which services can be delivered and evaluated. As a result, it has not been clear as to: 1) the extent to which the human services needs of the peninsula are being met; 2) the degree to which duplication of services between agencies may exist; 3) whether the services currently provided are in fact necessary; and 4) whether the services currently being delivered are effective. The recent completion of the Leelanau County Human Services Review (March 1993), however, prepared by the Northwest Michigan Council of Governments, ends a substantial portion of the data drought. This study compiles all of the relevant 1990 census data and displays it in both tables and maps. The mapped data is largely displayed at the block group level. In addition, a comprehensive survey of human services provider organizations was conducted. The results are displayed in a series of tables. The report finds very little duplication of services, but many gaps and a need for future collaboration in service provision to improve effectiveness and efficiency. Limited Fiscal Resources Also impacting the current delivery of human services on the peninsula is the comparatively limited amounts of money available for such programs. Leelanau County significantly trails behind the state in per capita Human Services and Facilities Page 11-1 �The county received only between one-half and two-thirds of the per capita allocations for human services compared to the statewide average. Map 11-1 PER CAPITA INCOME Leelanau County, Michigan □ $9,957-$11 ,815 ~ $11,816-$12,964 Many of the challenges being faced by the elderly are, to varying degrees, also confronting other special populations of the peninsula. While many senior citizens are physically disabled, so are many other younger persons. Insufficient income to meet living needs often faces the elderly on a fixed income, but it also affects those persons untrained for the job market or recently laid off. While the very aged may be more prone to mental illness, anyone can experience mental distress brought about by societal or personal pressures. ■ s12.965-$14.010 ■ $14,071-$18,184 SCALE 1'253,UO NOVEMBER. 1992 N • allocations by the state to the county for human services. In fact, the county received only between one half and two thirds of the per capita allocations for human services compared to the statewide average_ Map 11-1 shows per capita income by municipality. Needs of Special Populations One group significantly affected by the scope and quality of human services are area senior citizens. See Map 11-2. This population is commanding a growing share of the national, state , and peninsula population_ The elderly are faced with numerous day-to-day challenges which, in turn, challenge the human services delivery system. Economic stability, health and nutrition, transportation and mobility, and self sufficiency are all very real and pressing issues which must be addressed. Human Services and Facilities Page 11 -2 Drug Abuse, Child Care and Domestic Violence Drug abuse counseling, child care needs, and domestic violence present increasing demands upon human services systems_ The rural character of the peninsula has not, contrary to what is often believed, buffered the peninsula from these challenges. The increasing number of single parent households is placing extraordinary pressures for affordable and convenient day care facilities . Drug abuse and domestic violence are now openly discussed and recognized as far too common occurrences for the welfare of the persons involved and the society as a whole_ As Working Paper #11 on Demographics documents, there are wide disparities in income and family situations. Public programs and services designed to help individuals, children, and families meet a short term need can dramatically improve the ability and likelihood of self sufficiency thereafter_ Over time, the income gap should narrow (or at least not widen further) if human service programs are effective. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �l AFRAMEWORKFORFUTUREPOLICY services. The foundation for the future delivery of human services on the peninsula must be based upon valid baseline data and an understanding of specific human service needs. Services should be based upon clearly identified needs, and to this end detailed demographic profiles should be developed, needs identified, and services monitored according to both quality and trends in demand. The extent to which the private sector can deliver human services in a cost effective manner in coordination with public agencies should be continually evaluated and monitored and, where appropriate, encouraged. Privatization of services, along with the examination of alternative funding structures for services should be examined as the opportunity permits. The refinements to the peninsula's human service delivery system, in response to this base data, should direct special attention to the needs of children and the elderly. The peninsula's future largely rests with the health and vitality of its children. Yet, it is the peninsula's elderly who are the fastest growing segment of the population. The peninsula's human service delivery system should respond to the particular needs of these populations through collaborative programs. Similar efforts should be pursued in regard to services for drug abuse, domestic violence, mental health, early education, and other human services needs, including special programs for migrant workers. HUMAN SERVICES AND FACILITIES POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS Special emphasis should be directed to the basic health and nutrition needs of the entire peninsula before other services can be effective and worthwhile. Affordable and convenient access to health and nutritional care must become paramount. Improvements to the peninsula's human services delivery system should be based upon increased interjurisdictional and inter-agency coordination and, more importantly, on collaboration. This collaboration should be particularly aimed at preventing unnecessary duplication of services and creating the most cost effective service delivery system. Other efforts should focus on periodic review and monitoring to identify unmet needs, and to finding the most appropriate organization(s) to address the need, as well as ways in which resources can be redirected to higher need The Leelanau General Plan - Functional V)'ew The following policies and action statements are intended to establish the blueprint for the General Plan recommendations for the future of the peninsula's human services and facilities. Map 11-2 PERCENT OF POPULATION AGE 65 & OVER Leelanau County, Michigan □ 6,1-11.2". lillfill 11 .21-1 4.0% ■ 14.0t-30.0¾ ■ 30.01-41,0¾ • N Human Services and Facilities Page 11 -3 �Issue: Duplication and/or gaps in human services and facilities. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Stewardship of public resources dictates that the county and local governments and human service agencies should exert every possible effort to make sure that there is a reasonable match between the needs and services: i.e., services should be based on quantifiable needs. A demographic profile of the needs of citizens on the peninsula for human services and facilities should be made available to all human service organizations as a benchmark against which to develop, deliver, and monitor the effectiveness of their programs. Action Statement: Action Statement: An organized method of periodic review of all human service programs should be collabor;Hively implemented to ensure the most cost effective and comprehensive delivery of needed services. Any resources devoted to program areas designated as "over-met" should be redirected to service areas identified as "under-met. " Issue: Special needs of children. Policy: Action Statement: County and local governments recognize that children are the future of the county and should make every effort to see that their basic needs are met. Human Services and Facilities Page 11-4 A comprehensive identification of the special needs of children on the peninsula should be periodically conducted along with an assessment of available services and delivery systems in order to compare the special needs of children with services delivered. Those governments and other human services organizations on the peninsula which provide services to children should identify, review, and evaluate alternatives to best match needs and services to optimize use of resources. In considering the appropriate service mix, state guidelines should be considered along with a special emphasis placed on those initiatives which are preventative in nature, such as pre- and post-natal care, parenting skills, basic health and nutrition, teen pregnancy prevention. These initiatives will be the most cost-effective in the long-term. Issue: Special needs of the elderly. Policy: Provide human service programs, sponsored by Leelanau County, that will facilitate personal development and self-sufficiency of all county residents. Such programs should assist individuals to achieve their full potential and protect and enhance their personal health and enjoyment of life. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �T Action Statement: Action Statement: , Recognize the social and financial capability among county residents and support the Board of Social Services in identifying and assisting those in need to grow toward economic and social independence and dignity. Provide services that will permit senior citizens to remain in their own homes and to minimize their dependence on institutional care. Programs such as nutrition programs, homemaker aid, public transportation (BAT A), respite care and others are appropriate means for achieving this policy. requirements, such as senior citizen housing, can be projected and planned. Action Statement: Issue: The needs of physically challenged county citizens. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Provide preventive services for the elderly, including but not limited to contact, physical facilities, and congregate meals. Seek the involvement of volunte~rs, community-based organizations and senior citizens themselves in mounting service and educational programs. Establish funding guidelines that consider state, county and local appropriations as well as fee and charitable gift revenues, recognizing that while initial county matching contributions may be appropriate, the responsibility for operational funding of senior citizen centers should remain at the local level. Develop a data base of clientele for senior citizen programs from which programmatic The Leelanau General Plan • Functional View Identify ways in which Leelanau County can become more attractive to senior citizens. Specifically investigate the feasibility of establishing an environment for "continuum of care" which responds realistically to the process of aging in providing the needed and desirable physical and service infrastructure. Action Statement: Issue: Special workers. Policy: Action Statement: Leelanau County should seek to minimize the barriers to economic and other selfsufficiency by physically challenged individuals to promote self-sufficiency by all appropriate means. Examine existing county programs and identify and eliminate barriers to access or use of such programs by physically challenged individuals. needs of migrant agricultural Recognition should be given that migrant workers are key members of the county's agricultural community and attention should be given to their needs during their annual residence in the county. A task force representing the Human Services and Facilities Page 11 -5 �[ major interests and organizations should be established to identify the special housing, health care and human service needs of migrants and the ways in which existing programs could be strengthened to cost-effectively meet those needs. Issue: Domestic violence prevention and shelter needs. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Provide a range of mental health services which address the mental health needs of Leelanau County residents and coordinate programming with other state, county, and local agencies providing similar services or serving common clients. Policy: Action Statement: Every county citizen should have the right to a safe domestic environment. Conduct an annual review of the community mental health plan and ensure a reasonable relationship between the plan and the annual appropriations and needs for community mental health services on the peninsula. Information should be provided to county citizens as to where to find help in cases of domestic violence . Issue: Pre-school/headstart education • Programs for students of special needs (including gifted and talented). • Programs for minorities. County and local governments should advocate harsher measures be established by the state government for repeat sex and/or domestic violence • offenders. Policy: County and local governments should cooperate with various agencies to encourage provision of safe havens from domestic violence. It should be recognized that substance abuse prevention is also a very effective measure in prevention of domestic violence, and that county and local governments should support efforts to prevent substance abuse. Issue: Mental health services Humsn Services snd Fsci/ities Page 11-6 The county, local jurisdictions and school districts should support and encourage programs for preschool/headstart as well as programs which provide a good, basic education for low income, high-risk, minorities, and students requiring special needs (including gifted and talented children). Action Statement: Action Statement: The county, local jurisdictions and schools should seek out and utilize all available funds and facilities to provide such programs. More emphasis should be placed on educational programs which stress early education for those students of special needs. The Leelsnau Genersl Plsn - Functions/ View �7 Chapter 12 LAND USE As of 1993, the primary economic development activity on the peninsula is the construction of new single family homes. These are largely for seasonal occupancy and/or occupancy primarily by new county residents who work outside the peninsula. Large areas of land are being converted to residential use. The new businesses and other land use changes that will occur in response to this trend will have a dramatic impact on the character of the peninsula for decades to come. It will be up to coordinated action by county and local governments to guide this new development so as to mm1m1ze detrimental resource, safety, and visual impacts. Part One of this plan describes the basic strategy for achieving these goals. This chapter focuses on specific policies and action statements for addressing change on the Map 12-1 LAND USE / COVER Map 12-2 AG RI CULTURAL LANDS INTRODUCTION Land use change is inevitable on the Leelanau Peninsula. New homes, businesses, public buildings, mineral extraction operations, and agricultural operations (among other land uses) are likely and desirable. The issue is where, when, and what type of land use change will occur. Also, are the necessary public services that will be required adequately in place to meet the needs of new development? These basic growth management issues are fundamental to achieving the desired balance between economic development and environmental protection proposed by this plan. r-r,-r, 5MI • ~ 0 5MI 0 N l □ OPEN/ m;AGRICULTURE illIII] WETLAND ~ ~ FOREST ■ WATER BARREN URBAN The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View ■ ORCHARD ffl OTHER AGRICULTURE Land Use Page 12-1 �Leelanau Peninsula (See Working Papers #5 and 10 for more background information). Indiscriminate loss of natural resources will have a devastating impact upon a tourismbased economy. ISSUES The dramatic effects of land use on the character of the peninsula underscores the fundamental necessity that future land use and development patterns be purposely planned and guided rather than left to evolve by chance. Land Use Change Land use patterns dramatically shape the character of the Leelanau Peninsula and the quality of life it offers. Land use affects the character of the peninsula visually, financially, and environmentally. As land is developed, the appearance of the parcel, the surrounding vista, and the transportation corridor within which it is located, are altered. This alteration is most commonly one from a more natural state to a more urban or suburban appearance. As land is developed, natural resources associated with the development area are often lost or reduced in quality and/or quantity. As land is developed, the new use increases demands upon existing public services and infrastructure. The cumulative effect is often a rise in taxes to provide the necessary additional services and/or infrastructure. Once land is developed, it rarely reverts to a less intensive use and, where natural renewable resources are at stake such as prime farmland, the conversion is forever . . The primary economic development activity on the peninsula is the construction of new single family homes. The Leelanau Peninsula is particularly vulnerable to the potential negative impacts of land use changes and development. Poorly located development often stands out as a "sore thumb" in contrast to the peninsula's rural and scenic character. Taxes are already considered "too high" by area residents and, as previously discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, the cost for delivery of public services is already somewhat naturally higher than elsewhere due to the constraints brought about by the peninsula's geography. land Use Page 12-2 The dramatic effects of land use on the character of the peninsula underscores the fundamental necessity that future land use and development patterns be purposely planned and guided rather than left to evolve by chance. The Leelanau Peninsula can be generally described as a water wonderland with a landscape dominated by rolling terrain, crop and orchard farms, open spaces and woodlands. See Maps 1 2-1 and 12-2. The western half of the peninsula is dominated by woodland areas, inland lakes and associated wetland environments, and a small spattering of farms. The eastern half of the peninsula is dominated by farmland with intermixed woodland and wetlands. Within this patchwork of rural life rests a few settlement areas of more urban character, including the Villages of Suttons Bay, Northport, and Empire, and the small communities of Leland, Glen Arbor, Cedar, Maple City, Greilickville and the Grand Traverse Band Reservation Area. The Leelanau Peninsula land use pattern is a reflection of the competing land use demands placed upon its landscape. There is a wide range of population density. See Table 12-1. The peninsula has traditionally been dominated by vast areas of crop and specialty farming with equally vast areas of special natural resources, including woodlands, wetlands, shorelines, dunes, lakes, and hillsides. The growth of the tourism industry has challenged the integrity of the agricultural The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �l and natural resource base of the peninsula. Not only has the tourism industry encroached upon the quantity and quality of these resources but the growth of the peninsula's population has complicated the effective protection of these resources. Further, population growth has led to increased conflicts between the peninsula's year-round land use needs and activity patterns and those of the tourism industry. The nature of this competition can be seen in its spoils as trends now leave evidence that a battle has been waging for some time with peninsulawide costs. The one time peninsula-wide pattern of large acreage farmland parcels has been replaced by extensive encroachment of small 5 or 10 acre parcels for residential purposes. Once this residential pattern is started, it fuels itself. Residential Sprawl/Development Pattern Possibly the most devastating impact of this battle has been the evolving pattern of sprawl and associated dispersed population . The one time peninsula-wide pattern of large acreage farmland parc~ls has been replaced by extensive encroachment of small 5 or 10 acre parcels for residential purposes . Once this residential pattern is started, it fuels itself. The encroachment of residential development Table 12-1 POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE 1940 - 1990 Leelanau 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 24.2 25.0 27.0 32.0 41 .0 48.0 Benzie Grand Traverse 24.7 26.0 25.0 27.0 34.8 38.9 50.4 62.0 73.0 85.0 117.8 139.0 drives nearby farmland property assessments higher and increased property taxes shortly follow. The farmer is faced with a rising property tax bill without the benefit of increased agricultural income to offset the disparity. Ultimately, the farmer is pressured into selling off small lot splits from his original acreage to increase his income, thereby offsetting the rising taxes. Once started, this sprawl cycle increases in intensity and rate. See Figure 2-2. The resulting pattern of encroaching residential development fragments farmland and other resource acreage. The smaller farmland parcel is less economically viable. The smaller the acreage of other natural resources, such as woodlands, the less valuable they become as habitat for wildlife, as elements of peninsula rural character, or as income generators for managed timber operations . With the loss of the farmland and other natural peninsula resources goes an element of the peninsula's history, as well as its natural and cultural uniqueness. The traditional large lot zoning scheme (a minimum Jot size of 10 acres or less}, often employed to protect agricultural lands, has failed miserably across the nation. Yet it is widely practiced throughout the county. The traditional large lot zoning scheme (a minimum lot size of 1 0 acres or less), often employed to protect agricultural lands, has failed miserably across the nation . Yet it is widely practiced throughout the county. More often than not, ten-acre parcels are created for the sole purpose of establishing a residence. The result is that one (or two) acres of the tenacre lot are used for a house and yard and the remaining eight acres is left idle. The net result is a loss of ten acres of rime farmland (or woodland, or mineral resources). The cumulative impact on productive resource land is affected, though it does protect a certain amount of wildlife. See Figure 12-1 and 12-2. Source: Decennial Census The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Land Use Page 12-3 �Figure 12-2 1 SECTION, SECOND DIVISION 4 PARCELS FROM EACH TEN ACRE PARCEL Figure 12-1 1 SECTION, FIRST DIVISION INTO TEN ACRE PARCELS .,...,_ --- -- ---c:.r,,- -- J J J l l I ..... - -- .......... -__ ..... - r"- -- IL ~ ,_ I - - - '"" - '"" .._ = - I I I ,- - I I I I ii -c:.r,,- I - -n -- I I rr==; - - I I I n ,.._ ~- ,__ -- I I -- I c:.r,,- '"- I I I 1· I I I I I I I The resultant lot pattern dramatically • increases the cost of public services and emergency response times, as increased amounts of infrastructure need to be constructed and maintained, and greater distances have to be traveled to address the needs of relatively few. from the visual experience one has as he or she moves through the community along its roadway corridors. The experience is dramatically reshaped when the visual foreground is dominated by strip residential development. Also, this lot pattern has greatly contributed to the demise of the peninsula's rural character. When developed, these individual lot splits are often characterized by residences lined up along the county road frontage. Not only does this development pattern conflict with the safe and efficient movement of traffic due to increased driveway access points and turning patterns, but views of the rural landscape are effectively hidden and replaced with homes, front yards, garages, mailboxes, and driveways. The sense of rural character within a community is largely derived Not only does this development pattern conflict with the safe and efficient movement of traffic due to increased driveway access points and turning patterns, but views of the rural landscape are effectively hidden and replaced with homes, front yards, garages, mailboxes, and driveways. Land Use Page 12-4 Though this pattern of development has been debilitating to the character of the peninsula, the symptoms of the past struggle The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �7 show up elsewhere as well. Increased environmental degradation has become evident as more and more residential development has occurred along the peripheries of and within the peninsula's natural resource areas. This is particularly evident along shoreline areas and hillsides and in some wetlands. Commercial and Industrial Development Similarly, commercial development has occurred in locations previously dominated by open spaces and a strong pastoral setting. Though the peninsula's principal commercial development is located within village areas, it has begun to encroach into the more rural settings. This disrupts the resource value of surrounding lands and serves as a magnet drawing other nonresidential uses. This spot commercial development can be seen along principal roadway corridors as well as within some of the more interior areas of the peninsula. In a few cases, development was for industrial land uses. This encroachment has the effect of reducing the sense of rural character, increasing the fragmentation of valuable natural resources, increasing traffic demands and hazards along roadways, and generally disrupting the traditional land use pattern which had pre.viously been supportive of its agricultural, open space, and natural resource foundation. It also is in areas not easily provided with public services. Weak County and Local Planning Programs The above conditions and trends have largely been a result of historically weak land use planning and zoning program throughout. Four of the 14 local municipalities have not formally adopted comprehensive or master plans. Those plans that have been adopted by other municipalities are ohen characterized by: 1) weak planning processes, whereby the general public had minimal effective input into the preparation of the plan; 2) limited mapping of local conditions, thereby increasing the complexity of analyzing critical local trends and conditions upon which recommendations can The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View be made; 3) counterproductive policies regarding long term agricultural. open space, and natural resource preservation; 4) the absence of policies or regulations regarding the preservation of sensitive natural resources; and 5) the inclusion of policies which generally result in the loss of the peninsula's rural and historic character through encouragement of a dispersed development pattern. The above conditions and trends have largely been a result of an historically weak land use planning and zoning program throughout the peninsula. Accordingly, locally adopted plans (including the prior county plan and zoning ordinance) have accommodated development while doing little in the way of managing growth on the peninsula. See Table 12-2. While some of the locally adopted plans provide direction in the type and location of future land uses, none of the locally adopted plans address the appropriate rate and timing of new development, adequacy of public services at the time new development becomes operational, or the total amount of appropriate new development. Locally adopted plans have accommodated development while doing little in the way of managing growth on the peninsula. Weak County and Local Zoning Programs Thanks to being left to a peaceful rural existence for so long, the vast majority of the peninsula is zoned into agricultural districts, but the predominant minimum lot size in these agricultural districts is now three acres or less. See Map 12-3. This zoning scheme provides little in the way of effective farmland protection. Few of the local zoning ordinances incorporate special development techniques lend Use Page 12-5 �Table 12-2 LOCAL PLAN COMPONENTS I AdoptiOD/ Major Update Tic Between P ■ a and Zonia& Ordio.aace/ Basi,ia LAw Lcllod Villlcc o( Northport Soloo TOW1"bip Suttoos Bay Towosbip TOWDJbip Su1t0tu Bay N/A 1990 1993 1987 1993 1992 1988 Fair or Pair or N/A Weak Fair or Bdt,cr Fair or Better Weak Betcr:r Bctlr:r Bet•r N/A Public Hearin& N/A Fair or Better Fair or Better Weak N/A Fair or Bcucr Weak N/A We.at N/A Ccalcf'Ytllc ClcYd1ad Elmwood Empi~ Villlcc of Oleo Art.or K&uoa Township T ownsh ip Township Township Township Empire Towosbip Towmbip 1978 1979 198S 1976 1993 1990 1987 Weak Fair or Bctttr Weak. I Vllllcc ol Lcd101u Township Bia&h•m I Fair or Weak I Weak Better Fair or I I Community lapul Public Hearin& Public Surv•y& Public Surv.y & Hearin& Pub.Hearin& Hearing Pub.Hearin& Publ ic Hearin& Surv<y & Pub.Hearin& Ooals and Fair or St.lier Fair or Bcuu Fair or Better Fair or Better Fair or Bc:ucr Pair or Weak Fair or Pair or Fair or Better Bctrer fair or Bcttu Fair or Objecti-..cs Suppo<tiDc/ Tc,bnical Data Beller Bctlc:r Survey A Survey & Surv<y & Pub.Hearin& Pub.Hearin& Pub.Hearin& Public Public Hearin& Heariac fair or Fair or Fair or Setler B<llcr &tier Weak Wcat Weak Weak Wcat Weak Weak. Wut fair or Bctltr Fair or Better Fair or Bcncr Fair or Better Fair or Bctltr Pair or Bctlier Pair or Weak Weak Weak Fair or Pair or Daia Weak Wcat Wcat Betll:r lktttr Fair or Bc111c:r Laod Ute by Type Policies Weak Weak Weak Weak Pair or Beller Weak Better Laod Uoc by Locatioo Polic.iu Fair or Bc11tr Fair or Bcnc:r Fair or Better Bct1er N/A Pair or Better Fair or Bcttt:r Fair or Bctlt:r Fair or Bctller Pair or Better Fair or Weak Fair or Bct1er Fair or Weak Policies Weak Weak Weat No Weak Weak Weak N/A No Weak Weak No Weak. No Timi01 of Dcwlopmcct Polictcs Weak Wcat Weak No Weak Wu.k Weak N/A No Weak Wuk No Weak No To<al S.op< ol Dcwlopmcot Policies Weak Weak Weak No Weak Wcat Weak NIA No Weak Wcat. W<at Wut No Mapp<d Better Fair or S.t"r Betltr Rallt o( Dcwlopmcnt which are geared toward effective resource protection and that are specifically provided for in the state zoning enabling acts. See Table 12-3. These techniques include: 1) approval of special land uses within a particular district provided they undergo a special review procedure and meet special and more stringent standards than otherwise applied to "uses by right"; 2) the submittal of project site plans for review and approval prior to the establishment of the development in question; and 3) "planned unit development" regulations which encourage resource and open space preservation opportunities through more flexible land use and site development than is normally permitted by traditional district standards. Land Use Page 12-6 The extreme variability among local zoning ordinances on the peninsula acts to artificially fragment the peninsula and upsets the geographic and visual wholeness which typifies the peninsula and its local municipalities. Perhaps the problems with the peninsula's planning and zoning programs are best illustrated by the fact that the locally adopted plans and zoning ordinances do far more to encourage uncontrolled growth and development than to constructively shape and guide the growth. For example, if all lands within the county were developed according to "by right" standards as stipulated in the respective zoning ordinances of the peninsula's The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �T municipalities as of 1989, the resulting "buildout" population for the peninsula would increase from its 1990 population of 16,527 to nearly 285,000! This figure takes into consideration that some lands are not developable (wetlands, etc.) and/or need to be set aside for right-of-way purposes. See Table 1 2-4. While it is unreasonable to assume development of this magnitude will happen anytime soon, if ever, it is indicative of the permissiveness of local zoning regulations. Not only are the local zoning ordinances characterized by a lack of adequate land use and growth management controls, but extreme variability among local zoning ordinances acts to artificially fragment the peninsula and upsets the geographic and visual wholeness which typifies the peninsula and its local municipalities. Unnecessarily inconsistent standards encourage fragmented and disjointed development patterns, and establish inappropriate or unplanned growth areas due to Map 12-3 PENINSULA-WIDE ZONING PATTERN market driven forces. Perhaps the problems with the peninsula's planning and zoning programs are best illustrated by the fact that the locally adopted plans and zoning ordinances do far more to encourage uncontrolled and rampant growth and development than to constructively shape and guide the growth. For example, if all lands within the peninsula were developed according to "by right" standards as stipulated in the respective zoning ordinances of the peninsula's municipalities, the resulting "buildout" population for the peninsula would increase from its 1990 population of 16,527 to nearly 285,000! These problems, while characteristic of local plans and zoning ordinances, also apply equally to the previous county plan and zoning ordinance. The population of the peninsula is expected to increase by nearly 100% by the year 2020. ri--n-n 0 5MI Lack of Subdivision Regulations • The lack of common peninsula-wide lot split or subdivision ordinances further documents the peninsula's limited effectiveness at managing land divisions and development. The lack of such ordinances provides opportunities for inappropriately shaped lots, unbuildable lots, lots with inadequate drainage and other public services, lots without adequate access, lots which unnecessarily fragment important resource areas, and other undesirable conditions. Many examples can be found around the peninsula. (See examples on the following pages). ZONING DISTRICTS □ AGRICULTURAL ~ RESIDENTIAL ■ COMMERCIAL/ INDUSTRIAL ~ RECREATIONAL/ E3 GOVERNMENTAL ffl EXTRACTIVE The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Cumulative Impacts of Current Trends Current trends have been destructive to the peninsula and the costs associated with past Land Use Page 12-7 �r Table 12-3 1989 LOCAL LAND AREA BY ZONING CLASSIFICATION (IN ACRES) Bingham Centerville Cleveland Elmwood Twp. Twp. Twp. Twp. Empire Empire Glen Twp . Village Arbor Kasson Leelanau Leland Twp. Twp. Twp . Northport Solon Suttons Suttons Village Twp. Two . Aariculture Bay Bay Two. 1 Villaae 12963 16 188 9 115 9 096 10009 0 1 165 20 082 21,414 13,693 0 0 0 0 230 0 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 1,207 873 3,460 70 160 698 0 0 1,199 347 193 1193 275 2,189 0 998 0 1,756 0 831 224 0 0 522 0 0 63 0 83 0 0 0 0 798 0 2546 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 359 0 0 0 0 0 122 4 170 216 501 224 70 45 2 33 89 83 25 52 n 0 236 839 182 1,062 34 281 829 173 0 22 65 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 81 41 0 0 0 Suttons Suttons Residential, .25 19 850 15 101 0 acre lots or less Residential . .26 ~o .50 acre lots Residential, .51 to 1.00 acre lots Residential, 1.01 to 2.00 acre lots Residential, 2.01 acre or areater lots General Commercial Resort/ Recreation Commercial Industrial 1. Based on the County Zoning Ordinance then in effect in the Township. 