452 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/05462c1a4704b648ece186045e2c66d0.jpg 7314e13e880ce504aa6e544591c2129d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_53_1917_003 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917 Title A name given to the resource Kellogg Children Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of three children standing in front of a wood and wire fence. One child is holding a stick. Subject The topic of the resource Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/321bf422d64f57545b631bfad039a9b3.m4v 16c0ac7d875b0b645c9de85ab02c4a4a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2d745a9f23369ab95e693aca1ffc99b6.pdf 8e4cc59107df6248816a041ab9e58777 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW VIVIAN KELLOGG, First Base Women in Baseball Born: Jackson, Michigan Resides: Brooklyn, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither, PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, August 5, 2010, Detroit, Michigan at the All American Girls Professional Baseball League reunion. Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, November 12, 2010 Interviewer: “Vivian, can you begin by telling us a little bit about your background. Start with where were you born? I was born in Jackson, Michigan and I played softball for a couple of teams in Jackson. Interviewer: “In what year were you born?” 1922 Interviewer: “When did you first start to play ball?” Ever since I could get my hands on a ball. My mother died when I was seventeen months old, so I never knew my mother, but my brothers and sisters actually raised me and time after time I had a different boss because they would get married and leave home. My youngest brother was nine years older than I was and he had to baby sit and he set me to throwing. 10:45 If he ever wanted to go out and play ball, he had to take me or else he couldn’t go. They would stick me out in the outfield, but eventually I would work up to playing in the infield, but I played ball as long as I can remember and all my school years I was into sports. It was my brothers that taught me to play ball. Interviewer: “At what point did you start to play on a girls’ team?” You had to be a certain age and I think I was seventeen. We had to sign in too at that time, have our parents sign. Whichever one was my boss at that time is the one that signed the paper. 11:42 1 �Interviewer: “Then did you play with a local league?” Yes, just a local league. Interviewer: “How is it you got involved with the All American Girls League?” I was playing in a state tournament representing Michigan and the tournament was held in Lansing and a scout was scouting for women’s baseball and that’s how I got involved in it. Interviewer: “Now, did this scout introduce himself?” Yes, he told us and I signed the contract, but I didn’t play until after the tournament, our bowling tournament, but we didn’t come in first place, but anyway we finished. Interviewer: “So, when did you actually join the league and start playing then?” 12:42 Interviewer: “Did you play in 1943?” No, that’s when I was playing softball and it was 1944 when I actually played with the Minneapolis Millerettes. Interviewer: “When you were going to start the season then in 1944, did you go to spring training first? Did they have that?” Yes Interviewer: “Where was it?” It was in Chicago and they picked the teams. The girls on different teams and I was picked for Minneapolis, so when it folded because of no attendance we came to the Fort Wayne Daisies. Interviewer: “Did you play a year when you were in Minneapolis or did you immediately move?” 2 �We used the same ball field as the Minneapolis baseball team because we were playing when they were on the road, but did we learn a lot in those locker rooms. That’s how we traveled, but we lived in private homes and when it was folded we were on the bus from town to town. 14:10 We stayed in hotels because at that time there weren’t motels. Interviewer: “Did you just have one season in Minneapolis or part of one season?” Just half a season Interviewer: “Half a season” The next season the Fort Wayne franchise bought it. Interviewer: “In the meantime you were just a kind of barnstorming team then?” Now, if we were scheduled to play Racine and it was supposed to be on our field, but we played on Racine’s field, we just reversed who was the home team, but we didn’t have a home ground until 1945. Interviewer: “OK now, what position did you play?” I played first base. Interviewer: “Why did you play first base other than something else?” When I played softball I was a catcher, but when I went to play in the baseball league they put me on first base, so that’s how I got on first base. 15:14 Interviewer: “So, they just told you to play there. Now, were you a good hitter?” I could hit, but I couldn’t run. I got a standing ovation once because I stole second base, but I enjoyed the game very much and it was hard at times, but it was gratifying because we were doing something for our country, we were entertaining on the home front because in baseball the boys were all drafted. We got to—when we were returning home from spring training we would play at army camps, different ones. We stayed in the 3 �barracks and seen how they lived. When they put up a diamond they would just mark it off and we played baseball for the soldiers at camp and on our last trip we played at Battle Creek and that’s where the German prisoners were held and after the game we went to Percy Jones Hospital because that’s where the veterans were in the hospital, so we visited maybe forty five minutes to an hour which they enjoyed because they only saw the doctors and the nurses and aids during the day, so they enjoyed our visit. 16:55 Interviewer: “Was it part of your motivation to join the league? Was this something you could do for the war effort?” When they signed me I had no idea it was for the war effort until I signed the contract and then Mr. Wrigley and at that time, the President of the United States—that’s why we got to have gas because we were entertaining on the home front and in the army camps. Interviewer: “So, you signed the contract just to play ball and you learn then that this is part of something bigger, so you’re doing something—you’re making your own contribution there, but you learned about that later?” Well, I played seven years and I thought it was time I got out because I had to make a living, so I quit and I stayed in Fort Wayne three years and in ten years I returned home and I went to work for a dentist and I worked for him for thirty years. 18:40 Interviewer: “Talk a little bit more about the actual experience of playing in the league. Who do you think were the best players on your team?” Well, you can’t judge—maybe I give them all credit; give them all credit for the position they played and how they got along with the teams and with their teammates. So, I think the Daisies got along together because we spent twenty-four hours, seven days a week together. 19:26 4 �Interviewer: “Who was the manager while you were with them?” Well, I had Bill Wambsganns who use to be—Harold Greiner, Jimmy Foxx, and my first manager was a fellow from the southern states who played in major baseball, but do you think I can remember his name? 19:50 The manager we had, some of them were retired baseball players like Jimmy Foxx and that. We did learn things, like, one day I had to stand on first base for a half hour shifting from one leg to the other to make sure I was getting the rhythm right, like if I hit my left foot on the base or if I hit my right foot, my left foot was out, so it was different than softball where you just caught the ball period. 20:42 Interviewer: “So they were giving you some coaching and you were learning more as you were going. Now, how much of the etiquette training and the make-up stuff, how much of that did you have to do?” We always had a physical and we had a check-up with the doctor and sometimes we would have to get up do practice that day. If the team wasn’t harmonizing, getting along and losing we would have to have practice. Interviewer: “In the movie, one of the things they made a big deal of was the etiquette and Helena Rubenstein and all of that stuff. How much of that did you experience?” 21:43 Of what? Interviewer: “Did you have a lot of rules to follow?” Oh yes, we had to be a certain distance, length and we couldn’t wear slacks outside, we always had to have a skirt on and in the school they taught us how to sit and how to appear for the public because, I wasn’t, but a lot of the girls were from the farms, so they 5 �didn’t have that and the charm school was to teach us, like I say, how to handle your self in public and dress proper. 22:40 Interviewer: “What kind of fan support did you have? Did you have a lot of people coming to your games?” At first we took a lot of ribbing, “go home where you belong”, “go take care of your kids”, but eventually we won them over because it was something to entertain them and the wives were always wondering why their husbands were always going to the ball park. All the fans we had, the men were in the service, so we had the youngsters and females and elderly men. I can remember one time we were playing in Racine, and that’s just outside of Chicago near the navy station and there was a couple of sailors around first base were heckling me and at that time we didn’t take our coats to the dugout, we just threw them up against the fence and he was riding me and riding me and I had a torn cartilage and I had a knee brace on and when I was going down first base he said, “take the piano off your back”, so when I got in the dugout I said, “anybody got any money?” Timmy said, “I have a nickel”, and I said, “give it to me”, so I gave the two fellows a nickel and said, “put this in your organ “, and afterwards they met me at the gate and asked us out for dinner. 24:29 Of course we couldn’t because we were chaperoned, but they were nice enough. Interviewer: “They had you playing wearing a knee brace?” Yeah, and as a matter of fact I got two knee braces on now because I have torn cartilage . At that time they removed it the first time I had a leg wound or torn ligament, but they don’t do that now, but they went in that knee twice and this knee once, so I was no speed demon on the bases. 25:11 6 �Interviewer: “I’m a little surprised they had you playing at all, but at first base you don’t run that much.” If our right fielder or somebody was hurt and I didn’t have a brace on, I would go out and play right field, but very seldom because of my hitting and not my running, my hitting. Interviewer: “Are there particular things that happened in particular games that you remember really well or if you think back to when you were playing are there events that you remember?” 26:05 This was all new to me, so everything was an event to me, but I do have a lot of memories of different things that are gone and the friendships that I made and how the public treated us. At first, especially the men, didn’t think women should be playing baseball and we had to block our hearing off so that we wouldn’t be interrupted. We had to have rabbit ears, that’s what we called them. The only time I ever said anything to a fan was when those two sailors that were ribbing me and it wasn’t doing any harm to me, but I could hear them because it was close to first base and after that I never said a thing. I did get a letter from them saying the next time they come could I go out for a steak dinner, so I knew I didn’t hurt their feelings. 27:20 Interviewer: “Are there particular games, individual games, that you remember well? Are there things that stand out from your playing career?” Dotty Collins was out pitcher and I remember we had a double header and she pitched both games and won them and we kind of stuck up for one another and backed them up. See, our rules, we had league rules, but the managers from different teams had different ideas, so some of the girls didn’t like them for that reason, but I had no complaints because I was getting paid. 28:16 7 �Interviewer: “How much did they pay you?” Well, I was working for the telephone company, Michigan Bell Telephone Co. and I was making $37.50 a week. I signed a contract for $70.00 a week and I thought I was a millionaire because it was twice as much and back in 1942 $37.50 was good money, but when they said $75.00, I thought, wow! We had to pay for our own meals at home and rent, but on the road we got $33.75 a day and back then you could buy breakfast for a quarter, dinner for seventy-five cents and lunch for a dollar and a half. You could save that money that you didn’t use, so when you got home you had money for lunches then. 29:21 Interviewer: “Did you save money while you were in the league?” Yeah, I bought a car when cars were available. Interviewer: “If you were making seventy dollars a week, that was more money than some of the other players were making?” Some made more than that and it was who the scout was and if you notice in the records, the California gals seemed to come up with the higher wages than others did. Interviewer: “there were some who were making fifty dollars a week and not seventy.” Yeah, there were some under that, but $75.00 is what I started out with. Interviewer: “While you were playing, did your team ever win the championship?” Close to it a couple times. 30:30 Interviewer: “What was the closest you got?” Well, we did win it once and I know I made $500.00 and that’s when I bought my first car when we won. 8 �Interviewer: “You were talking a little bit about your decision to stop playing, explain that a little bit more, why did you give up playing?” The reason was, I wasn’t getting any younger and I was wearing braces because that one leg was bothering me and I thought, “I’ll get out while I’m still walking, which I’m not doing today, and then I went to work in Fort Wayne and I worked at different gymnastics and Turners was a club that sports and I worked for the Lincoln Life Insurance Company. I worked there three years and I kind of wanted to come home, so I came home, when I say home, to Jackson, and I didn’t know what I was going to do. 31:29 I had no place to go and I had to find an apartment. I bought war bonds and I sold war bonds during the war and those war bonds came in handy for me because then I could find a place to live and find a job. I went to work for Dr. Schreiner, a dentist, and I worked for him for thirty years and I started out on the money from the war bonds that I bought and cashed in. 32:25 Interviewer: “If you look back at your baseball career, what effect do you think that had on you?” Well, I was shy, I never forwarded myself like when I was in school I might have known the answer, but I would never raise my hand to answer it. Sometimes when the teacher would call my attention I would get tongue-tied. It was just that way, but since I’ve joined the league, I have come out to where I can now go out and speak to youngsters about sports and the personalities and of the All American Girls league and how it started. That helped me because otherwise I kind of stood back. 33:23 Interviewer: “Did the people who knew you in Jackson after your baseball career, did they know you were a ball player?” 9 �No, and when I came home they would ask me where I had been for the last ten years and I would tell them I was playing baseball and they never heard of it, so I never bothered to talk about it because nobody believed it and even some close relatives never did. When the movie came out, A League of Their Own, and they saw Penny Marshall interview different players that had started in the league, so when the movie came out and we were inducted, then they said, “why didn’t you tell us, why didn’t you tell us you played ball?” I said, “Because nobody would listen”. They didn’t believe girls played baseball. 34:19 Interviewer: “When you were playing ball, did you think of yourselves as pioneers or people who were doing something new and important?” All I can think of is it was fun, it was tough at times, but it was gratifying knowing we had done something for our country. Interviewer: “Later on, when you get into the 1970’s and 1980’s you have a lot more women in sports, you have title nine and all of that.” I feel that’s what had to go to ball because we were the ones that pushed that for girls softball because I can remember when I worked for the Jackson recreation, excuse me, before I started playing ball and when I came back I worked for them and played rounds and different things and if the girls had a game and the boys were rained out, the boys had the privilege of the diamond. When Brooklyn, where I live now, Brooklyn, Michigan, when they dedicated a ball diamond, there were four at the complex and I said, “I want one for the girls only”, so that’s what they did, there’s four games played at the same time and one of them is the girls diamond. 36:07 When they dedicated it they invited me in to talk to the girls and I said, “this is your diamond and be proud to play on it. It will help women’s sports”, so they did and they won a championship a couple of 10 �times, the girl’s softball. It’s the high school girls and now I will get a call from one of them asking if I would like to come out and see a game. No matter who calls me to ask me to come out and watch them play. Sometimes the boys, the little league, I didn’t know them because they had helmets and all that equipment on and their mothers would be sitting next to them and I would say, “which one’s your son’s number”, because of all the equipment. 37:12 I remember asking one little boy, “who’s the best player on your team?” He said, “I am”, so I agreed with him. That’s what I got out of my baseball, the thrill of coaching little girls as well as little boys and I feel the boys were as interested in it as the girls. Interviewer: “Interested in the fact that you played? They liked that too.” Yeah, Interviewer: “I think now people recognize how unusual your league was and how significant it was, so now we have a way of understanding that and appreciating it. Maybe they didn’t have that. Are there any other thoughts you would like to put on the record here before we close out the interview?” The people I feel bad about supported us, were here for the recognition and they’re the ones that supported us and that’s the only regret I have is that we were so long in getting recognized that they are gone. 38:31 Interviewer: “Other players or other people who started the league? Players that are gone?” Oh yes, there are more associates in our league now than there are players, as a matter of fact, we lost two here this month. 11 �Interviewer: “We’re doing our best to catch up with you while you’re still here, so thank you very much for coming in and talking to me today.” Thank you. 38:56 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was started by Philip Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, during World War II to fill the void left by the departure of most of the best male baseball players for military service. Players were recruited from across the country, and the league was successful enough to be able to continue on after the war. The league had teams based in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, and operated between 1943 and 1954. The 1954 season ended with only the Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford teams remaining. The League gave over 600 women athletes the opportunity to play professional baseball. Many of the players went on to successful careers, and the league itself provided an important precedent for later efforts to promote women's sports. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-58)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Sports for women World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Oral history Baseball players--Minnesota Baseball players--Indiana Baseball players--Wisconsin Baseball players--Michigan Baseball players--Illinois Baseball for women--United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-10-02 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-58_VKellogg Title A name given to the resource Kellogg, Vivian (Interview transcript and video), 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kellogg, Vivian Description An account of the resource Vivian Kellogg was born in Jackson, Michigan, in 1922. She grew up playing baseball with her brothers, and joined a girls' team in Jackson when she was seventeen. She was spotted by a scout in 1943, and was assigned to the Minneapolis Millerettes for the 1944 season. The team became the Fort Wayne Daisies in 1945, and she was their starting first baseman through the 1950 season, and then retired due to knee injuries. After working for a number of years in Fort Wayne, she returned to Michigan and coached boys' little league teams and started a girls' softball league. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings All-American Girls Professional Baseball League--Personal narratives Baseball for women--United States Baseball Sports for women World War, 1939-1945 Baseball players--Indiana Baseball players--Minnesota Women Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-08-05 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/484">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Collection, (RHC-55)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b642b0c2bfa91d4c1b59b94b5ec567b3.mp4 23f01fa47b4696c453c38f02e824da44 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c9dc698257d992255815f5b7682a72cf.pdf 932251fbaf95ab03bfa145460d2e9942 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Kenneth Kelly (01:47:10) Background • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Born on a farm in Coopersville, MI. (0:24) One of nine children, six boys and three girls (00:30) His father, Asa Kelly, was a WWI veteran. (00:36) His mother was Hazel Easterly, who came from a family with thirteen children. (00:42) Big families were common in those days, as more children helped work on the farm. (00:53) Graduated High School in June of 1943. (00:58) Enlisted in the U.S. Navy construction battalions, the Sea Bees. (1:13) Born on 8/21/1925. (1:19) His family did relatively well during the Depression, despite having a large family. Everyone at the time was in a similar situation. (1:38) Suspects his parents may have had a harder time than the children. (1:52) His father was a school teacher. His mother died in 1937. (2:04) His eldest sister graduated high school the same year his mother died. She acted like a surrogate mother to the younger children. (2:06) Recounts that his father did have a harder time during the depression. (2:30) Three of his brothers served in the Army during WWII (2:45) Father was stationed at “Camp Custer,” which was later “Fort Custer.” (3:00) His father was a Lieutenant during WWI. (3:16) During WWI Asa confiscated a set of dice from some gambling soldiers, and took them home after the war. (3:23) Kenneth's oldest brother went to MSU (all but one went to MSU) and enrolled in the ROTC program at MSU. His brother graduated in 1941. (3:44) His brother was sent to Camp Custer for training. (4:06) Asa and Hazel were married when he was training in Camp Custer, and their eldest son was born in Battle Creek. (4:19) Kenneth spent fifty years selling overhead cranes and monorail equipment. (4:37) After Fort Custer became an industrial park, Japanese and German firms invested in the area. Kenneth sold equipment to these firms. (4:47) Comments on the irony of selling equipment to the Germans and Japanese, when he had fought them in WWII. (5:04) Kenneth did not participate in ROTC, he had only gone to High School at that time. ROTC was not a high school program at the time. (5:16) Enlisted as an apprentice seamen. (5:31) Pre-Enlistment • • • • Served two years, seven months as part of the Navy's construction team. (5:34) Many boys at his high school were worried about being drafted right after graduating. (5:50) Eight to ten boys at his school enlisted prior to graduating. Upon their return from the war they were given diplomas, despite not finishing school. (6:04) Pearl Harbor was attacked when he was sixteen. (6:31) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • At the time of the attack, he was at home listening to a radio show on a Sunday afternoon. The attack was interrupted with an announcement. (6:44) Had no idea where Pearl Harbor was located, but the radio soon informed them. (7:04) The attack took everyone by surprise. The war was brought home to them in a way they had not expected. They had known that President Roosevelt was helping the British, but being very young he hadn't read up about the situation in depth. (7:22) People became even more worried about the draft. (7:54) Some men enlisted in order to avoid being assigned to the Army when they were drafted. (8:07) Men drafted into the army usually became “dog faces” or infantry. (8:09) Worked part time at a local gas station. (8:26) Gasoline was rationed at the time, so he had to learn how to handle the ration coupons. (8:37) The ration was four gallons per week. (9:08) Four gallons per week was not very much, but it was enough for most people to get by at the time. (9:10) A few people cheated the system. (9:25) The gas station was frequently audited by government officials in order to prevent cheating. (9:43) While he was still in high school, he researched the different military branches in order to decide which to enlist in. (10:07) The Navy looked like the best branch for him. The Navy usually had clean beds, good food, and clean clothes. (10:52) A few times in the South Pacific he had to struggle. The lack of fresh water was the most frequent problem. (11:08) Training • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Camp Perry, near Williamsburg, VA was the start of his training. (11:36) Almost all of the Sea Bees were trained at Camp Perry. There were 350,000 Sea Bees in WWII. (11:50) A battalion was formed by eleven hundred men. (12:00) He arrived in Camp Perry in August, left in late October or early November. The next location was in Gulfport, MS. (12:31) At the Tampali Bay base he was given advance training. (12:31) Military training—marching, how to salute, and obey orders was trained at Camp Perry. (12:40) At Tampali Bay, he was given infantry training. The Sea Bees were very involved during invasions. (12:55) The infantry training was for self-defense. (13:26) Primary duty of the Sea Bees was to build bases for other operations. These bases were used by all branches of the military. Most of the bases were in the Pacific. (13:36) Continued his infantry training. (14:07) Went out on bivouac. (14:21) He was surprised at the cold weather in Mississippi. He thought it would be much warmer. (14:36) The tents they slept in weren't fire-resistant. (14:50) They had to get firewood, and store it in the tents. (15:07) Men were put on duty to watch for tent fires. (15:07) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • When he was on guard duty, he often stole wood from other tents. (15:48) Practiced invasions on an island in the Gulf of Mexico. (15:56) While in Mississippi, he went on “liberty” for twelve to twenty-four hours. He usually went to New Orleans during his leave. (16:00) He enlisted at age seventeen. He turned eighteen during training. (16:34) Couldn't drink because he was only seventeen. (16:54) The Navy Blue uniform had three stripes on the collar, and three on the cuffs. Many men in the Navy rolled back there cuffs past the stripes. One day as he was on liberty, some military policeman stopped his group of friends. His friends all had there sleeves rolled back, but he did not. As a result his friends were taken to the holding pen for being out of uniform. Afterwards, he always kept his cuffs unrolled. (16:58-17:45) Camp Perry is still around, but in a different form. He tried visiting the area again twenty-five years later, but was not allowed in. He found out it was the training base, or “Farm” for the CIA. (18:19-18:43) While in Camp Perry the men were formed into battalions. (19:03) He was in the 127th battalion. They trained as a battalion from that point forward. (19:08) The Navy needed men immediately in the Pacific, and they asked the battalion to select men to send out early. The battalions selected men they didn't like. As a result, one of his friends was selected, but he was not. His friend talked him to volunteering. His action was following the advice of a chief petty officer. (19:2519:56) [DVD skips] (20:24-20:28) [DVD skips again] (21:00-21:13) The term “polliwog” was a Navy term for someone who hadn't crossed Equator. Someone who had was called a “shellback.” When he crossed the equator he was given a certificate, and subjected to an initiation. (21:30) His initiation was simply being squirted with sea-water. Some of the other men were smeared with axle grease. The initiation was usually more severe, but there were so many recruits involved it was difficult. (21:34) Had to bow to a man dressed as King Neptune as part of the initiation. (22:17) He purchased some war bonds for $18.75. They matured into $25 bonds later on. He used the bonds to finance part of his wedding. (22:38) Shipped out • • • • • • • • Took off for the Pacific, through the Panama Canal. (23:23) The only time he had fresh water showers was while crossing the Panama canal. The fresh water was from a nearby lake. (23:37) Stopped at the Galapagos Islands, but did not go ashore. (23:55) The destroyer escort had to refuel. (24:00) Destroyer refueled again in Tahiti, and again in New Caledonia. While in New Caledonia, US Navy airplanes flew overhead. One of the planes had engine problems and crashed in the ocean. The men on the plane deployed an orange raft and were picked up by the destroyer. (24:16) New Hebrides Islands were among the first islands used as advance bases. The islands were used to build up supplies and troops. (25:17) At the Espiritu Santu Island he was taken off the boat. There were no barracks on the island, so they slept in a church. (25:52) Had a steel helmet, and a 1933 Springfield rfle. (26:36) �• When sleeping in church, he slept on a pew and used his backpack as a pillow. He slept cradling his rifle. (26:45) • He was put on another ship, this time an LST (Landing Ship Tank) and went to Guadalcanal. They stopped for one day, and were put on another ship. (26:58) • Next they were sent to Kuko Beach. (27:11) • Spend two weeks in New Guinea. (27:19) • Put to work at New Guinea. He worked nights at the ammunitions facility loading and unloading ammunition onto trucks. (27:38) • Got a bad sliver while working, and went to sick bay for treatment. Despite the medical treatment and disinfectant he came down with a severe infection. Part of his finger had to be removed. (28:08) • He was put on another ship, which was a badly maintained “rust bucket.” He still had not seen any combat at this point. (28:50) • Headed for the Admiralty Islands on a convoy with two destroyer escorts. (29:05) • His ship's engine stopped running. All the men were told to watch for submarine periscopes. One of the destroyers came back to check on them, but the other ships kept going. (29:22) • The radio on the ship was also nonfunctional, so the men on the destroyer and the convoy had to use megaphones. (29:50) • They didn't know how long the delay would be. (30:23) • The destroyer had to keep up with the rest of the convoy, and would not be able to stay behind permanently. (30:42) • Experienced electricians on board the ship were able to fix the problems. (30:55) • They managed to catch up with the rest of the convoy. (31:07) • Sailed onto Los Negros islands. (31:15) • Time spent in transit was three months. The battle they had been sent to assist in was still on-going. (31:23) Medals and Symbols • Received a medal for the Asiatic Pacific Theater. He also received two battle-stars, one for the Admiralties, and one for Okinawa. He also received a victory medal and a Good Conduct medal. (31:53) • The symbol with eagle and a circle was put on the uniforms. (31:57) • in 1995 he received a pin as part of the reunion. The inscription reads A grateful nation remembers, WWII 1995 1945.” (33:38) • Joined the 78th Sea Bee regiment, which was one of three in the area. The 40th and 2nd regiments were also used. His initial battalion was split three ways to join the other battalions (34:01) • The symbol on his sweatshirt was drawn by Disney artists in 1943 before he joined the 78th. The 78th had been based in Oxnard, CA and some men had asked the artists to draw them a symbol. The symbol is a fighting bee with a tommy-gun, a monkey wrench and a hammer. (34:16) • The new members of the 78th were not well liked by the older members. The senior members had been deployed from October to