2. This figure does not include the approximately 1,248 acres zoned for extractive land uses. Source: Leelanau County Planning Department • Table 12-4 1989 BUILDOUT ANALYSIS Buildout Analysis Bingham Centerville Twp. Twp . Cleveland Twp. Elmwood Empire Twp. Twp. Empire Village Glen Ar- Kasson Leelanau bor Twp . Twp . Leland Northport Solon Twp . Village Twp. Twp. 1990 Bay Bay Twp . Village 2,051 836 783 3,427 858 355 644 1,135 1,694 1,642 605 1,268 2,150 561 18,793 29,919 16,533 65,592 1 14,702 1,664 10,421 22,603 7,576 42, 257 2,202 11 ,344 37,275 2,507 Population Buildout Population 1. This figure takes into account a 1992 amendment which increased the minimum lot area in the Agricultural District from 12,500 square feet to 1 acre. land Use Page 12-8 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �T growth and development of the peninsula will continue to increase if current trends continue. The population of the peninsula is expected to increase by nearly 100% by the year 2020. If current trends continue, this population increase will show itself through a far more accelerated rate of sprawl, land and resource fragmentation, consumption of agricultural lands, disturbance of natural resource areas, degradation and destruction of sensitive resource areas, and traffic problems. Accompanying this trend will be the continued loss of the peninsula's rural character as rural roadway corridors evolve into linear urban forms with strip residential development and screening of those rural qualities previously visible from the road. With the incremental loss of rural character, the area tourism industry may well suffer as the attraction drops off. Each local plan should specify substantive policies addressing the issues of growth according to type, location, rate and timing, total amount, and the provision of public services to meet project needs prior to new development becoming operational. A sprawl development pattern on the peninsula will generate an increasing level of local unrest regarding present conditions and what the future may hold. Local planning and zoning programs will have an increasingly difficult time providing guidance in addressing pressing issues and the public will become increasingly vocal if competing land use demands are not provided with the foundation or direction for successful coexistence. A FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE POLICY The Leelanau General Plan calls for a major shift in the peninsula's "mode of operation" regarding planning and zoning. The plan calls for a far more aggressive initiative in providing The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View both the county and its local municipalities with the capabilities for effectively guiding the future land use pattern and achieving the future vision desired in this plan. The local plans of municipalities should include policies regarding the planned future land use pattern and public services delivery program which support comparable policies of the Leelanau General Plan. This plan recognizes that a degree of uniqueness is desirable to be maintained among local municipalities and that there should be a corresponding degree of flexibility between a local plan and the peninsula-wide plan. However, flexibility should not weaken the foundation of mutual concern in the General Plan or otherwise fundamentally diverge from what is considered most appropriate for the peninsula as a whole. In addition, each local plan should specify substantive policies addressing the issues of growth according to type, location, rate and timing, total amount, and the provision of public services to meet project needs prior to new development becoming operational. Local plans should be property specific while the county plan will be area specific. An adopted local plan that is compatible with the county plan could, if desired, be ratified as a part of the county plan (See Part Three). Agriculture, forest land and open space protection should play a leading role within the planned future land use pattern of each local Township. To this end, farmland and forest land which is considered economically viable on a long term basis and worthy of protection should be identified. Parcel size and soil suitability should be key determinants in this identification. Once identified, model ordinances could be created to establish a regulatory program aimed at effective long term agricultural and forest land protection. The premise of these model regulations should be the prevention of land fragmentation where prime renewable resources exist. These efforts should be accompanied by support for the current "rightto-farm" legislation and for new state Land Use Page 12-9 �legislation permitting the use of transfer and purchase of development rights. Such a program would prevent land fragmentation, while at the same time providing farmers the opportunity to increase their income, by selling the development rights of their farmland property to landowners in more populated or urbanized areas of the peninsula. The peninsula municipalities could push for a coordinated peninsula-wide TOR programs once state authority is in place . The county should assist in the development of any TOR or POR program . Local plans and zoning ordinances would provide for adequate buffers between residential and resource areas, based upon uniform peninsula-wide standards, to better ensure the resources. long term viability of these Equally proactive measures can be taken to preserve the peninsula's other open spaces . A flexible model open space zoning ordinance can be prepared to provide more effective means of preserving open spaces than the traditional large lot zoning approach. The model language should provide for residential development, while at the same time, preserving important open spaces and minimizing the visual impact of the new residential development. Permitted development would be directed toward those open spaces not characterized by prime farmland soils. Open space zoning can be applied only to those areas where the • Condominium housing units. land Use Page 12- 10 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �1 preservation of renewable resources is not the principal intent. For renewable resources, preservation programs should be used instead. Subdivision and lot split regulations should be employed by all municipalities to further protect large parcels from premature conversion and to assure that adequate access is provided. These should be based upon a model uniform procedure peninsula-wide. At the heart of open space, farmland, and forest land protection programs would be a research and education initiative to protect valuable productive lands. This would include identifying effective resource management techniques, clarifying the destructive pattern of large lot zoning, and explaining the benefits of open space zoning . Residential development, in assoc1at1on with open spaces or otherwise, would be based upon efficient and economical use of land and the protection of renewable resources . Development patterns should reflect opportunities for varied housing types and lot sizes. To this end, local plans and zoning ordinances should be updated to reflect the average development densities proposed by this plan while still rec.ognizing and responding to particular local conditions. Local average development densities should reflect the peninsula-wide planned future land use pattern regarding existing village areas, new settlement areas, and resource protection areas. Future residential development would include the special housing needs of special populations, such as young families, the elderly, and those with low incomes. The extent of these and other special populations on the peninsula should be identified and alternative techniques established for local programs to address these needs. In no case should commercial or industrial development be allowed to occur where adequate public facilities are not in place to meet the immediate needs of such development. Such policies can be clearly stated within local plans The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View and carried forward into local zoning ordinances. Particular attention should be given to new proposed resort developments. Resorts are commercial in nature and generate impacts beyond the immediate municipality. Accordingly, such projects should be reviewed on a multi-jurisdiction basis including the municipality in question, adjoining municipalities, and county agencies. Special consideration would be given to providing affordable housing opportunities in close proximity and/or in association with full service commercial centers including cultural, child care, and employment opportunities. Strip residential development can be very strongly discouraged through local land use plans and regulations that encourage a more compact and less destructive settlement pattern . Potentials for such developments can be identified early through model project review procedures . The Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook is a useful guide to more appropriate site designs. The same considerations equally apply to strip commercial development. Where new commercial development cannot be incorporated into the peninsula's existing village centers, new small compact centers should be provided consistent with local zoning regulations. Public service districts are proposed in Part One as a key element of the plan implementation strategy. They are intended to identify the future limits of public services, and associated urban development, within a specified time period. Thus, a "village" services district, or similarly named district, would identify the bounds within which a local municipality intended to introduce new or expanded public services to support a village development pattern. On the other extreme, a "rural" services district would identify the bounds within which no substantial introduction or expansion of public services would occur and within which the continuation of the existing rural character is planned. A "partial" or "limited" services district could Land Use Page 12- 11 �provide for a level of public services somewhere between the village and rural services districts. The determination of the service district boundaries would be critically linked to the planned future land use pattern in the municipality and peninsula. The implementation of service districts better ensures that the peninsula and its local municipalities will have a compact development pattern and managed growth rates. The implementation of the service districts also enables municipalities to more effectively plan and prioritize capital improvements, as well as to minimize unnecessary public service cost. Implementation of the service districts will ultimately need to be rooted in the master plans adopted by the local municipalities of the peninsula. These plans should identify the boundaries of each service district, the planned future land use pattern within each district, the intended levels of public services planned for each district, the basis for the locations of each district, and conditions whereby changes to the district boundaries would be appropriate. Local plans and regulations should be enhanced to provide for increased protection of the peninsula's special resources. Land use demands placed upon inland lakes would be minimized through adoption of keyhole SugBr LoBf Resort during ski seBson. Land Use PBge 12-12 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �7 regulations. Extraction of the minerals should be based upon local plans and regulations which provide for the protection of priority sand and gravel resources and the surrounding environments and the reclamation of extraction sites. Action Statement: To support this proactive approach to future land use across the peninsula, the county should provide technical and other assistance to municipalities working with the Leelanau General Plan. This is especially true where legal challenges are initiated. Similarly, the county should assist local municipalities in the development of local regulations based upon previously prepared peninsula model regulations. Continuity in implementation of local plans and regulations would be achieved through the training of new planning commissioners, zoning board of appeals, township board and village council members. The basis of the Leelanau General Plan and the role that each official position can play in its implementation should be included in the training program. Action Statement: LAND USE POLICIES AND ACTION STATEMENTS Action Statement: • The following policies and action statements are intended to establish the blueprint for the General Plan's vision for future land use on the peninsula. Issue: Agricultural and forest land protection • Protecting the economic viability of farming. • Allowing farmers to capture the development value of farmland without creating scattered suburban developments which cannot be serviced economically. Policy: Working together, the county and local governments should initiate proactive measures to protect farm and forest land. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Action Statement: Identify, with the support of farm groups, the Soil Conservation Service and local governments, those farm areas most likely to remain economically viable for renewable resource management (contiguous land units at least 40 acres in size with prime farm, orchard, and forest soils) and those areas most threatened with conversion to other uses. Create model ordinances to prevent land fragmentation of renewable resource lands and conversion to non-farm or nonforested activities. In particular, these model ordinances would include, but not be limited to farmland protection zoning regulations and open space zoning regulations . Support efforts to enact new legislation permitting the use of transfer and purchase of development rights for the purpose of establishing a peninsula-wide TDR (transfer of development rights) program that protects renewable resource lands by transferring development rights into adjoining existing villages or new settlements . Encourage the establishment and maintenance of a TDR and/or PDR (purchase of development rights) program for threatened farm and/or forest lands on the peninsula. land Use Page 12- 13 �r Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement land Use Page 12-14 Work together with the assistance of the county in taking prudent measures to ensure the necessary supporting facilities for economically viable agricultural and/or forest management activities are in place, including but not limited to: • processing plants • migrant housing • farm implement dealers • fertilizer pesticide dealers • integrated pest management as an alternative to intensive chemical use • disposal facilities for agricultural wastes • small-tract forest management assistance . Adopt coordinated zoning provisions which provide adequate buffers between agricultural and adjacent land uses to protect the future viability .of the farmlands. educate the public about the consequences of building in an agricultural area. Issue: Current large lot zoning practices are ineffective in protecting important open spaces. Newer techniques such as cluster housing/open space zoning aren't being used. • Open space zoning is an effective tool to protect open space while still allowing planned development in rural areas • Open space zoning can prevent unplanned fragmentation of farm and forest lands • Open space zoning can result in protection of sensitive environments • Open space zoning can help protect future options. Policy: Encourage adoption of coordinated local open space zoning or similar regulations by all townships and villages in the county. Action Statement: Promote enforcement of current right-to-farm legislation for farmers engaged in typical farm practices as defined by the State Department of Agriculture. Support on-going research and public/farmer education to preserve valuable productive lands. Encourage and support the efforts of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (SCS and ASCS) and the MSU Cooperative Extension Service to assist local farmers with contemporary resource management techniques and to Action Statement: The county and appropriate local organizations should initiate an education program targeted to the general public, landowners, developers and other interested parties (realtors, bankers, etc.) to illustrate problems with existing large lot zoning practices and the values and benefits of open space zoning. The county should develop a flexible model open space zoning ordinance based on wide input from local governments and property owners that supplements existing large lot zoning districts as the principal means of residential development outside of villages. Open space zoning should not be encouraged in areas where The lee'8nau General Plan - Functional View �more exclusive techniques better designed to protect sensitive environments, prime farm or forest lands could be used. Action Statement Non-prime resource lands should be encouraged by local zoning to be used for new development wherever feasible (inside of prime farm or prime forestland) as long as sensitive environments (such as wetlands, dunes and floodplains) are protected. Issue: Establishing appropriate residential development patterns and average densities. Policy: Residential development patterns throughout the peninsula should reflect economical and efficient use of land and be especially mindful of the value of protecting renewable resource lands from premature conversion or land fragmentation. In particular, development patterns should be consistent with the need for a variety of housing types and lot sizes and consistent with existing average densities of development when in villages. It should also avoid conversion of prime and unique farmland and where non-prime land is not available, incorporate new homes as part of an open space zoning development. The "Village Sampler" development in Glen Arbor. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Land Use Page 12- 15 �r Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Local comprehensive plans and zoning ordinances should be updated to reflect the average densities proposed in this General Plan for the peninsula. Local units of government should apply the average densities proposed in this plan through appropriate refinement in local comprehensive plans, zoning and subdivision regulations that are particular to existing local and/or site specific conditions and which are sensitive to opportunities that will benefit all peninsula dwellers and/or visitors . Land Use Page 12- 16 Action Statement: Action Statement: Local governments throughout the county should be encouraged to adopt plans and regulations which discourage (or better, prohibit) strip commercial development and spot zoning practices. Model procedures to objectively review proposed development so as to identify and prevent strip and spot development should be developed and promoted by the county Planning Commission. Action The County Planning Commission, with the assistance of the local governments in the county, should establish model land development standards to achieve the average densities proposed in this plan. In particular, special attention should be given to establishment of zoning standards to continue traditional village development patterns when villages are enlarged or if new village settlements are created. Issue: Discourage the creation and/or expansion of strip commercial and residential development as well as spot zoning practices. Policy: Approval of isolated commercial developments is inconsistent with rural planning. Strip commercial and residential development should be discouraged through local land use plans and regulations that instead promote compact and cluster development patterns. Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Access control regulations in the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook should be widely promoted by the County Planning Commission for use throughout the county as a tool to better control access in emerging commercial areas and prevent the spread of a strip commercial pattern. Existing commercial centers should be supported by flexible zoning practices that encourage flexibility and retention of existing businesses as well as adaptive reuse of existing buildings . New commercial development that cannot be accommodated in existing village centers should be encouraged by local zoning to locate in small commercial centers surrounded by residential areas rather than in The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �strip malls or other forms of strip commercial development. prepare model site condominium, subdivision and lot split regulations and promote their uniform adoption throughout the county. Model regulations should consider the rural and village character of most of the county and not inappropriately incorporate urban standards except where development is urban (as in southeast Elmwood Township). Issue: Mix of residential types to ensure adequate affordable housing. Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: In preparing plans and development regulations, local governments should provide for the growing housing needs of special populations (particularly young families and the elderly). Action Statement: The county should assist local governments in identifying the housing needs of special populations (such as the elderly, infirm, migrants, young families and low income families) and encourage the private sector to meet those needs. The county should identify alternative techniques {and where necessary, prepare model ordinan~es) for local initiatives to meet the needs for affordable housing in the county. Issue: Type, amount and location of commercial and industrial development. Policy: Issue: Negative impacts of land fragmentation and uncoordinated subdivision and site condominium regulation. Policy: Action Statement: Local governments should adopt and implement site condominium, subdivision and lot split regulations to prevent premature conversion of large parcels and to ensure adequate access. The county, in conjunction with local governments, should The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View A plat and condominium review committee should be established at the initiative of the county Planning Commission to review all plats and condominium projects proposed in the county. Representation of appropriate organizations should be provided for as illustrated by similar committees in Grand Traverse and Manistee Counties. Action Statement: New commercial and industrial development should occur only in planned locations with a "Class A" road (or equivalent) and other adequate public facilities and in the amount necessary to meet immediate as opposed to speculative population needs. Local comprehensive land use plans and zoning regulations should focus new commercial and industrial development in existing villages or existing commercial service centers except where careful planning has identified the need for and Land Use Page 12-17 �r services necessary for the average development densities established by the Leelanau General Plan and implemented by local plans and zoning regulations. public benefits of locating new commercial or industrial facilities elsewhere (see policies in Economic Development section). Action Statement: New resort development should be considered a commercial use of land that has impacts of greater than local concern. As such, approvals for new resort development should be reviewed and evaluated by adjoining local governments and county agencies prior to a decision by the local government having the development approval authority. Issue: Need to establish public service districts to guide future growth. Policy: Village, partial and rural service districts should be established for sewer, water, and roads to prevent sprawl and to economically provide only the Action Statement: Action Statement: Local comprehensive land use plans, local zoning regulations, and both local and county public facility decisions should reflect conformance with the village, partial, and rural service districts established in this Leelanau General Plan (see action statements which follow). Village service districts are established in this plan to identify the future extent of public services for new sewers, water, and roads within the next twenty years in those areas abutting existing villages in the • Strip commercial development along Traverse Hwy. (M-72) in southern Leelanau County. Land Use Page 12- 18 The Leelanau General Plan - Funcdonal View �county. An urban service area should be designated in that urban portion of southeast Elmwood Township abutting Traverse City. Action Statement: Action Statement: Special areas in the county, such as around an existing inland lake, that may benefit from some limited public service, such as a sewer system to solve a water quality problem, may be established as a partial services district. Such service areas should not be developed or designed so as to accommodate more intensive future development unless redesignated as a village service district. Where less capital intensive solutions are possible (such as a septic tank maintenance program) they should be used. The portion of the county not in an urban service district, a village .service district or a partial service district, should be in a rural service district. Public services to be available to properties in rural services districts during the next twenty years are not expected to be significantly different than they are in 1993. uses to m1rnm1ze the nuisanc,e impacts of one use upon the other. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Policy: Local comprehensive land use plans and development regulations should include buffer standards between residential land uses and agricultural, commercial or industrial land The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Educational materials should be developed and distributed to promote wide understanding and application of the buffer standards. The land developer should be asked to provide the buffer, not the adjoining farmer or other landowner. Issue: Private lands contiguous to Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, the Leelanau State Park, and the Pere Marquette State Forest. Issue: Buffers between residential land uses and farms and between residential and commercial/industrial land uses. Policy: The county , with the assistance of local governments should establish appropriate buffer standards between land uses and promote common use of these standards throughout the peninsula. The Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook should be used as a basis for the creation of standards for landscaping, buffering , screening and separation distances between incompatible land use activities. Action Statement: Low density compatible uses should be encouraged by the creation of flexible zoning and incentive programs for private landowners who commit their land to uses which enhance the scenic resources and the public investment in parks. Create incentive which have the programs effect of land Use Page 12- 19 �r decreasing residential density on appropriate land adjacent to public parks. Acquisition of conservation easements could be used as the preferred method for preserving scenic land in private ownership near the parks. Action Statement: Local plans and zoning ordinances should recognize the importance of preserving scenic open space near parks. Local government units may create ordinances which encourage low density and/or clustered development and quality commercial development in villages adjacent to parks. Such zoning should be compatible with incentive programs to preserve land and should include site plan review provisions for new development near existing parks. Issue: Inland lake management. Policy: Action Statement: land Use Page 12-20 • Action Statement: Issue: Mineral extraction operations. Policy: Economically viable sand and gravel resources should be identified and protected from surface conversion to other uses prior to initiation of extraction activities. Extraction should always be based on an approved reclamation plan which focusses on the future land use after extraction activities are complete. Action Statement: Regulations to protect inland lakes from the effects of keyholing should be established and implemented. The county, in conjunction with local governments and lake associations should establish model keyhole regulations that recognize the unique characteristics of the lakes in the county and the benefits of uniform regulations when a lake is surrounded by more than one jurisdiction. Keyhole regulations should recognize the importance and legitimacy of public access to inland lakes and not work to thwart efforts to increase public access promoted by other policies in this plan. Different types of public access can be provided for (e.g., for recreation, or for fire trucks to draw water in an emergency}. Action Statement: Action Statement: T h e C o u n t y PI a n n i n g Department should identify and classify sand and gravel resources and the anticipated future demand for such resources. Local governments should include protection of priority sand and gravel resources in local comprehensive land use plans and zoning regulations. The county, in conjunction with local governments, should prepare model sand and gravel regulations which aim to protect the environment, and require reclamation for an approved future land use, prior to digging the first shovel into the ground. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �Action Statement: Action Statement: Local governments should adopt and implement model sand and gravel regulations. An education program for sand and gravel operators should be initiated to facilitate operator planning and reclamation management. Issue: Legal support for defense development regulations. Policy: of local Where local governments in the county have developed local regulations consistent with a model prepared and promoted by the county, the county should provide legal assistance in the defense of any legitimate challenge to those regulations. Action Statement: Action Statement: The county prosecutor's office (or other expert qualified legal counsel) should provide legal assistance in the development of any model ordinance language promoted by this plan. Any community facing a legal challenge to a regulation consistent with an approved model should be eligible to receive assistance from or through the county prosecutor's office in defense of its regulation or regulatory action. Issue: The implementation of land use plans and regulations is the responsibility of local commissions and boards, and these are subject to high turnover. Sleeping Bear Dunes National lakeshore headquarters in Empire . The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View land Use Page 12-21 �r Policy: Action Statement: I I Training programs which, a) outline the purpose and goals of the Leelanau General Plan, b) describe the responsibilities of local Commission and Board members and, c) provide case studies of various zoning issues that demonstrate the need for objectivity and consistency in decision making, should be conducted/coordinated periodically by the county. The County Planning Department should administer the creation and presentation of such training programs. A frequency for presentation should be determined through consultation with the local units of government. Issue: Adequate housing for all. Policy: The Leelanau Peninsula should contain an adequate distribution and mix of housing to enable each resident to secure safe, adequate housing at an affordable price. Action Statement: Action Statement: Sufficient residential units of the small lot, single family, detached, attached, or multifamily type should be developed so that the mix of housing units on the peninsula will facilitate provision of affordable units to all county residents. The c ount y an d Ioc aI government should support expansion of 1rnt1at1ves for congregate housing • A gravel extraction operation in Kasson Township . Land Use Page 12-22 The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View �recreational, child care and public safety elements in design. arrangements throughout the peninsula for elderly and other special needs populations. Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Zoning and other land use control regulations should be reviewed to assure opportunities to encourage additional affordable housing options through increased flexibility, especially where the need is the greatest. Research should be initiated for ways of reducing development costs for all housing, including affordable housing through a review of the development approval process, and development of regulation and code standards. Action Statement: Policy: Policy: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: Action Statement: a peninsula-wide Housing Task Force to coordinate housing development policy and programs. Investigate special populations and associated housing needs in the peninsula (e.g., handicapped, seniors, single parent households). Explore model local zoning approaches to permit accessory apartments and/or temporary accessory housing pursuant to adopted standards. Issue: Protection of solar and wind access rights and promotion of energy conserving technology. Issue: There is a lack of diversified, affordable housing in the peninsula preventing workers from living near where they work. . Develop Utilize U.S Housing and Urban Development, Michigan State Housing Authority and other related housing programs for technical and financial assistance. Action Statement: Develop strategies to promote energy conservation as a part of new land use and development activity. Develop a model ordinance ensures protection of solar wind access rights application in local site reviews. that and for plan Encourage use of energy saving technology in new construction and site design. Issue: Island development. Develop a housing rehabilitation program which includes a weatherproofing element. Develop affordable housing adjacent to commercial centers which also incorporate cultural, The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View Policy: Action Statement: A plan for island development and/or preservation should be prepared. A plan compatible with the General Plan policies and in Land Use Page 12-23 �l consideration of the issues addressed in the DNR's (proposed) Island Management Policy should be prepared for each of the islands that are a part of the county. 11 I Issue: Variety of land uses. Policy: land Use Page 12-24 The county should assist local governments in finding a proper place for each lawful land use. Action Statement: To prevent every community from attempting to provide a place for every lawful land use, and thus create a hodge-podge of uses, the County Planning Commission should periodically inventory local zoning ordinances and investigate land use needs to ensure that there is a place in the county for all lawful land uses, without encouraging unnecessary proliferation based on undocumented needs for certain land uses. The Leelanau General Plan - Functional View ��PART THREE: IMPLEMENTATION Part Three of the Leelanau General Plan presents the structure for and major efforts to be initiated to implement the Leelanau General Plan. It is divided into three chapters: Chapter 13: Local and Peninsula Land Use Issues Chapter 14: New Institutional Structure for Improved Land Use Decision Making Chapter 15: General Plan Implementation Water-related activities are popular in Leelanau County. The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �Chapter 13 LOCAL AND PENINSULA LAND USE ISSUES INTRODUCTION for and managing change. This chapter advocates continuance of the traditional practice of most land use decisions being made at the local level of government, however, it also acknowledges the appropriate role of county policy makers in issues of greater than local concern. This chapter sets the stage for Chapter 14 which proposes a new institutional structure for land use decisions in Leelanau County. At the root of this collaborative approach is the recognition that all land use issues can be characterized as falling on a continuum representing the degree to which they have local and/or area-wide impacts associated with them. This continuum is represented below with issues of local concern on one end and issues of greater than local concern on the other. LOCAL AND PENINSULA LAND USE ISSUES As previous working papers (and chapters in this plan) have documented, the continuation of "business as usual" as it relates to land use decisions on the Leelanau Peninsula will result in continued environmental degradation, loss of rural character, higher public service costs and a future with far fewer choices available to our children and our children's children. There is a better way. It is built upon a common vision of the future, and consensus on a means for achieving that future. Fundamentally it relies on agreement between local and county policy makers as to respective roles and responsibilities in planning The current legal structure for land use decisions in Michigan places authority for most land use decisions with the local unit of government (if the local unit wishes to exercise this authority). This is usually exercised through local comprehensive (land use) plans and zoning regulations as authorized by several enabling statutes. In some areas, counties make these decisions if local governments choose not to exercise their authority, as with county zoning. Other land use decisions are made at the county or state level. Examples include decisions on prisons, landfills, and hazardous waste facilities. In some cases authority can be shared or transferred between state and county or local governments, as with the Figure 13-1 CONTINUUM OF INTERESTS Issues of Local Concern Issues of < The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation > Greater Than Local Concern Local and Peninsula Land Use Issues Page 13- 1 �administration of dune, high risk erosion, wetlands, or natural river-zoning provisions. In each of these examples, a separate state statute defines the respective procedures and responsibilities of the decision making entities. As a general principle, land use decisions should be made by the level of government closest to the people. As a general principle, land use decisions should continue to be made at the level of government closest to the people. This is in part because of the increased opportunity for input in the democratic processes associated with land use decisions and in part because of the far greater familiarity that local officials are likely to have with particular properties and land uses than government officials farther away. There are, however, there are at least three obvious instances in which this principle is not valid. The first and most obvious, is evident where exclusively local decisions prevent consideration of broader public concerns. This is most apparent in a situation where a community is attempting to be exclusionary, as in prohibiting the establishment of low cost housing (like a mobile home park} or is attempting to prevent the creation of a needed public facility like a prison or recycling station. Obviously, if every local government took the same position, affordable housing, prisons, or recycling stations would never be established anywhere. Second, this principle also fails where a local government does not have the fiscal, administrative, human, legal, and/or other necessary resources to adequately administer local regulations. Without trained personnel, and the fiscal resources to pay them, and to defend attacks on local regulations, then unequal treatment and inconsistent application of regulations will occur. This undermines the legal validity of local regulations and may Local and Peninsula land Use Issues Page 13-2 ultimately result in their being set aside by the courts. This will prevent achievement of the public policy objectives the regulations are intended to implement. A third problem is evident when seemingly innocuous individual land use decisions cumulatively add up to a very serious and negative result. A current example is the combined effect of the many new lots being established on 1-20 acres across the peninsula. Any one or two lots is neither a problem nor an issue. But the combined effect is resulting in significant loss of productive farm and forest land, of wildlife habitat, and of the natural rural character of the peninsula (see Working Papers #5 and #10). Thus, while most land use decisions are made, and should remain being made at the level of government closest to the people affected (city, village, or township), if efforts are not made to improve, enhance, and coordinate local land use decisions, the result will be continued loss of quality of life across the entire peninsula. This General Plan advocates an improved institutional relationship between the townships and villages and the county, as well as improved support services from the county to local governments, relating to planning and zoning programs. Chapter 14 describes this improved institutional relationship, and some of the proposed new services that should be initiated to implement the plan. These proposals were developed with broad public input via the General Plan Steering Committee and were first documented and presented in Working Paper #12. This General Plan advocates an improved institutional relationship between the townships and villages with the county, as well as improved support services from the county to local governments as relates to planning and zoning programs. The Leelanau General Plan • Implementation �It should be apparent that most of the proposed county level initiatives are related to dealing with issues of greater than local concern. This focus is taken in order to supplement and enhance local government capabilities to make the bulk of land use decisions (i.e. those which have purely local impacts), while also helping to ensure continuous coordination, communication, and cooperation with county policy makers on issues of greater than local concern. Success of this General Plan will be measured in terms of the degree to which future quality of life on the peninsula is at least retained, if not enhanced by instituting these measures. Chapter 1 5 presents a brief description of the key processes and priority initiatives that must be taken to successfully implement this plan. They largely fall within the authority or ability of the county to initiate. However, many will not be successful unless supported by and implemented with the support of the village and township officials in the county. This focus is taken in order to supplement and enhance local government capabilities to make the bulk of land use decisions (i.e. those which have purely local impacts), while also helping to ensure continuous coordination, communication and cooperation with county policy makers on issues of greater than local concern. --.........--, .......... A freighter seeks harbor in Suttons Bay. The Leelanau General Plan • Implementation Local and Peninsula Land Use Issues Page 13-3 �Sleeping Bear Dune a seen looking across Glen Lake. Local and Peninsula Land Use Issues Page 13-4 The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �l Chapter 14 NEW INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR IMPROVED LAND USE DECISION MAKING INTRODUCTION The formal start of the process to develop the Leelanau General Plan began with the distribution of a button to each of the 60 plus member Steering Committee. The button said "None of us is as smart as all of us". That theme has underlain the entire process of developing the Leelanau General Plan. Together, residents of Leelanau County have helped to develop this plan. They will need to work together to implement it. Intergovernmental communication, cooperation, and coordination will be instrumental in achieving success. respective roles and responsibilities of county and local governmental agencies. Following is a description of the institutional structure for implementing the Leelanau General Plan. The role of each of the major "players" is also described. This structure is reproduced from Chapter 6 of Working Paper #12. Mutual Respect and Mutual Support NEW INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE This new institutional structure grows out of the responsibilities imposed on the county and its local governmental bodies by existing state law and historical traditions. But to be successful, it will need mutual respect where their responsibilities overlap, and mutual support where they are separate. Fundamental to successfully working together in the implementation of the General Plan, is having a clear understanding of the Areas of overlapping responsibility include planning. The General Plan is peninsula-wide, more general and policy oriented, and focused Citizens attending B General Plan Steering Committee meeting listen to The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation B presentation. New Institutions/ Structure Page 14- 1 �..... on issues of greater than local concern. It has been reviewed by local planning commissions and local governing bodies, and approved by the County Planning Commission and County Board . As local plans are updated and adopted, they should be more specific with regard to land use, and focused on local concerns. The local governing body should be more involved with planning, as it also may approve the plan adopted by its planning commission. Local plans should be updated at least once every five years. Local plan compatibility with the Leelanau General Plan will continue as now to be the focus of the County Planning Commission, as required by Section 8 of the Township Planning Act (Act 168, P.A. 1959). This new institutional structure grows out of the responsibilities imposed on the county and its local governmental bodies by existing state law and historical traditions. But to be successful, it will need mutual respect where their responsibilities overlap, and mutual support where they are separate. The County Planning Department and Board of Commissioners will provide a variety of local support services to local government efforts to implement elements of the local plan that are compatible with the General Plan but will not oppose local planning and regulatory efforts compatible with the General Plan. Support services supplied by the county will include (but are not limited to) general data collection and management, GIS , technical assistance from the County Planning Department (and other county agencies), assistance securing grants, and appropriate assistance with financing plan updates, new infrastructure and public lands/facilities development. Likewise, local governments will support (or at least not oppose) County Planning Commission and County Board of Commissioners efforts to implement the General Plan. New Institutional Structure Page 14-2 Local Planning Commissions and Governing Bodies All of the traditional roles and responsibilities of local planning commissions and governing bodies remain (see sidebar on the next page). Local planning and zoning responsibility will continue to rest primarily upon local planning commissions (constituted as permitted under the appropriate planning enabling act). There will be stronger involvement by the governing body in preparation and maintenance of the local comprehensive (or master) plan as the governing body may also approve the plan following adoption by the local planning commission. There will be stronger involvement by the governing body in preparation and maintenance of the local comprehensive (or master} plan as the governing body may also approve the plan following adoption by the local planning commission. Local units of government will continue to be responsible for local planning, and the administration of zoning, subdivision regulations, decisions on local zoning requests, and the issue of local land use permits. They could however, if they so wish , share this administration with other local units of government, or contract to have it done by a private party, or even by the county. There will be stronger involvement of by the governing body in preparation and maintenance of the local comprehensive (or master) plan as the governing body may approve the plan following adoption by the local planning commission. All local zoning ordinances must be consistent with the local plan and should be updated at least once each 5 years. The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �l LOCAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR LOCAL .PLANNING 'COMMIS$lONS\AND tQCALG_OVERNING BODY .Local ·Planning ·Commissions Planning commissions in ,cities and vilJages in the county are organized .u nder the. Municipal Planning Act, PA .285 of 1931. Townshjp planning commissions are organize.g, :under PA tp:8 of 1959. sorrie oftheir pritjcjpal responsibilities incll.1~e: ··· •· ·· · · ,~i,<?se,1:, ,. Creatif19; a99p!!.P~ / clr)B)ffi~iq!ai.'}/pg comprehi3psive plan th:guidelutLir.Eflan~ change ,arid to•'· serve ,as:tlle Jegakbasjl, fqr the lo.cal zoni_Dg ordinance. ··.· · .·•.·.•.· .. • Creating, maintaining and administerirm responsibilities under the local zoning ordinance adopted pursuant to the City Village Zoning Act, PA 207 of 1921 or the Township Rural Zoning Act, PA 184 of 1943. '• uset · Advising the local governing body on proposed rezonings, text .amendments, plats, capital improvements and related planning or zoning decisions. • Educating citizens on benefits of planning. • Welcoming citizens and citizen comments on local plannipg anp zpnil)~ ,issues and . acting upon or referring those:Comments as appropriate. • the values • Working with property owners in order to try to achieve good development (or redevelopment). • Learning about and staying up to date on their responsibilities as planning comm1ss1oners and on various tools available in implementing local plans. Making recommendations on ·special projects or delegated re~ponsibjlities ,(e.g., • zoning ordinance enforcement). ·· ·· .. loqal ·Goverping) Body . -:· ...... ..·. The . . ,. locaL ::~ity or village ,'. COl,lf1Gmt•c10cf. \ faowns.t 1ipboard ;:o t trustees alsdhaVe il)edtic ·:: :·:::,~lanning : ·i'esponsibilitiek· :ifh~ie ,..... / include: ah#:: :zgnin'g ; :A ppdintrnent :. of qualified pefsons to.•~er.ve .. as rryembers of the planning commission and zoning board of appeals. • Adoption of ordinances recommendfiid by · the planning commission for implemerfratiorL of the comprehensive or master plan, jpcluding but not limited to a zoning ? ordinance and subdivision regulations; • Providing an adequate budget for the planning commission to carry oyt its responsibilities, including keeping the plan and zoning ordinance current, and receivihg proper training on their roles, responsioHities and new tools, and techniques for ., improving the community. • Providing adequate staff ahd ' financial resources (including setting fee levels) for enforcement ·of adopted regulations. • Conducting required public hearings prior to acting on zoning, subdivision or infrastructure development matters. • Receiving and acting on citizen input and complaints about planning and zoning issues and as appropriate referring matters to the planning commission for action. • Initiating amendments to ordinances as necessary and soliciting advice from the planning commission. ·>' and Considering to recommendations of the County Planning Commission and/or County Planning Department on planning and zoning issues. The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation ,. New Institutional Structure Page 14-3 �Local plans and zoning regulations (including those of villages which are not now statutorily required to be reviewed by the county) will be submitted to the County Planning Commission for review and comment prior to adoption (just as the proposed General Plan or any amendment will be submitted to local governments for review and comment prior to adoption). Local plans and development regulations will be recommended for approval by the County Planning Commission if they reflect the Leelanau General Plan. Subsequent zoning and subdivision regulations will be reviewed at both the local and county level for consistency with the local ordinance, the local plan, and compatibility with the Leelanau General Plan. with the planning commission in the preparation and/or updating of the local master plan and capital improvements program, as well as on development regulations. It may formally approve the local comprehensive (or master) plan following adoption by the planning commission. Local planning commissions, working in concert with their governing body, may participate in the preparation of (and thereafter annually update) a 6-year capital improvement program (CIP). County Planning Commission Local planning commissions, working in concert with their governing body, may participate in the preparation of (and thereafter annually update) a 6-year capital improvement program (CIP). The CIP will indicate the type and location of new capital improvements (new facilities, land, or major additions/changes to existing facilities). The CIP will indicate when the project will be initiated. the cost, method of financing and how long it will take to finish. This will be prepared consistent with guidelines created by the County Planning Commission. Once each local CIP is prepared, they could be compiled with the county CIP so that a peninsula-wide CIP can also be prepared. All projects will have to be compatible with both the local master plan and the Leelanau General Plan Once established, no new public facility may be established in a township or village that is not consistent with the approved CIP. This is a presently authorized but not utilized power of city, village, and township planning commissions. The County Board of Commissioners will amend the ordinance creating the county planning commission to include all the traditional responsibilities of a County Planning commission as well as some new duties (see sidebar). In reorganizing the County Planning Commission, the County Board of Commissioners will also delegate the authority permitted under Section 4a of the County Planning Act (MCL 125.104a). This section effectively permits the County Planning Commission to also function as a "regional" planning entity. The principal duties to be performed by the Planning Commission are listed below. All are authorized by the County Planning Act, PA 282 of 1945: 1 . Prepare and maintain the General Plan. 2. Review local plans and zoning regulations. 3. Guide public facility decisions. The local governing body will make a special effort to appoint qualified people to serve on the local planning commission and to provide adequate financial resources and professional services to the planning commission so that it can appropriately complete its responsibilities. It will also work New Institutional Structure Page 14-4 . 4. Coordinate planning and growth management activities with other public and private agencies (especially as relates to issues of greater than local concern). 5. Seek grants and other financial assistance. The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �TRADITIONAL..RESPONSIBILITIE$ OFJH'ECOUNTY 'PLANNING COMMIS'SION The·• County Planning C}omrnissiori was cr·; ated :•• by the County Board df Supervisors •· on <= January 13, 1'970 pursu~l1t . . to · the ( requirements of the County ·p1ahning Act; PA / .282 of 1945, lnitiallyJt also had responsibility: under PA 183 of 1943 to prepare and implement a county zoning ordinance. This responsibility was suspended in December 1992 as ttle la.s t township in the county witho1,1t its own zoning ordinance adopteq an interim zoning ordinance ·• (Suttbhs ;:say Township). Currently, th~ County Planning Commission is responsible for: • Preparing and maintaining a plan for the development and/or protection of · the · peninsula. It will be responsible for · adopting the Leelanau General Plan. • =Revi~wing aric;I commenting on proposed new public facfiilties or improvements. · • iAssisting · :in the ·development <pf. rpgdel reguiatioris for ,use · by itie county or local ·.· governmeilts. ' ••···• • ;Educating· ·the • .general public about )the values and benefits of planning. • Welcoming citizen comments on local planning and zoning issues and acting upon / orreferring. .. those comments as appropriate . . • . .. • ~ Learning about and staying up to date .on the responsibilities of the Planr•"fing Commissioners and on various tools .< available in implementing.l ocal plans. - •• · Coordinatihg planning and associated > deve(op(T"lent regulations with other goverhrnehtaPunits ·and .p ublic agencie~. ' • Attempting to prevent ·. plar:)piQ9 apq,·;pning. incompatible •·• Making recommendations on proposed · township plans and/or rezoning. or text amendments. 6. Provide technical assistance. 1. Prepare and Maintain the General Plan 7. Support the development and maintenance of a data center in the County Planning Department (including GIS). The primary responsibility of the County Planning Commission will be the preparation and maintenance of a General Plan for the peninsula. The Plan will be annually reviewed and completely updated at least once each five years. This also requires the maintenance of background data and periodic updating of working papers and other reports on specific planning issues. The General Plan will serve as a guide for long-range development of local comprehensive plans with respect to the pattern and intensity of land use and the provision of public facilities, as well as for any long-range fiscal plans for such development. The General Plan will include recommendations for the most effective economic, social, and physical development of the county as well as provide the basis for future county facility plans. 8. Prepare and promote model ordinances. 9. Arrange and promote opportunities on planning management. educational and growth 1 O.Carry out specially delegated responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners. Each of these duties is described in more detail in the following paragraphs. The Leelanau General Plan • Implementation New Institutional Structure Page 14-5 �'' I I '1 In formulating the General Plan, and amendment to it, or a supplementing sub-area or functional plan, the County Planning Commission, with the help of the professional planning services of the County Planning Department, will carry out necessary studies, investigations, and surveys relative to the economic, social and physical development of the county. The primary responsibility of the County Planning Commission will be the preparation and maintenance of a General Plan for the peninsula. Throughout, the General Plan will focus on issues of greater than local concern and appropriate mechanisms to deal with them. The General Plan will be comprised of at least the following components: • a policy plan which will include general policies and action statements in key functional areas. These will set forth the institutional arrangements and guidelines for making improvements in public facilities, transportation, land use, human services, natural resources and the environment, economic development, etc. (Separate functional or sub-area plans may be prepared and adopted as needed, or resources permit, to deal with special problems or opportunities. They may subsequently also be adopted as a part of the General Plan). • a generalized future land use plan • a transportation plan. 2. Review of Regulations Local Plan and Zoning The County Planning Commission will be directed to use the General Plan in its review New Institutional Structure Page 14-6 of local plans and zoning proposals (including new ordinances, amendments and rezonings). The County Planning Commission will also use the General Plan in the discharge of other statutory reviews such as proposed PA 11 6 enrollments. 3. Guide Facility Decisions The County Planning Commission will be directed to maintain a General Plan so that it may be used as a guide to city, village, township, and county facility decisions as well as joint county/local government investment decisions. This will be accomplished by participating in the initial preparation and annual maintenance of a peninsula-wide capital improvements program compiled from all proposed local and county public facility improvements. The Cl P will involve merging all local CIP's along with a strategy for pnont1zmg proposed projects along with definitive financing plans for the improvements to be constructed in the earlier years of the program for those county programs on the list. This activity will be performed by the County Planning Commission with assistance of the County Planning Department. The General Plan and capital improvements program will also serve as the framework around which private investment in the county may be organized. To this end, the county's current Capital Improvements Program/Budget Policy21 0 will be modified and enlarged (See Appendix C in Working Paper #12). Decisions on new county public facilities will be made by the County Board of Commissioners, but only after receiving a recommendation by the County Planning Commission as to consistency with the General Plan and the current capital improvements program. The County Planning Commission will annually prepare, through the County Planning Department, an "official map" of all proposed capital improvements in the county for the next 6 years. The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �The County Planning Commission will annually prepare, through-the County Planning Department, and "official map" of all proposed capital improvements in the county for the next 6 years. This will be distributed to all public agencies in the county. Once the General Plan has been adopted and a certified copy of the plan is delivered to the County Board of Commissioners, then the statutory authority requiring County Planning Commission review and approval of public works proposals will be initiated. This will apply to the expenditure of funds by a county board, department or agency for acquisition of land, the erection of a structure or extension, correction or improvement of any physical facility, including roads or drains, until the County Planning Commission has reviewed the proposed location and extent of the project and reported back to the County Board and/or the department or agency submitting the proposal. If the project or proposal is consistent with the adopted capital improvements program and the General Plan, then it will be recommended for approval. 4. Coordinate Planning and Growth Management Activities with Other Public and Private Agencies The County Planning Commission will be charged with cooperating with all state, federal (including the National Park Service), and local governments and other public agencies (such as schools, Soil Conservation Service, etc.) as well as with the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, in preparation of the General Plan and will seek coordination of their programs in the county. The General Plan will also serve as the basis for coordinating all related plans of the department or subdivisions of Leelanau County government. Coordination with local governments will be expansively interpreted to include issues of greater than local concern and not merely limited to border issues. The County Planning Commission will consult with adjacent counties to avoid conflicts with The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation overall plans. The County Planning Commission will be encouraged to coordinate planning efforts with private agencies as well, such as utility companies, chambers of commerce, etc. If supported by local governments in the county and by the County Board of Commissioners, the County Planning Commission may provide adjudication or mediation services on disputes related to land use and infrastructure issues covered by the General Plan. In so doing, the County Planning Commission may employ such experts as necessary to assist in accomplishing the task. Technical assistance will be initially targeted to local governments for efforts to update local plans and development regulations in a manner compatible with the General Plan. 5. Seek Grants and Other Financial Assistance In addition to the powers allowed by other provisions of the County Planning Act, the County Planning Commission with approval of the County Board may apply for, receive and accept grants from any governmental agency, or from the federal government, and agree to and comply with such terms and conditions as may be necessary, convenient or desirable. The County Planning Commission may do any and all things necessary or desirable to secure financial aid or cooperation of the federal government in carrying out the functions of the commission, when approved by a 2/3 vote of the County Board of Commissioners. 