November of 1943, and when the new recruits came they knew they wouldn't be going back home soon. (35:49) Admiralties • The men were given tents, which were sixteen feet by sixteen feet. He was part of C Company. They were told where to put the tent, and given stakes. The wooden stakes did not work because of the ground, so they had to get new metal reinforced stakes. (36:42) �• • • • • • • • • • • • • • He was on a sandy beach, with palm trees. (37:47) The trees were coconut palms. He enjoyed the pleasant weather, 150 miles from the Equator. (38:20) Most of the men walked about shirtless, in shorts and a cap. Many had sunburns. (38:51) The camp was near a captured air base. It was the first area they had taken. (39:05) Expanded and enlarged the existing air field for four engine bombers. (39:22) The Japanese airfields were not large enough for the large planes, such as the B-24 bombers. (39:23) The bombers began their raids at any hour, but often very early. (40:18) Around 4:00 AM they heard a loud crash, so they went to check the fuel supplies. They had fuel for the bulldozers, dump trucks, cranes, and other construction equipment. (40:35) A plane crashed into the nearby Sea Bee (40th regiment) and exploded. Thirty men were killed, and seventy wounded. (40:59) The area was a mess. He and some others found four unexploded bombs in a whole near the crashed bomber. (41:35) The Sea Bees included older men with construction experience. The average age of the Sea Bees was 37, the average age of the Marine Corps was around 23. Twentyfive men in his regiment were WWI veterans. (42:05) The Sea Bees had learned to improvise with building materials and food supplies. They cut down trees to build a dock in the area. (42:47) Some of the lumber from the mill was inconsistent, although it was good quality overall. They usually used tropical woods, like teak. (44:02) The Sea Bees were often complimented by higher officers because of their speed. Kenneth explains they used shifts to work 24/7. Also, the men didn't have much else to do. Work was a way to relieve boredom. (44:28) End of the war • When the war ended he was driving a tractor at 2 AM in Okinawa. He had been deployed for eighteen months. (45:06) • In Okinawa, he worked on an airfield for B29 bombers. (45:49) • The airstrip was two miles long. (46:00) • It was impossible to hear the air raid sirens over the noise of the tractors. They only knew of an air raid when shots were fired. (46:19) • During bombing raids, most of the Sea Bees hid under their tractors. They were never hit by the bombers as they were after the ships. (46:59) • Heard people cheering while he was running the tractor. He talked to the antiaircraft men, thinking that perhaps there had been a raid, and was informed that the war was over. (47:20) • He shut down the tractor and went back to camp. He was scolded for quitting early. (47:37) Back in the Admiralties, earlier • Worked on the dock at the Admiralties. The Admiralties was the largest base, it was constructed for invasion and re-taking of the Philippines. The area had good harbor facilities. (48:00) • Worked under General MacArthur. (48:44) • While he worked at the dock there were many types of ships: Navy, ammunition, tankers, troop ships, hospital ships, and little boats. (49:00) • One of his friends told him “hey, look” and he saw a huge pillar of smoke and flame. �(49:18) • He had to get under shelter, so he hid underneath a crane. (49:37) • An ammunition ship with three hundred men on board exploded. The hull of the ship was later found with the dead men. Seventy-five men on other ships were killed by debris. (49:58) • Quonset huts were used as a multi-purpose building, everything from barracks and hospitals to warehouses. (51:27) Pictures, Miscellaneous stories(51:59-1:10:46) • The official term of the tents they used was a “shelter-half,” each man carried half a tent which he joined to other halves. (53:26) • Patrol Nat Balintae disappeared during the war. Nat had painted the pictures he showed to the interviewer earlier. (54:10) • While on board, they had a ship-store. At the ship-store they could buy toothpaste, candy, and other items. The store ran at a profit and used the proceeds to create a log book at the end of the war. (55:00) • Phoebe the Sea Bee was in the book, also by Disney. (56:52) • Was in an article by the Grand Rapids Press. (57:19) • His eldest brother was in the Army for thirty years. (57:38) • Ran into his second eldest brother at Okinawa. (57:50) • Has a Japanese pistol from Okinawa. The pistol was based off the German Luger. His brother was in the invasion of Okinawa, and often patrolled behind enemy lines in the anti-tank platoon. He came across a dead Japanese officer and a dead girl. They believed the man had shot the girl and them himself. (59:91) • [Tape switched] (59:36) • In the Grand Rapids Press, there was a picture of him before he joined the Navy. (59:44) • Picture of the Gulfport, MS Sea Bee reunion. (1:00:00) • New Sea bees were also at the reunion. (1:00:26) • They picked coral out of the sea, and used it like concrete. The coral was crushed and then bonded like concrete. (1:01:57) • He operated a “sheep's foot roller.” (1:01:31) • Aleut Island, built an airfield on Panan Island. (1:01:39) • Has a picture of the airfield, which one of his comrades obtained online. The website indicating wrongly that the airfield was built by British and Australians. (1:02:52) • Picture of the cemetery and th chapel. (1:03:39) • The Sea Bees did a lot of earthmoving and drainage. (1:04:13) • Constructed a water tower, which converted salt water into freshwater. (1:04:38) • Has the original plans for Okinawa. They were never fully implemented as the war ended. (1:06:31) • Picture of the exploded fuel pumps, and of an explosion used to mine the coral. (1:07:06) • In November 1944, he was disappointed at not being sent on leave to Australasia. (1:07:45) • There was a brothel in Noumea, which was on the French island of New Caledonia. The US Navy had a special room at the brothel. (1:08:32) • Their chapel was multi-denominational. They held Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish services. (1:08:50) • A picture of a Japanese small craft which was re-built and used by the Navy. (1:10:00) �• • • The camp was about fifty feet from a cliff overlooking the ocean. (1:10:39) Was nominated President of his WWII association. (1:11:00) Two of his grandchildren are GVSU graduates. (1:11:42) Training • Was not trained by WWI veterans. He was trained by members of the US Marines who had served in Panama. (1:11:53) • The Marines hadn't had much experience training other Sea Bee units. The Sea Bees did not respond well to the Marine trainers, as it was full of older experienced construction men. The Marines often cursed at the Sea Bees during training, which the men objected to. Eventually, the some of Sea Bees challenged the Marines to a fight, and won. (1:12:20) • The Marines stopped cursing at the men. (1:13:20) • His commanding officer was a WWI vet, and so were some of the military policemen. (1:13:39) • WWI vets talked somewhat about their experiences in WWI. Most conversation was based on living conditions around the country. (1:14:15) • It was easy to tell where someone was from, based on their accents. (1:14:48) • Believes he was trained adequately for his experiences. (1:15:42) Time in Transport • Took three months for them to get to the assigned location. (1:15:54) • Exercised using calisthenics. (1:15:54) • One of the men on the ship developed spinal meningitis, and parts of the ship were quarantined. (1:16:12) • As a result of the quarantine, they always went to the mess hall last. (1:16:20) • No one else came down with meningitis. The one man who had it recovered. (1:16:46) • Two meals a day. One day they found worms in the beefaroni and complained. They were then given new food. (1:17:22) • The men were often stinky. The saltwater showers and lard-based soap left them unpleasantly greasy, so they showered less. (1:17:35) • Two typhoons while they were in Okinawa, which sink some ships. It also split their tent. (1:18:22) • Tent curtain was kept up most of the time, because of the heat. Everything got wet as a result. (1:19:20) Interaction with civilians • Had direct contact with citizens. (1:19:32) • The Admiralties were all black. (1:19:38) • He sometimes visited civilians, but not frequently. Other men visited more frequently. (1:19:51) • Most of the people were friendly to the Americans. (1:20:06) • Believes this is still true today, mostly. (1:20:20) • Okinawa was more developed. (1:20:43) • Okinawans are not Japanese, and generally dislike the Japanese. He found this out during the reunion. (1:21:00) • During the war, the Japanese told the Okinawans horror stories about the Americans—that they would kill all the men, and rape the women. (1:21:27) • Okinawans moved with the Japanese to avoid the Americans. (1:21:45) • The US Navy was ordered to attack the Japanese • 140,000 civilians were killed in addition to 100,000 Japanese, 9,000 US Army and �• Marines, and 5,000 Navy. (1:22:00) Truman used two atomic bombs. Some of the men worried the Japanese might have atomic bombs. (1:22:50) Leisure • He was allowed to on “liberty” a few times, but he had nowhere to go. (1:23:30) • On the way the way to Okinawa he spent about a week on a small recreation island. (1:23:48) • The recreation island had tennis courts, basketball courts, and he could drink all the beer he wanted. (1:24:20) • Remembers many of the Navy men getting in drunken fights on the island, but that was just good fun at the time. (1:24:34) • Had a pretty good time at the Navy camps. (1:24:50) • Built a base facility to take care of minesweepers. (1:25:04) • The kitchen (where?) had an ice machine. While on active duty the men where allowed two beers a week. He and his friends usually saved up the beer for time off. (1:25:27) • On Sundays they would get the beer, ice from the kitchen, buy cigars and play poker. (1:25:53) Communication/visits his family, other remarks • He was able to keep in contact with his family through the mail service. (1:26:15) • The mail was censored, so he couldn't tell his family where he was located. (1:26:21) • Despite being a teacher, his father did not write many letters, and the letters he did write were only a few paragraphs. (1:26:34) • His aunts on his mother's side sent him letters frequently. (1:26:45) • He managed to find out his brother Dale was on Okinawa, and that his cousin was on another nearby island. He found out from his aunts. (1:27:16) • One day an Army chief came into the base with two grubby soldiers. The men entered the officer tent, and came out shortly after. The two soldiers then removed their helmets, and one of the men was his brother Dale. (1:27:56) • Dale had used the truck ID numbers to find him. Dale had come to the area to visit some wounded men as well. (1:28:55) • Kenneth visited his brother frequently, but had to take a gun with him every time he left the base (1:29:17) • During every battle he was given a gun, which he had to return at the end. (1:29:37) • Did not have any kamikaze scares with during his various voyages. (1:29:52) • He did not directly interact with the Japanese. He was only involved with the Japanese during the frequent air raids. (1:29:55) • The Navy frequently played movies at night in an outdoor theater. He quit one of the movies early because of an air raid, but other men stayed at the movie. (1:30:20) Reunion • The reunion was a wonderful experience for him. (1:30:44) • He flew in on a plane from Osaka, Japan. (1:31:07) • Got off the plane at the Naha airport, which was the capital of Okinawa. (1:31:07) • There were forty to fifty people waiting for them, they all clapped. They were glad to see the Americans return. (1:31:33) • Each night of the reunion had a special ceremony, with different services. Five wreaths were thrown in the water for the dead. (1:31:49) • A memorial hospital in the area was named after a sailor who had been awarded a �• • • • • • • • • • • medal of honor. The sailor was at the reunion. (1:32:12) Went jogging in Osaka. They stayed at a fancy hotel. The flight was going to leave at 11:00. He was jogging with an eighty-five year old, and he was seventy at the time. The man was his room-mate at the hotel, and had been a shipmate during WWII. (1:32:54) He went down a long street, and intended doing a loop around a traffic island. Instead he got lost, and all the street signs were in Japanese. (1:34:01) Came across a taxi, asked for directions. Had to ask for directions multiple times. Eventually he came across a woman who gave him elaborate directions in perfect English (1:34:44) He had left around 6:00 AM, the hotel had a checkout time of 7:00 AM. He got back to the hotel, and his room mate had put his bags outside the room (1:34:54) His roommate’s grandson was in the Marines. He had a broken ankle and had accompanied them on the reunion. (1:35:45) The Commander of the Navy was at the Reunion, and introduced to the grandson. (1:36:10) The Okinawans had a special ceremony for the dead (from the earlier mentioned battle). They listed off the names of each person killed, it took three days and two nights. (1:36:24) They had built a remembrance garden full of trees and pillars. Each pillar was inscribed with the names of the dead. (1:36:50) At the ceremony, Americans and Japanese planted trees together in the garden. (1:37:10) His brother died in 1985, he missed him at the ceremony. (1:37:25) He was in Okinawa for a week. Post-War life • Spent twenty-two years in the Reserves. (1:37:40) • Trained men for Vietnam and Korea. (1:38:48) • Enlisted 1947, began taking a commission in 1949. (1:37:54) • Retired from the Reserves in 1969. (1:38:06) • Trained men in Muskegon, Flint, and Lansing for a short time. (1:38:09) • Was the President of Kelly Sales and Engineering Co. He went to college at MSU. (1:38:30) • Started the business in 19693, operated until 2002. (1:39:00) • Sons joined in the business. (1:39:11) • The business closed in 2002. He retired from the business in 1990, but he still works as an engineer. (1:39:22) Opinions on the War in Iraq • He doesn't think the draft would be appropriate for the war in Iraq, as there are sufficient numbers of volunteers. (1:39:53) • His grandson is in the Army, and will be leaving for his second tour soon. (1:40:07) • Is of the opinion that enlisted men and women accept their job and duty. (1:40:15) • Believes they are welcomed by the Iraqis, especially the youth. (1:40:31) • A unit of Sea Bees is deployed in Iraq, re-building infrastructure and improving existing infrastructure. (1:40:37) More post-War • After the war he was still very young. Discharge was based on a points system, and he had few points due to his age. (1:41:22) • He came home for thirty days near Thanksgiving. He went to a Navy field and �• • • • • • • • • • became military policeman afterwards. (1:41:53) He rode trains from Chicago to Buffalo and back in order to track men. (1:42:16) Had a lot of free times while he was an MP. (1:42:32) Spend most of his free time looking for girls, as did most of his friends. One of his friends had a fake ID he used to buy liquor, and was caught. And jailed for seven days (1:42:48) When they were looking for girls, they weren't really looking for sex, just dance partners and a good time. (1:43:21) He went to a roller-skating rink, and was told the Aragon ball-room in Northwest Chicago would be a good place for girls. (1:43:28) Went to the place, a band was playing. It was a nice place. (1:43:46) It was a special party at the ball-room, so there were no girls without escorts. He complained to the girl running the candy corner, and she gave him the phone number of two of her girlfriends. (1:44:04) He talked to the girls, and they both showed up. He got to pick which one he danced with because he'd made the phone call. He picked Ruth, and married her that September, which was eight months later. She was from Winfield, IL. (1:44:44) He has three sons, seven grandchildren, and five great grandchildren. (1:45:16) Three of his brothers were in the service. Two of his brothers married women who were in the service. His second eldest brother married a woman who had been in the Women’s Army Corps, and his eldest married an Army nurse. (1:45:32) • Ruth had three older brothers in the military. His two sisters married Army men. (1:46:37) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KellyK Title A name given to the resource Kelly, Kenneth (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kelly, Kenneth Description An account of the resource Kenneth Kelly was born on a farm in Coopersville, MI in 1925. He enlisted in the Navy in 1943 and served in a construction battalion (Seabees) in the Pacific theater, primarily in the Admiralties and on Okinawa. He relates several of his experiences while working on war construction projects, and focuses mostly on camp life. He also served in the Reserves for thirty years. The interview includes a description of his experience of the 1995 reunion at Okinawa. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McCauslin, Kelly (Interviewer) Spring Lake District Library (Spring Lake, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-19 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3b51f3be9f6ce3853a04b209beed06a1.mp4 83cbd477b4031690526fed639a15d001 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8f32b153ad6ac8fb72da1fe71772d3f2.pdf bf41190c311eba5b393e9cb035db908d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: World War II Interviewee: Lewis Kelsey Length of Interview: 01:22:25 Background                 He was born in Reed City, Michigan on March 24, 1923. He lost the farm when he was 10, during the depression. He would move to a small town in Eaton County. His father would rent a farm. He would go to a small country school. If you heard an airplane, the teacher would take them all outside to see an airplane. He would make it through 12th grade in high school. He graduated in 1942. He was in school when Pearl Harbor happened. He remembers hearing about it the next day when he went to school. When he found out about the war, he still wanted to finish school. There was only one man who enlisted immediately out of high school. After high school, he was enrolled at a National Youth Administration to learn about airplane mechanics. While he was in that school, his instructor was a retired Marine airplane mechanic and he got Kelsey to join the Marines. He had heard somewhere that there was going to be a new type of plane coming out and he really wanted to fly one of them. Unfortunately, he got the draft notice before he could sign up. He would report to his physical January 2, 1943. He was sworn in at the Armory in Kalamazoo. He was given a choice: go now to Fort Custer or wait a week and go to Camp Grant. He would take the week to see his sister in Big Rapids and go to Camp Grant on the 9th. He was there for two day and left in full uniform and dress coat. From there he was sent to Keesler Field, Mississippi. It was in the 90’s. Training (5:25)      It took them 2 days and 2 nights by train. The only thing that sticks out in his mind about the trip is that one guy had to be taken off the train and into an ambulance. He never did find out what happened. He had to walk out to the base. He thought it was a pretty nice base. There were a lot of B-36 planes there. He got basic training there. He was doing exercises, marching, and discipline. He applied for aviation school while he was there. �     When he went through the physical for aviation school, he was disqualified because his left eye was deemed not good enough. Even though when he had his first physical, he had almost perfect eyesight. The man telling him this showed him that because of his left eye, he was left with a blind spot. He understood, then, but he was still upset that he would be unable to go. Learning Army discipline wasn’t too hard for him. One time he missed a command and he had to run three laps around the Army field. Basic training lasted about 3 months. He would learn more about Air school when he transferred to Las Vegas, Nevada. Las Vegas (10:00)         It was very intensive training there. He had to learn how to take a machine gun apart and put it back together, blindfolded. He did an awful lot of shooting. He would first learn how to shoot a 50 caliber gun on the ground. They would have to shoot it at posts. The last 4 weeks they went up in airplanes and practices there. At the end of his training, he was flabbergasted to learn that he was one of the top 10 gunners and was invited to stay at a hotel in Vegas to celebrate. Las Vegas was not a big town then, but still good size. That night at the hotel he would meet a couple of actors and a singer. She would not sing for them that night, but she did sit at the table and eat supper with them. He was not getting any other training other than gunnery training. When he was done with gunnery training, he was shipped to Amarillo, Texas, for flight mechanic school. Amarillo (13:05)            He was learning all about the B-17. He was there almost 6 months. That was a very little amount of time to have to figure out everything that had to be done to learn about that plane, but he made do. His main responsibility was to transfer fuel. He would always have to make sure that no one was smoking. He would also take care of any problems while in flight. The fuel was stored in the wings. He had a lot of weekends off or got an evening pass to go see the city. There were no overnight passes. He remembers, they were done with their training, and he had hemorrhaged in the bowels. He spent 3 days in the hospital. He liked being there. It was a good town. His favorite town was Longview, Texas. He forgot to tell about his story from Keesler to Las Vegas: they went all the way around the mountain and into Utah. He does not know why they went so much out of the way, but they did. After his training and hospital time are done in Texas, he is transferred to Salt Lake City. �       When he was at Salt Lake City, he was assigned to an air crew. He was only there for a few days. From there they went to Peyote, Texas. That was another horrible place. He would take his combat training there. He would be transferred to a few more places and finally over the Atlantic. There were engine troubles along way and a guy in Iceland fixed it for them. When they went across the Atlantic, it was the entire crew. Europe (19:30)                 From Iceland he went to Belfast, Northern Ireland for a couple of days. From there he would get on a boat to go to Scotland and from there, he would take a train to Snetterton Heath. He would join the 338th Squadron 96th Bomb Group. The group would spend 2 years overseas and 200 missions. While at Snetterton Heath, they would live in Quonset huts, 12 men to a hut. There was a little coal stove in the thing, though there was not much coal to burn it. He does not recall even using it. He remembers his first mission, he went to Mulhouse], France. He remembers seeing the Swiss Alps. The plane that he would use for his first mission would get stuck in the mud before he ever had the chance to actually use it. It would only last 3 or 4 mission, as it would go down shortly after. He was with the same crew that he came over with throughout his time in Europe. He would lose 3 men. One of those men was born in Mexico City and did not have citizenship. An officer of the crew would find this out and the guy was pulled from any missions until his paperwork was completed. The officer was nice about it and explained what was going on to both the man and the rest of the crew, as the man was very well liked by all of them there. Because he was a citizen of Mexico wearing a US Army suit, he could have been executed for being a spy, legally. It turns out that the man was killed later on in a firefight, before they completed their mission. His pilot was from New Orleans. Copilot was a banker in NY. His navigator was a big honking kid from Memphis, TN. The bombardier was a Jewish boy from Philadelphia. The top gunner was the oldest and he was from Nashville, TN. The tail gunner was from Pittsburgh. There were others as well. Just before he left Texas, he turned 21. He was then one of the “old men” and that would give them five “old men” and five “kids” on their crew. His first mission was a milk run into eastern France (27:15) He bombed something, but he doesn’t remember what. He thinks it was a rail barge. This was April 1944. The squadrons would fly as a group. They would fly 3 squadrons as a group and each squadron would put up 7 airplanes, totaling 21. �                     He and his crew were in the 45th Combat Wing. Each squadron would put a wing on so all the planes would have an equal amount of cover fire. They would fly the planes close enough to keep the enemy aircraft from going through. Once in a while, they had an accident where two planes bumped together. Usually you would lose those planes. In the 30 missions he flew, he saw enemy aircraft four times, after seeing it one other time. Two of those four times, there were never any shots fired. The enemy aircraft did shoot at them. They did take a hit. The hydraulics system once caught on fire. The bombardier started screaming that they were on fire and to abandon ship. The big navigator, who was a really calm person, calmed the man down and said they would take care of the ship. And they did. The fire was put out, but the hydraulics system was gone, so everything had to be done manually. When he was flying these missions, a lot of times he could not see the ground at all. That was why they had a radar system on the plane. They would not bomb something unless they did see the target though. He does recall that on D-Day, they did drop bombs on a railway in a little town. The bulk of his missions were over France, though some of them were over Germany. (34:15) He bombed Paris a couple of times. It was terrible because they had really good antiaircraft fire at the time. He did bomb Berlin and received anti-aircraft fire there too. He saw enemy fire four times and they had attack them twice in the thirty missions that they had. To get near the ball bearing works or petroleum works, would mean that you would most likely see enemy fire. The worst place to attack was the ball bearing plant at Frankfurt. He went there once and that was enough. He did other missions rather than bombing missions. One time he went over France and they dropped supplies to the French underground. They never got above an 800 ft. altitude that day. He went there as a group and there was a big open field. They had the three groups that went and they left a lot of stuff. The French would have had to work real hard in order to get everything before the Germans got there. His plane got damaged from ground fire as well. In fact, he got a piece of shrapnel from the anti-aircraft fire. It was pulled from his headset. With the way he was standing, he thinks that if he had turned just a bit, the shrapnel would have gone completely through his earphone instead of catching onto it. Not one of his air crew were injured. On an average mission took him about 10 hours. When he completed his 30 missions that was it for him. While he was there, the requirement was raised, but they had completed their missions before that had happened. He only flew a few months. He was there in April and he finished in August. The last five missions took longer than the first twenty-five did. �            The last five missions took them to Czechoslovakia, twice to Poland, eastern Germany and another place. These missions weren’t necessarily more dangerous, just long. He did fly one mission with another crew, so he did not have to meet that last mission. After the 25th mission they were supposed to be at a rest home for a week, they were there 20 days. The psychiatrist would not release one of their men. The oldest man there was an alcoholic, so they would not let him go back. (40:30) Eventually, he would get sobered up and was allowed back into the missions. He was their turret gunner and he was a good shot. When he wasn’t flying missions, he would do normal exercises and play games. Every few days they would give you a two-day pass to London. He would also try to look for his brother. He knew he was in the 8th Fighter Command Headquarters, working as a cook, but he did not know how to find him. He was sent down to Operations, they would be able to tell him where he was at. So he went there and the clerk said that he could help him and it would only take a few minutes. The clerk disappeared for a couple of minutes and out came a major. The major told him that there was nothing that he could do for him. It would take him 30 years to figure out why he couldn’t find anything out. He would read Eisenhower’s Crusade in Europe book and finally figure out where he was. The reason they could not give him any information was because his brother was in the same compound that Eisenhower was. Just a few days later, his brother would come to find him. He told him how to find him in London. London (0:43:30)          His brother was allowed to stay with a 24 hour pass. He would give his brother his own bunk for the night. At 3am a guy came in to wake him up for a mission. Instead of waking up Lewis, the man would wake up his brother. He offered to take his brother on a mission, over England, but his brother would never fly. Lewis would eventually get a 48 hour pass to go see his brother in England. When his brother got off duty they would go to a pub. They would go to the local dog races several times. His brother’s friend, who was intimate with the world of gambling on the races, would help them out and tell them which dogs to bet on. When they got to the final race the dog they bet on was a scrawny little thing, but he ended up winning. Lewis’ brother could not believe it. He would send home $810 that month. (47:40) He would have luck with cards as well. While he was in London, he saw the House of Wax there, the Tower of London and he would see some of the bombed parts of London as well. While still in London, a buzz bomb had made it through the lines. He heard it quit running and there was quite an explosion. �                    He had to leave the next day, so he did not see the damage done. But he would return two weeks later to check it out. The place smelled so bad because they had not removed all the bodies yet. Once you smell that, you never forget. He and he crew would go in with five other crews, and they would only come out themselves. When they first got to the war, they would have fighter protection. As the newer planes came out, they would be escorted all the way to the target. The worst anti-aircraft fire mission they went on was Paris. They lost six planes that day. Most of their planes would be destroyed in anti-aircraft fire. One plane was on fire everywhere. He could see the copilot trying to keep the plane under control while the fires were being put out. It’s a good thing too, or else they may have been taken out that day too. He doesn’t know if anyone got out of the planes. There was a time when two planes bumped together. One came down and hit the other. The bottom plane split in half. The gunner and another man would fall to their death, from 30,000 ft. One of the crews had become POW. One man was an escapee, but the rest of his crew was still prisoners. (56:55) He remembers when he flew one of their first B-17 flights. He and his crew were carrying two 2,000lbs bombs. The bombardier would yell “Bombs Away!” but nothing happened. He was ordered up there to see if he could do something about it. But they were one ton bombs; there was nothing he could do. He would go back to the front and tell them there was nothing he could do. They sent him back again to see if he could do something. They eventually decided to land the plane at the farthest runway from the base. While he was helping the pilot, he did not even notice the plane touch down. If those bombs had come loose, they would have been blown to smithereens! It turns out there was a piece of the plane that was corroded a little bit. They had a heck of a time getting those bombs out of the plane. He did not get involved too much. It would be a couple of days after he completed his thirty missions when a sergeant came in and ordered them to pack their bags, clear the field, it was time to go home. When they got ready to go, he was ordered to put his stuff in a jeep, while the rest of his crew was ordered to put their stuff in a truck to be taken to the airport. When he got to where he was going, he was informed that he was under arrest for absence without leave for five weeks. His captain would come down to try to figure out what was going on. After giving the captain the information that was required he would have to stay not only on base, but he was restricted to the squadron area. The only time he could leave was to go to the mess hall. He was there for a couple of days and there was nothing to do. The man in charge told him that it was going to take a bit to figure out what was going on and asked him if there was something he would like to do. He wanted to see his brother back in London. The man was ready to give him a 7 day pass. He would go to London for a week and when he came back, he found out the man did not put those 7 days on his record yet. � That was a great thing, because when he got back to the US, he would come down with the chickenpox. This would prevent him from reporting to Miami, where he was supposed to go. Back to the USA (1:07:45)      After he got better, he reported to Miami. From there, he was sent back to Amarillo, Texas. He was there for a while and then was sent to Kingman, Arizona. There he was made a physical training instructor. He tried out for the baseball team there, but did not make it. This would not matter in the end because he was sent to San Antonio for physical instructor school. There he learned how to work with the guys coming through and teach them how to use hand-to-hand combat. From there, he went back to Kingman, but they were shutting the base down. He was sent to Laredo, Texas where he would be discharged. Post Duty (1:10:10)               He took a bus home to Michigan. By then the war was over. On his was back on the bus, there was a Marine sergeant sitting in front of him and in front of the Marine was a woman. The woman was complaining that the war was over and she wished it had gone on longer because she and her husband were living so well. The Marine got so upset that he socked her in the face. There was blood everywhere. At the next bus stop, the driver had her get off and told her to catch the next bus. He doesn’t know what kinds of reports went on from there, but he figured there must have been something. The Marine had broken some of her teeth, but even the bus driver thought the lady was asking for it. Once he got back home, he would work for the Kalamazoo paper company for a while. He would help out with the farm as well, with his brother and his father. His brother would eventually leave and go to Hopkins. It would be in 1957 that he would realize that he had enough of farming. The “family farm” was not the thing anymore. He had bought 120 acres of land to work, but it was not bringing in the kind of money that it had before. He would get a job at the Kalamazoo post office in 1963. Working two full-time jobs was too much for him, so he finally sold the farm. He would stay in the postal service for 30 years. The day he was discharged, the psychiatrist there told them that they would never forget this. He feels he is a better man after serving in the army. You don’t think much in the way of “I’m not going to make it”; you often think those things happen to others, but it can happen to you too. A single man on his crew was injured during combat, and that was his own fault for going out the wrong hatch and getting his finger caught. �       The pilot on his crew was a good pilot. (1:15:20) The man was barely big enough to be a bomber pilot. His crew would become the lead crew; this would happen via the pilot becoming the lead pilot. His squadron commander was sent to his camp to get combat experience. He would eventually be promoted to Brigadier General. He remembers when he was marching one time in England, he was a 1937 Buick. He was paying so much attention to the car, he did not realize there was a general in it, saluting him. Jimmy Stewart was actually a good officer. Apparently he was a general. He did find a way of getting answers from home, by mail quickly. Within a week he got a letters from his two sisters, his brother, and his mother. He had sent his letter home on a B-25. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KelseyL Title A name given to the resource Kelsey, Lewis (Interview outline and video), 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kelsey, Lewis Description An account of the resource Lewis Kelsey was drafted into the army in 1942. He initially was sent for pilot training, but a problem with one eye made him a gunner and flight engineer instead. He trained in B-17s, and his crew was sent to the 8th Air Force in England in April, 1944. He flew 30 missions between April and August, and was then sent back home to serve as an instructor. Most of his missions were over France, supporting the Normandy invasion, but he also flew missions over Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Air Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-11-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec33a25de0bff492fe490506b425a541.mp4 79453a080061559a0994a3e9123ca4ca https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d6c0b20d9ab9e7287c2b75465c6ed0c6.pdf e3e432ea1f8ded0ec3ae14e4a84c143b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Kenneth “Ken” Jernstedt Date of Interview: 02-22-1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 1] FRANK BORING: What were you doing prior to AVG? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I had gone through Pensacola, Florida as a Navy Cadet, not actually as a Navy Cadet, Navy flight training as a Marine Corps trainee, and had joined the First Marine Aircraft Group and 50 years ago today, we were in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on maneuvers after about 3 or 4 months in the States and about 4 months down there to be exact. So I think that the fact that I had been in the Marine Corps was a special good training for me as far as the AVG was concerned. FRANK BORING: When and how did you first hear about the opportunity in China? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well the whole First Marine Aircraft Group had returned to the States to Quantico, Virginia and just about that time we were allowed to go home on leave but almost exactly within a week or two of that, we heard of this man that was going to come through to interview anybody that met certain qualifications for this exciting-sounding tour in China. But the drive to go home was so steep in all of us that the fellows that eventually went out from that group, went home on leave first. Then we came back after 30 days at home and by chance had gone down to Norfolk, Virginia on a cross-country flight, that wasn't very far of course from Quantico to Norfolk, but to us we were feeling our oats and we met some of �our ex-buddies that we'd known at Pensacola in the Navy and they were talking very strongly about joining this AVG. So the 3 or 4 of us, actually there were 4 at that point that were interested, began to talk among ourselves and so we inquired and then made an appointment and flew up to New York to meet the heads of CAMCO who established the American Volunteer Group and would front for us out in China and I think it was the 68th floor of the Chrysler Building. Skip Adair, who I later met out in China, was the man that interviewed the four of us. FRANK BORING: We're going to re-run this same question again on when and how you heard about the AVG KEN JERNSTEDT: Well we had returned from the maneuvers that we had been on down in the Cuban area to the States and had just settled in, we were all anxious to go home on leave, which we did do. When we returned we had flown down to Norfolk and heard about a chance to go to China, which sounded fairly glamorous, from some of the Navy pilots who were there, that we had known in Pensacola. There were four of us in this First Marine Fighter Squadron, stationed at Quantico, Virginia that were very interested in this particular thing. So we missed the trip that he made through Quantico, so we took it on ourselves and contacted him and flew up to New York for a special interview in the 68th floor, I believe it was, of the Chrysler Building. And it was there that I met for the first time, Skip Adair, who was one of the officers of the group later on out in China. It's rather interesting to me at this time in my life that 3 of the 4 of us signed up. The one fellow that didn't, was left behind, his choice, because he was an only son of a widowed lady and he had just met a Powers Model. And if you ever met a Powers Model you know that's a pretty good reason for staying home. He was chasing pretty regular up to New York to see her. So he decided to stay home. The week that we were sitting in Los Angeles waiting to sail, he was killed in a routine cross-country flight back in Quantico, Virginia and the 3 of us that went out to China lived to a fairly ripe old age. One of them did pass away �about 10 years ago from natural causes and 2 of us are still alive. So I guess if you're gonna get it, you're gonna get it. FRANK BORING: What was your impression of what you were going to find in China from talking to Skip and talking to the CAMCO people? You said it was kind of exotic. What was your impression of what you were going to find there? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well that is a very interesting question as far as I was concerned and I've often wondered what I thought about it at that time now. But there was a challenge of travel, there was a challenge of doing something good for a nation that was obviously in trouble because there was a lot of propaganda put on by the news services at that time of the atrocities that the Japanese empire was doing on the Chinese; pictures of orphans sitting on street corners and wailing and the results of bombs falling in Shanghai and it was very effective propaganda. And it was true. So we did feel a real empathy for the Chinese people. Then we realized that also we would make more money, that had something to do with it. It was kind of a glamorous thought. There were 3 of us talking each other into this too. And when you get 3 young fellows with a certain amount of spirit, why it's easier to do it in three's than it is by yourself, if you're going to take on a venture like that. I think that maybe deep down the fact that there was a rumor going on that we might be doing submarine patrol duty in the north Atlantic off a carrier, made us think that maybe we were just about as safe fighting the Japanese out in China as we were trying to find a carrier in the fog in the north Atlantic and then land on the blamed thing, because we had, all 3 of us, checked out in carriers, in two different airplanes, two different carriers, and until you've done that a few hundred times, it is not exactly habit-forming. And I never did exactly like it, I wasn't scared of it, but it's a form of aviation that I lived without later on. FRANK BORING: What were you doing prior to the AVG? �KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I was finishing about a year's duty with the First Marine Aircraft Group, stationed in Quantico, Virginia. Just 50 years ago today, we were in Guantanamo Bay thinking about getting to return to the States. FRANK BORING: When did you first hear about this opportunity in China? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I think that happened just about within 2 or 3 days after we got back to Quantico and there was a notice on the bulletin board that a man was going to come through telling about this opportunity. But we were so anxious to go home on leave, which we did do, that we passed up that opportunity for the interview. A little later on, after we came back and were in normal operations again, we made a cross-country flight down to Norfolk, Virginia and met some of the Navy pilots that we had known in Pensacola, that had already had the interview and some of them had actually signed up and were going to leave the Navy to go out and supposedly fight the Japanese in China. So this kind of got us thinking a little more about it. So we made an appointment with this gentleman in New York City, went up to the 68th floor of the Chrysler Building and there I met Skip Adair for the first time and he was the one that interviewed 4 of us for the opportunity to leave the Marine Corps and go to China. FRANK BORING: What had you heard about, in terms of China? What was told to you and what did you kind of expect? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well we really didn't know what to expect. We each thought we were pretty well trained. A year of active duty in the Marines on maneuvers practically the whole time. We thought we were very well trained. Carrier landings were something I didn't particularly like and there was one rumor going around that we might go to the north Atlantic and this was, of course, before the war started. But if you recall, President Roosevelt was leaning very much toward the allies in Europe and we were sending Destroyer escorts, etc. and some of the war materials that were being shipped to Europe. So �one of the things that we heard was that they were going to use the aircraft carriers for that purpose and that the Marines might be doing that. Well I thought that I'd be just as safe out in China fighting the Japanese as I would be trying to find a carrier in the fog in the north Atlantic and land on it. Other things we had to consider was another opportunity to travel. Until I had joined the Marines, I had not really been out of the State of Oregon and here I had an opportunity to go halfway around the world and have this wonderful opportunity. Three fellows together, good friends, we started out to be four, but one dropped out. The fact that we were going to make more money, the fact that we were going to be out there for a year and then we could either continue our military careers or we could leave the service, that was going to be up to us. So you take all those things into consideration and three guys, four guys egging each other on, it was something that came to pass. FRANK BORING: What did you know about or hear about China at that period of your life? KEN JERNSTEDT: I really didn't know a lot about it. The fact that the Japanese had started invading the coast of China and had cut it all off entirely was, of course, the reason the AVG was founded. There were no seaports and they had to get supplies into China. The pictures that we'd see in on the newsreels, when we'd go to a moving picture and see the propaganda how the Japanese were bombing the civilians of Shanghai and there was a deep-seated feeling, as far as I was concerned anyway, that there was something wrong going on there and maybe I could do a little thing to maybe right that wrong. It was also a certain feeling that it looked like the whole country was going to go to war. Here was a chance to maybe get a little bit of practice ahead of time where it wasn't quite as dangerous as it might be someplace else. The way it worked out, I think I was wrong in that, it was just as dangerous there as anyplace. But it was a factor that went through my mind anyway, making up my mind to go out there. And probably last but not least, I was going to get another month's leave at home before I had to make the trip �to China. So it's odd sometimes the things that we do, the reasons that we do things, I should say, but there were 5 or 6 reasons that would go into my decision. FRANK BORING: Once you made the decision with your buddies to go to China, what was the procedure of getting out of the American military and then into this new group? KEN JERNSTEDT: That was very interesting looking back on it because we filled out a letter of resignation from our officer-ship, if you want to call it that, and that had to go through our Squadron Commander, it had to go through our Group Commander and then it had to go over to the Division and then the entire First Marine Corps Group. There were about four officers from a Major on up to a General that had to sign that, either approved or disapproved. By the time it reached the final one, I was talking to a General and he said "well Lieutenant, you know I can't possibly approve this." And I said "Well I can understand, Sir, but it's my understanding that once it gets to Washington, D.C. it will be approved and I guess all I can ask is, you just sign it one way or another." So it went to Washington, D.C. and my resignation was approved. We did sign a statement on that letter of resignation that we would accept employment upon the acceptance of that resignation, with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co., which was the front for the group out in China. FRANK BORING: Once all the paper work was done and all of the final bits and pieces were put together, where did you have to go to meet up with this group that was eventually going to go to China? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well, as I stated, we had about a month at home and then I went to Los Angeles. We were to report in at the Jonathan Club in Los Angeles and they put us up there, except Tom Haywood and I stayed at Charlie Older's home for that week. And we'd go down once a day and report to the so-called leadership at the Jonathan �Club, find out that the ship wasn't going to sail for another day or two and then we'd go see Los Angeles. FRANK BORING: What were some of the conversations you guys were having about that time, about traveling out there? The excitement must have been building during that period. KEN JERNSTEDT: Yes, it really was building. Personally I had said my goodbyes to Oregon and my parents and my girlfriend and all that so by the time I hit Los Angeles, most of that trauma was over and waiting to sail was made a lot easier by the fact that I was living with my friend, Charlie Older and we, as I say, really got to see Los Angeles for a week under some very pleasant circumstances. I'll never forget that week. We did not really meet or get to know any of the other fellows that were on the same ship until the thing got started for the Hawaiian Islands. As I recall there was a total of about 32 or 33, six of us were pilots. FRANK BORING: You mentioned that four people originally were going to go on this, what's the story on that? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well, the fourth person was the son of a widow lady, the only son, by the way, and he had just met a Powers Model. And being a young Second Lieutenant, he was doing all right with his relationship with this nice looking girl, I had met her up in New York, and he was beating a pretty steady path up there. So the combination of being an only son and having met a beautiful young lady, made him decide that the United States was a pretty good place to follow his immediate career. So the 3 of us that eventually went then went out to the west coast, Los Angeles and stayed there for a week and during that week, our friend was killed in a routine cross-country flight back around Philadelphia, night flight. I guess this kind of made a fatalist out of me because the three of us that went out lived to a fairly decent age. I'm still alive, Charlie Older is still alive, Tom Haywood died of somewhat natural causes about 10 years ago and I had thousands of flying �hours and lived dangerously for years and I have done a little of that and Charlie Older certainly has and the one fellow that played it safe didn't make it. FRANK BORING: You mentioned earlier about your week in L.A. that it was unforgettable and that it was quite a wonderful time. What was it that made it so special? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I had the pleasure of staying in the Older home. I had met Charlie's present wife earlier in my military career, not much earlier. They were, of course, engaged by this time. I was introduced to her twin sister. Tom Haywood was introduced to another likely young lady of Los Angeles. I got to do some private flying there. I remember going out one time and taking Kitty Older and her twin sister up in a private airplane on what is now the International Airport and it was hardly more than a pasture at that particular time. I remember the movie actor, Bob Taylor being out there to fly an airplane about the same time and just little incidences like that. Meeting both the families of Charlie and his brother and Kitty and her whole family. It was just a fine experience for a young guy from a farm up in Oregon, being down in the great big city of Los Angeles. FRANK BORING: I'd like to talk a little bit about the ship and the trip over and if you could touch upon the rather unique occupations you had on your passports, as I understand, there were a few of those. KEN JERNSTEDT: Yes. Well there were six of us that were pilots. Three Marines, two Navy fellows and one Army, I believe. Then there were about 27 other members that were office staff, automobile mechanics, airplane mechanics, radio operators, armorers, etc. We had passports, of course, issued and I thought that I knew something about accounting, so I went out there as an Accountant, having a degree in Business Administration. Some of them got a little bit flippant and had gravediggers on their passport, all employees of Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co., naturally. We had an �interesting trip in that we changed ships. We were on three different ships. Changed ships two more times, once in Surabaya and the next time in Singapore. The whole trip took us a little over a month and here again, my chance to travel was certainly fulfilled because we went to the Hawaiian Islands, we spent 4 or 5 days in the Philippine Islands, went up to Cavite and saw some of my Pensacola classmates at Cavite, who later were killed there right after Pearl Harbor. We then went down to Batavia and ended up in Surabaya for 3 or 4 days. Then went on to Singapore, stayed there about a week and then took a train up the Malay Peninsula to a little town called Kuala Lumpur, which I have seen in the news in the last few years in connection with the trouble that we've had in that area of the world, and then took a bus from Kuala Lumpur to a little out-of-the-way port called Port Swettenham and there we watched them unload a load of sugar, while we waited for the chance to sail on up to Rangoon. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Jernstedt_Ken_1991-02-22_v01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ken Jernstedtneth A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-02-22 Title A name given to the resource Ken Jernstedt interview (video and transcript, 1 of 6), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Ken Jernsted by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. After resigning his officer's commission with the US Marine Air Corps, Ken Jerstedt joined a large group of volunteers leaving San Francisco under the cover of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co. to join the AVG in 1941. He served in the Third Squadron "Hells Angels" as Flight Leader and had more than 10 victories against the Japanese. In this tape, Jernstedt describes what he was doing prior to joining the American Volunteer Group and the first time he heard of the opportunity in China. He also describes the empathy he had for the Chinese people that influenced his involvement in the AVG and the experience of traveling across the ocean to his new destination. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f6dc3e7adca8d4d8c9a2641b9894f83b.mp4 92d654e817be746c64d8893268517e1f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ceda215985209fe72fbd5f557f7be56d.pdf 03cd7e71c7462e439c10492a02a20708 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Kenneth “Ken” Jernstedt Date of Interview: 02-22-1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 2] FRANK BORING: Once you arrived - you said there was a train and a bus and then what happened after the bus trip? KEN JERNSTEDT: We took a bus from Kuala Lumpur to Port Swettenham and then got aboard this old tramp steamer and it was really a tramp. They had actually cleaned out some of the rooms on the stern and no passengers had been in there for months and years. They had hosed it all down and some of the fellows had made a left turn and headed in that direction and for some reason or other I instinctively turned right and got a more or less a cabin up front near the Captain. So we ate with the Captain and the one or two other passengers that were aboard that ship, Charlie Older and myself and I think Tom Haywood and one of the other pilots, I forget which one that was, and all the rest ate at the stern end of the ship with the crew and they didn't have near the living conditions that we did, and we kind of lorded it over them. FRANK BORING: What was your first experience with people from the AVG? I mean when you finally arrived? KEN JERNSTEDT: Of course we arrived in Rangoon and there was a fellow by the name of Noel Bacon that I had known and we were mostly Navy pilots and so he knew practically all of us, had come down from Toungoo. I think he was there to pick up a P-40 or something, but anyway, we had dinner with him in the hotel there that night. He �told us about living conditions up at Toungoo and I believe we stayed in the hotel that night and then started up on the train the next day. FRANK BORING: What did you find when you arrived? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well that was a - we had a grand reception because we pulled into the train depot at night and they actually had a band out to meet us and I couldn't believe it. Here was music playing and people yelling and greeting us and really trying to make us feel at home. I didn't expect anything like that. I don't know whether I've ever had an arrival like that since either. But anyway, it was kind of old home week because we were greeted by some of the fellows that we had known in flying school and they had seen our names on the roster and it didn't happen often enough, but what they made a little bit of a ceremony out of our arrival. Then we were put on busses and taken out to the Toungoo airport where we were going to train and taken over to the hostel. I've always felt very glad about the fact that Ole Olson, the Commanding Officer of the Third Squadron had seen three Marines listed on the list of incoming pilots and he figured that we would probably want to stay together, so he talked Colonel Chennault into letting all of us come to the Third Squadron. That's one thing we wanted to do if at all possible, was stay together and fortunately, why we were able to do that. FRANK BORING: Now you had an image from not too long before that of this exotic place called China and you arrived in Toungoo, what did you find? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well, it wasn't as bad as it might sound or as it seemed later. I've always noticed in my life that whether it was military chow or college food, when you first get there it doesn't seem very bad. In fact you wonder why everybody is complaining and then after you're there a couple or three weeks why you start being one of the complainers too. So the first few days there, why I didn't see too much wrong with the food and I didn't have any trouble sleeping in �that small cot. It was something different and kind of an interesting experience. Of course I had never seen a climate like that, there was a little exploring to do on the weekends and in our off hours. It was jungle you might say, right down to the edge of that little valley. Tea plantations up on the hill that we could go visit, a swimming pool out in the jungle that we were at I think the first Sunday we were there. I won't say that it was an Olympic sized pool or anything like that, but we could at least get wet and throw a little water around at each other. The fact that we were flying, of course, was the main thing and we quickly checked out in the P-40 which was a look-forward to event and getting acquainted with all the other guys. There was something to do all the time. I had no problem. FRANK BORING: Some of the guys as you know did not have the kind of experience you did in airplanes. If you could just describe to us your first experience with the P-40. I know that you said that you felt comfortable with it, but if you could describe that a little bit for people who wouldn't know about the P-40? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I had confidence in myself, but I have to admit that there was a surprise or two before that first flight was over. I've always liked to fly fighter airplanes because I didn't have to check out with anybody. I mean they could tell you about it and point out the instruments which were all very standard, but from then on you were on your own and they can tell you some of the characteristics which you can understand as a pilot. But the one thing about the P40, as far as I was concerned, was it was the first in-line engine that I'd ever flown. Being Navy trained, we were used to the aircooled radial type engines and when I got up in the air and started maneuvering a little bit I didn't have any problem whatsoever. It had different characteristics than the Grumman mid wing Wildcat, but pretty much of a standard type of plane. But when I pulled the canopy back and cut my throttle for the final landing and that thing started p-p-p-p at me, why I really got a surprise because here were these 12 exhaust stacks right there in front of me all banging at �once and that really kind of surprised me. That was the main surprise of that entire flight, was the way those exhaust stacks barked at me as I cut my gun for landing. FRANK BORING: When was the first time and if you could describe your first impression of meeting Claire Chennault? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I believe we met him the next day, went over to the office and here was this very weather-beaten face with very stern looking mannerisms about him, but I was really impressed because he was a military man, quite formal at first. Later on I got to make a few my mind up about a few things concerning him and one or two, I would say that, well in the first place, he hated to lose. In fact, like in a game of softball, he pitched for headquarters and the Padre caught flys occasionally out in center field for him and he would always get blamed for the fact that headquarters would get beat. Chennault by this time had reached the age where he was fairly easy to hit, but he hated to lose and somebody else got blamed for it. If you were going to play poker with him or cribbage or anything like that, there would be a time limit set, okay we'll play till 12 o'clock. Well you quit at 12 o'clock if he was ahead. If he was behind you kept playing. Sometimes the games drug out. He hated to lose. He was in good physical shape for a man his age and he was very proud of that. He was very succinct in his statements and you always had the feeling that he meant exactly what he said. He was obviously very knowledgeable about fighter airplanes and we learned a lot from listening to him talk to us concerning the characteristics of our own airplane and the Japanese airplanes, especially the Japanese airplanes. I don't know that he ever flew a P-40, but he understood its characteristics in comparison to what we were going to be up against as far as the Japanese were concerned. FRANK BORING: This is something I've always found very interesting is that some of you guys, especially like with you and Tex Hill was another one who had a great deal of experience. I think that if somebody had �gotten up there and tried to give you a lecture that you knew was not real it wouldn't be the same as the impression you got from Chennault. So from the very beginning you realized this man knew what he was talking about. KEN JERNSTEDT: Why yes. There was no doubt in my mind that he knew what he was talking about and I think he was the type of individual that might give orders sometime for something that for the long-range pull might not be exactly what you would like to see happen, but you think about it, you realize the old man would be right and so you followed the orders. He was a good leader and I think he had the respect of most of the people that were out there, most of them that I admired anyway. FRANK BORING: The classes that he gave, the teaching that he gave on these tactics and whatnot. Did you find that they were helpful when you actually got up in the air against the Japanese? I mean were you caught by surprise or you pretty much anticipate what you were going to run into? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well the one thing that he taught that was so different than what I had learned or had been taught in the Navy, was everything was three ship in the Navy and you operated in three of threes, etc. Well, under Chennault we quickly went to two ship and in pairs well three pairs to a group. So it would be three six ship operations, if you divided 18. If the Navy did it, why you'd have, we'd have three - I have to think this through, I'm messing this thing up. But if you had nine ships or a squadron of 18, you would have six three ships operations. Under Chennault you would have three six ship operations and those planes, it was much easier to fly formation in three groups of two and you were better protected tactically from getting jumped, you used less gasoline, it was just a lot better operation all the way around, with operating in ABC three ship rather than the three twos than the old three ship of the Navy. �FRANK BORING: There's also the idea which is somewhat different too of coming up from behind and using the advantage of the airplane to come down and back around again. Could you talk about that a little bit? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well the type of airplane that we had, the P-40 of course, did not climb too fast in comparison to the Japanese and Chennault really always taught "get the altitude, get the altitude" and if you start out with an additional 2 or 3 thousand feet on any airplane, why you can go into a speedy dive and then make that pass and then use that speed to gain altitude again. If you are starting out on the same level, you do not have that additional speed and so you quickly lose the advantage in a dog fight. If you start above them with that altitude, you have that supra speed that will last you much longer in the dog fight and be at your advantage. The same thing is true if you're attacking a group of bombers. I always found it much safer to come in from above and then you can decide on your way down just how you're going to formulate your attack. But speed and altitude was one thing that the P-40, we had to learn to use to our advantage. FRANK BORING: Let's talk a little bit about the days before Pearl Harbor. A lot of that time was spent training, a lot of that time was spent flying. Explain to us a little bit about what the routine was like and what not before you actually got into the battle? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well of course anybody ought to have several hours in an airplane before he starts using it tactically and that was the first thing we did was quite a bit of just plain flying by yourself and the 3 of us, the ex-Marines, worked together and we'd take off roughly at the same time when we could, a lot of times we'd go out and fly a little formation and go into the ABC formation if we were just the 3 of us even flying and we'd chase tails and do mock combat work. I remember finally after a week or two we had mock combat with one of our squadron mates who'd been out there awhile and they were probably much better qualified in the P-40. I went up against Duke Hedman the first time in dog fighting, he whipped me. But it �wasn't exactly a whipping, it took him a little while, but he eventually ended up on my tail and of course that was a good lesson for me. But Duke was a good pilot and I obviously needed some more training. There's a lot of formation work that goes into this type of flying and then there's formations working against each other and so once in a while we'd have maybe 9 ships attacking 9 ships. That gets to be a real rat race and it's a wonder somebody wasn't killed in one or two of those out there. But you get to know the country you're in, you get to know the airplane more and more. Every hour you put in is to your advantage as far as the first time or anytime that you're going to go into combat. The better acquainted you are with the airplane, the better off you're going to be and so we flew them as much as we possibly could, realizing that there was a limitation because of supplies, etc. and down time on any airplane. But the more you could fly, the better off you were even if you were up there just horsing around with each other. FRANK BORING: During this period of time did you have much interaction with the crew chiefs, the people who were actually working on your airplane? KEN JERNSTEDT: I think we did. Frank Losonsky was my crew chief and I feel very fortunate that I had him and I think most of the pilots, especially the Third Squadron, had all the - it may get even broader than that - we had good mechanics all through the AVG. Some of those fellows had been in the Army Air Corps for a long time. My mechanic was really devoted to that airplane and he did a good job and I take my hat off to him to this day and I know the other pilots feel the same way. We went over and talked to them a lot of times when we were not flying and just talked to them about the engine and some of the things and they'd educate us as to what to do and what not to do, to keep the thing cooled under certain conditions, etc. It was a learning process, so you took as much advantage of it as you could because you knew you'd better learn a few things. Sure didn't know it all. �FRANK BORING: Did you find that that was somewhat unique? Was that different than your past experience with working with military aircraft? Did you used to talk to crew chiefs when you were in the Marines or was this something more unique? KEN JERNSTEDT: A little bit more unique but not a lot because there's a certain esprit de corps in the Marines. If you'd ask an Army pilot that or maybe a Navy pilot, you'd find a different answer, but I remember in the fighting squadron I was on with the Marines, my crew chief that I had, had been in the Marine Corps sixteen years. He had a man under him that had been in the Marine Corps eleven years and there was one fellow that had been in there six years that wiped the airplane down and when you add up that much experience and that much going into one ship just for one pilot and then compare what we were doing in China with one crew chief and maybe some oriental laborer on the side. The experience wasn't there. But then I'll even go a little further and think about that in connection with let's say a 4 engine bomber of a B17 and the head chief on that had maybe been on that maybe 2 years and with 4 engines to take care of and Lord knows how many guns, etc., it sometimes boggles my mind to think how lucky we were to have the help that we had, both as a Marine pilot and the help out in China compared to what some of these fellows put up with. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Jernstedt_Ken_1991-02-22_v02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ken Jernstedtneth A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-02-22 Title A name given to the resource Ken Jernstedt interview (video and transcript, 2 of 6), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Ken Jernsted by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. After resigning his officer's commission with the US Marine Air Corps, Ken Jerstedt joined a large group of volunteers leaving San Francisco under the cover of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co. to join the AVG in 1941. He served in the Third Squadron "Hells Angels" as Flight Leader and had more than 10 victories against the Japanese. In this tape, Jernstedt describes his arrival at Rangoon, his first experience with the other members of the AVG and flying a P-40, in addition to meeting General Claire Chennault. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a5e422e0ca0c514926f0c766e78704d6.mp4 4cf507bbc3e979c28f21925d9d4f236e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a6485140d878e591e6ab0d53c60e3d67.pdf 0fa49b8930348cd099af5d1bb12dfce7 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Kenneth “Ken” Jernstedt Date of Interview: 02-22-1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 3] FRANK BORING: I'd like to get back to the training itself that Chennault was giving you and the practice runs you were making with your buddies. How well did that translate to the actual combat that you eventually ran into? KEN JERNSTEDT: That's a fairly hard question to answer because when we finally got into combat, we were against such enormous odds that, yes you could go into your formations on your first pass or two, but then you could quickly get lost. That was my finding anyway. Not that we didn't use some of the very basics, like keep your altitude… [BREAK] FRANK BORING: The tactical information and the strategic information that Chennault was teaching and also the practice runs you were doing with your buddies, how well did that translate into the actual combat as you ran into it? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well it helped us a lot, especially we knew what to do and expect from the other fellow that we were flying with or fellows as the case may be. So many times we were outnumbered to such a degree that the things that we learned from Colonel Chennault were absolutely impossible to do because there just weren't enough of us there. But the basic things like, keep your altitude, remember the type of ship you're flying versus the type that you were �attacking, keep your buddy covered as best as possible if you're a wing man, remember that you have a wing man if you happen to be a flight leader. Then we'd do this as long as we could but when you're fighting against great odds, a lot of times this had to go by the boards pretty fast. You still maintained the basics the best you could, but many times because of the numbers involved, it was kind of every man for himself. Now in other cases, there might have been times, members of the AVG, the numbers were more equal, the element of surprise wasn't quite as much, maybe the tactics were a little more efficient all the way through. I think the same thing would be said about Navy tactics or Army Air Corps tactics or anything. One of the basic things that any fighter pilot has to learn is to be the Captain of that ship and meet the circumstances head-on and those circumstances change fast sometimes and then do the best you can. FRANK BORING: There is one big difference though. In other theaters, using the traditional method of dog fighting that the military was basically explaining, the British, even the ones that you were fighting with in the same skies, their numbers were not even close to the numbers that you had. Do you attribute a lot of that to Chennault's tactics? KEN JERNSTEDT: Basically, yes and the confidence that he built in us and the familiarity that a lot of us had with the airplane and the knowledge that we had concerning the advantages that our airplane had over those that we were up against. If you keep those things in mind, your enemies weak points and your strong points, and vice versa, why you'd live a little longer and there was one thing that we always were taught was don't be a dead hero. It was very important to keep that piece of equipment flying and it was very important that you be there the next day if at all possible. Not that people didn't get shot down, some of us did, but we also knew that we were serving the group a lot better if you saw that you were beginning to get the worst in a dog fight, instead of staying in there �and shooting it out with that guy, just dive out, live to fight another day. That was one of the key things he taught us. FRANK BORING: Let's talk now about the incidents that changed everything and that was the first time you heard about Pearl Harbor being bombed. Can you give us your impression? I know you had a lot of friends that were probably there. Can you tell us your impressions and your reaction to hearing about Pearl Harbor? KEN JERNSTEDT: I remember the day very succinctly in that I had the duty that day and we were on alert. The members of the Third Squadron and at least one time that day there was a Jing bow, which is the Chinese word for air raid and we were sent into the air and I think there were four of us. Japanese airplanes were supposed to have been sighted. We went up to shoot down Venus, because Venus shines at that particular latitude in the daytime and somebody saw this reflection up there, they thought it was an airplane and it was Venus. At least that's what it was determined to be later because when we got up high we never found anything except Venus. It was a jumpy group I can tell you because, of course, we put bullets in the airplanes, had been in for about a week as I remember, and everybody was on alert. I remember I got clear to the airport that day before I learned that Pearl Harbor had happened. It was a strange feeling because we knew that sooner or later we were going to war and now we realized that our whole country was going to go to war. It was a lot of soul searching and thinking to try to figure out just how that would affect our operation. Whether or not supplies would be sent up the Burma Road for us to protect and how long we would be able to keep the Burma Road open if that was going to be a major consideration of the allied effort to keep it open. We began to wonder, at least I did at that time, how can we operate as, you might say, a civilian operation with the whole rest of the world at war under military operation, how could we expect our government to send us supplies when there would be other military services of the regular Army Air Corps and Navy Air �Corps wanting supplies. So even at a very early stage we began to wonder just how long we could exist. FRANK BORING: Right after Pearl Harbor you were kind of expecting to be fighting almost any day but actually quite a few days went by. What were those days like before the actual first encounter? KEN JERNSTEDT: Pearl Harbor of course was on the 8th out there and right away the Third Squadron, the rumor started and later the orders came through that we would go to Rangoon because General Chennault and the powers that be considered that to be one of the vulnerable targets for the Japanese and so some of the British were there at Mingaladon and we were to go down there and aid them in the defense of Rangoon and the other two squadrons were to go up to Kunming. Of course there was a certain amount of preparation necessary for that move. You move that many people and planes and supplies that far in two different directions, there was a lot of activity going around Toungoo. I think it was around the 11th or 12th, something like that, before we were able to take off and make the move to Rangoon. Of course when we got there, it was a case of familiarization again. Flying the area, getting bearings, getting used to the operations in connection with the British Airdrome, having our food supplies, etc., places to sleep for a bunch of Yankees, getting them used to us. It took some diplomacy on a lot of people's part and sometimes the diplomacy wasn't so good. But we had to fly the planes to familiarize ourselves with the territory, we also realized that we weren't going to get much warning there because the British did not have in place a very good warning system. So the realization came that if we get hit here, we're going to really not have hardly any notice at all. FRANK BORING: How much interplay did you actually have with the British? Not necessarily brass, but other pilots, but if you did have interplay with brass too? �KEN JERNSTEDT: On my level, very little. I was a Flight Leader. We occupied a different area of the Airdrome. Those things are fairly large and of course we didn't know anybody over there and on purpose, I believe. They probably kept us apart as much as possible. I did not have any real personal contact with the British pilots. I did not have much respect for their airplanes, but we quickly learned that. That the Brewster's that they were flying in that area just didn't compare to anything really except a clunk of machinery. It was a poor excuse for a fighter plane as far as I was concerned. But there was a lot to just get used to in a fairly short time. You think two weeks is a long time but it passes pretty fast. FRANK BORING: Especially when you're under the threat of war. Could you tell us about your first encounter with the enemy? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well that was on December 23rd and we had an air raid warning go up so I remember there were I think 12 AVG'ers or the Third Squadron planes on alert that day and Neal Martin and Bob Brouk and I were one section and I don't remember the make-up of any others as well as I do that one. Neal Martin was going to be the leader of that flight, both Brouk and I were Flight Leaders and by that time maybe 2/3 of us were Flight Leaders in the Third Squadron, but we took off and went out a ways to gain some altitude and came back and here our first contact was with a large formation of 18 twin-engine Japanese bombers. Neal Martin was considered to be and rightfully so, as far as I was concerned, a very, very fine pilot. And I'm sure I'm right on this, an All American basketball player for the University of Arkansas, a great athlete, a great young man. I was flying on his wing and Bob Brouk was also back of me in our ABC and we got higher than this bomber formation and off to the right and Neal dove down and I never will forget seeing his airplane go through kind of below the formation and up and sit out right there in front of the bombers, and all of a sudden the thing turned over on its nose and went down and he went straight in, was killed. Now no one will ever know whether he made a tremendous mistake and misjudged his �dive and pulled up in front, or whether he was shot at and hit as he more or less went below them. But on the first pass, Neal Martin was killed and then it was my turn to go down and of course the heartbeat was a little faster in situations like that and I came in and attacked on the flank on the right side and made my first pass and nothing happened as far as any airplane going down is concerned. About my third pass I had gone down through the formation this way and I pulled up on the other side and I came back down and up and got fairly close and unloaded into one of those Mitsubishi bombers and it just blew up entirely. I continued to attack. I did not see any more airplanes come down. They turned and left for the east and I soon landed. There had been a great deal of damage on the airport. Bombs had hit the runways, missed the bomb hole when I came in, one was right on the runway. Some of the buildings had been hit. There was a great deal of excitement naturally, because quite a few of the fellows had quite a bit of wild stories and of course I was remembering my own. I had used most of my ammunition. Hopefully some of those went down before they got back to the border because I thought I was right on and you could see the bullets going in them but the things wouldn't come down except that one really blew up, just caught fire, must have hit the gas tanks and away she went. But that first flight we lost two pilots, Neal Martin and Hank Gilbert and of course what enthusiasm we had for the victories were dimmed considerably by the fact that we'd lost two good men. FRANK BORING: The next few days the Japanese came back. Why don't you tell us a little bit more about that? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well those were very hectic days. December 24th we were left alone but everybody was pretty keyed up and December 25th, of course Christmas, why here they came again and even in larger numbers. I had a little bit of trouble with my engine at first, the thing was missing a little bit, but it smoothed out and I had gained a lot of altitude on account of going on the outskirts and I made some passes at some bombers and did not have any luck. Then I �saw two fighters off to the northeast from where I was at that time and so I headed over in that direction and I headed toward them at an angle. One of them saw me and came back and we made headon at each other and I got him. I had six guns and it was an I-97 and I don't think they have more - I think they had four on them - I had fire power advantage and by this time the other fellow left the area and so I was, as I say, east of the airport considerably, had used up a lot of gasoline and practically all my ammunition and had only one fighter to claim, so I went back and landed. We did not have the damage, as I recall, to the airport that day that we had the first time. But again, we had two pilots missing. Overend and McMillan. Pretty soon Overend came back and that night we were having our dinner, the food………… (smoke alarm went off). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Jernstedt_Ken_1991-02-22_v03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ken Jernstedtneth A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-02-22 Title A name given to the resource Ken Jernstedt interview (video and transcript, 3 of 6), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Ken Jernsted by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. After resigning his officer's commission with the US Marine Air Corps, Ken Jerstedt joined a large group of volunteers leaving San Francisco under the cover of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co. to join the AVG in 1941. He served in the Third Squadron "Hells Angels" as Flight Leader and had more than 10 victories against the Japanese. In this tape, Jernstedt Jernstedt discusses how combat training with General Chennault translated into greater confidence during periods of actual combat. He also discusses his reaction to hearing about Pearl Harbor and what their experience was like in the period that followed. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4473e7cd02c4d9b8248fc21fc6139858.mp4 e43ab690809c3e95e6908aa546f365f5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ea81bfb59ab7f48bff27b71c94828916.pdf cccca58e161c0ff2c9146be754030241 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Kenneth “Ken” Jernstedt Date of Interview: 02-22-1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 4] FRANK BORING: Some of the maneuvering you had to do in learning about your P40, how did you rate the Japanese pilots as fighters? KEN JERNSTEDT: They were very efficient. That may sound like a strange word to use, but for instance… FRANK BORING: When you answer, I'm saying Japanese pilots, but you're not going to hear that when you see it. So all we need to do is to say "the Japanese pilots were very efficient" that way we know what you're talking about. KEN JERNSTEDT: The Japanese pilots were very efficient which might be a strange word to use to describe a military pilot but I use that term because I remember my friend, Charlie Older, shot down the leader of one of the formations and quickly another one moved into position. They were really trained. The airplanes, of course, were a lot different than ours. The I-97 was a fixed landing gear fighter that couldn't compare anywhere near to a P-40 regarding speed. But it was very, very maneuverable so you could not turn with it. The Zero was a light airplane for the gun power that it had, so it could climb very efficiently and was also hard for an American to dog fight against in a P-40. Their bombing formations always impressed me because they kept formations tight, if anybody was shot down they maneuvered to quickly replace that one, their gunners knew what they were doing all the time. I thought they were fairly efficient. �FRANK BORING: Before the war there was a lot of propaganda put out about the Japanese and in fact the military establishment was saying the Japanese weren't good fighters. Had you heard that before you went to China? Then you got Chennault telling you that they were good fighters and then what did you actually find? KEN JERNSTEDT: I found that the stories that I had heard concerning the Japanese before I went out there were entirely wrong. They had been ridiculed by cartoonists and by war correspondents…… (smoke alarm again). FRANK BORING: The Japanese were portrayed in a certain way before you got to China and then you saw Chennault a little bit more about the Japanese and then eventually you fought against them in the skies. What were the differences between those? KEN JERNSTEDT: The Japanese pilots we were told before we left the country were very inefficient, were not well trained, were cross-eyed and all kinds of things like that so we had an entirely wrong opinion. We arrived out there and General Chennault told us that they were good pilots, well trained, and we soon found that out and it was a rather rude awakening to a certain degree. It's amazing when you look back 50 years ago that this propaganda was being floated around, and why anybody would be gullible enough to think that it was a nation of people preparing for war and their pilots were no good. It just doesn't make sense in retrospect. FRANK BORING: How did you rate the Japanese pilots in terms of their tactics compared to yours and the ability of your airplane against their airplane? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I would say the good pilots were equal to our good pilots. They had a different type of airplane. They knew the advantages they had over us, just like we knew the advantages we had over them. They were on offensive missions, we were on defensive �missions. So our goals were different. We operated toward different goals, which in war time becomes very apparent and hard to really just determine who is the better because of the different types of goals. I think they knew their airplanes, they knew their capabilities and had lots of hours, many of them. FRANK BORING: You had mentioned earlier you wanted to say something further about your crew chief KEN JERNSTEDT: Looking back I have to grin about my crew chief, Frank Losonsky because the first time I was in combat, he seemed to be very delighted that he found, I think it was, ten bullet holes in my airplane when I came back. That didn't make me feel too good at all, but he was very pleased and it gave him a little bit of oneupmanship among the other crew chiefs. By gosh, his pilot got shot at and here's proof, here are ten bullet holes in Number 88. I didn't feel good about them at all, but he liked them. FRANK BORING: Later on, on March 21st there was apparently a revenge attack by the Japanese at Magwe and the bombings began, Parker DuPouy was leading a flight of six P-40's to Magwe. There apparently was an incident that happened to you involving Japanese bombers or somebody shooting at you and the glass just exploding in your cockpit and all that. Do you recall that particular incident? KEN JERNSTEDT: I recall those few days in March very well because it was two days before that, that Bill Reed and I had gone on a mission of search and so forth, down into the southern part of Burma east of Rangoon to a little airport called Moulmein and we'd done a pretty good job of destruction down there. In fact General Chennault sent us a telegram saying "Congratulations. You have set a new record of world destruction." I don't know now whether that sounds so good or not, but at the time, it was all right. The fact that we had been thoroughly successful, I think irritated them to a certain degree and maybe all we did was postpone what happened on the 21st a day or so. On that particular day, we were caught on the �ground at Magwe and when I finally got to my airplane and got it off, the bombs were dropping at the end of the runway and how I got there I still consider myself pretty lucky and I went out and gained some altitude and started chasing this bomber group and they were headed back to I believe as far away as Hanoi. It was that general direction anyway and I made passes at the formation and had been successful in getting two of them down and like a darn fool I had put my goggles up on my forehead because of peripheral vision, it was much better with the goggles off and there was no wind stream in the cockpit, but as I was making a pass at one of these bombers, a bullet hit my windshield right in front of my face and the bullet went into the armor plating right back of my neck. I figure it missed my head by about a 1/2 inch and this glass just exploded into my face and some of it went into my left eye. Well I immediately called that battle off and headed home and I was a very fortunate AVG'er at that point in time, because I couldn't see too well, had one eye left, but I was getting low on gasoline, I hoped I knew the direct route to Magwe and fortunately I had just reversed my compass heading 180 degrees and hit it right on the button and landed on the Magwe airport after it had really been pounded. I missed a crater on the runway in my landing and ended up, immediately went to sick bay and Doc Richards dug glass out of my eye and eventually the next day - well two or three things were very unfortunate about that - we had a ground crew chief by the name of John Fauth that was killed and another pilot that had been on one side in one trench that wasn't quite so deep and he thought he'd be safer over on the other side of the runway and he got up and ran and a bomb hit and it caught him in his neck and on his hand and he was in pretty bad shape. I spent about half the night sitting with him and then the next day they flew me back up to Kunming for some so-called R&R in the old Lockheed or was it Beechcraft, I forget right now. But anyway, John Hennessy was the pilot and I stayed in Kunming for about 5 or 6 days and then rejoined the group. Some write-ups have said that I had my windshield shot out as I landed at Magwe, but that's entirely �wrong. I lost my windshield about 200 miles east of there when I was fighting against the bombers. FRANK BORING: Talk about the raid before all of this happened. KEN JERNSTEDT: On March 19th. Well the squadron had been operating in Magwe for several days and Bill Reed and I talked to Ole Olson and said we wondered what the Japanese were doing down south as they approached Rangoon as far as airplanes and troop movements, etc. were concerned and so …(smoke alarm) FRANK BORING: On March 19th Bill Reed and you took off from [?] to attack a Japanese airfield 10 miles from Moulmein, can you tell us about that? KEN JERNSTEDT: By March 19th the AVG had more or less retreated up the Burma Road as far as Magwe and we were operating the Third Squadron with some of the members of a couple of the other squadrons out of that particular airport for several days and Reed and I were talking to Ole Olson, our Commanding Officer, and we began to wonder about what the Japanese were doing down in the Rangoon area and east of there. So we cooked up the idea of going down on a reconnaissance mission. So he and I took off the evening of the 18th and stopped at Toungoo, re-gassed our airplanes and went to bed there in our old shack that we had lived in in our training days earlier. We got up real early in the morning - I'll never forget that particular take-off because of the circumstances - it was still dark about 5 o'clock and there were no lights on the airfield at all and a single strip, but it just so happens that in that particular latitude, the north star was sitting right on the horizon, right down the end of the runway for me, so when I hit the throttle on the P-40, I just concentrated entirely on the north star as a guiding light and took off and when I felt we had flying speed we took off and went into the air. So that's the first time I had ever done that. We went in the general direction of Rangoon, we were up at about 20 - 22 thousand feet, and then went in on the south side of Moulmein and �began to lose altitude and were going to come in over it for a quick look-see at what might be in that area. We spotted an auxiliary field about 5 to 10 miles away - it's kind of hard to remember distances exactly in this point in time - and here were at least 60 airplanes lined up on this auxiliary airport, wing tip to wing tip in two lines on opposite sides and we just had a heyday going up and down those two lines. He was going one way and I was going the other and just raising all kinds of havoc, setting airplanes on fire and I remember looking over to the side road and seeing a truckload of Japanese arriving on the scene. They must have been arriving to make an early morning take-off, because by this time it was I would say around 7 something and the sun was well up, but not too far in the sky and they just parked and watched all this havoc being raised with their airplanes. So then we finished there getting a little low on ammunition and headed over toward Moulmein. By that time there was activity going on because they evidently knew that we were in the area and we started strafing there. We got one just about the time he started to swing into position to take off, we got another - I had a kind of a trial bomb that Charlie Baisden had rigged up for me to put in the fur pocket on my wing. It was a homemade bomb and it was more to set fires with than anything else and I set a dandy, because there was a transport plane gassing up over near a hangar and I hit it in a vicinity to catch that whole area on fire and caught that one on fire and we made about one more pass after that and got the heck out of there because we had no more ammunition and more planes were beginning to warm up to taxi out, so we headed, and I have never understood quite why the Japanese didn't follow us because if they'd thought the thing through, they would have known that we were going to have to stop in Toungoo, which we did, and gassed up. I can't remember the name of the U.S. General there, but they interviewed us at some time for what we had seen. Of course all we could report on was airplanes. They were more interested in ground troops but we couldn't give them too much information and we stayed an extra 15 or 20 minutes talking to those guys and I was getting kind of antsy and so was Bill because we were �expecting to get our airplanes strafed out there at any time. Pretty soon we took off and went back to Magwe and landed and never saw any more until the two days later when that big raid hit us on the 21st. FRANK BORING: What did Chennault have to say about all of this? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well he sent the telegram to us congratulating us on the great record of destruction that we had set - a new record of world destruction. Something that kind of pleased me. I read the wording of that in the group diary not too long ago. I happened to have a copy of that and found it and it made me feel kind of good. FRANK BORING: There was a [?] when they shot the glass, the bomber I guess that shot at you and got all in your eyes. Could you repeat that story again please? KEN JERNSTEDT: You want that whole thing repeated? FRANK BORING: We don't know if we got it KEN JERNSTEDT: This really had the Japanese upset. I knew they were going to hit us anyway but on the 21st of March, two days after our raid, they hit Magwe and they caught us on the ground - absolutely cold. I was able to get to my airplane and get it into the air just barely about the time the first bombs were beginning to hit the airport. The chances of immediate dog fight was absolutely not there, so I gained altitude and then chased a bomber formation as it headed home. There were about 18 ships as I remember in that formation and I was the only one, which was a little bit foolhardy, but I kept nicking at them and I got two of them down and then on the one I was working on either he got me or one of his wing men got me with a shot that hit the windshield right in front of my face and I like a fool had my goggles off my eyes and on my forehead because, in a dog fight the goggles didn't give you the peripheral vision that you sometimes need. This wasn't really a dog fight but I �still wanted my peripheral vision and that glass exploded and some of it hit my eye and my face and I thought "oh my gosh, I'm dead" and I dove out and then realized I wasn't dead, so pulled it out and headed toward Magwe, which was about 200 miles. It took me quite a while to get there and landed with very, very little gasoline left and a navigational feat that was just plain luck. Because all I'd done was reverse what I remembered my compass heading to be as I was going with those bombers and I hit it right on the head, landed to see a great deal of turmoil. John Fauth, one of our crew chiefs had received a wound from a bomb. He died that night. Frank Swartz, another pilot, had jumped from one trench to another and as he was running, a bomb went off near him and hit his face and his hand. He died in Poona, India about a month later from an infection that had set in as a result of the wound. I had stayed up with him until about midnight that night and then the next morning they shipped me in the Lockheed up to Kunming for some R&R. I stayed up there for about 5 days and then John Hennessy flew me back down to Magwe where I joined the squadron again. That was at a time that we were gradually beginning to retreat out of northern Burma. We went into a place called Loiwing, operated out of there for several days. That was the headquarters for CAMCO, Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co., where they had the actual structure of a factory that was going to begin to build CW21's for the Chinese. But they never got any built because the Japanese took that area over. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Jernstedt_Ken_1991-02-22_v04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ken Jernstedtneth A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-02-22 Title A name given to the resource Ken Jernstedt interview (video and transcript, 4 of 6), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Ken Jernsted by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. After resigning his officer's commission with the US Marine Air Corps, Ken Jerstedt joined a large group of volunteers leaving San Francisco under the cover of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co. to join the AVG in 1941. He served in the Third Squadron "Hells Angels" as Flight Leader and had more than 10 victories against the Japanese. In this tape, Jernstedt discusses his impression of the Japanese pilots and how their flight tactics and airplanes compared to the Flying Tigers. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fd3a55e08f232d99c166716765bd4c6f.mp4 7760a1a0cb4a635d6a0efa98ed1984d3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/830f9db797b0aa28a5fa9f26fc1bee6d.pdf da6ffce1bf965cd67c7d9a09e76e3b6f PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Kenneth “Ken” Jernstedt Date of Interview: 02-22-1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 5] FRANK BORING: If you can tell us about the incident in which Third Squadron escorted some Russian bombers? KEN JERNSTEDT: When we left Burma and went back up into Toungoo to operate out of there for the rest of the life of the AVG, we had quite a bit of work to do around Toungoo. We were on night alert. We made some trips to different areas. We did daytime alert in case we got bombed. We escorted Generalissimo and Madame around in a DC3 on a tour of northern Burma and southern China. But one mission that I'll never forget was one that we were sent on to escort the Chinese bombing of Hanoi. There were some old Russian bombers that the Chinese Air Force had and I do not remember their name. They were a twin-engine, fairly high wing, monoplane type, older than the hills. We got into the air - as a fighter squadron we had to stop at a base in the south of Kunming - I can't think of the name of that place right now - for gas and then climb back up and escort them the rest of the way to Hanoi. Those things were so slow that we had to throttle as far back as we could in the P-40 at that particular altitude, I think it was around 18 or 20 thousand feet, and make circles above them or we'd stall out. They were going so much slower than the slowest speed of the P-40 that we had to use up our gas in circling just to escort those dudes. We got to Hanoi finally and they dropped them into an overcast. I never did know whether we did any damage or not and I don't know that anybody does. But we had to come all the way back and this time �we tried to make it straight to Kunming without refueling and some of the fellows, I think 2 or 3, ran out of gasoline taxiing back to park and I had enough maybe for ten more minutes of flying at the most. It was a very close and maybe a hopeless mission but I'll never forget that bombing of Hanoi by the Chinese with Russian bombers. FRANK BORING: As you got closer and closer to your contract running out, what was the attitude of the Third Squadron about it? What were you thinking about in terms of wanting to go home, were you wanting to stay? KEN JERNSTEDT: A lot of us had mixed feelings. We felt in some ways duty bound to stay. We also felt duty bound for our own good to go home. We'd been out there under pressure for several months and we did not know for sure just exactly what we wanted to do. I had Marine Corps leanings. I was offered a Majority out there. The Army made a very fair offer to me. My goodness, I left the Marines as a Second Lieutenant and here less than a year later I was going to be offered a Major's Commission, which was fair. Tactics began to be used that some of us didn't like. General Bissell came in and we had a group meeting. He stood up in front of the group and more or less threatened us and said "why if you don't go in, you'll be drafted when you go home." I sat there thinking about the draft board in Yam Hill County* in Oregon and thought well that would be awful stupid if those guys are going to draft me and I really didn't think they would, but it was something to think about, I'll have to admit. But also personally about that time I had some trouble. I had a series of boils and what the Chinese doctor and Doc Richards said was heel diarrhea and I had diarrhea, I'll tell you that for sure and I was off of flying status. So that made me all the more anxious to go home. I was down to about 145 pounds and I though Jernstedt, for your own good you've got to get back to the States. Well my good friend, Charlie Older, as luck would have it, had an appendicitis attack at that same time and he was operated on for that problem, had his appendix removed, and we both began �to feel a little bit better. As July 4th came upon us we went to the old man, excuse me, Colonel Chennault - General Chennault, he was by that time - and said, "General, everybody's going to be trying to get out of here on July 4th and how about, we're off of flying status, we haven't been on for two weeks, how about letting us have a week's head start and leave if we can?" He said "Fine, you guys have it coming." So he signed the papers and Charlie and I left a week earlier than mainstream. Some had left a little bit before. We flew the hump, got a ride on a DC-3 Army plane and went into the airport - I've forgotten the name again - on the far eastern part of India and then went into New Delhi. We holed up there for a week trying to get a ride on to Karachi, and finally we hitchhiked a ride to Karachi. We had just about given up hope for any chance of flying the rest of the way, when a pilot from - well he was a chief test pilot for Pan Am Africa - came into Karachi and Charlie and this fellow recognized each other. They had met when Charlie was on one of the first ferry hops that anybody made, when they had gone clear to the west coast of Africa to pick up some P40's early in the game. Charlie and Tom and McMillan and R.T. Smith and Paul Green and Link Laughlin. I had missed that flight because I was a Flight Leader and General Chennault said you have too many Flight Leaders, so our names went in a hat and mine came out and Link Laughlin took my place, he was a wing man at that time so I didn't get to go on that one. Which was good in the long run because I would have missed a lot of action that I saw later on. But this test pilot was a great guy and he said "What's the matter?" and we said we can't get out of here - "why not" - well we can't get any priority and we can't get any passenger room on any flight. He says "well I'll fix that" - well how? He says "You'll be prospective employees - that will be the priority." By that time there were about 18 or 19 of us piled up there including our female nurse, Emma, what was her last name, can't think of it right now but anyway he wrote out a ticket, I found that thing the other day on Pan Am Africa for all of us, each one of us and we went clear across the Persian Gulf, where they're now fighting, gassed up awfully close to - I wonder what point of that we did pick up our �gasoline. Crossed into southern Egypt and then over to Accra*, Africa. Stayed there about 3 days and then caught a ride on a B-24. By that time 4 pilots were together and I really don't remember what happened to the rest of them, but 4 of us split up on 3 B-24's that were flying crude rubber from Africa back to the States. John Farrell and I flew together, we flipped to see who was going to have company and each one of the other fellows got in the other planes and we headed across the South Atlantic and landed in Brazil, made another stop at the mouth of the Amazon, went on up to one of the other islands - I forget the name right now - and went in at West Palm Beach, Florida and crawled off the B-24 and started home on a train. But we kind of proved that General Bissell was wrong. I went home and the first thing I did was register for the draft and they gave me a discharge Veteran's rating. So I could have quit the war, I could have gone into farming, I could have gone into business, I could have done anything. But I recovered from malaria eventually - it took me about 6 weeks - I caught that on my way home, and had a real battle with it for a while until they discovered for sure what I had. Then Republic Aviation contacted me and they were looking for test pilots that had combat experience and there weren't too many of those flying around in those days that were available. So Parker DuPouy, one of my good Army friends from out in the Third Squadron was already established back there, he urged me to join him, so I went back there and looked the situation over and ended up as an experimental test pilot the rest of the war. FRANK BORING: Looking back on that time now, the period of AVG, what do you feel was your own personal accomplishment about that time? KEN JERNSTEDT: I think I could tell a little story to kind of prove my point I think. While we had a good record out there, most of the members of the AVG did and I was very proud of that military record. But in retrospect there's no doubt that the main contribution of that group to the United States was the fact that we were morale boosters and I proved my story or my point by telling the story of the time that �Madame Chiang Kai-shek came to this country to give an address to the people of the United States from Madison Square Garden, national radio hook-up, no TV in those days. The Flying Tigers that were in the New York area, there were two groups of us, one testing at Republic, there were about 4 of us, and another group in the northern part of the island that were flying for American Express, Bob Neale and Bus Keeton, Bob Layher and Hennessy I believe was there and several others. We were called into New York to act as her escort as she came on the stage in Madison Square and this was a real political shindig because there were six governors on the stage, Wendell Willkie was on the stage, the British Ambassador was on the stage and innumerable numbers of people. We were all congregated off stage waiting for the Madame to come and this formidable group would arrive singly and in doubles and here came Hap Arnold, Commanding General of the United States Air Force, back where we were standing and we were all in our old AVG uniforms, and for some reason or other, I must have been closest because he kind of came up and patted me on the shoulder and said "when am I gonna get you fellows back?" I kind of looked at him and grinned and said "well General, in the first place you never had me, because I was a Marine, and you're not gonna get me." He kind of looked at me and laughed and then he said "well what are you doing?" and I said "well I'm an experimental test pilot out on Long Island on the P47 Thunderbird built by Republic." He gave me a pat on the back and he said "you're doing your part." Which I kind of agreed with because we actually lost a higher percentage of pilots in test flying than we did in the AVG, by losing I mean from death and he paused a minute and he said "you know you guys were pretty good and the records speak for themselves, you had a wonderful record out there. But I don't know whether you ever stopped to think that your main contribution to this country was the fact that you were a morale booster for this nation when we really needed one that would make us see some good ahead. Every place else we were getting kicked, in the Philippines, Australia, all over the world, in the European theater, there was no good news, except that little group of you �fellows out there and your main contribution is not the number of planes you shot down, it was the job you did as a morale booster group." FRANK BORING: You got pretty close to some of the guys there during the AVG. I realize it's very personal, but what would you say, what death affected you the most? KEN JERNSTEDT: What death? While we were out there? Well the death that affected me the most while I was a member of the AVG, was the one when Tom Jones was killed practicing dive bombing over Kunming Lake. Now I say that because our careers went along together for so many months. He was in the same elimination class that I was in in Seattle, Washington where they were bringing ten a month from five western states for training at Pensacola. And five of us made that and we went to Pensacola together and he was in the same class that I was there. I did not realize that he had signed up for the AVG until I got out there and there Tom Jones was again and we had been very good friends at Pensacola, saw quite a bit of each other and then out there we continued to be very friendly. I had met his folks up in Seattle, his mother and one of his sisters, I probably knew him better than most of the members, except Tom and Charlie Haywood that I had been with in the Marines. But as far as death is concerned, that was the biggest shocker to me was when he was killed trying to simulate dive bombing over Kunming Lake. FRANK BORING: You had mentioned before your two weeks that you spent in Los Angeles before you went to China - excuse me one week - you had talked to your parents and basically had seen the people around there - did you tell your parents where you were going? Did you say you were going to China? Or what did you tell them? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I as a young man I had always had the support of my parents in nearly everything I had done. I don't know that they always thought that I had all my brains about me some of the times. I �remember when I came home from elimination days up in Seattle and I didn't say anything when I hit the porch and pretty soon Mom said "well how did you do?" And I said "well I passed." And she stomped her foot and said "Oh I knew you would." She was kind of half disgusted, but still proud of me. When I got my wings she was still proud of me, I know from what I've been told. So when I made up my mind I was going to go out to China on this thing, I have to admit that I told her a white lie. In a way, I told her that I was going out there to instruct. Well I think I got more involved than instructing and I never did discuss that white lie with them after I came back and I think, I hope - maybe they just thought that well instructing led into fighting because those boys were out there so they might as well make use of them. FRANK BORING: Did you ever get a chance to meet Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek? KEN JERNSTEDT: Yes, several times. FRANK BORING: What was your impression of him? KEN JERNSTEDT: I liked the Generalissimo. He was very quiet, he was very aloof. He had a tremendous responsibility if you stop to think about it. Here he was the chief honcho of 400 something million people scattered over an area larger than the United States, three separate dialects, no real good means of transportation between the different areas except some beat up airplanes, no roads, no railroads to speak of and trying to carry on a war. I really felt sorry for him. I think he understood more English than he put on. I remember how - let's use the word nervous our Dentist, Dr. Bruce was - when the Generalissimo came into Kunming one day and wanted his teeth worked on and a couple of bodyguards stood by while this went on and Doc Bruce had quite a time. The one story I really like about the Generalissimo and the Madame, one day a plane came in - the DC-3 that they usually flew around in at Kunming - and some of the fellows met him at the airport and just by chance and they �didn't know who was on it and here came Madame Chiang Kaishek, who in her day and still is a beautiful woman, but when she was younger she was even more beautiful. But their secretary, who was also a very charming and beautiful Chinese girl and a couple of the pilots, I won't go into names, picked them up in a station wagon and they were anxious to use the plumbing facilities of one of the hostels and so the fellows were going to take them over to the hostel where they lived, Hostel #1, and as the station wagon started to leave the airport, the Generalissimo was standing there kind of looking at things and one of them said to the ladies "wasn't that gentleman on the plane with you, should we pick him up?" and Madame said "Oh no, let him walk." And they took the two ladies to the compound and when all the Chinese help around there started bowing and scraping they began to wonder just who they had and I think by that time they were beginning to realize that there was the possibility that it was the Madame and it was. But it always tickled me that she said "no let him walk." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Jernstedt_Ken_1991-02-22_v05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ken Jernstedtneth A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-02-22 Title A name given to the resource Ken Jernstedt interview (video and transcript, 5 of 6), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Ken Jernsted by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. After resigning his officer's commission with the US Marine Air Corps, Ken Jerstedt joined a large group of volunteers leaving San Francisco under the cover of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co. to join the AVG in 1941. He served in the Third Squadron "Hells Angels" as Flight Leader and had more than 10 victories against the Japanese. In this tape, Jernstedt describes the attitude of the Third Squadron as their contract was coming to a close and the sense of accomplishment they felt as Flying Tigers. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8daba357ce094a1eb73ac78d7cdb7141.mp4 bf7d44cdff0047b1597fe4a1ee7e189b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/24a21c0bd827f155197f7bd4a337b4a3.pdf 7870b23955aa3c11e9a156ba3468def0 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Kenneth “Ken” Jernstedt Date of Interview: 02-22-1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 6] FRANK BORING: The Madame next did you want to…? Let him finish what he was saying about Chiang Kai-shek. KEN JERNSTEDT: Well I don't know, there's a lot more to say about that. I spoke of it earlier in my little dissertation about escorting the Madame and the General around in southern China and northern Burma. I think there were six of us assigned that duty and it was an interesting experience because they wanted us to ward off any Japanese that might have known that they were in the territory - you never know those things - and we would land and they would go in and attend to their business, wherever they were and we'd stay out at the airplane. Once or twice we had lunch with them, ate the same cold sandwiches etc. that they had aboard the plane. He was always very quiet. She was rather more of an extrovert compared with him and you didn't have personal conversations with him, but you could tell that he seemed like a man with a lot of weight on his shoulders and he had the respect of the people that surrounded him. They also threw a banquet for us up at Kunming one night. You'd have to call it a State Dinner because he had practically the whole Chinese cabinet there, the Madame and the Generalissimo, and they threw a very nice dinner for us. They each gave a speech. General Chennault responded. I often wished I had a copy of those speeches or had privy to them and oddly enough, I have a book that somebody saw at a book sale for ten cents and it was all the speeches - several speeches - that the Generalissimo had made and �in that book were the three speeches that I wanted. One of General Chennault, the Madame's and the Generalissimo, and I have all three of those that we heard that night. FRANK BORING: What was your impression of Madame Chiang Kai-shek? KEN JERNSTEDT: Well she was a very delightful person and she called us her - what was her pet name for us? - Her "Little Angels" or words to that effect, her American Angels. She was always kind of half chiding us and she did this night - "remember, boys, you are Americans and you're setting a reputation here and I'm kind of staking my reputation, so be good, you guys" and most of us were most of the time. But of course you can't keep that many Americans completely on the line. But she was a beautiful woman, she was educated in this country, she gave a wonderful speech back in Madison Square Garden that night. I should not tell tales on some of my past friends, but - they're still my friends although they are gone - but I sat right behind Pappy Paxton and admittedly several of the fellows including myself - I had a drink I believe before I went on the stage, but some of them had more than that, and Pappy wasn't exactly feeling too much pain, but she would start to speak and pretty soon he said in this loud voice that we could hear on stage anyway - "this speech is way above the heads of this audience". Of course I kind of flinched a little bit and pretty soon and here was the British Ambassador sitting just one over from the seat in front of him - and she made a remark about imperialism. "That's a crack at the blinkety-blank British". Anyway it didn't bother the Madame and we had a great deal, I think, of affection for her as a person. I'd like to see her again. We were out there in 1963, they threw a big banquet for us in Taipei and were entertained by the Madame and the Generalissimo and they stood in the receiving line and shook each one of our hands, etc. I have a warm feeling for them, especially her. FRANK BORING: What do you think the effect of the AVG was on the Chinese people? �KEN JERNSTEDT: Oh that is extremely hard to measure. I had the privilege - I've been out to Taipei twice and I've been out to the mainland China once since that time. I think for two reasons, one I was in politics to a very small degree in Oregon, the State Senator, and I'd been a member of the AVG. We had been invited to Taiwan. I'd been there both as a State Senator and as a member of the AVG and when anybody there finds out that I was a Flying Tiger, why there's no limit to their show of gratitude. Even at this time, it's amazing to me. On mainland China, the same thing exists to quite a degree. When I was told that - see I had to pay my way and my wife's way to Peking - Beijing excuse me - and then we were to be their guests for two weeks and we could go anyplace in China that we wanted to go. I said I know that I want to visit Kunming. "Ah yes, Flying Tigers" and the older people of China still remember us and it's a good feeling. FRANK BORING: Given the battles you had to fight and all that, what do you think of the Japanese today? KEN JERNSTEDT: I have nothing but respect for the Japanese and I feel no animosity for them, either as a nation or individually. I certainly respect the Japanese as a nation and as individuals. I happen to live in area in Oregon that has a lot of descendants of Japanese people and I know them to be industrious, smart, hardworking people. Those that have been in this country are extremely good citizens. They're playing a very important part in world economy today and I think that bygones are bygones as far as the war is concerned. They were very quickly with me when I returned to the States. We were fighting those Japanese over there, not the ones in this country at the time. I know that's the people that you're referring to when you questioned me, but I wish that some of the younger people in Japan could realize really what this country did for them. FRANK BORING: Towards the end of the AVG there was a lot of talk about the morale missions that you were supposed to be flying and basically �just to keep the enemy - the enemy was out of the sky anyway and you were under a great deal of danger from ground forces. Did you ever find that you were disgruntled or did you find that the tactics that were being asked of you were unfair or anything like that? KEN JERNSTEDT: No I didn't think so, personally, because I had already gone through my share of, you might say, sticking my neck out on that kind of raid and some of them that were accomplished later, might have been stretching the point a little bit. But you also have to remember that those that made those missions volunteered to go on them. So it works both ways when you start discussing something like that. I know that when we were getting down to the last days, when were no longer going to be the American Volunteer Group, the U.S. Army was going to take over, it gives you a strange feeling when you really realize that this was approaching the end. But it was one of those things that you looked back on with kind of wonderment and admiration for some of the volunteers and that was shown at that particular time. When one or two get disgruntled it's sometimes easy to spread that feeling among others, and there was a certain amount of that, but I wasn't very close to it. FRANK BORING: You accomplished a number of things in your life. You're in your 70's now and AVG was only a part of that. You became a State Senator and you were involved in other things. Where do you place the AVG in terms of your own personal evaluation of your life? KEN JERNSTEDT: Very high. I place the evaluation of the AVG in relationship to my life in a very high position because it has helped me in other ways. In politics, for instance, a lot of it is PR. People will say "Hey that Senator so and so, you know he was with the AVG" and the words Flying Tigers has been something that I like to have attached to my name in nearly any walk of life that I've tried to walk down. It's still with me and oddly enough, and I think logically enough, this year and the next year, which will be the 50th anniversary of our beginning and the 50th year of our breakup, it is rekindling a lot of memories and a lot of interest in us as a group. Of course we're �getting to be old fuddy-duds now, but it’s fun and I place it very high. It broadened my experiences, it showed me what I can do under fire and maybe some of the things I couldn't do under fire. It made friends for me that I've kept all my life and some of them that are extremely meaningful to me. So it's a lot better deal than some college relationships or business relationships or something like that, that's a very small group of men and a couple of women have in common that no other people have ever gone through. I just can't help but rank it very high in my experiences of life. FRANK BORING: Well I'll tell you something Ken, if I ever get to the age of in my 70's I'd like to be a fuddy-duddy too. You mentioned that the Chinese have reacted both in Communist China and also nationalist China about the Flying Tigers and they treated you very well. Why do you think that is? KEN JERNSTEDT: This feeling that I get from both the Nationalists on Taiwan and the People's Republic of China is really kind of interesting because they both call and consider themselves Chinese and there are people in both groups that have of course, a background that very few Americans and I don't understand completely. Their origins go way back in history. There's one small group of them living in Taiwan that had the same roots that the larger nation had in a larger area. So they have those things in common. At one time they had us in common. Part of them are over here in Taiwan now, a lot of them are over on the mainland. But we did fight for them all at one time in their lives and ours. So I think it's very natural for them to recognize this fact, that they do have us in common, that we were fighting for the Chinese, no matter where they were living. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Jernstedt_Ken_1991-02-22_v06 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ken Jernstedtneth A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-02-22 Title A name given to the resource Ken Jernstedt interview (video and transcript, 6 of 6), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Ken Jernsted by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. After resigning his officer's commission with the US Marine Air Corps, Ken Jerstedt joined a large group of volunteers leaving San Francisco under the cover of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co. to join the AVG in 1941. He served in the Third Squadron "Hells Angels" as Flight Leader and had more than 10 victories against the Japanese. In this tape, Jernstedt describes the effect the Flying Tigers had on the Chinese people and his own life. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f9790d0a3a204045b87cab677a34af82.jpg 19bade7edcec61b112eba1a84a58bdce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_F277-0002 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-12 Title A name given to the resource Kendall Cache storefront, Valdez, Alaska Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a snow-covered Kendall Cache storefront, located at the Tiekel Lodge at Mile 56 of the Richardson Highway, near the Tiekel River on the outskirts of Valdez, Alaska. In the photograph, the log building is nestled in the snow and a pair of snowshoes are waiting outside the front entrance. Advertisement signs for groceries, fishing supplies, gifts, souvenirs, and a cafe are featured on the exterior. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Valdez (Alaska) Lodges--Alaska Grocery stores--Alaska Gift shops--Alaska Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e1268df4d0ee605048f198af02c3645a.pdf e826a46e6e0f21eec2bca291c4d06abd PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam John Kendall Total Time – (27:40) Background      He was born on March 6 He achieved the E-4 [E-6?] rank, Staff Sergeant (00:56) He had two brothers while growing up o Grew up in Detroit, Michigan He played tennis as a kid (01:15) Worked as a lifeguard (01:25) Enlistment/Training (01:28)        Enlisted when he was 19 years old (01:33) Only his father served in the military before he did Joined the Air Force to avoid the draft o Felt under pressure to do something (01:57) He spent 8 weeks of training o Remembers it as a terrible experience (02:28) Became an air policemen o Had to go to school to learn how to shoot firearms, drive cars, etc (02:49) The military life was relatively easy to adapt to Was sent to San Antonio, Texas for 8 weeks of training (03:40) o After training, he was sent to the Kincheloe Air Force Base in Sault St. Marie, Michigan for two and a half years Active Duty – (03:48)     Was then sent to Vietnam He was first sent to an Air Force Base in a port city on the South China Sea [Da Nang?] o Enjoyed the first six months until bombing on Vietnam began (04:13) o The last six months, the Vietnamese were attacking them Gained some friendships during the war – some were killed He never had to participate in the bombing (04:42) �            The majority of his missions were to guard planes and keep the Vietcong and North Vietnamese off of the American base (05:00) o They fought back and forth The North Vietnamese would throw satchel charges at the American airplanes He stayed in touch with his family through writing letters (06:10) o Soldiers could send home tapes with voice messages on them (06:35) He found his friends after they were killed (07:26) For recreation, he bought a motorcycle for 35 dollars (08:15) They would go surfing and out for beer for enjoyment They would often go out and visit missionaries to help guard them and their mission (09:21) Was able to befriend many Vietnamese When the war had officially ended in 1975, he was a police chief in Harbor Springs, Michigan (10:16) He believed the war was the worst thing that America has ever done He does not believe that America did not politically commit to fighting the Vietnam War (11:05) Believes that the war should have been fought from the military headquarters in Vietnam, not from Washington D.C. (13:00) After the Service – (14:02)          He returned home in Lansing, Michigan (14:14) o Returned on a United Airlines jet He left Vietnam in April, 1966 (14:35) His family received him very well while others in society did not approve of him being in the war (15:18) It was not difficult for him to adjust to civilian life (16:19) o Considers himself blessed to not have suffered in or after the war Remains in contact with Air Force friends, but not those that he served with in Vietnam Surviving the war helped him realize how good life is back home o Less things bother you after you serve (17:52) The war has made him grateful for what he has in America (19:03) Remembering the difference between his experiences, he remembers that there was a public execution of a young Vietnamese boy in a soccer stadium o The boy was tied to a goal post o He served as a patrol guard outside of the stadium to make sure no Americans went in Considers himself lucky to be alive, but is sad that such bad decisions have been made in America (21:52) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KendallJ1427 Title A name given to the resource Kendall, John (Interview outline), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kendall, John Description An account of the resource John Kendall was born in Detroit, Michigan. To avoid the military draft, John enlisted in the Air Force in the early 1960s. After basic training in San Antonio, Texas, he spent at the Kincheloe Air Force Base in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, working base security. He went to Vietnam in 1965, and spent his tour providing security around an air base, a job that grew more dangerous during the latter part of his tour. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pechrul, Steven (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Air Force Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-26 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dfbf04d8c173da04620e22dadb9757f0.pdf cbad287375eed9fd694ca902ee3f817f PDF Text Text Tuesday March 17, 2020 It is definitely weird to be journaling online and for a class, but here we are. A lot has happened in the past week, and I am left jobless, not yet hurting financially but may be soon. I’ve been dealing with the stress of online classes and the constant shutdowns well enough. I am fortunate enough to have a paid internship which will not stop paying me, but my main source of income is now gone as I am a host at Anna’s House and cannot be scheduled now. I understand the necessity for all of this, but as a senior I am immensely frustrated at having to take online courses (and having professors require synchronous classes/uploading videos) when my wifi is fairly unreliable. It works well enough for uploading documents or doing anything that does not require streaming, but my apartment complex had college students do the wiring for the internet so it’s definitely not good. I had been planning on going to the library since it was still open, but now all libraries are shut down. While I’ve seen many have resources surrounding certain internet providers give free internet, I’m not sure I can do so with my apartment. I also have ADD, and it’s bad when I don’t have a space outside of my apartment to study in, or the structure of being in a classroom. I was starting to really understand my CIS class, and now that I’m not in a classroom I fear that the understanding I had will slip and go away. GV did the right thing in closing, as did Governor Whitmer, but I can’t help but feel worried for my future and when this whole thing will blow over. 45 said that it will likely last until July, and while he is a constant liar, he is president and the likelihood of that happening is terrifying. I was hoping the virus would be under control by the end of April, I’m not sure I’d be able to make it financially past that. I know some places are being lenient with rent, but the loss of income is truly scary. I had friends mention filing for unemployment, but the website is down and has been since yesterday. I realize that this entry is a lot of complaining, but I feel like there isn’t an ability to complain right now. Many people feel like if you are anxious, it’s because you’re inconsiderate of people who are at risk, and I’m not. I have many friends who are severely at risk right now, I’m worried about family and grandparents. My dad has diabetes, and so he is also at risk. He’s a driver for the Rapid, and for some reason they are refusing to allow drivers to wear masks so that the public isn’t fearful. I just feel unsure of the future. I heard a rumor that people are trying to get classes to be considered credit/no credit this semester, and honestly, I could see that being an option. I’m considering doing so for my two classes which involve more synchronous activity/video uploading activity since I’m not sure my wifi has the capability to do so. On the bright side (because this has been overwhelmingly negative) my therapist offered to provide counseling over the phone free of charge, or cancel my copay due to losing my job if I were to come in. I’ve had two professors I am close with reach out to me to offer support, two of whom offered to hire me on as a research assistant. I am unsure of how quickly I would be able to work/get paid, but I hope to be able to do so soon! My mentor in charge of my senior thesis is incredibly understanding and has been pushing me to take advantage of Replenish (although I’m not sure if this is still open). She also sent me many texts asking me if I had essential items in the event I were to get sick (it turns out, I don’t, because I usually do not get the flu, but I am planning on going out to get supplies today, hopefully…). �I have been spending a lot of time with my girlfriend, because we’re basically in selfquarantine at this point, and luckily I love my roommate, because we’ve all been together in Allendale. I have stacks on stacks of books I’ve been meaning to read, and I utilized my Schuler’s gift card from Christmas to buy Mary Fulbrook’s Reckonings! I’ve had my eye on it for a while and it looks to be promising, I’ve read quite a few of her books, so I’m eager to dive in. This book deals with a lot of the reconciliation with the Holocaust in Germany, so it’s a topic I’m very interested in generally, the idea of memory and national identity. I am also doing okay with food. I have a lot of chicken, pasta, ribs, beans, and rice to last a while. We’re making bok choy and ginger chicken soup tonight for dinner. Perhaps this is the time to get a bit fancy and experiment with new dishes? I just keep hearing my mom’s voice reassuring me that I should only worry about what I can control. I can’t do anything about classes being online/closing down of my job. But I can worry about planning out meals, budgeting, and ensuring all of my assignments get done to the best of my ability. I can be a self-advocate and communicate with those who care about me about what I need, and try my best to have a positive outlook on everything. I can focus on my relationships with other people, which I think is the primary thing keeping everyone sane at the moment. I think I’ll call one of my friends later today. Update: Looking like no graduation for me...but on the bright side Anna’s House will be paying us for the two weeks that we’re unable to work! I might bleach and dye my hair bright purple? Who knows what I will do while social distancing. Wednesday March 18, 2020 Today I had various over the phone meetings, I filed for unemployment (which I’m sure I messed up and don’t know what the next steps are), I did laundry, and I went grocery shopping. I am experiencing a bit of panic today, I started off relatively calm. I woke up, did some reading of Ozick, said goodbye to my roommate, had some meetings, and washed the dishes. But once I went grocery shopping I started thinking about the possibility of a recession and what I’m going to do if I don’t get into graduate school next year. Overall, I am fairly confident in my ability to survive and keep going, but it was still scary to suddenly have a wash of panic come over me. Thursday March 19, 2020 I finished reading Ozick today, and I hated it. I greatly dislike anytime someone tries to imagine themselves in oppressive environments they’ve never experienced. I once had someone in my Dirty Wars in Latin America class say that had they been faced with death squads, they would’ve fought before the military could have killed his children. It’s not usually a stance I’ve seen in classes on the Holocaust, thankfully. But this book bothered me in the same way. There is no way for us to know how we would’ve responded under those circumstances. Whether we would have complied, resisted, or collaborated. There is just no way to know, we have hopes that we would have resisted, that we would’ve put ourselves in harms way to protect others, the more vulnerable. But we simply cannot know. Because of this, I find The Shawl unsettling. I do not like the idea that we are creating fiction which claims even one experience of a survivor, of any �sort, to feel one way. She can’t know, even if she were to research and interview survivors, she has no way of ever truly knowing. I created this line to differentiate from my discussion of Ozick, I’ve already written my response paper. I went to pick up tacos, and my girlfriend Chloe and I watched a documentary on cults. Despite being raised in one, they still fascinate me. Friday March 20, 2020 I woke up today feeling worse. I’ve had a cough for the past two days, but it wasn’t concerning, it’s gotten worse, but I think it’s just a cold. I’ve been monitoring my symptoms and I just have a cough. Nothing else, plus I’ve barely been out, and if I have it’s been with little contact with others. I did visit my family yesterday briefly, but they’ve also been in quarantine. My dad has a sinus infection, and so he asked me not to hug him. I stood far away from him once he told me, and left shortly after, making sure to tell my mom to disinfect the door handles I touched. I’m worried it’s something more, or it will turn into a more serious situation given that he has diabetes and that puts him more at risk for the coronavirus. Hopefully he gets better. This is giving everyone massive anxiety at the moment, and for good reason. It’s ridiculous how some are not giving this the attention it needs. I decided to remove someone from my Facebook feed because she kept posting things about how the coronavirus wasn’t that serious and that the media was blowing it out of proportion to take away our rights. I just don’t understand how people could blow this off. I was supposed to pick up my tip share today from Anna’s House and I didn’t because I have a cough and didn’t want to risk anyone else who might be there at the same time as me getting ill. Aside from all the usual anxiety surrounding the coronavirus, I’ve been doing good. I’ve gotten all the work I needed to get done, aside from my computer science class, out of the way for the week. I also contacted my advisor to get him to send an email about taking my Spanish class and CIS class as credit/no credit. Both classes have more requirements online (video calling, Blackboard collaborate, programming, etc.) which I find more difficult to do given my internet access. I’m feeling good about my level of productivity to be honest. It’s been rough, and I’ve definitely had moments of panic thinking about an impending recession as I graduate college, but I can’t predict the future. I can only try my best to adequately prepare myself for what I can do. I did get accepted to present my research at the Latina/o Studies Association at Notre Dame! With that added to my CV I will have presented at the Great Lakes History Conference twice, the Michigan Sociological Association, and the Phi Alpha Theta conference in San Antonio in addition to the many times I’ve presented at Student Scholar’s Day. At the moment I am alone, Chloe went out to meet her dad, she’s finally getting her phone fixed. She ran it over when she returned from Tennessee because she was desperately trying to leave her dad’s driveway at 2 a.m., her brother had hit a neighbor’s car and so there was a lot of tension in the air. I’m relieved, for the past two weeks she hasn’t been able to use her phone, and so she’s been hard to contact. Luckily she doesn’t have work right now, but it’s crazy how convenient having a phone is, and what it’s like when you suddenly don’t have one. She has group work and people were trying to form a group chat, which she can’t really do. Now that �she’s out of the apartment, I am planning on cleaning my room and vacuuming. I am normally a very neat person, but she’s like a tornado. She makes messes wherever she goes. That’s all for now. I’m off to vacuum. Tuesday March 24, 2020 The past few days have been strange. I’m finally over my cold. My nose is slightly stuffy but I am no longer having trouble with a sore throat and cough. Despite Governor Whitmer’s order, my apartment complex, Trio (do not ever live there), decided to give us a brand new roommate. I am stressed about having to continue self-quarantine for three more weeks, because I miss being outside. The order said we could still exercise so I’m thinking of going to a nearby park (that usually doesn’t have many people) and going for a walk and doing some reading. I am going insane not being able to be outside, especially with seasonal depression. It’s being prolonged. I understand, but I greatly need some exercise and fresh air. I’ve been practicing my makeup again. Being so sick I was barely able to do anything, and doing my makeup despite not being able to go out makes me feel prepared for the day. Wednesday March 25, 2020 Today was a day of deep cleaning. I spent the day doing laundry, cleaning the bathroom, washing my makeup brushes, and spring cleaning my room. I threw out quite a bit, and I completely reorganized everything. My desk is clear, I have all of my rocks and seashells on my window pane, in addition to my two small cacti. I have two succulents, but I need to get a smaller pot for one of them because it’s too large to fit comfortably on my small bookshelf. All of my plants are doing well, it makes me quite happy. Thursday March 26, 2020 Journaling and planning out my weeks is the only way I am able to keep track of my days, because it feels like everything is a bit of a blur. I’m sure I downplayed how sick I was last week, but thinking back on it, and given how sore my nose is from blowing it, it was pretty bad. I FaceTimed one of my friends yesterday, Laura. They attend Harvard, and so seeing their apartment is always insane, given the amount of money the institution has. Unfortunately, the connection wasn’t great, so it was difficult to hear them, even with me using my phone’s data. I haven’t seen them in person since last June when we were at a summer program at the University of Michigan together, and it’s a shame. I miss them. MY EAR WON’T POP AND I’M IRRITATED. IT’S BEEN STUCK LIKE THIS FOR DAYS. I HATE BEING SICK/RECOVERING FROM SICKNESS. I just found out my unemployment claim was denied. So, that’s fucking fantastic. I’ve been on hold to chat with a representative for the past twenty minutes which is also just amazing. �Update: I was on hold for two hours, got off hold, asked a question, and then was disconnected. I am extremely upset and angry. Friday March 27, 2020 I had a call with Dr. McKee and went over the next steps for my senior project. All seems to be going well. I took a shower and it made my ear worsen, which is frustrating. Chloe thinks it’s an ear infection, but I really hope not, given that there is little option to go to the doctor right now. Not that I would normally, with how expensive it is, but especially now. Anna’s House had a conference call today, and the update provided is slightly confusing, but it seems like they’ll be paying us for two more weeks. So, ultimately, they have decided to provide us with a full month’s worth of wages. I really did not expect this from them, given what I know about other donations/business practices, but it’s really surprised me and made me relieved to see the attitude those in management have towards their workers. Sunday March 29, 2020 I had a call yesterday with Dr McKee, she had mentioned nominating me for an award based off of my senior project. While exciting, I am scared of disappointing her. I need to ensure I write much more this upcoming week, but I also just realized I have a ton of big assignments coming down the pipeline. I feel like I am struggling to survive with the expectations some professors continue to have while I am unsure of when I will be able to return to work. It’s looking to be the end of April/beginning of May at the earliest? I don’t know what I can do. I am supposed to provide Michigan State with an answer about where I will be attending by the 15th of April, and while I was fully expecting to reject the offer, the impending recession/depression has me second-guessing my decision. While I want to get started on my Ph.D., if there’s a depression coming down the pipeline, it really is in my best interest to apply and attend a university that has a better reputation for Latin American history. MSU’s program isn’t particularly strong outside of the African diaspora, and I want to ensure I have the proper tools to thrive as a Mexicanist. On the other hand, it’s an ensured job/path to my future. I’m hoping I’ll find something in the meantime, I always figure it out. Whether it’s continuing to work at Anna’s House part-time with an additional job on the side, or finding more meaningful work, I will survive until I get into another graduate program I can envision myself in. Monday March 30, 2020 I received an email today informing me that I was accepted into the Ph.D. program at Indiana University in Bloomington! I’ll be moving there in August. Wednesday April 1, 2020 I’ve been spending some time trying to figure out housing in Bloomington, which is insane and scary given that I can’t visit the city where I will be spending the next 7 or so years of my life. I won’t be able to meet professors in person, see the library, or interrogate History Ph.D. �students about the culture of the department. I know I have a good funding package, but I’d have liked to be able to go down and see the apartment I’d be living in. Ride the bus to the building I’ll be in on campus. Figure out where I’ll be going to get food and how to get there from where I live. That’s all postponed and will be happening virtually, which I’m not a fan of. Additionally, I feel like finishing the semester online is catching up to me. We have a few weeks left, and final projects are coming on quickly. I’m not sure how I’ll be able to do all of this with no ability to go to a library, meet with classmates, or have access to a printer and be able to have physical copies of books I request from the library. Never before have I realized how reliant I am on the library. It’s truly an incredible space, and I am lucky to be able to utilize it and have figured out how to do interlibrary loans. I barely bought any books this semester, and now that the end of the semester is here, it’s become very frustrating to try to get access to books the library has physical copies of, that I cannot pick up. I’m a very tactile person, I need to be able to physically do a lot. Highlight the copies of chapters I have, or use sticky notes to mark important points for my papers. I miss being able to sit down in the library and spend a long evening combing through books I’ve gathered and jotting down notes. It’s a very mundane part of college, but it’s one of my favorites. Chloe and I love going to the library with snacks and a small blanket and really finding a great spot to spend hours as we work on history papers together. It’s that sense of community that I miss. As we continue living in lock down, I hope it’s an aspect of life I can return to soon. Friday April 3, 2020 I spoke to a graduate student at IU over Skype today! I’m glad I did. Margarita was really nice and easy to talk to. We have similar interests in research, and she told me about a paper someone had done where they revealed a revelation that Emiliano Zapata had been gay! I’m hoping that she’s able to send me this grad student’s work, because it’s immensely interesting and I’d love to see their argument/resources. She also offered to help me look for an apartment and gave me quite a bit of advice on life as a first year graduate student at IU. I’m planning on sending her a few apartments I’ve checked out. I'm still unsure of whether or not I should find roommates or live by myself for the first year. Bloomington isn’t too expensive, and is actually a much cheaper place to live without a roommate than Grand Rapids, but it does give me anxiety to try to do so in a city I’m unfamiliar with. I also had the opportunity to call a scholar Dr. McKee had put me in contact with. That was slightly awkward, but it was still really insightful. She was blunt, and I appreciated it. Margarita was a lot more positive about IU, which is good, but I also needed to hear about what’s going to be a challenge. I think at the forefront of what I need to consider is my mental health and finding community. Both are aspects of life I struggle with now, and I anticipate it continuing to be difficult, especially in a graduate program, and one which is five hours away. It’s strange. I still need to finish out this school year but I’ve lost my motivation to do so. I can’t find it within myself to complete the work expected of me in my internship, and while I’ve been keeping up with all of my classes, there are definitely two that have fallen through the cracks. I was denied unemployment, and while my job has continued to pay me, they are trying to encourage us to deny payment and accept unemployment as it’ll provide us with more funds. I’m seriously stressed, and the expansion of the time we will be spending in quarantine is bound �to drive me crazy. I’m sure that part of my procrastination has to do with the fact that I have a plan for the upcoming school year. I don’t need to worry about finding a job post-graduation anymore, and I have a set income. A good one, definitely more than I would have gotten through MSU. It’s like I’m dedicating my time and resources to what I can control, which is planning for a future outside of COVID-19. Tomorrow I have the opportunity to call another graduate student, which will be exciting. For now, I’m off to work on homework and final projects... Saturday April 4, 2020 Today I brought my dad lunch, he is still driving for the Rapid and was in Allendale doing the 50/85 route. He’s upset he hasn’t been laid off, primarily because he’s highly fearful of getting the virus. It's understandable, my mom is highly cautious at the moment, Chloe and I went shopping with her the other day, because she has a Sam’s Club card. Chloe’s laptop broke down and it was one of the only places we were able to go to get a new one. When we met in the parking lot, she brought out hand sanitizer for us to use, gave us gloves and masks, and only then she hugged me hello. I’m glad I saw my dad...moving to Bloomington has riddled me with anxiety and I’m super scared to have to do so. I’ve been riddled with anxiety, but it was nice to see him for a bit. He rattled off a list of things we need to replace in my car before I move in August. Sunday April 5, 2020 Oy. I’ve been apartment hunting today as well. It seems like the more I research the more I’m scared I won’t find a place. There are so many complexes and landlords which people are warning me against on the internet, which is spooky, as they’re usually the ones I was strongly considering until people retell their horror stories. I was planning on getting roommates in order to counter costs, but quite a few people have ghosted me, and now I’m unsure of whether or not I’d be able to find anyone to live with. The problem is, I’m sure others would be more open to helping me out if I’d had the opportunity to go visit the program in person. Monday April 6, 2020 I just finished speaking to Isabel on the phone, and she was so insanely nice. I was blown away by her personality, and her frankness. It was really refreshing to have someone tell me straight out who I should be more wary of. Overall the day was good, my internet keeps cutting out though, which was annoying. I’m trying to do homework, work, and just attempting to prepare for my move. Skyping and chatting with people is getting to be really hard, especially since it’ll freeze after about an hour and makes it nearly impossible to continue. Wednesday April 8, 2020 �I had the opportunity to speak to Dr. Krista Benson today, which was very helpful. They raised quite a bit of important points which I should be considering when speaking to Dr. Guardino in regards to graduate school and the department. Specifically, whether or not my stipend is pre or post tax, if I am expected to use all of my research summer funding in archives in Mexico, or would I be able to utilize it for conferences. What conference funding looks like, how many students finish in five years, and what funding is available for those who are past year five. Additionally, they wanted me to inquire about whether teaching appointments are 50 percent, and if so whether or not we can take a higher percentage in order to earn more. I also have to ask how those positions are assigned. After speaking with Dr. Benson, I spoke to Casey through Zoom, and miraculously the internet did not cut out after an hour (it cut out two times while I was chatting with Dr. Benson). He was insanely nice and easy to talk to. I really appreciated how welcoming he was, how excited he was about me joining and about the department in general. He gave me a lot of good advice, and he also offered to go check out apartments for me and reach out to graduate students who may be looking for roommates. Every time I speak to a grad student at IU I find myself really excited to attend. I did not anticipate that I’d be so thrilled about the environment I’d be in, but the prospect of being in Bloomington is promising, although daunting. I’m scared, but I’m also excited to be in an environment where everyone is as passionate about history as I am. I can’t wait to be surrounded by intellectual conversations about neoliberalism, colonialism, and gender and sexuality all situated within a Latin American history context. I’m worried about being apart from Chloe, but am confident that we can do this. Thursday April 9, 2020 I had my first anxiety attack of the quarantine yet, it’s been almost a month, and it’s getting to me. I hate being at home, and feeling bombarded by work, but with no motivation to do it all. It’s difficult for me to have a separation between relaxation and work. I don’t know how to do it. Usually when I need to get things done, I spend a day at a coffee shop, or at the library, and I get things done! I feel like I’m going back and forth on productivity, one day I’m super productive, I get the work I need to get done finished, and I feel great, and then the next I feel lethargic, anxious, and I do work, I research IU and try to gather information, talk to potential roommates, etc. But I’m not getting vital things for my coursework or work done! I can work from home, but not all the time! Things are falling through the cracks, really falling. It’s bad. I feel like I’m letting people down and I hate to do that. I just want to be able to go outside and not feel scared about it. I want to be able to go to a bookstore and browse the shelves! I want to be able to go to the park, and not care if someone gets near me. I miss human connection! I even want to go to work, and I hate going to work most of the time! I just hate being cooped up, I want to go to a movie theater, to go on dates. I want to be able to hang out with my friends. As of right now the governor has extended it to May 1st, and I really hope it ends there. I need to make money, I need to save for my move. I was denied unemployment, we’re waiting on those checks from the government but I don’t even know for sure that I’m getting one! I feel like the world is falling apart and I am here trying my best to stand my ground. It’s scaring me. �Growing up, I was a Jehovah’s Witness. We were constantly told stories about the end of the world, Armageddon. If we weren’t good enough, we wouldn’t make it to an eternal paradise. We would die, alongside the rest of the non-Jehovah’s Witnesses. I had nightmares about it. Me, a little girl (at the time) who felt out of place as a girl, and who didn’t know that I was queer. For reference, these were the images I grew up seeing in my “Book of Bible Stories” and other JW publications: Jehovah’s Witnesses everywhere are convinced that the world is currently coming to an end, that this is the “beginning of the system of things.” While I no longer am part of the religion, I realized today that I am reliving the trauma of having grown up with these beliefs. I started to have trouble breathing as I cried, and I found myself asking Chloe if this was the end. It’s an inherent feeling that I am being punished, which is, of course, absurd. This cannot be happening only to me, and it's not happening because I have sinned against god. But yet I’ve been programmed to think so. In times like these, where I find myself reverting back to old ways of thinking, I have to tell myself that everyone is going through this right now. Everyone is struggling. There is not one person who is (not absurdly rich) that is thriving under these circumstances. And while bleak, it helps. No other time in history (that I know of, and I’m a history major) has the entire world stood still and ordered everyone to stay home. It’s a crazy thing to be living through, and I’m not sure why, but that brings me some level of comfort. Undoubtedly, this will be a well studied time period in the future by historians. They will look back and study how people dealt with the quarantine. Someone on twitter made a joke about how in a few years we’re going to be seeing articles on “queering the quarantine: towards radical forms of queer isolation,” (I can’t find the original tweet otherwise I’d include it here, but someone did already go ahead and make a spotify playlist named this. Can be found here). In that I take comfort, that I am taking part, however passively, in history. Friday April 10, 2020 �Another day where my main thing to look forward to was a meeting. I had a meeting with Dr. McKee to discuss some slight revisions on my senior thesis. Nothing too major, it was primarily focused on me providing more detail in my earlier sections. In the interest of giving some insight into what my senior thesis is, I will provide some context for what it is I’m working on. I am essentially discussing Guatemalan adoption to families in the United States, but I’m also taking into account how Guatemala came to be such a big sending nation to the U.S. in terms of children. Guatemala has a long-standing history of U.S. intervention into economic interests in the nation, namely with the United Fruit Company which owned a large portion of land in the nation and controlled a lot of governmental decisions undertaken. What resulted was an impoverished and exploited indigenous population. U.S. overthrowal of a democratically elected president, who prioritized Guatemalan economic interests led to a series of strongmen being in power, and a thirty year civil war ensued. In the midst of this civil war, children were being taken from families considered subversive, and once the country’s civil war “ended” children began to be trafficked into adoption agencies who would send them to the United States. Now this ended in 2008, when Guatemala gained international attention for the horrendous practices at play, but with separations at the border which began to take place, Americans who desired to adopt children easily had a newfound access point. I am so excited to be working on this project, I find it invigorating academically, and it fills me with anger and yet curiosity to understand the operations at play. A lot of my edits have to do with ensuring I am engaging properly with a lot of adoption scholars, as Dr. McKee knows of who I should be engaging with, and finding access to them, as well as time to read all of it. She wants to turn it into an article, which I am excited about, and hope to do, as I’m sure it will make me far more marketable and competitive for funding once I am at IU. I also spoke to Dr. Guardino today, which was great. I am once again excited beyond belief to join the history department at Indiana University. He was excellent in explaining the town and (lack of) diversity in the area. He really reassured me that there are ample opportunities past the fifth year to continue getting funding, it would just be without my fellowship. I did have some questions he wasn’t able to answer, mainly about taxes, but overall it was instrumental to understanding how I will be able to build a relationship with him as my advisor. He discussed individuals leaving the program as a positive thing, saying that he didn’t like to say people “dropped out” because it wasn’t negative, they had found their path. I’m sure it’s definitely going to be very tough, the first year always is, according to everyone I’ve spoken to, but the prospect of a new beginning is enthralling. Saturday April 11, 2020 I found a potential roommate! Her name is Sarah and she lives at Sassafras Hill Apartments, I’m excited, she seemed really nice and we set up a time to Zoom, which was intensely awkward but good. It’d be a financial relief for sure to room with someone else, but it does give me anxiety to go in somewhat blind in terms of apartments and roommates. What excites me about the possibility of living with Sarah is that she’s a four year grad student and has been living in Bloomington much longer than I have. But at the same time, Chloe is planning on moving to Bloomington after her graduation a year from now, and I’d like for us to be reunited as soon as possible, especially after living in different states for 9 months and I wouldn’t want anyone to feel it sprung upon them, that I would like to live with my partner while they were �expecting me to stick around. Today was a day of ups and downs for sure. While I felt relieved about finding a potential roommate, I also have to do a group project for my Soviet History class and had to deal with a very hostile groupmate. I had tried setting up a method of communication which would be effective for everyone (group chat) and it was denied, and then I tried providing suggestions for the project and one guy in particular, who had sent me an annoyed email about the group chat, also emailed me a very rude email about how he didn’t want to do my idea because it wasn’t convenient for him. Finishing the email with, “please let me know when you receive this email as I have things I need to do.” The entire language of the email caused me to cry out of frustration, I’m obviously not going to include the email, but it was intensely rude and hostile. I ended up emailing my professor to ask to complete the assignment alone, and luckily it was granted. I really don’t need the stress of trying to find a place to live in another state, filing for unemployment, applying for jobs, and dealing with an egotistical group member. Sunday April 12, 2020 Chlo and I have begun watching a bit of Naked and Afraid, one of her dad’s students, a GVSU alum (!), was on the show and so we watched the season he was on. It was definitely interesting to be able to share this show with her, it’s one my family would sit around and watch together. It’s really interesting to watch, given that they’re such dangerous situations and you get to see real depictions of how people react to dehydration, extreme fatigue, and finding food in the wild. I’ve done a lot of sharing different shows I grew up watching with her, in addition to showing her iconic movies she never saw growing up. Well, as wholesome as watching fun shows with my girlfriend is, I am going to rant about what just happened to me at Meijer. Chloe and I were leaving Meijer, having stocked up on a good amount of groceries for the upcoming two-ish weeks and gotten Starbucks, when the alarm at the door went off. Now, I always say hello to the Meijer greeters, so I had said hello to her when I walked in, and we had done the self-checkout near her, as well as gotten the Starbucks near her. She had seen us pay, I know she had because we had made eye contact. At Starbucks, I threw away my receipt. I explained this to her when I was leaving, and she made me go back and get my receipt out of the garbage. She didn’t ask Chloe, my white girlfriend, for her receipt, she didn’t even look at her when the beeping started, she looked at me and told me to go get it out of the trash. I did, I wish I hadn’t, I wish I had spoken to the woman working who had helped me at the self check out to prove I had bought it, or pulled up my bank info or something, but I dug through the trash and got my receipt. When Chlo and I got to the car I broke down crying. People have been showing how they really feel about people of color a lot of more nowadays, whether they realize it or not. Older white people have been rude to me in the aisles, gotten way too close and shoved me, I’ve gotten more dirty looks than ever while shopping with Chloe. We’re taking precautions, keeping our distance, yet I am being treated in a worse way than I normally experience. So I had an anxiety attack, I’ve had more anxiety attacks in my time at home than I have had in the past year. I’m sick of all of this. �Monday April 13, 2020 I had a Zoom call with a student in the Gender Studies department, and that was so awkward. It was honestly kind of awful, Margarita introduced me to him through email, and so I figured I’d give him a call. He didn’t know why I was calling and I didn’t know what to discuss since he was a very quiet person. I did ask some basic questions about queer identity and Bloomington in general, which provided a lot of interesting information around parking in the area. I definitely will be more careful with who I contact in the future, since it was pretty painful to have the video call quite honestly. Tuesday April 14, 2020 Chloe and I went to Grand Haven today and found a spot on the beach to sit and enjoy the waves. They were huge, and I love having the opportunity to sit in nature. We made sure to sit at a distance from anyone else, there were mainly people parked sitting in cars staring at the waves. It was pretty cold but there were some people surfing on the waves, and it was so fun to watch. I’m not sure why, but I find myself mesmerized whenever I am in nature. It’s like it revives me. It could be me sitting outside on a lawn, feeling the grass between my fingers, in a forest, looking at the sun peaking through the treetops, or just watching the waves and thinking about how incredible and dangerous the water can be. Whenever I’m having a bad day I like to go for walks or just sit outside, so it was so nice to feel the wind on my face and be able to sit in the sand. I just feel revived. I’m so happy. Wednesday April 15, 2020 I received my stimulus check from the government today and paid off my Discover credit card! There goes over 1,100 of debt! I am so extremely happy and proud of myself to have paid off so much debt this year. This year thus far I have completely cleared 2,000 in debt that I had accrued from: getting kicked out when I came out, getting surgery, getting glasses, and medical expenses for my dog. I still have to pay off my laptop, but I’m hoping that’ll be something I can try to clear up as much as possible this summer and next. Being in debt and racked by monthly payments is a feeling I wouldn’t wish on anyone, it’s nerve wracking and anxiety inducing to not know if you’ll be able to make the monthly payments, and feeling like it’s a never-ending task to pay them off. I had also used my tax return to pay off one of the accounts completely, I’m just really proud of myself for the financial decisions I made this year so far. I was so excited to get out from under debt and to improve myself, and while this pandemic has set me back I’m still hopeful I’ll get there someday. Saturday April 18, 2020 We went to the park today! There’s a park out here in Allendale where Chloe and I took our dinner and sat on a bench and just enjoyed the sun setting. In the middle of us sitting and eating a group of girls pulled up in two different vehicles. There was a bathroom nearby so it was �somewhat blocking our view of what was happening but we could see two big groups of girls trying to swing at each other and screaming. One called the other girl the n-word (all were white), and after about five minutes both groups got into their cars and left. It was so strange, and irritating because they presumably don’t all live together and are clearly breaking social distancing but it was definitely a spicy occurence in an overall chill and slightly dull day. Tuesday April 21, 2020 I bit the bullet and signed a lease today. There goes $775 of my savings. I applied for the unemployment pandemic thing but who knows if I’ll get anything, there’s a group on Facebook filled with people who haven’t gotten any money despite being approved and those who’ve been denied and have been on the phone everyday for hours on end for weeks trying to make sense of it all. I’m anxious because the rent is so high and that means that I’ll owe $675 on the first of August in Bloomington without actually needing to be there until the 24th but hopefully it’ll be okay. My plan is to work two jobs this summer before August so that I can afford the move and save some money before the stipend kicks in. This is all intensely stressful and it’s also exam week so...that’s great. I did start applying to jobs this weekend and got a call back from Biggby and scheduled a job interview for Saturday. Wednesday April 22, 2020 I was approved for the pandemic assistance! I hope I actually get it, oh my god. I am so happy. I also had emailed Dr. Guardino and asked about when I would receive my stipend and he offered to loan me the money for the apartment so that I am able to secure my first month in Bloomington! I am so intensely happy and thankful. If I’m able to secure the assistance (and actually receive it) I won’t have to borrow money from him and my first month will be covered. I’m not sure that will happen given how much trouble everyone else has had but hopefully I’m all set once I certify. I’ve never looked down on anyone who had to file for unemployment, but I truly did not realize just how awful it is, the system is ridiculous and impossible to navigate. I didn’t even receive an email notifying me that I had been approved, I had to check today and even then, when I login, it doesn’t say I’ve been approved. I had to go to a completely different part of the site to see it. All that has been proved to me over and over again throughout this pandemic is that our country is broken. People are not willing to listen to our governor, who is trying to save their lives, and are willing to put themselves and others at jeopardy to protest when they are the same people who will argue for violence against black and brown people who protest police brutality. Once again the nation is bailing out big businesses while they are failing those who are most vulnerable. These are all things I already knew, but to see them highlighted on a massive scale finally feels like most individuals who were content to sit back and watch are having a realization of the devastation which is caused. But, per usual, nothing will happen. Come November I will be forced to vote for Joe Biden, who is not a progressive in any way, and who has had allegations of sexual misconduct �against him, in order to get Trump out of office. All that has been highlighted is my utter disgust of the current administration, something I had tried to engage with at a bare minimum, enough to be engaged but not enough to give me an aneurysm on a daily basis. I am just disheartened, it makes me want to not vote, it won’t accomplish anything, my not voting, but it just disgusts me to have to vote for Joe Biden. I’m not confident in his ability to win, nor in who he is. What has happened is this: this pandemic has forced me to sit and think. I have nothing but time to think about my life, what is important to me, my values, my goals for my life, what has happened to me to shape the person I am today. I have come to many conclusions. 1. I do not want to live a life where I am constantly worried about money and where one small instance can cripple me. (I guess I really shouldn’t have chosen to go into the humanities but…) 2. I want to use my life to benefit those who are less fortunate than I am. Despite not having an easy upbringing, I can recognize that if it weren’t for quite a few mentors in my life, I wouldn’t have gotten as far as I did. The myth of meritocracy is alive and well but I do not believe in it. 3. Activism is vital. I want to figure out how to support it and be involved while maintaining my mental health. 4. I value people. I did not realize just how hurt I would be to be restricted from human connection, and to see so many suffering. I broke down crying at the protests because of the complete disregard for the safety of others. I would like to find a way to use my love of people to make a difference. Thursday April 23, 2020 I certified for my week's unemployment, but am super scared I’ll end up messing up or accidentally doing something wrong because I don’t understand the system. I just have massive anxiety that I'll accidentally perjure myself somehow. I was actually super productive this week, which was nice. I got a lot of work for Cook Leadership Academy done! Update: I just realized my last date of employment was the 18th although I stopped working on the 11th, and I already forfeited my potential earnings, so I won’t be in danger of perjuring myself (or shouldn’t be, I’m still scared). Hopefully I’ll get the earnings in time? Friday April 24, 2020 I graduated? I submitted my final exams but it just didn’t feel monumental. I’m the first person in my family to have gone to university, and while I wasn’t sure about whether I was going to walk, I still wanted to have the option to do so. I’m unsure of whether or not I’ll be attending the makeup graduation in October since I’ll already be in graduate school in Bloomington. It just feels fruitless to do so, especially when I have another graduation so far down the line, and a far more important one. I’m hoping to catch up on some reading and relax. Probably try to do some more networking with people in Bloomington, read some articles from the faculty I’d like to work with, and relax. Get back into some hobbies like painting, journaling, and making crafts. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-04-25_GarciaKendra Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Garcia, Kendra Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-04-25 Title A name given to the resource Kendra Garcia Journal Description An account of the resource Journal of GVSU student Kendra Garcia, detailing their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/81c82b89621306f0c568f51d24ce9eeb.mp4 45c3555154446af7e9007dfbe6d4c18f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a3da94f295aaaad9793da700d5955682.pdf 06c6831ac15cf5c0f6614766f31f3236 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II John Kennaugh Total Time – (01:02:17) Background        He was born in Rockford, Illinois on March 4, 1923 (00:16) After three years, his family moved to Belvedere, Illinois o He lived there until 1935 (00:32) From Belvedere, his family then moved to Dixon, Illinois (00:42) o He grew up in Dixon, Illinois His family moved to Dixon because his father got a job at the Freeman Shoe Company (00:54) o His dad ended up deciding to go on his own and become an electrician There were two children in his family o He had a younger brother (01:14) He finished his schooling at Dixon High School in 1941 (01:23) After high school, he went to work with an engineering company doing land surveying Enlistment/Basic Training – (01:50)   While in Dixon, he was a part of the Illinois Reserve Militia – They took the place of the National Guard during the war (01:53) o He had access to the armory  He was playing basketball in the armory when he heard about Pearl Harbor (02:07) With the Illinois Reserve Militia he became a Drill Instructor o There were two different occasions where they were sent out on duty (02:24)  One was a train wreck outside of Dixon – He was posted in the mail car  The second was when he went to Savanna, Illinois where they guarded the Illinois side of the bridge going over the Mississippi River o They drilled and trained once a week (03:13) o The Militia was a volunteer position �               After Pearl Harbor he considered enlisting into the military – he was going to wait to get drafted (03:40) He received his draft notice in early 1943 He reported for duty in February of 1943 (04:01) Because of his background with the militia, he was responsible of getting men from Dixon to Chicago, Illinois When they got to Chicago, they received their physical inspection (04:40) He was sent to Camp Grant in Rockford, Illinois for basic training (05:05) When he got to basic training, he had some advantages because of his previous experience o One of the Drill Instructors asked if anyone had any drill experience – his friends shouted his name out o He was asked to stay on as a Drill Instructor but he declined (06:24) Aside from drilling, the soldiers were involved in building tents that were built up (07:10) o They also dug trenches, helped move supplies at a hospital, and other odd jobs (07:39) o He took some written exams at Camp Grant as well – he scored 136/150 (08:34) From Camp Grant he went to St. Petersburg, Florida where the soldiers were put up in a hotel for a short time (08:52) o They drilled out on the streets (08:57) o They were then moved out to “Tent City” located on a golf course o The sun did not shine until 10 A.M. (09:23) o His basic training actually occurred in St. Petersburg, Florida Most of the men there were meant to go into the Army Air Forces o He was trained to be part of the ground crew (10:12)  They were meant to maintain planes that could maintain a newly acquired base  When a squadron of planes would come out, they could maintain the planes until their ground crews could go forward (10:27)  At the time, the Japanese were almost at the point of getting into India After St. Petersburg, he had courses in handling bombs, handling fuses, training as an ordinance individual, etc. He trained in Utah, Iowa, and Texas (12:20) o He learned to drive trucks in Texas o In the same training period, he was on a couple of convoys being sent up to new trucks – they would then drive them back to the base He received training in Utah on how to handle bombs, fuses, etc. (13:14) Iowa was the last base before departing for active duty (13:34) o He was responsible for drilling his own people, training his people on fuses and bombs – he was an instructor at the time (13:48) He had been in training for nearly one and a half years before receiving his orders to go overseas (14:08) o At this point it was the middle of 1944 (14:19) �    He had received some leave time There were no other men that went through all of the same training that he did (15:12) Iowa is where his group came together His group departed from California – they had to do some drilling there to keep them busy (15:50) Active Duty – India – (16:12)           They were deployed on a transport ship (16:20) o They were on the sea for thirty-three days o They stopped in Australia for one day but were not allowed to get off (16:34) o They were taken to Bombay (Mumbai), India (16:42) The ship sailed by itself o They sailed in a zigzag pattern (17:13) His time on the ship was spent playing cards and doing other activities While on the ship they went through one storm where the ship would hit the waves and then drop (18:02) o He does not recall any of the men getting seasick o He did not spend much time on deck (18:27)  There were too many men for everyone to be on deck at the same time Once he gets to Bombay, they were dropped off at the docks where he got all of his mail o He received nearly three dozen letters (18:57) o Many of the men had tears in their eyes when they received their letters The men were then sent on train from Bombay to an airbase in northeastern India (19:20) o The train was interesting in that the restroom on board was a cubicle area with a hole in the ground (19:45) o At the different stops, the number of people looking for help was incredible o They played a lot of cards on the train o The train was covered but not enclosed (20:36) The men were surprised at what the Indians looked like, seeing the beggars, the housing was something they had never seen before, etc. At the airbase, he would go see a movie every night (21:52) o Two nights in a row, with a clear sky, the moon was blue At the Airbase, he was waiting to go on duty (22:34) o His particular services were not needed o Some of the soldiers would play baseball during the day (22:43) After having gone to Calcutta to buy some things to send home, he found out that he could not send home a bundle heavier than 10 lbs. (23:08) �  There were many American units on the base as well – there were different squadrons present They had to take a malaria killing medicine every day until they left the country (24:23) Active Duty – India/Burma/China – (24:40)      After staying at the base for some time, his next assignment was to go to Cox’s Bazaar in what is now Bangladesh (24:53) o Ten men were sent there to move munitions from a ship to a new munitions dump (25:02) o They stayed in housing that were pole structures with straw roofs (25:41) o While in Cox’s Bazaar, he and another soldier were responsible for getting two trucks “in shape” (26:13)  They were part of the motor pool o He was able to eat British food while he was there (26:31)  On Christmas Eve, some of the soldiers were invited to celebrate with some British soldiers – It was the one time in his life where he got drunk (27:26)  He was not a big drinker and the others knew that During his time in India, he found out that there was a need to work with pilots that were removing wounded from the front lines in Burma (29:10) o He volunteered to work with the pilots (29:28)  He would set up the camp, get the food, prepare the water for washing, got supplies for the chef, etc.  He worked with the pilots three or four different times (29:51)  The last time he worked with them a pilot took him to his next air base at “Rangoon” (Yangon), Burma (29:59)  When they arrived, the pilot made a sharp turn and the engine stopped – they ended up landing on a black top road (30:28)  One of the struts his the edge of the road and they ran into a cemetery wall  When the plane crash landed, he just “hung on” (31:07)  The pilot did a good job of keeping it under control His cargo squadron then needed someone to go into China so he volunteered to go (31:53) They stopped in Kunming, China (32:06) o It was a woody area – he went and walked around in the woods  While he was in the woods, he was shot at by a Chinese soldier (32:34)  He eventually made it back to camp without any harm (33:03) They then went to an airbase near Xi’an, China (33:15) o When he arrived and settled in, he learned that a Transport Squadron planes had crashed (33:34) �           o He went to HQ to volunteer for recovery  He was elected to go with a two others and an interpreter (33:58) The trip was seven days o They were driven to the first mountain range – they were kept overnight in a house – their beds were overtop a fireplace (34:30) When they climbed the mountain ranges to where the plane crashed, they had decided that they better have a good meal before they get to the last village (35:06) o When they arrived in the village, there was a committee there to welcome them in (35:57) o They found out that there was a 12 course meal waiting for them (36:33) o They stayed in the village for two nights After staying in the village, they went to where the plane was (37:40) o When they arrived, they found that the plane had belly-flopped on the peak of the mountain (37:47)  The cabin broke loose and the seven G.I.’s flew out through the opening (38:04)  They were responsible for recovering the bodies  There were mule skinners that were going to haul the bodies back to the base (39:07)  Before the bodies were taken to the base, they were taken to the village where a worship service took place – the Chinese offered their forms of prayer When they went to the crash site they climbed the entire way (41:54) o At one point they were walking on a very narrow ridge o The hike was not short o The plane was very flattened (42:37) At one point on the hike, the sole of his shoe began to fall off When he returned to the base, he was surprised that one of the doctors gave him half a bottle of liquor (44:55) o He did not drink, but his fellow comrades enjoyed it o He was surprised to learn that he had become a Sergeant (45:16) From that point, everything was “slow-going” for him They were all buying their time before they were shipped home After leaving China, he set sail for America on a ship (46:27) o When they arrived at the base in California, there was a large buffet waiting for the soldiers (46:37) o When he was in India and China he missed fresh eggs, ice cream, and some other foods (47:39) When he remembers back to India and China, he remembers playing baseball (48:50) o One time he flipped over the catcher at home plate and he bruised his shoulder When he was in the training stage, he helped prepare 100 lb. bombs that were dummy bombs used for practice (49:55) o They were filled with sand (50:03) �  o All he did was haul the bombs to the plane and another group would handle the actual loading of the bombs When he was in India and China, he was always at a distance from the actual war (51:11) o However, when he was in Burma he was actually in the Combat Zone but was not where the fighting was going on o At one point, some of the pilots were worried about flying their planes without protection  He was able to get boxes of hand grenades to give to the pilots after having tea with a British supply man (53:02) o When he was in Cox’s Bazaar, all of the soldiers were British  At Cox’s Bazaar he was driving along the pavement when he found out that he was in the wrong place (54:21) The soldiers would sometimes have houseboys that would take care of their things (55:16) After the Service – (56:31)          After he landed in the United States, the military tried to convince him to re-enlist (56:45) o He did not re-enlist because he wanted to go to college When he got home on February 8, 1946 he was surprised to see a Christmas tree on a small table (57:19) o His parents had kept it up for him until he returned home Before he had left for overseas he had developed a code system with his parents so that they could know where he was (57:40) He started going to school in the Fall of 1946 (58:46) He worked with an engineering firm between the service and school He went to North Central College in Naperville, Illinois (59:05) o It was a church related college o It is much different now than what it was when he went there o He was one of the first G.I.’s to go to the college (59:39) o He studied Engineering Science and he worked in land surveying After he worked with the surveying company, he began working in public administration (01:00:55) He worked in Western Springs, Illinois as a City manager He eventually became a City manager of Wyoming, Michigan (01:02:14) o He was the first city manager for the city � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KennaughJ1460V Title A name given to the resource Kennaugh, John (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kennaugh, John Description An account of the resource John Kennaugh was born in Rockford, Illinois in 1923. He became part of the Illinois Reserve Militia, which took the place of the National Guard. John was drafted in February of 1943 and was sent to Camp Grant, Illinois for basic training. He also trained in St. Petersburg, Florida, Utah, Iowa, and Texas. John was then deployed on a transport ship for thirty-three days before landing in Bombay, India. After being stationed at [Ninga] airbase for some time, he was sent to Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. In India, John worked with pilots that were recovering body's form the front lines of Burma. He then volunteered himself for similar work in China where he passed through Xi'an and Kunming, China. Upon hearing of a Transport Squadron plane that had crashed, John was sent alongside two others and an interpreter to recover the soldiers. After finishing his work in China, John was sent to California, went to school, and eventually became a City manager. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Air Forces World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-10-16 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0a0069714a90934d6c07a64a5af92c0b.pdf 03d9e5029b2fd1a1e963c8342c71e0ba PDF Text Text ��� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW10912 Title A name given to the resource Kennedy family correspondence Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kennedy, G. W. Subject The topic of the resource Correspondence Agriculture Dahlgren (Ill.) Hamilton County (Ill.) Illinois Description An account of the resource Correspondence between Illinois farmer G.W. Kennedy and family members in Ohio discussing routine work and family matters. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/91592527554f36cc157220abe49623c6.pdf ad970c4140991eb15d77650cb2db745e PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW10913 Title A name given to the resource Kennedy family correspondence Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kennedy, G. W. Subject The topic of the resource Correspondence Agriculture Dahlgren (Ill.) Hamilton County (Ill.) Illinois Description An account of the resource Correspondence between Illinois farmer G.W. Kennedy and family members in Ohio discussing routine work and family matters. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/91b846a6ee5474f3e4613eaf5adf4762.pdf b51b6b0678af7ab6fd646c3d4ee86d1d PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW10914 Title A name given to the resource Kennedy family correspondence Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kennedy, G. W. Subject The topic of the resource Correspondence Agriculture Dahlgren (Ill.) Hamilton County (Ill.) Illinois Description An account of the resource Correspondence between Illinois farmer G.W. Kennedy and family members in Ohio discussing routine work and family matters. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2f01280712ce2d10717874ff0e9d0693.mp4 55bd48533d75dc4830e1f35546ad5903 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e8c937ad4fb1fbed0b539897d6f00d68.pdf 7e9819eb680757757ac98c24df1bb845 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Jack Kennedy World War II 39 minutes 28 seconds (00:00:10) Early Life -Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan at Butterworth Hospital on April 17, 1924 -Grew up in Grand Rapids -Lived across from Blodgett Emergency -Whenever it rained he would cut through the hospital on the way to school -Father ran a mattress factory -During the Great Depression it was tough, but he was still able to make money -Able to keep his business through the Great Depression (00:01:38) Start of the War -He was in high school when Pearl Harbor was bombed in 1941 -Followed news of the war in Europe and Asia prior to Pearl Harbor -Remembers the news about Pearl Harbor being on every radio -A lot of young men decided that they were going to enlist after Pearl Harbor -He decided to just wait to get drafted -Father wanted him to have some college education before being drafted -Took him to Michigan State University and enrolled him there in January 1942 -Able to stay at Michigan State for one semester (00:04:36) Getting Drafted -Got drafted into the Army Air Force -He wanted to be in the Army Air Force anyway, so it worked out in his favor (00:04:55) Training -Received some training in Salt Lake City, Utah after basic training was done -Didn't enjoy basic training -Had to go through it twice -Once after he was processed, and again after he joined his unit in Utah -Went to Bowman Field, Kentucky for basic training -During basic training there was a focus on marching -Wasn't difficult for him because he had been in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps -Not a lot of emphasis on discipline -Went to Salt Lake City after training at Bowman Field (00:08:10) Stationed in the United States -He was assigned to be a medic in Salt Lake City -Medic training consisted of learning how to treat wounds and unload wounded men from aircraft -It was pretty rigorous training, but good training -Contracted pneumonia and was hospitalized for thirty one days -After that returned to his original unit �-Had a lot of time off when he was stationed at an Army base in Indiana -Able to go home a lot -By the time he got to Indiana he had been transferred to the regular Army as a medic (00:14:17) Deployment to the European Theatre -On New Year's Eve he had some leave time in New York City -Had a good time and stayed up all night -It was the end of 1943 going into 1944 -Note: Based on later information, most likely end of 1944 going into 1945 -Sailed on a Liberty Ship -The voyage over was not a good one -The North Atlantic Ocean is not a good place to be in the winter -Almost everyone got seasick -Sailed as part of a convoy -Saw a couple U-Boats that were chased away by their escorts -Took only six days to cross the Atlantic Ocean (00:17:00) Advancing through Europe -Landed in France in early 1945 -His medical battalion was attached to the 3rd Army -Joined them in France -Plan was to follow Patton's 3rd Army -It wasn't a good time -A lot of time was spent walking -Travelled by truck a little, but mostly advanced on foot -Established field hospitals as they advanced through Europe -His job was as a surgical technician -Had to participate in operations -It was interesting, but felt confining to not know how long they would be in an area -Didn't stay in the first area too long -Moved across France and got to the German border -Crossed the Rhine River into Germany -From that point on they were walking -Travelled across France on boxcars -Didn't see much destruction from the Allied bombing campaign -Some areas were damaged, but it wasn't as bad in the countryside and small towns (00:22:58) Field Hospitals -The field hospitals were pretty simple -A tent with a surgery cot for the badly wounded -Basically, a place to stabilize men and then move them on to a bigger hospital -Later on could get set up in buildings and live and work in them -Took over any buildings that were available -Most buildings had been abandoned �(00:24:45) Advancing through Germany -Started seeing a lot more German civilians as they advanced through Germany -They were friendly and didn't seem afraid of American soldiers -Gave them medical aid if they needed it -Saw concentration camps and prisoner of war camps -Didn't see many displaced persons (00:27:18) End of the War Pt. 1 -In Germany when Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945 -They were heading north towards the Baltic Sea -Unit was most likely no longer attached to the 3rd Army -Didn't see any Soviet or French forces -Did see some British troops though (00:28:31) General Patton -Saw General Patton a few times -Didn't hero worship him because he saw him as just another human being -Thought he was a good military leader, but not a pleasant person to be around (00:29:13) Concentration Camps & Prisoner of War Camps Pt. 1 -Saw German prisoner of war camps and concentration camps -Based on the living conditions, knew that the prisoners weren't treated well (00:29:31) Occupation Duty in Germany & End of War Pt. 2 -Stayed in Germany for months after the Germans surrendered -Set up a field hospital in Germany -In Germany when the Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945 -They had originally been slated to go to the Pacific Theatre for the invasion of Japan -Heard about the atomic bombs being dropped while they were still in Germany -The hospital they established in Germany was for treating American military personnel -After the war was over they spent a lot of time just trying to find something to do -Commanding officer told them that they couldn't just sit around -He decided to learn how to ski, but basically had to teach himself -Went to a German ski resort town and found a German instructor -Paid him in cigarettes to teach him how to ski -Had to deal with a language barrier -Didn't travel around Europe after the war (00:34:30) Concentration Camps & Prisoner of War Camps Pt. 2 -Commanding officer was adamant that the men saw what the Nazis did at the death camps -It was not good -Only corpses remained by the time he saw the concentration camps -Survivors had most likely been evacuated (00:35:38) Coming Home & End of Service -Left Europe in 1946 -Arrived in New Jersey and didn't stay there very long -Sent to Camp Atterbury, Indiana and got discharged there (00:36:35) Life after the War -Went back to college at Michigan State University �-Father insisted that he went back to school -Studied business administration -Father encouraged him to take insurance courses -Worked for his father at the mattress factory and inherited it -Retired from there in 1991 (00:37:58) Reflections on Service -Believes that he got a lot of good things out of his service -There were times during it that he wondered what they were doing in the war -It wasn't all bad, but it wasn't all good either -Got along well with the other men that he served with -Doctors were good at what they did and stayed focus � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_KennedyJ1788V Title A name given to the resource Kennedy, Jack W (Interview outline and video), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-06-28 Description An account of the resource Jack Kennedy was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on April 17, 1924. He grew up there and in the summer of 1942 was drafted into the Army Air Force. He received basic training at Bowman Field, Kentucky and was then sent to Salt Lake City, Utah for medic training. He was eventually transferred to a regular medical battalion in the Army and was stationed in Indiana. In early 1945 he shipped out of the United States and arrived in France. His unit followed Patton's Third Army across northern France and over the Rhine River into Germany. After the war ended his unit established a field hospital and stayed for the rest of 1945. In 1946 he was shipped back to the United States and was discharged at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kennedy, Jack W. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5feae3d94c650c2206f24e06039871be.jpg 70d41cef693a75f3aa02805489eb8e6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_NE_61_1925_008 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925-07-27 Title A name given to the resource Kenneth [Hewitt] Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a boy, Kenneth [Hewitt, Jr.?], standing on the steps of a building. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Children Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5bea45ec82427c540888703d4ad8fa61.jpg 036f119aebecc2a4792b95efd8402772 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_A_40_008 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946-04-09 Title A name given to the resource Kenneth on Lake Worth beach Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man standing on Lake Worth beach. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fcdd5eb503f91b837e816d01402e7d0a.pdf 37eade857e00abc1f66a465278467757 PDF Text Text We blow our own horn! VOLUME XV N O V E MB E R 1 9 9 0 NUMBER 11 Published by Recreation Therapy HA P p y Th~ Bugle has been in existance since 1976, I have endeavored to give it an interesting mix. A mixture of: poetry, news, birthdays and events, I hope that when you read it-it's time well spent. Through 14 years of writing, A joy it has been, Distributing the patients news to all our friends. As each month is written changes There will be. I hope you enjoy it-is the message from me. Betty Cook B I R T HD A Y KENT COMMUNITY HOSPITAL - 750 Fuller N.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 �N O V E MB E R November is a somber month When leaves are dry and sereJ It follows Octobers bright blue weather The eleventh month of the year. Its time to think of bygone daysJ Of a summer long since pastJ And when a sunny day comes along We hope that they will last. It's a time we hold important elections And hope the voters make good selections. The potatoes are dugJ corn is in the cribJ Vegetables are canned and the mows full of hayJ Enough to feed the barnyard folksJ For many a cold winters dayJ We can always hope the bad storms miss us. When the newspapers begin telling usJ Its just a few more weeks until Christmas. Then there's Thanksgiving to look forward toJ Its one of our favorite daysJ lots of food on the tableJ Celebrated in many different ways, So ends the month of November Moy it usher in a beautiful December. Anna Mergener If wisdoms ways you'd wisely seek Five things observe with care. Of whom you speakJ to whom you speakJ and howJ and when and where. Anna Mergener Community Education C.lasses are great! Mens Group - Global Studies - with Gerritt Ten Brink People and Places and World News with Jane Hall. Great to have · these folks on board. Grand Valley State College-TR students who were with us: kathY DoyleJ Sara MaximJ Stacy KnightJ Tonya GreenJ Lynn KlOO$traJ Kathy MeJdrumJ Chris MileskyJ Traci TookerJ Amy RottmanJ Beth H1llJ Beth Carlise. �BEAR FACTS CryingJ teardropsJ screamingJ bawl; DreamingJ slumberJ nappingJ rest; SicknessJ coughingJ headacheJ illJ Bear is always there. ReadingJ whistleJ singingJ hums; SecretsJ sharingJ whisperingJ cares; PlayingJ bouncesJ hidingJ fun; Bear is always there. ChatterJ gossipJ jabberingJ talk; TroubledJ frustrationsJ upsetJ blue; GratefulJ comfortJ orotectingJ calm; Bear is always there. 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 NOVEMBER BIRTHDAYS Tinnie Tisdale Jacquelyn Harris William Robinson Daniel Weber Rose Kanady Gladys Mohnke Estelle Edney Anna Weber Geraldine Bailey Delores Powers Julia Soules Armon Gilmour SubduedJ defeatJ losingJ fail; GrieL distress., mourningJ sad; TiredJ wearyJ fatiqueJ beat; Bear is always there. TriumphsJ delightJ jokingJ joys; TreasureJ cherishJ valueJ keep; SuccessJ advanceJ movingJ plans; Bear is always there. Laura Block Jessie Champion Elizabeth Cowman James Levine Andrew Nezwek Hazel Terveen Bertha Liefbroer Leroy Lucas Ruby Stubbs Viola Webb Rachel Evans Lottie Sadowski 102 years old HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO ALL OF YOU! 13 15 19 20 22 24 25 26 27 30 �Change is Constant There is one thing in Life that is Constant And that is the thing we call "Change"J For nothing in Life is "For Always"J · Not even a mountain range,,. You look at a river todayJ It will rise or fall on the morrow. Water going over a dam May bring Joy or sorrow .. You watch the ocean roll in .. Soon the tide will start going out .. It's change after change in the waterJ And change is what Life's all about .. Time changes-each second goes past us. The surh a new course in the sky ... Each season has new things to offer . . No need for you to ask why,, A birth-a death-Life's renewalJ An ending-so New can begin .. A year becomes history-it passes .. Humans suffer a loss or a win .. Life is constantly changing,. Each Pearson born new every day,. And God in His infinite wisdom SaysJ "changes are here to stay" Clem H. Block 0 When we look for a Gem! We call on Clem. His poems we all seekJ We findJ "They can't be beat!" Best wishes to Clem todayJ And everyday along the wayJ Our best wishes to youJ In everything you do. Betty Cook Clem will be sharing his poetry with us on November 19. We look forward to his sharing is poetry with us. �HEAVEN'S GROCERY STORE I was walking down life's highway a long time ago, One day I saw a sign that read Heaven's Grocery Store. As I got a little closerJ the door came open wideJ and when I came to myself I was standing inside. I was a host of angels. They were standing everywhere. One handed me a basket and saidJ "MY childJ shop with care." Everything a Christian needed was in that Grocery StoreJ and all you couldn't carryJ you could come back the next day for more. FirstJ I got some Patience. Love was in the same row. Further down was UnderstandingJ you need that everywhere you go, I got a box or two of Wisdom and a bag or two of Faith. I just couldn't miss the Holy Spirit it was all over the place. I stopped to get some Strength and Courage to help me run this race. By then my basket was getting fullJ but I remembered I needed some Grace. I did'nt forget SalvationJ for SalvationJ that was free. I tried to get enough of that to save both you and me. Then I started up to the counter to pay my grocery billJ for I thought I had everything to do my Master's will. As I went up the aisle I saw Prayer and I just had to put that inJ for I knew when I stepped outsideJ I would run right into sin. Peace and Joy were plentifulJ they were on the last shelf. Song and Praises were hanging near so I just helped myself. Then I said to the Angel"NowJ how much do I owe?" He just smiled and saidJ "Just take them everywhere you go." Again I smiled at him and said, "How muchJ nowJ do I really owe?" He smiled again and saidJ "MY ChildJ Jesus paid your bill a long time ago," "God sometimes puts in the dark to prove that he is light." <Anonymous) Submitted by Connie Deason .. �A TRADITIONAL INDIAN GATHERING The POW WOW The purpose of the pow-wow are manyJ but they are mainly held to bring families together to share artJ craftsJ danceJ customsJ foodJ and to renew old friendships, FurtherJ a pow-wow allows the young to learn to danceJ become familiar with regalia and to provide an opport-unitY to learn from their elders. Historically in MichiganJ these gatherings were held in springJ summer and early fall. The dance arena is set up with the opening to the east, It is the area around the drums. The opening is to the east because Indian people look to recognize the beginnings of all things, Grand entry is the first dance of the day, Grand entry is a time to create a sacred circle to symbolize the circle of life. The participants ask our Grandfather and our ancestors to witness this physical testimony of belief and continuation of old ways, Because both physical and spiritual attention is focused on this eventJ those who enter the area first have a great place of honor and responsibility, Grand entry begins with the carry in of our flags, These flags are carried in by veteransJ often times combat veterans. The Head Veteran Dancer will be among these men. It is his responsibility to arrange for other veterans to carry flags and for retrieval of any fallen eagle feather~ during the pow-wow. He also represents all Indian people who have given their lives for our country, Follwing the flag carriers are the two dancers who have been chosen to lead the dances. This man and woman are expected to know all the dances and songs, They must be able to dance any dance that is called for. The traditional women dancers follow the male fancy dancers. Great dignity and pride belongs to these women dancers. Our women are the life-givers. They are like Mother EarthJ so when a traditional woman dancesJ each step maintains a connection with the earthJ allowing her and Mother Earth to be one. The women fancy _or shawl dancers are the last to enter the dance arena. This dance depicts the first butterflies that the Creator placed on earth. The shawl spread while dancing look like butterfly wings, �(INDIAN TRADITION-POW-WOW CONTINUED) The drum is the heartbeat of the Indian .Nations. It is to be looked upon with respect, The term "drum" is used to refer to the group of singers who sing around the drum as well as the instrument itself, Each drum has a lead singer who leads the songs and is in charge of who may or may not sit at the drum. During the pow-wow you may see that a drum has been covered or that only one singer is sitting at the drum, The drum is never left unattended if not covered. We believe that during the dance the drum represents the heartbeat of Mother Earth and is the central harmony of the people at the gathering~ therefore if the drum is not in use it is either covered or attended to by one singer. No one it to play or hit it. Unlike most musicJ our songs are not written down. We learn them from our elders and pass them down to our children, Like all other musicJ our songs can express loveJ deathJ joyJ despairJ and victory, To those unfamiliar with our cultureJ the songs may sound strange and seem not have a meaning or pattern. However the songs are very structured and follow a pattern. Throughout the pow-wow you may be asked to stand for the honor song, These songs are sung at the request of individuals. The Masters of Cermonies will explain who has requested the song and why, The majoriety of the songs used are called "vocables", This means that instead of actual wordsJ a series of sounds are being used. The sounds are not randomly reproducedJ but are used in precisely as they were rassed down. Most of the sound is from the back of the throat and nasal in tone. A vocable is formed by the tongue with very little lip movement. There are a variety of dances that will take place during the pow-wow. Most of the dances will be Inter-Tribal dances. These are the dances anyone may participate. Speciality dances include honor dancesJ two stepJ snakeJ round danceJ and the crow hop to name a few. The Masters of Cermonies will announce the type of dance. The give-away is an important part of the pow-wow. The give-away is a way of showing our appreciation to the pow-wow participates and others for their coming and joining our celebration of life. It is a way of teaching our children the traditional way of sharingJ recognizingJ and honoring others. MICHINEMACKINONG Native American Culture _,....r--t, Marquette Museum of Ojibwa Culture c:__..::] _ __ St. IgnaceJ Michigan . ------------------------------------------------- �THE FIRST BUTTERFLIES When human twins were born to Spirit Woman1 she relied on the animals to help her. The animals loved the children and cared for them. Wolf hunted for them. Bear gave his fur to keep them warm. Raccoon washed their food. Beaver and Muskrat washed them. Birds sang lullabies and Dog watched over them. The twins had only to cry out and Dog would become alert. discover the source of irritation and set it right or call someone who could. If the babies needed fresh moss to keep them comfortable1 Dog went to Beaver and Muskrat. If they needed food he went to wolf for meat and Deer for milk. He asked Spider to help keep the flies away, And he1 himself would jump and snap at the flies until the babies laughed. If the babies were lonel~ he would do his best tricks to make them laugh. With his duties finished he would set down beside them until he was needed again. After a long time the animals became worried1 the children did not run and Play like their own young, Summonded by Bear1 they gathered to discuss the problem and to find a way to correct it. Wolf arose. "They are not wea K>They eat much meat." Deer agreed. Every day they drank her milk. Beaver and Muskrat told how the children could wave their arms and legs at bathing time. Indeed they often splashed until everyone was wet and Beaver and M:Js:krat had lost their patience. They could also wiggle as Fish had taught them. Win-a-bo-shoo addressed the animals. "You have done well. In fact you done so well that the children never have to do anything for themselves. All babies need excerise. They need to reach for things they cannot touch1 as later they will reach out in another way, Let me see what I can do." Win-a-bo-shoo traveled far to the west1 to the land of high mountains where cloudy peaks reach to the sky, It was here that he spoke to the Great Spir it. Since he was the Creator of the twins arid had been watching them he knew what had been watching them he knew what had to be done. At his instruction1 Win-a-bo-shoo searched the slopes of the mountains until he found many tiny sparkling stones, He collected the blue1 green1 red and yellow stones and placed them in a Pile that gleamed through the clouds. He sat down beside the pile and watched them for awhile. He soon became bored and restless. He began tossing the stones1 one after another into the air1 catching them as they fell back to earth. He tossed up a handful and caught the stones as they fe 11 back to earth. He tossed them up again1 expecting to catch them again. But no stones fell into his hand. He looked up, The stones were changing into winged creatures of many colors and �(Butterflies continued) shapes fluttering here and there coming to rest on Win-a-bo-shoo. Soon he was surrounded by clouds of shifting color. These were the first butterflies. Following Win-a-bo-shoo they flew to the twinsJ who crowing with Pleasut waved their arms and legs at the hovering butterflies. The butterflies always stayed just beyond the grasp of the children. With the butterflies for toys to chase the babies soon began to crawl ar walk and finally run after them. With the help of the animals the human twins grew up and in the course c time more children were born to the Anishnabeg, RIDDLE TAKE A NUMBER from 1 to 9 add 5 multiply by 50 add 1740 subtract the year you were born RESULT: First digit is the number you chose Next 2 digits are your age. Submitted by Dena Korfker It seems rather odd writing an article to let you know about myself when I'm nearing the end of my internship, As you know~ I'm a student at Grand Valley State University majoring in Therapeutic Recreation. I plan on graduating in December with a Bachelors degree and would like to continue working with the older population. . lk. I've met so many interesting patients here and have enJ9yed ta ing with youJ doing different activities with vouJ and getting to kn9w you. I've thoroughly enjoyed the time I've spent at Kent Community Hospital and all of the people. Cathy Brandli ------------------------------------------------------------------.. ~ .. RESIDENTS OF THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER: AND ALFRED ANDERSON Best wishes to you! FRANK ANTHONY Elsie's Gang had a great time recently celebrating Rosa Haynes Birthday, It •:as a lot of fun and a real surprise . for Ro~a. We're·glad Elsie is back and doing well following her surgery, We appreciate you Elsie! • �I . . S-unday Monday r-,--uesdQY_ Wednesda HAPPY THANKSGIVING ~ .. ·- - ·· s- l 1 6 VCR. n 0111 t program /~ I/ r 10: 30 . Mass 1 7 9-Crafts 9-Crafts 10:30 Mass 10-Rhythm Band 10-People and 11: 00 Calvary , 10:00 Pets Places-CE 1:30-Mens Group Church Humane Society 2-Inspiration H ~-Sing-A-Long 2:00 Punch Bowl 2-THE BEST OF 3 East 'ON THE MICHIGAN 4:30 Y/A Dinner ROAD"-Dick Evan 110-- Shopping 11:00 Boston Sq trip-Northkent C.R. Church 2-String Along Stories 2:00 Punch Bowl ON Unit program 3N-3S 7-wALTER HUSTED Orchestra . _ _TrulA~S DAY 0 I:;· I~ , _3 /';' 9-Crafts 9-Crafts 10-Rhythm Band 10-People and 1:30 KCHC MENS Places-CE LUNCH :30 Mens Group 2-Sing-A-Long -Inspiration Hr :30 4N-4S-3N Dinner .Zo Jl / Thu rsda 19-Never Give U lO:OO Lloyd & Doro th Bro n 2-Carl ~c osrer 3:30 Stroke Ed. MUSIC ON UNITS 4 : 3,0 Fizz/ !'art 7-World.~ews Community Ed. ' ' • -Breakfast 3 10 : 30 S uns h'ine rO : 00 Movies . ,. . ,. Fun Time 3:00 Vesper :00 St. Isador sGroup Children 4: 30 CANDLELIGH DINNER /0 ~Never· ·cive tJ~9B;eakfast 10:30 MEMORIAL 10:30 Sunshine SERVICE "Fun Time" 10:00 Movie~ 2-Australia and 3:00 Vesper Group 2-Hap~y Birthda _ New Zeeland · __(!_~-~ Dr. Glenda 7:00 Roaring Carl Mc Osker Taylor 20's 3:30 Strok e Ed. SUNSHINE GUILD Music on Uni ts 'HOLIDAY AFFAIR" 7Ct: 1 , )'? . s- Never Give U /(. Breakfast 10:30 Sunshine 10:00 Movies 10-Geri Gym . "Fun Time" 2-Carl Mc Osker 3:00 Vesper 3:30 Stroke Ed. 2:00 Party for Group MUSIC ON UNITS Cathy Brandli ?·world News - CE ~.A ~3 ;;/ 'f Breakfast 9-Crafts 10:00 1 0 : 3 0 Mass . ~ l O- Geri. Gym 10-People and Club ev. Dennis 11 :00 Evangelical THANKSGIVING Covenant Churc 11-RESIDENTS Places CE :30 Mens Group DAY 3G~8u¥esper COUNCIL 11: 30 BIRTHDAY ------2:00 Movies - MAPLE GROVE 2:00 Punch Bowl 112-Luncheon with PARADES- TV LUNCH PARTY 2N-2S Clem Block 2-'l'HANKSGIVING 2-Music SERVICE-Rev. VCR-Tha0ksgivi~g Promise On Unit Program Vern Haas - - - - - i 7-Garoe s _ _ _ ---- - - - - - , ~ ; - - - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - : - - - - f - : : - - : - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - :1.,"< C -v 7 2 8 -~ 0 N G· U 3 c.> 10- Shopping Tri 9-Crafts 9-Crafts ~-,, ev~r ive '9-Breakfast Clu 10:30 Mass Northkent Mall 0-Rhythm Band 10-People and lO-Geri Gym 10:30 Sunshine 2 -carl Mc Osker Guild "Fun Time." 11: 00 First . 1: 30 KCHC MENS Places - CE 2-Geri Gym LUNCH 3:30 Stroke Ed. . Evangelical 2 - s·ing- A-Long on-Unit program USIC ON UNITS 2·00 Movies Free Church · :30 Mens Group · 7 -World News 4 East ?-Games -Inspiration Hr CE 2:00 Punch Bow 9-Crafts 0-Rhythm Band 0 -i � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_kent-bugle_v15n11_1990-11 Title A name given to the resource Kent Patients Bugle, November 1990 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-11 Description An account of the resource November 1990 (Volume 15, Number 11) issue of Kent Patients Bugle by the Kent Community Hospital collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kent Community Hospital Recreation Therapy Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6c263382d0cd3f5dcf3813c03c36f8bd.jpg e8d36504910795b8afd9f657ba3c17df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography—United States Mexico Engineering Indiana Michigan Description An account of the resource An extensive photographic record of Angus’ work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Indiana resident and entrepreneur, D. J. Angus produced an extensive photographic record of his work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico, during the late 1920s -1940s. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Over 10,000 still images from 1903-1966 document Angus’ family, friends, business, and travels. Over 12,000 ft. of 16mm movie film complete this collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D.J.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus Photographs (RHC-04)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1900-1960 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-21 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus photographs and films, RHC-04</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04-A2-478 Title A name given to the resource Kentucky. Big Four Bridge Description An account of the resource Big Four Bridge in Louisville, Kentucky. Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky Photographs Photography Louisville (Ky.) Bridges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D. J.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e2f3384847cd02c084a37fb6bf8013a6.jpg 33fbb3905717d03d2312c555288cb08d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography—United States Mexico Engineering Indiana Michigan Description An account of the resource An extensive photographic record of Angus’ work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Indiana resident and entrepreneur, D. J. Angus produced an extensive photographic record of his work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico, during the late 1920s -1940s. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Over 10,000 still images from 1903-1966 document Angus’ family, friends, business, and travels. Over 12,000 ft. of 16mm movie film complete this collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D.J.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus Photographs (RHC-04)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1900-1960 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-21 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus photographs and films, RHC-04</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04-A6-1305 Title A name given to the resource Kentucky. Dix Dam Description An account of the resource Dix Dam, completed in 1927, was constructed across the Dix River three miles upstream from its confluence with the Kentucky River. It was the world's largest stone-filled dam. Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky Photographs Photography Kentucky River (Ky.) Dix River (Ky.) Dams Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D. J.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/388dce4d74ee03fabcfd7ff5a2b1536d.jpg ee1c7633ab8a83f3b0c352c064f9514b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D.J. Angus Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography—United States Mexico Engineering Indiana Michigan Description An account of the resource An extensive photographic record of Angus’ work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Indiana resident and entrepreneur, D. J. Angus produced an extensive photographic record of his work and travels throughout the U.S. and Mexico, during the late 1920s -1940s. The images of manmade and natural phenomenon often reflect his interest in engineering projects that include dams, bridges, mines, power plants, cliff dwellings, and quarries. Over 10,000 still images from 1903-1966 document Angus’ family, friends, business, and travels. Over 12,000 ft. of 16mm movie film complete this collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D.J.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus Photographs (RHC-04)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1900-1960 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-21 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/437">D.J. Angus photographs and films, RHC-04</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-04-A6-1318-19 Title A name given to the resource Kentucky. Dix Dam Description An account of the resource Dix Dam, completed in 1927, was constructed across the Dix River three miles upstream from its confluence with the Kentucky River. It was the world's largest stone-filled dam. Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky Photographs Photography Kentucky River (Ky.) Dix River (Ky.) Dams Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Angus, Donald James (D. J.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image