6. Provide Technical Assistance As a part of their coordination function, and in order to ensure implementation of the General Plan, the County Planning Commission will be authorized to assist in structuring technical assistance services to public agencies and citizens . These activities will be largely provided through the County Planning Department and will be dependent on budgeted New Institutional Structure Page 14-7 �funds and/or fee for service arrangements. Technical assistance will be initially targeted to local governments for efforts to update local plans and development regulations in a manner compatible with the General Plan. 7. Support the Development and Maintenance of a Data Center in the County Planning Department The Planning Commission will assist county government in providing policy assistance in the development of a data information center with the County Planning Department. This will be linked to the evolving Land Information System (LIS), and eventually to a more expansive geographic information system (GIS) for data collection, storage, maintenance, retrieval and mapping. Many other county departments will also need to play a role in continuing the development and maintenance of the LIS. It will be used by the commission in the discharge of its duties and by other governmental users and citizens. It will include a wide range of information on subjects including but not limited to population, land use , economic development and government finances. 8. Prepare and Promote Model Ordinances The County Planning Commission w ith staff support from the County Planning Department will also be charged with the responsibility to propose standards, criteria, and suggested model ordinances to regulate the use and development of land and water within the peninsula . These will be developed through subcommittees with input by interested and affected parties . The Planning Commission will use these to help encourage the development and implementation of uniform regulations throughout the peninsula. Initially the commission will be charged to promote the wide adoption of the development guidelines and sample ordinance regulations found in the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook, which was completed in 1992. New Institutional Structure Page 14-8 The Guidebook was financially supported by Leelanau County as a part of the General Plan project and includes recommendations consistent with the General Plan. 9. Arrange and Promote Education Opportunities on Planning and Growth Management The County Planning Commission will be charged with the responsibility of ensuring that each of its members has basic and advanced training in the exercise of their responsibilities as County Planning Commissioners. Being aware of new planning approaches and implementation tools to address emerging problems and opportunities in the county will be of special interest. In fulfilling this responsibility, the County Planning Commission will be encouraged to promote and arrange, as feasible, convenient educational opportunities for planning commissioners, zoning board of appeals members and members of governing bodies in local units of government in the county. The County Planning Commission will be encouraged to conduct an annual day-long conference for local government officials on a variety of issues of contemporary interest in the county. A county chapter of the Michigan Society of Planning Officials may be created to help provide these services. The County Planning Commission will also provide summary and other educational materials for broad public distribution. These materials will focus on describing pertinent plans, planning concepts, regulations, and/or special programs in terms suitable for easy understanding by a wide audience . 10. Carry Out Specially Delegated Responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners In addition to the above duties, the County Planning Commission will, from time to time, also undertake special studies, or advise on The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �special issues assigned to them by the County Board of Commissioners. Staff support will be provided by the County Planning Department. Where this exceeds work planned in an annual work program, the County Planning Commission could expect that either other preapproved tasks will be foregone, or additional resources will be made available to complete the new task. In all dealings with the public and local government officials, the County Planning Commission will be expected to be open and receptive to input and seriously consider all relevant facts before rendering an opinion. All Planning Commission decisions will be expected to be in writing with supporting documentation. County Planning Commission will be expected to maintain (and update as necessary) rules of procedure (or bylaws) and use them as a guide to its conduct and procedure. member County Planning Commission to include representation on a geopolitical basis instead of an occupation or interest group basis. A mechanism will be established for input by citizens and local government officials as to nominations of candidates to the County Board for consideration prior to any appointments. Representatives will be drawn from each of the eleven townships and will be appointed on the basis that they will represent not only general peninsula wide i terests, but also specific interests in their township. Representatives from Empire, Leelanau and Suttons Bay Townships will also represent their respective villages. The Elmwood Township representative will also serve as a The County Planning Commission will also be charged with the responsibility to propose standards, criteria, and suggested model ordinances to regulate the use and development of land and water within the peninsula. A report of Planning Commission activities accompanied by a work program and budget for the next year will be annually prepared. it will be distributed for review, comment and refinement to each local government and other public agencies in the county prior to submittal to the County Board of Commissioners. A report of Planning Commission activities accompanied by a work program and budget for the next year will be annually prepared. County Planning Commission Structure The County Board of Commissioners will modify the ordinance establishing the 11- The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation Daffodils are plentiful in Leelanau County during the spring months. New Institutional Structure Page 14-9 �..... delegate from the City of Traverse City. The Suttons Bay Township representative will also serve as a delegate of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. Since the total membership is eleven, no change in the County Planning Act, PA 282 of 1945 is necessary. (However, if the County Planning Act were changed to so permit, the following size and organization structure of the County Planning Commission will be reorganized to include representatives from each of the sixteen local governments within the county; one representative for each of the eleven townships; one representative from each of the three villages; one representative from the City of Traverse City; and one representative from the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians). • The Drain Commissioner or his/her designee • The County Sanitarian or his/her designee • At least three citizens at large In addition, the County Planning Commission will organize standing subcommittees composed of individuals qualified by experience, training, or interest to assist in the consideration and solution of problems of greater than local concern. Floating membership of each subcommittee will consist of the following, depending on the location of the issue being considered: • The chairperson or official designee of the municipal planning commission(s) affected by the issue at hand. • The chief executive officer or official designee of the municipality affected by the issue at hand. • The chairperson or official designee of the administrative agency(ies) having jurisdiction over affected municipal water supply systems (if any). • The chairperson or official designee of the administrative agency(ies) having jurisdiction over affected municipal sanitary sewer systems (if any). Standing Subcommittees In order to broaden input in consideration of key issues of greater than local concern, the County Planning Commission with support of the County Board of Commissioners, shall establish standing subcommittees to advise it. The specific issues to be brought before subcommittees need to be defined once the County Planning Commission is reconstituted. They should include consideration of those issues listed in Chapter Two and others as pertinent. The standing subcommittees shall be composed of individuals qualified by experience, training, or interests to assist in the consideration and solution of problems of greater than local concern. Standing membership of each committee will include: • The chairperson or official designee of the County Planning Commission • The chairperson of the County Board of Commissioners • The chairperson or official designee of the Road Commission New Institutional Structure Page 14- 10 Ex-officio membership on each subcommittee will be offered to the following: • The designee of all public utilities servicing Leelanau County. • The designee of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. • The designee of the Michigan Department of Transportation. • The designee of the National Park Service. The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �• The designee of the Grand Traverse Band of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. As deemed appropriate by the County Planning Commission , such other persons could also be appointed . Such appointments will be based on the specific issue and unique geographic considerations. In making such appointments, the Planning Commission will need to keep in mind the desire to keep the subcommittee small enough to be functional and oriented to its principal purpose which is looking out for the best interests of the whole peninsula on issues of greater than local concern (and not merely looking out for the interests of those who may live in the immediate area). One person could serve in more than one capacity on any established subcommittee. The subcommittee will be charged with advising the Planning Commission (before it acts) on any issue of greater than local concern as so assigned by the Planning Commission. Staff of the County Planning Department will assist the subcommittee within the parameters of the task assigned by the Planning Commission and within the time and other resources available . The County Planning Commission, through its Rules of Procedure (or bylaws), will establish a mechanism for creating and convening any subcommittee, as well as establish what issues qualify as an issue of greater than local concern. The County Planning Commission may not create or convene a subcommittee to advise on a routine matter, such as a township rezoning proposal, unless the issue in question is a bona fide issue of greater than local concern requiring broader input prior to making a decision. The subcommittee process is proposed not to lengthen any review process, or otherwise delay making a decision, but rather to permit broader consideration and input on key issues of peninsula-wide significance and/or long term impact. All subcommittee action must be completed within the time frame assigned by The Leelanau General Plan · Implementation the County Planning Commission and/or established by a statutory or other applicable review procedure. The subcommittee process is proposed not to lengthen any review process, or otherwise delay making a decision, but rather to permit broader consideration and input on key issues ofpeninsula-wide significance and/or long term impact. County Planning Department Role The principal responsibilities of the County Planning Department will include those listed below . However, none of the current responsibilities listed in the sidebar are proposed to be dropped even if not mentioned below: 1 . providing staff assistance to the County Planning Commission. 2 . providing staff assistance to the County Board of Commissioners, and other county agencies. 3. providing technical assistance services to local governments. 4. continued development and maintenance of a data center (including GIS). 5. representing committees . the county on various 1. Providing Staff Assistance to the County Planning Commission. The County Planning Department will continue to provide the principal staff assistance to the County Planning Commission in the discharge of each of the ten major duties described above. 2. Providing Staff Assistance to the County Board and other County Agencies The County Planning Department will also New Institutional Structure Page 14-11 �TYPICAL DUTIES OF THE LEELANAU COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT The County Planning Department provides a variety of technical support functions to: • The County Board of Commissioners; • The County Planning Commission; • As necessary, special boards and commissions of the county. • Local units of government. Specific responsibilities include: • Representing the county in peninsula-wide committees, task forces and special groups. • Providing county representation in regional planning and economic development groups. • Responding to data requests from citizens, outside interests, local units and county entities. • Maintaining peninsula-wide socio-economic, census and environmental data bases, and a computerized mapping system. • Providing technical and administrative support for the County Solid Waste Plan implementation efforts. • Spearheading special studies, projects and reports for the county board and/or other entities as assigned. • Assisting with the creation and updating of land use plans and zoning ordinances of local units of government and transmitting analysis on these to the County Planning Commission. • Monitoring contemporary planning and land use issues and proposing regulations and land use plan text amendments based on updated knowledge. • Conducting background studies and making recommendations for a variety of planning needs in the county. • Conducting and participating in education seminars, meetings and other community outreach efforts to both educate the public and strengthen planning staff skills. • Monitoring state and federal policies and programs that influence county planning efforts. • Budgeting and other administrative functions for the Planning Department. New Institutional Structure Page 14·12 The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �continue to provide staff assistance to the County Board of Commissioners and other county department as directed or requested (and as financial and personnel resources permit). 3. Provision of Technical Assistance Services to Local Governments In addition, it will provide expanded technical assistance services to local governmental units in support of actions to implement the Leelanau General Plan. The County Planning Department will be permitted to offer these services on a fee or other basis pursuant to guidelines proposed by the County Planning Commission and approved by the County Board of Commissioners. 4. Development and Maintenance of a Data Center A special responsibility of the County Planning Department in conjunction with other county departments, will be the continued development and maintenance of the Leelanau Land Information System and its eventual expansion to a fuller geographic information system. A wide range of local, county, state and federal data sets will be gathered and maintained. A special focus of data analysis activities will be monitoring land use change and related change indicators (see Working Paper #5) to provide an "early warning system" on variables indicating trends that are in conflict with adopted General Plan policy, or which suggest a need to change policy in the plan. In addition, a multi-year plan for the data center will be developed and annually updated, along with the necessary protocols and referencing mechanisms to ensure proper maintenance of the data and other library materials in the data center. A special effort will be made to stay abreast of contemporary planning tools and techniques and related research efforts and to acquire, as useful, such information for the department's library as will be helpful. The LeelBnBu General Plan - Implementation 5. Represent the Committees County on Various The County Planning Department will continue to represent the county on various committees (both inside and outside of the county). It will also provide staff support to ongoing County Planning committees related to solid waste and economic development. County Board of Commissioners Role As relates to planning and efforts to better guide growth on the peninsula, the primary responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners include: 1. initially reconstituting the County Planning Commission. 2. appointing qualified members of the County Planning Commission. 3. maintaining a qualified professional planning director and planning staff. 4. providing adequate financial support to the County Planning Commission and County Planning Department. 5. making decisions on county initiated or financed facilities and infrastructure. 6. helping with local government compatible with the General Plan. efforts 7. approving the Leelanau General Plan. Each of these responsibilities is described in more detail below. 1. Reconstitute Commission the County Planning The first responsibility of the County Board of Commissioners in the implementation of this plan is to reconstitute the County Planning Commission. This requires amending the ordinance creating the original Planning New lnstitutionBI Structure PBge 14- 13 �and 4. Provide Adequate Financial Support to the County Planning Commission and County Planning Department 2. Appoint Qualified Members of the County Planning Commission As critical as maintaining trained and experienced staff is, the maintenance of an adequate budget to support the activities of the County Planning Commission and County planning Department in support of the General Plan and technical assistance services is as critical. The annual report and work program will be used to identify the necessary funding requirements. Opportunities will continue to open to provide maps, and other services on a fee basis. These should be explores as supplemental revenue resources, but not at the exclusion of completing other required responsibilities. Commission to include the duties responsibilities described above. With the more expansive responsibilities of the County Planning Commission described above, and the completion of a new General Plan, it will be very important to ensure that as new Planning Commissioners are appointed, that persons capable of representing both peninsula-wide interests and their own jurisdiction be appointed. This could be phased in as sitting commissioner terms expire. A mechanism for local input by citizens and local government officials in each jurisdiction will be established to generate a list of qualified candidates prior to making any appointments. 3. Maintain a Qualified Professional Planning Director and Planning Staff The policies and action statements of the Leelanau General Plan and the maintenance of the Leelanau Land Information System and related data center will require the continued employment of a qualified professional planning director and additional planning staff. A job description for the director requiring, at a minimum, a degree in urban or regional planning or a closely related field, and certification as a professional community planner (Michigan) or via the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP), or at least 5 years of professional experience as a planning director in an agency with comparable services will be maintained. This will help ensure the continued high quality professional service the county has grown to enjoy from its Planning Department. In addition, as County Planning Department staff responsibilities grow, so must the staff resources to meet those needs. New Institutional Structure Page 14-14 5. Making Decisions on County Initiated or Financed Infrastructure With the adoption of the Leelanau General Plan, and the revision of the current annual capital improvements programming process to include local projects (see Appendix C of Working Paper #12), it will be possible to make better informed decisions on future public facility and infrastructure issues. These decisions will be based on input from the County Planning Department, the County Planning Commission and the general public following new procedures yet to be established. 6. Help With Local Government Compatible with the General Plan Efforts A program of local financial support, and inkind professional services to local governments who desire to modify/update local plans or development regulations to be compatible with the Leelanau General Plan will be initiated. Professional services, maps and data from the County Planning Department should go a long way to helping local governments do the best possible job wii:h local planning and zoning programs. This type of incentive (or even better, local financial support) will probably do The Leelanau General Plan • Implementation �1 more to speed plan implementation than any other single action. 7. Approve the Leelanau General Plan Following adoption of the Leelanau General Plan by the County Planning Commission, it will be important for the County Board of Commissioners to formally approve the Leelanau General Plan, and thereafter approve any amendments to it. No other action will more graphically demonstrate continued county board support for this important growth management tool. Role of Other Governmental Agencies A special effort will be made by the County Board of Commissioners, County Planning Commission and County Planning Department to establish formal, regular communication with the County Road Commission, County Drain Commission and Health Department in the pursuit of mutual objectives under this plan. Cooperation and coordination of efforts related to the provision of public services and facilities, particularly as to their potential for growth inducing impacts is critical to successful implementation of the Leelanau General Plan. All new public facilities proposed by these agencies will be included in the annual county CIP according to procedures adopted by the County Board of Commissioners. Relationship with Citizens and the General Public Ultimately all public services are established and maintained for the benefit of the present and future citizens and visitors of the county. As this new institutional structure is refined and implemented, it is important that existing opportunities for public input and assistance not be reduced, and that as feasible, they be expanded to include people not presently represented. Opportunities will include not only those required by law at public hearing, but also other less formal opportunities as resources become available or the need becomes more apparent. The role of the citizen has been instrumental in providing guidance in the development of this General Plan. It is intended that the citizen continue to have ready access to the planning process and information and policies developed as a result of it. The County Planning Department will be responsible for establishing and maintaining, as necessary, liaison with state and federal agencies whose decisions could impact on the successful implementation of the Leelanau General Plan. In particular, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and National Park Service will be singled out to establish and maintain regular communication, cooperation and coordination. Ducks enjoy a wintery swim in the Leland River. The Leelanau Genernl Plan - Implementation New Institutional Structure Page 14-15 �1 Chapter 15 GENERAL PLAN IMPLEMENTATION INTRODUCTION Achievement of the principal goal of this General Plan (see page vi) requires the creation of an effective program of coordinated local and county efforts. The principal institutional components of this program were presented in Chapter 14. This chapter describes the general process to be followed. Key priorities for inclusion in short range action programs and budgets are also identified. A more detailed process for implementation will need to be developed after adoption of the General Plan for annually updated work programs tied to local and county budgets. As important a benchmark as this plan represents, the initiatives proposed in this General Plan will not implement themselves. As important a benchmark as this plan represents, the initiatives proposed in this General Plan will not implement themselves. It will take the concerted efforts of citizens, elected officials, local and county planners, and other administrative officials to bring this plan from concept into reality. It will take continued support and commitment for many years. However, the goals of this plan and the actions proposed to implement it offer the promise of a much better future than that likely to occur if existing trends continue unabated. The central ingredients to successful implementation will be commitment by citizens , by the County Board of Commissioners, and by support from local units of government. Benefits to all groups will be most visible in terms of lower infrastructure and maintenance costs for public facilities and retention of the rural character of the landscape (so cherished by residents and visitors). Many indirect benefits will also occur . The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation For example, local plans and development regulations will be easier and less costly to prepare and maintain because the information in the Planning Department's "county data center" can easily be updated and displayed on maps from the Land Information System. In working in partnership with the county in a manner compatible with this plan, local governments will be able to justifiably provide for a narrower range of land uses in their plans and zoning regulations. This could eliminate the continued scattering of commercial and industrial uses in inappropriate locations while improving the success of businesses established in appropriate locations. These and many other benefits previously identified will result from implementation of this General Plan . The central ingredients to successful plan implementation will be commitment by the County Board of Commissioners and support from local units of government. As this General Plan explains, county concerns related to growth and development issues are most significant on issues of greater than local concern. Such issues, while numerous, do not include the full range of land use issues that must be addressed by local communities, but they do overlap on certain issues. This should not be viewed as negative, or an obstacle to progress, but rather as an opportunity to insure that both local and peninsula-wide issues are adequately addressed before making decisions on issues of greater than local concern. All citizens will benefit, and future debacles over such issues as siting of golf courses and/or radio towers in sensitive natural resource areas could be avoided. General Plan Implementation Page 15-1 �'' Process Leading to Plan Implementation official action. Resolutions options will be presented: There are three basic steps that need to be addressed in implementing this General Plan. They are : 1. "Yes, we have participated in the planning process, we believe the result is sound and we support adoption of the Leelanau General Plan as the new county plan. " • Plan adoption process. • Establishment of priorities for strategic initiatives. • Establishment of a process for updating the plan. Plan Adoption Process The plan proposes adoption by the County Planning Commission, approval by the County Board of Commissioners. This general process will begin with submittal of the draft plan to the General Plan Steering Committee for their input to the County Planning Commission. Announcement of the availability of the draft plan for review by citizens and various organizations will also be initiated. Citizen forums could be offered in different locations across the county for public comment . Refinement of plan contents is expected as a result of this review. The County Planning Commission next needs to conduct (a) public hearing(s). Additional refinements may occur as a result of this process and prior to adoption. At the same time t he draft plan is distributed to the General Plan Steering Committee , it will be submitted for review by the County Board of Commissioners. Any suggestions for revisions will be forwarded to the County Planning Commission. Then, following adoption of the General Plan by the County Planning Commission, it will be formally submitted to the County Board of Commissioners for approval offering three 2. All of the above, plus acknowledgment that the local government " .. . wishes to use the Leelanau General Plan as the overall framework within which we will conduct any future local planning that we choose to undertake" . 3. "Yes we have participated in the process, but we disagree with the results and we want to go on our own." Communities that subsequently adopt plans compatible with the General Plan, would be eligible to have the County Planning Commission accept the local plan as a formal part of the Leelanau General Plan. If the plan does reflect the input to date, and if the local representatives on the General Plan Steering Committee have performed their responsibilities, then presumably local governments in the county will select option 2. Communities that subsequently adopt plans compatible with the General Plan, would be eligible to have the County Planning Commission accept the local plan as a formal part of the Leelanau General Plan . Following plan adoption, all twelve working papers leading up to the draft General Plan will have known errors and omissions corrected and copies printed (moving them from draft to final status). Similarly, all related maps will be finalized and reproduced. Final edits to the plan will also be prepared and it and a "poster plan " summarizing its key contents will be printed . The plan will also be submitted to each local governmental unit in the county for General Plan Implementation Page 15-2 The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �l Establishment of Priorities for Strategic Initiatives Following plan adoption, the next major process will be to establish the key strategic initiatives to be immediately undertaken, and others to be included in the next round of annual work programs and budgets. This process needs to extend beyond the County Planning Department/County Planning Commission budget to include all county departments, being replicated wherever feasible, in the planning and budgeting processes of other governmental units (such as townships and villages) and of nonprofit organizations (such as area chambers of commerce, land trusts, etc.) which have key roles in plan implementation (see especially the action statements in Part Two). • Those action statements having an assigned responsibility to a particular group are of the highest priority. • A lower priority level exists when the responsibility is implied, as when the term "the economic development leadership shall. .. " is used, or when an indefinite assignment is made such as "the county will ... ". • No immediate priority is implied when no organization or individual is listed as responsible for the action. That leaves these action statements as targets until an organization steps forward to take responsibility for implementation, and/or adequate county resources become available. Mechanism for Updating the General Plan It is also very important that these annual priority and budget sessions be institutionalized and adhered to. An annual report on actions taken to implement the plan should be made to the County Board of Commissioners, along with adoption of any necessary amendments by the County Planning Commission. Periodically, and at least once each five years, the General Plan should be thoroughly reviewed and updated. Key Priorities The most important priorities identified in this should be included, wherever feasible, in work programs and budgets by the appropriate organization(s) . This list should be annually updated and supplemented. A host of worthy project and program 1nit1at1ves to help implement this plan are included in Part Two. A Steering Committee member has suggested that action statements in Part Two be considered as priorities based on the following considerations: The Leelanau General Plan · Implementation An annual report on actions taken to implement the plan should be made to the County Board of Commissioners, along with adoption of any necessary amendments by the County Planning Commission. Notwithstanding the important contribution that action statements in Part Two can play in the eventual implementation of the plan, the following actions are the top priorities which require immediate action. Some of these priorities are derived from action statements in Part Two; others are from Part One . As the following priorities are completed, new priorities can be added via the annual updating process. Most of the proposals for plan implementation are actions that can be taken now under existing state laws if local and county governments will agree and commit to action. However, the few actions which will require legislative authorization (such as for transfer of development rights) are so important, that significant energy will be needed to help achieve enactment of these new tools by working in concert with other local governments across the state. General Plan Implementation Page 15-3 �The top priority actions that should be quickly initiated include (in no particular order): • Reconstitution Commission. • Creation of the ad hoc advisory committee process (described in Chapter 1 5) to advise the County Planning Commission on how to deal with issues of greater than local concern. This may involve development of dispute resolution processes to help resolve divisive growth related controversies. • • • of the County • Planning Initiation of a county capital improvement programming process (CIP) that is tied to the budget process. Once in place among all county agencies and commissions, it should be extended peninsula-wide to include CIP's prepared independently by local units of government. Once the first, six-year CIP is complete, the Planning Department should prepare an "official map" showing the location of all county and local capital improvements planned in the county. Continued development of the "county data center" within the County Planning Department. This center would serve information needs of county agencies as well as local governments, civic and citizen organizations. It should continue to be upgraded to full geographic information system (GIS) status and be supplemented with more advanced equipment and software to meet growing demands for information management and sophisticated communication opportunities. Expansion of technical assistance services of the planning department to meet growing needs by county agencies, local governments, businesses, and citizens in the county. A special emphasis of expanded services should include priority service to communities acting in partnership with the county in implementation of the General Plan. General Plan Implementation Page 15-4 • To the extent necessary, the county should develop explicit incentive programs for local governments to fully participate in General Plan implementation. These programs, delivered by the Planning Department, could include, but are not necessarily limited to: • provision of information and maps (especially a basic map set for planning to each township and village on the peninsula). • technical assistance in updating plans and regulations. • prov1s1on of training for planning commissioners, zoning board of appeals members, elected officials and zoning administrators (via LSPO, see below). • provision of model plans and ordinances compatible with the General Plan, especially. • a model structure comprehensive plans. • model ordinances to promote open space protection (rural clustering) and to reduce premature land fragmentation (land division and subdivision regulations). • impact assessment checklists. • provision of financial assistance in local plan updates (as resources permit) subject to a suitable contract between the County Board of Commissioners and the local unit of government. for local Continued support for new legislation to provide new tools to better guide growth and manage change. This includes but is not limited to legislation: • proposed by the Intergovernmental Growth Management Consortium to authorize: transfer of development rights (also see below), purchase of The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation �development rights, development agreements, concurrency, official maps, urban and general services districts, new ways to levy special assessments, and new ways to deal with the interjurisdictional impacts of large scale developments . • • to authorize changes to the County Planning Act to permit expanded membership on the County Planning Commission . Refinement of a peninsula-wide transfer of development rights (TOR) program. The significant equity issues associated with land use restrictions on large landowners without corresponding mechanisms permitting them to capture development value (without actually developing the land) require that the effort to generally get passage of TOR legislation be pursued vigorously. • Organization and support for a county chapter of the Michigan Society of Planning Officials (possibly to be called the Leelanau Society of Planning Officials - LSPO). Such an organization would work with the County Planning Commission and receive support from the County Planning Department in development and implementation of periodic education programs for planning commissioners, elected officials and citizens on a wide variety of planning, economic development, and regulatory issues. • Development of an official county newsletter with information on projects and related efforts in planning. • Development and passage of a new ordinance to require septic systems to be inspected at the point of sale of the property on which they are located . If substandard, to require their being brought up to code prior to the closing . • Assistance to villages and townships in The Leelanau General Plan - Implementation local plan and regulatory changes to better accommodate affordable quality housing needs. This General Plan represents thousands of hours of input by hundreds of citizens in Leelanau County over the past three years. The circumstances it is intended to address did not occur overnight and they will not be resolved overnight. Concluding Thought This General Plan represents thousands of hours of input by hundreds of citizens in Leelanau County over the past three years . The circumstances it is intended to address did not occur overnight and they will not be resolved overnight. Yet it sets forth an alternative option to the future that will be created if existing trends continue (see Working Paper #5). Existing trends are fueled to a very great extent by existing plans, regulations and institutional relationships. To create a future different from existing trends, current plans , policies, regulations and institutional relationships must also be changed. This General Plan proposes an alternative structure based on considerable input and thoughtful consideration by Leelanau County citizens . It offers an opportunity for citizens to choose a different future with a mechanism to put that choice into place. General Plan Implementation Page 15-5 �I �Appendix A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING Concerning the Development of a County-wide Growth Management Plan for Leelanau County BACKGROUND A COUNTY-WIDE GROWTH MANAGEMENT PLAN is a document prepared following extensive study by many individuals and advisory committees representing all communities in the County (whose work will result in separate working papers) which sets forth the following: • Those elements of the built and natural environment which are systemic and interjurisdictional in nature, and without the wise management of which persons presently living and those yet unborn are less likely to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as that enjoyed by those families and individuals presently living in the County. • An action program for public and private efforts to guide future growth so that an adequate balance between necessary sustainable development and environmental protection is achieved. • A practical, workable program for local control of land development decisions which is consistent with the county-wide growth management plan, which recognizes the unique perspective and responsibilities of each local government, and which ensures that matters with impacts beyond the jurisdiction of the community in question are examined to the mutual satisfaction of all affected communities before final decisions are made. • A mutually agreed-upon approach for guiding the rate, timing and location of new development into areas of the County that can efficiently provide necessary services in a manner harmonious with that natural character of the area without unnecessary expenditures of public tax dollars or corresponding loss of constitutionally protected private property rights. FULLY PARTICIPATE IN means that a community within the County will appoint representative(s) to the advisory committees and steering committee as requested, and that said representative(s) will make every effort to both attend and inform the governing body and planning commission in a timely manner of all activities, issues and actions taken or pending in the development of a county-wide growth management plan. BASIC PARTICIPATION Basic participation in the growth management planning process shall be made available, without a cash contribution required, to the local government whose legislative body has indicated their desire and intent to fully participate in development of a county-wide growth management plan by approving this document. The specific terms and conditions of basic participation in the growth management planning process including all mutual understandings of the County and the City of Traverse City are as follows: The Leelanau General Plan Appendix A Page A - 1 �(NAME OF COMMUNITY) RESPONSIBILITIES The (Name of Community) agrees: • To fully participate in the process including appointment of representatives to the Growth Management Plan Advisory Committees including: 1) one (Name of Community) elected official, 2) one (Name of Community) Planning Commission member, 3) one citizens at large. • To communicate all suggestions, ideas, concerns, problems, etc. to the County Board of Commissioners via the designated participation mechanisms. • To fully participate in the various forums, seminars, workshops and other meetings scheduled as part of the growth management process. • To accept, review and discuss, and respond to all reports, working papers, documents etc. produced as part of the growth management process. • Provide without cost (except for recovery of actual materials and copying costs) all data, reports and other information available to the (Name of Community) which may be relevant and useful in the process. COUNTY RESPONSIBILITIES The county will: • Coordinate and pay the costs of preparation of a County-wide Growth Management Plan. • Conduct basic planning research (data collection, etc) • Preparation of a computerized base map (tax parcel map) • Prepare analytical/decision maps • Demographic/economic studies • Public facility inventories • Natural resource/environmental inventories • Other planning analyses/reports as it deems to be needed • Undertake analysis of planning data and preparation of various planning reports as required • Make available, without cost (except for recovery of actual materials and copying costs), various maps, the inventories, planning reports and other documents produced. Appendix A Page A -2 The Leelanau General Plan �I GENERAL PROVISIONS The parties hereto mutually recognize that the participation in the growth management planning process conveys no authority to the county to supervise or otherwise direct or interfere in the (Name of Community) planning and implementation activities over and above the provisions of current state law. Similarly, the parties recognize that initiatives/resources referred to in this document are exclusively focused on the growth management planning project and that mutual participation in the process creates no new obligations with respect to mutual assistance in implementing the (Name of Community) current planning programs or land use regulations. Further, it conveys no authority for local jurisdictions to direct the work of county planning department personnel or to secure materials from the county planning department on other than a materials/copying cost reimbursement basis. It is further mutually recognized that the commitments made herein are primarily focused on intergovernmental cooperation during the preparation of a county-wide growth management plan and that the (Name of Community) expressly reserves its right to sever further participation in the county-wide growth management process at the completion of the county-wide Growth Management Plan. GENERAL UNDERSTANDINGS We hereby acknowledge the culmination of a significant endeavor to define the responsibilities and coordinate the efforts of the citizens of Leelanau County; along with all units of government; whether of township, village, city or county origin to create an economically, socially and environmentally sound future for Leelanau County. Our further intention is to nurture the working relationship among all groups so as to establish an equitable and successful ongoing method of managing county growth for the benefit of both current and future generations. We further acknowledge that in order for this to be successful, it is essential for all individuals and/or units of government to realize that the process is being structured by human beings and consequently will be neither perfect in form nor a panacea. Our single most important purpose is to continue to maintain our quality of life to insure that our communities and countryside are passed onto our children in as good or better a condition as we received it from those who came before us. We further acknowledge that a high level of open, honest and frequent communication between all involved parties is of paramount importance to the success of this endeavor. We also realize that this communication will not come to fruition unless we accept the premise that accurate information and ideas should change hands freely. We are fully committed to participation in the county-wide growth management planning process during preparation of the Growth Management Plan. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix A Page A-3 �The undersigned accept this Memorandum of Understanding and support its success for the betterment of our community. To signify their mutual acceptance of the statements of intent and understandings set out in this document and to demonstrate their support for a county-wide intergovernmental approach to management of growth and planning for the future, the undersigned agreed to this document from January through March, 1991: Village of Empire Village of Northport Village of Suttons Bay City of Traverse City Bingham Township Centerville Township Cleveland Township Appendix A Page A-4 Elmwood Township Empire Township Glen Arbor Township Kasson Township Leelanau Township Leland Township Solon Township Suttons Bay Township The leeiBnau Gener8! Plan �1 Appendix B HISTORY OF THE GENERAL PLAN PLANNING PROCESS INTRODUCTION In June, 1989 Leelanau County officially began a project ultimately designed to revise its outdated Comprehensive Development Plan. County officials agree the Plan currently in effect, adopted in 1975, does not provide adequate guidance for today's decisions. During the past several years development-related controversies have flared in virtually all areas of the County. County officials and an increasing number of permanent and seasonal residents believe those controversies are due, in part, to the lack of an overall "plan" or system for dealing with the management of the growth that is occurring. The county's popularity and desirable location are contributing to the problem. Increasing population and inadequately directed growth have great potential to exert significant pressure on the "quality of life" which has historically been Leelanau County's hallmark. OPPORTUNITY FOR CREATIVE PLANNING When considering this essential planning project, County leaders saw an opportunity to approach comprehensive planning in a unique way. The traditional approach to community planning assumes an internal effort by the responsible governing agency . Generally speaking, this approach often means less risk, less chance for criticism and opposition from administrators or elected officials. As stated in the text Taking Charge: How Communities are Planning their Futures, the newer, more open approaches (such as that being undertaken in Leelanau County) bring to the planning effort the combined resources of the community - both public and private. These strategies require new management approaches and techniques. Progress is made by consensus rather than by directive. Those involved in managing the project master new methods of leadership, taking risks by giving up some traditional control but increasing the likelihood of positive community support and benefit. Ideally, this technique would involve all of the local units of government in the county in a consistent, integrated approach to growth management. The best way to accomplish this goal is to involve as many county citizens as possible in the actual thinking process. Involving people in the planning process means acknowledging that everyone has something of value to contribute. This system seeks to avoid setting up citizens, developers, environmentalists, or local governments as "the enemy". Recognition of this fundamental can change the dynamics of growth management from "us against them" to "we're all in this together." Those involved in planning realize a successful community planning program does not simply "happen." Project supporters must develop an understanding of growth policies as they currently exist. They must also be willing to communicate their concerns and ideas, work with anyone else officially or unofficially associated with the plan , and be will ing to develop an understanding with fellow citizens regarding issues of conflict. CITIZEN ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND GENERAL PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE At the beginning of the Leelanau program an informal stakeholder analysis was performed to The Leelanau General Plan Appendix B Page B- 1 �determine who would be most affected by a new county plan. This analysis triggered an intense schedule of public participation events that have been characteristic of the project. Following several weeks of advertising, the county received more than 60 applications from citizens wishing to participate in the as yet unnamed planning process . i=rom this group of applications, 33 citizens representing each category identified in the stakeh ol der analysis were chosen by the Planning Commission and Board of Commissioners to serve on an advisory committee that became known as the Citizen Advisory Committee. The Citizen Advisory Committee was the focus of an intense nine (9) month exercise that took into account the basic principals discussed above. The Committee was introduced to a number of new growth management techniques, exposed to extensive data regarding the current state of planning in Leelanau County, and subjected to an immense body of public opinions regarding the future of Leelanau County. The analysis and recommendations that follow are the subject of Working Paper Number Four. The 70-member General Plan Steering Committee, the group charged with overseeing the development of the Leelanau General Plan, is composed of members representing every local unit of government in Leelanau County as well as citizens at large, regional government, state government, federal government, and counties bordering Leelanau. Many citizens at large have taken part in planrelated projects as well. This group was formed following the recommendation of the CAC to continue the process designed to create a "unified physical county plan." PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Participation in this process to date has been exceptional. Over 2,500 individuals have chosen to partake in this unique process with many individuals choosing to attend more than one event. The CAC and General Plan Steering Committee have spent many hours deliberating on the facts and opinions related to the critically important growth management issues facing Leelanau County communities. It has been estimated that these groups have directly spent more than 4000 person hours in a "think tank" mode during this planning project. This does not include the many hours invested in meeting with various community groups and in face-to-face discussions with concerned fellow citizens. Thus, their recommendations are the product of a great deal of reflection, analysis and dialogue. These recommendations are deserving of very careful review and consideration by all individuals concerned about the future of Leelanau County. THE GO/NO GO DECISION At the end of Phase I, the work program adopted by the Planning Commission and Board of Commissioners called for a "Go/No Go" decision. The "Go/No Go" decision was really a decision as to the feasibility of implementation of an overall intergovernmental approach to growth management as opposed to a more traditional, separate county government approach . At first, there were fears of a county "take-over" attempt where local land use controls were concerned. To calm those fears, county staff and CAC members attended regularly scheduled township board and village council meetings to present program concepts. In order to attain the optimum intergovernmental planning program, township and village commitment is essential. To that end, it was explained that no secret county "take-over" plan existed. Instead, the county and CAC were promoting a more efficient and economical planning venture founded on a sincere Appendix B Page B-2 The Leelanau General Plan �l interjurisdictional commitment. The City of Traverse City, having recently annexed some 235 acres in Leelanau County, was also asked to consider participating in the program. In March, 1 991 the county staff secured Memorandums of Understanding from all sixteen ( 1 6) Leelanau county municipalities. With this unprecedented vote of support, the county adopted a work program for the final phases of the project. The 70-member steering committee was established to help write the plan. The steering committee, like the CAC, is composed of a representative cross section of county citizens, government officials and interest groups. Through the Memorandum of Understanding, each municipality agreed to appoint three individuals to the steering committee including one elected official, one planning commission member, and one citizen at large. While public participation events continued throughout the county, data base and GIS work was conducted in order to establish the most accurate and reliable information system possible. This unprecedented data collection effort resulted in five (5) additional working papers documenting economic trends, transportation and infrastructure status, environmental conditions, land use trends, and demographics. The information collected is available in many forms to all interested public and private agencies as well as the public at large. Finally, the project has set forth a mechanism designed to develop an understanding and agreements regarding the roles and respective responsibilities of all local government units where land use decisions are concerned. In all likelihood, achievement of such goals will increase municipal efficiency in an economical manner while fostering a strong spirit of intergovernmental coordination. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix B Page B-3 �I Appendix C LEELANAU GENERAL PLAN WORKING PAPERS Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #1: Results of the Growth Management Forums This document is the first of a series of working papers prepared by Leelanau County staff members and project consultants as part of the process to create the Leelanau General Plan. Working Paper# 1 summarizes and provides an analysis of a series of ten ( 10) Growth Management Forums conducted throughout Leelanau County on December 1, 1989 and during the month of February, 1990. The guiding objective of Phase I of this planning process was the identification of what has been termed the "best choice growth management approach" for Leelanau County. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #2: A Survey of Residents Concerning Issues Relating to LongRange Planning in Leelanau County This survey of Leelanau County residents conducted by Anderson , Niebuhr and Associates, Inc. of St. Paul, Minnesota provides information regarding residents' opinions about important issues relating to the quality of life in Leelanau County. Specifically, information was obtained concerning preferences for types of development in the county, residents' satisfaction with county services, opinions about the impact of future development, and preferences for development controls. In addition to providing information about county residents as a whole, the survey results provided information about various subgroups of residents. The survey of Leelanau County residents was conducted using Anderson-Niebuhr's established mail survey methods from March through April, 1990. Using this method, an overall response rate of 92 percent was achieved. Because such a high response rate to this scientific survey was achieved, county representatives are assured that non-response bias is not a factor and that the data accurately represents the opinions of Leelanau County citizens as a whole. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #3: A Survey of Local Officials Concerning Issues Relating to Long-Range Planning in Leelanau County In conjunction with the survey of residents conducted by the county, a survey of local officials was also conducted using the same questionnaire. Of the 174 local elected officials and planning commission members in Leelanau County, about 68 percent responded to this survey. Presented in this report are summaries of the descriptive results for the local officia l survey and results of statistically significant analyses comparing responses of local officials with responses of county residents . Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #4: Final Recommendations of the Citizen Advisory Committee This document is the fourth of a series of working papers prepared for Leelanau County as part of this planning process. Working Paper #4 summarizes and provides an analysis of a series of ten ( 10) recommendations of the Leelanau General Plan Citizen Advisory Committee. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix C Page C- 1 �F I This working paper is intended to provide a partial basis for discussion by the Leelanau County Planning Commission and the Leelanau County Board of Commissioners as they investigate, discuss and deliberate upon growth management issues in Leelanau County. The recommendations of the Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC) can best be understood when placed in the perspective of the planning project. In Phase I the county aspired to develop the "best choice growth management process". The methodology which was used to achieve definition of the "best choice process" consisted of three (3) major efforts. These efforts included citizen participation, identification of state-of-the-art planning/growth management technologies, and review of statutory/constitutional framework for growth management in the State of Michigan. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #5: Leelanau Peninsula Current Trend Future: "Implications of Business as Usual" Current trends facing the county are documented in this working paper in eight (8) categories: population, economy, land, public finance, transportation, community services, infrastructure and environment. In each case there is an effort to identify the current or emerging pattern or trend and then to describe the future if that trend continues. If no citizen, local government, group of citizens or governmental organizations were to make an effort to change anything (i.e. no new plans, regulations, taxes, subsidies, incentives, etc. were initiated), and current trends were to continue, what would the future be like? This report attempts to project the implications of the future if it is "business as usual". Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #6: Leelanau Peninsula Goals and Objectives for Managing Growth on the The goals and objectives in this working paper will ultimately serve as the basic policy foundation for the Leelanau General Plan. Goals are broad-based statements of intent and establish the focus of the plan. Objectives are stated means by which the goals can be achieved. The goals and objectives presented in this working paper were prepared through an extensive process of leadership and public opinion surveys, meetings with local officials and citizens, and town meetings. Working Paper #6 is intended to serve as a discussion document until any or all of its elements are adopted in whole or in part. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #7: Economic Development The eight chapters of this working paper address the economy of Leelanau County through population and income, labor force and unemployment, employment by sector, tourism, agriculture, real estate , and economic base and employment projections. Various data trends are introduced to facilitate an understanding of the county economy. The last chapter reviews issues and recommendations made in one recent economic development report and one older report. These are supplemented with additional recommendations based on newer information presented in this report. Appendix C Page C-2 The Leelanau General Plan �I Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #8: Transportation, Public Facilities, and Physical Services Working Paper #8 is composed of seven chapters reporting on the state of facilities and services provided by local municipalities, those provided by the county, the transportation network, schools, non-municipal public services, solid waste management facilities, and state and federal lands. This document is virtually a Leelanau-specific encyclopedia of data in these subject areas. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #9: Natural Resources and the Environment In its five chapters, Working Paper #9 addresses Leelanau County's environment and natural resources. Climate, geology, topography, and drainage are discussed in the first chapter while discussion of natural resources, environmentally sensitive areas, and air and water quality are covered in following chapters . The summary chapter reviews the issues raised in the preceding chapters and identifies problems and opportunities for Leelanau County. The summary also relates the significance of the information presented in the working paper to future development activity in the county. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #10: Land Use The six chapters of Working Paper #10 address land use activities and issues on the Leelanau Peninsula. Community character and open space, land use, land division and construction activity, land valuation, and growth projections are discussed. The final chapters offers comparison and analysis of local land use policies and regulations and discussed their cumulative impact on the peninsula. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #11: Demographics Working Paper #11 details demographic characteristics of the peninsula's population. Based primarily on the 1990 census, population, age, households, housing, education and income, and occupations and industry are all addressed. A summary chapter reiterates the key population attributes. A series of tables follows in an appendix offering detailed information on the population characteristics of each local municipality in the county. Leelanau General Plan Working Paper #12: Development Alternative As the final Working Paper of the series, this document summarizes alternative land use patterns, alternative futures, and alternative institutional arrangements for guiding growth on the Leelanau Peninsula. The chapters contained in this working paper specifically discuss the process used in developing the alternative futures, the nine alternative land use patterns developed for analysis, a description of the "preferred future," the process used to develop the policies and action statements of the Leelanau General Plan, a description of problems associated with current institutional arrangements, and finally the institutional alternatives for Plan implementation. The leelBnBu GenerBI PIBn Appendix C PBge C-3 �l Appendix D DEFINITION OF TERMS AND PHRASES The following terms and phrases are used throughout the Leelanau General Plan and its associated working papers. These definitions should be referenced to promote consistent interpretation of the Plan and supporting data. Source materials referenced to define these terms and phrases included the following: Emmet County/City of Petoskey Comprehensive Plan (draft, 1 994) Encyclopedia of Community Planning and Environmental Management (1984) Existing Growth Management Techniques and Proposed Legislation for Michigan ( 1990) MSPO Community Planning Handbook (1992) Protecting Inland Lakes: A Watershed Management Guidebook (1990) Abutting property: A parcel of land that is contiguous to another parcel of land along a common boundary line. Access control regulations: A standard designed to manage the means of entering and exiting property by way of a public road. Access road: The functional classification identifying road segments that serve to provide passage to and from any land use setting. Accessory apartment: An independent dwelling unit developed in connection with an existing singlefamily home. Accessory use: A land use whose purpose is related and incidental to the permitted principal use. Accident rate: The calculation of the number of vehicular accidents that occur at particular locations. Acid rain: Precipitation that is made much more acidic than usual when water vapor in the atmosphere combines with sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to form sulfuric and nitric acids, which are carried to the earth's surface. Acre: A plainer unit of measure equal to 43,560 square feet. Act 307: The Michigan Environmental Response Act (Act 307 of the Public Acts of 1982, as amended) Act 307 site: A single location within a list of surface and groundwater contamination sites in Michigan, as annually published by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Adjudication: To arbitrate or referee. Administrative center: A location at which activities and official functions are conducted, such as a township hall, village hall, government center, etc. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D- 1 �Agricultural land use: The use of land primarily for farming, ranching, horse breeding, dairy farming, and other forms of food and crop production. All-weather road: A transportation route built to accommodate all types of traffic, including heavy trucks and other machinery, on a year-round basis. (see Class A Road) Alley: A narrow vehicular or pedestrian right-of-way that permits access to a rear yard, parking lot, or other area behind a row of buildings. American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP): An institute of the American Planning Association (APA) for members able to demonstrate a specified level of achievement and competence in professional planning. American Planning Association (APA): A national organization of professional planners from all branches of planning, citizen members of planning commissions, elected officials, students, educators, and any other individuals interested in public planning. Annual report: A document prepared for the county board of commissioners which summarizes the actions taken to implement this General Plan on a yearly basis. Aquifer: Subsurface rock or other materials capable of holding a significant amount of water in their interstices. (see groundwater) Average daily traffic volume: An expression of traffic volume meaning the average number of cars per day that pass over a given point in a given year. Average density: The density which results be dividing a total number of future structures by the total acreage of a large land area. Bay Area Transportation Authority (BATA): A regional public transportation authority offering bus service to Leelanau and Grand Traverse Counties. Bedroom community: A predominantly residential area from which many residents commute daily to employment in commercial areas, frequently the region's urban center. Bench mark: A permanent marker that serves as a reference point for an elevation, usually elevation above sea level. Benchmark standard: A reference against which future date is evaluated. Best Management Practices (BMP): These are structural, vegetative or managerial practices used to protect and improve our surface water and groundwater, and to implement a project that otherwise may threaten or have serious negative impacts on the community/and or the environment. Block grant: A grant distributed by the federal government according to a formula. Subject to general legislative and administrative guidelines, it may be used for a fairly wide range of purposes. Boat launch ramp: A ramp that extends from a shoreline into a body of water to permit the launching of a boat transported by a trailer. Appendix D Page D-2 The Leelanau General Plan l I 'I I I �I , , Budget: A financial plan that correlates anticipated revenues and expenditures and serves as a basis for decisions on future expenditures. Buffer area: A strip of land, usually a landscaped open area, designed to separate incompatible land uses. Buildable area: The land area of a given lot that is potentially available for construction after all zoning and other municipal requirements have been fulfilled. Building: A structure that is permanently affixed to the ground, has a roof and is used for the shelter of humans, animals, property or goods. Buildout population: The potential population of a community based on current planning and zoning practices. Built environment: All elements of the man-made environment (including buildings and streets) that involve some application of human effort and technology toward their design, construction, or manufacture. Bylaws: A set of rules that provide for the organization and ongoing operations of a legal body or entity. (see rules of procedure) Campground: A public or private open area divided into campsites that, at a minimum, provides a potable water supply and some form of toilet facilities. Capacity: The maximum number of people or things that can comfortable or safely use any facility. Capital Improvement Program (CIP): A multi-year program of proposed capital expenditures used as a programming guide for public improvements of which the first year of the program is the capital portion of the annual budget. Capital improvements: Physical facilities or other fixed assets with relatively long-term usefulness, such as buildings, land, parks or roads. Carrying capacity: The capability of a system to absorb any, or increased, population and development within the parameters of an acceptable environment. Census: The periodic enumeration of the entire population, selected sub-populations or other specialized items, to produce a data base. Census tract: An area used for census data presentation that contains an average of 4,000 people. Central business district (CBD): The traditional business core of a community , characterized by a high concentration of activity within a relatively small area . Chamber of commerce: A voluntary association of businesspersons whose objective is to promote the interests of the commercial and industrial sectors of a community. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D-3 �.., Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC): . A special advisory committee to the County Planning Commission and County Board of Commissioners comprised of 33 citizens broadly representative of the geographic and functional interest of Leelanau County. (see General Plan Steering Committee) Citizen participation: The involvement of citizens and community groups in the development and evaluation of the Leelanau General Plan. City: A municipal corporation usually containing a larger population than other incorporated areas within the state . Class A road: A transportation route built to accommodate all types of traffic, including heavy trucks and other machinery, on a year-round basis. (see all-weather road) Clean Air Act: Federal legislation primarily concerned with controlling pollutants released into the atmosphere. Clean Water Act: Federal legislation primarily concerned with controlling pollutants released into waterways. Cluster Development: A development pattern characterized by buildings or lots which are sited close together in small groups with the objective of preserving more open space and encouraging efficient use of land. Rural clusters permit the same development density or greater with larger concentrations of undeveloped land to remain after new development occurs. It allows the preservation of agricultural and fragile environmental areas such as wetlands, sand dunes and hillsides, as well as renewable resource lands like farm and forest land. Coastal zone: An area that includes the coastal waters and those land areas near the coastal waters that influence and affect each other. Coastal Zone Management Act: Legislation that established federal policy on coastal zone management and authorized a program designed to encourage states to plan and undertake land and water resource management programs for coastal areas. Commercial area: Any area of a municipality that is developed with or zoned for businesses. Common areas: Land, facilities and other improvements that are used jointly by groups of property owners or renters. Community: A group of individuals who interact socially and have common ties and who are located in a defined geographic area. Community character: The image or tone of a community as reflected in its size, the type and density of its development, and the general pattern of land use. Community Development Block Grant (CDBG): A flexible federal aid program for neighborhood revitalization and community improvement, established by Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. Appendix D Page D-4 The lee!BnBu GenerBI PIBn �Compact Development: This pattern consists of highly organized, concentrated development where property utilization is maximized within a defined setting. The concept assumes a relatively selfcontained development with its own set of services and potentially its own community service center. Edges are well defined and surrounded by open space land. This pattern is generally found where a center (town, village, city) already exists and services are extended beyond existing boundaries as appropriate to accommodate new growth and development. Compact development tends to be the most efficient, least expensive to service, and the least disruptive pattern of development impacting use of adjoining lands. Composting: A means of converting organic materials, such as solid waste, leaves and yard clippings, into an odor-free and sanitary soil conditioner. Comprehensive Plan: A plan for the future physical development of a community which seeks to consider all the relevant factors that currently, or in the future, may influence or change quality of life in the community. (see functional plan, growth managment plan, land use plan, master plan, policy plan, strategic plan and subarea plan) Concurrency of services and facilities: A requirement that services and facilities necessary to serve new development are available concurrent with the onset of the demand for such services and facilities by the new development. Condominium: A form of housing ownership by which a person may purchase and own one dwelling unit in a multi-unit building or development. Confiscatory regulation: Restrictions or limitations placed upon the use of property that prevent a landowner from making any economically reasonable use or deriving any economically reasonable return from his/her property and that amount, in effect, to a taking of the property. Conflict resolution: The satisfactory settling of disputes that can occur among groups in order to attain a particular end result. Conservation easement: An easement, granted by the owner of property, that is designed to limit or preclude future development of the property. Consultant: An individual or business contracted to provide special skills not available among staff members or to undertake a specific project for which the agency has insufficient staff. Contaminant: A substance that causes pollution or diminished quality when brought into contact with air, water, soil or other aspects of the environment. Contour line: Lines that appear on a topographic map and link points that are of an equal elevation above or below sea level. Contour interval: The distance between contour lines. Contract zoning: A situation where conditions are imposed that are not usually applied to land in a particular zoning district or in which a contract is made between the municipality and the landowner. Corridor: A defined strip of land often associated with a transportation route. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D-5 �Cost-benefit analysis: The examination of a variety of potential program goals. ar alternatives to achieving a single goal, to determine which are preferred or optimum on the basis of their financial value. Cost-effectiveness analysis: A comparison of the costs of different alternatives for achieving a stated goal. Council of Governments: A voluntary association of municipal governments or regional agencies formed to study and discuss area-wide problems and to recommend remedial actions to the member governments. County: The principal subdivision of the state whose functions include budget development and tax levy, maintenance of the courts and public records, provision of welfare programs, law enforcement, electoral functions, and provision of a variety of other facilities and services. County Board of Commissioners: The principal elected governing authority of the County, having both policy-making and administrative functions. County data center: A functional component of the county planning department designed to meet the information needs of county agencies as well as local governments, civic, and citizen organizations. County Planning Act: A legislative act (Act 282, P.A. 1945, as amended) providing for county planning and the creation and organization of county planning commissions. County Rural Zoning Enabling Act: A legislative act (Act 183, P.A. 1943, as amended) providing for the establishment in portions of counties lying outside the limits of incorporated cities and villages of zoning districts within which the proper use of land and natural resources may be encouraged or regulated by ordinance. County seat: The municipality serving as the county administrative headquarters. Critical area: Environmentally sensitive areas upon which development should be prevented or strictly controlled. Critical Dune Area: An area of highly unique and therefore vulnerable sand dunes designated by the State of Michigan as subject to special regulations. Cul-de-sac: A local street with an outlet only at one end and a turnaround area at the other end. Culvert: A structure designed to carry drainage water or small streams below barriers such as railway embankments, roads or driveways. Curb cut: A means of entering and exiting property by way of a public road. Data: Known or collected facts that can be analyzed and interpreted so that conclusions may be drawn. Day care center: A facility designated for the care of preschool children. Appendix D Page D-6 The Leelanau General Plan �7 ' ' ''', ' ~ Dead-end street: A public way that has only one outlet. Debt service: Periodic payments, consisting of interest plus a portion of the principal that is owed, necessary to amortize the debt. Decibel: A unit of measurement for sound pressure or the relative loudness of sound. Dedication: The transfer of land or an interest in land by its owner to public ownership, to be used for public purposes. Deed: A written instrument by which the owner of real estate conveys his/her land, or an interest in the land, to another. Demography: The study of population and its characteristics. Density: A ration of population, residential units or floor area of development as to a unit of land area. Density transfer: The transfer of unused development potential, either internally within a development or externally from one site to another. Department of Commerce: State and/or federal level agencies with responsibilities related to domestic and international commerce, economic growth, technological development and tourism. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): The cabinet-level department that is responsible for the majority of United States housing and community development programs. Department of Natural Resources (DNR): A state agency empowered with administrative and enforcement authorities and responsibilities, primarily concerned with the natural environment. Department of the Interior: The cabinet-level department that is responsible for diverse programs, largely related to the protection and management of natural resources and public land. Department of Transportation (DOT): State and/or federal level agencies that establish transportation policy for all modes of transportation and conducts research and grant programs. Design standard: A set of guidelines defining parameters to be followed in the design of a building or development. Development: 1. A planning or construction project involving property improvement and, usually, a change in land use character within the site. 2 . The act of using land for building or extractive purposes. Development agreement: An arrangement which is voluntarily negotiated and entered into between a municipality and a developer, providing certain commitments by the municipality in exchange for commitments by the developer. Development right: A separable property right like an easement or mineral right. Driveway: A private road that gives access to property abutting a thoroughfare . The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D- 7 �Dystrophic lake: A lake that stands midway in the biological aging process between a eutrophic lake and a swamp. Easement: An interest in or right over the land of another. Economic development: The process of intervening in the normal economic cycle in order to achieve a specific goal. Economic development strategy: A plan of action which identifies the means of creating new and/or better jobs for residents, increases municipal tax base and diversifies and strengthens the local economy. Ecosystem: A term that describes the system comprised of all living organisms in a given geographic area, and the physical environment with which and in which they interact. Elevation: The altitude above sea level. Emergency services: Fire, ambulance, law enforcement or other agency that responds to assist the populace, often in a crisis situation, in matters of health, safety and general welfare. Eminent domain: The power inherent in a sovereign body to acquire property in private ownership. Enabling act: Legislation authorizing activity or conduct that is otherwise not permitted. Endangered species: Those species of fish, wildlife, insects and plants in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a specific part of their natural range. Enumeration district: An area used for census data collection and statistical tabulation that generally contains a maximum of 1,600 people where the census is taken by mail and 1,000 where there is conventional canvassing. Environmental analysis: The process of conducting an extensive study and review of a broad range of environmental features. Environmental Assessment: A review process required for proposed federal, federally funded, or federally licensed or sponsored projects or actions. Environmental Impact Statement {EIS): A detailed written document that provides an analysis of the possible impacts that a proposed project or action might have on the environment. Environmental management: The use and protection of natural resources through the application of environmentally sound practices. Environmental Protection Agency {EPA): An independent agency within the executive branch of the United States government, created in 1970 to control and abate environmental pollution. Environmentally Sensitive Lands: Lands which are a unique, irreplaceable, and fragile resource that provides significant recreational, economic, scientific, geological, educational, agricultural and/or ecological benefits to society. Appendix D Page D-8 The Leelanau General Plan I I I �Equalization rate: The average percentage of the full value at which the local assessor is assessing all taxable properties in a municipality. Eutrophication: The process by which nutrients stimulate aquatic plant growth and lead to the aging of a lake. Ex-officio: The membership of a person on a board or commIssIon by virtue of holding another position that is related to the work of that board or commission. In many cases, ex-officio members are not given a vote on the board or commission. Exclusionary zoning: Zoning regulations that have the effect of precluding certain population segments from residential opportunities enjoyed by others. Exclusive-use zoning: The practice of creating zoning districts in which only one type of use or a narrow range of uses is permitted. Facade: A building's front or any of its exterior walls. Farmland protection: urbanization. Measures taken by government to protect prime agricultural land from Feasibility study: A study of the possibility of implementing a particular project. Federal Aviation administration (FAA): A division of the Department of Transportation with the responsibility of fostering aviation safety, advancing civil aviation and a national system of airports, and achieving efficient use of navigable airspace. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): A United States agency responsible for federal programs related to emergency and disaster mitigation and response. Fee simple: The term referring to the broadest, most extensive and unconditional estate in land that can be enjoyed. Fill: Material that has accumulated or is disposed of at a site and has the effect of raising the ground elevation, or that is deliberately added to a site to improve its suitability for construction . Fire Department: A municipal agency responsible for fire fighting, maintenance of fire fighting equipment and fire prevention programs. Fiscal impact analysis: An analysis of the impact on a municipal budget of the cost of expanding municipal services to meet the needs of a proposed development. Fiscal year: A 12-month accounting period which may or may not match the calendar year. Flood Hazard Boundary Map: A map that outlines the approximate areas of a community considered to be flood-prone. Flood Insurance Rate Map: A map that depicts in detail the boundaries and elevations of the 100year and 500-year floodplains for a particular community as part of the National Flood Insurance Program. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D-9 �Floodplain: The low and generally flat land areas adjoining a body of water that often flood or has the potential for flooding. Fringe area: The area of transition between two different, dominant land patterns. Front foot: A measurement of the extent to which real property abuts another feature such as a public street or water body. Functional plan: A detailed plan designed to address more completely a particular issue of importance to a community. These issues are usually identified in the process of preparing a comprehensive plan or a policy plan. Typical functional plans address housing, economic development, parks and recreation, historic preservation and transportation. (see comprehensive plan, growth managment plan, land use plan, master plan, policy plan, strategic plan and subarea plan) Functional road classification: A hierarch of road classes that divides roads by purpose and design. Funnel development: A development located away from a lake, but having access to the water through one lakefront lot where a beach, club house, and docks are often built. (see keyhole development) General Plan Steering Committee (GPSC): A special advisory committee to the County Planning Commission and County Board of Commissioners comprised of citizens representing all Leelanau County municipalities, state and federal government whose function was to oversee development of and comment on the Leelanau General Plan. This committee included members of the CAC and functioned during the second phase of the General Plan project. (see Citizen Advisory Committee) Gentrification: A process of social and economic change within an area of a community wherein generally young individuals who may be more affluent or have young families move into older housing or industrial space in a neighborhood and invest rehabilitation of their structures. Geological Survey (USGS): A bureau of the Department of the Interior that performs a variety of functions related to the survey and investigation of the nation's lands and resources. Geologic map: A map showing the distribution and type of rock units such as formations, their relationship to each other, and other physical features. Geographic information system (GIS): A set of processes for the input, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spacial data. (see land information system (LIS)) Goal: The long-term ideal or end product that is desired. Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook: A document prepared in 1992 for the purpose of identifying a range of guidelines and associated regulations that could be promoted for use by townships, cities and villages as a way to better manage growth. Grand Traverse Band: The Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. Greenbelt: A band of open space protected from intense development. Groundwater: Water that occupies the spaces in underground geological structures. (see aquifer) Appendix D Page D- 10 The Leelanau General Plan I I I I I I } �I -, , ,, , r Groundwater pollution: Destruction of subsurface water supplies by contamination. Growth Management: A strategic process for managing the rate, location, amount and timing of growth in accordance with a Comprehensive Plan. Growth Management Plan: A plan, usually prepared as a supplement to or a part of a comprehensive plan, that includes timing and phasing elements for new public facilities and services. (see comprehensive plan, functional plan, land use plan, master plan, policy plan, strategic plan and subarea plan) Guidelines: General indications of the policies that a government agency endorses, as opposed to specific quantitative standards or regulations. Hazardous waste: Those wastes that can cause or help to cause illness or death, or that, in the absence of proper management, represent a significant threat to either human health or the environment. High Risk Erosion Areas: Those shoreland areas with the most acute tendency to erode, generally defined at a rate of one foot of erosion or more per year. Highway capacity: The amount of traffic that a road, or section of road, is capable of carrying in an hour. Historic district: An area that is related by historical events or themes, by visual continuity or character, or by some other special feature that helps give it a unique historic identity. Home occupation: dwelling . A type of limited commercial activity that is carried on within an individual's Home rule: The concept of local government's exercising certain powers conferred by the state. Housing authority: An official body, created under state law, that is eligible for federal support to provide decent, sanitary housing for low-income persons. Housing stock: The total supply of dwelling units within a given locality. Impact assessment: An evaluation of the future consequences of a proposed land development. Impervious surface: Surfaces such as concrete or asphalt-paved streets or parking lots that prevent rainfall from infiltrating the soil and can increase the amount of runoff dramatically. Incentive program: A program in which a developer receives bonuses, typically permission to build at a higher density or higher floor area ratio, in exchange for offering certain types of amenities that the community considers important. Incubator building: A building that offers space at low rentals and is consequently attractive to small, newly formed businesses. Industrial area: That part of a municipality that is zoned to permit certain types of industries, often specified as light industry, heavy industry, or industrial park use. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D-11 �Industrial park: A planned industrial development on a tract of land containing an internal road network suitable for trucks and employee traffic and adequate utilities, including a sufficient water supply, sanitary and storm sewers, and electric and gas lines. Information system: A centralized and computerized system of collecting, storing and disseminating data that may be easily retrieved and organized for analysis. In-migration: The process of moving to a residence in a particular defined geographic area, such as a village, township or county, from an address outside that geographic area. Institutional structure: The manner in which a public entity conducts its business. Intergovernmental agreement: A formal contract or informal understanding between two or more units of government concerning a policy matter or the way in which a function or service will be performed for their mutual benefit. Intergovernmental Growth Management Consortium: A group of communities joined together in an effort to identify ways in which to better manage growth. These communities include Independence Township, Leelanau County, Meridian Township, Oakland Township, Rochester Hills, Waterford Township, and West Bloomfield Township. Issue of greater than local concern: A matter of broad public interest revolving around common environmental features (which do not respect municipal boundaries), infrastructure, and the needs of special populations. Keyhole development: A development located away from a lake, but having access to the water through one lakefront lot where a beach, club house, and docks are often built. (see funnel development) Labor force: All persons 16 years of age or older who are either employed, looking for a job or are in the armed forces. Land information system (LIS): Usually parcel-based , LIS refers to a set of processes for the input, storage , retrieval, analysis and display of spacial data. (see geographic information system (GIS)) Land conservancy: An organization whose principal purpose is to protect certain lands from inappropriate development through conservation easements, the purchase of development rights, or similar preservation techniques. Land fragmentation: The process of subdividing a large parcel into several smaller parcels. Land use: The various ways in which land may be utilized or occupied. Land use controls: Those devices by which government may exercise its police power authority to regulate the use of land. Land use map: A map that depicts selected categories of land use in a geographic area as well as other major features, such as political boundaries, transportation arteries and water bodies. Land use pattern: The generalized spacial distribution of development. Appendix D Page D- 12 The Leelanau General Plan I I I I �I , , , r f Land use plan: A map and accompanying text depicting the "preferred future" of a community. It describes how the community would like to grow or change. (see comprehensive plan, functional plan, growth managment plan, master plan, policy plan, strategic plan and subarea plan) Level of service {LOS): The degree to which a public service is operating, or the "adequacy" of the service. Limited Service District: A defined area where limited public services are provided to solve a specific problem or meet a special need. These areas often have the same intensity of land use activity after the public service has been instituted (e.g., providing sanitary sewer to properties around an inland lake). (see partial service district) Local governments: Levels of government below the state level that derive their powers from the state charter or state law. (see county, township, city and village} Major arterial: The functional classification identifying road segments that convey traffic between municipal boundaries and activity centers, and provide connections with intrastate and interstate roadways. Major collector: The functional classification identifying road segments that carry and distribute traffic between access roads, minor collectors, and minor arterials. Marsh: Wetlands that have grass-like plants such as cattails, rushes and reeds and are sometimes covered by water. Master plan: A comprehensive, long range plan intended to guide change in a city, village, township, county or region. (see comprehensive plan, functional plan, growth managment plan, land use plan, policy plan, strategic plan and subarea plan} Mesotrophic lake: A lake that is changing from the oligotrophic stage, characterized by clear waters and low levels of nutrients to the eutrophic stage, which has higher levels of nutrients, extensive plan growth, and murky waters. Michigan Resource Inventory System {MIRIS): An automated land use and land cover mapping system for use by agencies, individuals, and local units of government involved in resource and land management. Michigan Society of Planning Officials (MSPO): An organization of 4 ,000 members dedicated to promoting sound community planning that benefits the residents of the state . Minor arterial: The functional classification identifying major "feeder" streets. Minor collector: The functional classification identifying road segments that provide access to individual parcels and carry traffic to and from access roads. MSU Extension Service: A county-level office affiliated with Michigan State University that is responsible for the dissemination of information on current agricultural and conservation technology. Municipality: Any local government. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D- 13 �l National Park Service: An agency within the Department of the Interior that is responsible for the national park system. Node: A hub or center of activity where two or more systems intersect. Non-municipal public services: Services which for each particular community are provided to the public by a private company and not provided by a governmental unit such as: cable T.V., electric, gas and telephone. Nonpoint source: One or more of the various diffuse discharges, such as runoff, that contribute to water pollution. Nutrient: A chemical element that stimulates growth. Objective: A specific target that must be met as an intermediate step in achieving a long-term goal. Official map: A document that indicates the location of future streets, highways or public facilities such as parks and drainage systems - along with existing streets and facilities. Oligitrophic lake: A lake characterized by a low level of nutrients and large amounts of dissolve oxygen in its deeper waters. Open space: Land that is undeveloped or is relatively free of buildings and other structures. Ordinance: A law, rule or regulation issued by the governing body of a local municipality under legal authority granted by the state. Overall Economic Development Program (OEDP): An assessments of a community's economic needs and the actions necessary to stimulate economic development. Overlay zoning district: An additional level of zoning requirements that is superimposed upon existing zoning in specified areas shown on the zoning map. Ozone: A gas formed when certain vehicular and industrial pollutants react in the presence of heat and sunlight. Partial service district: A defined area where limited public services are provided to solve a specific problem or meet a special need. These areas often have the same intensity of land use activity after the public service has been instituted (e.g., providing sanitary sewer to properties around an inland lake). (see limited service district) Peak-demand period: The time when the greatest demand for service is placed upon a utility or other system serving a community. Peak-hour traffic volume: The largest amount of traffic that is generated during hourly periods of the day or year. Per capita: The average amount of expenditure, income, or specified commodity or activity for each individual within a given population. Appendix D Page D- 14 The Leelanau General Plan i J �I ,' , , Percolation: Downward movement of water through rock or soil interstices. Plan implementation: The process of translating a plan into action which, ideally, begins at the start of plan development. Planned Unit Development (PUD): A type of development characterized by comprehensive planning for the project as a whole, clustering of structures to preserve usable open space and other natural or cultural features. There is also often a mixture of housing types and sometimes a variety of nonresidential development on the same property. Planning area: The specific geographic area selected as being pertinent to the study of a particular problem. Planning commission: An appointed board of citizens that, depending upon government organization, either has direct control over certain planning functions or has and advisory or policy-making role. Planning department: A government agency responsible for long-range and short-range land use planning, land use development management, coordination of various projects, and coordination of various and different units of government . Plat: A map or series of maps showing the layout of a proposed or approved subdivision. Point source: An individual and distinct conduit - such as a pipe, culvert or ditch - through which water pollution can reach a waterway. Police power: The inherent authority reserved to the states in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to adopt laws for the purpose of promoting the protection of the public health, safety, morals and welfare. Policy plan: A document based on explicit statements of local goals, objectives and policies. They may be part of a comprehensive plan or a freestanding document. (see comprehensive plan, functional plan, growth managment plan, land use plan, master plan, strategic plan and subarea plan) Potable water: Water fit for human consumption. Poverty level: A term used to designate an income level necessary to support a minimum acceptable standard of living in a particular area or country . Public Act 116 (PA 116): The Farmland and Open Space Protection Act (Act 11 6 of the Public Acts of 1974, as amended). PA 116 provides farmers the opportunity to enroll land in the program for periods from ten ( 10) to ninety nine (99) years in return for a tax credit . Public hearing: A formal meeting of a legislative or administrative body as part of the process by which legislation or regulations are adopted or other decisions are made . Public infrastructure: The services and facilities provided by a level of government. Public service district: A defined area where prescribed public services are or will be provided to encourage compact development, meet the needs of users, and limit costs to the tax payers. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D-15 �-, Public access site: A public water access point. Purchase of Development Rights: The rights to develop property purchased so as to prevent or limit future development. The owner retains all other fee interests in the property. Random sample: A type of sampling technique used in conducting research, in which each member of the population under consideration has an equal chance of being selected. Recycling: The process by which materials in the waste stream are reused to create useful products. Renewable resource lands: Lands which possess the ability to grow food and fiber (farms, forests) on a sustaining yield basis, and whose loss could endanger future water, food and/or fiber production, such as croplands, managed forest, orchards, etc. Resort center: A seasonally active area of mostly housing facilities with limited public services that is geared to the needs of a transient population. Rezoning: A modification of, or amendment to, the zoning ordinance. Right-of way: The strip of land reserved for a linear transit element or a utility element. Riparian: The land or title-holder of such land along the shore of a lake or bank of a stream. Rules of procedure: A set of rules that provide for the organization and ongoing operations of a legal body or entity. (see bylaws) Runoff: That portion of precipitation which rejoins surface water bodies either directly or indirectly. Rural service district: The bounds within which no substantial introduction or expansion of public services will occur and within which the continuation of the existing rural character is planned. Rural center: A local activity hub consisting of residential neighborhoods, a surrounding rural area, and a core of small businesses. Modest in size, it may or may not be an incorporated municipality. Sand Dune Protection and Management Act: An law (Act 146 and Act 14 7, P.A. 1989) designed to protect dunes from insensitive development. Sanitary landfill: A method of solid waste disposal in which waste is spread in layers, compacted to reduce its volume and then covered each day with earth or another inert material. Scattered Development: This pattern is characterized by relatively low density (usually residential) development spread across the landscape in what appears to be a miscellaneous fashion. The open space characteristics of the pattern are tied to individual properties in a widely dispersed pattern, leap frogging incremental extensions of existing development. It often results in a measles-like suburban spread in all directions. This pattern of development maximizes choice among property owners, but usually results in a reduced ability to preserve natural features and the special character of a rural environment. It is also an extremely expensive land use pattern for the provision of public services. Sedimentation: 1. The practice in wastewater treatment of using gravity to settle out the solid particles in wastewater. 2. The process by which particles are separated from their parent material, Appendix D Page D-16 The Leelanau General Plan 7 �I '-, , , , , f r r settle out of suspensions and are transported, through the forces of erosion. Septic tank: An underground, on-site sewage treatment facility designed to anaerobically treat raw sewage generated by a single residence or other small development and store the sludge that is produced. Settlement: A small, relatively isolated community which may not have an associated commercial center, typified by clusters of residential parcels of ½ to 5 acres in size. Shoulder: An area at the side of a road designed to accommodate a standing vehicle. Site plan: An accurately scaled development plan that illustrates the details of a proposed or existing development. Site plan review: The procedure in which proposed site plans are reviewed for compliance with all requirements of the zoning ordinance and other appropriate municipal ordinances. Slope: The inclination of the ground from the horizontal. Soil association: A group of soils that have been defined and that occur together in a characteristic pattern in particular geographic areas. Soil classification: A method of grouping and categorizing different soil types . Soil Conservation District : The local organization, typically managed by a board or committee, through which both federal and state agencies provide assistance to municipalities and landowners. Soil Conservation Service: An agency within the Department of Agriculture that makes recommendations on land conservation and pollution abatement practices. Soil erosion: The process by which soil particles are weathered and broken down, then transported by wind or water . Soil survey: A detailed and systematic inspection of soils, both in the field and in the laboratory, in order to analyze and describe their characteristics, classify them, map their boundaries and interpret their ability to various types of agricultural and urban uses. Solid Waste: Garbage, rubbish, ashes, incinerator ash, incinerator residue, street cleanings, municipal and industrial sludges, solid commercial and industrial waste, and animal waste. Solid waste management: The systematic procedures by which solid waste is collected, processed, and disposed of. Solid Waste Management Act: A law designed to protect the public health and environment, to provide for the regulation and management of solid wastes , to prescribe the powers and duties of certain state and local agencies and officials and to prescribe penalties for violation of the Act (Act 641, P.A. 1978, as amended). Spot zoning: The assignment of a zoning classification different from the surrounding zoning classifications to a relatively small land parcel. The Leelanau Genernl PIBn Appendix D Page D- 17 �Sprawl: _ T he '.p ncontrolled growth of urban development into previously rural areas. State Heritage Route: A State highway which has scenic, recreational, historic or other similar significance and is designated under state law a heritage road. Stormwater management: Management techniques to control the amount, quality and timing of storm/snowmelt water runoff in a watershed or on a single property. Storm sewer: A sewerage system designed to collect stormwater runoff from streets and roofs. Strategic plan: A series of detailed actions and programs to address immediate community problems and/or opportunities. The strategic plan does not attempt to deal with all interrelated aspect of a community nor all of a community's problems and opportunities at once. (see comprehensive plan, functional plan, growth managment plan, land use plan, master plan, policy plan, and subarea plan) Strip commercial: An area of commercial development not associated with any other development. Strip development: A land use pattern characterized by linear development with residential and commercial land uses often interdispersed along principal transportation corridors. Subarea plan: A plan which focusses on a geographic area identified in the comprehensive plan as needing special attention. (see comprehensive plan, functional plan, growth managment plan, land use plan, master plan, policy plan and strategic plan) Subdivision: The process of dividing a larger land area into smaller building lots. Subdivision and lot split regulations: Municipal ordinances that govern the division of land into smaller building lots and the subsequent development of the land. Surface water: Water in lakes and streams. Sustainable agriculture: An agricultural practice which respects the land and water and involves management practices that do not diminish the potential of future operators to gainfully produce crops. Sustainable development: A development strategy which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable economy: An economy which meets the needs of the present without so exploiting the environment and natural resources that future generations suffer. Swamp: A wet. low-lying area that often supports an extensive number of woody plants, such as trees and shrubs . Taking: A governmental action by which the government either acquires property or an interest in property from a private owner, substantially diminishes the value of property, or substantially deprives the owner of the use and enjoyment of his/her property. Tax base: The total value of real property within a municipality or other taxing district on which it can levy a property tax. Appendix D Page D- 18 The Leelanau General Plan I I I I I I I I I - �Tax-increment financing: A means of financing redevelopment projects in which an area is improved with the proceeds of a bond issue slated to be repaid by the additional taxes the new development is expected to generate. Topography: The collective physical features of a geographic area. Township: Subdivisions of counties that act as a principal level of local government. Transfer of Development Rights (TOR): A system designed to permit the sale of the right to develop a parcel in a sending zone to another parcel in a receiving zone. The transaction results in the seller capturing the development value of land without conversion of the land to a more intensi 1e use, and the buyer being permitted t.o buil9 at ·a higher density than local regulations would otherwise permit. Transportation System Management (TSM): A form of transportation planning in which all transportation modes and systems are coordinated and upgraded to obtain greater efficiency and effectiveness. TSM includes automated traffic signalization, adjustment in alignments, lane improvements, and turning movement control. This method is usually used in lieu of or as a complement to major capital improvements. Urban center: The economic core of a region, characterized by a high concentration of ·activity that may be but is probably no co~erminous with municipal boundaries. Urban Service District: A defined area where a full range of public facilities are anticipated whh' ihe objective of encouraging concentrated development patterns in a safe, efficient and cost effective manner. USGS maps: A wide variety of topographic maps, as well as many other types of maps for special purposes, provided by the United States Geological Survey. Utility easement: An easement acquired by a utility for the location of transmission lines, pipelines, and other utility facilities. Viewshed: A region that encompasses landscape elements that are visible from a particular point. The viewshed is usually bounded or defined by the horizon in the distance and its scope or width is often delineated by trees, buildings or other obstructions. The viewshed often follows natural land forms such as valleys, hillsides, lakes, meadows or fields . Village service district: The bounds within which a local municipality intends to introduce new or expanded public services to suppqrt a village development pattern. f ·' Village: An incorporated urbanized area typically smaller than a city. Vision Statement: A written narrative describing in visual terms, all of the characteristics of a community at a defined future point in time . The statement usually describes natural, cultural, physical , social and economic conditions as ideally desired by the community. The statement is used as a means to build a consensus within a community; to define more accurately the goals of the community; to provide a reference tool that can be used by community leaders to share and evaluate their vision with area residents; and to measure progress made toward that future . Vista: A view to or from a particular point. The Leelanau General Plan Appendix D Page D- 19 �Visual character: The image one retains from looking at a landscape. Watershed: An area of land and water that drains snowmelt and rain water to a lower, single exit point such as a lake or large river . Water table: The upper limit of the zone in which the soil is fully saturated. Wetland: An area that has water frequently enough to support plants and animals that grow well in wet conditions, and has soils typical of wet areas. Zoning: An exercise of the police power in which utilization and development of privately owned land is regulated through the division of a community into various districts and the specification of permitted and/or prohibited uses for each district. Zoning board of appeals: A quasi-judicial municipal board responsible for hearing appeals from property owners in matters relating to the zoning ordinance. Zoning ordinance: The official document that sets forth the zoning regulations and zoning districts that are applicable in a community. I I I I I II II II Appendix D Page D-20 The Leelanau General Plan rI � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Leelanau-County_General-Plan_1994 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP Mark A. Eidelson, AICP Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994-07-11 Title A name given to the resource Leelanau General Plan Description An account of the resource The Leelanau General Plan for Leelanau County was prepared by Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP, Mark A. Eidelson, AICP, and Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. The following provided assistance: Timothy J. Dolehanty, Duane C. Beard, Trudy J. Galla, General Plan Steering Committee, Leelanau County Planning Commission, and Leelanau County Board of Commissioners. The plan was published on July 11, 1994. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Timothy J. Dolehanty, Planning Director Duane C. Beard, County Administrator Trudy J. Galla, Assistant Planner General Plan Steering Committee Leelanau County Planning Commission Leelanau County Board of Commissioners (consultants) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Leelanau County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c4f583dde9c54a86cd406912b007ac79.pdf a7cd58b0ca5570f02e0e15a6c38210e9 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Sue and Scott Mark Interviewer: Danielle DeVasto Date: September 30, 2021 Danielle DeVasto: I'm Dani DeVasto, and today, September 30, 2021, I have the pleasure of chatting with Sue and Scott Mark. Hi, Sue. Hi, Scott. Sue Mark: Hi, Dani. Scott Mark: Hi. Danielle DeVasto: Um, Sue and Scott, can you tell me about where you're from and where you currently live? Sue Mark: Um, I will start. Um, I was born and raised in Kalamazoo, but my husband and I now live in South Haven. We've lived here for 15 years [CLEARS THROAT], so we've been away from Kalamazoo for quite a while. But I used to work, um, the last job I had in Kalamazoo was at a doctor's office, at 1127 South Park Street, which is, um, by the Crosstown Ponds, and there were, the ponds were behind the office building. This building was built in 1986, and I started there in 1991. Um, I don't know if any of this is related to PFAS, but I'm going to share my story just in case it is. Um, when I started there, we would make coffee with tap water, and, um, we didn't get bottled water until probably, I would say, five to eight years after I started there. It was not something we had on a—early on when I was there. [CLEARS THROAT] I worked in the office for 15 years. We had two physicians that were employed there, and 14 ancillary staff, which really is not a very large office in today's terms. Um, there were a number of people that had cancer in that office. Um, I can tell you that there were four people with breast cancer. There was one person with lymphoma. There was one that had multiple myeloma. But, what I'm focusing on right now is the diagnosis that I have. Um, I was diagnosed last year with pancreatic cancer. And what's significant about this is the fact that I am the fourth person from that office with pancreatic cancer, and I am the only one still living. The last person that was diagnosed with it died this past March. So, there are four of us with that diagnosis, and I realize pancreatic cancer is out there, and there's a number of people with it, but my feeling as a nurse is that there is far more breast cancer than there is pancreatic cancer, and to have four of us in one office with pancreatic cancer, there's something suspicious about this. Um, the ponds would frequently overflow when there was heavy rain. Um, it was a lowland, and it would come up into the parking lot, and we'd have to walk through it sometimes to get into the building. Um, and there's a lot that ran off those roads. When you think about oil and rubber, or asbestos, uh, rustproofing, all that. And that would all drain into these ponds. In the time that I worked there, there were two vehicles removed from those ponds. Not at the same time, but somebody dumped the car in there even. Um, there were lots of goop and bird feces. Um, just all kinds of debris in there. I-I never even wanted to go near those ponds. But, to have four of us with pancreatic cancer threw up a red flag for me, and I honestly believe that that's where my diagnosis came from. It has something to do with that office. Um, I've been a very healthy person. I have not had to take hardly any medication. I just took vitamins and supplements. I was active. I exercised. I ate a very healthy diet, and I had a normal weight. Um, I've taken very good care of myself, so I'm rather surprised. I don't have a family history of cancer, except my father had leukemia, and he survived that for 18 years. So, I don't have a lot of family history. I was also tested in the Page 1 �very beginning of my diagnosis, um, for genetic testing, and they did, they tested 55 genes. Everyone was normal, and there were three of them that were from my pancreas, and those were normal, as well. So, it was not a mutation in my genes. This is something that I contracted but I still, to this day, don't know exactly where. Um, my husband is older than me, and he lived in Kalamazoo, um, when I was there, And he has more knowledge of the paper mills and so forth in that area, and he can speak more to what his thoughts are on this-this, um, possible contamination. Danielle DeVasto: Okay. Scott Mark: Good morning. I'm Scott Mark, and I have lived in Kalamazoo since 1962. And for many years, I lived in the general area of the Crosstown Ponds, and passed by them frequently on my own way to work. Uh, in the, I know that in the 1970s, uh, there was some water contamination in the wells, in the wells, you know, and, uh, they were stripping, uh, those wells, uh, and the water was being pumped onto the roadway, and then drained into the Crosstown Ponds. Now, I know that Kalamazoo draws all their municipal water from, uh, fresh water aquifers, uh, and below the city. But there's a long history of paper mills, uh, in the Kalamazoo area, and the two that I will speak directly to were situated, uh, near Cork Street, which is approximately a mile from the, um, Crosstown Ponds. Um, the watershed would move towards those Crosstown Ponds, and, of course, the aquifers are all that general area. The paper mills had fire protection systems, and potentially could have used these, uh, uh, [CLEARS THROAT] for, uh, fire protection. Um, there's an area on Cork Street—which I have some pictures that I'll share—that, uh, has been contaminated for probably 40 years, and is still fenced off today, uh, with warning signs that it's a contaminated area, and it's a hazardous area. Uh, there is a, uh, seven-foot cyclone fence around it with barbed wire across the top, multiple signs around the property, and I would guess that there's probably somewhere in the area of 40 to 60 acres, uh, that go to the north toward the Crosstown Ponds. Now, I know that that the, uh, the, uh, city municipal water system draws from deep down in the, uh, aquifers, but the leaching of chemicals of many different kinds naturally goes down to the aquifers. And I know that there has been some acknowledgment of groundwater contamination in Kalamazoo. Uh, some of the research that I tried to do about the contamination around the Crosstown Ponds did not yield much because they indicate that any dredging of the Crosstown Ponds, uh, was for, uh, the purpose of reducing the flooding that would occur in the spring or when there were, uh, significant, uh, rainstorms. And, um, sometimes those streets beside the Crosstown Ponds would have to be closed because of high water. Um, the one thing that concerns me is that of all the dredging of the Crosstown Ponds they did, they never indicated that they did any testing to see if there were contaminants. But, anyone that lived in the Kalamazoo area acknowledged that those Crosstown Ponds were contaminated ponds that sat, in, uh, the valley just south of the main downtown area. Um, I will be happy to forward some things that I recently, um, some pictures that I recently took of that, uh, contaminated area. Uh, this is the first time that I noticed, yesterday was the first time that I noticed that any mitigation of hazardous material going on or any work being done in there, um, um, for many, many years. However, I am well aware that to the south of Cork Street, which is, you know, approximately a, approximately a mile away from Crosstown Page 2 �Ponds, there was a very significant amount of, uh, uh, reclamation that was done, uh, probably 10 years, 10 to 15 years ago, um, which would be, uh, would, which would be in that same, uh, watershed that moved toward the Crosstown Ponds and into those aquifers. Uh, I think that probably, uh, that's what I can contribute at this point in terms of what my thoughts are about any contamination to that general area. Sue Mark: Um, I will mention one other thing that [CLEARS THROAT] back in 2018, um, I had a relative that told me—that still lives in Kalamazoo—told me that these ponds were dredged, and that would be around Fourth Street and, um, South Park Street. So they were dredged, and they took out, um, a pile of sludge, and put it on a portion of Fourth Street that was approximately 100 feet long and 10 to 12 feet high, and it sat on this road for two years. To my knowledge, it was never tested, it was just left there. Um, I don't believe it was fenced off. I think it was just piled there. And my concern from that is that how many children, um, animals, pets, whatever might have gotten into that could just crawl on it and climb on it and play on it or whatever. And that sat there for two years, and this is what they dredged out of the bottom of these ponds. Um, there was no concern for anybody's safety or, um, what could happen to anyone that got near this. Just to leave it there for two years is totally wrong. Um, I did not see that. This is what my relative told me, but at this point all that has been removed. But to allow that pile to sit for two years is totally wrong. And that's-that's basically all I can think of at this point that I want to bring up. But, um, as an individual, I don't feel that I can go to the city or the state and get anywhere with them acknowledging that they've done anything wrong. I'm just one person. Um, and I'm focusing on my cancer diagnosis and getting myself better, so that's where I'm at today. Danielle DeVasto: Would either of you, would either of you be able to say anything about what the neighborhood around the Crosstown Ponds is like? Is this residential? Is it, um, how would you characterize the-the-the neighborhood around there? Sue Mark: It's a combination. There were businesses in there. There were, um, um, different offices, um, and there was a lot of low-income housing. That's the best way to put it. Um, I'm sure most of those people were transients. They probably rented. I don't think that there were very many that owned. Um, as far as contacting other businesses, um, my dentist office used to be across the pond from where I worked, and, um, they are not there. They moved their office to another area, and I had talked to my hygienist and just told her what's gone on. And I said, you were down there the same time I was, you better pay real close attention to your health because, you know, you don't know what's gonna come from this, and you were in that same area. But, um, there were a lot of low-income housing, and it's hard to say, you know, I, we never talked with any of those people so I, you know, they come and go. And it's, a lot of the businesses that were there back when I was, aren't there anymore. So, um, it was a combination of both. There were offices and-and homes in that area. Danielle DeVasto: Okay. Sue Mark: Do you have anything to say? Scott Mark: No, uh, that was what I was going to bring up is the neighborhood issue. Page 3 �Danielle DeVasto: Awesome. Do you, moving forward from this point, I know you don't live there anymore, but do you have any particular concerns about the contamination, um, PFAS or otherwise, whatever it might be? Are there any particular concerns that you have moving forward? Sue Mark: Um, I'm concerned for anybody that lives anywhere around that area at all, because I don't believe anything has been truly taken care of. Um, maybe they're working on this one spot on Cork Street, but if it sat there for 40 years, how many people have been affected by it? And the signs say hazardous material right on the sign. Some of the signs that are on that fence have been there so long that they're faded. You can't even read them. So, this has, this has been a problem for a long time, and, um, I see the city is just ignoring it, and I think that's a shame. Do you have anything to add? Scott Mark: I-I think it would be very hard to come up with, uh, finding people because of the time period, uh, say from the 1990s, uh, to present, that may have been in that area and may have had diagnoses. That would be an awesome, uh, undertaking. And, you know, the fact that the, uh, the people that rented, the businesses that were there—some of them were medical offices, some were, um, lawyers offices, there were, um, just many types of small offices there that came and went over the years—and you just didn't have the contact with those people to know what was happening medically with any of those people. So, for us it's a concern that we're bringing forward, and hoping that somewhere along the way, somebody might ask the question, and there might be some information somewhere that they can plug into a computer, and it'll spit out some information of some of the diagnosed people that lived in those areas over the years. Danielle DeVasto: Before we wrap up, is there anything else that you'd like to add that we haven't touched on today or anything you'd like to go back to and say more about? Sue Mark: I can't think of anything. Can you? Scott Mark: No, at the moment, I can't think of anything. Uh, Sue and I have discussed this over a period of time. Um, while she generally focused on the pond, um, my knowledge was focusing on the groundwater that, uh, and the well fields, that were in that immediate area, as well as the contaminated areas nearby that would contribute to any of the, uh, chemicals that may be in the groundwater, uh, that the general population of Kalamazoo might be, uh, drinking from. Danielle DeVasto: Yeah. Well, thank you so much, Sue and Scott, for taking the time to share your perspectives and your stories today. Sue Mark: Thank you. Page 4 �Scott Mark: And thank you for your interest, and I hope that you come up with some good solutions and good information that point you in a direction that will help everybody. Danielle DeVasto: I hope so, too. Page 5 �Page 6 �Page 7 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2e0a38d78b4120bb9731016598d9a7f5.MP3 db8a52f6b1203126945f23ead0a6d646 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0017 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mark, Sue Mark, Scott Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-09-30 Title A name given to the resource Sue and Scott Mark, 2021 (Interview audio and transcript with images) Description An account of the resource Sue and Mark Scott lived in Kalamazoo, Michigan for many years before moving to South Haven, Michigan. In their interview, they discuss their knowledge of the groundwater contamination in Kalamazoo and its effects on their health and community. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/61541d81fa10a4026050495269a8ed4c.mp4 df058693fe8bb74efc52e954f902362a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9617f94af9f55e5e2c52076e7677866.pdf dcce55740b9c6ab4cc3c6f82517932ac PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewer: Dani Devasto Interviewee: Beth Markesino Date: June 3rd, 2021 [PFAS0010audio] DD: I’m Dani Devasto, and today, June 3rd, 2021, I have the pleasure of chatting with Beth Markesino. Hi Beth. BM: Hi. DD: Beth, can you tell me about where you're from and where you currently live? BM: Okay, I am originally from Grosse Pointe, Michigan and I live now in Wilmington, North Carolina. DD: And how long have you lived in Wilmington? BM: Gosh, about 7 ½ years, now. Yeah, about that. Yeah, somewhere around there. [chuckles] DD: Tell me a story, Beth, about your experience with PFAS, or with PFAS in your community. BM: [sighs] Oh gosh, okay. Story about P- I would probably start off with my contamination story, and, just, how I found out about our contamination. And that was basically- In 2016, I was a marathon runner, you could see, like, all my medals back here as a marathon runner. As a marathon runner, you drink loads and loads of water, you know, I would run with, like, a camel back, you know, and, just, chugging my water along. And in Wilmington, it's, like, great weather, so you can run, like, all year round and it's awesome. And in April of 2016, I ran, like, two marathons back-to-back a week apart, likeDD: [chuckles] BM: -full marathons, like, 26.2 miles. I was in, like, the best shape of my life, you know, I was, I would say, 37 at the time, you know, so it was just, like- I was feeling really good at that time of my life, you know. Wilmington is a beach community, and my daughter, at the time, I think she was about two and a half at the time, and so I was just enjoying life, you know. My husband had great job and we had just moved here not that long prior to that, and, yeah, I had no idea that the water that I was drinking was contaminated. And so, just after running those back-to-back marathons, I got pregnant with my son, Samuel, and it wasn't a pregnancy that we planned, but we were, like, over the moon to have, like, a second child. And, like I said, I was in the best shape of my life, like, health wise and with, just, everything. And the pregnancy was going great, I mean, even though I was, like, 37, I was still, [laughs] you know, in good shape, even though they say, like, “oh, you're older,” I was still in good shape, and everything was going great in my pregnancy until it was, like, 21 weeks of pregnancy. 1 �I got a very sharp pain in my stomach and it was on a Wednesday and I called up my OBGYN (Obstetrician-Gynecologist), and at first I thought, like, maybe it was just gas or something. And my OBGYN told me to come in, and I brought my daughter in with me and usually, you know, when you go to the OBGYN they talk with you and you're all chit-chatty and stuff, and they were, just, like, really, really serious. And then I remember the ultrasound tech, like, ran out of the room and grabbed the doctor, and the doctor came back in and was doing, like, the ultrasound on my stomach, and then, like, told me, like, you have next-to no amniotic fluid. And it was just, like, at that time I remember, like, feeling the room and it was, like, so, like, bitter cold and, like, looking over and seeing my daughter, and she was, like, on my phone, like, watching a YouTube video. And I, like, I can remember, like, everything that happened at that exact moment, you know, it was, like, frozen in time. And she said, you have next-to no amniotic fluid, you have to get to the hospital, like, right now. And I couldn't cry. I had no idea what any of this meant, and I just got in my car, took my daughter home and my neighbors took her, and then they rushed me to the hospital where my husband met us. And then once we went to the hospital, that's when they told us that my son, Samuel, was going to die, that he hadn’t developed his kidneys, bladder, or bowel. And then they started, like, pumping me full of water. They kept, like, filling up, like, a mauve pitcher of water and, like, kept me on bed rest and, just, having me drink more and more water. And, again, we had no idea that the water that I was drinking was contaminated. We had no idea that that water had, like, the highest levels of GenX, like, recorded, but it wasn't like public knowledge. We had no idea that we had, like, over 50 different PFAS chemicals in our water. Like, I had no idea that I was, like, poisoning my unborn son, you know? I had no idea, like, the health effects that are along with PFAS chemicals to an unborn child, you know? And then, so, they kept me on bed rest, and they kept giving me water, trying to raise, like, my amniotic levels, and we couldn't get them raised, and Samuel just kept getting, like, worse. So then I went to a specialist at Duke University a couple of weeks later, and, at that time, I had placenta previa, which meant if I gave birth to Samuel natural, that I was going to bleed out, and Samuel then had, like, water around his heart, and his heart was, like, failing and stuff. So then, because we're originally from Michigan, we decided to come back to Michigan, and the doctor said I had to give birth to Samuel. And we came back to Michigan and the doctors, then, at Harper University in Detroit checked Samuel out and everything was exactly the same as they said in North Carolina, and so I gave birth to Samuel. I had to do a Cesarean and they had to cut me, like, both ways so, you know, I wouldn't bleed out, and it was, like, it was so awf- I literally felt like I was dying and, but Samuel, like, was dying, and we got to hold him, and we got to baptize him. We had our priest from our old parish came to the hospital, and our family all got to hold him, and we got to bury him at our family's plot. And we had no idea what was to come, what we were to learn, you know. Me and my husband then came home from Michigan, and was just trying to heal from losing our son, you know, especially because it was, like, I was healthy, you know, I had a healthy daughter, you know, we just – the doctors had done one of those DNA tests, and there was no markers or anything like that, and they just couldn't figure out what it was that had gone wrong. 2 �And so, Samuel had passed away on October 19th, 2016, and then on June – it's almost four years now- And, June 7th, 2017 was when we found out about our GenX contamination, and it was like front page news. It was, like, GenX and the Cape Fear River, and it was everywhere. It was like that phrase was, like, over and over again, you know? GenX and the Cape Fear River, GenX and the Cape Fear River. And because I lived in Michigan prior, I had experience with water contamination. I had volunteered working on the Flint water contamination. Even though I didn't live in Flint, I would drive from Grosse Pointe to Flint and volunteer at the Catholic charities and help them out. So, I knew a bit about water contamination, even though it wasn't PFAS, but I did know some information. So then when I heard about that we had a water contamination, it was, like, – I was shocked, but then once it became public in the newspaper, it was, like, I knew that this had to be going on for a long time and that the public was just finding out. So, it's, like, “Okay, how long has this been going on for us just to find out,” and – so then, at that time, I created a Facebook page which now we have, like, over 10,000, I think, members, and so that people in my community could go to find out information about GenX and, I – it's unbelievable, the lies and deceits that DuPont and Chemours has spun to make a profit off of poisoning people in not only my community, but communities globally. And, PFAS is just, or GenX, is just one chemical in a class of over 5,000 that are unregulated. And when I found out about our contamination, I remember going to a city hall meeting, and standing in front of our governor and other elected officials and telling them that they need to warn our community members and pregnant women about the harm of these chemicals, and they need to bring in bottled water, and- but, yet, our elected officials did not see that there was enough data or information about GenX to put out any alerts, or even bring in bottled water. Because the thing is, is that GenX is a new chemical, and because it's a new chemical, companies like DuPont and Chemours, they can use this chemical until the health information is out there showing that it causes harm. And, back in 2012, there was a chemical called C8, and they were told- DuPont was told by the EPA because they knew of the health effects and that it causes harm to pregnant women, and also to – causes liver cancer, it causes kidney problems, it causes, just, high cholesterol, all of these things. And so, the EPA said, “You can no longer use C8 anymore,” and DuPont said, “Okay, that's fine,” but then they ended up taking C8 and they just added an extra oxygen molecule, and that’s how they created GenX and was able to call it a whole new chemical and now it's - instead of a of a Long-Chain Perfluorinated Chemical, it’s a short chain. And even though it supposedly leaves our systems a lot faster than, like, a long-chain chemical, we're finding out that it causes a lot more harm than shorter chain perfluorinated chemicals do. And, I mean, it's really scary, you know? It's [pause], like, our department of environmental qualities, they knew about all of these chemicals for years and years. They never told the public. There were lawsuits, there was all of these spills and things like that. The public, like, never knew. Never knew. They knew the health effects. The public never knew. I mean, they knew there was- they allowed Chemours and DuPont to self-monitor the waste-water. I mean, it's, like – and nothing was done until, you know, 2017 when angry moms like myself just said, “Wait a minute, these are toxic chemicals in our water, and they cause all these health effects. Why aren't you doing anything?” 3 �And for, like, a long time, people looked at me as a crazy mom who lost a child and wondered if, like, these chemicals caused, you know, this harm to my son. And then we have some of the most world-renowned scientists in our field in North Carolina, and then we're having people like Dr. Detlef Knappe, Dr. Jaimie Dewitt, Dr. Hopkins, all coming out and supporting that saying, you know, these chemicals pass through the placenta to the child and it's, like, here's that information, here's that data, you know, that supports it, you know? And we're having so many other mothers coming forward and saying, “Yeah, I lost a child too. I wonder if this happened to me,” or, you know, and it's – even since then, since losing Samuel, I – my cyst, or I got cysts on my ovaries the size of oranges, and I had to get a full hysterectomy, at, I believe- I think I was, like, 39 when I got a full hysterectomy. So it was like, I can't have any more children, I have a tumor on my adrenal gland right now, and I have problems with my thyroid and my parathyroid. I have, like, cysts and nodules, like, all on them right now, and, like, my levels are just all over the place, and I have high cholesterol. I never had any of these things like years ago. Ever, you know. Like I said, I was always in, like, such great shape, and I take good care of my health, but it's these chemicals that are in our environment, here, at such high levels, and it takes years to get them out of our bodies. And it's just- it's nothing I did or anybody else did, but it's, just, these chemicals need to be regulated, and our elected officials need to be looking out for our communities and our health and our environment. And, another thing is, is even as citizens- I remember when I learned about our PFAS contamination, I remember thinking that we need to be more active about what's going on in our lives instead of just listening to what a politician says and “oh, he's for the environment. Okay, well, I'm just going to vote for him” and then thinking that he's going to do his job, you know, and I think as citizens, we need to be more proactive and not just think that politicians are going to do this job, because a lot of them don't. They say that they're going to do environmental things and they say that on their platform, but they never follow through on that, you know? So, I just really think that, as a community, we have that power to get that – get these regulations pushed forward. And I mean, I've seen this in my own life that, I mean, I don't have any scientific degree, you know. For a long-time people would say, “Oh, she's just a mom,” but you know what? I would go to all of DEQ’s meetings, Department of Environmental Qualities, I would go to their meetings, and I would speak in front of scientists. And I mean, I read- every single day, I read scientific papers and you could figure out the, you know, the language, [chuckles] you know, you read enough papers, you know, you'll understand it. And I speak at forums, and I go to our utilities meetings, and I speak to them about what our communities want and what we're seeing, and I address those concerns as a community activist. I'm even working right now to get a grant for a study for filters for our community and it's- and I talk a lot with our local senators about fighting for regulations for our state because states like Michigan, they already have regulations on the book, and so does New Jersey and New York, but we don't in North Carolina we don't have any regulations for PFAS. We do for GenX, at 140 parts per trillion, but we don't have anything for PFAS yet, so it's just really – there isn't anything that says as a resident that you can't go to these meetings, you can't speak up for yourself because you're being poisoned, you know, and you do have a say in all of this, you know, you really do. I mean, I have a daughter, she's going to be nine years old, you know? I mean, she’s – I already lost one child and I can't lose another, you know, and I want to make this world a better place for her. I want to solve this 4 �contamination, and stop these chemicals and future chemicals, because I know companies like DuPont and Chemours, they're always one step ahead with creating something new to replace, you know, a chemical and things like that. So I don't want my daughter to have to pick up this battle in the future, you know, I'm really hopeful that this is something that I can help solve within my lifetime, you know, as something for her and her generation so that they don't have to then fight, you know? But I then know that she's exposed too, she has these chemicals in her body, you know? We do have a GenX study going on. It's the first ever GenX study, and I've had my blood tested, I've had my urine tested, I've had my water tested, and I do have high levels of these chemicals in my blood. And so, I can say that, you know, I know that these chemicals are in my blood, and even though my son was never tested for them, it's like, if these chemicals were in my blood, then they did pass through the placenta to my son, and so it's just – I do this, everything I do in fighting for clean water and regulations, it's as for my son, it's for my daughter, it's for my community. And it's like, I can't get back my son or my ovaries [chuckles], you know, unfortunately, but maybe I can prevent somebody in the future from being exposed to these chemicals if I speak up, you know? DD: You've kind of started to answer my next question. BM: [chuckles] Yeah, sorry, I was – [chuckles] DD: No, it’s okay, I'm loving listening to your story. So if you don't have anything more to say in response to this question that’s fineBM: Yeah. [chuckles] DD: -but maybe you could say a little bit more about the concerns that you have about PFAS contamination moving forward. BM: Yeah, yeah, it's- the contamination moving forward is – regulating PFAS as a class is huge, so, like, in our state we have PFOA and- regulated at 70 parts per trillion. So those are just, likewe have two chemicals, you know, regulated. And so, we have to regulate everything as a class because there are so, so many chemicals under that, like, one umbrella. Yeah, and, I mean, we've already seen with a case of GenX, that DuPont and Chemours will make more replacements. And so if we don't regulate them as a class, then it's, like- it's trying to catch them in their own little game and the little loopholes of- and trying to regulate those chemicals. So, it's really, yeah. Regulating them as a class and holding them accountable for any potential new chemicals that they can use because they're very good at manipulating the system and finding loopholes in doing what they do. I mean, a lot of times Chemours, here, like, they say- at first they said that GenX was a byproduct of another chemical, you know, a lot of the chemicals that are- that we're finding in the Cape Fear River are new chemicals that are not on their discharge permit. And, they just keep saying, well, that's a by-product of another chemical. That's a by-product. And these are, like, PFMOAA (perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid), like, these are all chemicals that we're, like, “Wait, 5 �we don't know much about this chemical,” you know? So, it's just, like, our scientists here in North Carolina, keep finding, like, new and new, like, PFAS in our river. And then it's just, like, finding out, like, okay, well, what are these health effects? You know? And it's, like, this toxic, like, soup of chemicals. And it's, like, what are the combined effects of all of these chemicals that we don't know? So, it's just really regulating them as a class, stopping any new chemicals being introduced into production, really, because there shouldn't- they shouldn't need 5,000 chemicals. [chuckles] I mean, like, come on for, you know, sticky stuff [both laugh]. I mean, like, you know what I mean? Stop the slide off. [both laugh] Why do you need 5,000 different ones? You know? I mean, like, me personally, I mean, isn't one enough, I don't know. [both laugh] Can't one do the job? I don't know why you need 5,000 different ones, so it's, yeah, so it’s just really- That's what I really think it comes down to is just stopping all of that. DD: Before we wrap up, is there anything else that you would like to add that we haven't touched on today, or anything you'd like to go back to? BM: Just really a lot that- a lot of people – I remember when we found out that our community was contaminated. Some people had said, “No, our- we're not contaminated because, you know, that couldn't happen to us, we're not like Flint.” That's what people had said: “We're not like Flint. We're not, like, a low-income community,” or that's what people had thought. And water contaminations do not discriminate. It can happen to anybody anywhere. And if we tested everybody's water, they probably have some level of some type of contamination, so it can happen to anybody. And it's a shame that this is happening and I hate that it’s happening to my community, but it's a wakeup call for everybody. And, I mean, I'm sure if we tested your water, you would have PFAS and your water, lead, I mean, just high fluoride, just, a lot of different chemicals and, just, I just want everybody to know that it could happen to anybody. And if you got that call that yes, you have a water contamination, that it's your turn, then, to speak up about it and do something for your community to stop it because these chemicals are very harmful and it's not just some- it's just not some- I want to say it's not just some type of, like, person that's crying wolf that these – you know, sometimes people say, “Oh, it's just some hippie person talking about these chemicals being harmful.” No, it's scientific data that this is truthful, you know, these chemicals are harmful to you. There's data that supports it, and it really can happen to anybody, and it is. If we test water across the globe it’s probably in everybody's water. And these- DuPont, 3M, Chemours, we have to stop these corporations. I mean, my family in Michigan, like throughout Michigan, I have family in Wixom. They're contaminated. I have family in Gaylord, in Grayling. They're contaminated, you know? And I think about them all the time, that no matter where my family is, whether it's in North Carolina or in Michigan, they're dealing with the same thing I am. They have contaminated water. I mean, I grew upwhen I was younger, I grew up in Warren, and we had a 3M facility just down the road from us, across Eight Mile. And I remember, oh, 3M, like, the tape, you know, never thought anything about PFAS until now – I'm thinking, “Wow, I wonder how much of my early exposure did I get from that facility?” You know? DD: Mhm. 6 �BM: So, it's just- it's this buildup, you know. How many times did I go to my grandma's house in Wixom, and did I get exposed at her house to PFAS, too? You know, it's like that build up through the years. And then on top of it, my long exposure here to just so many PFAS. So, it's, yeah, it can happen anywhere, a contamination, and nobody is exempt from being contaminated, you know? It's in your food, it's in your clothing, it's in your beauty products, and we have to do something to stop being exposed to these chemicals, you know? DD: Mhm. Yeah. Well, thank you so much, Beth, for taking the time to share your story today. BM: [chuckles] Thank you. I hope I covered everything. I'm very passionate about stopping this PFAS and GenX. Just, I've seen too much happening in my community and, like, in my own life, you know, I mean, it's just been – it's hard when, like, you have to take- I have to take so much medication daily and go to so many doctor's appointments, and still I fight, [chuckles] you know, because that's all I know now is to fight for clean water. You know, it’s become my life now, you know? And, I know, just, so many other people, that's what they're doing too. So many people are called water warriors, because that's what they are. They're, just, they're having the same thing happen to them. Their families are sick, too, from these chemicals, [chuckles] so, and I hope that you get to talk to all of my friends too and hear their stories because they're all just so brave and doing some great things and fighting. So, but thank you so much. [chuckles] I’m like, crying. DD: Well, we know how important water is, and, so, thank you for the work that you're doing. BM: Thank you. I appreciate it. [chuckles] 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Markesino, Beth Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-03 Title A name given to the resource Beth Markesino, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Beth Markesino lives in Wilmington, North Carolina and is an avid runner. In her interview, she discusses the impact PFAS contamination has had on her life and health, and that of her son Samuel. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f13d7b308530b46b33cb3ba9e2209b86.pdf dc059bb3f649dd4db1db72d942a42680 PDF Text Text ������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-9501 Title A name given to the resource J.G Ramsdall from A.B. Markham Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1865-03-05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Markham, A. B. Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 Inauguration Day United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Washington (D.C.) Baltimore (Md.) Pittsburgh (Pa.) Ohio River Description An account of the resource Letter describing Abraham Lincoln's second Inaugural Address, the celebrations, and his impressions of Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Pittsburgh, and Harrisburgh. The letter is accompanied by an envelope addressed to Mr. Claude Hamilton from the Lincoln National Life Insurance Co. with images of Lincoln and his birthplace. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/67642028dd3a7b1b5f263a98cd0c9d9c.pdf f39eb191591ff3e89cb01c81f72b3568 PDF Text Text ���� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9b3a683d1367b7447c8934834ebadb50.pdf ab2dbb21483cb43ef8a88a6c8a01c11f PDF Text Text Forte Carroll December the 21/64 The District of Columbia Dear Wife Took the opurtunity this morning to let you know That I am Well at Present and I hope it Will find you and all the rest of the Family in the same state of health and last Night Reseivet two Letters from you and Was glad to here from you that you Was all Well at Presend and one but one dollar in money in it and the other hat six stamps in it and g thank you verry much for it for it Come goot to me I Went this morning and Cought five cents a pease I thought I would send you sum rice[?] once this time for you sent me sum money to by with � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-4377 Title A name given to the resource John W. Markle to his wife Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1864-12-21 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Markle, John W. Subject The topic of the resource Dix, John Ross, 1800?-1865 Nashville, Battle of, Nashville, Tenn., 1864 Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Broadsides Magnus, Charles Washington (D.C.) Fort Carroll (Md.) Nashville (Tenn.) Description An account of the resource Letter from John W. Markle written on Charles Magnus broadside ballad of "Nobody Hurt" (Old Abe) by John Ross Dix with images of Columbia holding a pen, the Constitution and a shield; the face of Abraham Lincoln framed by a star and array of U.S. flags; and the U.S. Capitol. Letter includes account of the Battle of Nashville. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/617618c44f4c3fe6420d419698bee4a7.mp4 6265b20da467e6fe5074f2c87a6d2823 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/373382a1431fb6c2c9eabc8e74a972f6.pdf 3a5698f00d956b35653f907aae8a14df PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project World War II Glenn Marks (50:16) Background Information (00:04)      Born July 27th 1925. (00:05) Glenn served in Germany in the medical field. (00:20) Glenn attempted to enlist in high school but was unable to because he was too short. (00:33) His family did not have any electricity growing up. (1:10) Glenn was in bible school practicing ministry when he was drafted in January of 1943. (1:42) Basic training (2:03)        Attended basic at Camp Grant, Illinois. (2:05) Boot camp was quite a shock for Glenn. He recalls scrubbing floors weekly. (2:45) When the soldiers maid their beds the sheets had to be so tight that a quarter could be bounced off of them. (3:25) Because of his ability to type, Glenn was assigned to typist school to be a clerk. This lasted 8 weeks. (3:55) After returning from typing school, Glenn took a 15 mile forced march. He thought he might die. (4:16) On June 6th 1944 Glenn graduated from his training. (5:03) Though Glenn was trained as a typist, he was assigned to a front line medical unit due to demand. (5:31) Service (6:00)        In November of 1944 Glenn was assigned too his unit in Europe. This group consisted of 3 men and a jeep that was used to evacuate casualties from battle. (6:05) While following a unit that was entering into Germany, the men crossed the Siegfried Line. The unit had no casualties. But Glenn did see his first dead German. This image shook Glenn hard. (7:15) In another assignment, German soldiers began assembling in the yard of a castle that American troops were staying in. the Germans later left trying to attack a gasoline dump rather than the soldiers. (9:04) The most intense combat that Glenn saw was when a unit was trying to capture a dam. The Allied forces were afraid to cross the river fearing that the damn would be destroyed to flood them out. (12:25) Glenn followed an infantry unit in to the dam that was assigned to take the area regardless of casualties. (14:32) While picking up casualties from the dam the men ran into a road that had not been cleared of mines. Glenn volunteered to walk ahead of the jeep so that the men could continue on their mission. (15:20) He also assisted the first units to cross the Rhine River. (17:15) �End of Service (18:01)    Glenn, having a low point count, was kept to take care of wounded German soldiers while the Allies were supervising German hospitals. (18:16) Glenn thought the war was needed. He was glad to have served his part of the duty. (19:30) Glenn was awarded the 3 battle stars, and the good conduct medal. (20:56) Life in the Service (21:15)          Glenn wrote letters home consistently. (21:20) He believed the food was fairly good. Although he admits that his expectation of the food was very low. On Thanksgiving Day the men were given turkey. (21:53) While in Europe the men stayed mostly in tents. (22:38) He was surprised at how supplied he and the unit he was with were. Even during the Battle of the Bulge. (24:30) When free time was available, Glenn would often go walk and explore the area. He did this particularly often in England. (25:54) Glenn was awarded a 7 day pass to Switzerland. Here the men saw sights and even went skiing. (26:50) He believed that his officers were fairly good. (28:54) The second lieutenants were the funniest for the enlisted men because they had just got out of officer’s school and were inexperienced. (29:56) Glenn finished his service as a Technician 3rd Grade. (31:22) Life after Service (31:45)        Glenn returned to the U.S. in February, March of 1946. The seas were very rough but Glenn did not get sea sick. (32:05) Glenn was discharged at Camp McCoy Wisconsin. (33:15) After about a month Glenn worked for his father who was builder. He did return back to bible school. (33:44) He transferred to a school in Indiana. He was going to school on the GI bill. (35:33) Glenn and his brother did start a business while he was in school. It was very successful. His senior year of college he made more than the college president. (36:25) He was convinced t stay a minister because of his fiancé and drop the business. (37:51) Glen began getting evolved with making new churches. (38:26) Effects of Service (39:58)     Because Glenn was not around the same men very often he failed to make any long lasting friends from his service. (40:35) He is a member of the VFW. (41:08) Being in the military has made him understand the acceptance of the military. No man likes war but having a military is necessary. (42:10) He once marched in a Memorial Day parade. (44:19) �   His time in the military taught Glenn about discipline. He does not believe it had any negative effect on him as a person. (45:29) Glenn traveled to Omaha Beach for the 50th anniversary of D-Day. Prior to this experience Glenn was unable to talk about his military experience and rarely said anything about it. (47:02) While in Europe for the 50th anniversary, Glenn stayed with several other men in a French home. (49:18) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MarksG1310V Title A name given to the resource Marks, Glenn (Interview outline and video), 2005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marks, Glenn Description An account of the resource Glenn Marks, born July 27th 1925 served in the U.S. Army in the medical field from 1944-1946 in Europe during World War II. While in training at Camp Grant, Illinois, Glenn was sent to clerical school where he was trained to be a typist. However, due to demand, Glenn was assigned to be a field medic recovering fallen casualties. Glenn traveled across Europe following units that were expected to have high casualty counts. At the end of the war, he stayed in Germany caring for German casualties until he was sent home. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Shannon (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-06-02 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives